A job is modern slavery, you don't need it. One day when I was 13 years old, I stood alone in my high school football pitch and asked myself, why is everyone teaching me how to be an employee? I was only 13, yet it became very clear to me that the world around me was designed for a single thing and that's to teach everyone to serve the rich as an employee. I started my first business at age 15 and I loved it. To me creating things and selling them is just fun and this increased my anger in a few years to follow. Yes, it was not easy for me to build a business from scratch especially because I was born by poor parents but if I had my life again, I would rather suffer a decade to create the kind of life I have today than to walk all my life to make someone else rich. I think a job is the modern slave trade and I will explain that in this video. I'll also try to challenge and inspire you to create your own desired life, no matter how difficult it is. If you're new here, consider subscribing so you won't miss other interesting videos like this. You see, I grew up as a young man who loves himself so much. Maybe I'm selfish or arrogant, I can't tell but one thing I know for sure about myself is that I love freedom, I love to wake up when I like to, do what I love to, when I like to, with the people I like to. When I discovered that modern lifestyles forbade this kind of freedom, I knew that I would need to fight for what I believe I deserved. For eight years, I was a nobody because I was struggling to build a business. However, when I had my first breakthrough in business, I moved from the bottom to the topmost. For many years now, I never have any reason to wake up with alarm because of a job. I never had to wear any particular clothes, I never had to work with those I don't respect. More importantly, I write my own checks. To me, it's heaven on earth to be living the way I am but whenever I meet with my friends who are employees, I hear how they complain about everything. The job they hate, the employer they hate, the office politics, the low-pay jobs and others. Now this is what I have to tell you, none of these should be yours for 35 years. Listen to me, you have the power to change your life if you truly want to do it. Accepting the slavery as a norm Most people ought to create their own desired lives, don't get the inspiration to do it because they have accepted the kind of life they are living as a norm. This is as a result of the psychologist called social proof. Now social proof basically means that wherever a lot of people are doing something, we have the tendency to join them, not only join them but think that it's normal and good. This is what happens in our society today. If today you are 17, since every one of your friends will be dreaming of going to Harvard, your own dream will be centered around the university and degrees too. Since that's what everyone you know is doing, that must be the normal thing to do, right? The same thing with jobs, according to the Gallup poll, 85% of employees all over the world hate their jobs and all these billions of people still wake up to run to that same office they hate without taking any actions to change their situations. Are these people fools? No, most of them are smart and intelligent people but you see it makes sense to have a job since everyone does have one. That's the reason why people preach to themselves and accept their situations as normal. You have to do the opposite. You don't have to accept what you hate.   History of Slavery In the era of our forefathers, if you are rich, you can have as many slaves as you wanted. You will buy them and use them to farm. At a point in history, we abolished the slave trade because we thought that it's not good for a human being to become the tool for another human. Now we can let people be free. Let them live their lives, have their kids and build their own houses but we still technically own them. We still tell them what to do, how to do it, when to resume at work, when to close and all of that. We don't call it slavery but we determine the clothes they must wear. It's not slavery but they can't stay back at home any time they want. Are Entrepreneurs Evil? Well I don't blame entrepreneurs for this evil. You see, I'm an entrepreneur myself. I run businesses and employ people. I do honestly think that some people love their jobs and this video isn't for those people. I also unfortunately believe that the world can only go on smoothly if some people are kings while others are servants.  You've found your path and as long as that path pays your bills, you'll be a happy person. However, if Monday is your worst day, if you wake up each working day and hiss, if you wish you could have another life that's free from the burden of a job, then I have some words for you. You see, we all have to leave just once. Because we won't have a repeat of this single life, we have to fight hard to create the kind of life we love. I tell you, you can't do it.  I was a sickly boy but while growing up, I discovered that the world always bows for whoever is crazy enough to fight for what he wants. If you fight, the world will give way for you to pass. Remember we are in the 21st century. I'm sorry but I have to remind you that we are no longer in 1983. I need to remind you because most people don't know. You see, our fathers lived in a much closed world. Many of them did one single job for 40 years. Many of them never saw a mobile phone, not to talk of the internet. Today, even 15 years old kids are creating wealth via the internet. No matter how busy you are, you can always have an hour in a day to learn and practice skills that may be sellable online. You can share your existing experience to help others and you'll be paid for it. For instance, I'm an entrepreneur who builds and run my own business but I also teach people how to do what I'm doing. You don't know how much I make from teaching people how to do what I'm doing. You don't know. But you may also have a valuable experience others are willing to learn from. You may have an existing business which the internet can help you market. I don't know who you are, what your strengths are and what you can do. But I challenge you to look inwards and figure out how to create the life you love. Another big mistake many people make is to expect this journey to be easy. Far from it, it's tough, it's hard, it's hell but it leads to heaven if you can fight hard for the freedom you deserve. You have a single life, don't leave it doing what you hate. You can change your life if you are willing to fight with your last blood. Thank you so much for watching our videos. Are you between the ages of 15 and 40? Then we invite you to join our new channel which was specially created to share with you inspiration and life's lessons to succeed in life. We call it Under 40 TV. Kindly look at the description box to join the Under 40 TV. We love you


So that brings us to the next question. Okay, it's not rotator cuff. It's not an old patient. Younger patient has come with recurrent dislocation or maybe pain. The surgeon is suspecting instability. What are the three questions you want to answer? Is there a labral tear? Is there bone loss? And what's happening to the capsule? So this is what the surgeon wants to know. Let's start with labrum. Is there a tear? What is the extent of the tear? How big is it? And is there any associated bone fragment also? What do we see here? You can clearly see an anterior inferior labral tear. This is the intact posterior labrum. This is a bank card solution in a patient who's had anterior dislocation. Another case, you can see labral tear, periosteum bit intact here. So maybe, but it's a little torn here. If intact, you can call it perthes. If you don't call these different fancy names, that's fine. Tell the extent of the tear. So we talk of quadrants. If I imagine this is the three o'clock, this is the 12, six, these are to the one and seven. So this is superior, posterior superior, posterior inferior, inferior anterior inferior, and anterior superior. So now I can tell that the tear is involving the anterior inferior quadrant from three o'clock to six o'clock. Why this is important? Because the surgeon can then decide how many anchors he's going to put if he plans to do surgery. This is important. Every anchor, the cost will increase. So the patient obviously wants to know beforehand how much is going to be the cost of surgery. Surgeon needs to be prepared how many anchors he has ready. I may say a tear involving entire anterior labrum extending across 12 o'clock up to the posterior equator. So slap tears, for example, superior labral tears. You have a classification, 10 types, 12 types. Do I remember all of them? No. If you tell this whole extent, that is good enough. So involving entire anterior labrum going across 12 o'clock up to posterior equator. So that tells you the extent of the tear. Is there also a bony fragment? So now with the labrum, there is this bony fragment. So again, non-faxact sequences help you. This is a bony, bankardly shape. So it's not only labrum, but there's a piece of bone also which has come off with it. Give size of this particular bone. Has the labrum got displaced immediately called as alpsa, anterior labral, periosteal, sleeve, avalches? If you don't call it so, just say anterior inferior labral tear displaced immediately. That's fine. Has a part of the cartilage also adjoining come off? Glynoid labrum, particular defect. So you have a particular cartilage loss also out there. So if you describe anterior inferior labral tear with this much size cartilage defect adjoining, it means the same. Are there any associated findings? For example here, yes, there is a posterior labral tear. Very clearly seen posterior inferior quadrant labral tear. No doubt about that. All of us have picked it. But what else is happening? There is a little depression, anterior superior humeral head with marrow edema. That means there has been a posterior dislocation. This is a subtle reverse hill sack solution. This is a posterior labral tear. Anterior dislocation, the patients will tell you. I feel my shoulder, something is moving. I feel the humeral head popping up. There's something coming out. Posterior dislocation may not be like that. So when you see a labral tear, not enough to say it's a labral tear, see what is the cause, can it? Here, again, I can see normal anterior labrum, tear of the posterior labrum. I can see Osh's remodeling. Can you see this? Here you have a sharp glenoid and here you have an Osh's remodeling. Posterior inferior glenoid Osh's remodeling, posterior labral tear. Then I notice the capsule is lacks all three together. I can ask the surgeon to assess for posterior instead. So look at the pattern. I see a posterior superior labral tear. Clearly, there's a small incipient parallel labral cyst which can enlarge sometimes and cause compression of the suprascapular nerve branches. I also see a posterior supraspinatus anterior infraspinatus under surface tear. Now, I find out the history. This is a young 29-year-old guy. He is into sports. He plays cricket. So overhead abduction activity. So overhead throwing athletes, cricket, gym going, people doing bench presses, badminton, squash, so all of them. If you find this together, posterior superior labral tear, posterior supranterior infraspinatus, tendon gnosis, tendon tears, think of posterior superior impingement. So you can put in your report. Please correlate clinically for posterior superior impingement. Impingement is not a radiological diagnosis, but based on the constellation of findings, you can advise, you can suggest looking for it so that the surgeon knows that he needs to look for that. Now, the next question. Is it really a tear? Now, I start looking at this case and I feel that this labrum here is absent. Anterior superior labrum I barely see. You can see how this posterior superior labrum is seen well. Okay? I see a piece here. So is this a labral tear? Yeah, looks like. But always when you feel something is like a tear, trace it down. When I trace that structure down, I can see it is elongated and inserting onto the lesser tuberosity, deep to the subscapularis tendon. Okay? I see that on sag. It is thick structure like this when I correlate it. So this is a thick middle glenohumeral ligament and the anterior superior labrum is absent. So this is a developmental condition called Buford complex. Anterior superior labrum can have lots of variants. It can be developmentally absent, can be developmentally hypoplastic. Okay? So this is a Buford complex. I just need to mention it and not confuse it with a tear, that's all. Sometimes I may see a cleft at the base of anterior superior labrum. Is it a sublabel foramen, which is a normal variant where the anterior superior labrum is not tightly attached? Or is it a tear? How do I distinguish? One thing, you usually do not get only anterior superior labral tears. It's usually an anterior inferior labral tear or a band cuts extending superiorly or it's a slap or a superior labral tear extending in field. So if you find rest of the labrum, band normal, only anterior superior labral tear, then you are thinking, is this a sublabel foramen? How do I make out? Sublabel foramen is seen in only about two or three sections. You don't see it entire extent. Margins are smooth, sharp, not irregular and you can differentiate most of the times. What if I just cannot make out and you have a labral tear, only anterior superior small one here in two sections, they'll not do anything for those tears anyways. So it's, I think it's still okay if you have not been able to distinguish and you have, they can correlate for the labral size. And that usually doesn't happen as this. At the base of superior labrum, is there a smooth cleft going medially? Underline cartilage is nice and intact. That's a sublabel recess. If it is a superior labral tear, see how the bright signal is going laterally, it's more irregular and you'll also see it extending anteriorly and posterior. So that becomes a superior labral tear. Sometimes can get difficult. You may sometimes very few times but it could really be difficult and then you try to look for other findings and you see whether clinically there are any labral signs. Next coming to the labrum we have seen, patient has instability, patient has bankart's lesion, bony bankart, whatever it is. Is there a hill sacs lesion? If so, what is its size? And is there marrow edema? Is it an acute situation? So this is a hill sacs lesion. It's very shallow. This one is very deep. But now we know more than depth. So yes, you give the depth also but what is more important is this transverse dimension. So we always need to mention the transverse dimension of the hill sacs. On this agital we give the superior-inferior dimension also but this is what is more important and we do give this depth also but to the surgeon what is most important is this transverse dimension. Here I'll say mind-flattening type hill sacs. Here I'll say a deep, wet-shaped hill sacs. Give the transverse dimension superior-inferior dimension and the depth of it, okay? Is it really hill sacs or not? A recap, if you see something right at the top where the humeral head begins like coracoid process and above it, then it's hill sacs. If that part of humeral head is bad normal and only inferiorly you see something smooth and nice like this, that's a normal anatomic groove.  It's not hill sacs. Next, the most important question the orthopedic surgeon always wants to know what's the glenoid bone loss? What's the glenoid bone loss? Is it significant or not? You look at articles, there are so many different methods. I'll talk about the one that we use. So one quick visual look, what is happening? This is the normal glenoid pear shaped and here you can see straightening.  Now I need to quantify it how much. How do I do it? We do use the best fit circle method. There are many methods, whichever you use is fine. We draw a straight line along the glenoid axis. We put a circle which best fits the glenoid especially the posterior inferior quadrant. Now this circle I measure the posterior diameter and the anterior diameter, they should roughly be equal. If not, so for example, this is the total diameter and suppose the bone is ending here. So in this case, if I just draw it, okay, this is kind of the circle, it comes a little down. This should have been the total diameter but in reality this is the diameter. So this minus this divided by this into 100 will give you the percentage bone loss. This is how we do it. You draw the circle, you measure it and look at how much of bone loss is out here. Is CT better, MR better? We've been able to convince our surgeons that MR is enough most of the times. I would say 95% of the time we give them but then it should be angled properly.  You should angle it to the parallel to the inferior portion of the glenoid. If sometimes it's difficult. We have an odd banana shaped glenoid or angle not taken properly or not sure. Then yes, we do advise CT because a 3D CT is supposed to be the best way to identify and quantify the bone loss. So you can see this much percentage is the bone loss. What is the magic figure? Nothing. Usually about 20%, 25% is when they operate. They do a lethargy surgeon. Why is it very important? So there's no magic figure. It's not like 19 I'll not operate, 21 I'll operate because they take into account status of the labrum, bone, size of the hill sacs lesion, as well as caps all together. It's not one single value. There will obviously be some inter-observer variability. So when there's a large defect, only repairing labrum is not enough. Surgeon will take a piece of this coracoid and attach it here to try to make it normal shape. Otherwise, if he only repairs the labrum, patient will keep having the current dislocation. This is called as a lethargy procedure and usually done open. So that's why the surgeon wants to know beforehand what is the size of the bone loss. Concept of the last part I'm on, on track versus off track. You can measure the glenoid track by taking 83% of the intact glenoid diameter. From that, you subtract this percent, this amount, which is the bone loss. Okay, that's the glenoid track. For example, just to give you an example, if that is 1.2 centimeter, whatever, just to give a random figure. Then you measure the Hilsex transverse dimension, which we spoke about, that's the Hilsex interval. If glenoid track is larger than the Hilsex interval, that means it's an on track lesion. If it's large, if it's on track lesion and there's significant bone loss, he'll do lethargy. If no significant bone loss, he'll do only soft tissue repair. If it is an engaging lesion, if the Hilsex interval is larger than the glenoid track, that means it's a large Hilsex lesion. Then, in addition to treating the inferior glenoid, whatever he may do, only soft tissue repair or lethargy, whatever it may be, he'll also do a remplissage. So he'll take the infraspinatus and attach it to this defect, trying to make it less of a defect. Okay, that's remplissage. So whether he does only soft tissue repair, whether he does bone surgery, which is lethargy or whether he also does a remplissage is what we are supposed to tell him. Anterior instability, last two questions. Is the inferior glenohumeral ligament intact? Is the coracoid process intact? Because you can have injuries. Here you can see the inferior glenohumeral ligament, which is the inferior capsule itself. There is disruption from the humeral attachment. Humeral avulgen of glenohumeral ligament, haggled lesion. Very important because the surgeon, this is a blind area for him when he goes in. So he needs to know this before the surgeon to plan that he needs to repair. So this is an important question for him. Coracoid process fracture can be associated. And if already there's a coracoid fracture, he may not be able to use it for lethargy. So he needs to know whether it's there or not. So to conclude, we need to know the anatomy, obviously the first starting step. We need to give the information which will decide the management. We as radiologists need to have an active part in the whole process. It's not enough sitting in our room reporting, signing off the report and that's the end of it. You need to have constant interaction with your orthopedicians, constant meetings, clinical meetings where unless you understand the right questions, you will never be able to give the right answers. And shoulder, there are a large number of variants. Be aware of them, use the common principles and use your ability to answer the questions.


hange the title because mr mime spoiled the party today and i think i think we'll get we'll we'll do the reolo next next time out um because it feels like i'm just destined not to get it tonight especially after the mr mime kind of shenanigans it feels like we'll just search for the mass outbreak of it for the longest time and it just won't appear so it'd be nice just to come in fresh into reolo and just be like okay let's just get this one let's go for it and alex about i got a shiny evie congrats alex that's a nice shiny to get what you're gonna evolve it into everyone's got the shiny reolos i need to join i try and join the club right come on this time volpex alex gonna evolve it into sylvia nice that's what i got in my party right now i think that's what we're gonna go for um as soon as its happiness is up but i really want an alpha shiny evie because that'd be so good let's have a huge huge evie how does that one keep is that another one spawner is that the same one just like escaping every time that's it now i think there's only two yeah that's it that is it let's move on to the next one come on we only took 33 resets in real calling that must have been brutal because reolo is a super aggro like hyper aggro pokemon dj gaming use rick handi's that's actually not a bad idea i've got about 15 i think in my box in my case i've gone through it really right now i'm on 27 kill oh 27 hopefully you get it soon absolute zoo hopefully do i'll keep my fingers crossed for you mate let me just quit is shiny bravery hard to get it was hard for us like hard in the fact that it was a lot of outbreak resets like we did 64 mass outbreaks to get roughly so it was hard in that respect but i think if they really just had bad rng i don't think it's too bad to be honest it's just finding the mass outbreak it's normally in the alabaster islands i think that's the only place you'll get it but could be wrong might pop up in other areas too Liz how you doing i hope you're well and Liam how are you both thanks so much for jumping in join us in the stream tonight i hope you're having a great friday both of you amused i just got vulpex outbreak gonna show any hunt alongside you good luck with yours watch you'll rock up to it and get it first try 100 i hope you do let us know how you're doing the race is on although i'm like five ahead so you've got five five on me and Liam can in two birds with one stone also checking the lecario nice it's always worth doing imagine if you get the alpha shiny and then you go and just rock up and just get the shiny realoo as well style points all the way yeah perfected the decks for that that realoo uh to try and hunt the shiny realoo like the sorry the lecario love dropping from those heights and just wrecking ourselves we can just keep it like the last one where we were kind of sniping everything quite without everything running off let's try and get everything back here around this area super annoying that they kind of just decide like for no reason just like let's all go like a million miles away from any sort of grass cover super annoying vulpex actually not that annoying i can't speak because vulpex is nowhere near annoying compared to mr mime they're still spawning they're still spawning in they're mad skittish though i think that might be it now i think this one's over yeah no more spawning in let's go again let's go again koreanakugi lecario is your favorite pokohan nice choice love lecario tyrannotar is my favorite i would say love tyrannotar it's not in these games sadly be nice if it was imagine an alpha tyrannotar oh my god that would just be nuts reef credo thank you so much for the sub and thanks for joining us tonight reef and i hope you're having a great friday better than i think pichu is rarer than gibble i've seen like five gibbalabics and zero pichu zero wow dude yeah i've had a couple of pichu's not many so you're probably right losing f shiny alpha glice score nice congrats that is an epic alpha shiny as well that is amazing awesome awesome what's your favorite shiny you've gotten so far um honestly probably uh shiny uh his sui embroidery uh i really love that shiny it's super nice and it was like everyone was hyping it up saying it was really nice and it was definitely not like not an over exaggeration i think it was like definitely worth all the all the for more about it quillfish oof of course nice as well and Liam what serious question do i switch i just got this all about outbreak what are you currently hunting Liam and if you haven't like spent too much time into it then it's probably worth switching and reef credo i like dragonite dragonites very cool it's the og drags he is the og he can't uh like yeah imagine an alpha dragonite now that would be cool this is what i mean like that like the dlcs if they introduce any sort of other pokemon with them it's so cool because like you're gonna get like a lot of stuff that like you'd be like okay this thing will look really cool as an alpha this thing was what would this thing be like there's so many questions about like different stuff it makes it quite like exciting just thinking about just the pokemon in bebham damn alpha tyrannot or would literally be the tyrannot or from cell be movie hundred percent mate wouldn't it it would be yeah be nuts just be hyper beaming all over the place just wrecking stuff we've got another alpha vulpex okay should we get some kicks out let's get these over come on one for everyone okay i think that's i think that is it this is not but i'm pretty sure it is isn't it how do you choose which shiny you want to get next well if we're in the middle of a stream we kind of like i kind of throw it out to chat normally to say should we go after this one or should we go after this one um but if it's the start of a stream it's normally something that i'm like really looking forward to trying to hunt that i know most people will like as well so that's how i kind of try and decide um so i think the next one we're going to start with the rheolu because it's a bit of a fail with this one with the mr. mime to be honest so right let's see vulpex on this one or bust lauren how are you doing i never uh i have never shiny hunted before in any games until this one the method is so straightforward please you're enjoying it and uh what's your favorite shiny you've got so far andrew how are you doing trading shiny and polion nice what are you after for it shiny and polion i thought i was talking about earlier i think like i got the i've got the shiny starters the pplup shim chow and tertwig but i think i'll keep them as their kind of first evolution forms right let's get dj game in how much longer the stream ends i think my friend this is probably gonna be the last outbreak for the stream so this is why i'm like like this or bust for the vulpex tonight swear that mr. mime he's just rinsed just rinsed it's like it's like time to shine mr. mime shaw honestly didn't expect it to take 45 mass outbreak resets there was no way i thought it was gonna take that long oh man so brutal actually insane right let's see if we can get these come on this time let's put this stealth spray on see if that helps us out any get our jet balls of course of course you're gonna wreck it for us every time i just want to throw a gazillion sticky globes at it just to be like make a point i don't even feel bad liam we got a shiny sudo water before i only got bonds late nice congrats mate that was awesome right after we were on their miles well they're not miles away they're pretty close but let's try and get them a little bit closer at least i can just start trying to snipe them off a bit one far away nope swear it's just gonna be quicker for me but the thing is they're just gonna run away i think i've just got to be patient haven't i really rather than scare them off but they're so far away coriander cookie this is my first time shiny hand an ultra moon i got a random shiny bezel and a shiny eckens nice they're super nice shinies please you're enjoying it though right you need to pay attention to this are they still spawning in they are okay so we still got a chance still got a chance that is it unfortunately friends that is it no shiny volpecs but we did get the shiny mr mind which was good which was good muse i told you on the fourth check you get the shiny volpecs congrats i wish we'd get it but i'm pleased you have i'm pleased you have that's that's super nice we'll try and get it and get that shiny volpecs shiny nine tails that's what we want let me just quit guys should i do a raltar break yes go for it 100 alex thank you so much for coming by the stream as well as everyone else tonight it's been really nice hanging out with everyone while i've done the mad grind for mr mime that was actually insane i never want to have to have another grind like that again i feel like there will be similar grinds to it but we'll take them as they come let's try and get these in the line and then we can line everything up can we get you in there squeeze you in there mr mime yeah there we go okay there we are there's a gang shiny gang from tonight so something too bad we didn't get the volpecs unfortunately but we did get mr mime which is good and uh super weird and we can just kind of watch what he does i guess with our birdie friend and our whirlpool so friends thank you so much for coming out we'll be back on monday with our next stream uh we're kicking off about half seven eight o'clockish but i'll put the um update out as soon as i know and we'll go for real on the next stream so thanks so much for coming out tonight sorry we didn't get to it tonight what is mr minding yeah just taking a seat oh you gotta love this is he actually pretending to drink tea we gotta see this come on yeah getting the shiny was worth it just for this just for this alone okay um yeah have a great weekend friends anyone playing in the international challenge this weekend uh i hope you have a lot of fun playing the tournament uh we'll be putting stuff up on the channel on monday in regards to the team that i played today and yeah if you're shiny hunting of the weekend have a great good time lots of luck that my miss trolling it's such a troll 100 but uh friends take care of yourselves thank you again for coming out and i'll see you hopefully all on monday when we go for the reality and then hopefully do some alpha hunting as well because that would be fun so take care of yourselves friends have a good one and i'll see you next week until then take care


When Frederick invited me to participate in this project, I think I had a mixed reaction. One was fascination and the other was trepidation. One of the aspects of this, of this being a group project that I found interesting, was that knowing that there were 11 other photographers working, it freed me to really pursue my own interests and not feel as though I needed to do something encyclopedic to try to cover every aspect which wouldn't be possible anyway. So knowing that there would be other voices, I could just pursue my own interests. One of the ways I tried to deal with the complexity of the situation in Israel and the West Bank was to really do three different projects at once. One with a large format camera, mostly landscape. One with a digital camera, which was mostly scenes from everyday life. And one with large format black and white, which related to a series I had done in Israel in the mid-90s of archaeological digs. And by having these different voices going on at the same time, that this would in some way communicate the different voices that exist there. The work of mine in this exhibition is just my large format landscape work, landscape and architectural work. And it in some ways relates to landscape work I had done in the American West. And in some ways is different because the difference comes in that I became interested in how the land was built apart, how hilltops were claimed by settlements, by Arab villages, how the land was occupied by Bedouins. So this was the land that's contested that I find personally beautiful. I just have an attraction to the desert. But the contesting of the land is in subtle ways visible on the land. When I photograph, I like to take a block of time and work every day, all day long. And the work I did in Israel in the West Bank was six trips over a period of two years. Most of the time I had one assistant. And it was fascinating because he knew the country so well. I felt like he knew every single road. And we developed a very close relationship. If I'm spending a month going out all day long for, say, nine hours in a car every day, we do a lot of talking and became very good friends. And I began to rely on his really precise knowledge of the country. As I said, I go out and photograph all day long. And if I go out every day for a month or two months, or in this case, almost six months, photographing, I produce a lot of pictures, as I'm sure everyone in the show has done. The show could only have a handful of them. And it needed to have a very unified selection. And in this case, just a small group of landscape work. But as with most of the photographers in the show, there's a much larger body of work that couldn't be tapped in a group show. And for me, the way to mine that work is in the form of a book. One of the aesthetic problems that I had to encounter was, I see a place with fresh eyes, with almost the eyes of a tourist, but not take pictures that are tourist pictures. But at the same time, take pictures that could only be made in this place. In an attempt to avoid tourist pictures, I could see someone taking pictures that were, in fact, generic, that could be done anywhere. But I didn't want that either. I wanted something that was true to the place, that had some of the essence of a place that can be approached with fresh eyes. And so this became, for me, one of the central aesthetic problems. How to decide what to photograph.


Meanwhile, the people of Igbama Kingdom in Rivers State have called on the federal government to pay no attention to protests and calls for the withdrawal of the pipeline surveillance contract awarded to government Igbimo Polo, known as Tom Polo. They maintained that the government made the right decision in awarding the contract to the former leader of the Movement for Emancipation of the Niger Delta mend, across from the JCCS has more. The decision was unanimously reached at a meeting with the king of Igbimo Kingdom, His Majesty Eze Amuda Mzobi. From there, they mobilized to oil and gas installation sites in the area where the past a vote of confidence on Tom Polo. We are having where the OE Center is being cited in Igbimo Kingdom. We from Igbimo Kingdom is supporting him because we know that he is capable of carrying out the duties. So any other statement or contrary statement against him with Igbimo is in support of him. Because Tom Polo is capable of carrying out the discharge of every duty concerning the surveillance contract given by federal government. Now I am from Igbimo. This is one of our OE oil location where IGPs are operating. The youths also threw their weights behind Tom Polo and the Minister of State for Petroleum Resources, Chief Timmy Presiver. We the youth of Igbimo are fully in support of the contract surveillance given to Tom Polo. We believe in his capacity and we believe that he can deliver. We are giving him total support. Is it not what we agree? We are giving him total support. It is certain that one person must take it and we are talking about capability. Let him take charge of the contract and we feel with him our environment is safe. Our pipelines are safe. So that is why we believe in him. Let the agree people come together so that we work together so that everywhere both our environment and our communities will be safe. They are vowed to resist attempts by anyone or group of patients to destabilize the peace being enjoyed in the Niger Delta. Just see, see, for plus TV news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


I love Jesus. I thought he was great. I grew up, I was Christian until I was about eight. Eight? Yeah. I like the idea of it. I love the idea of, you know, Jesus. You like the Sermon on the Mount?  Ricky Gervais here is verbalizing a pretty common sentiment. Jesus is just kind of a cool teacher. We like Jesus, not a big fan of the Bible. Don't really believe in Christianity, but Jesus, he's a cool guy. I often come across people that wouldn't identify as Christians at all, and yet they do regard Jesus' teachings highly. But what we find out, there's a lot of picking and choosing exactly what they want to believe. You see, people have this idea that Jesus' teaching was all about just loving people. We cannot be good in and of ourselves. And that was the whole point. He was declaring himself Messiah. He wasn't some sort of self-help guru that some people try to claim. He was and is God.


A number of word forms involve operations that recycle existing words or parts of them and thus allow the expansion of the present-day English vocabulary to a considerable extent. The description of such word forms and the operations involved constitutes the focus of this e-lecture. In the e-lecture, Morphological Operations, we drew a distinction between the following central types. We discussed concatenative operations such as affixation, where for example, open can be turned into its past tense form by attaching the past tense affix. We looked at non-concatenative operations, where for example, by means of a vocali stem change, take can be transformed into took. And we discussed further operations such as supletions in items such as go and went. And reduplication, as in the plural form of book in Indonesian, where buku, the singular form, can be transformed into its plural form by reduplicating the base, buku-buku is the result. Yet there are further operations that combine existing material or even subtract material from existing words. Here are some word forms to which operations have been applied that have not been mentioned yet. For example, the operation of recombining parts of the words that are involved. Smoke and fog can be recombined to smog. Or take abbreviations such as the ones in UNESCO and IBM to name just two of them. Or examples of shortening where laboratory can be shortened to lab, Ronald to Ron. Or televised can be formed from the existing item television. Let us look at these operations in detail. And let's start with word forms that are formed by means of an operation that combines chunks belonging to distinct leg seams. Here are three examples. Smog, Brunch and Spanglish. These words, which are referred to as blends, are generated by a recombination of the parts of their base forms. Smog is a result of combining smoke and fog. Brunch is a result of combining breakfast and lunch. And Spanglish is a result of combining Spanish and English. The legitimacy of this operation is mainly determined by a set of phonological principles. So let us look at the internal syllabic structure of these items in detail. Let's start with smog. In smog, two monosyllabic words are combined. Here you can see the syllable structure of both of them. Well, and the result is a combination of the onset of smoke and the rhyme of fog. As a hypothesis, we can postulate on the basis of this particular blend that blends recombine different syllable constituents. Onset plus rhyme, onset and peak plus coda, and so on and so forth. Let's take Brunch next. Now here the situation is slightly different. Here we have two words with different syllable structures. Breakfast consists of two syllables and lunch of one of them. And the result, first of all, is quite similar. We have the onset of breakfast and the rhyme of lunch. But the blend is only one syllable long. Now what is the factor that determines the syllable length or the length of the resulting blend? Well, using breakfast and lunch, resulting in brunch as an example, we can conclude that the second item, the length of the second item determines the size of the blend. In Spanglish, we have a mixed case. Again, look at the syllable structures. In fact, here we have two items that consist of two syllables in each case. Now the result is, first of all, in the first resulting syllable, a combination of onset and peak taken from the first item and the coda taken from the second item, so we get Spang. Well, and then we add an entire syllable to get Spanglish. So what is the conclusion? Well, let's look at the overall conclusions in a second. From the discussion of our three blends, we can derive the following principles that apply to the operation of recombination. The first hypothesis is that blends recombine different syllable constituents, onset plus rhyme, onset and peak, plus coda, and so on and so forth, as we could easily see in Spam and Smog and Spanglish. The second hypothesis is that the second item determines the size as we saw in breakfast, two syllables plus lunch, one syllable. The overall blend consists of one syllable. Well, and the third and perhaps most general observation is that blends always start with a chunk taken from item number one and end in a chunk taken from item number two. Well, so much for blends, but there's one thing we should discuss. Blends can easily be mixed up with so-called abbreviated compounds. Abbreviated compounds are existing compounds that can be shortened to form a new word. Here are some examples. Motor camp can be abbreviated to MoCamp. Breath analyzer can be abbreviated to breathalyzer and situation comedy can be abbreviated to sitcom. Abbreviated compounds are all endocentric. A motor camp is a camp, a breathalyzer is an analyzer, a sitcom is a situation, a comedy, a type of comedy. Well, and the abbreviations may occur in the modifier, for example, as in motor, or in the head, or even in both parts of the compound. And such abbreviated compounds can easily be distinguished from blends by means of a paradigmatic test. We take a sentence and see whether we can use the potential forms within it. For example, you could easily say, I saw a sitcom last night, and at the same time, you can say, I saw a situation comedy last night. Let's apply a similar test to brunch and breakfast and lunch. Let's have brunch today is a legitimate sentence, but let's have breakfast lunch today doesn't work. So in other words, what I should have turned that, well, red really, because it's impossible. So breakfast lunch does not work. In other words, we have a nice way of distinguishing between abbreviated compounds that can be used in two ways versus blends that can only be used in their blend form within particular sentences. On the basis of this test, by the way, Spanglish would be an abbreviated compound if you accept the sentence, I use Spanish English, meaning I use Spanglish, but that's arguable. Another popular method of forming words involves the initial letters of a more complex form. Word forms of this kind, for example, radio detection and ranging list processor, international business, business machines and Los Angeles. Word forms that are used for organization names, industrial products and so on involve the strong necessity to be shortened. Well, and here are the possibilities. For example, we can abbreviate radio detection and ranging to, as you all know, to radar. We can abbreviate list processor to Lisp and we can abbreviate international business machine to become IBM or Los Angeles to LA. And as you can see, some of these abbreviations are pronounceable, like radar and Lisp, and some of them aren't. So in this case, the syllable is legitimate. In the case of IBM and LA, it is not. If the initial letters form acceptable syllables and can be pronounced as words, they are referred to as acronyms. If the syllables violate the phonotactics of present-day English, that is their non permissible, they are referred to as initialisms or alternatively as alphabetisms. In both cases, we are confronted with a purely orthographical operation where the individual words are reduced and combined. As far as the reduction is concerned, there seems to be no real constraint. As long as the resulting word form is meaningful and in the case of acronyms, pronounceable, abbreviations are permissible. Let us now turn our attention to the operation of shortening. There are several ways in which an existing word can be shortened. At one extreme, we have a shortening operation which simply cuts off material to obtain a meaningful shortened form. For example, violin cello can be shortened to cello, laboratory can be shortened to lab, and bicycle, well, here we obviously have to replace the final character and then shorten the whole item to bike. This relatively free shortening operation is referred to as clipping. So these are clippings. At the other extreme, we have a shortening operation which follows a set of phonological constraints. Here are some examples I chose names to illustrate this point. Abraham can be shortened to Abe, so we have to add the orthographical E here. Adalbert can be shortened to Bert, in which case we would have to capitalize it. And Arabella can be shortened to not to Bella, but to Bell, so this would be the result. These shortened forms are referred to as truncations. And they have in common that irrespective of the length of their base form, they are all monosyllabic. This is why Bell is the truncated form and not Bella. In looking at our examples, we can find three different types. For example, we can define a type of truncation where simply the first syllable is the result, as in Abraham. Then we may have a type where the syllable with a primary stress is the result, as in Arabella. And last but not least, we have a type where the syllable with a secondary stress is the result. So we get Adalbert, and here we have secondary stress on Bert. Note that some truncations must also undergo affixation. For example, if you truncate Andrew and Bernard, you cannot simply have and and burn, but you must at the same time add the affix, the diminutive affix, i.e. or why, to get Andy and Bernie. New words can also be formed by a shortening operation, which is referred to as back formation. The operation is relatively simple. You simply take off the affix of a particular word. In other words, we reverse the operation of affixation. Subtraction could be a reasonable name. This may happen, for example, if a noun enters the language first, and a verb is derived from it by means of taking away the affix. Here are two examples. Editor is the word that entered English first. If we take away the affix, we get edit. Television was there first. If we take away the affix, we get televise, in this case, we must add an e, to get the respective verb. As I said, this operation of shortening is referred to as back formation because we form a new word, a new word class, by means of getting back. Let me finally say something about our particular approach. In the literature, we often find two further operations under the heading of word formation processes. So here, processes and operations have been mixed up. However, according to our principle distinction between morphological processes and operations on the virtual linguistics campus, these two additional, whatever they are, operations or processes that are specified in the literature, these should not deserve special treatment. Rather, they should be subsumed under already existing headings. Take re-duplication as an example. This is a standard operation in many languages of the world. For example, in the Austronesian languages, Tagalog, Indonesian and so on. In present-day English, it can be found in items such as ding dong or helter skelter. Unlike in Indonesian, to take an example where re-duplication is used in inflection. In present-day English, it is an operation which is confined to a word formation process. Another operation is, as already mentioned, the generation of diminutive forms such as birdie, auntie, andy or bernie. However, such forms are not special at all. They simply involve affixation and are thus ordinary derivatives. So, this e-lecture concludes the morphology part of our morphology and syntax seminars. I hope that after several morphological e-lectures, you have a precise idea about the branch of morphology, its central principles and goals, and that you can apply the methods of morphological analysis in a cross-linguistic fashion. Okay, that's it. Thanks for your attendance.