Here's the question from Alex. Could you explain the truth about the moral status of the 700 Palestinians who fled as part of the 1948 invasion? How complicit were they or subsets of them, complicit in, I guess, the violence against the Jews? How should they have been treated? How were they treated? Are any reparations owed to any of them? All right, so this is a great question. And it's a fairly complex question. So here we're talking about 700,000 people who were residents of what, at the end of the 1948 war, became Israel. The armistice lines of 1948, which became modern Israel. 700,000 Palestinians, 700,000 Arabs who lived in the land that became Israel, were either left that land or were kicked out of that land during the war that occurred during 1948. Just a quick history, because I think just a quick history in terms of the sequence of events here, because I think the sequence of events is important to understanding both practically and morally what happened here. In November 1947, or before November 1947, the British, who had a mandate from the UN to basically run the territory that is considered today Israel, and Palestine was called Palestine by the British, but included, for much of that period, included Jordan as well, the British decided they wanted out. They wanted to leave. It was costly for them. They were winding down their empire anyway post-World War II. And they had enough of the Jews and the Muslims in the Middle East, and they were basically divvying up the Middle East and handing over power to local authorities all over the Middle East. Saudi Arabia is a country created by the British. Iraq, Syria, Syria, and Lebanon were countries created by the British and the French. Jordan was created by the British. These are not countries that had existed. These are not countries that had any kind of reality. They were created by British and French post-World War I, because they were all lands that they had occupied as part of defeating the Ottoman Empire. Part of this was also what was called Palestine, the section between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. So they went to the UN and said, look, get us out of this. We're leaving. You decide what happens here. And the United Nations voted not overwhelmingly. It was close, but voted for the partition of the territory into two states, a Palestinian state for the Arabs and a Jewish state for the Jews called Israel. And they drew up the borders. The borders were very restrictive. They basically tried to include population concentrations of Arabs. It would be part of the Palestinian state, the Arab state, and centers of population centers of Jews, where Jews were dominant, would be Jewish. Anyway, the Jews in Palestine celebrated. They went out the streets. They danced. There are pictures of this. The next day, the Arabs started a military offensive against Israel, not Arabs from outside, but what are called Palestinians. The Arabs inside that geographic area started a violent activity against Israel with the Jews with the idea that before the British left, they wanted to create a reality on the ground where there were basically no Jews there or the Jews had been so marginalized that it made no sense to give them any kind of land. So the idea that the Arabs had that the Palestinians had that was to occupy as much of this land, to kill as many Jews as possible, to drive as many Jews into the sea as possible, and basically to be able to occupy this territory as, quote, a Palestinian territory. In May of 1948, the British basically said we're leaving, and they packed up and left. On that day, Israel basically declared independence. And on that day, also seven, as soon as the Israelis declared independence, the armies of seven Arab countries invaded Israel, and a war was begun. Interestingly enough, and it's always important to note this, that when those seven countries invaded, their goal was not to create a Palestinian state, not to create an Arab state. Their goal was to carve this territory up among themselves. Egypt wanted the south. Jordan wanted big chunks of what is to the east in Israel. Syria and Lebanon wanted northern parts of Israel. They all wanted pieces of it. They all wanted probably if they would have won, they would have started fighting each other for who guess the word Jerusalem, let's say, and things like that. As part of the Arab invasion, as part of the invasion of these seven countries, the Arab countries communicated to the civilian population, the Arab civilian population within this territory. They told them, look guys, get out of the way. There's going to be a war. It's going to be brutal. Get out of the way. You want to fight on our side, join the fighting. But if you're just a civilian, if you're not going to raise weapons against them, just get out of the way. What we suggest to you is go to Jordan, go to Lebanon. Those are the primary places they went. Go to Egypt. But the primary places were Jordan and Lebanon. Primarily Jordan, Jordan's the closest. And get out of the way so that when we start bombing these cities, when we start fighting these wars, you won't get in the way. Just like Israel has told the Palestinians, go south because we're attacking in the north. And what you saw in the days following along, and their photos of this, long convoys of Arabs leaving their homes in Jaffa, which is very close to Tel Aviv, Haifa, which was always a mixed city. And so there's a mixed city. The Galilee, parts of southern and midsection of Israel, just getting in their cars and driving away and leaving and going to where they were promised. And now, countries said, look, we're going to win this very quickly. It's not going to take long. I mean, how many Jews are there? A few hundred thousand Jews? There are tens of millions of us. We're going to wipe them out. And when we wiped them out, and literally, it was about wiping them out, you will be able to come back. So some of the 700,000, a big chunk of the 700,000, were Arabs who left because Arab countries urged them to leave under the idea that they could come back once victory was achieved. Now, some of them left because the fighting started, and indeed, they discovered they were in the crossfire. And maybe they were part of the people fighting, and they discovered they were losing. And rather than suffer the full defeat, they ran away. So some of them just ran away, ran away because of the crossfire, ran away because they were losing, ran away because Israel was beating them. And indeed, Israel increased its territory from the UN partition to the ceasefire in 1949 of this war of independence. It had grown because it had occupied a lot of the territory where fighting was going on. And then a third category of people were actually kicked out of their homes by Israelis. And I would say here, I would split this category into two. One, some segments of the Israeli military, some units misbehaved. There were indeed very few, but a couple of occasions in which Jewish forces massacred civilians on the Arab side, very few, once or twice. Many such occurrences, by the way, of Arabs massacring Jews. And there were also occasions where they kicked people out of their homes and pointed guns at them and forced them to run away. So that's one category. And a second category is there were certain villages, certain locations where they had fought against Israel, where their location was strategic in terms of the security of the state of Israel. And they basically told people to leave because they were in the way and they were strategically inhibiting their ability to defend Israel. So how do you think about these people? Well, most of them, the ones who left because they were urged to leave, the ones who fled because they were in the crossfire because they were losing, the ones who left because Israel had a strategic interest in the location of where they lived. Well, we'll put that one aside. So the first two, I'd say those first two categories fall under the category of you started a war and you lost it. Their leadership, whether they supported it or not, and most of them supported it, their leadership started a war and they listened to their leadership. They followed the suggestions of the leadership and they were a victims of war. Many of them are victims of the decision-making of these seven Arab countries that invaded Israel. And therefore, Israel has no responsibility towards them. They vacated their land, they abandoned their property, the property is abandoned, and can be used by anybody else for productive purposes.  We're all victims of the wars that Arab countries have started against Israel and not only the soldiers who have died in the war, Arab and Israeli, but the victims are these Palestinians who don't have a home, will promise one, but don't have one. The moral responsibility for taking care of them, the moral responsibility for, should be on those who urge them to leave. Instead, what has happened is that the refugee camps that the Palestinians established, first in Jordan and then in Lebanon and in other places around, some of them in the West Bank and Gaza, basically have 70-something years later, still in existence. Arabs have kept them as second, third-class citizens in their own countries. They're not citizens of Lebanon, even though they've lived there. For decades, they're not citizens of Jordan, even though they've lived there for decades. They're treated horribly by Arab countries. And instead of resettling them, giving them citizens, making them, they've kept them as refugees, as something to dangle over Israel and as something to use, to elicit guilt from the Europeans for their support and Americans for their support of Israel. So there are two other categories. One category is, category of people who Israel required them to leave for a variety of reasons. Now, if these were people who were engaged in combat against the Israelis, then again, I think they have no claim. Once you initiate violence, you can't say, oh, but property rights.  And you use your claim to the property that you used in order to engage in the violence. And if Israel needed to throw some people out because their security demanded that this particular land be free of hostiles, then so be it. There is one group that I think does have a claim here. If there are cases in which the Israeli military was gratuitously forced people off their land, threw them out, murdered some of them, like they did in Diri Yassin and maybe one other place. But Diri Yassin is the famous one. Then those Palestinians have a legal claim against Israel. They have a legal claim against the government where it is clearly gratuitous, not as a part of a war action, not as an act of self-defense, or if after the war was over, the Israeli government confiscated land from Palestinians without giving them any compensation, once hostilities were done. And that has happened. It's happened in the West Bank. It's happened in other places. They should be able to sue and get their land back, or at very least, under the idea of eminent domain in the United States, get compensated for it. But just to be clear, the 700,000 Palestinians are out there.  But that's a fraction. Maybe it's 10,000, probably less than that. The 700,000 have no right to return to their land. The initiated force, they've lost all rights to that. Their government, their representatives, their leaders, their community leaders, their political leaders, their religious leaders, all initiated force in their behalf, in their name. They lost all rights, all claims. Now, that was the state in Israel won. They won the lottery. Because that was the state in Israel who didn't run, who didn't listen to their leadership, who stayed, and didn't fight, and weren't killed in a crossfire. They landed up living in the freest country in the Middle East. They landed up having their rights protected better than in any other country in the Middle East, better than any Arab country. They landed up hitting the jackpot in terms of wealth, in terms of freedom. All right, that's probably a longer answer than expected. All right, second question. This one's a long question. How would he answer this argument by a smart opponent of Israel who claims to be for property rights? Israeli Jews lived peacefully in Akko and elsewhere before Zionism decided to establish an exclusive homeland and kick Palestinians out and deny them their property. The idea of driving Jews out simply never existed in Palestine before Zionism. I don't think there's anything special about Palestine-Israel. If you turned any country into a national homeland for one group and kicked another group out and took away their property, they'd get endless conflict too. If you had property rights respected regardless of religion, ethnicity, you'd get peace. I think there's room for all Palestinians and Israelis to live peacefully together, but if the ruling regime continues to deny property rights based on religion, ethnicity, unfortunately conflict will continue until one group is eradicated. It's looking like we're getting close to the latter outcome. I mean, this gets a number of things wrong. The way it's conceptually framed is wrong and the history is wrong. It is true that under the Ottoman Empire, under the rule of law that was the Ottoman Empire for whatever good that law was, there was a rule of some law in the territory called Palestine in those days. Jews and Arabs lived fairly peacefully. Jews had to pay an extra tax because they were Jews to the authorities ultimately in Istanbul or in Damascus where the regional government was, but there was no Palestine. There was some respect for property rights under Ottoman law. Jews had certain property rights and Arabs had certain property rights. But you have to take into account that there was an overarching legal system here. Now, starting in the late 19th century, Jews in relatively speaking large numbers relative to the existing population in this territory. Remember Palestine in the 19th century was swamp land. It was an awful place. It had a very small population focused in Jerusalem and a few other cities. There was no Tel Aviv. There was almost nothing on the coast, Jaffa, Akko, Haifa, but these were, again, very, very small places. The population was very small. And Jews started emigrating to this area. Now, some of them had a dream of one day establishing a Jewish nation here. Some of them have a dream of, yeah, this is our ancient biblical land or whatever. But the fact is that most of them were atheists. Almost all the immigrants of the late 19th century were coming from Russia and Germany. They were secular Jews. They were atheists. And most of them were just escaping from horrors of what was going on in their native countries. The Russians were mostly socialists who thought they could establish a communism in what was Palestine before you could get it in Russia itself. They established kibbutzim. They started farming communities. And the only reason they could do this is because they purchased property rights again. They purchased land from rich Arabs, or Arabs generally, are farmers. They purchased land from the Ottoman authorities that might have owned land. A lot of the land was owned by rich Arabs in Damascus or maybe rich Turks all the way in Istanbul. And the other way in which they gained land, they gained property, was taking possession of unused, unclaimed land, swamps, desert. Swamps were dried, and they gained property rights over those. There was no way for the Jews during this period to take anybody's land. They had no political power. They had no weapons, and they had no facility for taking other people's land. But it is the case that starting pretty early on, and certainly once the Ottomans left, but even in the late 19th century, early 20th century, during the Ottoman period, but accelerated after the Ottomans left, hostilities between Jews and Arabs increased. The Arabs noticed that these Jews were moving in. Yes, they were buying land, but they didn't like the fact that the number of Jews was increasing. And hostilities started increasing in the very late 19th century, early 20th century. Now, in 1919, of course, the Ottoman Empire lost the war, and these territories fell into the hands of the British. The British got a UN mandate to manage these territories. And during this period, there were pieces of land all over the place. There were not a huge number of Arabs in the area defined as Palestine, and Palestine had never been a state, never been a country, not since before the Romans had been a country called Palestine. And Britain was in the business of divvying the territory up into states, into countries. And one of the considerations, and Jews all over Europe lobbied for, well, why don't we use this opportunity to carve out this piece of territory where there are quite a few Jews and there are not that many Arabs, them in the majority, but they're not that many, into a future Jewish state. The Arabs have lots of state around. Arabs in Palestine, if they want to live under Arab rule, they can move somewhere else, but create a state that will be accessible for Jews to move into, not to take anybody's land, not to steal anybody's land, just to move into, move into by buying land and by cultivating land that had not existed before. I mean, Tel Aviv was a city created on land that didn't belong to anybody. And some of the land was purchased from Arab landowners, but a lot of it was just sand on the beach that just wasn't owned by anybody. So in the Balfour Declaration, there was this declaration of a Jewish state, but not a state where land would be taken from private landholders who were Arab and given to private landholders who were Jewish. No. The idea was that the land that was not owned by anybody, not owned by any Arab landowner or any Jewish landowner, but was owned, in a sense, the extent that you can apply ownership to this, by the British now, because they happen to occupy it and they had basically conquered it from the Ottomans and remember that in most countries, sadly, even in the United States, 75% of all the land west in the Mississippi is owned by the state. So the Ottoman Empire owned most of the land in what is known as Palestine. And so the British inhibited that. So by saying, OK, much of this land, this land that will be granted to a new state that is going to be friendly for Jewish immigration and going to be a Jewish state, is not taking private property from anybody. There was no private property. Now then, just to fill in the history, then the reality is that from 1919, the end of World War I, through 1948, when the British left, Britain kept changing its mind about a Jewish state, yes, a Jewish state, no, a Jewish state. On a number of occasions in the teens, in the 20s, and in the 30s, Arabs took up arms and killed Jews, fought against the British, but mainly killed Jews. The British were trying to keep the peace. My grandfather was injured in one of these attacks in Hebron while he was a student there and left Palestine as a consequence. But the Arabs, there were huge Arab uprisings where Jews were killed, like they were killed outside of Gaza, and the British brought back peace. But there aren't these periods as Jews migrated into Palestine. And the rate of migration was not very fast. It was not like millions came. They basically bought land. The British didn't give them anything. They bought land from Arabs, or they settled unoccupied land and turned it into productive land. The property rights of Palestinians or Arabs was never violated, and it has not been violated with the one exception I gave earlier about those who were kicked out gratuitously.  And their rights, their property rights have all been respected. Indeed, the property rights of Arabs have never really been violated. So this is not an issue of rights violations. Never has been a property rights violation. That's not the issue. I agree that if the Arabs had settled with, yeah, if Jews want to buy property and they want to live here, fine. And as long as property rights are respected, who cares who the government is in Jerusalem or whatever, yeah, none of this would happen. We would all be living happily, peacefully in Israel, or whoever would it be, right? There are millions of Arabs who live today in Israel whose property rights are fully protected. Now, granted, Israel, like most Western states, violates property rights in all kinds of ways, Jews and Arabs. Does Israel sometimes discriminate against its Arab population? Sometimes, but it's minor. And they have, again, more rights than in any other country in the Middle East. And their property rights are respected more than in any other country in the Middle East. This conflict has never been about property rights. If it was, it could easily be resolved. The courts in Israel are pretty good about deciding whose property this belongs to. And to the extent Israel has violated people's property rights, whether as a state or whether individuals have violated property rights, then Israel should be held to account on that. And the Supreme Court has, indeed, on occasion done that. They've returned land, a property, to Arabs whose land was taken from them illegitimately. But don't forget, what does it mean to say Palestinian land? There is no such thing as Palestinian land if you believe in property rights. If you believe in property rights, then there's a land of Palestinian of Muhammad, his land. Nobody took his land away. Now, adjacent to his land was land that was owned by the Ottoman state, and now is owned by the Israeli state. That was never his. And it doesn't belong to, quote, the Palestinians. And I don't think it should belong to these Israel, the Israeli state either, I think, should be privatized. It should be sold to the highest bidder. But we live in a world in which land is not privately owned, not all privately owned. We live in a world in which states own, in quotation marks, a significant portion of the land within their own country. Israel is no different than any other country in that regard. And to assign that God land, that unclaimed land, if you will, to the ethnicity of the group that happened to be a majority at any particular point in time is completely arbitrary and random. Israel established a country, and it's, again, the more basis of Israel is the fact that it's a free country. It didn't just establish any country. It established a free country that actually respects property rights, including the property rights of Arabs. All right, question number three. I'm going through questions, those of you coming in and out. I'm going through questions submitted to me as a super chat question, but they were submitted through text. And there were $100 each. I'll do those first, and then I'll go to the super chat and submit it online. Answer this by the same person. Ethnic cleansing of Palestine started 50 years before Hamas was created. It was entirely premeditated in an only possible way to build a Jewish homeland on a land that was 90% non-Jewish. That's just not true. It's just not true. In the 1930s, there was no ethics of 50 years before Hamas was created in the 80s. The 1930s, there was no cleansing going on. Indeed, if you look at migration patterns in the late 19th century all the way into the 1940s, vast numbers of Arabs migrated into what is now Israel. They were new immigrants, just like the Jews who were coming in were new immigrants. Nobody was being kicked out of Israel before the state of Israel was established. Because quite the opposite. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians who today call themselves Palestinians were actually completely new immigrants who came from Jordan and Syria and Lebanon and Egypt and other places around the area to what was called then Palestine. And why did they come? Why did they come? Why suddenly was there massive immigration into this area? And the Arabs don't want to hear this, but the reality is that the Jews were created massive economic opportunities. They were building cities. They were forming on a scale that had never existed. They were using land that had been swamp and desert that nobody knew how to use. They were literally drying swamps. They were building industry. This even Israelis don't know this because the socialists don't want you to know it, but it was private industry. The electrification of Palestine happened because of Jewish enterprise. The Jews were building industry, farming, cities, creating jobs. And Arabs in Syria and Jordan were looking at themselves and going, yeah, I mean, I can earn a lot more by going over there. There's a lot more job opportunities over there than over here. And they did. And they were the manual labor that built much of Israel in terms of the actual construction. They built the homes, the buildings, and they worked in the industries. So the exact opposite of ethnic cleansing happened before 1948. Post-1948, and during 1948, I've already answered, there was no ethnic cleansing. 1948 saw them run away. You run away, you lose, tough. I don't see any more responsibility of the people defending themselves to respect your so-called rights to come back, particularly when you continue to hold a world view that, once they eliminate the very state that you demand a return to. So yeah, there was no premeditated. There was no plan. The Arabs left without Israel, asking them to leave. Most of the asking to leave was done by the Arabs. Now, again, were there cases? And should the Arabs be compensated where you could show proof of it? OK, fine. But those are the exception, not the rule. The rule was that it was an ethnic cleansing. The rule was that it was people losing in a war and running away. Or running away in anticipation that they would win and be able to come back. Either way, Israel owes them nothing. And it wasn't ethnic cleansing, period.


President Bola Tinubu has allocated portfolios to his ministerial nominees at last and they'll be sworn in on Monday. We'll discuss this our first hot topic this morning on the breakfast. AQUA's defense chiefs in a meeting held in Accra, Ghana have revealed that the bloc has begun the activation of its standby force in Niger Republic to restore constitutional order. This is our second hot topic on the breakfast and we're taking a look at the stories that made it to the headlines this morning on some major national dailies of the press who have analysts joining us at that time to discuss them and have better understanding of what the issues are. Good morning. I am Maureen Menongwe-Zigwe and it's so good to know that you're there. Welcome to Friday's edition of the Breakfast on Plus TV Africa. Let's go straight to our top trending stories. The first Dr. Stratton strike in Benwe over abducted colleague, the Nigerian Medical Association of Benwe State Branch, has threatened to declare an indefinite strike in the state over the kidnap of a medical doctor, Asema Muswega, by gunman in Ukum local government area of the state. Muswega, who works at the General Hospital, San Kera Zakibiam was abducted alongside another health worker on July 23rd, 2023. The pair were on their way to supervise a malaria control program at a primary health center, PHC, in Ukum, LGA. The NMA on Wednesday in Makradi in a statement lamented that the kidnap of Muswega was the second of such abductions in the state in the last three months. The NMA stated that the patent cannot be ignored as it seems doctors are now the target of kidnappers in that state. The NMA called upon the Benwe State Governor Reverend Father Hycent Aliya and top politicians, especially those who hail from Ukum, LGA, including Senator Immanuel Udende representing Benwe North East, Senatoral Zone, and the chief of staff to the governor, Paul Biam, to swiftly intervene and ensure the immediate release of Dr. Muswega from the hands of his abductors. They are also seeking the intervention of their revered parliament ruler of the Tive Nation, Archive League, His Royal Majesty Professor James Ayatse, to take decisive and immediate action that will lead to the release of their colleague and his subordinate. They urged the governor to reinforce security measures around the health facilities across the state, especially in areas that have become breeding grounds for heinous crimes. That's our first uptrending. The second is Lagos State. We'll move from Benwe State to Lagos State, which has okayed the withdrawal of firearm charge against Amirphale. The federal High Court seating in Lagos has struck out the legal possession of firearm charge against the suspended central bank of Nigeria. Godwin Amirphale, following an application by the Ministry of Justice to withdraw it. Justice Nicholas, away both struck out the charge on Thursday after holding that the prosecution had the statutory powers to withdraw a charge against the defendant at any stage of the trial. The judge in Israel inhaled that the application filed by the director of public prosecution, Mohammed Abu Bakr, seeking the withdrawal of the cases found in Section 108 of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, which empowers him to withdraw the charge. And there is no requirement for the application to be in writing. The defense through its lead counsel, senior advocate of Nigeria, Joseph Aldo, had argued that the prosecution could not withdraw the charge unless the government purges itself of its disobedience to the court's order of July 25th granting Amirphale bail. Justice Owebo, in a short ruling, condemned the conduct of the prosecution. In allowing the withdrawal of the charge, the judge wondered what good it would do to the defense if the court did not allow the leave. Well, there you have it, some drama playing out there over Amirphale, aka Mephi, that's his nickname now. Nigerians have given him a nickname, that's Mephi. So many things going on around the suspended former governor of the central bank. Many things, many things are still yet to unfold. So we'll just keep our fingers crossed and see how all that plays out. Some say that the government bungled the opportunity to bring him to justice over some of the monetary policies that he brought to fore during his time, well, before his suspension, that was during the former administration of President Mohammad Ibu Harry. But it's still unfolding. So let's see how all of that pans out. Some have accused this present administration of witch-hunting him, but then the case is in court. So let's see how it ends at the end of the day. We'll take a break and come back and let you know those headlines that made it to the front pages of some national daily. Stay with us.


A closer look at bone health. So here on the Dr. Gundry channel, we spend a lot of time talking about your health, especially your gut health, your brain, your longevity. But there's one health topic we barely touched on. And that's a shame because in some ways this one topic is the framework for everything. And today I mean that literally because we're talking bone health. Now, if you've been following me from the beginning, you might remember an experiment I'd done ages ago where I combined milk and coke to demonstrate the impact soda will have on your bones. Maybe you remember by the end of that experiment, the phosphoric acid in the soda had made the milk almost as clear as water. It's actually freaky stuff. But since then we've only hit on bone health a little. So today I wanna really get back to the basics and talk about why your bone health is so important and how to keep your bones strong. Let's start with the why. And in some ways it's obvious. Your bone health is important because bones are the structure of your entire body. And without strong bones, you can't walk, play, chew or enjoy a huge number of your favorite daily activities. And as you age, bone health becomes especially important. Not just for your mobility, but to your longevity. Let me share some quick statistics with you. Every three seconds someone suffers an osteoporosis related fracture. And that's just one reason someone breaks a bone. That means in the time it takes you to watch this video, somewhere around 100 people will break their bone, maybe more. If you're a woman over 50, and don't we all wanna live over 50, there's a 40% chance you're breaking a hip, spine or wrist. And that's just a few of the 260 bones in your body. And men, you're not doing that much better statistically speaking. Hoping to live over 80, you're statistically likely to be hospitalized due to a bone related injury likely from a fall. And that's just the start.  Now, don't just go chug a glass of milk. Bone health is way more important than just calcium. And in case you haven't noticed, I don't exactly encourage milk drinking on the plan. But let's talk about calcium and a few of the other nutrients essential for bone health. Yep, calcium is one of the most important building blocks for strong bones. So it is important that you enjoy plenty of calcium each day. But did you know that sesame seeds, goats milk, almonds, broccoli, collard greens and rhubarb are all rich in calcium? So is salmon. So there's no reason you need to be chugging that 2% milk to support your bones. And calcium isn't the only nutrient you need to optimize bone health. Want to actually absorb the calcium you eat, you need to make sure you're getting enough vitamin D3. Now, one of the best ways to do that is to spend time outside. Vitamin D is the sunshine vitamin after all. But it's also in foods like beef liver. Please keep it grass fed, wild caught salmon and sardines, egg yolks, mushrooms and oysters. So there are plenty of ways to get your vitamin D, even if you can't get outside. Now here's a bonus, vitamin D is also great for your immune system. So you've got your bone building blocks, that's calcium and your vitamin D3 to help your body use that calcium. So what else do you need? Well, vitamin K is another nutrient that's essential for helping your body process calcium the right way. And it's also important for preventing bone mineralization and bone spurs, things that can actually lead to serious injuries down the line. So where can you get vitamin K? Good news, it's in a whole lot of gunnery approved foods. So when you load up on leafy greens, you're loading up on vitamin K. Egg yolks, another great source of K. And one of my all-time favorite sources is something that I consider the ultimate health food, cruciferous veggies. Yep, eating delicious things like Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage can seriously up your vitamin K intake as well as making mealtime just a bit more delicious. It's a win for your bones, your taste buds and your gut health.  It's a mineral that's essential for keeping your bones hard and strong. And if you've gone lectin-free you may not be ingesting as much of it because two of those common sources of magnesium, tofu and whole wheat are off the menu. Now don't freak out because there are other fantastic sources of magnesium out there. Do you really think I'd put anyone on a plan that didn't include the vital nutrients they need? For starters, avocados are really high in magnesium and they're also rich in fat and protein to keep you fueled up. That's why they're the one fruit I tell people they can eat every day no matter what.  It's loaded in magnesium and it's nice to have a sweet treat every now and then. Now, before I head out there's one other thing I should mention and it's got nothing to do with your diet. I'm talking about exercise, specifically weight-bearing or resistance-based exercise. Both are shown to improve bone strength and density over time. And you don't have to go to the gym to get your workout in. Do a few bicep curls with your grocery bags before putting your food away. You actually see me doing this in Trader Joe's. Or a couple of squats with a laundry basket. A little everyday chores can become amazing bone strengtheners if you get creative. And when your bones are strong and healthy you've got a better chance of being able to fully embrace and enjoy life as you age.


Once again, I, Chai Nika Senapati welcome you all to the part 2 of the video on the unit 3 that is Functions of Management of Principles of Management and Organization and Behavior of course from first semester BBA program of Krishnakanta Handicke State Open University. In the last part that is part 1 of the unit 3 that is the functions of management. What we have learned is the functions like planning, organizing and staffing. So today we will discuss briefly about the other functions of management like directing, controlling and also we will discuss about budgeting and reporting. So let's start with the video and I will discuss this video with a PPT for your better understanding. So dear learners what we are going to discuss in this video session is that we will learn about directing, we will know about the concept of directing, we will discuss about controlling and its types then we will discuss about coordination and its features or characteristic and after that we will discuss briefly about budgeting and reporting. So we know that planning is very important in an organization. Planning is the first and the primary function of management. So let's say in an organization planning is done then the activities which should be taken may be systematically organized, organization is well planned then the staffs are we performing the task the staffs are very highly qualified and they are efficient and effective but the organization may not succeed in its to achieve the goal of the organization if there is no proper direction. So mere planning, organizing and staffing that we discussed in the earlier video the part one of the video are not sufficient to set the task in motion. So when we talk about directing, directing involves not only instructing people what to do but also ensuring that they know what is expected from them. So directing is a process in which the manager instruct, guide and oversee the performance of the workers to achieve predetermined goals. Planning, organizing, staffing has got no importance if direction, function does not take place properly. So here I would like to mention about the characteristic of characteristics of direction. Here we can say that direction it is a pervasive function like direction directing is required at all levels of management may be the top, middle or low level of management. It is a continuous activity direction is continuous activity as it continues throughout the life of the organization then human factor since human resource is complex and behavior is unpredictable direction function becomes more important in this regard then creative activities it is a creative activity direction function helps in converting plants into performance so it needs creative activity and executive function last characteristic is the executive function that I am mentioning here in this video that all manager and executives at all levels throughout the working of an enterprise carry out direction function. So let us now discuss about controlling so controlling is measuring and correcting individual or organizational performance to ensure that effective events confirm to plants it involves measuring performance against set goals and plans showing where deviations from the standard exist and helping to correct those deviations the control process is cyclical which means it is never ending so I would like to mention here that there is a relationship between planning and controlling that they are planning and controlling are closely related and reinforce each other once a plan becomes operational controlling is necessary to monitor the progress and then measure it then discover discover the deviations and initiatives initiative should be taken for corrective measures to ensure that the events conforms the plans so planning based on the fact makes controlling easier and effective and controlling improves future planning by providing information derived from the past experience so planning and controlling both are very much interrelated so controlling is measuring and correcting individual or organizational performance to ensure that event confirmed to plants it involves measuring performance against set goals and plans showing where deviations from the standards exist and helping to correct those deviations so I have given a definition by Kuhn's and Otonal it is like that as the measurement and correction of the performance of activities of subordinates in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and plans devised to attain them are being accomplished so this is a definition given by Kuhn's Otonal or controlling now there are some of the function sub function of controlling so first is the determination of standards for measuring work performance then measurement of actual performance then comparing the actual performance with the standard set and finding out the variations between the two and the reasons for variations so these are the sub functions of controlling and also I'd like to mention here that controlling is very important because it accomplishes the organizational goals it is important in judging the accuracy of the standard set then it is important for making efficient use of resources it improves employee motivation and it ensures order and discipline in the organization and it facilitates coordination in action so controlling is very important so here is the control process and control process is cyclical in nature which means it is never ending and it controlling is a four-step process of establishing performance standards based on the form subjective then measuring and measuring and reporting actual performance then comparing the two and taking corrective or preventive actions as and when necessary so these are the four-step process of controlling that I have mentioned here in this video session now let us discuss about coordination so in every organization different types of work are performed by various groups and it becomes essential that the activities of the different work groups and the department should be harmonized so this function is in management of management is known as coordination so coordination is the orderly arrangement of individual or group efforts to provide unity of action in the pursuit of a common goal so here I have mentioned that the coordination function of management is the harmonious blending of the activities of the different specialists and also of the different departments for the achievement of the desired goal and it is called coordination so here also I have mentioned about the features or characteristics of coordination coordination is the orderly arrangement of the group efforts it provides unity of action in pursuit of common purpose that I have already set and unity of action is considered to be the heart of the coordination process of course and it aims at achieving the common purpose of the enterprise through the orderly synchronization of the efforts of the subordinates it is a process whereby an executive develops an orderly pattern of group efforts for accomplishing the common objective of the enterprise and the task of coordination is a managerial responsibility and coordination can be made effective only if an executive makes conscious effort and of course it is a continuous process so now that we have discussed about coordination let us briefly discuss about the last two concepts or you may can say the functions of management is that of budgeting and reporting so time and money are scarce resource to all individual in our organization the efficient and effective use of these resources requires planning so planning is very important in this regard planning is the first as I have said first function of management and it is important at every level of management also so planning alone however is insufficient so control is also necessary to ensure that the plans actually are carried out so a budget is a tool that managers use to plan and control the use of the scarce resource and a budget is a plan showing the company's objective and how management intends to acquire and use resources to attain those objective so by a budget we can say that a budget shows management's operating plans for the coming for the coming periods it formalizes management's plans in a quantitative term it forces all levels of management to think ahead anticipate the results and take actions to remedy possible for poor results and lastly it may motivate individuals to strive to achieve the stated goals so here I have stated and stated some of the conditions of budget so here the budgeting involves the coordination of financial and non-financial planning to satisfy organization goal and objective and budget makers should carefully consider the conditions that follow top management support participation in goal setting then communicating results then flexibility then follow up so lastly let us discuss about reporting so reporting is a process of providing information to various levels of management so as to enable in judging the effectiveness of the responsibility centers and become a base of taking corrective measures if necessary in the organization so dear learners we have come to the end of today's video session that is part two of unit three functions of management so what we have gone through in this video is that we we discuss about directing we discuss about controlling control coordination and lastly we discuss about budgeting and reporting so all the functions of management we have discussed in the previous session and also in this video session are very closely interrelated however these functions are highly indistinguishable and virtually unrecognizable on the job so it is necessary though to put each function separately into focus and deal with it separately so dear learners I have briefly touched up about the functions of management in the earlier video session and also in this session in the next session we will discuss about the managerial skills and the styles and hope with this video session you have learned about the functions of management thank you


This is joint work with Sean Kennedy and Wilfong for Graph Theory Depot, and this talk is on circuit-based secure computation and about tricks, how you can make circuit smaller before you apply the techniques that people know and use very efficiently. So, okay, so we're solving the problem of secure computation, and here most of these guys are talking about a two-party case, but everything applies to a multi-party case, not a multi-party case as well, because the main part, the most interesting part is about how to generate a circuit that's more efficient. And I will be talking about this overlaying in circuit causes, but you kind of can, you know, in the back of your mind, when we get to explain what it is, you can think of it as what we're doing is generating a circuit that's universal for a given set of circuits. So we don't want to generate a circuit that's universal for all possible circuits of size, and because that's expensive, and a lot of the time you don't actually need that. So we try to get improvement by solving this simple problem. Okay, so at the very high level, doing secure computation problem, doing secure computation is two steps. Step one is you generate, given a function F, you generate a circuit that implements the function F, and then step two, you evaluate the circuit using secure computation. And all of the work, the vast majority of work not all focuses on step two. And we are pretty good at step two. We can evaluate many, so for example, in the garbled circuit, we need to do only a couple of PRF evaluations per Boolean gate, and send two encryptions per Boolean gate, which is 32 bytes. So on a simple laptop and on a land, you can evaluate millions of gates per second. And this is really efficient, and we're kind of beginning to kill the limit of what we can hope to achieve. But this first part is people are kind of ignoring it because it's kind of given to us, and we just assume that the circuit is given. And solving this problem, there's some work that looks at it, and mainly this is with the program languages people where they try to optimize which part of the circuit is valid and which part is not. And I think this is kind of a promising direction, and this is where this work is focusing on. Okay, so I'll talk about Boolean circuits, why we're using them and kind of their limitations. And then this will lead to this motivation of set universal circuits or overlaying conditional branches, and propose heuristic and discuss performance, and then discuss how this can be used. We need to custom design the evaluation protocol, because naive things don't directly work. Okay, so again, we want to do us a key, and we're given a function F, and we want to focus on the step one here, for computing the function F. Okay, so circuit representation is, so first, before I want to say why circuit representation is not the best, I want to say why it is the best. And that is because it's really the basic step in the circuit, you know, dividing over single gate is very important. And we don't know, you know, people try to solve it using this, a good function in this or that way, but it's, you know, practically, completely, those things don't work as well as circuit-based, for example, Carville circuit, simply because the basic step is so fast. But when we're looking at some applications that don't map very well in circuit, so some applications, some functions F are not well represented in Boolean circuits, and this is where we're beginning to have problems. And one very well recognized issue with representing a function as Boolean circuits is the random axis. And people, so this line of work on a linear stream addresses that there's a long line of work, and it's really celebrated and really important. And also what's the issue there with the random axis? And the issue there is that the circuits, they access a specific data element, that's how they're programmed, that's how they're designed, that's what they do. And whatever you want to access, let's say an element of an array, then we are a little bit stuck because if that array element is indexed by some private variable, some private index inside the computation, then we cannot go directly and achieve that data point, that data, right? Because that will reveal information about our internal state. So what we have to do, sort of naively, we just scan the entire memory and then we multiply out the data that we want to get, and then the oblivious strand line of work improves the asymptotics of that by the cost of having a much more expensive, this basic step. But this is, I wanted to mention it as another example of what people look at that deals with issues of function presentation Boolean circuits. And what we focus on today is that if you have conditional statements, if you have conditional conditions in your function, then when you put it into the circuit representation, then you're going to have to pay a penalty. And so to illustrate this, I mean it's pretty clear what we're doing here, let's visualize this. So let's look at an example, but we should be clear that this example naturally generalizes it to many settings that we want to think about. So let's look at a semi-private function evaluation. So this is where one player knows which of the functions they want to compute and the other player doesn't. Again, it will be clear later that it applies to the general secure function. So all right, so let's say we have the two players have the function big F, that is basically a collection of functions in small f that are indexed by the choice of bit or bit C, right? So that's how all these functions are. So this setting was actually motivated by our work, my private work on private databases, where the database client wanted to query the database and the query was implemented as a garbled circuit. So the policy, the database policy, would allow, let's say, 30 different types of queries each would respond to a certain circuit structure. So what we want, we want to hide not only what exactly query, what the data would look like, but also what is the type of query. And so this is an actual problem. This is kind of the formalization problem that arose from this database. Okay, so let's say we want to, what would the circuit for function big F look like? It will look like this, right? Basically, it will be a collection, this is the natural way of doing it, and this is the best we know to always do it. There would be a number of these subcircuit, f1 through f30, right? Each of these will implement this function that we look at, and then in the bottom, so the outputs of all of these subcircuits will be fed into this selection function, and that selection function will then drop the outputs of all one of them and propagate the output of that one, right? So here you see, if you have many causes, then basically the circuit, it has to evaluate all of them, because if you don't evaluate even a single one of them, then you know that that case didn't happen, and so that leads to prevention, so we cannot do that. Okay, so what can we do? And the first step is, kind of obvious step, is to realize that the available, so in a graphical circuit context, the evaluator does not see, this is not what he sees, f1, f2, f3, but instead he sees only the topologies of f1, f2, f3, and so on, right? And this is because, of course, the gain functions are hidden inside the graphical circuit and other things. So there is some caveats here, because in the free and sore, the gain functions are not hidden fully, because the XOR gates are special, you have to know where the XOR gates are. But for this talk, let's ignore this. For now, I just want to say that we handle this in a decent way, but so let's just talk about the case where this is this all that we evaluate and perceive. Okay, so now let's pretend that if we could just do this magically, right, put one in all of these circuits on top of each other, right, then the way that we can evaluate the circuit is now we can get rid of all of these extra clauses, right, and we can simply evaluate one of them, because the circuit generator can program each of these 30 clauses, because we just put one on top of the other, so like each one of them is possible to implement, right? So if the circuit generator will simply assign the right garbled table to each of these gates and send a single subset, and that's really effective. Okay, and this is basically what works in print for the same or what I mentioned. Okay, so now the question is, well, so the next question is how this embedding can be done, and we have a theorem that's saying that this is not so simple to do optimally, at least, and that finding opt for set, for given set of circuits, finding optimal embedding is anything harder. So what can we do? So of course, we can naively do what we'll show in the tour, we can do this, right, all of this can be done, that's one way, and that circuit here is a circuit that is universal for this set of circuits, but we want to do better. Another way is to use universal circuit, and there was universal circuit is getting more attention recently, but the universal circuit doesn't work too well if it's smaller switches because the cost is high. The universal circuit is solving a much higher problem at a much higher cost, right? So we, most reasonable functions that you want to compute, the naive method, the naive way will be better than universal circuit, because it's hard to imagine a really huge conditional statement. And people looked very briefly at hand designs, how you could design those things, and this is work of Paus Schneider, and I think Afmat, the contemporary PSS-09. This was kind of a more definitional thing, and they proposed some kind of ways to do this, but only for very trivial circuit combinations. I think that people really don't know how to generate circuits, how to program circuits. I try to talk to the carbon engineers, nobody really understands how circuits look, the computers generate circuits, okay, but people don't, people are not able to process it. Okay, so what do we want to do? Of course, we want to kind of like very naturally, very naive, we want you, the circuits have some common topologies, and we put one circuit on top of the other, we want to exploit this commonality. The question is that how do you do this? That's not clear. And then another observation is that we don't have to stick to kind of our given circuits. We can massage them, we can stretch them, some branches, we can insert no updates anywhere we want, no operation here to just pass through data, we can insert extra edges, and so on and so forth. As long as those operations still allow the regional function of the circuit to be implemented. Okay, so this is, now we want to move from kind of circuit world into the graph world, which is kind of a simple move, but this was work with graph theory people, and they wouldn't be able to understand this picture, but they would be able to understand this picture to me, and I think crypto people are sort of the same, basically. So given a circuit, we're going to map gates, so we are going to create a DAG graph, the graph theory people understand, by simply calling Boolean gates, we're going to call the nodes, and the wires we're going to call the edges. That's our transformation from one world to the other. There is a little bit more because we want to deal with the costs of the way of the gates, for example, we want to try to map that because of free extor, we want to try to map non-free gates with non-free gates, but I'm not going to talk about this now. Okay, and then we want to define formally in the graph theory world what an embedding is because we're going to embed circuits inside of other circuits, container circuits. So an embedding of a graph D into D prime is a mapping app that maps nodes here into, in the graph theory, lingo is alphaborescences, but this is basically a tree, a directed tree, so it maps nodes into this kind of trees, and then it maps edges to edges, so this agent. And we want to preserve the properties. The most important one is property two, and this property basically ensures that we can evaluate this function. So that this new graph can serve as a topology for implementation of the function that was implemented by graph D, and this isn't sure basically that it reserves those nodes, that any of these alphaborescences is connected by an edge to the next one according to what was provided in this graph. So if there is a way to program these gates and to connect these gates, then here that would be the same thing on the side. Okay, so how we can do all this. The heuristic is actually relatively simple at the high level, but somehow took a long time to come up with it. So the first observation is that for formulas this is easy, and we can solve it exactly efficiently using dynamic programming. So what we do is that given two graphs that we want to, so we start with two graphs, and we want to generate a third graph that's in both graphs, right? So what we do is that for each pairs of nodes in graphs, we are going to find the best sub-chain rooted at node B. So for each pairs of nodes B and 2W, Bs and D1 and W and D2, we find the best one, right? And then using dynamic programming we continue doing that, so for formulas we say that there exists an algorithm, of course, we go of the product of the sizes of the two graphs that will find the optimal embedding for D1 and D2. But circuits is not, formulas is not really what we want because they're not that useful what we really want with circuits, so this is where the heuristic comes in.  So kind of a little bit in more detail, let's say D1 and D2 are the circuits that they're given, so we're going to generate a spanning forest based on D1 by randomly kind of choosing how we want to do it, so there is some randomness in this, a lot of randomness in this process, and we're going to drop some of the edges because we, you know, not drop some of the edges because each of these has to be a cheap formula, right? So we're going to have this bunch of things, it's going to be a forest instead of a graph, instead of a general graph, the amount going to be a spanning forest and a spanning forest here, and all of these are cheese, and then we're just going to pairwise compute the best possible combinations, how, you know, a tree from here will be overlaid with the tree of here, right, and it's going to be a quadratic number of those things, and then we calculate the cost of overlay, which means the size of the, in the way of the, of the sub-cheese, of the, yes, of the cheese in the forest, and then we choose the best kind of mapping between the sub-cheese here and here, and that's what we say, that's going to be our basis for, for the circuit, but that's not all because we still need to put the edges that we dropped, we need to put it back into what we received, into what we did, and that creates a couple of small problems that are not too hard to solve, so one problem is that when we insert the edges, it can be that it would be some nodes with large fan in, and that can be expensive in garbled circuit because the cost of the garbled circuit is, is financial in the number of inputs to the gate, but this is easy to solve because we don't, when this happens, like let's say if this gate receives too many inputs then we can split this gate into a number of gates, and then, you know, those other inputs will be fed here, and you can still use the function that, that you want to do, and another one is that cycles can be introduced in, in the DAG, because when we insert the edges that we dropped, and it's an example of how a cycle may be, like this is introduced, but the cycles can be broken again by introducing a couple of nodes, and it works out. So, so this is a high level, this is, this is the heuristic, and basically to again to reiterate, this is a probabilistic heuristic, and the probability, the, the random points coming here in how we are choosing to split the circuits into the sub-trees, and then which edges are, yeah, which edges are dropped. So, you can have, we can be lucky, and then if we, if we, the random we choose the trees that map well to each other, then we're going to have a good small container circuit, and if we aren't likely to have a large container circuit, so what we can do, we can keep trying until something works. And this is a slow process, and this stuff we did in Python, so this is a little extra slow, but the point is that this is a one-time compilation expense, and once you've generated a circuit, then you're done, and you can use it to create a circuit. So it's, it's really hard to, to analytically estimate what, what we, what we're getting, so we did experimentally.  We tried to get as diverse circuits as possible, but there is limited number of, you know, smaller sized circuits that make any sense. So we, you know, we did all kinds of arithmetic operations in combinations of them, hoping that this will create, you know, it will be kind of confusing for our heuristic to work. But also, at the same time, it reflects reality where the circuits that we're dealing with are kind of consistent with basic building laws. So then what we did is that, so given all these 32 circuits, we did this tournament-style pairwise competition. So we looked at all pairs of circuits, ran it for a while, and chose the lowest cost container, and this is what happened. So basically, we looked at the lowest cost, the total level, we have around one lowest cost pairing. That's what we, that's what we did. And then we continued. So we went from 32 circuits, you know, pairwise, we generated, we got 16 circuits, right, each of these, each of the 16 circuits, each of them was able to implement two of the input circuits. And then we continued. That's what we got, one circuit in the end that is universal for all of these. And the number of circuits per, number of non-exorgetes per round in total of the, of the various circuits, we started at round zero where the input circuits had about 20,000 gates, right, and each round was reducing the number of non-exorgetes. And in the end, this circuit that embedded everything had quite small number of gates. So this is good. And if you have a private function evaluation scenario where one player knows the function that he wants to compute, then you can directly use this. Given this circuit that embeds everything, you can, that player can simply program that circuit to implement the function that he wants to use. And then, so there's no extra overhead compared to standard Garble circuit, for example. But if we go to generic, the general secure computation and your, your conditional statement is probably based on the internal variable, then that doesn't work. And so, so what works? And you can think of an naive, so the most straightforward way is that the circuit garbler can generate, you know, those K garblings. So you have K, the K clauses in your conditional statement and you generate K garblings. And then you do OT where one of these 32 is sent, right? So that's fine, but it doesn't actually work. Because under the good in OT, you have to send all of those K encryptions, right? And that's the cost of, that cost will be able to, to sending all of those in using a naive method where you just, just send them all. So what you can do is that instead of generating K garblings, you could generate K programming strings, where programming strings consist of a number of elements, a number of bits, positions, where each position says which gate function is assigned to this gate and this gate, right? And then you do the OT on the programming strings and the evaluator receives the programming string and then he uses the programming string to run the OT per gate. So then, so now per gate when we evaluate this, we're going to run one out of small number of OT. That doesn't depend on the number of clauses, it's going to be one out of five.  So you do one out of five OT. You don't have to do an additional gate because you can't just let the, the evaluator learn programming function, because of course you will learn the functions, you can evaluate it, but you can mask it and then during the government transfer you can unmask it, so this works. Okay, and so this course is kind of significant actually and our kind of, you know, the simple calculation shows that we're about 13 times lower compared to this, to the top gates. So to break even, we, we need to have a larger clauses. We expect like even 64 circuit and I think we can do better with optimizations, but if we go, if we don't do the verbal circuit approach, but the GMW approach, then we can do actually much better. It's okay. And the intuition, why GMW works better. So, let's see if I can just convey the intuition. The main cost, if you're doing the verbal circuit approach, the reason why the OT of the whole thing doesn't work well, because you need to send long secrets. So the whole entire garbling is one long secret, right? And if you, if you're doing one of the OT, then you need to send K of those long secrets. But if you are in the GMW case, then the secrets that you're running, you're sending inside the OT, they're short, they're one big secret, because they're just shares of the wire. And because of that, you can send a larger number of secrets for cheap. And I guess I don't have time to go into more detail, but just to state the result in the GMW, you can, you can have GMW gates with multiple inputs with let's say eight binary inputs. And the cost of this kind of comparable to the, to the sink into the two-input parable gates. So this is, this is, this iteration, we made, and this iteration was made independent in currently by the work of a number of authors, Thomas Schneider, one of the authors. The paper was titled something like the computing on the lookup tables or something like that. But anyway, so in the GMW setting, the circuit reduction that we get directly maps into the performance improvement in the, in the evaluation, and there is no additional overhead due to this need for, for the OT. And that's, that's it. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you for questions. So if you have any questions, you can contact the venue later. So let's thank the venue again. Thank you very much.


The House of Representatives Committee on Customs has recommended the suspension of EcoBank PLC from collecting all customs duties on behalf of customs until the bank remits all outstanding of 4.4 billion error it presently owes the customs. The recommendation is coming after months of deliberations between EcoBank PLC management on ways to remit the said amount to the federal government coffers. The committee was tasked with the responsibility of verifying and reconciling all revenue receipts and remittances of customs duties and excise levels for the period of January 2009 and December 31st 2019. It invited all the banks to profit ways to remit the unaccounted monies back to the consolidated revenue account of the federal government. But after months of deliberations the hammer fell on EcoBank PLC for failure to convince the committee that it is ready to remit over 4.4 million error it owes and also for its failure to submit financial report of its legacy bank that the front oceanic bank it acquired. The committee recommended the suspension of EcoBank PLC from collecting customs duties to further notice. Other the 14 banks like Zenith Bank, Polaris Bank, Fidelity Bank and others were however given one week to tidy up their books and remit money is owed of face suspension like EcoBank. As of January 2019, as of December 31st 2019, there is nothing not a single power standing against Stratus Christumbank. And it's a matter of time sir we asked for three weeks grace and I believe that we three weeks will get it out for them sir. We got an information that initial one was not in tandem with what was requested that's the format so we had to respool all over and then we sent to the auditor. In response to this shadow given to us we made submission to the consultant giving them detailed information on remittances of majorly all the item listed against the bank has been remitted. The committee adjourned to reconvene next week for its final report before submitting it to the House for further legislative action. And don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


The Cosmin checklist was developed through an international Delphi process involving 43 experts from various fields. It provides guidance on how to assess the quality of research related to patient reported outcomes, pros. This paper explains the panel's decisions regarding the design requirements and preferred statistical methods for which there is limited evidence in the literature or where the panel had extensive discussions. The topics covered include internal consistency, content validity, hypothesis testing, criterion validity, and responsiveness. The authors hope that this paper will help to increase the acceptance and use of the Cosmin checklist. This article was authored by Patrick Donald El, Alonso Giordi, Stratford Paul W, and others.


Alright guys, welcome back. So, what is an adaptogen? Well, an adaptogen is a type of naturally occurring substance which helps your body deal with stress. So, I'm just going to tell you a bit more about them, about how they work and about why you should consider, you know, supplementing one or two adaptogens in your natural diet. I don't know whether you have new, new tropics or you have a stack or whether you just take a multibitamin or maybe you take nothing. But, you know, I'd like to just talk a bit about why you should consider adaptogens. So, an adaptogen is something that naturally helps you regulate your stress levels. So, naturally in the wild, humans aren't meant to experience stress for prolonged periods of time. Okay, maybe in the past, say if there was a tiger coming around the corner and we needed to quickly deal with it, you know, quickly either run or fight the tiger, then that's where we would have had stress. We would have had a quick, you know, injection of adrenaline, cortisol levels of the spikes and we would have been able to deal with the threat immediately, right? Well, what happens now is, you know, we're stressed for a variety of reasons and this stress can go on over weeks, years, you know, decades. It can take over our whole lives and this could be stressed from an annoying boss, from the post being late, from you spilling coffee on your lap or something. Or it could be other things like financial burdens or strains, you know, maybe you're in debt or you don't have the funds coming in to pay for your expenses. Whatever the case is, you know, stress is in all of our lives, you know, at one level or another. So, an adaptogen is a type of supplement or herb that you can take which will help you regulate your stress. So, what it will do is it's like a thermostat for your stress levels. It will help you regulate and stay at the same level of calmness most of the time so that when you do experience something stressful, maybe, you know, you or late to work or something, it will help you regulate that so that it doesn't bother you as much and you don't experience the stress because at the end of the day, right, stress is really bad for you. Stress helps, you know, not helps but stress contributes towards all sorts of chronic diseases, you know, diabetes, depression, everything that you can imagine that could go wrong with you is amplified or made worse by stress. So, an adaptogen is something that comes in and just sort of regulates that stress level and helps you stay calm throughout the whole day, the whole week, the whole month. There are various natural adaptogens you can get. There's actually a very powerful new tropic called MindLab Pro, which I'm going to be reviewing very soon and that contains a good mixture of them. But just from this list I have here, there are several adaptogens you might want to consider. You've got things like Aloe Vera, you've got Astralgullus, you've got Ashwagandha, Bacopa, Licorice root, Milk Thistle, Basil, you know, there are really loads and I'm going to be writing a blog post about all the different ones you can get very soon. But for now, what I'm going to do is I'm going to just sort of tease at my next video, which will be about this, which is a naturally occurring adaptogen called Ashwagandha. I think I'm pronouncing that right. So, I'll be reviewing that very soon and obviously the other one MindLab Pro, which is a mixture of various adaptogens. But in a nutshell, as long as you eat a plant-based diet and you're eating fairly healthily, you should get sort of at least some level of naturally occurring adaptogens in your diet, which will help you deal with stress.  And I'm not going to get into those too much because a lot of people have been saying that I need to make my videos more concise, you know, I like to ramble on a bit. So, look out for other videos on that. But in a nutshell, adaptogens help you regulate your stress levels and they're very powerful, they're very beneficial, especially if you have something like a high stress job, or if you just want to feel more calm and happy. Now, that being said about the adaptogens, I thought I'd just add in a little section talking about some naturally easier ways without taking a pill or a herb supplement that you can regulate your stress levels naturally without actually taking anything. Because the idea of an adaptogen obviously is very popular in modern society, people are looking for something to just take the edge off and help them feel happier and calmer. People don't like stress, right? No one does. So, really I just wanted to say there are some things you can do which will always help you feel calmer. They'll stop you feeling stressed, they'll make you feel better. And these are things that you should be doing anyway and I know that most of you have heard them before, I've said them a lot of times, but if you want to feel less stressed and happier, you need to meditate, sleep better, eat better and keep a journal. Now, I don't need to explain the first three, but the journal is something which can help you sort of keep track of what causes your stress and what are your triggers. So, let's say for example you get really stressed when you miss the bus or when you hit traffic, right, on the way to work. That's something that's out of your control, right, unless you leave really early. So, you have two options, you can either leave early and avoid the traffic which makes you stressed, in this case that's known as your trigger, or you can just realize that because you don't have any control over it, it's nothing that you should worry about and sort of let it go. So, that's, you know, a couple of natural ways that you can reduce the stress you feel in your life. And if you do those, you know, you shouldn't really feel stressed about pretty much anything other than the extreme emergency things that you need to feel stressed for, right, you know, if you get attacked or if you have something you need to deal with quickly in an emergency. These are times when you want that sort of surge of adrenaline because it's the fight or flight response that helps you survive. So, that's it really guys, if you have any opinions on this please let me know how you deal with stress and I'll see you next time.


All the folks that don't like us out there in the world, they've been watching what we've been doing with the last 15-18 years. They know what we're good at and they know what we're not good at. So what do you think they're going to focus on? The things we're not good at. Which means when we go out there in the operating environment, everybody, not just officers and staff, it's Yoes, but even the most junior Marines has to understand. They're going to throw things at us that we've never seen before. So what do you do with that? How do you train for that? Training is important, but education gives you what enables you to deal with things that, well, I've never seen this one before. So it helps you deal with the unknown. Throughout as long as anybody can remember, training and education command has been a major general or two-star level command. And it's been placed within Marine Corps Combat Development Command, which is a three-star billet. By elevating it to a three-star level command, making it the command in general training and education command, that individual general officer will now have authority over all things training and education in the Marine Corps equivalent to the senior leaders of the Marine Corps. If we were going to change the Marine Corps, if we were going to redesign the Marine Corps for the future, the system we have today that educated, the system we have today to train has to change too. There's not going to be a need for a less educated individual in the future. What we do with education, what the education is, what that training is, is it applies to the skills that we need in order to be able to compete and fight in a future environment? That's why we need Marines to be invested in this. This new paradigm we're going to, we'll provide that to them. Have the buy-in, accept the change. That's what the intellectual edge is. Observe, orient, decide, and act. Because if we do it faster than the enemy, as they're going through their OODA loop, they can't compete. Because by the time they make a decision, it's rolling. That's what we have to be able to do. Our advantage is in the mind of the Marine, as well as in the physical presence of the Marine. And the more we can invest in the development of the cognitive decision-making ability of the Marine, however what formerly do that, that will maintain our advantage against any threat, whether it's at low-end or against a pier at the high-end. The only thing that evolves is better. That's what evolution is about, right? Taking one thing and making it better. It doesn't matter necessarily the significance of the general officer commanding it. It's the level of authority that they have to affect those things. That's what the importance is in training education, without being elevated to a three-star.


Wyoming is an energy state with a wealth of subsurface commodities such as coal and natural gas. The extraction process of these goods requires the removal of soil and vegetation, which in time are reclaimed. The reclamation process begins prior to the disturbance of an area. It includes a baseline inventory to understand the ecological values and functions of a site that are important to reclaim post-disturbance. The reclamation process continues as soil is removed and stored in separate piles. The disturbed area will be returned to its pre-disturbance functionality through backfilling subsoils and grading to blend with adjacent topography. Once the topsoil is reapplied, a firm seedbed is prepared to ensure optimal seed-soil contact and appropriate plants are seeded. The reseeding method and equipment used are influenced by seed size, which determines the depth a seed should be planted. The final step is to monitor for ecological functionality, including the management of weeds and soil erosion, until the desired plants are well established. Reclamation in Wyoming is an art in science and the process will vary on the commodity being extracted, the vegetation and soil types, and the topography among other factors. From the University of Wyoming Extension, I'm Wendy Kelly, Exploring the Nature of Wyoming.


at the Olympics. You and I have something in common. We both run for re-election. Yes, I know you are a cattle rancher. And I welcome what I didn't do. I think my main business was raising horses, but then I ran grazing cattle. You know, we have a rainy season, and we raise them and sell them off at the end of the grazing season for the increase in weight. But even that, I found out, why should I ever ask for all those problems on top of the problems holding public office? Because the cattle industry is not exactly a sure thing at any time. Nothing sets me apart. It's been my very great pleasure to meet today with President Maseri of Botswana. President's leadership as vice president and president has been important to his nation since its independence over 17 years ago. He follows in the distinguished footsteps of Sirretse Kama, a friend of the United States and a tireless worker for peace in Africa and progress for Botswana. Botswana's success as a free and democratic nation owes much to the wise leadership of President Maseri and his predecessor. I've enjoyed the opportunity to exchange views on matters of mutual interest to our two nations. Our discussions covered a wide range of topics, including bilateral and regional issues. And goes without saying, our exchange was open and friendly. I appreciate the President's insights into the issues of importance to the African continent. We admire the economic strides that Botswana has made since independence. It has managed its resources with skill and improved the standard of living of its people. And that progress, due in large part to prudent financial planning and receptivity to investment, is an example to others in Africa who seek to better the lives of their people. President Maseri described to me the serious problems Botswana is facing as a result of the severe drought that has plagued southern Africa for three years now. And I, of course, expressed my heartfelt concern and that of the American people for the tragedy wrought by this natural disaster. Together, we explored ways that American aid can alleviate at least some of this suffering. We have also used this occasion to discuss the political situation in southern Africa. And I assured President Maseri that the United States will continue to seek peaceful solutions to the problems of that volatile part of the world. This will not be an easy task. However, we believe that the recent accord between South Africa and Mozambique, as well as the disengagement of forces in Angola, are encouraging signs. Both Botswana and the United States want peace among the nations of the region. Internationally recognized independence for Namibia, self-determination for the people of the area and a peaceful change in South Africa. Botswana, which has long lived in peace with its neighbors without compromising its democratic and non-racial principles, has proven how much can be accomplished. Its democratic standards have served Botswana and the region well. As a leader of one of the front-line states, President Maseri's views have been particularly instructive to me. Mr. President, the United States and Botswana are tied by our dedication to democracy and respect for individual rights. These are the bonds that unite all good and decent people. I would like to offer my best wishes and those of the American people for the peace and prosperity of the people of Botswana. And I'm pleased that you were able to accept our invitation to come to Washington, and I look forward to meeting with you again. Thank you for being here. Mr. President, Honorable Ministers and members of the press, we are here at the invitation of the President and the people of the United States. We are very grateful that this invitation has been extended to us. Because, as the President has said, this has given us the opportunity to talk together on matters of mutual interest and to brief the President and his colleagues on some of the goings-on in our part of the world. Ours is a long association. Since independence, Botswana has had very amicable relationship with the United States. We have had PISCO volunteers who have worked there. Some of them initially went there for two years but ended up staying for ten years or so. We have found not only PISCO but other American personnel to be very useful in our development effort. As you know, we are a democracy. We have perhaps we are a little too democratic because while here you have only the Republican Party and the Democratic Party, back home we have something like six parties. And we, much as people have said, democracy cannot work in Africa. I think we should thank God that in Botswana so far it has worked. And I think one of the reasons it has worked is that there has been mutual trust and mutual respect. The opposition is treated seriously because we seriously mean to be a multi-party state. And we know if we treat the opposition shabbily we will be in trouble when it is their turn to run the show. We, unlike elsewhere, consult on matters of national interest, national security and with the opposition. And so far, as I said, we have found this to be perhaps the best of running a country. We are an open economy, market-led economy. People are free to invest. I have been, that's one of the things we have talked about that if there are American investors who would like to come over to Botswana and invest, they must know they are very much welcome. There are no problems about capital repatriation. There are no problems about repatriation of any of expatriate staff. There are no problems of racial discrimination because being next to South Africa and knowing just how bad racial discrimination is, so is just as bad when practiced by whites as when practiced by blacks. And therefore, we avoid at all costs to be discriminatory. We have enjoyed our stay here. We have tasted of the traditional American hospitality and we go back home very pleased with the outcome of our visit. They say least said, soonest mended. I thank you, Mr. President.


Hello, and welcome to the session I am Deepika here. Let's discuss a question which says, if the times x-1 over minus 3 is equal to y-2 over 2k is equal to z-3 over 2 and x-1 over 3k is equal to y-1 over 1 is equal to z-6 over minus 5 or perpendicular find the value of k. We know that the angle between two lines is given by cos theta is equal to mod of a1 a2 plus b1 b2 plus c1 c2 over under root of a1 square plus b1 square plus c1 square into under root of a2 square plus b2 square plus c2 square where a1 b1 c1 and a2 b2 c2 are the direction ratios two lines and theta is the acute angle between the two lines. So this is a key idea behind that question. We will take the help of this key idea to solve the other question. So let's start the solution. Now given lines are x-1 over minus 3 equal to y-2 over 2k is equal to z-3 over 2 and x-1 over 3k is equal to y-1 over 1 is equal to z-6 over minus 5. So the direction ratios of the first line are minus 3, 2k, 2 and the direction ratios of the second line are 3k, 1 minus 5 so if theta is the angle between two lines then cos theta is equal to mod of minus 3 into 3k plus 2k into 1 plus 2 into minus 5 over under root of minus 3 square plus 2k square plus 2 square into 3k square plus 1 square plus minus 5 square. Now if the lines are perpendicular then theta is equal to 90 degree. Now we know that cos 90 degree is equal to 0 so this implies minus 3 into 3k that is minus 9k plus 2k into 1 that is 2k plus 2 into minus 5 that is minus 10 is equal to 0. So this implies minus 7k minus 10 is equal to 0 again this implies minus 7k is equal to 10 or k is equal to minus 10 over 7 so if the given lines are perpendicular then k is equal to minus 10 over 7. So this is the answer for top of question so this completes our session I hope the solution is clear to you bye and have a nice day.