Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Reyes Academy. This played a list of news articles selected for today's analysis and their page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description and also in the comment section for the benefit of the viewers. Now, let us move on to the analysis of first news article. This news article is with reference to River Kaveri. The article states that water released from Stanley Reservoir in Mehtur in Tamil Nadu has reached the upper etiquette on the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli. The river water is released for the purposes of irrigation in delta areas. In this context, it is important for us to know about river Kaveri, its basin and also its biodiversity. The previous year questions in this regard relatable to what we are going to discuss have been given here for your reference. The river Kaveri is one of the major rivers of Peninsular India. It is also referred as Pune and also referred as Dakshina Ganga of South India. It is an interstate river. Its origin is in the state of Karnataka. It flows through Tamil Nadu and Puducherry and finally drains into Bay of Banga. In that sense, it is an east flowing river. The river originates at Thala Kaveri on the Brahmagiri Range of Western Guards in the Kurg district of Karnataka. It originates at an elevation of about 1340 meters. Now coming to its important tributaries. First, let's see tributaries that are joining from the lift. These are Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsa and Arkavati. Now important tributaries joining from the right are Lakshman Tirtha, Kabini, Swarnavati, Bhavani, Noyil and Amaravati. Now you should note that Kaveri flows for a length of about 800 km before draining into Bay of Banga. It is the third largest river in South India after Godavari and Krishna. And it is the largest river in Tamil Nadu and here in Tamil Nadu it almost bisects the state into north and the south. Now coming to the basin of river Kaveri. It extends over an area of around 87,900 square kilometer which is approximately 2.7% of total geographical area of our country. The Kaveri basin, it is bounded by western guards on the west. In the east and south it is bounded by eastern guards. In the north it is bounded by ridges with separate river Kaveri basin from Krishna basin and Penar basin. So we can see that the basin states for river Kaveri can be Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and also the Union territory of Pondicherry. And physiographically, this basin of river Kaveri is divided into three parts. Western guards, Mysore Plateau and the Delta region. Here the delta area is the most fertile tract in this basin. Now coming to principal soil types that are found in this basin we can see black soil, red soil, laterite soil, alluvial soil, forest and mixed soil also. Of these red soil occupy large areas in this basin. We can find alluvial soil in the delta areas. Major part of Kaveri river basin is covered with agricultural land that is about 66% of the total area of the basin. Now let's come to important storage reservoirs or important dams in this basin. We can find Harangi Dam, Hemavathi Dam, Krishna Raja Sagar Dam and Kobini Reservoir in the state of Karnataka. In Tamil Nadu, we can see Mehtur Dam which is also called a Stanley Reservoir, then Grand Aniket Dam or Kallanai Dam. Just know that at the place where Kaveri enters Tamil Nadu state limits, Mehtur Dam or reservoir has been constructed or formed. Now let us come to the biodiversity supported by the basin. See Kaveri river basin area has a large floristic wealth. If we exclude the vegetation of western guards, the vegetation of entire peninsula India is adequately represented in this tract alone. In fact, the basin includes nearly every type of vegetation of Deccan which is in east of western guards. The known flora of this basin consists of more than 2000 species of around 180 families. The river system itself harbors around 1050 species belonging to 128 families. And if you come to the riparian zone, it provides habitat for wildlife like Asian elephants, otter species, Nilgiri langar, Indian civet, lion-tailed macaque, and so on. The forest landscapes here, they act as corridors of wildlife and the landscapes aren't contiguous with large protected areas. For example, Nagarhol National Park, Thalakavari Wildlife Sanctuary, Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary and Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary. More importantly, the river ecology has abundance of fish species called as golden makshir. Here makshir roughly translates as fish and tiger. Mahi means fish, share means tiger. Therefore, it is referred as tiger among the fish species. It lives in fast-moving waters and inhibits in hill streams. India is said to be home to around 15 makshir species out of 47 that exist in the world. A golden makshir species has been listed as Endangered on IUCN Red List. There is one another fish species that is named after the river itself that is called as Kaveri Barb. This species is endemic to western gods. The conservation status of all these species is given here for your reference. And we can find that most of the discussed species are threatened species. Now coming to examination point of view, let us see some important protected areas here. One is Kaveri Wildlife Sanctuary of Karnataka. It is located on the banks of river Kaveri. The sanctuary forms a part of eastern gods. Kaveri runs through the sanctuary from west to east that is from Hakki Kallu to Hokenekal Falls. Next, let's see about Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka. It lies in the core of western gods. The sanctuary is catchment for Kaveri because two important tributaries, Lakshman Tirtha and Rama Tirtha, they originate from this wildlife sanctuary. Next is Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka. It is situated in western side of Kurg district. It also forms the core of western gods and also the catchment of Kaveri. You should know that Kaveri river originates from Talakaveri only. Next important sanctuary is Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary. This bird sanctuary is situated in Mandya district of Karnataka. The sanctuary consists of six islands and six islets in river Kaveri.  Here the islets are main breeding ground for variety of local and migratory birds. We can also say that Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary is located on the islands of river Kaveri also. So these are four important protected areas that are associated with river Kaveri. With this we come to the end of analysis of this news article. In the analysis we discussed about river Kaveri in detail. It's basin, it's important tributaries. We also saw the wildlife and biodiversity associated with river Kaveri. Now let's move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article is with reference to a petition that challenges the notification issued by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. This notification was issued on April 4th. Under the notification, implementation of some of the rules of pre-consumption and pre-natal diagnostic techniques, prohibition of sex selection rules 1996 were put on hold or suspended temporarily till June 30, 2020. Now we know that we have a legislation that bans sex selection before or after conception. This legislation is called as pre-natal diagnostic techniques regulation and prevention of misuse act of 1994. In exercise of powers given under section 32 of this law, central government has enacted the 1996 rules. The petitioner has claimed that by suspending some of the rules, the central government has arbitrarily and selectively weakened and diluted the 1994 legislation that aimed to curb the activity of sex selection and sex determination. Under the notification, rule number eight, then sub rule eight of rule number nine, then sub rule six of rule 18, capital A are suspended. The petitioner claims that illegal suspension of these rules violate article 14 and 21 of Indian constitution. Article 14 deals with right to equality and article 21 deals with right to life and personal liberty, simply right to life. Now this is because of suspension of these rules, selectively female fetuses could be aborted or killed and thereby it violates article 21 and sex selective abortion or sex determination is a parameter of gender inequality as one gender is targeted and killed in the mother's womb itself and therefore it violates article 14, right to equality. The petitioner also added that because of the practice of gender biased sex selection or sex determination in India, every year around 4.6 lakh girl children are missing at birth. For the 12 year period from 2001 to 2012 around 55 lakh girl children were missing at birth. And in the light of the petition, the Supreme Court has asked the government to explain its decision to suspend crucial rules of this parliamentary law of 1994 against prenatal sex determination and sex selection. Now let us see some of the rules that were suspended. First, let us see about rule eight, which is connected with the provisions of the law that deals with mandatory registration of genetic counseling centers, laboratories and clinics. Now rule eight deals with renewal of registration. Now for renewal of registration, certain tasks are to be performed by government authorities. For example, an inquiry has to be conducted. Then the authority has to be satisfied that applicant has complied with all the requirements of the law and the rules. Then the authority has to get the advice of the advisory committee. After performing these tasks, renewal of the certificate of registration can be done for a further period of five years from the date of expiry. Now the suspension of this rule gives lot of confusions and ambiguity as how far renewal of registration will be handled during the lockdown or till June 30. The petition argued that the suspension of this article, while on one side the medical establishments are continuously functioning, gives possibilities for misuse of technology for the purpose of sex selection and sex determination. Now coming to sub rule eight of rule nine, it regulates maintenance and preservation of records by genetic counseling centers, laboratories and clinics. It states that every genetic counseling center, genetic lab, genetic clinic, ultrasound clinic and imaging center shall send a complete report in respect of all pre-consumption or pregnancy related procedures, techniques or tests that are conducted by them. Such a complete report has to be given by fifth of the following month to concerned appropriate authority. Now this forwarding a complete report about what happened in a particular month is an important compliance mechanism and it also paves way for monitoring by the appropriate authorities. Now suspension of this rule in particular has evoked a lot of criticisms with reference to dilution of complaints and monitoring of the provisions of that. Now coming to rule 18, capital A, this rule deals with role of government authorities which could be at the level of state, district or at the sub district level. Here under this rule 18, sub rule six is suspended. This rule states that appropriate authorities shall submit quarterly progress report to the central government through state governments and appropriate authorities at the level of district, state and sub district. They have to ensure that they possess all the information about all the registrations readily available. Now these are some of the suspended provisions and these are rules that provide for efficient monitoring for the implementation of the provisions of the act so as to achieve the objective of saving lives of girl children at birth. In this analysis we saw the suspended rules in the pre-conception and prenatal diagnostic techniques prohibition of sex selection rules of 1996. Now let's move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article is with reference to nuclear verification by International Atomic Energy Agency in Iran. See the Director General of International Atomic Energy Agency has recently noted that for over four months Iran has denied access to two locations. And for almost one year, Iran has not engaged in substantive discussions to clarify the questions of this agency which are related to possible undeclared nuclear material and undeclared nuclear related activities. Therefore the agency noted that blocking of inspection is adversely affecting its ability to resolve the questions and to provide credible assurance of absence of undeclared nuclear material and undeclared nuclear activities in Iran. Therefore the agency has asked Iran to cooperate immediately and to cooperate fully with the agency including giving prompt access to the refused locations. Now why this International Atomic Energy Agency need access to these locations? Simply to conduct nuclear verification it continues to verify the non-diversion of nuclear material which are declared by Iran under safeguards agreement. See the International Atomic Energy Agency it also monitors and evaluates the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities for Iran. This is because Iran has agreed to implement the nuclear related commitments under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action which is also called as Iran Nuclear Deal. See this deal was arrived in July 2015 among five permanent members of UN Security Council along with Germany, European Union and Iran. The deal aims to ensure that Iran's nuclear program will be exclusively peaceful. So under this deal Iran affirmed that under no circumstances it will seek or develop or acquire any nuclear weapons and it will not divert the nuclear material for non-peaceful purposes. So this means Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action imposes restrictions on Iran's civilian nuclear enrichment program. And based on this UN Security Council has adopted a resolution by which United Nations has requested the Director General of International Atomic Energy Agency so as to undertake necessary verification and monitoring of Iran related to these matters. These are with reference to nuclear related commitments for the entire duration of commitments under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. But in January 2020 Iran announced that its nuclear program would no longer be subject to any restrictions in operational sphere but it also announced that it will continue to cooperate with International Atomic Energy Agency. However, International Atomic Energy Agency notes that even after making such an announcement in January 2020 Iran has been largely cooperative. However, now it has refused access to two important sites. In this context let us see in brief about International Atomic Energy Agency. See it was created in the year 1957. It is World's Central Intergovernmental Forum with reference to scientific and technical cooperation in the nuclear field. This agency was created in response to fears and expectations related to discoveries and diverse uses of nuclear technology. It was set up as World's Atoms for Peace Organization within the United Nations family. Now its mandate is to work with member states and multiple partners worldwide so as to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies. In other words to promote and control the atom. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article. Now let's move on to next article. This news article is based on a traditional art called as Thala Madalai. We know that COVID-19 and lockdown and associated shutdown have forced artists of different streams to explore digital platforms and social media so as to reach out to their art lovers. In this context the news article reports that a number of artists performed Thala Madalai live on social media. Now let us discuss in brief about Thala Madalai. It is an offshoot or variation of Yaksagana. To come to where it is practiced, see it is an ancient form of art practiced in the coastal regions of Karnataka and in northern Kerala. At present it is very popular in the districts of Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Shimoga of Karnataka. And coming to Kerala it is at present very popular in Kasaragot district of Kerala. Now when you come to a typical Thala Madalai show it consists of veteran artists sitting in a circle of fashion. There will be Bhagavadha who's the singer with Thala which refers to a pair of small hand symbols. Then another major instrument they use is Madalai. This is a type of drum. Therefore the name is Thala Madalai. Now these artists they assume the characters depicted or portrayed in a particular story. Say for example the story the mythology could be from Ramayana or Mahabharata or any other Puranas as well. These artists they are normally well versed in the epics and Puranas and the show will be a nice presentation of their oratorical skills. So from this we can understand that speaking or oration is also a part of this traditional art form. However the normal medium of communication here is the Kannada language. Some sources say it includes Baithak or sitting, Prasanga or episode, then Odike or reading, then Jagara or keeping awake. It is also called as Kuta or Kutam which means gathering. This term Kuta is actually against Aata which refers to a costumed play. So in simple terms we can say that Thala Madalai is Yaksagana but without costumes and dance. However music speaking is common to both these forms. Now there are many stories that relate Thala Madalai and Yaksagana. Few believe that Thala Madalai could have existed even before Yaksagana. A more popular story is that Thala Madalai which is a performance without costumes developed as a rehearsal to Yaksagana especially during the rainy days and thus it has evolved into a traditional art form. You can see these images how both the art forms differ particularly with reference to costumes. And exactly one month ago on 16th May 2020 we discussed about Yaksagana. Today we'll see in brief about Yaksagana as well. See it is a rich folk dance drama. Mainly practiced in the coastal area of Karnataka also practiced in few regions in Kerala. This theater form is over five centuries old. It presents mythological and historical stories from Ramayana, Mahabharata and Bhagavadapurana. The performance here includes music, dance, dialogues. They speak. One characteristic feature here is that the performers wear massive headgears and they use ornaments. There will be elaborate facial makeup and it is said that the costume and crowns in Yaksagana they follow the costumes of Kathakali which is an art form in Kerala. Usually it is recited in Kannada language. They are performed in Malayalam and also in Thulu as well. Here there are two important varieties. One is Padu-Valapaya Yaksagana then the other is Moodalapaya Yaksagana. Padu-Valapaya Yaksagana is found in the coastal regions whereas Moodalapaya Yaksagana is found in the or performed in the plains. Here Moodalapaya Yaksagana is included in national list of intangible cultural heritage. This list aims to recognize the diversity of Indian culture and its intangible heritage. It aims to create awareness about various intangible cultural heritage elements from different states of India both at national and international level to ensure their protection. However, Yaksagana is not yet included in the representative list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity of UNESCO. So these are some of the important information with reference to Thala Madalai and Yaksagana. Now let us move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article is with reference to National Commission for Women. The article states that the National Commission of Women has registered an increase of at least 2.5 times the domestic violence complaints since the national wide lockdown. In this context, let us discuss with reference to National Commission of Women. See, it was formed on the basis of recommendations by a committee called as Committee on the Status of Women in India. It was set up as a statutory body in January 1992, under the statute called as National Commission for Women Act of 1990. Now the mission of this commission is to enable women to achieve equality and equal participation in all spheres of life. And this is to be achieved by securing her rights and entitlements by way of suitable policy formulation, by way of laws, by way of enforcement of laws and implementation of various schemes with reference to women. First, let us discuss the composition of this commission. See, there shall be a chairperson who is committed to the cause of women. The chairperson shall be nominated by the central government. Then there shall be five members who are also nominated by the central government. Of these five members, at least one member shall be belonging to schedule cast and one member shall be belonging to schedule tribes. Then there shall also be a member secretary who is also nominated by the central government. Now coming to the important functions of National Commission of Women, first and foremost, it investigates and examines all matters related to the safeguards provided for women under the constitution and also under other legislations. One of the important measure or safeguard given under constitution is mentioned in the article, 15 class 3 states that state shall make special provision for women. Then it reports to center about the working of various safeguards and recommends for effective implementation by central and state governments. It also suggests remedial legislative measures to address shortcomings in existing legislations. One important function is that on its own, it can take notice of matters. That is, it has supermoto power of taking cognizance of matters relating to deprivation of women's rights, non-implementation of laws that are to provide protection to women and to achieve equality and development of women. And they can look into complaints and even take supermoto notice of matters related to non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines, instructions related to protection and development of women. One more function is that it will present to the central government an annual report. And this report shall be submitted before each House of Parliament by the central government. While submitting, the central government shall explain the action taken on the recommendations and the reason for non-acceptance of recommendations, if any. And while investigating a matter, the National Commission of Women shall have the powers of a civil court. So these are some of the important information with reference to National Commission for Women with Jesus Statutory Body. Now let's move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article reports that a team from National Disaster Management Authority will visit Raigat District in Mumbai to assess the damage caused by cyclone Nusarga. In this context, let us see few information with reference to National Disaster Management Authority. See, first to be specific, it is the Apex Statutory Body for disaster management in India. It is established by the Disaster Management Act of 2005. The National Disaster Management Authority is headed by the Prime Minister. It also provides for the creation of state disaster management authorities, then also for district disaster management authorities also. Now coming to state disaster management authorities, generally headed by respective Chief Ministers. But coming to unit territories with legislative assemblies for the National Capital Territory of Delhi, it is not the Chief Minister who is the Chairperson, rather it is the Lieutenant Governor who is the Chairperson of Delhi Disaster Management Authority. However, this is not the case with reference to Puducherry where Chief Minister is the Chairperson of Puducherry Disaster Management Authority. The National Disaster Management Authority, it was constituted in September 2006 with Prime Minister as its Chairperson and coming to other members of National Disaster Management Authority, the members other than the Chairperson cannot be more than nine members. Now, as an apex body, National Disaster Management Authority, it lays down policies on disaster management. Then it approves plans that are prepared by ministries or departments of the central government. Then it lays down guidelines that are to be followed by the state authorities when they draw up state plan. Then you can also see that it lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of National Institute of Disaster Management. See, this National Institute of Disaster Management was originally formed in the year 1995 with the name National Center for Disaster Management. Later, it was redesignated as National Institute of Disaster Management for training and capacity development. Now, this National Institute, it comes under Ministry of Home Affairs and it is located in New Delhi. These are some of the information with reference to National Disaster Management Authority. We saw about the Chairperson. We saw about the law based on which it is constituted. Then we saw its various functions. Then we saw also about the National Institute of Disaster Management. Now, let us move on to next part of the discussion. We have come to the last session, the Practice Questions Discussion Session. Now, this question is with reference to International Atomic Energy Agency. Two statements are given. The question reads with reference to International Atomic Energy Agency which among the following statements are correct. It is an autonomous international organization within the United Nations system. Now, this statement is correct. Eliminate options B and D. Now, second statement, India and countries that share international land border with India are its members. See, first half of this statement is correct that India is a member of this agency. Now, coming to countries that share international land border with India, there are seven countries. There is a mnemonics with reference to this called as Bachpan MBA. Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan and Afghanistan. Of these countries, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Myanmar joined in 1957 itself. Bangladesh joined in 1972. China joined in 1984. Nepal joined in 2008. But Bhutan is not a member state. So statement two is incorrect. Correct answer is option A, one only. This question is with reference to National Commission for Women. Two statements are given. They're asking which of the statements given above are incorrect. First statement, it is a statutory body established by Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005. Now, NCW says statutory body yes, but it is not a statutory body under this legislation. Rather, it was based on the provisions of National Commission for Women Act of 1990. So the first statement is incorrect. The second statement, chairperson of the commission shall be a former judge of Supreme Court. This statement is also incorrect because there is no such thing mentioned in the act. It is mentioned that the chairperson of the commission shall be committed to the cause of women. So the second statement is also incorrect. So the correct answer for this question is option C, both one and two. Now, this question is with reference to National Disaster Management Authority. The question reads with reference to NDMA consider the following statements. First statement is anyways going to be correct because it is mentioned in all the options. It is the apex statutory body for disaster management in India. Now, the second statement, the union minister of home affairs is the chairperson of NDMA. This statement is incorrect because it is chaired by prime minister. Eliminate options B and D. Coming to third statement, its primary purpose is to coordinate responses to natural disasters only. This statement is incorrect because it also includes manmade disasters as well. So the correct answer for this question is option A, one only. Now, this question is with reference to Kaveri River. Which of the following rivers are tributaries of river Kaveri? Lakshman Tirtha, Kabini, Shinsha, Pranitha. See some of the important tributaries of Kaveri River are Harangi, Hemaavathi, Shinsha, Arkavathi, then Lakshman Tirtha, Kabini, Swarnavathi, Bhavani, Noel and Amaravathi. Now in the question you find the term Pranitha. See it is the largest tributary of river Godavari. Therefore you can eliminate options C and options D. Here the correct answer is option B, one, two and three only. Now coming to river Godavari, it is the largest of the peninsula rivers and it is the third largest river in India. With this, we come to the end of today's the Hindi news analysis. If you like the video, if you would have enjoyed the content, don't fail to click the like button and share this resource among your friends and those who are in need of such resources. 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We study the global biogeochemical nitrogen cycle in the oceans. Nitrogen is especially important for all living organisms because it's a really abundant component of our bodies or cells. Therefore it's really important to understand how the cycling and interconversion of nitrogen compounds works in the environment. In my research I focus especially on one process of the marine nitrogen cycle which is exclusively carried out by microorganisms. This is the process of nitrification. Even though it has one name it actually consists of two distinct processes. The first one ammonia oxidation to nitrite and then the second one where nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate. This process in the marine environment appears to be really balanced. So both the first step ammonia oxidation and the second step nitrite oxidation appear to be really efficiently coupled because if we look at the inventories of the compounds relevant for nitrification in the oceans we see that both ammonium and nitrite are hardly detectable whereas the largest majority of available nitrogen compounds occurs in the form of nitrate. Keeping these two balanced processes in mind when we then look at the abundances of the microorganisms that catalyze these two processes these abundances are really far from balanced. The first step of nitrification, ammonia oxidation is catalyzed by extremely abundant microbes belonging to specific archaea the ammonia oxidizing archaea and they can make up up to 40% of the microbial community whereas the second step of nitrification, nitrite oxidation to nitrate is carried out by microbes that only make up about 1% of the microbial community the nitrite oxidizing bacteria. In our research we tried to understand the mechanisms that govern these two very different abundances of the key microbes catalyzing very balanced processes. We had the hypothesis that the ammonia oxidizing archaea which are so abundant in the marine environment may actually have the ability to use additional substrates in addition to ammonium namely organic nitrogen compounds such as urea and cyanate which can be really abundant in the marine water color. On the other hand we try to understand why the nitrite oxidizers do not match the abundance of the ammonia oxidizers and what the underlying mechanisms for this discrepancy may be. To answer these questions we had to find a way to both assess abundances of our target microorganisms. We had to see how fast their activity is so how fast nitrification occurs in the environment and we had to see how fast our microbes actually grow in situ so within their natural environment. To achieve this we made use of stable isotopes of both carbon and nitrogen which differ from the normal elements simply by having one neutron more in the atom nucleus. So we used 15n labeled compounds in our case this was urea and cyanate so the two organic nitrogen compounds that we investigated to track both nitrification activities starting from these compounds by tracking the 15n into the nitrite pool and we also looked at single cell growth rates by tracking isotope incorporations or heavy isotope incorporation into single AOA cells and also into single nitrite oxidizer cells and by this we could actually compare their environmental growth rates and activity within the same samples doing field incubations. In addition to these activity based measurements that we did in the field we also looked at the genomic capacity of our target microorganisms so which processes they actually encode the genes for and whether this makes sense with our field based experimental observations. What we found was actually regarding this high abundance and potential metabolic versatility of AOA in the oceans was that in addition to ammonia our highly abundant AOA were actually able to utilize both urea and cyanate the supplied alternative substrates as additional energy sources. So that means that the activity of AOA in the marine environment may be actually uncockled from the availability of ammonium and this ability to use alternative substrates might explain their high abundance in the world oceans. What we found especially intriguing was that AOAs could use cyanate despite lacking the canonical genes that are required for cyanate breakdown. However, we could also show that even cultured representatives are able to use cyanate without having these normal cyanate degrading genes which really opens up quite a large potential for marine AOA to use this substrate. What we found in relation to what explains these two very different abundances of AOA and nitrite oxidizers in the marine environment we were actually really surprised because previously this difference in abundance has been mainly attributed to the difference in theoretical energy gain when comparing ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation because based on thermodynamics ammonia oxidation should actually give a lot more energy than nitrite oxidation which might explain why one group of organisms is more abundant than the other. However, what we found in our field experiments where we could really compare both AOA and nitrite oxidizers in the same samples was that in contrast to what was previously thought we found that nitrite oxidizers despite gaining so little energy from the process that they catalyzed that they were extremely efficient in translating the energy that they gain from nitrite oxidation to biomass growth. This actually indicates that nitrospinase or nitrite oxidizers in general should be much more abundant in the marine environment than they actually are and based on our measurements the only factor that can actually explain and maintain the very different abundances between AOA and nitrospina or nitrite oxidizers is a very high mortality rate of the nitrite oxidizers that keeps this population size extremely low. Currently quite many of our ocean models on nitrification actually rely on the availability of ammonium to predict nitrification occurring and our findings actually show that ammonia oxidizers can evade kind of ammonium availability by simply switching their metabolism to use alternative substrates like urea and cyanate. Regarding the different abundances of AOA and nitrite oxidizers in the marine environment our findings are really important on one hand because they show that only because an organism doesn't occur at very high abundances they can still contribute a lot to an ecosystem process especially in the case of nitrite oxidizers to such a vital one within the nitrogen cycle and it also is relevant because both AOA and nitrite oxidizers are actually autotrophs meaning they fix their own carbon from CO2 into biomass to grow because nitrite oxidizers experience this very high mortality rate this actually could transport quite a large proportion of fresh organic carbon and also nitrogen to the dark microbial food web kind of providing them with fresh yummy substrates when nitrite oxidizers lies. For now we have mainly studied this phenomenon in one area which is a relatively shallow sea the Gulf of Mexico. The next steps or the next logical steps would be to investigate metabolic versatility of AOA in the large oligotrophic water bodies of the open ocean where ammonium is typically much more limiting than in areas closer to the coast it is really intriguing because in these large oligotrophic water bodies the availability of urea and cyanate and other organic nitrogen compounds is typically much higher than that of ammonium so it would make a lot of sense for AOA in these regions to actually tackle or use these organic substrates in addition to ammonium and from preliminary work that we have done in a more oligotrophic oceanic region we actually see that the relative importance of organic nitrogen use is much higher compared to more coastal regions that we have studied before taking a step further metabolic versatility is probably not restricted to this one group of microbes that we have studied so far the nitrify is ammonia oxidizes and nitrite oxidizes but it probably characterizes almost all microbial groups in the ocean and actually everywhere we are still in infant shoes kind of trying to understand how important this metabolic versatility might be and how it also affects nutrient cycling in general


The Anchor Hawking Glass Corporation brings you crime photographer Say Ethelbert. What's today's date? It's the 17th Casey. How do you know because tomorrow's the 18th? It's a famous day. What do you mean a famous day? Which the anniversary of the famous ride of Paul Revere. Did I hear somebody say famous? Why I was just going to talk about something famous. Is that so? Sure anchor Hawking the most famous name in glass Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. This is Tony Marvin every week at this time the anchor Hawking Glass Corporation of Lancaster, Ohio And it's more than 10,000 employees bring you another adventure of Casey crime photographer Ace cameraman who covers the crime news of a great city Written by Alonzo Dean Cole our adventure for tonight box of death Three o'clock in the morning a darkened street deserted Except for a uniformed policeman languidly making his lonely round in the middle of the sidewalk He sees a large wooden packing case. He stops reads a stenciled inscription on it And then angrily enters an apartment building and rings a doorbell marked superintendent Is that you at the door Fred? This is a policeman policeman. Yes, open up. Just a minute What is it officer does a mrs. George Donald live here what I'm mrs. Donald you You haven't brought me bad news I'm giving you a summons for blocking the sidewalk with that big box out there big box a wooden packing case Someone will break his neck on it, but I don't know anything about a wooden box. It's got your name on it Come and see okay You know for a moment. I I was afraid you were here about my husband Why should I be here about your husband? He hasn't come home tonight. I I've been waiting for him He must be an awful chump to stay out when he's got a wife as young and good-looking as you are He doesn't usually stay out say the the super this house is named Swanson What are you and your husband doing in this apartment? Mr. Swanson has rented us a room in his apartment until we can get a place of our own the old housing shortage Yeah, well, there's the box mrs. Donald see it's got your name and address on it But I haven't the slightest idea what's in it or who left it here. This sounds awful screwy to me Yes, it does to me to Officer Open it and see what's inside. Yeah, maybe I'd better He's heavy as it looks the lid is loose just tied down with ropes Cut the rope officer cut it. Okay, but what are you acting scared about? I don't know, but cut that rope quick Now lift the lid sure holy a man's inside a dead man He's been shot through the head It's Fred my husband Well then Captain Logan I took this girl this Mrs. Donald as she called herself back here to the Supers apartment where I got on the phone and called you Homicide Dixon when I got through phone and I couldn't find the girl. She'd scrammed out through a window No, letting an important murder witness get away isn't gonna help your record Castello Wait a minute. Don't blame the cop Logan He had no reason to figure the gala take a powder when I want your advice Casey. I'll ask for it Oh, okay, she isn't such an important witness captain There's hardly a thing that she could tell you that we don't already know and you keep out of this business What did you just say? Any remark that we could tell you a few things pal you Costello yes, sir report to your precinct station and stay on call for further orders for me Yes, sir And next time you meet a woman who identifies herself as Mrs. George something or other and then refers to her husband as Fred You get suspicious and hang on to her no matter how good-looking she is. Yes, sir. Now get out of here.  Oh, you're asking for our advice. I'm demanding whatever information you have He's entitled to it Casey yes, he really is any but at times. Yes, such bad manners will you cut the comedy? I'm in no mood for okay Well in the first place according to the witnesses Mrs. George Donald could have had no part in the murder of her husband I know wait a minute. She was too crazy about the guy. She married to do many harm How do you know that because we recognize the dead man in that box? It was Fred Lister Who and what was Fred Lister? It was a small-time crook Logan Ever mixed up with anything big enough to bring him in contact with you homicide guys while he was alive Up to a couple of months ago. He was a kind of an errand boy for Lucky Carson Yeah, I've come in contact with Lucky Carson plenty of times not close enough to pin anything on him I'll go on tell me about this Fred Lister Well, he had the good taste and a bad judgment to fall for a gal that his boss liked lucky Yeah, a gal named Ella Hagen hat-check girl at the Silver Dirty Club both Ann and I knew her she's a nice kid Fred Lister became a nice guy after he met her He left the mob got an honest job and he and Ella were married case He was told that Lucky Carson was pretty sore about the whole thing I was also told that Fred and Ella had been tipped off that they'd better pull a fade-out Apparently they took the tip seriously. They were living in this joint under an assumed name But they didn't hide well enough when they did their fade-out you too think this Fred Lister was killed at Lucky Carson's order That's right This job is just the sort that lousy rat would pull on a gal who'd thrown him down for another guy Yeah, I'll issue a pickup order for Lucky Carson right away Then what? I will try to get something on him Optimus, don't you?    I'm gonna have a talk with Fred Lister's wife With Lister's wife Yeah, I think I can find Ella through a close friend of hers any Well why haven't you said so before You know I want to question that girl Questioning her won't get you anywhere Logan I want to tell her a few things Ruth Judson had no right to tell you I was hiding here in her apartment Casey She knew I wanted to help you Ella Nobody can help me Fred's gone I loved him Casey Now he's gone Yeah, you've had a rotten break kid I guess you've got an idea who killed him I know who killed him Lucky Carson Yes When you skipped out on that cop this morning I figured you wanted to pay Lucky off personally Right That's my business You know Ella murder is murder Even if it happens to be Lucky Carson I have a plan to pay him off I think I have a better plan to pay him off than you have What do you mean? Well Lucky considers himself quite a guy He wouldn't be too much surprised if you paid him a visit A social one He's got a big yen for you Talk straight All right Ella I will But don't tell me my idea is crazy until you've thought it over I guess what I want you to do Not all glass is alike In fact there are almost as many different kinds of glass As there are flowers in your garden Some glass is produced for fragile beauty Others for sturdiness And anchor hocking The world's largest maker of household glass Produces glass of all kinds The particular glass we're going to talk to you about tonight Is fire king oven glass Which combines beauty and sturdiness To an unbelievable degree Now you use fire king oven glass for baking And for serving It's so impervious to heat That it's guaranteed for a full two years Against oven breakage And the special fire king process Makes its surfaces actually mirror smooth Fire king oven glass won't absorb baking stains It won't absorb baking odors It comes clean miraculously Now big two quart fire king oven glass Casseroles Pie plates Mixing bowls and utility dishes of all kinds Are now available at your favorite chain Variety Hardware and department stores All at incredibly low prices Fire king oven glass is a product of anchor hocking The most famous name in glass Who did you say wants to see me slugged? That damella who was married to that punk lister Till night before last Show her in No, no, wait slugging What's eating you, Webster? Are you nuts, Lucky?   It's a poily gates of jar, Ella Done in gardenias and white roses It'll set me back over a grand It'll show what I thought of your husband I realize what you thought of him, Lucky Look here, babe Don't try to kid me and I won't try to kid you I made a big mistake when I married Fred You've proven that to me Now I've learned my lesson and I... Do I have to be afraid of you, Lucky? You afraid of me? I had to come here today to find out You won't hurt me, will you?  I consider that a... A great privilege Yeah, how about a kiss, huh? To make it a contract? No, but not... not now Not till after Fred is put away Oh, I appreciate your sentiments They show you ain't no common, Bimbo, Ella But we'll get together after the funeral, huh? For dinner here tomorrow night Okay? Okay, I've got to go now So, so... Well, it wouldn't look right if I stayed any longer Now, besides you've given me what I came for Your friendship Thanks The pleasure's gonna be all mine Not all together, Lucky So long Show the lady out, Slug Uh, sure thing We're making an oily dinner, babe Seven o'clock As soon as you can ditch the Paul Bearers You can expect me Goodbye Bye You can come out now, Web Oh, thanks Well, she didn't try no fast ones, did she? No, you were right, I was wrong That's the way it usually is Thanks, comp, boss I sure got a hand it to you I get what I want, Slug If not one way, I get it another Web Yeah?  Hey, it's... It's gone Huh? My penny My Indian head penny Penny And my luck piece Look, Fred Web, you two, Slug Must have fallen on the floor I know it was hanging on my watch chain just a few minutes ago Well, I don't see it Look, Richard, dopes I was rubbing my fingers under for luck when Ella come in So I'm sure I... Ella What's the matter now?    Oh, sure He's giving Ella Lister plenty of pulleys protection too You've told him where she's hiding now? That's right Lucky's pretty sure to figure that she took that penny And he'll try to get it back Tomorrow he'll be tipped off to her hideout Accidentally on purpose And then unless I'm completely wrong He'll make his mistake Say, uh, what's she done with the penny, Casey? I have it Ella hates Lucky so much She didn't want anything around that belonged to him Let me see the thing There, there Yeah, it's just an old penny with a hole in it You think it's really Lucky? Of course not How could it be? Luck's mostly a matter of belief, pal Self-confidence, I guess You got it or you haven't got it Well, I don't know about that I'll give you a buck for this penny, Casey A buck? Oh, look, if you want the thing, I'll give it to you, Ethel You will? Well, sure, it's yours here Oh, gee Yeah, but don't let Lucky Carson know you've got it You might find yourself in a spot Oh, I won't let nobody know I've got it Except you, of course Okay Well, come on, Annie, it's getting kind of late I'll drive you home Okay, I could do with a little sleep Yeah Good night, Ethelbert Night, Casey, night, Miss Whim Night, Ethelbert Where'd I leave the car, Annie? Across the street, dope Oh, yeah, I see it Boy, I'm tired, huh?  I'm okay You already know Webster Nice to see you two again So nice, we're keeping you with us for a while You're keeping us with you Your hands in their pockets, Annie I've got guns on us That's right We're all getting into this car here Like old friends You first, Slug Casey, next Hey, what's the big idea?   Does that talk, Lucky? Yeah Where's my lucky penny? We don't know anything about a penny Can it, Casey? I know you put Ella Logan up to stealing it Lucky discovered his loss Right after Ella left this afternoon He's about to go after her when he had a little accident Never mind about that Accidents can happen to anybody Sure, Lucky, sure Anyway, I had the foresight to go to Wendon And say I'll leave the building and get into a car And you, Casey, were driving that car After that, it was easy to add things up Very easy I know you, Casey, and I told Lucky I'd have figured it if you hadn't told me, Web Casey, you had that damn steal, my luck piece Because you knew I'd go after it And when I went after it, the cops were going to be around Watching when I started to twist Ella's double-crosser neck But I'm too smart for guys like you I was waiting for you when you'd come out of the Blue Note Cafe And here you are Now Where's my penny? I don't know No?  No, no, keep quiet, Anne Big Slug here will break every bone in your body, Casey Slowly, if you don't come...  Uh, tell him, Web You and Miss Williams would prove awkward witnesses of Slug and I were brought to trial Remember, I'm really a lawyer You...    Did I kill him? I hope not, Annie Look, well, you didn't see I never shot a guy before. There are two great safeguards which protect you in buying prepared foods of any kind. One is the packer's name on the label. He spent a great deal of money in telling you about its quality because he believes in his product. He can't jeopardize for a single moment that enormous investment. The second safeguard, which the better food packers of America are bringing you in increasing numbers, is the glass container. So the glass container lets you see exactly what you buy before you buy it. At a glance, you can judge the quality of fruits, vegetables, meats, and seafoods. And then two, food packers know that glass won't affect taste or flavor. You can safely reseal the glass container to store leftovers. Now it'll pay you to shop for foods packed in glass and to let your retailer know that you prefer foods packed in glass. Crystal Clear Sanitary Anchor Glass Containers, which bring you so many of the better brands of food, and the Anchor Vacuum Caps, which protect them, are products of anchor hocking. The most famous name in glass. Kill that big slug guy, huh, Casey? No, Athalbert. He'll live. Until he goes to the chair for killing Webster.  The gang's washed out. That's right. Quite the way Mr. Casey figured on washing it up. Well, okay. And he rub it in. I can take it. But I wasn't wrong about one thing, that Indian Head Penny, if I hadn't put Ella up to taking it, Lucky and his mob might still be doing business, don't forget. You were wrong about that Indian Head Penny itself, though. What do you mean? Huh? Miss Williams, less than half an hour after Casey gave me that thing, I got a phone call telling me I'd won a $25 silk hat on a ticket I bought for 50 cents. Casey. Uh, silk?  You, unquote. Crime photographer starring Statscotsworth as Casey is brought to you each Thursday by the Anchor Hocking Glass Corporation, makers of Fire King Oven Glass. Anchor glass containers, anchor caps and closures, all products of Anchor Hocking, the most famous name in glass. Crime photographer is directed by John Deets. The original music is by Archie Blyre, and the program features Miss Jan Miner as Anne and John Gibson as Appelbrot. Herman Chittison is the Blue Note pianist. Thursday night on CBS is the biggest show in town, so stay tuned for exciting dramatizations on read his Digest Radio Edition, which follows immediately over most of these stations. No one is safe from cancer. It strikes young and old, rich and poor alike. Help bring this vicious killer under control. Give to the American Cancer Society's drive for funds. 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Yeah, the law is something you use to punish your adversaries or to twist it for your own reverse benefit or your unethical benefit and your own personal gain. The law is not something you use for the original purpose intended. That is to help the public, help the country. I think that's kind of quotable, Tim. That's what Tim said to me before the show. That's Tim Apichella, by the way, and this is Trump Week. Welcome back. You know, nice to see you smile. Thanks for having me. We have such a long agenda today. I will never finish. Why don't we start? We have a long agenda every show. That's true, but you'll agree that it keeps getting longer. I think on the question of the law, as you mentioned a moment ago, and I think this is worth starting off with, so that California and other states have tried to maintain the Obama emissions standards or return to them after Trump pulled the wings out of them, because he's an anti-environmentalist. It's not so much that he doesn't care. He opposes environmental regulation. He wants to dismantle everything. If it was up to him, it's kind of libertarianism of environment. Just spoil the environment and mainly give it to your friends so that they can exploit it. That's what we have. So anyway, the several states, especially California, try to return to the Obama standards. And now Trump is trying to punish them, twisting the law, perverting it. Tell the story. Well, okay. So California said, we are the direct recipients of climate change. And that's a direct result, in our opinion, of the CO2 dilemma that we have. And transportation is a huge component of that, that and electricity generation in the plants. So between cars and those plants, a lot of our CO2 problems come from those two sources. So they're trying to address the big one, 800 million cars that are producing a lot of CO2. Which is tons and tons and tons. In the national interest. Yeah. Well, California is the recipient of flooding and mudslides and all these weather-related calamities, the wildfires. These are all directly correlated to, in their opinion, climate change. So they're doing something about it. And they want to stick to their standards. They want to stick to the Obama emission standards. Who can argue? Apparently Donald Trump can. And we can't even say it's the automakers, and they're trying to use their lobbying efforts to fight this. The automaker said, let's make this car that's going to adhere to those standards. We can't have a car for Californians and then have a manufacturing process that says we're going to have a car with less standards for everybody else. So that makes no sense from a production standpoint or profitability standpoint. So let's make one car for the entire nation. And that's what they wanted to do. Well, they're being sued for antitrust laws, because they got together to decide we want to adhere to these standards. I don't think that's covered by the antitrust statute. That's what they're trying to use. Yeah. Of course. Yeah.  And McCabe was really a chakaroo because he fired him a couple of days before he was going to be entitled to retirement. Both of them wrote books about him. And it's scary business. These are, you know, civil servants who have contributed a lot to our country, the defense of our country, to our national security. And Trump is after both of them. And just when you thought, you know, that all of that was simmered down, oh no. Now he's initiating investigations through your friend, the Attorney General, Barr, which is really awful. You know, take civil servant of that seniority who has contributed that much, investigate with a view to prosecuting them. Thank you, Mr. Barr. We can only hope it happens to you. Donald Trump found his Roy Cohen in William Barr. He really did. And he twists the law against people as a weapon. And maybe trying to send a message, not only to them, but anybody who would oppose his policies or his cockamamie decisions gets punished. And the law gets twisted this way. I doubt very much what the jury would find either of those guys. Guilty of anything. Yeah, but look how much time and expense they're going to have to output as an outlay to defend. You can't get insurance for this. So, you know, they'll have to go to the bitter end before they are redeemed. This is really a sort of sad and ugly story. I think the law was intended to be used as a battering ram to punish people proactively and then send that as a message to the rest of would be whistleblowers and or people who oppose him. This is dictatorship. Yeah. And at the same time, your friend, Mr. Trump is telling the ice guys that if they break, they listen to him and he knows what he's asking him to do is illegal violation of the congressional obvious congressional intent that he will pardon them. He gives them a pass. He encourages and enables them to break the law. And you know, the word comes out to me. And this is the same guy who twists the law against civil servants like McCabe and Comey. And you know, what I get out of that is, you know, that he he has violated the law in a major way, the law, the spirit, the constitution, the statute, the spirit of this country, the spirit of democracy like every day.  And in your absence, Cynthia Sinclair and I use the word Diana a number of times. This is a word that means in Hebrew, as a matter of fact, it means it would have been enough. Okay. And you know, the thing about offering a pardon to people who he encourages to break the law, that would have been enough. You know, and so many hundreds of things and the lies and the deceptions and the inappropriate connection with, you know, with foreign leaders who are adversarial to us. I mean, we could we could have a show that would last six weeks, just identifying all the things. And every one of them is Diana. Yeah. Well, it comes to my mind. It was a quote from the McCarthy hearings back in the day. And that ever famous quote, have you no decency? Right. And he I'm sorry, but what he's doing to use the law to punish his would be enemies is is immoral and certainly not decent. Yeah. So Robert Reich formerly the Secretary of Labor under Obama, I think, Clinton, actually, Clinton, yes, Clinton, yeah. And a notable personality of, you know, a well respected government official at the time and still wrote an opinion piece for the New York Times a couple days ago.  And he listed some of these many, many things, you know, Diana, and then he trotted out the language of the 25th Amendment. Yeah. I saw that. But the language of the 25th Amendment is not encouraging. What it says is the vice president shall become the active president if the vice president and some top leaders, I forget the exact term, in the government agree by a majority that the cabinet doesn't say the cabinet. Yeah, even his cabinet. Okay, whatever. They're top officials. You know, they agree by a majority that he's that president is no longer able to serve, presumably because he lost his marbles. Or it could be other things, I suppose. Or if that doesn't work, then a committee shall be established by Congress. Well, Congress can't do anything. It can't do gun control. They can't do anything about climate change. They're completely, they've tied, senators tied their hands, but, you know, Mitch McConnell has tied the hands of the whole Congress. That's nice. So they couldn't establish a committee like this a million years. And then if you tried, Robert Reich points out that if you tried to get the cabinet top officials of the cabinet to vote against him, you'd fire them all. And there wouldn't be any top officials. And even if you achieve this, you get pence. So the 25th Amendment doesn't look so good. No, it was closely in that. It almost enacted in 1987, when a lot of his staff felt that Ronald Reagan was, you know, just not interacting well. He was just listing in office. And they discussed the possibility of invoking the 25th. And it was Howard Baker said, no, he's fine. You know, later, of course, Ronald Reagan was discovered to be passed with all timers. It was initially put into place after Kennedy's assassination. So it wasn't clear how Johnson would fill the role of vice president. It wasn't a clear established path. So in 1967, that's when they enacted it. And President Johnson signed it into law. But that means for assassination was really kind of the original intent and how to fill this confusing pathway to the presidency if the president was assassinated or wounded or wounded, you know, one way or the other. Yeah. Unfortunately, it doesn't doesn't really help here because the government is so dismembered. The government is so in such a bad tone. There's no cooperation at all. And the Republic, I blame the Republicans completely on this. I think Democrats are always willing to talk, but you can't negotiate with somebody who's in bad faith. So I understand what's happening. Well, you hear the cry 25th, the 25th, the 25th. And, you know, I think in that article that you sent me, you know, it's the old adage, be careful for what you wish for. That's what he said. Yeah. And I'm not sure that chance would be all that more attractive. This takes us to what's going on in Congress about these various investigations that sound in the nature of impeachment, not clear exactly where they are on the spectrum to impeachment, but they are raising issues. Diana, you know, there's some of these issues clearly could stand alone as a ground for impeachment. So I guess the question is what is going on there? Do you have a say you've just came back from Spain? So you may not know, but you know how the Spanish feel? I do. I do. Even though there's a severe language barrier there. Well, number one is they just thought the Sharpie, the Sharpie dilemma was the most funniest thing on earth, where he's plotting new courses of the hurricane with his own Sharpie pen. They love that. They just thought that was wild. But I footnote to that. This goes to Trump's reputation as a joke. And there was a piece in the New York Times today, I think was the Times, that raised the question of whether our allies who he seeks, he seeks assistance from our allies because he's going to put greater sanctions on Iran as punishment for his belief. It's not entirely clear that Iran shut up the, you know, sent the drones to the Aramco oil fields in Saudi Arabia and did such damage. And you know, he needs the help of others. He needs the former allies. And the question is whether he's going to get any help from our former allies. And I would like to suggest to you here on Trump Week, Tim, he's not going to. I agree. It's a joke. Yeah. I think, you know, this day was coming, they knew it was going to come. And here it is. And I don't know if he's going to get that kind of support, maybe from England. But you know, I think France will be tentative. I think a lot of them will be very tentative.  Maybe it's not a no, but we're going to take time before we decide how we want to do this. Kick the can. They'll kick the can down the road. Yeah. We'll see. Yeah. Maybe not the direct no, but a no by implication. That's what will happen. We'll have to study this. So anyway, so, you know, last week, Cynthia and I talked about what might be the strategy of Nancy Pelosi, namely go through these committee hearings and raise all these things and develop evidence to suggest that Diana and any one of them could be grounds for impeachment, but not actually roll them out in their entirety until a year from now. Sort of try the case, not in the Senate. Try the case in public opinion. Try the case in the media before the election. Haste him with all the things that are coming up and will come up in these congressional hearings. And that would be a strategy that would suggest, don't try to impeach him now. Wait, I think she, well, she's number one. She's not here to be with Jerry Nadler at all because he is overtly stating explicitly stating, yes, we should proceed with the impeachment. And she doesn't like that. She didn't like that being out in the airways, because I think she's got another strategy in mind. And I'm not sure getting closer to election though helps anyone. It's either do it now or don't do it at all. Because once you get into the 12 months before the election, I think that's where, you know, the American public goes, this is kind of a dirty distraction. You know, let's talk about the issues and the candidates that want to, you know, support those issues and why you keep bringing up something that's four years old, knock it off. So from that standpoint, I agree with Nancy Pelosi, but it should be done now. Now or not at all. Yeah. Okay. Well, we'll see what happens. We'll see what happens. There's something to find out to see if this strategy somehow, whether it's Jerry Nadler or Nancy Pelosi, is in play. Because I don't, you know, I don't think they can really get anywhere just trying to impeach them. That's going to run right. It's the ever ready battery running into the corner and they can't get through the Senate finish. But the idea was, let's, you know, let's not do a political calculation. Let's stand for a principle, a democratic principle. And let's get that out of the way, clean the runway and then move forward towards the election and, you know, our position on certain policies and principles. And put it on McConnell. And yeah, you know, so you make a statement that the Constitution is paramount to politics. And that's not happening. There's an idea. How about that?  Yeah, let's get rid of him. Let's impeach him. I think that diffuses the word impeachment right now. We should be focusing on one person regarding impeachment. And also it's very hard to impeach a city, impeach a sitting judge, a sitting justice on the Supreme Court. I don't think that's going to get home. What do you think? Well, I, you know, we accuse the President Trump of distractions. I think this is a distraction on the other side of things. You know, it's not, it's not needed. It's not necessary. Is it a valid concern? Absolutely. Is it it's going to get in the way of either the impeachment of President Trump? Sir, Jerry Nellis says I don't have time for that. I don't have time to try it on that on the on the on the. This will waste a ton. Kavanaugh side. I don't have time for that. So what? They got more information. I mean, it doesn't really go anywhere. It's a news cycle story, I think. It's not going to go anywhere. It'll be gone in a few days. The other thing we talked about in your absence, which I dwell on just thinking about it, is the the great deal maker who wrote the book The Art of the Geo. Actually, Cynthia pointed out that he didn't write it. Schwartz. It was it was ghosted. Yeah, Schwartz was the author. Yeah, but he's, you know, he quotes it and he stands behind the notion that he's a great deal maker. But you know, one thing is clear. We're 900 days in now. This we discussed this last week. He hasn't made any deals. No deals. He has not made a single deal. Let me just run down the thing. He certainly hasn't made a deal with with Russia. Not a deal that he would reveal. Right. Maybe there's something under the table there, but it's not a deal for the country. Maybe it's personal deal, you know. He hasn't made a deal with China. Xi Jinping is laughing up its sleeve at him. I don't know this thing about retrenching the the tariffs. That's just for public display. The fact is that he hasn't made any deals with China. He has no control over China. And China is much smarter than he is. And by the way, he, meaning the sole proprietorship government we have, he doesn't have a staff. He doesn't rely on a staff. And every appointment makes that more and more clear, including O'Brien, Robert O'Brien, you know, whose claim to fame is that he negotiated a hostage situation. For a wrap. A wrap. For a wrap in Sweden. Yeah. Who cares? Honestly, sorry. You know, bottom line is that he's not qualified to be the National Security Advisor. That's a very complex and dangerous job. That's not going to work. In fact, none of the appointments. And Giuliani, Giuliani is embroiled now in a ridiculous divorce case in New York State for a second or third wife. He's not functioning anymore. He's one of the disappearing acts. We can have a show all about disappearing acts. Many, many, many. But the point is about the agreements. There's been no agreement about Venezuela. And Guido had disappeared. There's been no agreement about Brazil and the fires in Brazil. There's been no agreement about North Korea. Nothing. All that talk about love letters and everything. Nothing. And it's just as threatening as it was for my money. I think he's unraveling a lot of the lines. This is like in Japan, that's putting pressure on it. Deal breaking is what I see it. Yeah, breaking them in Europe. All over Europe, they're not going to trust him again. And there's been no, I think I missed a few, no deal on Iran. Not even close. Not even close. No deal on Israel. Not even close. And he backed the wrong horse with Netanyahu and encouraged Netanyahu to do all these wild things. So the bottom line is that the brilliant deal maker, the art of the deal, hasn't done a single deal. Name one, will you? Will you name one? Somebody name one. There has been no deal. We need someone to call in during the show. But the worst failure to make a deal of all is that he hasn't made a deal with Congress. He's neutralized Congress. That's not a deal. So what we have is a very, you know, discouraging. No, I'll take the other side. Are there people who would argue against that? Yeah, he made a deal with McConnell. Well, he made a deal with McConnell, but remember, he made a deal with the American public and to cut your taxes. But he really didn't. That tax cut was really for the corporations. It was a payoff. It was a payoff for it. And guess what? It worked. He got his support.  All we got is a, you know, potential trillion-dollar deficit addition that over the next 10 years. This demagoguery is what it was. And demagoguery, too. That's a deal. Pay off to farmers. Isn't that a deal? Give them billions. Actually, they didn't give them billions. Trump is holding it back. But give them hypothetically billions. They don't feel so bad about losing their soy crop. That's really terrible. So now Washington Square Park. A few days ago, maybe over the weekend, Elizabeth Warren shows up at Washington. And I know Washington Square Park. I spent many, many happy hours in Washington Square. It's the foot of Fifth Avenue. It's nestled in the, you know, among all the buildings from NYU there and Greenwich Village. It's a very active, young, vital kind of place. It's the center of New York for many people. It was for me. Was it kind of similar to Hyde Park, where you have people speaking their different opinions? Not the same way. I know the Speaker's Corner, but a lot of people, you know, talking with each other. People whose relationships are functioned on Washington Square Park. They can see each other.  And there are two big signs on Washington Square Arch, which is huge. Looks like the Champs-Elysees, you know, the Arc de Triomphe. Same Roman architecture. And big signs of Warren and then a huge American flag, like Patton, the movie. Remember that huge American flag? Yeah, I do remember that. Yes. Okay. And here's Elizabeth Warren. And she is talking, turning the whole thing over. You know, going after the corporations, going after the lobbyists, changing the systems, purifying it so it works for the benefit of the people. I think I summarized about an hour of her talk. She was brilliant. Basically, promising or making overtures what President Trump got elected on, which he hasn't fulfilled, at all. She's really going to do it. I mean, she's got a plan to this that. She's a powerhouse. And the people there in the park, and there were tens of thousands of them right around Washington Square Arch, and they were cheering. They were ecstatic to hear, you know, promise after promise, plan after plan. It was a brilliant speech. And it really changed my view of whether she could do it. She could meet Trump at the pass. Well, she's climbing in the numbers. Absolutely climbing in the numbers. Bernie seems to be tired compared to her. She's not tired at all. And I think Buttigieg is a good mind, a good speaker. But he's, in many ways, conventional. And speaking of conventional, so is Biden. Very conventional. Right. And query at this crisis point in our history, can we afford to be conventional? It's, you know, one of the issues that came up while you were going is, can we return to the way it was before Trump? Wasn't that great? No, that's why Trump got elected. Right. He wanted to return to a time before that, an indefinite time. Maybe in the 20s or 30s. Whenever they wore white hoods over their head, I can't remember exactly when that was. And the days of the Ku Klux Klan.  There's some footage out about the beating they rendered to this guy in Charlottesville. It was awful what these guys did. And that's what we have now. We have white supremacists who have come out and do stuff like that. El Paso's prime example, I already say it that way. It's what it is. Anyway, so what I got out of that is that she is better than I thought. She's more compelling. But also, and this is really, this is what I want to post to you, is we are not necessarily in a time when we can have conventional. Conventional won't do the job. It may not win against him. And it won't win for a lot of people in this country. People are ready to upend the system. She represents that. Sanders does in his own way, but she has their act together. She's not a declared socialist. He is. And I just don't think, again, the independents or the moderate Republicans, anyone looking for a vote other than Trump, they just can't go with a self-professed socialist. They can't do it. And she could be that alternative. But she's also perceived as on the liberal progressive side of things. And Joe Biden fills that niche for them. That he's not that. Well, we haven't done well with that niche, honestly. When she goes, you got to go on YouTube and look for Elizabeth Warren. One of the shows, I don't know, CNN had a really excellent interview with her on her beginnings and growing up and how she's come to be as a candidate right now. And it was fascinating. She really is a grassroots kind of person. Yeah, one of the people. Yeah. But she's got her act together. She's very akamai about so many things. And I think she realizes the structural problems that we have to clean up before we can go forward and have the country we want. And one of them is the corporations controlling too much with too much money. Citizens United got to get rid of that. Wall Street. How could the Supreme Court have done that? Wall Street, the way they control everything with money. With money. And the super PACs, all of this twists the political process. And she sees that. Good for her. And she has a plan to deal with it. Well, she's a real policy wonk. But she's able to communicate it in a far different way than Hillary Clinton ever could. You know, she's got that fire in the belly. And these policy proposals, they're really solid. They're really solid. And they're not just kind of vague and ethereal. They're really solid proposals on a lot of policy issues. And so I admire that. I admire that a great deal. But I concern just because she's my seed. Well, I tell you my concern. The other she was so she goes after the corporations. We're going to bring that down. That's not going to happen anymore. Really? Corporations sell a lot of money into the global corporations. They're bottomless pits of money and power and influence. How do you stop them? Because they will invest against you. You know, change to the citizens of the United? That's going to take something. I think Matt Kavanaugh is going to vote to change to the citizens. I don't think so. And all the Republicans on the court, they're not going to do that. So that's one side. The other side is the most interesting. When she went after lobbyists, she says she's going to outlaw lobbyists. She's going to get rid of them all. One way or the other. When we heard clean up the swamp four years ago, you know, if nothing else, Trump is the swamp monster. Right. You can see what's going to happen. So you have the corporations going to be fighting with her and throwing money against her. You have the lobbyists doing the same thing. Same thing. And the question I put to you, this is really a hard one, is where is Trump is going to be on that same side? He was the one who wanted to clean up the swamp, wasn't he? Come on. That was a rhetoric. That was rhetoric. And that's all it was. So in the end, then, it's going to be this kind of revolutionary thing. Good versus evil. Good versus evil. Sorry to say it. And he's going to side with the government versus chaos. And he's going to side with the corporations, and he's going to side with the lobbyists. He's going to side with the money. This is some strange bedfellows. That's not cleaning up the swamp at all. It's getting right in there in the swamp. It is in the swamp. It's neck deep. Nobody knows the difference. Deep because people will read their own, you know. Anyway, so there are a couple of other things we should talk about. I think it's quite remarkable that just as Trump did not help Puerto Rico and their suffering mightily, I mean, what happens when a country or a territory, in this case, completely loses it? No money, no government. What government there is is totally corrupt because there's no money. Puerto Rico was on the way down. It was before, but now much worse because he hasn't helped them. They haven't recovered from the storm. Even now, how many? Two, three years later. So, humas. I don't know if you caught this one. I did catch a lot of this tragedy. And what really was dismayed is that there will be no emergency asylum from the Bahamas and to the United States. And he's basically, I heard, that he had blocked that. He blocked it. He said, you have to have a visa. And this is a humanitarian crisis. Let him rot, essentially. I mean, do you see the correlation between skin color and his harsh policies? Of course. It's racist. And that's the word. And so I find that tragic.  And the food and the water crisis is just incomprehensible. And I just can't believe we're that obtuse in not allowing people temporary sanction in the United States. I mean, the good news for Puerto Rico was they were citizens and were able to come to the United States. They are part of the United States, excuse me. So they were able to come to Florida or wherever to get out of their kind of dire situation. Bahama, not so much. Oh, Venezuela, not so much. 10% of Venezuela has left Venezuela. Go to other neighboring countries that allow them in. Not in a very friendly way, but at least they're alive. I mean, so what's happening is Trump is leading the charge on being mean, being nasty, being isolated, nationalistic. It's changing the world. But this plays perfectly into its 35%. This plays perfectly to that. And I think he's getting legal traction. I mean, while you were gone, there was a case in San Francisco that said he could not require an asylum seeker to go to the first country that they passed through to seek asylum there first. And the Supreme Court said, no, no, he can do that. Yeah. So they let him get away with it. And the result is the Statue of Liberty is coming down. The words are meaningless at this point. And what you have is a bronze statue. That's what you have. So what do you think is going to happen this week? I mean, we never finished one third of what we wanted to do. No, I'm sorry. That's all right. What do I think is going to happen? I do believe that we are going to... I'll say something on his behalf. He didn't like what Lindsey Graham said about retaliation against Iran and their oil facilities. I give Donald Trump a thumbs up on that. He also said once you get into war, it's not easy to get out of war. He just said that this morning or yesterday. I can't remember. I'll give him a thumbs up on that too. Maybe he's seen the light that entering a war isn't as easy as getting out of it. Although it would make him a wartime president, he may see the fact that the economy is going to go down the skids.   He's not in a big rush to start a military conflict with Iran, at least from what I can tell. We may disagree with that. Let me add one other thought though. Another quotable quote we'll close on this is that in the history of littered with wars that were not intended to be wars, that were only intended to be showcases, threats of war without really an intention of having a war. And somehow it gets to be a war. And I think we're on the precipice of that kind of war. The old terms, saber rattling, became something more than that. What he's doing. Well, we've got to watch it carefully. It's the most important thing for us now. All right. Thanks so much, Tim. Thank you, Jay. Great to talk to you. Good to see you again next week. Aloha. Aloha.


We invite you to enjoy life, life with Luigi, a new comedy show created by Psy Howard, and starring that celebrated actor, Mr. J. Carol Nash, with Alan Reed as the stalling. Luigi Vasco left Italy to start his new life in America. He promised his mother that he would write and tell her about his adventure. So now let's read Luigi's letter as he writes to Mama Vasco in it. Dear Mamma Mia, in your last letter, you ask why I don't write anymore about my antique business. Well, to tell you the truth, the business is a slow down. It's worse than a slow down. It's a stop. Maybe the reason my little story is no good is because in this country everybody is about things in a big department of stories. I'ma think even if you want to buy a little story, you've got to go to a bigger department of stories. They've got to refrigerate it as a piano, as a suit, as a food, as toys, everything. And I'm even here that the one a famous American, a Jack Benny, he's got his wife from the make company. Anyway, Mama Mia, after more than a one year in my store, I'ma sold the most of my antiques, but I'ma got no money to buy new antiques. Only antique I'ma got to left is my Paulo Revere silver plate. It's really beautiful. You know who Paulo Revere was. He was the famous American jockey. This is a great patriot. He's a runner-up and is a horse, a holler, and the British are coming, one if by land, two if by sea. Mama Mia, imagine how weak this country was. Paulo Revere should have made such a fuss about the one or two British souls. Anyway, I'ma sit here worrying about my business when the door is open up and I feel a big wind coming in. You ain't she, my friend. I love her. Hello, Pascuali. Well, my little pumpkin ahead. Your business is picking up? No, Pascuali. It's laying down. I suggest to what I thought. How do you expect to make a living in this broken down old junk shop? Pascuali, isn't that all a junk shop? Ah, look at all this stuff. Who's going to buy this old harper from you? Nobody.  Pascuali, I knew this lady. Her husband, he was a very fine musician until he got a sick. You're soft-hearted, soft-headed. What are you going to do with the harper? Slice the hard-boiled eggs?  Pascuali, I have a respect for Paul Revere. You don't know this, but Paul Revere was one of the greatest silver smiths in his country. I know, I know. So what?  I don't know. Look who's going to teach me geography. Pascuali, you mean a history. History, eh? Luigi, when a horse is a runner, does he hiss or does he jog? Well, he's a jog. Then it's geography.   Really, Pascuali? What? Well, you don't have to sell anything. I'm offering you what they call in America good old fashioned horse to trade. Horse to trade? That's right. I take you star, you take my daughter Rosa. Pascuali, I'm no one to trade. You keep her your horse.   Wait, wait, wait. ...to mum and me a customer. Excuse me, lady. Is there something I can do for you? Are you the proprietor? Yes, sir. Well, I was passing by and I saw that plate in your window with the sign genuine Paul Revere plate. Tell me, is it a genuine Paul Revere? Lady, if it was a no genuine, I would have assigned it to say fake a Paul Revere. Oh! Lady, believe with this man, this is a Paul's plate. You see how bumpy it is? That's because Paul is the maker while he's a ride man as a horse. Please, Pascuali, I take care. No. What are you asking for it? Twenty-five dollars. Twenty-five dollars for a Paul Revere plate. A fifteen? Fifteen. Please, lady, there's no use to bargain. Ten dollars is my last offer. Ten dollars? But that price is simply couldn't be a genuine Paul Revere plate. Lady, I'm going to give you my word. It's a genuine Paul Revere. Look, you see the marks on this plate? That's the where his horse is eat the frown. Lady, since I'm in a business, I'm a never lie. It's a happen I'm a by-discipline, accidentally from a junkaminer for five dollars. Five dollars? Why, I paid two hundred dollars for a genuine Paul Revere plate. Lady, like they say in America, somebody has a saw you coming. And I'm a don't-to-one of people who should have say in my store, you was a went, too. Don't mind him. He's a just to come from Italy. He's still a wetter between the ears. Well, he certainly has a long way to go before he learns to become a businessman. Goodbye. Lady, I'm a by-discipline from a junkaminer. Ten dollars is my last offer. Since I'm in a business, I'm a never tell a lie, never tell a lie, never tell a lie. What are you, a businessman or Georgia Washington? And you want to give me demonstration every Tuesday and Friday night how you chop down a cherry tree? Pascuali, you want to shoot a light to this woman? I don't care what you do.  The way you talk, you couldn't even sell a straw to a drown in a man. Pascuali, what the foreign man wants to drink when he's in the water?   Why couldn't I bring Patrilo? Patrilo? Sure. There's a man who's a maker, a bigger successor.  Pascuali, I know I'm a better businessman, but what am I going to do? That's the way I am. That ain't good enough in America. I'm sick of the tired of you soft words that are giving 40 dollars for a broken down harp. I'm washing my hands off of you and throwing away the brillo. Please, Pascuali. Furthermore, you owe me four months' rent. I want it all right for now. But Pascuali, I'm a no-got. Get, go out to find yourself a job. Job? That's all right, the job, a GOB.  FHA, what's it at? Flop a house for aliens. Well, I guess the Pascuali's all right. Maybe it's not the good of business. I should have bought things like this, the harp. But his sounds are so pretty. No, it's not even a good of a slice of eggs. Well, it's a time to go to my night school or class, and maybe my teacher Miss Spaulding is to give me some advice about finding a job. All right, class, quiet, please, please. Now I'll call the roll. Mr. Vasco? I'm here. Mr. Harwitz? I'm here. Mr. Olsen? I'm here. Mr. Schultz? If I ain't here, it's a very good-looking fella wearing my suit. Please, please, Mr. Schultz. Now, class, I hope you've all studied the economics lesson we have for tonight. Now, who will volunteer to tell us the meaning of supply and demand? Mr. Harwitz? Supply and demand. Oh, supply is things like automobiles, refrigerators, and new houses, and demand means who can afford them. Well, not quite, Mr. Harwitz. Mr. Schultz, would you care to try? I don't have to try.  Nice to see you so confident. Well, tell us the meaning. Uh-huh. Supply, that's the husband. Demand, that's the wife. Thank you, fellow sufferers. All right, Mr. Schultz, sit down. Mr. Basker, can you explain supply and demand? Well, demand at the Pasquale supply that's the rose. Mr. Basker, are you having trouble with Mr. Pasquale again? That's right. Because I'm going to pay the rent once I should have married Rose. Oh, so now they're still coming out in the wash? What wash? Rose is the whole laundromat. What else did he tell you? If I don't pay him with the rent and money, he's going to throw me out in the street. Oh, that Pasquale. He's so tight he could squeeze two extra hours out of an all-day locker. Mr. Basker, what's wrong with your business? Aren't you doing well? No, Mrs. Spaulding. I'm not such a good salesman. And now Pasquale says I must go find a job. What kind of job am I good for, huh? Luigi, if you want to learn how to sell, you've got to go out and find yourself a job as a salesman. Oh, but, Charles, maybe, Luigi, by his temperament, I sent you to be a salesman. Oh, that's happy cock, eh? Anybody can learn the sell. Look at me. I never told a thing in my life till I opened up my delicatessen store. Today, there ain't a case of hard burn in the whole neighborhood that can't be traced to my valar. For a Schultz. Schultz, I can't make somebody buy what they don't want. Luigi, Schultz is right. You've got to adjust yourself. You're living in a country America where everything is competition. And if you don't learn the sell, sell, sell, you can't exist. Everything is salesmanship. Everything? Yes, please. Without salesmanship, we would all be bachelors. Schultz, Schultz, I'm going to think I can be a salesman. Mr. Bastor, it may be difficult for a man like you to see yourself as a salesman. But remember, some of our greatest men started that way. Why, our own president... That's right. That's right. Harry S. Truman. S. for salesmanship and S. Look how far he went for the next three years. He don't have to worry about selling necktie. Well, that's right. The president of Truman and Oise says much. Sure. And so was President Wilson. President Wilson, what's he sell? You never heard of Wilson's hand? That's right, Luigi. And don't forget who will be this vacuum cleaner. Well, sure. That's right. It's called cowboy, Wild Bill Hickok. Made a fortune, Dylan's the vendor. All right, we'll wait. Class, then maybe you're right. If it's the American way to be a salesman, then I'm going to be a salesman. I'm going to sell, to sell, to sell. Now you're talking, Luigi. This is the help of my antique business. I become a big man. I advertise like a big company.


When you were coming up in the world, who were your role models? My parents. I didn't know any children out on the ranch, frankly. And I went to live with my grandmother. I guess she was to go to school in El Paso. She was a nonstop talker. And if her eyes were open, her lips were moving. I had to learn a lot about doing my work and never hearing a word she said. I don't know if that's helped me or not. Maybe it did.