Oh, oh What I close this so tight there we go This is one of the best drinks I've ever purchased manuka honey Propolis and vitamin C apple honey drink Maybe it's not I don't know but yeah, um instead of drink today. We're here for monster eggs. Oh, where we got monster eggs Well, I've been loving them a lot recently I've been listening to their music a lot and right now my favorite song from them is tropical night or get cool They get cool music video.  That is Sick, I freaking love it. But yeah, um other than that, it's like I've been seeing like some Videos on YouTube of months X and I gotta say they're pretty freaking funny pretty freaking awesome and I Like them so today we gonna learn Members then we don't know so right now. I know Keon, oh, do I even get his name right? But like the singer guy it well, there's quite a few singers in the group, but you know Keon shonu Johan, and then I am so I know four members out of Seven as you I don't know how many members and wants the eggs, but yeah, I Just want to listen to tropical night right now. Just a warning. It's about to get real loud somewhat. Sorry not really because it's funny I think someone just walked past my window when I was doing that so hi there person that saw me doing that Whoa, but yeah tropical night by monster X probably one of my favorite songs on them right now And to be honest, I got quite a few of these songs You know They're quite a few of these songs basically all of their songs I I got basically all of their songs But yeah, I think that let's get into the thing that we're gonna be doing which is like watching a thing of the members Because that's what we got to do on this channel because that's what we do on this channel What Oh Shonu Johan Wonho Minhyuk Keon I am Hyungwon Was it just me they got a fright from that or was it just everyone else? They just got a fright from that or was it just me because I felt like it was probably just me but anyways, we got Hero this was a good freakin music video even though it's just a dance. Hey look at my guy there Wait, is that Minhyuk? I see I think I got his name wrong Can we have like a Shownu then and then a Shownu now, please I just gave myself more editing. Yeah His full name is Son Hyunwoo. Okay, we'll just call him Shownu.  We're getting all of his lines. That's what it looks like Can we can we can we go back like just a fraction look at my dude here? Just look at my dude. I forgot his name already, but just look at my dude. That was the most Awesome thing I've ever seen it's just like nickname robot turtle Shownu grandpa so robot because he moves like a robot turtle Shownu because he walks slow or moves slow and then grandpa because He treats the members Like their his grandchildren I don't know or does he say some wise stuff all the time. I don't know. See this is what I need to know I need to know June 18th 1992 he's six years older than me. He's 26 Or 27 Baby Freaking hell that song there was one of my favorite songs for such a long time So beautiful man. Uh, what was it? What was it called? I forgot what it was called. Oh Oh, damn. I'm so sorry to myself. I feel so no again. I'm so sorry, dude. I'm I'm so sorry, dude It's all good man. It's all good Oh, we're getting some one-room action Hey, man We got some ab chin Ab chin no just me ha ha full name shinho sock. So we're just calling one. Oh You're here, bro. I could be your man. I can be your hero.  Oh There's one. Oh, dude. Okay for a long time I was wondering what member it was and he was in this music video. We never watched it. Um all in. Well, was it all in? Yeah, all in um Because like he was probably one of my favorite members in this music video But I because I I just love his voice in this song. So yeah Oh, this isn't that voice, dude Oh, I forgot about that Oh My man be popping off of his face. I I'm trying to think of the other of the thing to say um, um When you're happy, I don't know I was thinking for a long time of what to say with that face, but When you're happy Oh god damn, it's duality Oh Nickname's sexy abs Wait roller coaster is this roller coaster.  I can't remember the song name and I am forever sad Minhyuk Lee Minhyuk is his full name. We'll just call him Minhyuk. Haha.  Oh, dude, this was him singing this part Most ex vocals man so good Run run Run Yes, it is ticking tick tock tick tock And I didn't know I got a caption for that when you see your best friend in town Ninmungi Minhyukie Minmin and jack of all trades. I'm guessing it's because he can do everything I'm trying to 1993 He's five years older than me.   This is probably my second favorite monstery song I just wish I could sing. Oh man key on Hey, that was one oh Wait, was it or was it that forgot what I was saying. What was I saying? I just got trend Focus that's what it's called. No transcended into I don't know but kion's voice man nickname tiny and kiani Kion's voice is probably one of my favorites And his here style in this was probably my favorite as well Johan time No, we're getting something young one time. Oh, but young one. I love his memes okay No, minhyuk minhyuk's my bye and then Bro, bro, bro, bro I see I know him, but I didn't know his name if you know what I mean Like I like kion won. No, thanks Wait, have we seen his age yet? I feel like he's a Four years older than me people walked past my window Oh I'm surprised we actually got this song in here Yo It's a good song A banger song you guys should listen to it even though you probably haven't listened to it because you guys are mom bears Nickname manga man. My man read manga. Oh heck. Yeah, dude. Oh, yeah, dude. Oh, just because of that. I know right now It's a battle between kion horn And minhyuk for my bias. Oh, no What is happening? I'm finally learning the freaking members and now am I having an internal struggle? guys help Damn 1994 I was right. He is four years older. Haha. It's good. Um yeah What I'm Thinking kion won minhyuk both bias. There we go Two biases all good.  Okay, man. Let's go Don't do it. Oh crap dude John Is one of my favorite rappers in the industry his swag is just Did you just see that? That's what I mean by his swag.  We'll listen to it again John's swag Okay, I forgot how epic that part was It's It's a virus boom.  Uh, johan was in a show Uh, it was called Bro bands or something and he was in it with someone else. Who was it? Was it jackson? Yeah, johan and jackson dude That was like, I remember watching that ages ago I like ages ago if any of you guys know what I'm talking about and I I think it was like three or four episodes And they ended up on top of a rooftop eating some chicken If from what I remember holy crap that that like four episode or three episode show Or yeah, uh, was so freaking good. Uh, if I can find it, I'll leave a link in the description down below I've like I remember during that time. I've never laughed so much. Um, it was so good All right, I'm sorry. I just kept popped into my head right then. I just had to say I will find it for you. Leave a link and in the description and I'll put it in the comments as well, but yeah, uh The agio king and pigret And johani anyways back to it Oh This is when monsters started working out, right? Like they started getting like bigger muscles and stuff around this time I could be your hero.  Uh, what is it called ad libs? Mario No, come on. If that's not someone one of someone's If that's not one of your favorite ad libs of all time, then what are you doing? We're listening to it again Okay, I'm not sure if he does say mario, but I mean that's what it sounds like. Okay, so it's mario dude. I am Is insane He's also one of my favorite rappers in the street. Not gonna lie Monster x johan I mean like johan I am changbin han um sugar Um Oh, there was there was someone else there was someone else like they might I got six favorite rappers Like they're all on the same level. They're just like my favorite rappers And who's nah, but now I want to think so it was so I have six favorite rappers and I've forgotten one So clearly he's not one of my favorite rappers if I can't freaking remember him So I got five favorite rappers then uh johan. I am uh changbin Han and then sugar, you know, like they're my top five favorite rappers. I I'm kind of annoyed that I forgot who my uh Fifth boy was you know, I mean six boy depressing Dark maknae Wait, does he say that quite often?  Yeah and shoot out No allocated one of them and one of them when he's like, I am what I am I thought that was the first time he did it, but he did it in this song as well Giver we have Monster monster. Yes, we have monster x together What what what okay, man. Let's go. All right, so we We stopped there because it was just as we finished it Okay, we we finished it.  Uh, uh, I feel bad for doing that, but at the same time um I I I think I remembered everyone. I think I remembered everyone. So we'll start with minyak Hyungwon Wonho uh johan. I am uh kian Wait wait Shownu so yeah, I now know all the members. I know what they look like and they don't know their names And uh, I want to actually there's a survival show right like this is how monster x was made I might watch that during my own time so I get to know them more But uh, yeah, I want to do more monster x videos 100 want to do more monster x videos in the future. Maybe I Maybe I should just make it every monday.  Uh, so I think I might just have that a thing from now on just every monday a monster x video because Yeah, because you know monday starts with emo in and monster x starts with emo in so like Coincidence, I think not but like you guys other than that they're supposed to be gonna be all for this video I hope you guys did enjoy if you guys did show some support by leaving a like and also comment down below How much you love monster x and also I think next monday we will do um Another member profile one but to know their personalities because I thought that is what this video was going to be But it wasn't it was just their faces and voices from the music, but you know, I really should have Should have seen that coming, you know It says that in the title but next time we'll do one with personalities next monday So subscribe for that and uh, yeah other than that I hope you my doofies That's the people that are subscribed to me called doofies because you could be as stupid as you want Because that's how we go no one's gonna judge you So yeah, be a doofie today and yeah other than that, I hope you my doofies have a great day and just keep on smiling ah videos


Where's the tonight? Yeah, I don't know what's going on There people to get back in Are we back up couldn't say anybody's in yet, but no, I just wanna see I guess I did break the stream Carl We haven't started the case is still in front of me as you guys can see we didn't thank God We didn't start recording and it crashed Live on Twitch Carl just said something on YouTube so we should be good on YouTube too It's gonna wait like another couple minutes. Let people jump back in And we'll get going. Sorry about that guys. I don't have course the last break of the night. Nope. Thank you fun All right, we should be good on both. I blame Sean too Sean's not even here, but I'm gonna blame Sean good Good call Joshua not yours. They go go when in doubt. Yeah, so I'm like, what are you three breaking the stream? I give another minute or so and then we'll get going on this next one or this last break some flawless. All right Let's do it. Good luck here everybody. What's going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards We're ripping 21 pretty me flawless football hobby two box full case break number 80 tier random teams. Here's a look again at your results Come on as always you can find these on the Link on the website or the results tab of the website as well as link and chat. Good luck here guys Bangles and both absolute break there you go. That's awesome Joshua. Yeah, I'll drop you guys the link one more time as well Probably went away from the last one. So there's your link. Let's do it. Good luck everybody hoping for Burrow Chase probably has a kaboom too Jack I'm assuming might have one. I don't know if the Cowboys have any other legends parsons No, this is this is hobby. Yeah Legit Burrow chase that Elliot Lam. Oh nice. I'm like cursed or something with with absolute. I've hit like Three kabooms in my case. I've hit four kabooms. I think I probably ripped like Ten cases of it ten cases worth. Good luck guys. See we got in briefcase number one. It's a craziness come out of this Wow Okay, that'll that'll do that will do we've got a Randall Cunningham and Chris Carter two of two on the emerald Oh, there you go Vikings That is player one on both Congrats It's a good box, dude Vikings is Eric are congrats Eric Next up. How about a Kyle Trask? That's gonna be a glove glove four of five going to the box Eric are again. Congrats Eric. There you go, buddy We've got 19 of 25 big palm That's going to the Chargers Congrats LA Chris C. I'm not one I don't think that's from this year either. That's an older one. I believe Cool, I think you'll like it nice one there Chargers Who's got this team Armando B? We've got Going to the Broncos three of ten to Marcus where? From 2016 flawless Game worn on that too. That's sweet. That is so nasty But I wasn't the cowboy jersey. Yeah, right honestly Congrats Armando sweet sweet hit for you there, man. Next one's disgusting too. It's a really good box of Wallace, man We've got going to the Panthers terrace Marshall Jr. But we've got part of the Panthers logo Look at that, dude 22 of 25 man. Wow. Congrats Carolina That is Eric R on the tier two man. Wow. What a hit Two color and I guess technically three color. That is awesome. Let's go dude Got faith in me glad Joshua. Oh That's disgusting Yeah, I think you're right. I think you I think you have a good guess two of 20 Randall Cunningham Going to the Eagles James C Player worn on that too. Congrats, man. There you go James two of 20 and Then we've got one of five Hall of Fame autographs going to the bills Jim Kelly Here you go Puffalo Bills is Eric R on the tier two congrats Eric kill me man. There you go, buddy I Just got to in this so Oh, that was awesome, dude. Um, all right All right, so I know what to do first. What do you think I should do second between these? Do you know who you know who they are? I mean you got numbering there and then you've got that Right, I think I'll go that one first. Yeah, that's it. I want to ask perfect. All right starting off We've got Kurt Warner Eight of ten on the flawless MVP's with the diamond guarantee diamond Authenticity guarantee it's up smack came in at a great time smack Nice one there congrats Rams Rams is leapy We've got going to Chris M one of five Tray lands Boom on the emerald King Frats Chris So nasty dude, so nasty Yeah, you don't matter this one Grats and this one's so sick This is going to Armando B One of one the sheriff Peyton Manning on the tag Wow, man airborne on it. Let's go congrats Armando That is so nasty To go with your Demarcus where what a box. Yeah, that's pretty good duo Crazy box right there, man. Let's go. All right Empty Second box I hate seeing it every time.  I Know it's gonna be very hard to talk that we know what a one Yeah, yeah, honestly pretty gross that's pretty nasty This is a good case of flawless man That's a really good case of flawless. All right, let's see this in her We've got Henry Ellard and Cam Acres 8 of 10 For the Rams, that's Eric all are no we pee. Sorry. That's Lee. Oh Henry Eller like a running back. I'm like the no, why was your water see How do they not use Marshall hall? I don't know. It's a good question. Bye Or here We've got five of 15 it's gonna be Steve young on the Super Bowl two-color patch Grats on that Niners saying friend Chris M again. We've got 10 of 15. That's gonna be Pat for our youth Going to the Steelers. Congrats at Joe S with Pittsburgh. Nice one. Where's this? And this is gonna be a random to these two teams We've got three of 15 Willy Roof So that's gonna be a random between the Saints and the Chiefs Saints is Tana K and Chiefs is Chris C That's gonna be a random between those two teams at the end got going to James C with the Giants Tiki Barber five of 15. I Just one there player worn on that as well Grats on the Tiki next up. This is kind of actually sick I'm just gonna Yeah, go to leave be with the Packers 10 of 20 10 of 20 is shorty Nelson.  What up? No, you really don't he's in like a couple things there. I think he's an element. He has like one of the metal moments Which is kind of cool, but nice one there. Congrats on this. This is so nasty. Do you see that? It weighs that. Oh Geez Well, yeah, I would have been like out of the room already But going to Eric R with a box five of five Kyle trash with the dual shield tag boom Congrats on that one Eric Eric has killed this break man I think every single one of Eric's teams hit all four of his teams the he had the biking He hit a panther he hit a bill and he just had a buck in here. I mean, I'm not surprised Joe There you go, Eric. We'll get that mag for you, buddy Empty No, no, no, that was the last one. Yeah 10 of 20 that's gonna be Derek Henry diamond authenticity guarantee for the Titans congrats Tennessee that is Gregory M. That's Gregory Next up. This is really cool dude two of three Go into the Packers leapy. We've got Brett farve on the flawless 1996 MVP's on the emerald nice one there two of three Next at the emerald. Yeah, that's really cool. Yeah color match on it, too. That's awesome And then we've got this is awesome go in to Yeah, Nathan W. How about a Jamar chase 15 of 15? Boom, let's go Full Jamar chase sig that's a live chase Love to see it man. Love to see it awesome this right there That is gonna do it for the break guys. Let me do this random really quick. No recap on this Since it's everything's a hit We're gonna do to set up this random for this Willy Roof really quick for the random screen doing the random for this Willy Roof Ruby three of 15 auto between the chiefs and the Saints Hall of Fame auto gonna roll the dice whatever team is on top after Six times will receive the card. So good luck to both these teams one Two three four five six go in the chiefs.  Personals resume tomorrow. So thank you very much I don't know dude. I'm like double-jointed or something. They're all messed up Yeah, I've got the trash That's These two and that's probably it to be honest you have so many pictures and train lands all this cards It's like that's no matter what you pull unless it's a one-on-one. It's kind of like that So the lands needs something on it, I'd say the lands Those are probably all okay. Maybe just pry the far this solo number Okay, I would just pry that And probably fax these two Cool, let me do this Even tenders optics spots coming into thank you guys. That's really easy on Wednesday. I think nice that basketball. Yeah That'll be good. That'll be a nice fresh new basketball product coming out too, but it had one in a while What was the last one? um Probably one-on-one was the last big release Because then we had like contenders draft came out and that was kind of like Yeah We're priming these are not contenders. I'm Chronicles, uh, I think that actually knows new prying. Uh, yeah That's fine. Did I see for sure the trash? So I did sir. Alrighty. All right guys. Thanks again Yeah, it's gonna do it for me tonight. Um, you've got me doing personals tomorrow morning in about eight hours So well ten hours for you. I gotta be up in eight hours. There's a break schedule I got personals of me from ten to three and then forest will be coming in at four doing group breaks Got some prism soccer Sterling mixers a bunch of ten like mixers and then Sunday fund it and be a 30 box prism treasures basketball mixer I know you have 30 box basketball. Make sure that's pretty cool. Yeah, NT hobby 1819 prism 2021 immaculate 21 one-in-one noir Select 1718 prism 1718 select 1920 select. So there's a lot of big, uh um The uh product in there and then some really good, uh Football as well. So yeah, check them out. Thank you guys again. I will


Welcome to Tech Talk. My name is Aaron. Today we're going to talk about something that's near and dear to me and that is boating with children. We're getting ready to load the boat up with the kids. We're going to go for a boat ride, so stay tuned. Some of the essentials you'll need while out with the kids are life vests. You want to make sure that it's the proper size for them. I have this infant vest here for my six month old Blair and this vest here which is a child size B for my two and a half year old.   Lastly, you want to remember that your days on the water are definitely not going to be as long as they used to be. Well guys, we're about to pack up the kids and load the boat. Stay tuned. Finally out on the boat, as you can see, I got my first mate Isaac with me.  Something to keep in mind when you're underway with kids is the seating positions. You want them safe and secure inside the boat. I like to keep Isaac here next to me and my wife Brittany likes to hold our baby girl Blair up in the front of the boat. We try to always make sure we're sitting inside and not up on the gunnels. When we're in an awake zone like we currently are, I try to put up the sunshade. It really provides that extra sun protection and gives the kids a little bit more room and roam around the boat and not have to worry about getting sunburned. Well guys, that's some tips and some pointers on boating with kids. If you guys have any questions, leave them below in the comments. If you like this video, hit the thumbs up button or subscribe to our YouTube channel. Our whole family really appreciates you guys watching. Thank you!


In the meantime, I have the privilege, the honor of welcoming my friend and colleague, soon-to-be-doctor and peer graduate student at the University of Washington in the Earth and Space Sciences program, Joshua Christensen, to be joining me and welcoming Josh. So maybe you saw the title of my talk tonight, something about all rocks and looking for alien life. And maybe you came here expecting to see this guy. So I'm very sorry you disappointed me here, it's not that spectacular. I'm really talking science tonight. Also, as much as I think the title of the going song is asking a really interesting question, whether there's life on Mars or elsewhere in the solar system, for the purposes of tonight's talk, I'm going to be focused on looking for life on planets around other stars on exoplanets. So as I'm sure you're all well aware, there are literally thousands of exoplanets that have been discovered in recent years. And so we basically know that every every star has a planet, statistically speaking. And so here are some lovely exoplanets. Of course, these aren't real. These are artificial editions. You don't get pictures like that because they're far away.  So because the techniques are indirect, we don't, for any given exoplanet, we don't actually get a lot of information, right. And so for many of these, these planets, you can basically write everything we know about them in the back of a postcard. So I've done that for a particular exoplanet, right. This is everything we know about Trappist 1e, more or less. I chose Trappist 1e because it is literally named after Peter. And so that seemed appropriate. But this is what we know, right? We know it's mass roughly. We know some things about its orbit, how much light it receives from its host star. We know it's radius. So you can combine the mass and radius to get some proved estimates of its density, right. It's overall composition, whether it's rocky, icy, or gas. But that's about it. We know its atmosphere is probably not high due, but that's all. And so it's, with these indirect techniques, it's difficult to say much. If you want to memorize everything on this postcard, you know as much as anyone knows about this pipe. But this will change soon, right. So, you know, despite the frustrating delays, the James Webb Space Telescope is going to launch sometime in the next few years. And you can see it, right. It's basically a complete constraint. They got to fix some things up, then it will go. And then a little further in the future, there are three very large ground-based telescopes that will begin observations in the 2020s. They're all under construction. And then looking a little further ahead, the selection process for NASA's next flagship mission has just begun. And three of the four possible designs for that mission with all the capable of doing a lot of detailed exoplanet observations. And so we can expect, I should say that since of all the telescopes I just mentioned, they will all be capable of looking at rocky exoplanets in more detail. So how do you do that? Basically, you take the light from the planet and with a bit of help from McFly, you split it into its exoplanet wavelengths, right. And so if you look at the amount of light, you get a different wavelength. You can look for the diagnostic absorption features of particular gases in that planet's atmosphere, right. You get the atmospheric composition. And so you can look for the gases that might be produced by life. So what we can expect in the not too distant future is a slightly more detailed postcard, right. This is what we might expect from Travis Clonnie with some James Webb observations. In addition to the mass, the radius, the orbital stuff we already know, we will start to get information about atmospheric composition, right. What are the gases in this finance atmosphere? Are there gases produced by life? And so when we get to this point, so let's just assume for a minute that all that goes to fine, right. The telescopes work as advertised, you get this information back. You're then left with a very difficult question of interpretation, right. Does this planet have life or not based just on the atmospheric composition? And so this is no longer just a question of astronomy, right. This is a question that is relevant to geology, atmospheric chemistry, geochemistry, and indeed biology. And by the way, that's sort of what astrobiology is, right. It's an attempt to bring together these people from different areas, different talking to try and answer these difficult, interdisciplinary questions. So we can expect information like this and expect to have to answer this difficult interpretive question. And we want to get it right, right. We don't want to make these observations and then say, now it's to the world, we've found life. Why do they take so far?  But we also want to avoid the opposite. We overlook something that looks not like the life we're expecting and miss that really profound discovery. So my next slide kind of tries to capture the complexity of this question of interpretation, right.  And how do we decide if it's a living world, right, something that requires life to explain what you see in the atmosphere or something dead, something that can be explained by purely geological chemical processes is basically a lifeless and boring place. Moving on. Anyway, so so with all of that, with all of that is introduction, the knowledge that we assume going to face difficult questions. What I'd really like to convince you of today is that by learning about the early earth, learning about the early earth can help answer, help us answer that question, help us interpret those observations, right. Now, just to be clear, what I mean, when I say the early earth, that probably conjures up images, you know, mine, something like this, right, like dinosaurs wandering around a tropical forest, you meet each other having a good time. But this, for all intents and purposes, is the modern earth, right. So you look at the timeline of Earth history, the Earth formation four and a half billion years ago to the present. Every plant or animal you've ever heard of has only existed for this time yet, right. And so you have the rest of the very vast history, which is more typical of Earth's state, right. And by learning about that very alien place, I think this can help guide our search for life elsewhere. Right, so geologists, paleobiologists have worked very hard to kind of reconstruct the history of Earth as best as possible from the rock record. And so both myself and Mike, you've sort of conveyed to me, I'm going to just give you a few examples of things on this figure and why they might be important. To motivate that more specifically, though, okay, so how do you detect life on an exit point, right. You look for the gases that are produced by life. And the most obvious candidate for that, as I'm sure you probably guess, is oxygen, right. Oxygen is a pretty good biosignature gas. It's produced by photosynthesis, either plants or cyanomacteria.  And if life would disappear from the surface of the Earth, the oxygen wouldn't hang around, right, would very quickly react with surface rocks, react with things coming out of volcanoes and be gone. And so the persistence of oxygen in a rocky planet's atmosphere is a pretty good biosignature. Now, we have been able to reconstruct the history of atmospheric oxygen, right. And I think this gives us some reason to be cautious about, you know, going out there and expecting to easily find oxygen as a sign of life in other planets. So this is the story of oxygen on Earth, right. We're just plotting the amount of oxygen in the air from four billion years ago to the present. And you can see that oxygen levels have only really been high at sort of modern, in modern levels to the last half a billion years, right. And so how we know this is kind of a complicated story and Mike's going to talk a bit more about that. But there are some, basically it's from the rock record, right. So if you look at more modern rocks, you see fossilized evidence of wildfires, right. And so you can't combust things that are organic matter with oxygen if there isn't a decent amount of oxygen. So that kind of gives you a floor oxygen here. Other than in earlier times, it's very good evidence that oxygen was significantly lower or virtually absent from Earth's atmosphere, right. This is a large scale over here. And I don't really have time to dive into how we know that. It's a really fascinating story. Rocks, these really old rocks, you can look at the sulfur in them and how that sulfur is being modified by atmospheric reactions. It's a very clear signature of an oxygen free and safe. Anyway, this is the picture of Earth's oxygen through time. And this is potentially a problem, right. Because if you're looking for oxygen elsewhere as a sign of life, for starters, there's no guarantees that oxygen making photosynthesis is a common thing. Even if life is common, right, there's no guarantee that that particular metabolism is common. It seems to have only evolved once here on Earth. It's a very complicated metabolism. But even if it is common, that's still no guarantee that oxygen biosignatures are common, right. We know that life on Earth is being around pretty much this whole time. Oxygen making photosynthesis has been around most of this time. It just took a long time for oxygen to accumulate to a modern level. So there's no guarantee that modern Earth-like levels of oxygen are going to be easy to find out there. So what we'd really like to be able to do is to take life on these sorts of planets, right. These early Earth kind of planets that are more typical of Earth's history. So how might we do that? Well as a starting point, we want to reconstruct what the early Earth was like, as best you can create a picture of that. And at least as far as the atmosphere goes, you have a reasonable idea. You think that at those very early times when the atmosphere was oxygen-free, this is kind of what was going on in Earth's atmosphere. Still a lot of nitrogen around. A lot of CO2, a lot more than there is now. A lot of methane. How do we know that? Again, that's from the right book, right. So you can do neat things when you look at the size distribution of fossilized rain drops. And you can do the physics and back out something about atmospheric pressure. This tells you how to be some nitrogen around. I already mentioned, there's evidence of very low oxygen. How do we know CO2 is really high back then? There are multiple lines of evidence. Perhaps the most intuitive one is just the fact that the Sun was a lot dimmer back then, but the Earth wasn't totally frozen over. You know that from the rock rate. So there had to have been a much stronger greenhouse effect that had to have been much higher CO2. And there's also interesting recent evidence from the rock record that methane levels were quite high. So this is the picture we have of Earth's early atmosphere. And we know something else about this. If you put this combination of gases together, the methane doesn't hang around. You wait a few tens of thousands of years, a blink of an eye really, geologically speaking, then the methane gets broken up by UV radiation, the hydrogen is lost, and the methane is gone. So to sustain such an atmosphere on the Earth, there really needed to be a very large flux of methane into the atmosphere from the surface replenishing the methane continuously. And we're pretty sure that this flux was provided by life, by biology. This kind of life, right? No oxygen around. But microbes, microbes, microbial production in their veins are very common, common metabolism. So what this shows is that the atmosphere of the early Earth was this, it was very clearly biological, right? There was bright neon signs, life is here, life has been obvious on Earth, to any external observer for billions of years. And this raises the, I guess, the next question. Is it okay? This is what was happening on the early Earth, right? Suppose you see this on an exoplanet, right? Now you've just got the postcard, remember, no one's thinking about the surface anymore, you just get the atmospheric composition. But just from the atmospheric composition, and the knowledge that there must be methane replenishment, can you then infer that this planet has life? And so this has kind of been a subject of some of my research and thinking about, well, okay, see, we see this on an exoplanet. Can you explain it by some other process? So you can kind of work through what is geochemically plausible and think about these different scenarios of methane coming out of volcanoes or from reactions with rock and think about, not only are they likely, but if they did happen, what other clues would they leave? What are the other observations you can make that would distinguish these things? And without diving into the details, the tentative conclusion is, yeah, you can probably rule these things out. And so if you could see such an atmosphere and make these observations, you could make a reasonable inference to life. This is just a fun little aside. So when we published this paper, various news organizations deemed it sufficiently worthy to do a little thing on it, and it was kind of fun to see it filter through. So you know, have like reputable organizations like Scientific American, like Times, Facebook, got it right, and they said, yeah, here's some new ideas about how you might look for life on a planet without oxygen in the atmosphere. But you know, it filtered down, and some of the headlines were quite amusing, this is my favorite, revealed the huge scientific breakthrough that proves alien life on other planets. So that was interesting for me just to see how science gets manipulated. I also liked that Fox News categorized it under UFOs. Just briefly to link things back to how I started and saying this is something that's detectable soon. This is some other work I've done, which is kind of more standard astronomy. This is just saying, remember our postcard planet, Trappos-1e? And this paper, we said, let's pretend that Trappos-1e is likely earlier, right, with this methane and CO2 in its atmosphere. Who should detect that? Was James Webb? And the answer seems to be yes, right? This is just the amount of light, different wavelength. This is the big flow thing again. And yeah, with table bits, you can potentially see it. And detecting this early Earth by signature might actually be easier than detecting an oxygen by signature, at least James Webb. So that's kind of what I had. I guess to summarize that, then looking for the modern Earth as an exoplanet, this is sort of the obvious thing to do, right? Of course, we should go out there and look for oxygen-rich atmosphere as a by signature. But by thinking about the early Earth and thinking about how the biosphere changed the atmosphere in this oxygen-free world, it presents another possibility, another way of looking for life. And I haven't really dived into this, but one could make the argument that these sorts of biospheres are maybe more common than these sorts, right? Not only from the story of Earth history, but also just from the fact that oxygen productions, a very complicated metabolism, methane production, relatively simple, seems to have emerged almost immediately after the origin of life and has emerged multiple times independently. So potentially this is more ubiquitous. And in general, this is just one example of how learning about the early Earth can reform the search for life elsewhere. So yeah, telescopes come with swimming, but again, look at the atmospheric composition of rocky planets. That's pretty exciting. But how are we going to know if we've found life or not? So I'm trying to convince you that the Earth's history in deep time can help us with that question. But provide examples of alternative life solutions. So that's all I'll have. I'll be very happy to answer questions and do stick around for Mike's talk. He's going to talk more about the story of oxygen, how it relates to the life and really care about complex life. Thank you, Mike. So yeah, with that, thank you very much. So the question was, what is the victimization? It's something that I flashed off on an earlier slide. So this is a process that might produce methane without life, right? So whatever reacts with rock in the sea, all of this releases hydrogen gas. And that hydrogen gas can then react with CO2, which is hanging around to produce methane. So potentially you can make a lot of methane this way. But we've done some calculations to show it's still considerably less than what we've made off in life. So the question was whether these exoplanets are certainly going to have some kind of atmosphere or not. We really don't know at this point. It could be the case that some of these planets get lasted by such intense radiation that they start to make these life-less rocks like move. Even for the relatively easy ones to observe like a trapezoid, it's still not going to have an atmosphere like that. So the question was asked about the hydrogen hydrogen gas with the large methane leaks. And this kind of gets into a solve that we talk about. But it's really the methane and CO2 together which has a slight life rather than methane alone. The reason for that is that methane is CO2. It's covered in opposite ends of the redox spectrum like it's most oxidized form that's disoxidized form. You can produce either end with non-biological processes. Produce those two extremes without life. That's really hard to do. So the question was asked how on it can you get learning about the atmosphere from the shape of rain drops? So it's the size distribution. I forget the details of the physics, but basically the size of the rain drop difference. I'm telling you something about the maximum velocity of the rain drop supply. It's that velocity in the way of the density of the atmosphere. The question was asked how does looking for the life of the candidates? So that's how the earlier step went. We wanted to verify that there's a planet keeping it out of the way to begin before you start looking for possible signs of it. So whether it's possible for a look at what might have said this. So that's something that we wanted to verify. Actually, in the sense that the planet's not sure of it as a fact, how do you might do that? Okay, one more question. The question was asked why the sun is dimming. That just comes from the physics and the region of the core that you've been trying to figure out how to do some of the benefits and problems that you've seen. So I'll be around if you want to come and chat. Thanks for the question. All right, who's ready for some trivia answers? Moons are hard, but you guys are awesome. Okay, it's not the second known convertible object of the moon. There's Eris, there's Pluto, there's seven...


This paper introduces a novel 3D scanning system designed specifically for use in underwater environments. It uses structured illumination to capture three-dimensional data from underwater archaeological sites and sunken shipwrecks. The system consists of two monochrome measurement cameras, a projection unit that generates periodic sinusoidal fringes, two flashlights, a colored camera, an inertial measurement unit, IMU, and an electronic control box. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using this system over other 3D recording techniques like laser scanning, ultrasonics and photogrammetry. It also provides some examples of how the system has been applied in real-world situations, including the documentation of underwater sites and the generation of detailed 3D models with texture and color information. This article was authored by Christian Brower-Burchart, Christoph Monkelt, Michael Blyer and others.


lecture in the course design and engineering of computer systems. So in the previous lecture we have started our discussion on end to end system design. We have seen if you have a large computer system that has many different requirements it has to satisfy then we have seen how you take those functional requirements and how you arrive at a modular design of the computer system you know how you can split the computer system into multiple components and then we have also seen in each component when you have to store data what are the various choices available to you and if these components have to interact with each other then what are the various ways in which you can design these APIs. So we have seen all of these concepts and we have used an e-commerce application as sort of a running example to explain all of these concepts. In this lecture what we are going to do is we are going to take many more examples like e-commerce and many other real systems that you would have seen in your day to day life and try to do this entire process you know work out an end to end design for many other systems so that the concepts of the previous lecture become clearer okay. So let us get started so here is a recap of the e-commerce system design okay that we have briefly touched upon in the previous lecture but I want to once again recap it and you know show it in a more concrete format so that you can fully understand the end to end picture. So you might have multiple front end web servers that are receiving you know traffic from users who want to interact with this e-commerce system and you know if the there are many other application servers for different functionalities inside the system and based on what the request the user has sent the front end web server will redirect the request will talk to many other application servers for example if the user is creating an account you might talk to the user profile management server if the user is searching for products you might talk to the product management application server and so on. So depending on what is the user's request these front end will talk to many different components assemble an HTTP response back and send it back to the user. Now what are all the different application servers you might have one to manage user data, one to manage product information, one to maintain your shopping cart, one to do order management you know the actual purchase and one to give you recommendations and all of these application servers will be contacted by the front end server in order to display the web page for the user. Now the front end can be interacting with these various servers using either REST APIs or RPC based APIs for example if it is just managing user profile you know adding users creating reading updating deleting you know the CRUD model that we have seen for REST APIs that simple interface may be enough to manage user information but when interacting with this order management server the front end might need to do more complex actions like purchase cancel orders and such actions it might be hard to do it using REST API. So you might have a custom RPC interface defined here where this order server exposes a bunch of functions and this front end can remotely invoke those functions right. So these interactions between components can happen either by a REST or RPC and then when it comes to the data stored by each component you know the user profile information can be probably stored in a relational database because it is structured data and you need to store it consistently whereas things like shopping cart of a user maybe you use a no SQL database that does not guarantee perfect consistency but it gives you very high performance right. Similarly for other components also the product catalog the order database you might have many different design options available for how you store the data and note that components can also interact amongst each other for example this order management component when user purchases an item it might have to talk to this product management component and say okay remove that item from your catalog it is sold or this component may have to fetch user billing info from this other user profile component right. So these front end interacts with the application servers and these application servers may also be interacting with each other you know using various REST or RPC or such APIs okay. Then the third type of API is the message broker or an asynchronous a pub sub API that we have seen for example whenever this order server gets some orders it will just publish those orders into a message broker or a task queue and or into some these are also called message queues right there are many names for these message brokers. So the orders that arrive can be just per published into this message broker and other servers like you know servers that are running these recommendation algorithms can subscribe to those notifications and whenever some order information comes in this recommendation guy will see that order information construct his recommendations saying oh the other users like this user have purchased these other items or maybe I should recommend those items to the user and store all of that information in a database. So the next time the user logs in the front end will get this recommendation information and display it to the user. So this is sort of an example of how you do an end-to-end design of an e-commerce system. Of course this is just one sample depending on you know you can make it simpler more complex add more functionality and so on and you can also modularize it in different way you can use different kinds of interfaces different databases there are many options available but this is one sample example that I am showing you. So now let us do the same exercise for various other kinds of systems also. For example let us consider a video streaming system you know like the YouTube platform on which you might be watching these videos. So if you have to design such a system and how would we go about doing this. So what functionality do we expect from such a system first user should be able to upload content you know whoever creates video should be able to upload content and this content should be available in multiple resolutions multiple formats to be later consumed by users later on. And of course some users upload content a large number of users also will be able to download or stream content either download the entire video or stream it you know which is not download the entire thing but get small parts of it and display. Then the system should also be able to recommend videos based on the history for example if you are watching some NPTEL courses on system design YouTube might recommend some other videos related to system design to you right that is a useful feature for the system to have. And of course you can have other services like you know users will create accounts log into accounts you know if they have some paid services billing all of these other functionalities also you can expect and all of these functionalities will be provided not just in one monolithic component but will be split across multiple different components ok. So let us see an example of if you have to design such a system how would you go about doing this. So this is one example architecture that I have worked out but you can also do different architectures for example users will as usual you will interact with the front end you know web page where all the information is displayed and to display the information on the web page the front end server might contact many other application servers. For example you can have an application server that is managing all the user profile information authentication billing and storing all that information in some database. Then you can have a server that is handling video uploads so whenever the user uploads a video the front end will send that HTTP post request or whatever to a video upload server ok which will store that video in some video repository. Now this could be a specialized database it need not be a traditional relational database with tables and all it can be a specialized database that is optimized for video storage and when a user uploads a video this server can simply publish that information to a message broker and another component another server can read can you know fetch these videos that have been published and convert them into multiple formats and you know one video is published multiple other videos will be uploaded into the video repository because you might want to have a high definition version lower resolution version for the users with low bandwidth network bandwidth and so on right. So this video upload server need not do all this job it can just publish the video and in a message broker or a task queue and another component can do this format conversion later on a synchronously. So if you have ever uploaded the videos on YouTube you will see that initial one version will be available quickly but other resolutions will take some time they will you know YouTube will process them later on and upload them later on ok. Then of course when users want to watch videos those requests will go to another server that probably specializes in streaming content you know these servers that stream videos will do some rate adaptation they will send you some video to you but if your network connection is slow then they will you know the next chunk of the video will be send in lower resolution they will automatically adapt the rate to match your network bandwidth you know if your TCP is giving you some throughput then they will try to match that throughput and you know if your throughput is high send you high resolution if it is low send your low resolution. So you have some specialized video streaming servers that do that. So this front end might actually be fetching data to send in an HTTP response from these specialized video streaming servers then these servers will of course look up this video repository to fetch the video and stream it to the user ok and whenever a user watches these videos at these servers these servers will also maintain a history of all the videos watched by the user. So this could be like a simple you know this user this history like it could be an unstructured no SQL you know key value store or something and of course this information can also be published in a message queue or a task queue or a message broker for other components. The fact that you have watched some videos that will be published and other components will try to you know run some analytics on it and you know try to recommend videos for you in the future. In your personalized home page you might get some recommendations ok. So these recommendation servers will subscribe to these notifications of what all activity a user is doing and then run some analytics on it and then come up with a model saying ok this user likes to watch this type of videos and store those recommendations and give them out give out a personalized home page to the front end ok. In this way this is an example of how you will put together an end to end system where you can see that different components are doing different types of work they are storing their data in different types of databases or data stores and they are communicating using different types of APIs. You know it can either be for example this can be like a REST API you know streaming videos is probably more complex functionality it can be an RPC. You know uploading videos and converting into different format these components interact via PubSub interface you have different kinds of interfaces between different components. So now let us move on to another example suppose you have a social networking website so all of you would have interacted with social media in today's digital age everybody uses social media. So if you have a social networking system what are the requirements you know you have users they will register they will add some friends they will form a network and the social media website also will recommend more friends to you if you add some 5 friends it will tell you oh add these other people also maybe you know them right it will recommend more friends to you then once you have this network of friends all the users will post messages and these messages are viewed by all the other users within the network ok. So when you post a message it is disseminated for all the other users and when you log into a social media website you will see all the content posted by your friends and of course there could be a lot of content so these social media websites will actually run some algorithms to decide which content to show you which content is more important more popular they will try to show that to you and you can also react to that content you know if your friend posts any message you can like it you can comment on it there are all of these reactions also. So this is a example of the requirements that we have from a social networking system ok and these systems also handle large amounts of data later on in the course when we study about how to do performance engineering and reliability engineering we will also touch upon these topics you know there are billions of users on some social media websites and they process millions of requests per second so how do you guarantee that level of performance is something that we will study later in the course. For now let us see how you put together an end to end architecture ok. So again this is an example of an end to end architecture where the users are interacting with front end web server and doing many different things. For example you could have a component that is managing the users profiles storing all the user data in a database you could have another component that is managing the user's network you know whenever the user adds friends or you know removes friends all of those requests go to this user network management component and this component can provide multiple micro services or APIs you know for adding friends can be managed by one micro service one process recommending friends can be managed by another process within the same component you know and the user's network information can be stored in a specialized graph database not a regular traditional database but something that is optimized to store a graph and then you run algorithms on this graph to recommend friends if the user has these friends you know this is the user's network so far maybe I can recommend the friends of this user also something like that you know you can run processing algorithms on this graph and recommend more friends for the user and these different functionalities of adding friends recommending friends can be done by separate subcomponents within this main component and now when a user posts a message this message all the user content can be stored in some you know no SQL document store because this is not very structured data you just have sometimes stamp and some blob of message posted by the user then and this message is that the users upload are also given to another component that generates user feed now this component that generates this user feed will see all the messages uploaded by all the friends of a user will see also all the likes and reactions to the message you know if your friend has posted a message that a lot of your other friends have liked so this component will subscribe to all of this information user likes details of message uploaded and put all of these together to generate what should be the feed that you see so if your friend has posted a very unpopular message it may not appear in your feed but if your friend has posted something that lot of your other friends have liked it may appear high up in your feed right so this component will subscribe to all these streams of information digest it and come up with your user feed so that when you know you make a request to see your user feed this personalized message feed is fetched and displayed and of course you can have various databases all your likes and reactions can be stored in one NoSQL database you know the user feed can be temporarily stored in another NoSQL database until it is displayed this might be a persistent database NoSQL but stored on disk this might be NoSQL but just temporarily stored in memory because it's constantly getting updated right as people are posting messages as people are liking messages this feed is constantly getting up updated so you may not want to store it on disk you might just want to store it in memory right so you can see there are different types of databases and different types of interfaces between components and a modular architecture okay so next another example is let's consider an instant messaging system like WhatsApp for example you know users connect to WhatsApp and they can send and receive messages to each other okay so how do you design such a system so such systems normally if there is an application a mobile app on your phone you connect to the server via persistent connections okay your mobile app will maintain a persistent connection or transport layers over some transport protocol connection to a server to send and receive messages okay and what are the requirements what should this server do what are all the functional requirements on the server users who are online should be able to exchange messages you know two users user one and user two are both connected to the server if user one sends a message to user two user two should immediately see it but if your recipient is offline is not available is not connected to the server right now then the server should buffer the message later on and when the user logs in later on this message should be delivered then you know all of these messaging apps also have the concept of groups you can form a group of users and when you post a message in a group all the users in the group should be able to get the message right so these are all some of the common features you see in instant messaging applications and here is an example architecture of how you would realize these features you know users are connected to the server there are frameworks to establish persistent transport layer connections and keep them alive you know maintain a persistent connection to the front end web servers of the system it can be web it can be HTTP it can be any other application layer protocol also and once a user posts a message this message of course you want an archive of all the user messages you might store that in some no SQL document store on disk somewhere so whenever the user posts a message you might archive it then you will also identify the recipient of the message so if the recipient is directly also available online then you will directly whatever message has come in you will store a copy and also send it back to the recipient on this other persistent connection if the user is online but if the user is offline then you will buffer the message you know all the list of messages that are buffered for each user that is stored and probably this is stored in an in-memory database because you expect this to be temporary storage or if you think you have to store it for a long time you can store it in disk it is up to the system to decide how long messages will be buffered for now when you as a user you log in and you check your messages periodically when you connect to the server it will fetch all the messages buffered for you and it will deliver them on your connection so there can be separate components to handle message upload separate components to handle message download and so on and of course there might be separate components to handle groups you know when you create groups all these each group might have some unique identifier and the information might be stored in a database you know and this can be a relational database or structured schema or what you can do is you can also store this in some kind of a graph database kind of a thing right it depends on the system designer then when a user posts a message into a group then this component will actually talk to this component fetch information about all the users in this group and then deliver the message broadcast the message to all the users ok if one user has posted a message to a group all the users in that group have to get this message you know you will once again go back populate these other databases that store the messages of the user if the user is online then you know you will archive that message received message for the user deliver it directly if the user is offline you will buffer the message and deliver it later on but whatever the message that is posted it will be distributed to all the users in the group right so in this way as you can see there are multiple different components and different functionalities there are different types of databases and different types of interfaces between components and here between the client and the system also you can have a persistent connection or you know many different options can be present right. So, that is all I have for this lecture we have seen many different examples of how you design common computer system that you interact with in your daily life we have seen examples of end to end design. So, I request you to do more such exercises on your own look at other computer systems that you interact with and try to come up with functional requirements and try to come up with such an end to end design yourself ok and you can also enhance the designs that we have seen just now to add more features to make them more realistic closer to what you see in real life. So, that is all I have in this lecture thank you all and we will continue this discussion in the next lecture. Thank you.


Welcome to the complete collection of LeBron James' greatest stories told by NBA players and legends. This is part 1 of a 3 part series, because obviously LeBron James being one of the greatest players in NBA history has countless stories, and this video would be about 2 hours long had I not broken it up into 3 parts. So if you haven't seen any of the other episodes within the full series, there is a playlist link in the description box down below and on the top right of your screen, if you click on that you will find all the episodes within the series. Because this is such a long episode even broken up into 3 parts, it has taken me a long time to create and I would really appreciate if you guys could quickly hit that like button before the video begins. If you are new and you like videos just like this one, be sure to hit that subscribe button and hit that notification button so you are notified when a new episode drops. Lastly, I wish you all a very very Merry Christmas and a wonderful 2022. Without further ado, here's the complete collection of LeBron James' greatest stories, part 1. We're playing different eras, he's an unbelievable player. He's one of the best players in the world, if not the best player in the world. When you start the comparisons, I think it is what it is, it's just a standard measurement. I take it with a grain of salt, he's a heck of a basketball player without a doubt.  But I'm going to give you everything else, that's what I tell bro, I'm like he can't give you everything. And I remember, I don't know if I even told nobody else in my told circle. I remember it was a play we were trying to run and one of our teammates forgot the play and Bron told him the play. He said, if you miss these free throws, you know who's going to win it. All right now, what makes it worse, what makes it worse is this. Bron says, I'm going to get to this spot and shoot, but if I get here and any one of them is flinching off of their man, I'm beaming it to that man. We've been spoiled. It's just been remarkable what he's been able to do. I feel confident because I'm the best player in the world. For years, I always caught so much flack of us being the better team or whatever it was at one point in the Eastern Conference Finals and people not realizing it's tough to get past this motherfucker.  And see him come to the West and be able to do the same thing.  I remember you said 16 when we went to the Eastern Conference Finals. We won game three and four and it was like a whole none of my set clicked for him. And the players to coach against and one most difficult and going through in the playoffs was LeBron James.  It was telling the players exactly what was going to happen on the play that you call. And I remember, I don't know if I even told nobody else in my close circle. I remember it was a play we was trying to run and one of our teammates forgot the play and Bron told him the play. But I was also in the gym when I watched him on the floor against Toronto. Tell Patrick Patterson where he was supposed to go on the play they had called out of time out late in the fourth quarter. He's like, no, Pat, you're supposed to stand over there and you're going to pin down for tomorrow over here. Wow. That's hilarious. That's who he is.  It was some like, it was some crazy stuff. We calling it a play. He was like what and Bron told him what our play was, you know, and it just shows you like how locked in his do be when it comes to that come the winning time, man. And you see it when he out there on both ends, man. But that change, and you know this, like we beat him a couple of times when he was in Cleveland. He was not that way. I've never seen a change in a player. I knew we were in trouble in Miami when we were coaching. When he was in Cleveland, he was just playing basketball. We get to Miami and he's in Miami now and he's calling our plays out. He's just staring over on our bench. He's reading stuff. And I remember saying, oh, this is not good. You know, there are a lot and Dwayne brings it up. When you're drawing a play and a time out, you know as an opposing coach that that one guy can screw things up for you. I know you know the famous free throw, LeBron, you know. So what did he say to you? And then how did you like, how are you to like maintain your focus when you miss them? We respect for there, but like, miss them, but like, how did you lose sight? Like for what you're trying to do? Like make the free throw and then... Okay, so we have to back up a little bit. Because I was balling.  I hit the, hit almost like a 30 footer to take us to overtime. Kind of got a little tired and, you know, in overtime, but got to the free throw line.  We have won. I'm about to hit these three. This is easy. And LeBron come by and taps you on the chest and whispers up to tell you, what did he tell you? He said, if you miss these free throws, you know who's going to win it.  And for that one second I became human and thought about it. All right now, what makes it, what makes it worse, what makes it worse is this. So because we gamble at LeBron's house, me, Damon Jones, you know, that was our group. Right. So Damon Jones was horrible. Horrible. He was horrible. Horrible cars. So he owed me money. So I always used to say, like every time we played them, I always used to scream out. The landlord is here. The landlord needs to print money. Right. Like every time he came to town, shoot around, I'm yelling it. The game I'm yelling it. Like that's all I yell. So I told the coach, anytime you put Damon Jones in, I'm going one-four flat. He owes me money. Until he pays me my money, one-four flat. He's going to be a liability out on his court. And that's what I did every time he came in, one-four flat. So Dave wasn't, so he stopped playing. So he doesn't even play in game six. So when he whispers, you know who's going to hit it, everybody assumed it was him. I knew what he was talking about. You know, and it had me thinking about it. And I can even see it on my face when I watch, like, oh yeah, you're missing these, bro. And then I missed the first one.   Missed the second one. And I'm sitting here like, yo, did this just really happen? Where did I go? I don't miss free, I don't miss clutch free throws. And I think the thought went into my head. They really going to put David Jones in and let it hit a shot. And I just, I just missed. Like, it was, like, I was, I was balling that game. Just hit the three to get us in overtime, playing great in overtime. Very great battle. And then I see David Jones in there stretching and they really put the man in. And the fact that LeBron even passed him the ball is what hurt the most. David Jones in the corner just came in the game for the first time in two games and hit the shot. Who, who, who does that? That's what, that's what I said. I had to, that's what I said. I went to go, like, do mental stuff. Right. Like with the, with the mental training. Because I was like, this didn't just happen. You didn't tell me this man was going to come in and hit. And then he comes in and then you pass him the ball. Like, he's done hit five straight threes. I need to go season ill because I don't want to be the next Nick Anderson out here. LeBron is 36 turns 37. I believe in December. Yeah, man. How's he still, like, what makes him special? And even we talk about mileage and how, you know, how he's doing it night in and night out where you talk about usage rate.  He ain't doing what Kauai is doing. He ain't doing with these other KD. And I love KD. I love Kyrie, but, you know, KD just took off. And AD hurt. AD hurt. So LeBron got to take on more with LA right now. Right. So, like, what makes him special?  Yeah. It's dude up there. He left the hospital with more than everybody. Bro, bro, listen. Bro, Brandon, be more. It's dude up there. Out the womb. Bro, his shopping cart of talent when he was born was bigger than everybody's dog. He gave him everything. Dude behind LeBron? He don't have it. Nothing. Yeah, but you got to give me more, man, because we know what goes into it, the sports science, how we train, how we eat, how we sleep, et cetera, et cetera. Yeah. What are we not seeing that you saw? Yeah. Right. You guys have a show for the show, right? We understand about putting your body. We understand about the training that you need as athletes, former athletes, we understand the training that you need. But ultimately, man, I've watched this guy and I see him take care of his body. I see him own it 100%. But I've also know that guys can row their ankle and be out four weeks. I've seen this guy row his ankle and come back and give you about 20 in the fourth quarter. I'm talking about a bad row ankle. And I'm like, oh, he done. He come right back. I'm out four weeks with this row ankle. He come right back fourth quarter to score 20. It's the, it was like when God made him, he was like, I'm going to give you all this. I'm going to take everything, but I'm going to take one thing for him and I'm going to give you no lining.  That's what I tell bro. I'm like, he gave you everything. He gave him everything. He just said, I'm going to just take this one thing. But when is he going to let it go though? No, he listened. Lo is he got money. He ain't letting go. He too rich to let it go. Do you think he carry in his pocket the goat conversation? Does he want to be better than MJ? He said he's the goat. And then after I stopped, I was like, that one right there made you the greatest player of all time. You know, everybody was just taught how they were greatest team of all time. There was the greatest team ever assembled.  Like I said, man, bro, you buy a dog. You know this, though. Me and bro have been in arguments about this. Does he take that?   He's like, I feel like he's in the conversation.  I mean, I feel like he is the conversation. He's getting compared to Michael Jordan, though. We have a real life arguments in barbershops about who's better between him and Mike. So let me ask you this, though.  He don't get bad. Bro, that's what I'm saying about Bron.  Because me personally, I would be like, Mike got to play me one-on-one. Most people want to be the goat and you can't get there. Right? We fall short. We run out of talent. I ran out of talent. Injuries or whatever. LeBron is actually there. Do you think that takes away, do you think having this conversation sometimes takes away from what LeBron has accomplished? Yes. Because he's not done. We're talking about everything he's doing now. We talk about the goat, the greatest of all time. That's when a player is done. And now you can put the resume versus the next resume. Right now, we've been talking about LeBron as a goat since 2010. We're 2021. This man still got another five years of play. If he, you know, God willing, he don't get hurt. So like I said, he will be a goat. Someone's going to say LeBron's my goat hands down nothing else. Just like I say, Jordan's my goat. It's generational goats. That's what people got to understand. It's a lot of great players that play sports. But it's eras of goats and everyone want to make one goat. It's impossible to make one goat because as great as LeBron is, it will be another. This is just the way the game is. This is the way the world works.   I can survive. OK, that's important. That's what you mean. So we in here and we trying to get back. Everybody's swimming back to the boat. But I'm snorkeling too. We snorkeling on the way back. And my head is in the water and I'm snorkeling and I look up. Every time I look up out the water, the boat gets further and further away. And I'm getting pushed by the current. By the under telling current. And I'm like, yo, yo. I think it's looking at me like I'm joking. I'm like, yo, I need help like this. I'm swimming like this. I'm trying to hold on to a rock. It was exhausted. I was exhausted. I'm like, I ain't going to fight that current like that. So the one guy was like, just don't fight it. You know what I'm saying? Let it just go with it. Go with the flow. And I see Brian jumping in the water. Aquaman. Aquaman jumping in the water.  D-Wave, I don't write before me. So I'm thinking D going to come back. But I know D ain't rocking with the water like that. He's like, yo, go get him. And I just see Brian, Brian just coming. I got you, champ. I got you. I got you. Grab me. We went back. We went back to the boat. All purpose. The run is all purpose. Light guard.   Like I don't get for what it is. He's going to be successful at that. He's going to figure it out. He's going to figure it out. He's one of them people. He's just one of them natural freaks, man. You just, I call him a lab baby, man. He was building it out. What? Watching LeBron. And we've all been pampered, if not, spoiled to the fact that he's been consistent every year to come out with a certain level. But we forget that LeBron is great while he's playing the game. Let's just talk about his progression. I'll tell you, you played him. I mean, moments where he was over the top, great. Talk about just his greatness and how we are spoiled as fans and his greatness and what he's putting on the game. You know what? From the time that he first came in the league, his debut in Sacramento, where he was attacking the rim with ferocity and finishing. As you can see here, when he had that phenomenal second half against us, it's like he just hit a turbo. You know, we in quicksand. You know, we went to fifth straight conference finals at that moment. You know, we didn't play 500 games in five seasons. We in quicksand. My man putting the turbo button on and he's still doing that. It's like he's hitting the R1 on you. He's still hitting the turbo button to this day. There's no reason for us to be here if we weren't confident. May 31st, 2007 was the Eastern Conference Finals. The series was tied two to two. Being in the Palace of Auburn Hills in the playoffs, that's one of the most hostile environments to be in. You just feel like it's just U-12 against the whole city of Detroit. The night at the Palace of Auburn Hills when LeBron went nuts in the fourth quarter and overtime, and I always have to look back and say, now what was it? It was like 25 straight points and 29 on a 30 or something like that. But it was one of those times where we're doing the show from the arena because it was the conference finals and we're on the set and Kenny and Chuck are there. And it was the only time I've seen him speechless. I wanted to put the responsibility on myself and have me answer the call. Here's James, yes, and it counts. The Cavaliers down by one. Axel defending on James. The defense was flat. Basically just gave him one of my left to right cross overs. Once I seen I had him off balance, I wanted to try to be aggressive as I could to make Tay not even thinking about, you know, coming over and trying to block the shot. He has been spectacular. As the fourth quarter started running down and got to a point where I said, you've come this far. There's no looking back now. As the leader, I can allow my team to fail. This has been some kind of performance by this young guy. You start to notice that you're in the zone. All you're thinking about is your next make. Here's James. He scored 15 of the last 16 points.   They don't know if you're going to shoot a fade away. LeBron James, he has scored the last 20 of the Cavs last 21 points. I think we've gone from having a winner in this game to having a survivor. It's one thing to leave a fan speechless, but when you leave a player speechless, because they've been there, they know what it takes to play in a playoff game, what it takes to win, and when they see a player doing it to that level that LeBron did that night, and they're just like, I mean, I was getting that look. But as we were watching it, it was just like shake your head, jaw dropping, wow. It was like, who's going to dig down to win this basketball game?  I don't believe it. He scored the last 24 of the last 25. He jumps up a three, gets through. 46 points for LeBron James. He has scored the last 27 of the last 28. 24 seconds to go with double O-T. Baseline left sheet, turn around, got blocked, no foul. Cavaliers at possession with 11.4 to go. Set it here. Bring LeBron to the top. Make sure he's driving. That's what I stay after practice for, and this is what I'm being a weight room for, that if it's that one game where you need to use every little bit of energy to help your team win. James working it down, five seconds, four, three, James scores. And the Cavaliers come away with an improbable victory here at the palace. He had a magical game against the Pistons. When you, because you played against Jordan, when he was, did you see the same velocity, you see similarities there? The difference is, you know, they're both equally great. LeBron James always came to the game with the same thing that you came to the game with, where he was concerned about others, right? Not only did he have to score, but he also had to make this one better, had to make, and he had the responsibility. Jordan, you know, Kobe, those guys, they come to the game and it's like, okay, how many points you need to win? 40, right? 41 good enough. All right, tomorrow I'm gonna get 50. Oh, 50 ain't good enough? Yeah, I can get 60. He had 48, he had 48. 48 points for LeBron James. He scored 29 of the last 30. One of the great performances of all time. Right here. And we've been spoiled. It's just been remarkable what he's been able to do. You know, and not only that, he came into the league with a lot on his shoulders. What's LeBron like? LeBron, he's a cool guy. He's a guy that actually, for me, when I was coming through college when I first met him, he came to a couple of my games. He's just real down to earth, approachable. Gave me a lot of mental nuggets that I could take with me as I started my own NBA career. And, you know, obviously as a basketball player, it was amazing. So somebody that has a lot of pressure on him and somehow seems to keep getting better. I know how we felt playing against Jordan. Like, Jordan was the most dominant player in our era. And we would talk for hours on the phone watching him play against another team. You know, just admiring him play. But at the same time, it was like there were things that he did in the air that we just couldn't do. And I look at LeBron James in this era, and I say he's doing things that, you know, y'all just can't do. How do y'all feel about LeBron? And then we can talk about how we talked about Jordan. I'd say in terms of, you know, one guy being able to change the course of a game the way he can. He controls the pace. He does things that kind of look like, how do you do that? It doesn't matter sometimes how great a defense you play on him. It's just strength and power to get to the basket. He's obviously developed that outside game that keeps you honest. It's something that you need all antennas up, all five guys every night. And you know, if you don't bring it, he's liable to try to expose you. So in terms of, you know, that first championship run, matching up with him. And some of the stuff that he did on a nightly basis it was spectacular. But you know, at the end of the day, that gives you even more kind of competitiveness and fire to try to figure out how to overcome it and still win. And it gives you a little bit more gratifying feeling when you do, too. You know, do you feel like a strength difference? Because we talk about it a lot on television when we say, oh, he's so much bigger and stronger. But I don't know what it's like to feel it. Can you describe it? I can feel it, especially on the block and transition.  His steps are small, but they're so quick. You know, it's incredible. I remember one time in the finals, I got the ball on a break and Andre was behind me, Godalla, and the bronze chased me. He said, you better dunk it, you better dunk it.  The bronze had to come by and just, you better dunk it, dunk it because he was coming full speed. So almost, the landing wasn't pretty. I flushed that thing because I wasn't trying to see that ball go to half court. So that's just kind of the presence he has in the court. You know, he's at it all the time. He's great at playing free safety, kind of like Jordan was, and you're just in awe of the things you can do in the air. I mean, like you said, me and Steph could never do these things. No matter how much you work on our vert, how many squats we do, we'll never be able to jump 40 inches and all through our body like that. We got to get it fundamentally. We got to get it with skill, but those dudes blend it with skill and just sheer power.  Yeah, I know he is.  He was really excited about me missing, you know, that shot a little bit more extra than I would have liked. But, you know, he got a roof for it and for his team, obviously. And he was, you know, he showcased that.  Read it perfectly. LeBron three on two. LeBron all the way. LeBron scores. Eight points. LeBron again. The deal all the way. LBJ. Throw it down. Time out. Cleveland. Here comes Bron all the way to score. Here we've only got three to shoot. Logo. Logo three for LeBron. It's LeBron. Just hit that big three. Down the middle he goes. Three. LeBron stepping back for a three. Off the court, two in this area. Three. Oh, now. Trying to get it in the fridge. LeBron tough shot. No, no. Nothing too tough for the king tonight. Nothing too tough. He was definitely the reason why LeBron went for 21 in the fourth quarter and outscored the whole Cavs team. So, you know, he looked for anything similar to what Cove did. Looked for anything for motivation and he definitely found it. The real part about it, look at the head snap. It was a quick head snap. Oh, no, you didn't. He knew the laugh. He knew who laughed. Exactly. Like, I heard that laugh before. I got you. You want to wake me up? I got something for you right here. And he went off.


Rapunzel by the Brothers Grimm This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Read by Brian Johnson, aka Joe Cooning. Joe Cooning at gmail.com There were once a man and a woman who had long in vain wished for a child. At length, the woman hoped that God was about to grant her desire.  It was, however, surrounded by a high wall and no one dared to go into it because it belonged to an enchantress who had great power and was dreaded by all the world. One day, the woman was standing by this window and looked down into the garden when she saw a bed which was planted with the most beautiful rampion and it looked so fresh and green that she longed for it. She quite pined away and began to look pale and miserable.  Oh, she replied, If I can't eat some of the rampion which is in the garden behind our house, I shall die. The man who loved her thought, Sooner than let your wife die, Bring her some of the rampion yourself, Let it cost what it will. At twilight, he clambered down over the wall into the garden of the enchantress. Hacely clutched a handful of rampion and took it to his wife. She at once made herself a salad of it and ate it greedily. It tasted so good to her, so very good that the next day she longed for it three times as much as before. If he was to have any rest, her husband must once more descend into the garden. In the gloom of evening, therefore, he let himself down again. But when he had clambered down the wall, he was terribly afraid, for he saw the enchantress standing before him.  She said with an angry look, Descend into my garden and steal my rampion like a thief. You will suffer for it. Ah! answered he. Let mercy take the place of justice. I only made up my mind to do it out of necessity. My wife saw your rampion from the window and felt such a longing for it that she would have died if she had not got some to eat. Then the enchantress allowed her anger to be softened and said to him, If the case be as you say, I will allow you to take away with you as much rampion as you will. Only I make one condition.   The man in his terror consented to everything. And when the woman was brought to bed, the enchantress appeared at once, gave the child the name of Rapunzel and took it away with her. Rapunzel grew into the most beautiful child under the sun. When she was twelve years old, the enchantress shut her in a tower, which lay in a forest and had neither stairs nor door. But quite at the top was a little window. When the enchantress wanted to go and she placed herself beneath it and cried, Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair to me. Rapunzel had magnificent long hair, fine as spun gold. And when she heard the voice of the enchantress, she unfastened her braided tresses, wound them round one of the hooks of the window above, and then the hair fell twenty ales down and the enchantress climbed up by it. After a year or two, it came to pass that the king's son rode through the forest and passed by the tower. Then he heard a song which is so charming that he stood still and listened. This was Rapunzel who in her solitude passing her time and letting her sweet voice resound. The king's son wanted to climb up to her and looked for the door of the tower, but none was to be found. He rode home, but the singing had so deeply touched his heart that every day he went out into the forest and listened to it. Once when he was thus standing behind a tree, he saw that an enchantress came there and he heard how she cried, Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair to me. Then Rapunzel let down the braids of her hair and the enchantress climbed up to her. If this is the latter by which one mounts, I too will try my fortune, said he. And the next day when it began to grow dark, he went to the tower and cried, Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair to me.  At first Rapunzel was terribly frightened when a man such as her eyes had never yet beheld came to her. But the king's son began to talk to her quite like a friend and told her that his heart had been so stirred that it had let him have no rest and he had been forced to see her. Then Rapunzel lost her fear and when he asked her if she would take him for her husband and she saw that he was young and handsome, she thought he will love me more than old dim Gothel does. And she said yes and laid her hand in his. She said, I will willingly go away with you but I do not know how to get down. Bring with you a skin of silk every time that you come and I will weave a ladder with it and when that is ready I will descend and you will take me on your horse. They agreed that until that time he should come to her every evening for the old woman came by day. The enchantress remarked nothing of this until once Rapunzel said to her, tell me, dim Gothel, how it happens that you are so much heavier for me to drop than the king's son? He is with me in a moment. Are you wicked child? cried the enchantress. What do I hear you say? I thought I had separated you from all the world and yet you have deceived me. In her anger she crouched Rapunzel's beautiful tresses, wrapped them twice around her left hand, seized a pair of scissors with the right and snip snap they were cut off and the lovely braids lay on the ground and she was so pitiless that she took poor Rapunzel into the desert where she had to live in great grief and misery. On the same day that she cast out Rapunzel however the enchantress fastened the braids of hair which she had cut off to the hook of the window and when the king's son came and cried, Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair to me. She let the hair down. The king's son ascended but instead of finding his dearest Rapunzel he found the enchantress who gazed at him with wicked and venomous looks. Aha! she cried mockingly. You would fetch your dearest but the beautiful bird sits no longer singing in the nest. The cat has got it and will scratch out your eyes as well. Rapunzel is lost to you and you will never see her again. The king's son was so beside himself with pain and in his despair he let down from the tower. He escaped with his life but the thorns into which he fell pierced his eyes. Then he wandered quite blind about the forest, ate nothing but roots and berries and did not but lament and weep over the loss of his dearest wife. Thus he roamed about in misery for some years and at length came to the desert where Rapunzel with the twins to which she had given birth a boy and a girl, lived in wretchedness. He heard a voice and it seemed so familiar to him that he went towards it and when he approached Rapunzel knew him and fell on his neck and wept. Two of her tears wedded his eyes and they grew clear again and he could see with them as before. He led her to his kingdom where he was joyfully received and they lived for a long time afterwards happy and content. End of Rapunzel by The Brothers Grimm.