It's a real pleasure to welcome Sir Jeremy Fleming here today and we're going to hear from him in just a moment. A few observations from me just as we begin the National Security College is particularly proud to host this conversation here today. We've brought together a group not only of our students and alumni but also senior and distinguished friends and colleagues from across the national security community and I particularly note that we have Deputy Director General of the Office of National Intelligence here today and also Deputy Secretary of DEFAT. So Nina and Craig it's great for you and other APS colleagues to be with us. The mission of the college is kind of obvious to all of you and I won't belabor that now but it's fair to say that the times have never been more important for us. Really national capability uplift insecurity broadly defined to meet this horizon of risk and threat that Australia is facing that like-minded nations are facing across the world, democracies, nations in favour of a rules-based order of respect for the UN Charter among other things. But at the same time the ability of our nations to meet the challenge is really under question. It's really about marshal in the resources that we have in democratic frameworks to protect our interests into the future and that's where what many of us have studied for years is getting soberingly real. So I really look forward to hearing Sir Jeremy's remarks in this regard. The UK-Australia link is particularly interesting because of course we've recently seen news of the establishment of the College for National Security in the UK which gives the National Security College here a truly kindred institution to build our capabilities together. Just one final note for me on arrangements. The speech per se, the remarks will be on the record but as soon as Sir Jeremy has finished his opening remarks we'll ask our good friends from the ABC to leave the room and the Q&A that I will then moderate with all of you will be under the Chatham House rule. With that please join me in welcoming Sir Jeremy Fleming. Good morning. Thank you Rory for that introduction. It's great to see so many friends and colleagues here today and I hope you're here for more than just the good breakfast but it's lovely to see you. So thanks to the National Security College for hosting this event in this fabulous building or I think you called it the Martian Embassy and I can see why. I can't tell you how good it is to be back in Australia and especially to see you all in Canberra today. Now it's stating the obvious to point out that the world has changed a lot since my last visit. The pandemic, the profile and dominance of technology and cyber, the role of China, the end of the Afghan campaign and now of course Putin's invasion of Ukraine. Any one of those on their own I think would be viewed as a historic shift and taken together they add up to a period of generational upheaval. The economic, societal and geopolitical consequences are still playing out and we'll do for decades to come and that's obviously the case in the world of national security too. Here the threats we face and our approaches to their mitigation are changing really rapidly. There's much talk of the need to redesign a new global security architecture but my contention is that's already happening. It's already different and I know that you feel that here. This week's announcements of major increases in defence and intelligence spending show that Australia gets this new reality. So I'm in Canberra to talk about these themes and to understand how you're thinking about these challenges we face. But I'm also here because tomorrow marks ASD's 75th anniversary. Their history is long and it's illustrious and I know they played a major role in keeping Australia safe. I congratulate the generations who've delivered their critical mission and I thank them for their partnership. For at times like these it's more important than ever that we are that we stay together. We owe the people of ASD a debt for their service and we're humbled in GCHQ to be able to count on their friendship. Right I'm keen to leave plenty of time to have a conversation and for Rory to ask some questions but I'm going to press on with a few of these themes and have a stab at some of the implications for our sovereign and allied response. So firstly the pandemic. Of course we've a way to go until we declare it's over. The human costs are horrendous but the amazing work of the scientists and the medics leave us in a much better place. And the experience has helped us to learn some painful and I believe useful lessons about national security. Perhaps most importantly we now have a much better understanding of national resilience. Before 2020 who here would have realised that the global supply chain of face masks would be such a critical dependency. Or that a grounding of a container ship in the Suez would cause such chaos. Or even that semiconductor availability would be so fragile it would affect everything from smartphone to washing machine availability. The pandemics made it clear that we are interconnected and dependent in ways that we haven't fully understood. We've had to wake up to the reality of what that means for our economies and our security. And we've seen how vital technology is to stay connected. To keep our economies going and to change the way that we work even in the national security community. Yet it's also shown how vulnerable our nations are to cyber threats and how quickly our adversaries adapt to take advantage. The lesson is for me that our cyber security isn't good enough and we need to invest in making it better. Now the second area I want to talk about is Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Believe it or not it's only 36 days since Vladimir Putin launched an unprovoked and premeditated attack on Ukraine. It's been shocking in every sense of the word but it wasn't surprising. We've seen this strategy before. We saw the intelligence picture building and now we're seeing Putin trying to follow through on his plan but it is failing. And his plan B has been more barbarity against civilians and cities. It's clear that he plays by different moral and legal rules. Far too many Ukrainians and Russians have already lost their lives and beyond this toll many many more have had their lives shattered. The UN estimate is that in just over a month more than 10 million people have already fled their homes. It's a humanitarian crisis that need never have happened and it's not over yet. That said it increasingly looks like Putin has massively misjudged the situation. It's clear he's misjudged the resistance of the Ukrainian people. He underestimated the strength of the coalition his actions would galvanize. He underplayed the economic consequences of the sanctions regime and he overestimated the abilities of his military to secure a rapid victory. We've seen Russian soldiers short of weapons and morale refusing to carry out orders sabotaging their own equipment and even accidentally shooting down their own aircraft. And even though we believe Putin's advisors are afraid to tell him the truth. What's going on and the extent of these misjudgments must be crystal clear to the regime. This week the Russian MOD stated publicly that they will drastically reduce combat operations around Kiev and a city in the north. It looked like they had been forced to make a significant change. But then they proceeded to launch attacks in both those places. Mixed messages or deliberate misinformation will have to see how it unfolds. But in any event it all adds up to the strategic miscalculation that our leaders warned Putin it would be. It's become his personal war with the cost being paid by innocent people in Ukraine and increasingly by ordinary Russians too. The great irony is of course that through his actions Putin has brought upon himself exactly what he was trying to avoid. A Ukraine with a renewed sense of nationhood. A NATO that is more united than ever. And a global coalition of nations that condemn his actions. Just over a month in it's far too early to confidently draw out all the implications of this crisis. But I'm going to outline a few aspects of this that really stand out to me. So I'm going to start with the prominence of the information front. Russia wrote the hybrid warfare book. State media, online media and agents of influence are all used to obfuscate motivations and justify military actions. We've seen them use this playbook in Syria and many other theatres. Their aim is to promulgate disinformation. To sow mistrust in the evidence and to amplify false narratives. It's also to make sure that the real picture of what's going on doesn't get exposed inside Russia. And that's where the most dangerous disinformation war is being waged. We know Putin's campaign is beset by problems. Lomeral, logistical failures and high Russian casualty numbers. Their commander control is in chaos. We've seen Putin lie to his own people in their attempt to hide military incompetence. And all of that means that he seeks brutal control of the media and access to the internet. He seeks the closing down of opposition voices. And he's making heavy investment in their propaganda and covert responses. But here again it's clear that he's miscalculated. President Zelensky's information operation has shown itself to be extremely effective. It's agile, multi-platform, multi-media and extremely well-tailored to different audiences. One only has to look at the way that Ukraine's flag, a field of sunflowers under a sky of blue. To see it flying everywhere, including outside GCHQ, to see how well the message has landed. And it's a message supported by information campaigns all over the world. In the UK it's focused in a new government information cell, which identifies and counters Kremlin disinformation targeted at the UK and other international audiences. It brings together expertise from across government to challenge false narratives. It deals in facts, not falsehoods, making sure that the truth is told well. Now increasingly, many of those truths come from intelligence. It is already a remarkable feature of this conflict. Just how much intelligence has been so quickly declassified to get ahead of Putin's actions. From the warnings of the war to the intelligence on false flag operations designed to provide a fake premise to the invasion and more recently to the Russian plans to falsely claim Ukrainian use of banned chemical weapons. On this and many other subjects, deeply secret intelligence has been released to make sure that the truth is heard. At this pace and scale, it really is unprecedented. In my view, intelligence is only worth collecting if we use it. So I unreservedly welcome this development. Of course, other aspects of this confrontation play out in cyberspace. There's been much commentary expressing surprise that we haven't seen the Russians deploy a major cyber attack as part of their campaign. I think a lot of this misses the point. While some people look for cyber Pearl Harbors, it was never our understanding that a catastrophic cyber attack was central to Russian's use of offensive cyber or to their military doctrine. To think otherwise, misjudges how cyber has an effect in military campaigns. And that's not to see that we haven't seen cyber in this conflict. We have and lots of it. So at the National Cyber Security Centre, part of GCHQ, we've seen sustained intent from Russia to disrupt Ukrainian government and military systems. We've seen what looks like some spillover from activity affecting surrounding countries. And we've certainly seen indications which suggest Russia's cyber actors are looking for targets in the countries that oppose their actions. So just as we pay tribute to the Ukraine military's brave actions, we should pay tribute to Ukrainian cyber security, too. We and other allies will continue to support them in shoring up their defences. And at home, we will do all we can to make sure that business and government urgently follow through on their plans to improve basic levels of cyber resilience. I know your ACSE is doing exactly the same here in Australia. Now my third observation of this conflict is the extent to which non-state actors are involved and have a say, therefore, in its outcome. Some of this is on the battlefields inside Ukraine. It's clear Russia is using mercenaries and foreign fighters to augment its forces. This includes the Wagner Group, which has been active in Ukraine since Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014. The group works as a shadow branch of the Russian military, providing implausible deniability for risk-gear operations. Recently, we've seen that Wagner is looking to move up a gear. We understand that the group is now prepared to send large numbers of personnel into Ukraine to fight alongside the Russians. They're looking at relocating forces from other conflicts and recruiting new fighters to bolster their numbers. These soldiers are likely to be used as cannon fodder to try to limit Russian military losses. But it's not just in the military sphere that we see the influence and potential of other actors. We've seen cyber hacking and ransomware groups pledging allegiance to both sides. We've seen businesses all over the world distance themselves from the Russian economy. We've seen technology providers step up to make sure that Ukraine can stay connected or to address disinformation. And it's all making the space very complicated. And in some ways, way beyond the control of governments. It's another reminder of the interconnectedness of the world today. And as no single entity holds the whole solution, it highlights the need for global institutions effectively working in coalition. Now Putin's aggression has certainly galvanized NATO. The war has triggered an unprecedented international response. 141 countries condemned it at the UN General Assembly. All over Europe, countries are overturning decades long approaches to defence policy, investing more, too. And further afield, including in this region, countries like Australia and Japan are leaning in. But it's also showing in stark relief those countries that choose to either support Putin or abstain from making a choice. And those choices will affect the global order and our national securities for decades to come. And of course, here in this region, the most concerning issues relate to the choices China makes as it thinks about its interests in the longer term. Now Russia's position on this is clear. It's made a strategic choice to align with China as China has become more powerful and in direct opposition to the United States. In the current crisis, Russia sees China as a supplier of weapons, as a provider of technology, a market for its hydrocarbons and as a means to circumvent sanctions. And we know that both presidents Xi and Putin place great value on their personal relationship. But Xi's calculus is more nuanced. He's not publicly condemned the invasion, presumably calculating that it helps him to oppose the US. And with an eye on retaking Taiwan, China doesn't want to do anything which may constrain its ability to move in the future. But it's also the case that China believes Russia will provide additional impetus and support to its digital markets and its technology plans. We can see China is seizing the opportunity to purchase cheap hydrocarbons from Russia at the moment to meet its needs to. But there are risks to them both and arguably more for China. In being too closely aligned. Russia understands that longer term, China will become increasingly strong militarily and economically. Some of their interests conflict. Russia could be squeezed out of the equation. And it's equally clear that a China that wants to set the rules of the road, the norms for a new global governance is not well served by close alliance with a regime that willfully and illegally ignores them all. Now, this comes into particularly sharp focus when we think about the future of technology ecosystems and the norms and governance that guide their use. And for me, this is as much about values as it is about the technology. And of course, both are vital to the competitive edge of a country. And that's why it's also increasingly the focus for geopolitical competition. Historically, tech development was largely driven and owned by the West. Shared values amongst involved nations meant industry standards for emerging technologies tended to be global. Investment in technology bought status, wealth and security. Today we are in a different era. We can see that significant technology leadership is moving east. It's causing a conflict of interests, of values, where prosperity and security are at stake. And obviously China is a sophisticated player in all of this. It has increasing ambition to project its influence beyond its borders. And a proven interest in our commercial secrets. But it also has a competing vision for the future of cyberspace. And it's increasingly influential in the debate around international rules and standards. January is bringing all elements of state power to control influence design and dominate technology. If you like the cyber and the fiber. Now, as I've said previously, without action, it's increasingly apparent that the key technologies on which we all rely for security and prosperity won't be shaped and controlled by the West in the future. If we don't act with our allies, with our partners, and with the private sector, we will see undemocratic values as the default for vast swathes of future tech and the standards that govern it. There is no doubt that democratic nations are facing a moment of reckoning. Now, these are all really big themes. And they have big stakes. And whether we're building on the lessons from the pandemic, understanding the implications of Russia's invasion, or grappling with the implications of China's rise, it's clear we must step up. There are many ways for us to do that. And it seems to me that two things are very important. The first is that we have to find new ways to collaborate and cooperate with partners. For those of us in national security, that's about ensuring the health of existing relationships. It's about securing our alliances, like the Five Eyes, NATO, and in this region, ASEAN. And it's about working with businesses in new and truly collaborative ways. And to do this, we need to make sure that our counteroffer, to states who haven't yet decided which way they should jump, is persuasive and coherent. And too often, it's not. And the second is that whatever we do, we must make sure that we stay true to our values. Those that have made our systems and democracies so successful, and will do so in the future. Now, I spoke at the beginning about how against the backdrop of historic shifts, a new global security architecture was emerging. And all of this change will take decades to resolve. But what I can be clear on now is that how we approach these challenges will be as important as what our response is. And all of us in this room today must play our part in following that through. Thank you.


This is theCUBE, SiliconANGLE, and Wikibon's flagship program. We go out to the events, extract the signal from the noise. We're excited to be live in Las Vegas for Amazon web service and AWS re-invent conference. Hashtag is re-invent. Go to crowdchat.net slash re-invent for all the action tomorrow. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE. I'm Joe, my co-host Dave Vellante. Our next guest is, goes by Pi. And he's the Vice President of Global Alliance at Riverbed, been with the business for many, many years. Welcome to theCUBE again, CUBE alumni. Thank you so much. Welcome to theCUBE here. Obviously, we're excited because, you know, from a content perspective, it's a content-rich environment here. DevOps, the cloud, a lot of transformation conversations going on. So talk about your view of this conference. Share it to folks out there. Why is this conference so important? And then talk about what you guys do. Great. So this conference has been, it's very good for us. It's very exciting to be here. And the reason is, you know, a lot of our customers, so we've been an enterprise company. We've been around for 10 years as a company. And a lot of our customers continue to evolve their business, their enterprises, looking at clouds. So when we start looking at, how do we participate and make them more efficient within their business, this conference becomes the pinnacle of how they are getting the information, how they're evolving their business, saying, how can I take advantage of public cloud computing? And Amazon is a poster child for that. And so, the reinvent conference, this is our second event in a row. We were here last year and we're just talking about it. This almost seems like double the number of attendees than we did last year. And so it is very, very good. It is very appropriate for the audience that we're trying to reach out to. And very happy to be here and talk about it as well.  Had almost a half a million views already. The big conversation is the cloud wars, but really the big substantive conversation is the intersection of IT innovation around hybrid cloud. Enterprise are moving to the hybrid cloud. Myr from Gartner was on theCUBE with us last week at IBM IOD, and it's very, very clear. Hybrid cloud is what enterprises want. They want a little bit of public, they want hybrid cloud. So Amazon has a nice path there. But it's not, the road's kind of bumpy. So how do you guys, how do you talk to customers? What's the main talking points that you guys share with your customers? How do you pave a nice smooth road? It's a great question. So you're absolutely right. So I think over the last 20, 30 years, customers have built data centers over the last 10 years. There's been a big trend of consolidation and virtualization, right? And that's all happening inside the data center. With the evolution of cloud, I think a lot of what traditional models are being re-looked at, which is how do I spend my money and get maximum investment out of it? How do I get maximum value out of my investment? And I think what Amazon web services has done, what Amazon has done in terms of delivering its technology as easy to, as all the enablers around making easy to, very easy and accessible, so that when customers want to take advantage of moving to an OPEX-based model, taking advantage of a lot of the functions and features that Amazon has built, building a hybrid cloud is something that customers want to look at and go, how can I maintain my mission critical application that are core to my business, but still build a hybrid cloud to take advantage of public cloud opportunities? So, can I run test dev in the cloud and have all my dev ops, right? All the applications run in the cloud and make it very easy for them to make that transition. And I think Amazon has done a very good job in providing a lot of functionality, a lot of tools to make the transition very easy for enterprises to build that hybrid cloud. So, Pi, Riverbed's ascendancy sort of predated the whole cloud phenomenon. Talk about how the cloud has changed your business, how it's changed your TAM, the new opportunities are created, so maybe some of the ones that it cannibalized and how you've had to respond to that. So, just to give you a background, as you said, we've been around a long time targeting enterprises, so we're a public company based out of San Francisco. Our revenue is about 800 million last year and we're going at a billion dollar run rate. And a fundamental value to customers is how do we get customers to drive maximum value out of their applications? So, the traditional technology what used to be called van optimization which is how do I enable customers to centralize the infrastructure while still getting the users to get the kind of performance they want? So, this model has been all around building a private cloud, helping customers build their private cloud. But when the transition goes to the public cloud and the applications are now not in the data center, they're now running in the Amazon EC2. If you want to move your data into the S3 or Glacier infrastructure, you're now moving the data over long distances and so where we come into play is how do we help our customers make the transition to the cloud? So, our products are called steelhead technology, right? So, steelhead is our product for van optimization where the market leader in the space with over 50% market share. So, what we did was we transitioned the technology and enabled a cloud version of it to be available in the Amazon cloud. So, our customers want to build that hybrid cloud, want to move their applications into the cloud. We make sure that the applications that are now being accessed get the same performance as with the applications running inside the data center so that that transition is now seamless, right? If you now have your data sitting in the data center and go, look, I want to take advantage of Glacier for all my long-term archiving. So, we have a product called Whitewater that allows you to encrypt your data, deduplicate the data so that you're saving maybe 1 30th to 1 40th of the actual data into the Glacier cloud at one center gig. So, when you start looking at the return on investment of how much money am I investing into my data center to save those backup data and how much money could I be saving by applying deduplication for that traffic, applying my encryption key so that I have ownership of that data but still saving it on a platform that costing me maybe 1 50th to 1 60th of the water would traditionally cost if I put it in my data center. So, what Riverbed does is really enables customers to make that transition through products like Steelhead, like products like Whitewater, and products like Stingray, which is our product to build applications and scale it by thousands of applications inside the cloud very, very seamlessly. So, the enablement of the hybrid cloud for our customers, like enterprises, we become the enabler for making that transition hybrid cloud a reality. Yeah, you really are enabling the hybrid cloud and I presume everything you described could be automated, right? I mean, that's the whole idea behind this. And so, talk about how it's affected your marketplace as it expanded the marketplace but cloud economics are different? So, has it somewhat cannibalized some opportunities or is it incremental overall? I think we see it as incremental and the reason is customers continue to take advantage of their mission critical data in the data center even today, right? As they make the transition, they're looking at test dev, they're looking at key applications that they believe can run in the cloud and take advantage of the cloud bursting capabilities, get advantage of the scale that Amazon gives them, take advantage of taking some of their backup data and putting it into the cloud, which is costing them a lot of money. So, if you look at tape, it may cost you a dollar, two dollars a gig, which, you know, five years ago was a good deal. When Amazon comes and offers Glacier at one cent a gig, that becomes disruptive model and go, now I can now drive more value and we help customers make that transition very seamlessly, right? So, it's expanded our market significantly over and beyond what we would have done in the traditional model. So, you're saying Glacier is more economically feasible than tape? Yes, it is, right? So, because if you look at tape, tape is mechanical data, right? Glacier is digital data with 119-skip durability, right? So, when you look at how long can I keep the data? More importantly, can I recover the data? Tape is mechanical. So, when you go to recover the data, there may be an instance where it is unrecoverable. So, when you start looking at that, you know, digitization of data as customers want to keep data forever, right? Glacier becomes a great platform to make that happen.  You know, when you have disasters, right? Like, look at Hurricane Sandy, if you look at all the things happening around the world, you know, saving data forever nowadays is almost a reality, right? Because of compliance reasons, because of whatever reason, you need to keep your data long-term archives and so the longer you keep it, the more time you're going to take to recover the data because, you know, you need to keep the metadata. But Glacier is a deep archive, right? I mean, ultimately it's there, you know it's there, you can kind of sleep at night. You really don't want to bring it back if you don't have to, right? Yes, but when you do want it back, you know it's there, even if it takes hours, it's not, am I going to ever get it back? Now, Andy Jassy has said that Glacier is Amazon's fastest growing service in the history of AWS in terms of customers. I think redshift in terms of revenue. Are you seeing that? What impact does that have on your business? So it's been having a great impact because before, for example, we've been partnering with Amazon for the last three years, right, we've been a great partner of theirs and they've done great with us as well. Before Glacier, we had, you know, we have a whitewater product that made the transition easy into S3, right? And so when we made that transition, we continue to sell it, customers are still a little hesitant. So we had customers that said, yes, I'm looking into it, I'm exploring it, I'll test drive it, I'll do a proof of concept. When Glacier's announced, some of those same customers called us back and said, now I'm interested because the economics have completely changed in terms of what the pricing was and the compelling return investment would have been versus what Glacier offers and what it could be now, right? So that's definitely made us relook at the market and it becomes our gateway product has made it very easy for customers to say, I want to take advantage of Glacier, how do I do that? That's when the partnership really kicks into gear. I talk about the, given your perspective, one at Riverbed, your relationship with Amazon, your partnership, and also your history in the industry, you're a tech athlete, you got a lot of experience, you've seen a couple of movies before. Why is Software Defined Data Center so hyped up right now? Why are people so clamoring on to the hype of Software Defined Data Center? I mean, I can see there's a destination, but I mean, it's pretty much hype at this point, but why is it important? I think IT is complex, right? People try to make it as simple as possible and so giving customers the tools to simplify certain part of the operations and automating it, when you have hardware, right? You still have to manually do things that typically would have been more preferable through software. So the concept of a Software Defined Data Center is the ability for enterprises to approach that model and say, if I have software, allows me to automate certain part of my operations which until now I could not have done before, right? So a lot of the tools that typically would have been relegated as individual tools, if they were all talking to each other to build a Software Defined Data Center, then the ability for IT and enterprises to automate certain operations, which is why if you think of a DevOps, right? Automating operations, taking what would have traditionally been a cost center profit center, making it automated, makes it much more compelling for enterprises to consider. Yeah, I mean one thing I like about Andy Jassy and Amazon and others like Paul Moritz at Pivotal and HP as well at IBM, they get the mainframe mindset and if you look at the tsunami of DevOps, right? You have an explosion of apps, you have these integrated stacks that can handle a lot of actually automation, configuration management, a lot of the stuff that you're used to dealing with. Okay, so you have a tsunami of apps. So the issue is orchestration. So software is changing on the development side, a lot of top of the stack developers, but then underneath the covers, under the hood, the engine. So what's your perspective? Okay, assume that, okay we agree that developers are going to continue to grow, new frameworks, Python, whatever you want to call, data science, but the engine of innovation in the data center, the next Ferrari, what is that going to look like? What's your vision and how does the software tie in? Because that engine is what everyone's tweaking right now. Yes. So what's your view of that? So I'll give a direct example of how we see the market, right? So we have a product called Stingrays, a virtual ADC product, right? So customers have been using it to automate operations and build scripts that automate their infrastructure. So when your application is running in the Amazon cloud and you want to scale it out from 100 users to 1,000 users to maybe even a million users, right?  So the concept of DevOps is how do we give IT and enterprises the ability to have the right tool set to build these kind of operations? So we have the scripting capabilities so that customers can take their operations and script it in such a way that enables them to grow from that 100 users to a million users in without any IT being involved to get that scale within minutes, right? So if you think of the realities of that scale and how do you make that happen without some concept of a software-defined capability, without the concept of DevOps, to be able to predict and automate those kind of operations is going to be very difficult to do. So we've been doing that with a Stingray product which is the virtual ADC product that has built in scripting capabilities to enable customers to now scale to 1,000 users to 100,000 users.  Now, though all those guys are growing up, they got to modernize, okay, I'm going to go hybrid cloud, I need a path to the cloud. What's going on with virtualization and now essentially instances, EC2, S3, you're mentioning it, it's a completely different mindset in the world. What do those customers face when they want to go to the cloud and deal with all the easy stuff back in the old days? Okay, I got to bring VLAN over here, I got static infrastructure, now I got virtualization, I got cloud, I got EC2 instances up and down, I got S3, I got stuff over provision, go into Glacier, apps put in workload pressure, I mean, so give us a view of what does an enterprise need to do to get to that hybrid cloud? So enterprises have to think of IT in a different way, right, so like I said, you're absolutely right. There's a lot of tool sets that have been used to for the last 10, 20 years, right? So if you just look at management of technology, right? Customers have hundreds of tools, there's point tools, there's enterprise tools, there's management tools, there's knock tools, right? So when you start moving to a cloud-based hybrid cloud architecture, it's a different model because you now have to look at tools that also manage inside the cloud and manage technology inside your private data center, right? So how do you find tools that manage both of them and give you that view of what's happening inside, right? If you start looking at this intermediate of technology, you've got software to find data center, right? There's also a concept of software to find network, right? So when you start looking at virtualization, there's virtualization of the servers, there's virtualization of the applications, virtualization of the network, and then you've got the software to find data center that builds all of that on top that allows you to take components that were typically hardware-based, that were point-based, you know, redefining, that now you could sit back and go, I'm going to build a software toolkit so that when I use something like cloud formation where I'm launching an application, the impact of what that means should now be ripple-affected all across my network, my virtual machines, my servers, and my applications so that I can now, within one click or five clicks or whatever, allow you to now automate that operation very, very easy. So that's what a software-defined data center is the vision of how do I automate certain operations of my IT that typically is relegated to hardware components, hardware reconfiguration, hardware re-architecting. So what do you guys think, what do you personally think about this whole cloud adoption trend? I mean, RiverBed's been at the heart of mission-critical applications now for a number of years. You're seeing this sort of tension between public and private and a lot of the traditional companies. You guys really don't care as long as somebody's moving the data somewhere. You're doing well. But you saw VMware's rise and you saw them go from test dev and into mission-critical applications what some people used to call the software mainframe. Do you think that the public cloud, generally in Amazon specifically, will be able to support any workload, any application, anywhere in the world. And that is going to be the dominant trend over the next, say, 15, 20 years. Or do you see this hybrid model, really this equilibrium being established and predominant? So I think you have to look at the entire market and say which segment of customers can now move to a fully public cloud model, right? So there's definitely security concerns. There's data compliancy concerns you need to think about. So if you go globally, certain countries don't allow data to leave their borders, right? So you have to take that into consideration. So I think if you took a market segmentation and go, there's certain segment of the market that is very comfortable putting the data fully in the public cloud and not have too much concerns about the security aspects of it, right? If you look at very large enterprises, there's definitely certain segments of you in those enterprise where they would like to keep the data inside the data center for the very reasons of security and confidentiality, things like that. But then there's definitely certain workloads that lend themselves very, very well to the public cloud model. So I think that's where the hybrid cloud model comes in. There are certain segments of the market that would not look at public cloud because of the confidentiality. So are those reasons, are they perceived? Are they real? Are they... I think a lot of them are still, the questions are still out there, right? I think, like I said, if you look at the large enterprises, they're stepping in cautiously. But as you can see over the last couple of years, over the last years and then, big enterprises are making that big step. They're stepping into launching applications in the Amazon Cloud. So both camps are right. Both camps are right, right? Like sales guys say, it depends. It depends. Yeah, we could do that. We could pave that road. Consultants do that too. Absolutely. So Amazon's got a bumpy road to the cloud, hybrid cloud, although it's a nice road. It works, the public cloud smooth and kick and butt of South Sea. We're big users of the Amazon Cloud. Hi, I got to ask you the final questions. We have our next segment coming up. Please. For the folks out there, put a bumper sticker on the car, okay? Here for this show. What's the bumper sticker of this reinvent this year? How would you describe this event? It's relevance to the world. If you'd have put it on a bumper sticker on a car, what would it say? Oh boy, that's putting me in a spot. So if you think of a bumper stick, I would say Amazon Web Service, the poster child for public cloud computing. All right. How was that? Great bumper stick. A little long, it's going to carry half the bumper stick. Some cars don't even have bumpers anymore, but great tagline, Amazon's kicking butt. They're here, it's real. Sighting developers are here. Amazon's winning the developer war. We're going to have all the coverage. Can they get to the enterprise? What do they have under the hood? Can they scale? Can they do the SLA? What does this game look like? I'm John Furrier with Dave Vellante. We'll be right back here live. Live independent coverage with SiliconANGLE, Wookie Bomb and theCUBE. We'll be right back after this short break.


Good morning ladies and gentlemen what's going on Zendu Nation. Today what I wanted to do is take you guys a little bit behind the scenes just to show you guys how we create some of the content that we create so let's foam roll let's make my bed and let's go to Starbucks. Who would have thought that putting on the cross ball just behind your back and the muscles right here would just make your back feel so much better it's crazy.  It's feeling powerful today. Today we are actually shooting how to jump rope like Muhammad Ali so the first thing I do for this is get a couple videos together just so that people can see just so that we can get an idea how Muhammad Ali used to jump rope. A little behind the scenes today we're shooting how to jump rope like Muhammad Ali right now. So we got the camera set up. Brandon's good to go. Ready be cameraman, cameraman, cameraman, cameraman. That's nice. That's a nice shuffle bro. Ladies and gentlemen so I'm sending fitness today we're gonna do I'm just kidding you know what time it is. Fruit water, fruit water, fruit water. We had two awesome interviews with people from our community for our internship we're hiring someone for an internship to help us out with some stuff here at Send Dude Fitness and I just want to say again guys everybody who has responded and who has talked about the community we are so so freaking grateful for all the people for all of you guys who are making this you know you're the ones proving that you can have fun and you can get fit. The amount of positive feedback that we've been receiving has just been like in a great way overwhelming and it just motivates us to continue doing more and more of it. It's already three o'clock I haven't eaten yet so M&M is just the way to go. Workout, then bake feast, probably gonna shoot another video and I don't know I don't know what's on the Jennifer tonight. Yeah Brandon. I've still only eaten M&M's today I don't usually like we don't usually go this long without eating our first meal but today we just have a lot of stuff to do so what are you gonna do? I'll tell you what I'm gonna do. Alright Send Dude Nation so we get asked a lot you know what kind of gear do you guys use and because today's video is a behind the scenes video Brandon and I really wanted to show you guys literally every piece of equipment that we have to operate this business not only in hopes of just like telling you guys what is good gear to buy if you're someone who's considering doing this but also for the purpose of showing you guys more so for like just showing you guys that you can run a very successful business from anywhere in the world so I just wanted to run you guys through kind of some of the stuff we use. Hard drives that is we would be nowhere without these things because well because all our content we create content every day so we need somewhere to store it. We use two laptops, two MacBooks, some lines of Mac Air Brands and MacBook. He's working on it right now so I'm not gonna put it there. Two audio recorders of which we plug our two lavalier lavalier lavalier whatever you want to call it microphones into these to record the sound. This guy right here this little Oli clip is for it's a fisheye lens for an iPhone so we get some of our vlog footage to still make it look like it was shot on a DSLR. That thing's really awesome. These are clips to attach the iPhone to say something like a gorilla or a camera stand like that. Battery packs and then our main shooting cameras besides both of our iPhones are the ones that you guys see the most often. This is a Canon EOS Rebel T5. It's a good camera but we're trying to get both of our cameras are like mediocre beginner cameras and we're looking to upgrade very shortly. Isn't that right dude? We're gonna get a 70D. Oh that's cool Brandon just don't listen to me. We have two gorillas. This is what we stick we put the cameras on when we were filming. I have a road mic here that picks up a lot of the it's a new one so thank you for everyone who was like you know get a new mic because we got one. Next thing Joggle and Jambox. This is how we play all of our music. It's a big Bluetooth speaker. It's awesome. You can put it into a room and have awesome sound for an entire party.  That's how we do our podcast recording. We had another one or we have another one but we don't know it's that it's that my apartment but we don't have a cable for it right now. There's one of our camera stands and that's about it guys and of course. Two cross rope jump ropes baby because the business don't run unless we skip it. Tense jump rope workout. Gonna lift some weights. Type-racing pull-up made for a baby. I'm so ready to eat. Get all this good nutrients in the muscles and then I don't know. I don't know what we're doing in this delicious meal right here. Bandeje pizza. We got an egg on a bed of rice, avocado, plantain avocado, chorizo, chicharron. This is just a lot of good stuff right here. You know on a Friday night a little beer, a little beer to wash it down. Don't mind if I do.


All right. Well, thank you all for coming. I know it's been a long week for many of us. Who's been here every day this week? Yeah, it's wonderful content and thank you so much to the volunteers our Room leaders our video people you have been awesome And we really appreciate all the work that you've done I want to talk a little bit today about passion and just as a show of hands How many of you either have an open-source project or really any cause in your life? That you really get excited about and means a lot to you and you like to do when your spare time permits Most of us right? Yeah I Think for all of you and maybe even those of you who who don't have a lot of time to work on things I think the topic today is hopefully going to get you thinking about some interesting questions A little bit about me. My name is Michael Downey I work for an organization called the digital impact alliance which is part of the United Nations Foundation and I am leading up a program called the dial open-source center, which is the subject of what I'm going to talk about today but I want to talk about it in context of a really challenging a challenging issue that we're facing and that there is a risk of This presentation not moving sorry one second Thank you. There we go. Sorry I Want to talk a little bit today about how open-source software projects are used and some really remote places around the world and some really Poor and impoverished places around the world and places we might not always think about a lot of us think about how we use open-source on our Personal laptop and use it to do the work that we do every day But here's a few scenarios for you that you may not have thought about when you think about how open-source is used Think about small businesses how they run their finances how they get loans from organizations Because right now every day open-source software is used to help support those activities Connecting money trade prices market prices and health care open-source is used in almost every country around the world It manages your information when you go to the doctor or to the hospital It helps with teaching and training of health care professionals And ultimately helps to make sure that the care that you get is reliable and safe and then finally just general charity work When you have nonprofits or other organizations who are going out to help people in their communities Many cases they're relying on open-source software to do that work and to help them manage that information And make sure that they're getting the most out of the money And the reason I'm talking about this is I want you all to think about the risk that's here As many of you know a lot of open-source software projects are led by a single individual or a very small group of people and Just imagine for a moment if those people were to decide that they're kind of done with the project and didn't really want to continue it And that project were to kind of stop development stop maintenance think about some of the risk that is involved for a lot of these organizations So this is really on our mind quite a bit and when you put that in context of international politics and this idea of decreasing funding for international development As well as this idea that sustainability is a growing challenge for for FOS projects generally This really means that we need to think about ways to help mitigate that risk reduce that risk And so our project is focused on two ideas here co-investment and shared resources co-investment meaning diversification of getting people to help the project and maybe individuals that might be money to do certain things It might be collaborations between organizations And the shared resources idea is about basically working together across multiple projects to share things like infrastructure tools training processes And even contributors that might have expertise that could be shared between one project and the other And so today we don't have a lot of time, but I thought I would talk about a few things with you all Talk a little bit about the risks and development and I'll a little asterisk after development because it's not what you think Also talking about the projects in this space what they need and what they want to be long-term Sustainable projects Tell a little bit about our goals for these projects what we found over the last year and then describe kind of what we're planning to build together and Hopefully for all of you think about how you might make a difference either in some of these projects Or how you might also take these ideas back to the open source projects that you're interested in or you're working with and Maybe help them become more sustainable over the long term So first thing is first I'm going to be throwing around this word development today, and it doesn't mean programming Not just just for this hour. It doesn't mean programming It's also known in our in our circles as digital development or this wonderful acronym called ICT4D, which is information communication technology for international development Basically it's talking about Projects that are mission oriented They're usually mobile or cloud-based these days and ultimately they're trying to work people work with people where they are working in agriculture Education or health care So that's kind of the field that we're working in and dial and the UN foundation and what we're focused on One important thing here that This idea has really shifted over the last few years It really started as people in what we call the global north the richer countries Thinking about what technology we need to build for the poor people of the world and Fortunately that feeling has changed Completely 180 degrees and now it's about helping people create the tools that they need in their local communities to do what they want to Do as a community to make their world better And so we've finally made that shift to empowering people to use the internet to use technology Just as you or I might use it today And that's wonderful to see And people are understanding that open-source software is a big important key to making some of those realities possible Why does it matter? Some of you probably know this already, but just under half the world is connected to the internet today and taking advantage of it We would like to see that change our organization specifically is about getting people more engaged in what we call the digital society and Helping them to you know make full use of the technology that most of us here in this room use every day In order to do that we need to really think about the building blocks that are kind of fundamental to that a lot of it's Simple things like getting people connected to the internet. It's been a big theme over the last many years But fortunately that problem is getting solved fairly quickly And so now we need to think about applications and what people are actually doing with that connectivity that they have And so our organization is specifically focused on how technology is being adopted or in many cases neglected And so if we think about how people are basically helping others to help themselves like if you're talking about an NGO Helping people to use this technology to improve their communities it's important to think about what does that look like if it's successful and This is a very difficult question because just making a lot of cool technology isn't quite the answer Our team before we formed our organization Worked in and various teams to do a little study here and it's a little dim on this screen But what you'll see here is that year over year you have an increasing number of Mobile applications for health care that were being launched in fact between the years of 20 or 2005 in 2011 It was up 30% So every year there was just this an increasing number of applications many of them were doing the same thing And so if you think about all of the money and all of the resources that went in from these charities these other Organizations to create the same mobile data collection app over and over There's really a lot of waste there and we really start need we really need to start thinking about how people are using this Technology and being a little more thoughtful in what we're building together and think about how we can work together as As the open-source community at large to reduce the duplicated efforts Here's a wonderful or a really sad example of that this is a map of the country of Uganda in eastern Africa and The names the black names that you see around the the perimeter here are different Mobile health care application platforms. They're all open source. Well, almost all of them are open source And the red circles show you kind of health Extensively they're used the big circles are used much more extensively So this was a snapshot toward the end of 2012 So at one point in time there were a little literally all of these very very similar applications being used in one single country Obviously, this is a little bit scary that there are so many applications serving the same space and What happened was the Ministry of Health in Uganda actually had to come out and say no more We're not going to allow within the health care system any more applications to be to be deployed We really need to start focusing in and reduce this proliferation that's happening And what this what this does is it raises a few questions First of all, why are there so many different tools many of them open source tools? And why isn't there more collaboration? Why are there so many different groups and organizations building all of these things and then most importantly? How many resources how much money is actually being wasted by so much duplication? And a lot of times this is money from from taxpayers from the public It's from people who are donating to charities and hopefully I want to see that money stretched as as well as it can be So this raises a lot of questions and this is not the only case where this is happening There's just one example And and when you go back and look at these projects here the fact that that money is being stretched So thin between so many projects Really starts to raise some red flags more you think about it in terms of risk Because a lot of those projects that you saw on that map were run by a single organization Some were run by a single person That person or that organization could shift their priorities tomorrow And then you have to think about what would happen to those those clinics in Uganda that we're using the software And ultimately what harm are we indirectly causing in these countries in these places that are using this open source software? So that's where our organization comes in this is our big fancy Organizational charts, and I'm going to bore you all with with all the details But the the basics are this is that we started this organization to help bring people together who are already working in this space We didn't want to reinvent something ourselves, but we wanted to focus on three areas How software and technology is being used we call that platforms and services see if my laser works there we go We wanted to think about how open data is being used by these organizations And then finally what people are doing with that data and those tools what we call the insights and the impact And we do that by working with with private donors with governments with private sector organizations with corporations Basically anyone who's interested in improving this space True to our kind of United Nations roots We are really focused on empowering others to do their work, and we don't necessarily want to do their work for them We want to make them more effective So those of you who are familiar with the UN you may have seen some of these things called the millennia I'm sorry the sustainable development goals formerly the millennium development goals they are a list of 17 things that we can all focus on by the year 2030 and if we can take steps in these directions on One or more of these areas it should help make our world more peaceful more more harmonized Basically a better place to live and so our thinking is by investing and sustainability of open-source software in this space We can work on these six areas Things like gender equality we already see each Opportunities for women and other groups to get involved in open-source and technology and learn from that There are work and economic opportunities by leveraging open-source for small businesses There's this idea of building core infrastructure for countries and other parts of the world using open-source tools Reduced inequalities it helps kind of level the playing field get people access to better health data like we saw in the previous presentation And 12 most importantly it's this idea of responsible Kind of long-term thoughtful production Because back to that idea of that map in Uganda where you have all the waste And the way we do it is number 17 by building and strengthening partnerships because if you rely on any one sequel organization You set something up for failure So A lot of us talk about sustainability and you hear it in a lot of different ways and you talk about the environment and waste and all These things but for today. What's open-source sustainability? Apparently it's nothing there we go What we think of sustainability is is a hedge or a bet against burnout for maintainers And if you worked in an open-source project for very long Most of us have felt a little overwhelmed and get a little bit tired Sometimes you want to quit or sometimes you just want to take a day off. That's perfectly normal But you have to think in these kinds of projects. What's the risk of that happening? Organizational strategic shifts like I mentioned on that map a lot of these projects are driven by a single Organization they could decide to close up shop tomorrow or focus on a new area and we have to think of what happens after that So we want to think about how do we provide more resources to projects reduce those single points of failure and balance the the geekiness Trend that we have to chase new and shiny things You know deploy the latest technology figure out how to get blockchain into our projects. Maybe Get new features out to people. We want to balance that innovation with Reliability and other things that we should also be investing energy and and attention to The important thing here is like this is not specific to this international development sector This is really all of open source are starting to think about this And in fact back in June of last year There was a really great conference in San Francisco that we participated in there were a hundred different project maintainers and what we called sustainers We gathered at the github headquarters one day and spent the day brainstorming ideas of what to do about this There's a really great report if you're interested in this go to sustain os s org Just freeze download the PDF Highly encourage you to go read that I won't read through all these bullet points But there were some really key takeaways that probably aren't too surprising if you've struggled with this very long We also did research last year For projects in our sector around the same thing and not surprisingly these were about the same they lined up pretty well So our group wasn't particularly unique I'm not going to read all of these out to you then the numbers are just they're just number They're not really prioritized but things like facilitation of collaboration getting good mentorship getting direct assistance with things like infrastructure and Project management skills at open-source software projects often don't have from volunteers So when we look at all of these areas We tried to build a model of what we needed to do And what we wanted to get to and so we get to this buzzwordy slide that we like to show people Where you have this magic happy balance at the end of the day where you have people who are doing Work together. That's effective and collaborative people are kind of happy in their open-source work And they're getting their motivations fulfilled. So whatever brings them there They're they're happy with that if it's just being able to geek out on technology That's great if it's a good feeling about helping people in different parts of the world They're getting that if it's to help their organization They're getting that and the more this cycle continues you get this steadily increasing trust And we see that as the key to long-term sustainability for open-source projects, especially in our space and to get there We kind of we've identified for what we call pillars of sustainability One is having this organization only neutral home where different groups that are together can kind of collaborate without anyone being Too dominant so everyone's voices are heard Having a good technical architecture Where there's a good feedback loop from the users coming back in to understand What needs to be built making sure the right tools are in place for collaboration that you're using a good test strategy Or you have a continuous improvement process in place. I'm sorry continuous integration process in place to improve your software You've got a vision for the product that you're you're trying to put out into the world So this goes to talking to your users understanding what they're actually wanting and meeting And then making sure that the open-source group is working together effectively to actually build what they what these users want a lot of us You know sit there and think what would these people like to do and we never actually go out and talk to them And then finally and most importantly to enable all of that is community effectiveness And this is the idea of having distributed leadership amongst multiple organizations that represent You know all the orgs and the people who are participating in the project very well And there's clear governance decision-making processes are established So our idea is if we can invest in all of these areas We'll have this steadily increasing trust and we'll end up with more sustainable projects And Obviously if you've been around open source very long the way to do this is through cooperation We all know the benefits and the challenges of that We looked at some models of how people kind of build good cooperation groups And there are certainly groups within open source that try to help Things like umbrella orgs that bring different technologies are different projects using the same technology together and collaborate There are things The business are running the accounting for your projects These none of these had exactly the right offerings for that model on the previous slide to invest in all those areas So we started looking at some other models out there. We looked at things like artist studio Collaborative groups people who would go in and share artist studio space and paints and easels and and canvas We looked at maker spaces and hacker spaces This is a great example of people coming in and exercising their creativity and sharing resources together and kind of Collectively deciding what that group should should work on to the benefit of the larger group So we looked at some of those groups and we tried to find a model that focused on on sharing But balancing autonomy as well because we knew by talking to these projects They didn't want to give up their own vision for what they were working on nor should they because we really wanted to tap into that mission And so for our group we came up with this mission of the dial open source center Which we called this inclusive meta community Basically a community of multiple projects that are working together for knowledge sharing Collaboration and co-investment going back to that term from earlier Obviously you want to promote positive social change or want to work on the things that we talked about earlier health care education economics And ultimately overcome key barriers to getting good open-source projects that are mature and they're going to be impactful out in the world And we wanted to do that by building a pub what we call a public commons Things that people could share together be it knowledge be it tangible resources tangible or virtual tangible resources like infrastructure And actually sharing even collaborators and contributors across projects Because another thing that we saw is people would need experts and health care Maybe to answer certain questions from time to time in their project They didn't need to be developers, but they needed certain experts that could come in and help guide them on what they were doing That was whether if you were in here for the last presentation That was a really great example that sometimes you need an outsider to come in and help guide you to make sure you're doing the right thing So we have two areas of assistance that the organization is designed to To provide right now the first is what we call technical assistance We have a nice little model and we have kind of a menu of services people can choose from Which we should display it a few different ways This is kind of life cycle based from early projects to more mature projects And these are some of the areas where people tend to struggle with from from our interviews and our research And so what we're able to do is connect people either directly to Consultants who are working with or our internal team We have some funding for several years to help provide one-on-one consultation experts in open source legal issues Kind of product architects who can help people with more vision kind of questions of what the project should be doing And at different places the projects can engage in different ways And so they're not stuck with one kind of help It's basically goes from quarter to quarter. We have dialogues with our projects and ask them what they'd like to work on We can also have a different way of viewing it if people are really focused on financial issues or making the product better Or making the community better. We can also talk about the services in that way with them as well So here's the exciting part. We we started in October. We already have six projects that are participating in the organization Just a few words about each of these. They're all really awesome You should go check them out. Look at their webpages the humanitarian open street map team. Most of us know about open street maps Hot as they call themselves is basically a way to crowdsource mapping If you've ever made edits to Google Maps on your phone or on your on your desktop You've seen this happen kind of in real time where you can correct data They will go in after a disaster Get new aerial imagery after an earthquake or something and the Mappers from around the world will go in and very quickly update the open street maps layer So the people who are going in and responding after the disaster to be at the Red Cross or some of these other organizations will have Instantly available up-to-date maps that are accurate As of the time that they're going out there very important for for their needs Libre Health is a an umbrella community a meta community for small health care startup projects They're working on things like making health care projects more turnkey easy easy to use for startups and small clinics radiology offices Bombay is also in health care but goes the other direction to hospitals and Packages up several different health care related projects into one kind of complete system for them that deals with things like Schedule and supply management information management for patients, etc Open LMIS is a logistics management system Helps people kind of deal with the issues of tracking all of the things that their organization needs to get things done Some surizer is a very new platform for analytics of data from cook stoves They're working with a group that builds little iot devices that go on cook stoves that people may use in their villages They help track things like gas and environmental issues That the NGOs and the nonprofits that go in and help provide these cook stoves are able to educate them on how to use them more effectively and more safely and Open data kit is a long-running project that is an Android based mobile data collection app an analysis application For charities or other organizations to go out into the field talk to people Collect data and then and then act on it We've got a lot of service delivery partners software freedom Conservancy is able to help our projects with legal issues with fiscal services like Managing your bank accounts getting trademarks registered for your projects Mifos and path are working in the finance and the health care industries Respectively to hook those projects up with finance opportunities for funding opportunities grants other collaboration Projects where multiple software projects can work together apply for some really big funding get a lot of work done for their projects in the process We're also a sponsor of outreach II does anyone here know about outreach II one person. It's really awesome It's similar to Google summer of code, but it's focused on women and other underrepresented groups They aren't necessarily students But it helps get them involved and open source matches them up with a mentor and pays them for an internship for the summer or the winter Right now we're getting ready to do place five different interns throughout reach II we did some about six months ago as well So finally real briefly we've built this up as an open-source style organization. We've got an independent governance board We've got groups looking at technical issues helping the projects work together to tackle their the technical challenges a similar group working on community related challenges like diversity Community growth this idea of sustainability advisory groups in the health sector or the finance sector that I briefly mentioned So in closing we are now ready to actually do the work We've we've got a few groups to start with and this actually maps very closely with the list of needs that you saw earlier We have a strategy for each of these areas of engagement with the projects. We've already got begun to deliver technical services We just help a product a project launch their website, which is going live next week. I think So things are actually running already We've got a long list of projects waiting in the wings as we scale up over the next year and we've got an open governance plan It's all on on git lab and we're iterating and we're getting feedback and helping to evolve the project over time So finally what do we need to make this thing successful? Specifically for this group and the people that you talk with if you know of any projects that are kind of aligned with this mission That you think might benefit Please send them our way If you might be connected with an organization that is interested in supporting this kind of work Maybe your your employer wants to do you know financial support or able to give end-to-kind services or donate time From some of your staff members all this stuff would be super valuable for our community So scaling is hard right and it is hard for all of the projects that we're working with So we also need more hackers. We need documentarians. We need designers People that would be interested in working across all these projects and sharing their time So if any of this is interesting to you or you know of people who might be interested, please send them our way We would love to hear from you All right, so last slide. This is our closing an inspirational quote from you Dorothy Day We shouldn't get too hopeless. This sounds like a really hard problem, but it's really important problem So go back think about it in your own open source projects and think about how you can you know help those projects Be more sustainable in the long term. Thank you


Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the osmoregulation in aquatic environments. The osmolarities of aqueous environment have wide range. In freshwater, the osmolarity is only few milliosmoles per litre. Whereas in ordinary sea water, the osmolarity is 1000 milliosmoles per litre. Whereas in land-logged seas, salt concentration is more than that. Animals living in these different environments have distinct problems related to water and salt exchange. The nature of osmotic problems of freshwater and marine animals are different. Mechanisms for dealing with them are also different. As a rule, animal body fluids tend away from the environmental osmotic extremes. Dear students, those animals which can tolerate a narrow osmotic range, they have very limited abilities to withstand osmotic change. They cannot tolerate substantial change in external environments osmolarity. They include most marine invertebrates. Their body cells cannot tolerate dilution. The animals living in high salts and steinohelanes, if they have less concentration of seawater, they cannot tolerate it. High narrow range animals are steinohelanes. If they go into dilute solution, they die quickly. So, they are restricted to living in such environments in which there is no major fluctuation in salinity. For example, marine spider crabs. Yuri-Helline animals, compared to steinohelane animals, are animals which can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity. They can tolerate wide range of osmolarities. They can carry osmotic regulation when salinity changes. That is why they do not have any problem because as a result of salinity change, they use osmolar regulation to balance their body. Yuri-Helline animals are found along the coasts, in the estuaries and in the river mouths. These are the environments where salt water and freshwater are mixed and changes in salinity are common. Such animals should be able to tolerate changes in salinity. The Yuri-Helline animals include many osmoconformers as well as osmoregulators. Many barnacles and mussels, which are invertebrates, they are Yuri-Helline osmoconformers. Whereas striped bass and salmon fish, they are examples of Yuri-Helline osmoregulators.


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