We're in the studio once again here at Davis Media Access. My name is Autumn Laberino and I'm your host today for another community-oriented segment. My guest today is Grace Perry. Grace is a graduate student in the Community Development Department at UC Davis. She's also the co-organizer of an event centered around food and an upcoming forum on February 28th called Let's Talk About Food, Tapping the Potential. Welcome, Grace. Great to be here. Thank you so much for coming today. So I mentioned the forum and we'll come back to that. But the forum is part of an overall process that started last fall. So let's start there. How did this all come about and how did you get involved? Yeah, that's a great question. So this project was really born out of Mayor Brett Lee's initiative to have food and economic development plans in Davis. He worked with a few women in the community. One of them is Ann Evans, the author of the Davis Farmers Market Cookbook, a co-founder of the Davis Food Co-op, and Farmers Market, Dima Tamimi, who has founded two nonprofits focused on food scarcity and access, and Catherine Brinkley, who's a professor in the College of Agriculture at UC Davis. So they started having discussions about what food-centered economic development would look like in Davis and convened a series of meetings in the fall of 2018 with community organized or community members to decide kind of what that would look like, what initiatives would need to take place, and policies for a better food future in Davis. And you're relatively new to Davis, as I understand, so how did you get involved with that? Was that through your graduate work? Yes. I started last fall in the graduate program, and my advisor is Catherine Brinkley. So I started, my interest in food comes from working directly on small farms, most recently in Colorado, and I started, I came back to school to study food systems and economic development and just kind of fit right into this project at the perfect time spot. I did. Yeah. Talking about food scarcity, and let's define a few terms first, okay? So food scarcity, let's start there. So food scarcity is something that many people in Yolo County experience. It's, you know, not having access, as much access to food as others. And so I have some statistics here that more than one in five Yolo County residents relies on a local food bank and other food assistance programs. About a third of those residents are children who were ineligible for federal nutrition programs because their family incomes were above 185 percent of the federal poverty line, which is 44,000 for a family of four. For Davis specifically, the city has a higher average family income than the surrounding areas with more than double the county rate of food insecurity as measured by eligible food stamp redemptions. So nearly half of the Davis population consists of students and nearly 40 percent of the students at UC Davis are food insecure according to a 2016 study. Right. And so food security is another term that comes up. That's the opposite. That's when you have enough to eat and you don't have to wonder where your next meal is coming from. And then what I was going to say is in terms of food and economic development, it's something that, you know, has been a big topic in Yolo County as a whole. This is the first time I'm really aware that it's coming down to a sort of a policy level so specifically at the Davis City Council. Now I understand that after the forum, your group, all of you, all the women you mentioned will be generating a report that will then go to the City Council. And will that report contain specific policy recommendations? Yeah, specific policy recommendations. So the meetings that I spoke of earlier really provided an opportunity for community members involved in the process to dictate what the food and economic development initiatives would be and having specific food policies were part of that. We really wanted to give the City Council kind of a, here's how you, here's how and this is what to implement. And there's a timeline associated with that as well. Some of the forums that were held last fall were the ideas all over the map or did they seem to kind of fall into some kind of regular pattern that the City Council will be able to look at and say, yes, we can move forward with this. Yeah, so the people who attended those meetings really dictated what kind of, what categories we are now using in the report and yeah, they're very much community dictated and they really fell into like four main categories. Can we talk about this? Yeah, yeah. So one of them is ensuring access to a healthy diet for all of Davis residents. Another one is to have climate friendly food practices. So addressing food waste is an example of that. Davis being a leader in food innovation and entrepreneurship and then the last one is establishing a food brand and narrative for the City of Davis. Okay, I'm going to hone in on those last two. Branding I think I understand. We're talking about there's a campaign, it's branded and it's publicized and maybe that's writ large on a billboard on the Cosway, right? But entrepreneurship, can we focus in on that for a second? What does that mean? Food entrepreneurship? Yeah, so to me that means giving people an opportunity who want to be involved in the food system at a business level or entrepreneurship, the opportunities to do that. So many of the conversations were focused around having city policies and zoning laws that actually allow for food based development and providing like kind of a food lab of sorts for people coming out of the university doing research about sustainable food practices like alternative meats or people who want to have are involved in like producing jams or producing jams having access for a space to do that. Right, but to some degree we're also talking about startups and innovation too, right? Yes, yes, absolutely. So giving people an opportunity who want to invest in Davis, the place to do that. Right, an example of a food innovation that is kind of the hot topic right now, I think about the beyond burger product and I'm not trying to promote it, but it's just this thing that sort of, to my mind, came out of nowhere and is everywhere now. It's become the ubiquitous, you know, plant-based burger and next month the local organization Cool Davis and Cool Cuisine are doing the burger battle to find the best plant-based. So that's a perfect example of what we're talking about, right? Yes, that's great. Right, let's talk about the forum on the 28th a little bit, the when, the where, who will be participating and what people can expect when they go. I will say that the forum is being produced by Civ Energy who is one of Davis Media Access's partners on election issues and will be recording it. So if you can't, if people can't make the forum on the 28th they can certainly tune in, but they are invited to come to community chambers, right? Yes, on February 28th it's a Thursday from 7 to 9 p.m. It's really an opportunity for the plan to be committed or to be presented to the community and have them make comments and ask questions to a panel of speakers about the key initiatives and recommendations that are in the plan. Okay, and what time does it take place? 7 to 9 p.m. 7 to 9 p.m. And I think most people are familiar about community chambers is where the council and the school board meet and it's at 23 Russell Boulevard and the city complex. Grace, what has been the most surprising thing you've learned in this whole process? So you came, you wanted to focus on food and what are you learning? I'm really learning how a community can drive a policy process, an initiative as big as something like this and how, you know, while the mayor has adopted this into his initiative, how it has really been a bottom-up approach of community organizing, of the initial community meetings and then now presenting this plan to the public forum to the rest of the community to comment on, it's really neat to see a process like that take place that's not, you know, wholly top-down but really bottom-up grassroots. Right, and Davis is the perfect place for this to happen in many regards. I've lived here long enough that I remember when the Davis Food Co-op was a much smaller store before it was remodeled and built out. That was, you know, Ann Evans was completely involved in that. That was a completely grassroots-driven effort and the same with our farmer's market, which is now a national award-winning farmer's market. So how will the work that you're doing today inform you as you move on? Any clue about that? Yeah, that's a good question. You know, I've learned a lot from the three women that I've been working with, especially how something can be done from the grassroots level. But I think just being really inspired by what a grassroots level community can do and the changes that they can make and potentially go on to affect change at a regional or national level. Right. Before I forget, I wanted to touch briefly on, you said that Dima had started two non-profits that are very related to that. Can we just mention them so she gets some credit for it? Yeah, absolutely. So one is the Giving Garden and the other is Land and Ladle. And there are websites for both of those. OK. And the emphasis for each of them, Dino? I don't. OK, so Giving Garden and. Land and Ladle. Land and Ladle. All right. So just to recap, we're talking about this forum on February 28th and a website where people can get more information about the event and about the work that you're doing would be. Land and Ladle is a great place to access that on the menu bar on the website. There's a page that says Food Discussions and it has recaps from all the meetings that happened in the fall and then information about the public forum. Great. Well, I want to thank you for coming in and talking with us today and helping raise these issues. I do know that there is a lot of food insecurity in Davis. When people look at, they have kind of the 5,000 foot view of our community. They don't see that because we're a university town. There is a lot of affluence here. But as you mentioned, there are students. There are families. There are migrant farm workers who live here. There is real insecurity. So this is important work that you're all doing. And thanks for coming in and talking about it today. Thanks for helping raise awareness. All right. I've been chatting with Grace Perry, who's involved with Let's Talk About Food, Tapping the Potential. It's kind of an ongoing effort that will culminate in a forum later this month, February 28th, in the Davis Community Chambers, 7 to 9 PM. And then a follow-up report to the Davis City Council. And we're going to learn more about how our community can really learn to address these issues of food scarcity and be innovative. So thanks for tuning in in the studio. I'm Autumn Levy-Renau.


Hello, friends and subscribers. Welcome back to my YouTube channel. Daniel Rosal here, bringing this video today from Jerusalem. I got a message in a WhatsApp group I'm involved in on Friday from an organization called Yerushalayim Shakyta, which means Quiet Jerusalem. This is an organization that has been set up in the last couple of months as a sub-organization within Keren, the Jerusalem Green Fund, which has been advocating for quite a while now for environmental causes in Jerusalem. I've joined the committee of the Quiet Jerusalem sub-organization and our objective is to raise awareness within the city of noise pollution. Now this was formed before the outbreak of the war and we had a meeting scheduled with the parties leading their campaigns for the municipal elections, which have now been deferred and they were supposed to have happened already. So everything's kind of been put on pause because clearly the war is a much bigger national priority for everyone. Nevertheless, we're still meeting periodically and it's a good organization and we're looking to, as I said, raise awareness of a few issues in the city regarding noise pollution. One of them is this very pervasive honking, the unnecessary use of car horns, which I did a couple of videos about probably months or two ago now pointed out that it is technically illegal but there's no enforcement and that's really been because it's very difficult to enforce nuisance honking on a human basis. There just isn't the willingness it seems among the local municipalities to do it, but there's been one municipality which has bucked the trend and has been piloting this advanced system for the detection of nuisance honking and this I should just point out is a trend we're seeing actually happening across the world in cities like New York, London and others. They have been piloting systems like this and in Israel, which is kind of in, you know, I describe it really as the commuter town to Tel Aviv has taken the lead in the pilot. So this was posted on their Facebook page of the municipality. A message for the quality of life of the resident in the city for the first time in Israel, Petah Tikva municipality will be enforcing noise from vehicles and motorcycles. I'm just reading the automatic English translation on the left, but if you read Hebrew, you have the original post on the right of the screen. So this, the constitutional committee in the Knesset had to approve this system of giving out fines for noise nuisances produced by vehicles. And it's my understanding that honking is one of the key noise nuisances encompassed in that as well as stuff like noise from motorcycles, you know, fitted with things that make their noise lighter than the legal limit will be targeted as well. With the publication of the fines and record soon it will come into force and the appropriate powers will be given to the municipal inspectors to enforce enforcement. And so the fines have yet to be announced. The enforcement is launched by the entrepreneur Shachar Kenan, and his company is called noise limited noise spelt with AZ. I haven't succeeded in getting if there was a way to get in touch with this individual or his company, I would like to know about it because I've tried and I couldn't find so much as a website for them. But perhaps as this pilot, well now it's passed a pilot as this technology picks up steam, I'll be able to get some response from Petah Tikva and from this company. And in the director of the noise prevention division in the office that supervise the pilot that was held. So that's the announcement. This came out in Hebrew in Wynes a little bit ago. It was published on 15th of September 2023. This was the article announcing that they're beginning the pilot. So I guess the pilot's been running from about September through to now and now it's being elevated to a practical scheme. And I just highlighted in my previous video about nuisance honking in Jerusalem that there have been some efforts. The reason I got interested in this whole subject is because when we, my wife and I moved to a more central apartment in Jerusalem in the summer when we viewed it, it was quite quiet. But very soon after moving in, it became transparent that there was a serious issue with honking because we're near a big road intersection and there's just like constant certain hours of the day between let's say eight and 10 a.m. There's just loud honking that gets in that, you know, we can hear from our bedroom and it's very, very unpleasant. And technically it's illegal. It just hasn't been, as they said enforced, yes, anywhere in Israel. And to any appreciable extent, I'll just show you some figures I got from the Israel police. So this was, there was a petition in Rechavia, which is a relatively central neighborhood in Jerusalem. And they had basically the same problem as we experience in the city center where by traffic ground to a halt on this road as a street or well-known street in Rechavia. And drivers who would just honk their horns in frustration because they were stuck in traffic and without seemingly realizing or caring, as in my situation, that they're doing so literally right outside the front door of people trying to just enjoy their homes or perhaps sleep. So this was a petition, but it went nowhere. I did manage to hear sort of the inside story about this from people involved in it. And the same experience I had by which we knocked on the doors of the municipality and got told really, you know, to bugger off that there was nothing they were willing to do. But they did attract something like a thousand signatures to that petition. So this is a problem. Technically, and I'm just reiterating some of the stuff I pointed out in my video on the subject, it is illegal under Israeli road traffic law to use your horn unnecessarily. The actual language in Hebrew says that basically it's illegal to use your horn unless you're in imminent danger. And there's no other way. There's no other way for you to to do that. So as I'm recording this video, I can just hear people honking. Hopefully it won't come through because I've got a bit of a better microphone setup than I did recently. But, you know, they're just honking because they're stuck in traffic and that is technically illegal. So I actually sent in before the war when all this stuff was much more front of mind. I was experimenting with sending in freedom of information requests. And I did one to the Jerusalem municipality about how many language speakers are. And I did one as well to Israel Police, Mr. God, Israel, regarding the number of. So I said, if it's illegal, and they're the body responsible for prosecution, how many fines did you give out? And it took them a couple of weeks to come back to me. But I did get a response. And that was that in 2022, they handed out 197 fines. And that was actually down from 2021 when they handed out 262 fines. Now, this is across the entire country. So basically, in 2022, last year, less than one fine day was handed out. You can do the sum, you know, how much is it? It's not quite once every two days, but less frequently than once a day. Less than 200 fines handed out in the whole country because of unnecessary use of the car horn by the traffic police, which is a division within Israel Police. So clearly, the national police are have no inclination or ability or willingness to really take this seriously. I sent this, the letter I got from the police to her friends, and he said you could probably issue 200 fines every minute if they set their minds to. So there's really not really, there's not really a willingness on the part of the police to actually do this enforcement. So the Petah Tikvah municipality states and just reading a little bit more. I'm reading from a news piece that picked this development up in just when it was announced, which was on the 22nd of November. So I'm a little bit late coming to this, but better late than ever. This story appeared in my rave about the fact that this system is going to go operational. And just again, translating automatically into English for my convenience and that of readers, the Petah Tikvah municipality states that the enforcement project was developed by the entrepreneur Shah Kharkinan, the company Noise Limited in collaboration with the Ministry of Environmental Protection, which is mischad lahagenat asfiwa in English. The noise system has been deployed in a number of main roads and central intersections throughout the city was the goal of expanding the deployment in the future. This is an innovative system. The first of its kind in Israel equipped with a sensor with dozens of small microphones that alert in real time about noise hazards, noise hazards on the roads. The identification process is done visually so that you can see the source of the noise and the factor that produces it both with a photo and with the help of photography and video. And upon detection of the event, the system performs real time checks on the details of the vehicles and forwards the data to the inspector for manual examination and upon examination of the findings by the inspector and confirmation of the offense. According to the noise hazard regulations, the system issues a report, which is then automatically sent to the vehicle owner and the mayor of Petah Tikvah says that and this is in line with what I've observed that this problem seems to be getting a lot worse in the past few years. In recent years, the phenomenon of noise hazards on the roads has been increasing in accordance with the increase in the number of vehicles. And this is a phenomenon that harms the quality of life of the residents, especially those who live close to main roads, like people like me. And I can really attest to how true this is that if you live in a quiet part of the city, you're like, well, this really isn't an issue. If you happen to live near a busy road, this suddenly becomes a really severe issue that does affect your quality of life and has been linked to especially high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in particular. So these this pattern or cause and effect is pretty well established as part of the municipality's efforts to reduce noise hazards. We take a variety of measures in the field of enforcement and of course, also an information and together with the Ministry of Environmental Protection, we promoted a technological system that will help us enforce noise caused by vehicles and motor motorcycles. When the approval of the fines order and its publication on the record soon allows the system to start operational activity. So hopefully as they get the system rolling in Petah Tikva, we'll see sort of information about what the fines exactly are going to be. It sounds like they haven't quite determined that yet. And hopefully we will see this innovation that Petah Tikva has started being replicated in other cities in Israel, like Tel Aviv itself and Jerusalem, where because we're also struggling with this problem. Thanks for watching today's video and to get more videos about life on the ground in Jerusalem and Israel, do consider subscribing to this YouTube channel.


Yaro Tatu, Tefano, Colerma de Agua, Coppo Poca Tepetl, Temana, Coedgardo, Takuhua, Coabram, Takuhinoa, Tijemori Yora. First of all, we would like to thank the Igui of this land, of course. Thank you very much for all your support. Thank you to all the amazing staff of the EHF staff and fellows. It's been awesome sharing with you all this time. And of course, our Coppa Copa Fano, Kiora. We are at Gardo and Abraham. And we come from Mexico. And for a start, we just want to ask you three questions. If the answer is yes, please clap twice. Let's play. Have you or someone in your family has ever been bullied?  Have you ever felt, when you were a kid, did you ever cheat? Cheat? OK. OK. That was less clapping. Good. Let me share with you a story. When I was seven, I was having so much fun in a public school back in Mexico City. But as you may know, in development countries, private schools tend to offer a better quality education than in the public schools. So this means that, sadly, for people with more resources, they are able to receive a better quality education. So my parents helped me to apply for this scholarship. And guess what? I got it. I got it. But what do you think it happened to me as soon as I arrived to this private school? Amazing private school. Yes, I was totally discriminated because of the color of my skin, the color of my eyes, the way I was, the clothes I was wearing, especially because of my social economic status. Eventually, with the help of my parents and my family, my relatives, my friends, I was like, I understood with all that aroja, a love, I understood that I was so proud of who I am and where I come from that eventually didn't matter. But this is my story. But today, there's millions of people or children that don't have the same opportunities as I had. So this is just one of the reasons of why today I dedicate my life to form better global citizens from childhood. So, Edgar, please. Yes, thank you. Education for Sharing is our organization. We have been working in this organization for the last 12 years now. And our mission is forming better global citizens from childhood. Our framework is very simple. It's based in three simple concepts, but very powerful. Play, reflect, and take action. For us, this innovative and play-based methodology transmits and raises awareness with the children and the whole communities about simple concepts but very important for the whole world. The UN Sustainable Development Goals and children know more about these concepts and civic values, such as gender equality, fair play, teamwork, respect, tolerance, empathy, and responsibility. Children in education for sharing, they find out the powerful of the game and play. And not only the children, but the whole community. We work with teachers, children, parents, guardians, and change makers. For us, it's very important that everyone in the community become part to find these local solutions to global challenge. Thank you. So these are some of the results we've been receiving after the service, after implementing the education for sharing methodology that we definitely work with the communities in order for it to be adapted to the local context. We, some of the examples that fair play grows, grew 49% in Guatemala. Violence dropped almost 70% in Mexico. Gender equality was practiced 85% more in Argentina. And participation increased by 60% in the US. Just imagine that. Our games and methodology have benefited over 1 million, children, parents, and teachers in seven countries. And just imagine these 28 best-packed stadiums full of people committed to change what they don't like. Just imagine that. We are here in Aotearoa, New Zealand, to team up with you all and to build up a more sustainable, happy, action-oriented community of people aiming to form better citizens, better global citizens from childhood. Tenakoto, Tenakoto, Tenakoto Kato.


Welcome to the Crimson Engine. My name is Rubidium. As you may know, I just got back from NAB and now that the dust has settled, I wanted to make a video about the big trends that I saw at NAB that I think will shape filmmaking in the year to come. It was a pretty quiet year as far as new cameras go but that just meant that a lot of other technologies took center stage and that's what I want to talk about. Probably the biggest new lighting news was the LED Fresnel. You can now make super powerful, super efficient, very, very bright LED lights in the shape of a Fresnel, so a focusable spotlight. Last year NAB was all about the RGB LEDs and the ability to reproduce different colors following the RE sky panels lead but this year it was brightness, throw, and size. COB technology or chip on board is something that's been around for a while. IntelliTech came out with their light cannon pros. These are 120,000 lux at one meter. Unlike HMIs or tungsten-based lights, these aren't delicate. There's no bulb to break inside. They don't need time to come up to the right brightness or color temperature and they don't need generators or three-phase power to run. You can plug them straight into the wall with multiple units and you don't have to worry about breaking a circuit. The craziest one I saw was Mole Richardson's 20K LED. This is the equivalent of a 20,000 watt tungsten that you can plug into the wall. The LED itself is 3,000 watts but because LEDs are so much more efficient at converting power into light than tungsten or HMI, it puts out more light than a 20,000 watt tungsten. Now this thing is huge. It's also expensive. The retail price is going to be 40 grand. It's 64,000 lux at 10 feet. I'm guessing because at three feet, it melted the light meter. I'm guessing that this sort of high-efficiency, large-size LED is just going to keep coming down in price until we see them on film sets everywhere. Following what I saw at NAB this year, I feel like the future of hot lights of tungsten and HMI, the days are numbered. The second big trend at NAB this year was large format cinematography. Alexa released their Alexa Mini LF and if you believe the rumors, Canon, Panasonic, and Sony all have mid-priced large format cameras wetting in the wings. But it's not just the cameras that changed because of how integrated camera systems are these days with all the other technology on film sets. We saw new large format compatible batteries from Bebob, the Beemout. We saw seven and 10-inch monitors that are now HDR and 4K capable and a whole bunch more large format lenses, both from Ari and Canon, but also from smaller companies, independent companies. Now that large format looks like it's going to be the standard for the next 10 or 20 years, a lot of more companies are jumping into the freighter produce lenses now that people need to upgrade from their typical PL mount. Also, media to capture the huge amounts of information coming off these large format sensors like the Codex Compact Drive, now that CFAST and other technologies kind of hitting against the limit of the bit rate. The last big trend I saw at NAB this year was camera integration. The days of the digital cinema camera covered in a tangle of wires and third-party devices might be coming to an end. A couple of years ago we saw Red build the Xenomorph camera for David Fincher. This one unit had a sensor, a screen, wireless video, wireless audio and timecode, a battery plate, and wireless follow focus all integrated into one unit with all the cabling internal. Now this was a very expensive one-off factory custom, but other camera manufacturers are following this lead and trying to put more of the devices we need as either optional extras or things integrated into the camera itself. Some industry leaders like Ari can do this because they make cameras, wireless transmitters, wireless follow focus systems, lenses, and all the things that go together and they can create one ecosystem where everything fits together and works together. But for non Ari shooters there's also groups like the Mac Group or Vitec Group that are a family of brands owned by the one company that are starting to integrate those brands together for added functionality. The Vitec Group which owns Wooden Camera, Small HD, and Teradeck announced a new system of wireless follow focus where the follow focus unit on the camera plugs into the Teradeck wireless video transmitter and actually the Small HD monitor that can pick up embedded data from the lens and the follow focus unit telling you where the camera is focused and changing it in real time. That's my wrap up of the technologies I saw at NAB that I think will shape filmmaking in the next year. Cinegear is only about five weeks away so we'll see if there's anything new that updates on those from there. Leave your questions in the comments. Thank you very much for watching and I'll see you next time.


and welcome to Desk of Lady Aida. Hey everybody, and welcome to Desk of Lady Aida. It's me, Lady Aida, at my desk. We got a couple minutes worth of desk check-in. Phil, do you have any updates, like general problem? Yeah, can you point your mic in? Oh, sorry. Now, this Wednesday, how's that? Good, at three p.m. we have a hack chat. Let's go to hackaday.com, hackadayio, and check that out. Now, Pedro will be doing the show and tell, and then we gotta ask an engineer at p.m. GP's product pick of the week. He is on Tuesday, Thursday. GP's workshop, and then on Friday, Scott's deep dive, and Wednesday morning. I broke it. Yeah, cool. Sorry. It's okay now. No, it's even worse than this. There's a microphone issue here. And then what's happening right now, if you all hear water in the background, it's because there's a giant leak above our apartment. And this is like the second time or third time this has happened. But this time, we don't have to get two of every animal and prepare an arc, because we let the building know, because we just happened to be here last time we woke up and there was pieces of apartment falling on LaDiana. So let's kick off the show. I fixed it. Yeah, you did good. Okay, great. All you have to do is watch out for the leaks and more. And, but speaking of leaks, maybe we'll have a product leak. We'll see. Okay, let's go to the overhead. I got some fun products to throw at them. Not boring. I had the Cutie Pie, the backpack type things that I developed a while ago. So I've been testing the LiPo backpacks. I got a LiPo battery. And here I've got the, I've actually changed the design. So you can see this little red wire. I added a resistor divider to pin A2 so you can monitor the output from the battery or the input to the battery. Not the battery itself, but like the voltage after the diode because that means that you can detect when you're on USB power or when you're on LiPo power. It's not perfect, but like, you know, it's better because it's like there's a diode drop and it depends on how much current is being drawn. But you can do some rough estimation of whether the Cutie Pie is running on the LiPo as it is right now or if it's running on the battery as if the voltage is above like 4.2. That means it's not being charged. So that's cute.  So that's kind of fun. So it's a little cute little add-on to the Cutie Pie. So I'm ordering those boards. I also got this, which I'm not gonna sell. I don't think it's kind of finicky, but this is a iSpy adapter. So it takes the iSpy FPC connector out. And I actually thought this would be useful for me because like I have like a new display I'm testing and I put an iSpy connector and that, you know, gives you power and ground and all the pins for the display in the SD card. So that when I plug this in hold on, with this cable, I can do like very quick tests of a display.  Or if I want to test code on a display and I don't want to like wire up the display, you know, it's a little bit like STEMI QT but for more complicated devices, like, you know, SPI displays and stuff. So, let's see if I can get to focus in. I think it doesn't like how bright it is. There you go. So this is just, you know, doing a little demo where it displays an image, a bitmap off of the SD onto the TFT and then it inverts the display back and forth so I know the communication is working. So there are two boards that I got. And then I also have the 5x5 NeoPixel, you know, shield thing and I didn't put that together yet. But actually while I was working on this, I ended up doing an, you know, an INA 228 design that I did a long time ago. I finally got to, I was like, I really needed something to monitor the battery going back and forth.  And then I looked all around here. It was like, it was like 11 o'clock at night. I didn't have one. And so I was like, well, you know, good incentive to put together the INA 228 prototype and I got that up and going. It's a very nice chip, unfortunately, you can't get it. So when the INA 228 is around, it's a 20-bit ADC power monitoring and it does coolant counting and it does current and wattage calculation. It's actually pretty, it's pretty sweet. So I did that. I'm also trying to crank through a bunch of designs. Ironically, because it's Chinese New Year, things are a little quieter for me, which means that I can like kind of sit down and just like get through a bunch of designs where I've like made the prototype but I actually have to finish it, right? Like it's not enough to design the PCB and order five prototypes. I have to like finish the design, test it, make sure to make any mistakes, write any code, penalize the PCB, order it, you know, all that stuff. And it doesn't take a long time, but it's like, it's not as shiny and fun. So one thing I did also was a couple of revisions. And one of these revisions is the DRV8. You can sort of see that this is buzzing here. It's a vibrational motor driver that uses I squared C which is quite nice. You know, it's great if you just want to like really quickly add some like effects to a buzzer. The DRV2605 does like double tap and like ramping for you. And it actually makes the buzzing feel kind of like more fun than just like on and off. Like it can do kind of effects. And it has, I think like a hundred different effects built in. So this is going to be STEMI QTFied which is wonderful. Trying to get through all of the designs for the last like 10 plus years and get them into STEMI QT format. And you know, I have to wait till I'm out and then for a couple designs, I'm going to keep the old one because it's the shape is so useful for people. Like they really want to design that break out into a PCB and they don't want it to change. And so, you know, I revised the ADS1015 which is a very, very popular and all digital converter over I squared C and they made it STEMI QT format. But I actually think I'm going to carry both styles because just so many people have designed in the old version. So that's that. And then, yeah, this TFT also, this is a nice like 1.9 TFT, it's very long and it's got this FPC connector but it's quite nice IPS display. So a lot of like new stuff is coming out and then we got a shipment of same D21s which I ordered like almost a year ago. And these are the E18s which I used for the Gemma, the Trinket M0 and all the Trinkies.  And instead of designing and not getting chips, I was like, well, I'll just, I'll just do something else and we'll get back to it later. So one of the ones that I started to design but didn't finish was the VFD Trinkie. So this is a IN3A, I think, yeah, so you can see even, sorry, IV3A. You can see the Russian text on the back. If you're made in the 80s, this is kind of cool like Russian retro technology. They're not as beautiful kind of as Nixie tubes. Nixie tubes have this really nice orange glow. VFDs have a blue glow. But here's what I think about VFDs. You can get them, they're less expensive and you don't need like 200 volts. You only need like 20 to 30 volts to drive them. They give you a nice blue glow. And so, you know, I figured out the pinout for these. I don't have my 30 volt power supply here on my desk. So check out the video that Phil posted on the YouTube where I show off the VFD display. I'm posting it tomorrow. Sorry, check it out tomorrow. Yeah, I did a clue of what it is on our social media channels and it's not the thing that they dropped into NEO or at the time, this is for Anderson to bug him. But it looks pretty close though. Video comes out tomorrow. Yeah. So I, so check that out. I'll just Google for VFD tubes. You used to stock a display called the Ice Tube but then I couldn't get the tubes for a reasonable price. Like when I first came out with the design it could get 1,000 tubes for like $2 a piece and it was great for a kit. And then the price went up to 30 bucks a piece.  It was like $5 a piece but there just weren't thousands of it anymore. So we ended up stopping making the kit. But this little tube is cute and small. It's only a single digit. So I thought I would design a trinket. So let's... Just on a slide note, there was a mean guy that would send us nasty emails and stuff and say, you're using up all the tubes, you shouldn't use the tubes. My opinion about this is, what are you saving them for? Yeah. What are you waiting for? He was worried that these tubes would be put to a good use. They were being used. Yeah. No, he was worried they would actually be used. And so I didn't really like that but I'm glad that we might have another thing for people to check out. It's cool technology. And this is a nod to the past so we can build cool things in the future. Yes. And we're not gonna make you a thousand of these trinkets. They're not forever trinkets. Yes. They're a limited edition, not forever trinkets. So let's go to the computer and I can show you the design. I don't think we'll say not forever trinkets when it come up with an acronym if that makes sense. Yeah, like something that's kind of catchy that people will like. I don't know. All right. Well, we're gonna talk about that called the Ice Tube Trinkie. Yeah. So this is the standard USB connection. You got the SAMD 21E, I like it because you don't need like one component to get this running like two capacitors and a button. And then here you can see this circular design of the VFD. So they actually use the Eagle CAD Make Circular because I had never used it before and I was like, well, they will actually place pads in a circular pattern. So it's like, this is my chance and yeah, I worked fine. What did you do before? Just like math, a lot of signing because I'm just the math. So the tube kind of comes out here and you saw it from the bottom and then I've got transistor driver. So you see here there's like one, two, three, four dual NPN transistors and then pull up resistors. And the reason you can do this instead of actually driving 20 volts in you use a pull up and then you pull down to disable it is the 20 to 30 volts is a signal. It's a biasing voltage. You don't need, it's not that powering current that's the heater. Like the heater is what's drawing like 20, 30 plus milliamps. The signal to the 20, 30 volts to signal the, each filament, sorry, each segment to be on is like maybe a milliamp or so. It's very, very little. And so you can use a pull up resistor. I'll probably need to use like one K pull ups but it's powered to USB and look, this is, I had to make it fit and this was the only way to make the design a reasonable size. So it's kind of like the, it's kind of like a key shaped, right? Some sides are like a key that's in your key chain. Does have a lot of circuitry cause you need a boost converter and I also have a transistor to turn on and off the filament. But what I did is I connected the enable pin of the boost converter. First off, I pulled it down low by default. I can't get this to my controller pin. So, you know, when it comes up the boost converters off and so those filaments aren't going to be on. So don't have to worry about that. And then that's our segments will be on and then when I'm ready, I'll set all the NPNs to be low or turn them on so that the filament voltages or the segment voltage is off. Sorry, yes, it's low, it's off. And then I'll turn on the boost converter and that way, you know, I don't end up like turning on all the filament segments all at once. And that should be fine except I keep saying filaments when I mean segments. And then this is each, you know, NPN I got eight NPNs, one for each segment. And this is what the, what it looks like. You know, you've got eight segments, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and then dots, ground, the cathode, sorry, the grid voltage which is again that 20 volts. That's what activates the vacuum fluorescence. And then the cathode, which is the heater. And for that you need about, I think it's like 30 or 40 milliamps at one volt. If you can generate a volt, great.  And I put it on a PNP to be able to disable it also to, you know, not have it on at first and then I can turn it on when I'm ready to light up. So I think this should work out. I mean, I did work with VFTs on the ice two clock, but it's been, it's been like a decade. So I'm gonna have to remember like all the details of it. But I think it should be okay. I got like 10 of these little tubes on hand and I'll send out this PCB. And, you know, you'll be able to do circuit pipe on VFT, it'll be kind of cute. Very fun. Okay. All right. Do you want to do the grid search? Yes. Is there any questions before we? Ever thought of some input feathers, optical isolating feather, voltage divider feather, maybe a 74 HCT 40 50 feather with up to 15 volt inputs or something for vehicles. Love me some feather. Yeah. I haven't thought of that. I mean, I think that's a good thing that, you know, community member who's experts, I don't have a vehicle. So it's like, if I made it, I wouldn't necessarily know how best to make it work. I did design a Ken feather wing.  Like I was like about to buy a thousand and they're gone and they've been gone. And it's one of the ones where, you know, it's just not, maker chip is not making them right now. So it's kind of a bummer because like the code was ready and everything was ready. A few chips were like that. I designed to a pretty much ready to go. And then I had to sort of pivot. So the thing about VFTs is they're not making them anymore, but they've never been making them anymore. And so I don't have to worry about getting them in a year because they exist now or they'll exist never. That's it. All right. What are the odds someone will take advantage of the VFTs running out and figure out producing more? I think Russia is kind of busy right now invading Ukraine. Yeah, they'll be gonna make VFTs. I mean, not these tubes. They do make VFT displays, like the Noritake displays. They're expensive. They're hot. They look great. We used to stock them, but people weren't willing to pay $100 for a VFT and they've been slowly replaced with TFTs. So there are VFT makers, not for these, not for the tubes for plates. You can get them, but they're slowly but surely kind of ending. You can still see them on cash registers. I don't think they're making a ton of them with them anymore because again, they're much more expensive than LEDs or TFTs. They don't think you need something that bright, but that's where they're used. Well, what would be cool is you'll see us on Desk of Lady Eda and on our shows and you'll be able to get one of these while supplies last literally. Not forever. Not forever, Trinkie series. Sometimes people take the first letter of each thing and they do something, but I don't know. It's just a crazy idea. Okay, let's do the great search. Let's do the great search. The great search brought to you by Digikea and Adafruit every single week. Lady Eda uses her power of engineering to show you how to find things on digikea.com. It's a good thing to know how to do because things are harder to find now. In fact, one of the things that I was going to, I was going to show one of my favorite parts and then it's actually not available, so I'm gonna show how to find an alternative to this part. So let's go to the computer and I'll show what I am working on and what part I'm looking for. So I'm going to be driving a VFD display. VFD displays need 20 to 30 volts to bias the grid and each segment. And so I need 20 volts and my thing is running off of five volts. And here's the good news. The 20 to 30 volts, you don't need a lot of current. You only need about 10 milliamps or so, which is not a lot. It's just basically to kind of bias it. The current draw isn't high. It's just the voltage is high. And so if it was like six to 12 volts, six to 10 volts, I might use a switch cap converter because I'm powering this thing off of five and so I have five, I could double that to 10, but like 10 is not high enough and I don't want to get two switch cap converters. Switch cap converters are very inexpensive. They don't have a buzzing. They don't have an inductor and don't have a diode. So they're quite nice in general. And I'll use them when I need like five, six, you know, seven volts from three or five, but in this case, again, I need 20. So what I need is a boost converter. So my favorite is, you know, when I use a lot for OLEDs, also need a biasing voltage. Again, not for, they don't use a lot of current at that biasing voltage, but you need like five to 10 milliamps at, you know, 12 to 18 volts, depending on the style and color. So I kind of come up with a boost converter that I use a lot for all of these devices that need a little bit of a high voltage. And it's based off of the fan 5331. The nice thing about the fan 5331 is it's, it's kind of a nice generic boost converter. You do need a diode. It's not synchronous and you do need an inductor and you need a little resistor divider on the output to set the voltage, but it's a slot 23.5. These are very easy to place. They don't take up a lot of space. They're very easy to use. I've never had an issue. I've never really damaged one. They're not high current boost converters. They're very like dependable, simple ones, and there's an internal MOSFET that's good for, you know, one amp switching, which you don't need to use that. I think the frequency is almost a megahertz. So the high frequency ultra low cost, I think like 20, 30 cents, any easy use. So that's the good news, the bad news is, oh, and this is how I organize my projects. The bad news is the fan 331, at least when I checked earlier today, was not in stock and it's not in stock. It is a great little chip. Again, you know, it's like, you know, 50 cents in quantity, very easy to use, but it's not available. So let's find an alternative. Yeah, that's what we do. I'm gonna be doing this for the next year or so. Lots of alternative findings. Come to my new site, alt.parts. Altparts.com. So the thing that's important to us is we want it to be an active DC DC boost converter with an internal switch and one output. However, the voltage supply can vary, the voltage output, you know, 20 volts or so. The frequency is 1.65, we don't need that. And I really do want it to be a SOP 235. So let's see what comes up. And I actually, this is not the one I wanted. Hold on. Oh, right. So here's the thing about the fan 331. I just forgot to mention. So this actually categorized as an LED driver. So boost converters, you'll find them in both locations on Digi-Key. Some of them show up in LED drivers and some of them show up in DC DC boosts. So just be aware. In this particular case, there are a couple of alternatives, this LM series, which are probably fine and some microchip ones, but I wanted one that was kind of around the same price and also, you know, in stock. And I only think there's like, these are in stock and, you know, they're not too expensive to like $1, $1.50, but I wanted one that was cheaper. So I'm actually gonna go for, I'm gonna search for DC DC boost and that'll take me to a different category, switching regulators, not controllers. I want the regulators cause the regulators will have internal switches and they'll like regulate the voltage for you, whereas the controller is just like the PWM controller. Okay, so I want active and I want one output. I want it to be surface mount. So select that, bigger. And I want it to be that five SOT. So I'm gonna pick five T-SOT and then SOT 23.5. And I think, this is always confusing cause there's like lots of different names, but T-SOT 23.5 and then, yeah, I think that's good. I remember the part I found after to remember what it was and then I want it to be a positive step up with adjustable output because I wanna, you know, set it to 20 volts and that's usually not a default output. And then when I search down here, oh, and then I wanna make sure that the voltage, sorry, I forgot to mention, I want the voltage output to be at least 20 volts because I need to have that 20 volts bias. So I'm going to skip all the ones that are five, six volts output. And then everything else here looks okay. Right, so this actually is what ended up coming up. So I've never used this part before, but it's very promising. So the AP3012KTR, which has 120,000 volts in stock, which is kind of sweet. And the pricing is, you know, 15, 20 cents. So this is a adjustable boost. You can give it 2.6 volts to 16 volts in and you can set the output to be 1.25 to 29 volts. There's an internal 500 milliamp switch. Don't forget the switch volt, the switch current doesn't tell you the output. You can rough it as the output voltage divided by the input voltage divided by the switch tells you the current output. So if my input is three volts and my output is 30 volts, then the switch, that's, you know, that's a 10 times multiply, three to 30. The 500 milliamp switch, I have to divide that by 10 by like whatever the amount I'm boosting because it's like the switch is from the input, not the output side. So this will give me 50 milliamps output, which is still plenty, right? Even in worst case usage, although honestly I'm giving going to be five to 20 volts probably. So I can get like, you know, basically 50 to 100 milliamps out of this. It's a SOP 23. And then this is the pinout for the fan 331. So switch, ground, feedback, shutdown, VIN. And then this is the output for the K package of the AP3012, also switch, ground, feedback, shutdown, VIN. So this will be useful. I think there's another one of these. One second. There is the E and the G. Well, that's probably a temperature thing. Let's use the compare. Can I compare? I've never used the compare. Okay. So this one's a little more expensive. Step up. These look very similar. This is E versus G. It's probably like a percentage rating or something like one or two percent accuracy and maybe like the behavior when it latches up. So I'll look at what the difference between the East type and the G type is, but it's cheaper than the fan 5331. So I'm actually gonna pick up some of these and I might use them in some of my designs because like, if I can save 30 cents in this chip, like there's 120,000 stock, which means it's probably gonna like, sometimes it's like the more there's in stock, the more I trust it. So I think that this is a good pick. So I'm going to pick up some of these. AP3012 from Diodes Inc. I do like the AP2112. It's my favorite regulator. So it's gonna be my new favorite distributor. She do a segment in the future favorite regulator. And no, the AP2112 is like, is like pretty sweet. All right. Is that the great search? That's the great search. And that's a great search. Okay. I'm gonna do a couple of comments that came in and then we're gonna do a couple of questions. Some nice kudos on the great search segment. Really up my game when it comes to finding replacement and original parts for a lot of work projects. I feel that you must be great at the game. Connect four. It's true. Awesome searching. I find I learned a ton from these segments just from watching which perimeters like Diodes decides are important and not important. And it's cool to watch our narrow down to the best choice. Okay. So the question, this one came into discord. Yeah. Question for Lady Eda. Person's on mobile. So it'll be brief. Is there a reason there isn't a way to turn on a pattern of LEDs at full brightness off in the AW9523 library? I'm planning on writing one. And I'm wondering if there is a structural reason to do that or something dangerous to the chip I should be worried about. No, I think the way I wrote the library is just simplicity, which is you turn on each LED in a row. I don't think I set up so you can write all of them at once, but you can adapt the library. If necessary, there might be an output setter where you can set them. I mean, check the header. Like sometimes I have the ability to set like the entire register at once. It's just a little bit more dangerous, right? Because you're writing all of the pins. And most people, I like to make it so it's like you're only doing one thing at a time. Okay. And then next up, this isn't a question. It's kind of fun. This is why we do what we do. One of the reasons is from Jim, fun story today. Went to a friend's house to help her shovel out from the snowstorm yesterday. After her done, she pulled out an old floppy disk that she found in some 12 year old files that she asked, is there anything I could do with it? The answer is, yeah, you'll be able to do a lot of cool stuff with floppies and we'll have some projects more continuous day too. Hold tight, keep that safe. We have a lot of things that'll help everyone rediscover all sorts of things. Don't put it on your files. Don't put it on something magnetic, just hold on to it. All right. And then do you have a matching inductor you prefer?  So I have a different inductor. I do have a simple 10 microfarad inductor, macro Henry inductor that I use for a lot of designs. It's like a simple surface mount one. But the inductors really do have to be tuned to whatever it is that you're using. So check the data sheet for the specs. I think one of the first great searches we did was how to spec an inductor. Yeah.  No, but I'm also not doing analog stuff. Okay. Do you use PWM for LED lighting? Yes, you will. You have the good way to do it. Or constant current is preferable. Pick whichever one you can. Pick your poison. Okay. That looks like all the questions. Thank you, everybody. Thanks, everybody. So much. We'll keep you entertained throughout the week. Hopefully inspire you to share your projects, your work, your code with one another, help uplift one another and more. We do this every single week. We'll see everybody next week. We're going to hopefully not get too flooded here. I'm now looking at that. In our apartment, yeah. The bucket is, I took my trash can. From the desk of Lady Aida, we'll probably be buckets to collect some of the water. But we'll see everybody during the week and thank you so much for joining us and thank you for all your support. Keeping us going, visit Adafruit.com and pick up something that pays the bills for these skills. All right, everybody. Thanks, everybody. Bye-bye.


Welcome to our review for the final exam for math 1060, trigonometry for students at Southern Utah University. As usual, I'm your professor, Dr. Andrew Missildine. In the final review, we're going to want to go through this pretty quickly because there's a lot of stuff one could talk about. The basic structure of the exams can be like the previous midterm exam, so I don't want to spend too much on that issue. There'll be two sections, a calculator section and a non-calculator section. The non-calculator section, there'll be multiple choice and the calculator section will be free response. You must show all of your work to get full credit. There will be 15 questions in the multiple choice section and 10 questions in the free response section. The time, place, and manner of the final exam changes from semester to semester, so I won't put that in this video. Instead, take a look at the core syllabus or Canvas or talk to me, your instructor, to get that information, right? This final exam is a comprehensive final exam, meaning that it potentially covers every topic we have studied this semester, including those topics that did not appear on exam three, like complex numbers, parametric equations, and polar coordinates and such. So we're going to talk about those topics in this exam and to, I'm going to point out what you should be aware of as you're studying for the exam. The short answer is you should really have to study everything they've learned because it's a comprehensive exam. In addition to this review video, this practice exam, the three previous exams that we've taken, their practice exams are good study tools for this test, with their accompanies syllabi, of course. And then I should also mention that the actual exams one, two, and three that you took in this class are also potential questions you could see again. They give you examples. So the three practice exams, for example, one, two, and three, the actual exams you took for one, two, and three, those six exams plus this practice exam are all tools you can use to prepare for the final exam. Some questions that you'll see in this practice exam didn't appear on any previous exams. I will specifically point those out when necessary so special emphasis can be placed upon those. So let's get into it. Some questions will have a lot of variability, some not so much. And I'll point those things out as we go through this exam. All of these tests will be, of course, randomly generated. So the things you see on this practice exam are only samples of what you could see on the final exam that you take and things you don't see on this practice exam. That doesn't mean it won't be on your final exam. Again, this is just an example, just a practice. And I want to point out to you the types of questions you should be expecting. So question number one, you will be given something very similar to this right here. That is, you'll be given the graph of some trigonometric function, maybe sine, cosine, tangent, secant, whatever. You'll be given the graph of the function and you'll be asked to identify what is the correct equation that gives you this graph. So we should be looking at things like period, amplitude, x-intercepts, reflections, the midline to help us out here. It is a multiple choice question. So at the very least, you could try to solve this by process of elimination. Removing answers you know are going to be incorrect. This question is similar to what we saw on exam two, number three. All right, the exact same type of question there. Question number two is going to be a question coming from exam number one. In this version of the question, you're asking about the midpoint. Here's two points, find the midpoint. Some variations we saw of this question were like find the distance between two points. We could also ask to find the equation of a circle, the general equation of a circle. These were all topics we saw on exam number one. This distance and midpoint question was asked in question number three. The question about circles themselves from question number four. So go back to exam one materials to help you study this type of question here. Question number three is going to be a topic from exam two. And it's going to have to do with inverse trigonometry. So like this one right here, we have cosine of sine inverse of x. How can you rewrite that without any trigonometry purely in algebraic form? That's something we did for question number seven on exam two. But also question number one about, can you compute something like tangent inverse of one? Can you do that without a calculator? That type of question you'll see. So question number three will be about inverse trigonometric functions. Question number two is going to be about a geometric question that doesn't really involve triangles whatsoever. Very elementary geometry stuff we did back in chapter one. Question number four has one of the most variety of all question types. But it's probably also going to be one of the easiest questions you can see on this final exam. Most of the variants you can see here will come from exam one. So this one wants you to convert from degrees to radians, but you could go from radians to degrees the other way around. Could you compute something like sine of say 150 degrees? Right? Could you compute something like cosine of 11 pi six? So using special angles and things that reference the special angles, either in degrees or in radians, could you compute those without your calculator? Or heck, could you just calculate the reference angle? If your angle is 150 degrees, can you compute its reference angle of 30 degrees? And so there's a lot of questions one gets from this. So on exam one, you have question number one, you did something like this question number five as well, where some questions we saw on exam one that you could do this, do things like this. I'm also putting it as a possible variation of this question from exam number two question number four. So as a reminder, on question number four from exam two, it's the same basic idea. Can you compute something like sine of 150 cosine of 11 pi six or what have you? But I actually didn't use one of the five standard angles. So not zero, 30, 60, 45 and 90, you should know those and those things that reference to it. On exam two, it was like, can you do sine of 15 degrees or cosine of 75 degrees? So using some of the trigonometric identities that we've learned, can we compute those? So for example, 15 degrees is 45, take away 30 degrees or you could use a half angle identity. 75 is 30 degrees plus 45 degrees. So using identities and special angles, can you compute this without a calculator? And I should of course mention that for the multiple choice section of the final exam, you will have the same formula sheet that you've used on the previous exams. Moving on to the next question number five. This question you see is asking a question about angular velocity. And so this was some of the stuff we learned about in chapter three of our series. And particularly this shows up on exam one, some of these applications of circles we've seen. So things like, can you compute the arc length?  Can you find the sector area? That is the area of a pizza slice. So we got that the area is equal to one half r squared theta or in this case, can you do angular velocity where velocity v is equal to r omega? One thing that's very important with all of these formulas about angular velocity arc length are areas, the sector of an area. Your angle measure always has to be in radians in order to use this. The arc length formula, dependent upon radians and then these other ones derive from it and thus have that same requirement. You do have to use radian measure in all of these examples. So some conversion might be necessary. Some other units of conversion might be necessary as well. So you should know how to convert from degrees to radians. You should know how to convert from revolutions to radians. One revolution is one complete circle. That would be, of course, two pi radians. And also convert measurements of time and distance if necessary for a question like this. So we saw questions like this back on exam number one. I said, particularly question number six and number eight and the multiple choice section of exam one were similar to these type of things. And another question I should mention, number eight. So this is in line with question number six. Number eight was things like if you have the unit circle and here's a point, here's this, here's the x-coordinate, here's the y-coordinate. And then this gives us an angle of some kind, theta. Can you find cosine of theta? Can you find y, sine of theta? Well, that's just the x or y-coordinate. Could you find tangent? Well, that would be the ratio. So how does the unit circle give us trigonometry? What is circle trigonometry? That's what question number five is all about, that's circle trigonometry. Question number six is going to be a question about solving trigonometric equations. So we actually did this on exam three, in which case there is two questions in the multiple choice section, seven and eight. Question number seven was a basic equation of solving trigonometric, that is a basic trigonometric equation. Question number eight was when you change the periods, like this is a cosine of two theta. So how does that affect things? Be prepared to solve just a basic linear trigonometric equation where the period may or may not be changed. Question number seven, I'm going to kind of squeeze a lot of the graphical questions we've done on previous exams into this little botch, this little batch I should say, because it makes it easier to format the page. This is a question about finding the area of a triangle. So area we talked about on exam three, of course. In particular, when it came to finding the area that was question number five from exam number three. We learned a couple of different formulas like Huron's formula. If we have a side angle side situation, if we have an angle side angle situation, how do you find the area? You should know those area formulas in order to do that. But some other triangle diagrams we saw on previous exams, particularly exam number one, we had questions similar to number seven, number nine and number 10. Again, just as a reminder, questions nine and 10 from exam one, this was where we were given a triangle and asked to do some basic SO-KATOA trigonometry, like here's a three, four, five triangle, what's cosine of that triangle, what's sine of that angle, things like that. 30, 60, 90 triangles, 45, 45, 90 triangles, those type of calculations. Question number seven had to do with like the alternate interior angle theorem. So when we have parallel lines and we have a transversal, when can we guarantee that angles are congruent, vertical angles, supplementary angles, complementary angles, that type of business, course one and angles, all of that jazz. We had a question like that on exam number one, that was number seven, if I remember correctly. You could have one of those questions as a variant on number seven. Question number eight is going to be a question about complex numbers. We saw them sort of on exam three, sort of, right? Particularly question number four, what I mean by that is, unlike every other chapter, chapter three actually got broke up between exams. In fact, exam three did cover section 10.1 about complex numbers, but it actually only covered like the first half of 10.1, just the algebraic stuff. Can you add, subtract, multiply, divide complex numbers in their Cartesian form? You should be able to do that. Question eight could ask you to do something like that. But all of like the trigonometry we did with complex numbers, that didn't show up on exam three, but those questions did get covered in this class and thus could show up in the final exam. So for this version of question number eight, I wanted to give you a version of complex algebra that actually relies on trigonometry. So for example, these complex numbers are in polar form, they're in the trigonometric form, and you have to square them, right? Turns out the polar form actually makes it easier to do that. And so this is a good new question you can look at to help you prepare for and get anticipation on what type of things you could do. Can we multiply complex numbers in polar form? Can we divide complex numbers in polar form? Or in this case, can we take exponents of complex numbers in polar form? We should be prepared how to do that. In particular, this is stuff we did in section 10.2. Could we also just convert a complex number to polar form or back again? We will do that but not on this question. I'll actually show you where that shows up a little bit later. Section 10.3 will show up in the free response section, so we'll put a pin in that for right now. Question number nine is going to be a question involving trigonometric identities of some kind. So your formula sheet will be very helpful for this one. Trigonometric identities was the primary topic of exam number two. And so one version, so one type of question we saw on exam number two, number nine, like you see right here, we're given some type of trigonometric expression. We're given a trigonometric substitution and we're supposed to substitute this into the trigonometry and simplify it into just an algebraic thing. Since we have a cosine of 2 theta, a double angle identity seems appropriate here. Some other things we did on exam number two, you could have a product of some trig functions or some of trig functions and using the product to sum or sum to product identities, you can convert it into a product or sum depending on the direction you're told. That was like question number six. And then then also, can you compute trigonometric expressions using identities of some kind, like, oh, if sine theta is equal to one fifth and you're in the first quadrant, what's cosine of 2 theta? So using some identities, can we compute things like that? These are some questions that we saw on exam number two. You'll be asked one of those randomly for question number nine. So it's going to be a basic calculation that involves trigonometric identities of some kind. Question number 10 is going to be a new question and it's going to be about parametric equations. So this is what we did in section 11.1 in our series. That was not on any of the previous exams. So you will be asked a single multiple choice question about parametric equations. And so think about what we did in that homework assignments that if I remember correctly, that should be homework 35, I believe, about parametric equations. You'll be asked a multiple choice question very similar to what you saw in the homework. So be prepared for that on question number 10. Question number 11, this is what I forecast towards earlier. You're given a complex number in Cartesian form. Can you switch it to polar form? This is like we did in section 10.1, right? That did not show up on exam three, but it was something we talked about. So can you convert complex numbers to polar form or vice versa? Some other questions from exam three that you could be asked here instead, like questions number one and six from exam number three. Given a vector in geometric form, can we convert it to algebraic form? Or given a vector in algebraic form, can we convert it to geometric form? Can we find the components of the vector? This is essentially the same question because our whole coverage of complex numbers in chapter 10 was just about thinking of complex numbers as vectors in the plane. So this is like the vector 11. So this is the algebraic representation of the vector, finding its mod just an argument. It's just like finding its magnitude and direction. So the two questions are basically the same. So question 11 will ask you either about complex numbers, thinking of those vectors or just vectors themselves and convert between the two different representations we have. Question number 12 will be about polar coordinates. So you'll be given a point in either polar coordinates and asked to convert it to rectangular coordinates or you'll be given a rectangular point in Cartesian coordinates and asked to convert it to polar coordinates. So be able to convert back and forth between them. So this is a new question. We start talking about polar coordinates in section 11.2. But I should mention questions 11 and 12 are basically the same question, although the language is a little bit different. All right. So be aware that we've done the same problem three times with complex numbers, with vectors, and with polar coordinates, this conversion. And this really is just so katoa, right triangle trigonometry. If you know that, you're gonna be okay on a lot of these questions. Question number 13 will be another question about vectors. It won't require you to convert between the two representations, but you could do that potentially if you wanted to. One question could ask you about work, like this one right here, for which work is the dot product between force and displacement. We should be able to do that either algebraically, like this one's presented or geometrically. Could we also compute dot products, dot products or linear combinations? Can we add, subtract, scale vectors? That's the type of stuff you'll be doing on question number 13, some computation with vectors. And so this is stuff we saw on exam number three, particularly questions two, three, and nine from the multiple choice sections or what you could be given again. And what I say could be, basic idea of this exam is actually written by a computer program that I wrote, which the way it works is I actually have pools of questions, different types of questions I like to give to students. And then I just tell the computer, randomly pick from these pools. That's how we do the midterm exams. For the final exam, since it's comprehensive, it's like, oh, pick randomly one of the question pools and then randomly pick a question out of it. So when I say things like two, three, and nine, I'm saying this question on the final exam will randomly select a question either from pool two, pool three, pool nine, from question, or from exam number three. That's what I'm trying to describe here. Question number 14 will be a question about graphs of trigonometric functions, although you won't be asked to graph anything. So this will give you like the equation of a trigonometric function and you'll be asked to identify what's its amplitude or what's its period. Was there a vertical shift by how much? Was it reflected? Those type of questions, where's the vertical asymptotes, where's the x intercepts, where's the midline? Those type of questions we can glean from the formula of a trigonometric function that's related to its graph. Question number 14 that you see on the screen right now is a variant of that. It actually kind of goes the other way around. You have to actually set up a model for simple harmonic motion, given its amplitude and its period, and go from there. So again, that's stuff we did in our unit about graphing trigonometric functions. So as you're preparing for question number 14, you should be going back to exam number two, right? Particularly questions two and five. Give you some other examples of what you might see for question number 14. And now the last question, the multiple choice section will be question number 15. This is yet another new question. It's a question about polar functions. So this comes from 11.2. In this situation, you'll be given a polar graph and asked to come up with the polar equation that gives this. So this is kind of like question number one at the beginning of this multiple choice section, which in that one, you're given a Cartesian trigonometric function and asked to identify, that is given the Cartesian graph of a trigonometric function. Question number 15, you'll be given the polar graph of a trigonometric function and you'll be asked to identify it. Just like question number one, the process of elimination might be sufficient that you can rule out specific functions because it's like, oh, this point, if I were to like, oh, you know, if theta equals zero, that would be two plus three should be five. Oh, that doesn't work out. You can use points to help you out on this one, just like you could on the previous one. The previous one was probably a lot easier because we spent a whole lot more time graphing Cartesian trigonometric functions, but trigonometric polar functions, we spent a little bit of time on. We talked about limousines and cardioids and roses and things like that or daisies, whatever you want to call that flower. So you should have some proficiency there, but I don't expect complete mastery on a question like number 15. So the process of elimination is an appropriate tool to use on question number 15. And that then brings us to the end of the multiple choice section. So continuing on to the free response, remember the free response section, you won't have your formula sheet anymore, but you will be allowed a calculator and you have your note card which you can use as well. So make sure you fill that note card with useful things, right? Question number 16 will be a question about applications, like story problems, right? Oh, assuming I can spell this word, applications. Story problems we saw on exam number one. So what were some of the things we saw? We saw some circle applications. So you had some story problems which basically boiled down to either finding arc length or area of a sector or in this example, you have to find the angular velocity with some bike that's spinning or something, or excuse me, this one, you have to find the linear velocity translated from the angular velocity, okay? We also did some story problems involving triangles. So like how tall is that tree, how tall is the building, angles of inclination, those type of things. So those types of questions we saw on our first unit on exam one, on exam one specifically, we had questions 15 and 13, 13 and 15, 13 was about triangle applications, 15 was about circle applications. Be prepared to answer one of those types of story problems. Question number 17 is a new question and it's exclusively covering section 10.3 about complex roots. How do you find the square root? How do you find the cube root? How do you find the fourth root of a complex number or how do you use that to solve a polynomial equation that is find all of its complex roots? The basic idea is you wanna switch this number into complex, the polar form, excuse me, and then in polar form finding the roots is easy and then you have to switch it back to Cartesian form at the end. This might be one of the most challenging questions on the test. It's worth the most points. Six points doesn't necessarily sound like a lot but there's 25 questions total. In the multiple choice section, I should have mentioned this earlier, all of the questions are worth three points each and it's all or nothing of course for each question. You only get credit for selecting the correct response. In the free response section, some questions are worth five points, some are worth six points, the harder ones of course are worth six points and partial credit is possible for partially correct work there. Question number 18 will be a question when you're asked to grab a trigonometric function. This is stuff we did in exam number two. You'll particularly remember on exam number two, we had questions like number 10, number, what was the other ones? 14 and 15 from that exam where we had to specifically graph trigonometric functions given the graph. So we could graph something with sign, cosine, tangent, secant, cotangent, c, cosy, can't be prepared to graph any of those. Remember question number 15 from exam two, which is actually where this question was drawn from for the practice exam. This one actually requires we apply trigonometric identities first. So we don't know how to graph something like sine squared, but using the right trigonometric identity, we actually can convert this into something much easier to graph, something we do know how to graph and then we would graph it here, number 18. Question number 19, there's two variants for this question and they both come from exam one. The first one, what you see on the screen right now, this was similar to question number 12. That is, given a diagram involving the unit circle and similar triangles, you're going to use circle trigonometry plus your knowledge of similar triangles to verify that some, one of these line segments is equal to a trigonometric ratio. Like this one right here is tangent. That's what you're asked to prove. You might be asked to prove that this one, if I remember correctly, I think that's secant or whatever. Again, I'm not positive at the top of my head. Pretty sure that's secant. I'm pretty sure this one's cotangent and this one is cosy, can't remember correctly. You can try to verify them on your own if you want to practice a question like number 19. How do you practice it? We'll try those other ones I just mentioned. So you could be given something like we saw on question number 12 from exam one. Also another question you could be given with something like question number 14. So this is one where you have like, you have like triangles and lines and you knew something about this angle, this angle, this angle. So that adds up to 180. Maybe you knew something about these two angles. Those are supplementary angles. And that is, there are some variables in play like variable X, variable Y. So using properties of angles like, oh, angle sum adds up to 180 degrees. Supplementary angles add up to be 180 degrees as well. Complimentary angles add up to be 90 degrees. Vertical angles are congruent. Alternative angles are congruent. Correspondent angles are congruent. That type of stuff we learned about in chapter one. Can you set up and solve a system of linear equations to find out the variables X and Y? That was a question we saw. That was number 14 on exam one. You'll be given one of those here for question number 19. It's worth five points. All right, moving our way along. Question number 20. Well, you'll be given an oblique triangle like you see in this diagram right here and you'll be asked to solve it. So using a combination of the law of cosines and the law of signs, solve for this triangle. Find the missing pieces. You'll be given three pieces, some combination of sides and angles and you have to find the remaining ones. Beware of the ambiguous case though because there could be multiple solutions. There could be two triangles. There might be none, right? And so if there's two triangles, you need to just give me both solutions for full credit. If there's no solutions, you need to provide evidence why it cannot be solved. If there's only one solution, you would have to then give me that solution but also explain why there's not a second solution. That's why this one's also worth six points. There's a lot that can go into solving these oblique triangles. These type of questions showed up on exam number three. If you want some more practice, I'll look at questions 11, 12 and 15 or look at their corresponding sections in our lecture series. On this final exam, you will have to prove some trigonometric identities. In fact, there'll be two identities you have to prove. There's going to be question number 21, which is on the easier side of things. I'm actually just pulling this question directly from exam to question number 12. Not the same question you've gotten necessarily. It'll be randomized, but you'll be given a fairly straightforward trigonometric identity just using the fundamental identities. There'll be another one that shows up a little bit later. It's question number 24. Will you be asked to prove a trigonometric identity that involves the more exotic identities? When you're proving a trigonometric identity, remember the things you need to do. First, you need to work from the left-hand side, working all the way to the right-hand side. If you want to start on the right-hand side, move left, that's okay, not a big deal. Never work on both sides simultaneously. It needs to always be connected by equal signs. Some expression is equal to some other expression. If you don't include equal signs, it's not actually a proof of a trigonometric identity. We need to connect expressions by equal signs. Every step, as you go from one side of the equal sign to the other, that step shouldn't be too big. It should be like, oh, I applied one fundamental identity, or I did one algebraic thing, like I simplified a fraction or factored it. Every step should be fairly justifiable. If you take too big of a step where it's like, well, is that step so big? Do you even know how you got there, or is that just a guess? If it's ambiguous, I can't give you credit for it. So make sure you have good communication with a trigonometric identity. A trigonometric identity is not a calculation. The final answer is not something you just put in a box, because the whole proof is the answer, right? And proper communication is necessary to get full credit on these identities, like this one or question number 24. Question number 22 will be one that basically requires you to draw a right triangle diagram of some kind. So you're going to draw a triangle. That doesn't exactly look like a right triangle, but you'll forgive me for that. Right triangle of some kind, theta. And so using some Sokotoa, you're going to get things like opposite, hypotenuse, adjacent. You can unravel information using this right triangle diagram. In this situation, that's very useful when you're dealing with these inverse trigonometric functions. Perhaps the right triangle diagram will actually be given to you.  Be prepared to be working with some right triangle type questions, right triangle trigonometry, some more advanced questions, like inverse trigonometry, some diagrams of various things involved here. So the question you see on the screen, this actually came from exam number two. This was question 11. But also going back to exam number one, if you grab question 11 there, that's also another example that you should be prepared how to do. Question number 23 will be a story problem involving vectors. So this will be things like static equilibrium, headings, airspeed versus ground speed. Some type of, again, story problem involving vectors of some kind. You can solve the problem geometrically. That's how it'll be presented. You can do that doing some type of triangle chase of some kind. But you could also do it completely algebraically. If you want to convert all the vectors to algebraically, then you can avoid things like the law of sines and cosines and even what the heck is this angle right here. That's an option if you want to. But question number 23 will be a story problem involving vectors, just like we saw on exam number three. Particularly, this is question number 14. All right. Question number 24, I did already mention. This is a trigonometric proof. It'll be a little bit more advanced than question number 21. This one's worth six points instead of five points. And so thus bringing us to the last question on this review. Question number 25, which will be a question about solving a trigonometric equation. It won't be a linear equation. It'll be more advanced. It'll basically be quadratic of some kind, like you'll need to factor it or use the quadratic formula. Trigonometric identities might be appropriate. Notice I have a cosine here and a secant here. That's incompatible. So you might need to use a trigonometric identity to help you out here. We saw these types of equations on exam number three. Look at exam, look at questions 10 and 13 for some more examples or go back to the syllabus, the exam syllabi or their corresponding sections for some more practice. So that gets us through the the the practice final exam. I should mention that although we went through it very, very quickly we did talk about basically every single topic that we've talked about in this semester perhaps just a few emissions. So we really shouldn't be focusing on what do I not need to study because that's not going to do us a lot of good. We really do need to prepare to do everything. And so the things that you're really good at might not require as much practice but things you really struggle on those are things worth practicing some more. Of course if you can form study groups with your classmates go to the tutoring center look for other resources to help you prepare. I of course am available to help you as you study for this exam. Best of luck to you all and I hope it goes well for everyone. But in the meanwhile let me know if you have any questions and I'll be I'll be glad to answer them.