Before we move on to missing middle. I just would like. Ellen, your name has been invoked. In terms of maybe knowing more. About the history of taking. We're moving. In one of the drafts removing. The community wastewater system. Could you educate us a little bit about this issue perhaps. No. I guess I would just add so the. Can you, can you be more specific? What community. The. What section are you talking about? Um, Section to a, I think. Oh, oh, oh, from that, from the neighborhood, the neighborhood, the designated neighborhood development area. Requirements. Right. Yeah. Oh, okay. And you wanted to know what. I just wanted to understand. Peter mentioned you being involved in some meetings around this. And I just wanted to understand. What's going on. My understanding is that it's. That in five 11. The stakeholders got together and they saw this as. An impediment. Housing development. And so I'm just trying to understand. Why. It may have been part of the requirements. For designation and what's the ramifications potentially of taking it. Senator, I was in, I was in those discussions as well. And it's simply a technical correction. It's simply that. It's just a technical correction. It's just a technical correction. And it's just a technical correction. So if you're talking about those, you're going to need a permit to have any sort of wastewater. Um, location. I mean, we as a group, I believe Ellen was on some of these, the, um, Regina. Um, that, uh, Bennington regional planning commission executive director and others debated this over and over there, whether we should just leave the language. Because then it. People wouldn't feel like we're taking away a requirement to have a permitted wastewater system. And in some locales, folks may, um, have a wastewater solution in a neighborhood development area. That isn't technically a, an alternative system. And that still may work and they'll still have to get a permit. So that calling it out those specific elements served no purpose because your course, you're going to have to have a permitted system in order to put new housing units in it. So it's not really meant to, I think, give people this much pause, put it back in, leave it out. The end result is the same. You're going to need permits in order to build housing units in those areas. But I thought the way I. Was reading as a layperson. The permits you would need, uh, under existing law to have the designation had to be sort of. Congregate or community based and taking it out. Does that allow. Development where every home has its own wastewater system. Um, I really wouldn't work in most situations, but there may be a double lot that you can expand the number of units by having a shared system and certain. It's just giving more options to meet the required wastewater requirements of any housing development in a dense area. Um, if you want more technical, I think the folks that were debating whether to leave as is, or just take this out because it, you know, I don't know why the sort of policy folks suggest to just take it out because it wasn't really serving as much of a purpose. I'm not an expert in this area. Just, I remember those conversations clearly. It sounds like they, it sounds like they were painful. I would just add respectfully, I disagree with what the commissioner just said. I don't think this could be considered a technical correction in any way. So, I'm not going to talk about the requirements for what a neighborhood does. A neighborhood would need to be designated under the state requirements. So this is what the municipality needs to demonstrate they have before they can get that requirement. Uh, uh, before they can get their designation, having the designation that opens up. Um, these areas for incentives. Yes. This is requiring that the municipality demonstrate up front that there is already infrastructure in place, whether that be municipal infrastructure or an alternative system. Um, so it's demonstrating that this area already has infrastructure for wastewater in place before they receive the designation and therefore the incentives. And that's exactly the point that this may be looked at is, oh, we don't have those. So nevermind. We're not going to pursue this designation and go through the planning that will ultimately require them to get a system that meets a permit. And so if you, you know, it could be looked at as a disincentive to pursue the designation because we don't already have this in place. And so this was the planner debate. Well, take it out because once they get the designation in order to incur that development, they're going to have to get an approved system to make it all work. And so it was looked at as a, a first stop barrier. Um, and the conversations I was on, no one in the sort of planning world was feeling like we were giving away permits or encouraging less development in these areas. It was simply giving people, um, a chance to pursue this designation without feeling like they already needed to have, um, systems in place that they would need to put in place before housing could be built because, you know, the requirements of the designation area all speak about more dense development in very rural areas that don't have it. Um, so it's really not, I think as big of put it back in, take it out. I think that the community debated this. And I think I was one that said, if we take this out, it's going to be perceived as we got rid of a bunch of, um, requirements for building that that's not the case here. And so if it's so is confusion, I don't think it's helpful. Okay. Thank you commissioner, but that was not exactly what I was related to what I was saying, but this is about the requirements on the town. So yes, permits will be needed for wastewater. Um, if the town doesn't have the infrastructure in place as is required under this designation currently moving forward, if you remove that requirement, yes, development that is added will need to get a permit from ANR, but this is removing the requirement on the town. And I do think yes, that it is currently a barrier to towns getting it because the infrastructure may not be in place in all of these towns currently. So. That is part of the discussion as well. These are the requirements that the town needs to demonstrate to get the designation. Okay. It sounds like, uh, it's a, it's certainly an interesting argument. But it doesn't seem like the advocates for taking it out care that much about taking it out. So we'll have a committee discussion and make a decision. That's why we get paid the big bucks. So, uh, anyhow, um, let's move on to missing middle. Um, I'm going to start off with let's, oh no, I, I'm sorry. We have Graham Campbell here from JFO, uh, to give us a brief update on his projections on, um, Uh, On, uh, the. Removal of sales and use tax on building materials for PHP products. I work with the joint fiscal office and I was asked by, uh, Senator Rockin to look into, um, A sales tax exemption on building materials for housing project or for priority housing projects. Um, I worked with the Pat, Senator in our office to look at this. And I also want to quickly say, thank you to, uh, Chris Cochran, Jen Holler and Kathy buyer, who helped me a lot on this estimate. Um, I was like doing housing stuff because the, because the group is so helpful in this world. So more or less at that rate to the point, we estimate that this would reduce sales tax revenues by $1.25 million in fiscal year 23, if enacted in fiscal year 23, and then growing to about $1.75 to $2 million per year, beginning in fiscal year 24. Because this is the sales tax, it impacts the education fund solely. And $1.25 million is under half a penny roughly on the average homestead tax rate. I wanna emphasize that this estimate was based upon information provided by Chris and Jen. But it is, I guess what I would say is subject to a lot of uncertainty to the extent that we see a lot more priority housing projects getting built. It doesn't take much to make this estimate larger or smaller is what I would say. So based upon the figures that I have, more or less for every average priority housing project that gets built, an average one that we estimate would cost the Ed fund and sales tax about $200,000. So it doesn't take many more. So if we add three, four additional priority housing projects above this estimate, you're talking an extra $800,000 or so. So be less than that. This is sort of our best guess estimate. So, but I wanna sort of give the committee our sense of the level of uncertainty that this would have. So I guess we'll wrap it up. Yeah. Couple of questions. In terms of implementation, is there anything magical or unusual that, you know, how an individual builder going into lows and buying stuff, is that a tried and true thing to get the exemption and to track it? And I understand like nonprofits probably go in and don't have sales tax imposed on building materials. They buy, is there any complication in that regard? With respect to just this exemption, I don't think this exemption creates any more complexity with respect to the sales tax on building materials. I think sales tax is paid on building materials in general, it is sort of a complex area. As you mentioned, you know, if a contractor goes into lows and buys supplies, they are more, they are almost certain to pay the sales tax on that. But if a contractor is working, you know, directly with someone, because the contractor is the final sale in that case, but if they are sort of buying and then, you know, handing it off or if they're distributor of sorts, then the sales tax gets paid there. So I would say, I don't think I am prepared enough to speak to this committee exactly how the sales tax applies to every case in building materials. But I can say that that's a somewhat complicated area of sales tax law, but I don't think it's complicated by this exemption. I think that's another factor, as you mentioned, the nonprofit aspect of this is an area that does create additional uncertainty here. Nonprofits generally are exempt from the sales tax. However, it's my understanding speaking with the advocates in this area that sometimes the nonprofit, while they're sort of overseeing the project, it's actually built by sort of a private developer of sorts. And so they would be subject to the sales tax. So to the extent that nonprofits do actually are, you know, hiring their own crews and building, then they would be exempt. But if they are sort of contracting out with a private entity, then they would pay sales tax. And so sort of trying to shave out those types of builds from this estimate was something that we tried to do, but it's, I guess, subject to a lot of uncertainty. But that is something that we accounted for is that sort of relationship. Did you know enough to give us an estimate of what percentage savings there would be on the cost of an overall project by eliminating the sales and use tax on building supplies? On an average project? Well, on a project, how does the 6% saving on building, I guess what percentage of a typical project is building supplies? I mean, are we saving 1% of the cost of the project? Are we saving 3% of the cost of the project? Yeah, so it's a little difficult to know exactly, but generally what I've been told is about half of the total development cost is construction materials. And so you're saving for a median project on based on the data that I have, the sort of sales tax savings is about $200,000 on materials. And so I can't tell you exactly what that is based upon the data I have because I haven't inflated, I've inflated the cost of construction materials, but not the total cost of development. So this data has from 2017 roughly. And so it's hard to say exactly what share, but it's probably somewhere in the neighborhood of two to 4% of total development costs is what you'd be saving. Okay. I get a little nervous in this area because I remember getting involved, I think it had something to do with current use where you bought like ATVs and stuff and whether you were using it for planting or recreation and it all wound up being decided at the point of sale and someone got a certificate or didn't get a certificate and something that seems so uncomplicated became very complicated very quickly. So... Yeah. And I do think I don't, you might wanna have the tax department in to talk about potentially if there's any administration issues here, but typically how this would work is that the entity that would be building the priority housing project would issue, would fill out an exemption certificate given pretty often from the tax department and give it to the seller that they're buying the materials from and the seller collects those and then the event that they are audited by the tax department, they have those exemption certificates available. And so that's how I would imagine this would work. And I don't imagine it would require any sort of additional administration costs in the part of the department of taxes. Okay, great. Senator Brock. Ken. Graham, can you tell us what's the total amount of project cost that this would apply to? Estimated? So I've been told by advocates in this area that construction material costs for those only the amount of costs is object to this exam. It's about 50% of total development cost. I mean, total dollars is what I'm talking about that we would spend in this area that this particular exemption might apply to. And that includes project labor, everything else. Oh, so if, yeah, for, so based upon my estimate, it's about, we're estimating about 20 to $25 million worth of materials would be spent. So the total amount of development if we're assuming that 50% rule would be in sort of the 40 to $50 million range of. 25 million would be the cost on which a sales tax would be based. Is that right? Yes, yeah, that's correct. And so on that, let's say 25 million, you've got potential savings of, I think you said somewhere between two and 4%. Is that correct? On the, just the construction side, you would have total savings of 6%. And then it's about, I'm guessing two to 4%. But you said about two to 4% on the total. And the total is 25 million or is the total, is the 25 million the actual cost of materials? It's the cost of materials. So the total would be probably. That case you had 6% of that then, is that right? Yes, that's correct. And so that's why I'm saying like, I don't know, I'm guessing it's somewhere in the two to 4% range. It would depend by project. But if I'm assuming about 20 to 25 million in construction costs and 50% of the cost, total cost of development is construction costs and we're talking about 40 to 50 million of total development. And so 1.25 million of 50 is the two-ish percent. Okay, so if you assume though, the savings that you would get as a result of that, is it reasonable to assume that you would be able with the same amount of money to build more things like housing, which is what we're trying to do? I mean, the numbers I'm saying right now are just an aggregate. And so it really depends upon the size of the project. When I say size of the project, I mean the total amount of development costs. So we're estimating that on an medium project based on the data. So if the building that's happened in the past continues as it's going to continue, we're going to get sort of housing projects in sort of the 20 to 25 unit range. Then you're talking about $200,000 worth of tax savings. Based upon my calculations, the median cost per unit on the historical data that it has about 131,000. So another way to put this is that you may be able to construct one extra unit, but I don't think that's how developers would, I don't know if that's how they would use this money. They might just, it might just be sort of a, it might be applied to some other way or just might reduce the amount of debt that they'd have to take on. I don't know exactly, but you're talking about $200,000 worth on an median project. And so whether they use that to construct an extra unit of housing, I don't know. I guess it's reasonable to assume that if it costs less to build, there would be at least some likelihood that you might build more. Well, again, it depends on the project. So in the data that I have, some projects have a per unit cost that's significantly lower than others. So for projects that are very large, they benefit from economies of scale. And so if you're constructing a very large expensive housing project with a very low per unit cost, it's plausible that you would be able to take that your sales tax saving and plow that bank into an additional housing. However, if you're building something like a housing development with 10 or less units, your per unit cost might actually be quite high. And so it might not be as, there might not be enough sales tax savings there to make you be able to build or have the money to build more additional housing. And so- It's reasonable to assume that if the cost is higher, you're spending more on materials, aren't you? Yes, but on a, I guess what I'm, I don't disagree with anything you're saying.  I don't think you're really the, in the builder's mentality to know what they're gonna do with the savings. And also sort of Brock, it's a great segue into the next segment. No, it's a great segue because any savings that you have by not paying the sales tax is gonna lower the construction costs, which means they're gonna get less money in the value gap that we're gonna talk about. So either way, it's coming out of the state's pocket and it probably will wash out one for the other in terms of missing middle. So it's a good segue. So I, and we're running out of time. So I hope we can just move on. And Graham, thank you very much. 1.25 million is the figure. We have to, we would have to talk to the, our money committees about, okay, thank you. That's just for this year. Yes. So let's move on. Josh is here. Josh, I love that your label says, number one, Josh Hanford. Do you know that? No. You're the big boss, big boss man. So let's just start off by having you in three or five minutes, just explain to us the governor's proposal on missing middle. Sure. You know, we started this actually two sessions ago with a really even more basic concept calling it the home builder program, which was a up to $50,000 proposal to subsidize the building of homes, modest homes. Literally provided to a builder that was going to commit to build homes below a certain price point. And here we are now following up on a federal, the basics of a federal proposal, which was in the Build Back Better program to subsidize costs of construction and target affordability. And, you know, the governor has been seeing the need on this for some time, seeing the stats of the construction starts and the building permits just drop off in this area. We're just not seeing homes built in this price range in Vermont at nearly the level we need to. And so, you know, our goal was to propose supporting this, but realizing it needs to work its way through all the folks that are actually gonna access these funds, put them to use, leverage it for the construction loans and the mortgages that need to be taken out by folks. It was a small part of that larger discussion with only a few principles that are sort of like the lines in the sand from our perspective was obviously an upper income on the affordability of the households that should participate. We were following the federal guideline of 140% of AMI. There's been discussions now about maybe bringing that down to a cap of 120, but our top line was 140% AMI. And then looking at what someone in those price ranges could afford, you were getting at different home prices across the state. And the delivery method for homes coming online across the state, whether that's new construction or purchase rehab of old buildings is quite varied. You have some very sophisticated developers and nonprofit partners in Chittin County and some other parts of the state that those models don't work as well. So the other red line here in the sand is that this needs to be something that works across the state to address the needs and have some different points of entry for folks that wanna participate. And so that's where we are now. Those were the only perimeters seeing that VHFA was the main partner here being the largest affordable housing lender in the state, someone that offers first-time mortgages and does construction loans. So they were our partner to work with it, develop this proposal out and sort of build upon the Build Back Better neighborhood tax credit. We were really hopeful that that was gonna pass earlier and give us a launching point. And we wanted to be ahead of the game knowing that that program at the federal level would take a year or so to roll out and try to get something up and going before then to really work out the kinks and have this benefit from now in a fusion of a stable tax credit program. The tax credit program would have required VHFA to establish a new qualified allocation plan just like they do with the rental low-income housing tax credits, public participation, set affordability limits, all these standards of a public process that they have to go through. And so we were trying to mirror what those guardrails were of that program. And that's the first program we delivered and we've been talking about for a couple months now. Since then, there's been a lot more efforts to maybe target more perpetual affordability and things like that that weren't in the federal tax credit program. Those weren't conditions of that. We've said all along that the program we were rolling out could be utilized by folks that wanted to do shared equity and perpetual affordability. It would be a new source of capital to help those projects go, just like the state tax credit is now, just like in some cases new market tax credits can be. This would be a new source to fill in gaps but not meant to restrict access to the program to only work in a shared equity housing model. So that's where we are at this point. We're working with VHFA and Champlain Housing Trust and others to talk about what the different elements of this could be that could work for everyone, could work statewide in different markets and we could be successful on and still meet the overall goals of supporting the production of as many modest homes we can get to market because it really is about some scale here and actually making some progress in the severe shortage of homes in this area that we are experiencing in Vermont. So happy to try to answer questions and drill deeper but I think we have both VHFA and Champlain Housing Trust on here that have been involved in these discussions and have some maybe more of the detailed mechanics that you might wanna dive into. So in the bill, I noticed that there's language that this money can be used for rehab and acquisition. Is that, are those words loosely put in there? I thought this was all new construction. Nope, that was always in there. It's always been in the federal program by design with examples we give because they're easier to characterize and people to understand have always been about that cost $400,000 to build a new home when averaging Vermont, the bank construction loan appraised value appraisals only gonna give you 375. So there's a value gap in the construction and then to get that $400,000 home that we just allowed a contractor to build because they were only able to get a bank loan for 375. Now that home needs to sell for 340 in order to be affordable to a family in Chitton County that makes 120% of BMI. And so now we need to subsidize another $60,000 to bring that home down. We've always used that example because it's more standard and understandable. The purchase rehabs are all over the place and you can buy a home in Berry City that's falling down for $60,000. You can buy homes in Richford, Vermont for $50,000 but they're gonna need a varying degree of rehab to bring them back up to a marketable condition. And that could be $100,000. It could be $200,000 of rehab. It just varies. So it's too hard to sort of give those examples but it's always been part of the program. Okay, but I guess when I look at the VHIP program and the Revolving Loan Program that's yet to be launched it seems like we've got a program for everything. And now we're starting another program for rehab. It's very different than those others. I mean, this would be, sure. So I'm a builder, let's say I have a crew of 15 and I might see this program as a way for me to buy three or four of those dilapidated homes and you name it and put my crews to work on them. I took the risk, I bought them. I'm investing $100,000 of rehab and now I'm gonna make those available to sale as affordable homes for Vermonters. It's very different. It's driven by the industry, the builders, the contractors, the developers and not a homeowner. The million dollar Revolving Loan Fund is the homeowner qualifies for a mortgage on one of these same homes but they're not gonna get the mortgage because there's too many deficiencies in the home inspection. And so we're giving them a grant loan to commit to making those repairs so that the mortgage could go forward. It's one's driven from the owner and one's driven from the developer perspective. And the VHIV program is yet different in the sense that it's a landlord tenant situation and it's only for rental properties. So this builder is not gonna, you're assuming that he's gonna renovate it under this program and sell it as opposed to rent it out. Yeah, this program is only for home ownership, missing middle home ownership development pilot program and the development is rehabbed or new construction but it's homeowner with a upper limit of the homeowners that are eligible to then benefit from those homes and this investment. Okay. And so that does explain the rehab element. I think the word acquisition is in there as well. Are we starting a new program to... Just to purchase those homes that in order to do the work on them, someone's gotta acquire them. Acquisition in our world has a very clear definition for federal funds and sometimes acquisition has, you can acquire things and then someone else is actually owning it in a short period. So acquisition is just the way to gain ownership of that property so that you can do the necessary work on it. Okay, got it. Thank you, Senator Clarkson. Thanks, Josh. It's always good to hear about these time and time again and the time we've done it three times, we actually get it like a good sermon. Missing middle, we just had a presentation from Gus and Jen this morning and in their presentation, they talk about the home ownership development risk pool program, how that struck us as similar to the missing middle program. So I'd like you to discuss, if you could, the differences and how we could build in permanent, if they're building in permanent affordability, how could we do that here as well? It is the same program. They were the first funders in. They have a lot of ARPA money to support rental and home ownership. They had a set aside for an innovation fund and this program, VHFA applied to VHCB to get it started and VHCB committed $2 million to share in the construction risk pool, which is another part of this program that we've talked about. Folks, contractors, builders, developers, in order to get more construction loans to build these homes, if we can make banks take more risk because speculative building, even though there's a hot housing market, it's not, there's a lot of risk involved in that. And a lot of banks are, the interest rates are either higher or they're only giving them a portion of what they need for a construction loan. So what VHCB has done is supported this missing middle home ownership development pilot, the exact concept we presented in the beginning with an initial $2 million grant to help VHFA support the construction lending that's going to be needed as part of this program. And the risk pool that they've supported, I could be wrong, but I'm pretty sure doesn't necessarily come with perpetual affordability on that risk pool. It's to help more builders access construction loans to build more homes that are in this missing middle period. The funding that they're supporting is an add-in risk. There's no way to track that money to an end user down the road. And I'm sure Mora could chat more about that or Jen, but it's supporting this very concept as we've laid it out since the beginning. So why aren't we just putting more money into that program as a term? Yeah. The creating a missing middle program. It doesn't have this ability to do all the other things we want, which I believe you do too, that the sort of ensuring that that subsidy can carry forward and help reduce that cost of time over time. It doesn't, folks to build need to access capital to build. Then we are trying to subsidize the costs to allow affordable homes to move in. There's multiple layers in that process. And this is one of the areas that when VHFA started talking about how to make this pilot successful, they heard loud and clear from banks and from large construction companies that they needed access to more construction loan dollars. Banks were not willing to take the same risks that they took a decade ago. And this would help free up more capital to make it happen. And so it's a small part of this overall pilot. And it's not gonna solve the other problems we want to throw $50 million into sort of some sort of construction lending that we don't have the same oversight on. Maybe, I mean, we only have 10 more minutes, but Mora is with us and she probably knows the details of this better than anybody. It sounds to me from a lay perspective that this is sort of getting at the value gap in loan form rather than grant form. But Mora, you've heard this discussion. I'm sure you've got a couple of comments. Hi, good morning. Good morning, Mora Collins with Vermont Housing Finance Agency. And Commissioner Hanford laid it out very well as did Gus earlier this morning. I was listening in that, yes. And when I had testified earlier, I had spoken that there were three components to this missing middle proposal, the first of which I glossed over quickly for your committee. And that's probably why it didn't land and really resonate is because we weren't asking you all for money for it. And so it didn't feel appropriate to go into details about what we were doing with VHCB, but we did apply through the Innovation Fund that VHCB set up to ask for $2 million for this use, as was described. This was an idea that it was the state's builders and bankers came up with to make housing more affordable. And it's going to backstop the construction loan. It does not cover the value gap. It has, there's no, the way it's set up looks at 15% of the construction loan. And that is how much we can backstop with this loan support. And so it's a totally different calculation than looking at the total development cost. And I understand that it is complicated but that is the nature of home buying in home building especially. It also does, this program through VHCB that was funded is not a separate program than what we're talking about today. It's just three components of one program. It'll be marketed together. The rules will be the same. In fact, if you all, if I'm gonna be brutally honest if you all decide not to fund the value gap and affordability gap in the rest of this program then we would likely turn to VHCB and say we will not be drawing on the $2 million because that 2 million was always designed to be in partnership with this other funding where we would build out as Josh explained a comprehensive program plan that describes the type of eligible homes, their size, their affordability, the profit limits and all that. This other, this complimentary funding that we're talking about today was always designed to work with this money from VHCB and be one program. We just went to two different sources to fund the one program. So what do you mean by backstop and do you have $2 million sitting in an account as like a surety or something or do you give out that money at any time? How does that work? In talking with the state's bankers, they said that different bankers had different preferences of how they'd like us to structure this. And so we are still working through if we're going to allow a menu of options or if we are going to pick one option and go with it but the choices right now are that VHFA could hold onto the $2 million and should there be a loan loss in the construction loan then we would cover that loan loss up to again, 15% of the loan amount. We would have rules about what would qualify as a loan loss and that this isn't just that the builder wants more money or that the banker does or anything like that that would be, there would be some assurances there about what would trigger a loan loss. Another model is that we could actually deposit money with that lender and that lender would use some of the funds we've deposited in that bank to be the money that the builder receives and that would lower the cost of the construction loan because they're using this money as part of the loan and then that gets repaid at the end when the construction loan closes out or there could just be the same kind of VHFA holds the money and the builder knows, I'm sorry, the builder has to put up less upfront capital because all builders have to put in equity at the start of construction loans. So there's a couple of different models that we are working through and like I said, we haven't yet decided if all three options are gonna be available in each situation or if there's a reason that we should pick one option and have that be the program. A lot of that really decides on the elements of the larger program that we're talking about today which is what qualifies as a missing middle home, how much subsidy is there and the like. So some of these decisions we can't really get out ahead of and make yet until we know what this program fully looks like. Okay, Senator Collection. So, Maura, you talked about the three components, there's the VHCB component, there's our component, what's the third? Well, your component is split into two, it's the value gap and the affordability gap. There's been broad-based support for covering the value gap. The affordability gap has been a conversation that I think is one reason why CHT is here to speak to. Got it. Thanks, I've sort of thought of those as we were covering. That was sort of one, but I should move. Yep, can I just make one more thing just to make sure it's perfectly clear is that while VHCB has not imposed a special permanent affordability meaning that these home ownership units must be below a certain income level, they know about this discussion that we're having here and they know that permanent affordability will be a part of this broader program and I think are relying on that. In addition, in this state, we really do define a permanent subsidy as a revolving loan fund where the money will get paid back and then another home is assisted. That is very common with the home ownership text credit program, actually with the mobile home replacement program, sometimes it comes into play. So I think that VHCB would say that being a revolving loan fund that continually is helping more and more homes protects the public subsidy because it doesn't diminish that subsidy.  Would you, if this missing middle program goes through would you see a need to continue the $2 million program? Yes, because that is how, that's another way we're making housing more affordable by having the construction loan be cheaper. And so for those homes that are built through the missing middle program, they would be the only ones who have access to this construction loan program funded through VHCB. Doesn't the value gap grant lower the amount of the construction loan you need to take out? The value gap will lower the total development cost, but there's still, you could save $15,000 on a construction loan. And so that would lower that total development cost, but it may not lower it to the point where the home will appraise that. Give one example, we heard a big builder like Snyder Braverman, for them to launch one of their development proposals, they've got $2 million in the bank to guarantee performance and that they're good for their loan. Others don't have that, this construction risk pool that we're developing will help others be able to access these loans and get projects underway. Banks are very risk adverse to building like this. Lots can go wrong between when they start the project and delivering it on time, on budget and getting people into those homes. And this is a way to help the market build more homes. It's not a giveaway, it works in conjunction with and it's a tool that's used in lots of different areas. We do it all the time through Vita and whether it's in the ag industry or everywhere else, we're putting a little bit of a risk guarantee into a loan pool to help make more lending. We're familiar with that from our days in finance on CUDs, that's what they do there.  I don't know if there's two sides to that equation as far as I'm concerned, the dollar amount that's preserved in the home, but also subsequent buyers. Do they, are there any requirements on subsequent buyers in terms of their income levels and that kind of thing? And whether there's any way to address that, the way it's addressed in I guess all other forms of perpetual affordability in the state of Vermont or is the second and third home buyer even though the cost of the home is lessened by whatever amount, able to be a cash buyer that just walks in that has a lot of money and says, I want to take advantage of this subsidy that was given a long time ago. And is there any way to control that in a practical fashion? So just we should put our thinking caps on that as well. Senator Clarkson. I'm sorry, Mr. Chair. I had a 12 o'clock with the pro tem that quickly pulled together meeting on another issue that I need to scoot to. Well, we're going to finish up now. I apologize. Stay tuned. We're talking about this housing and mostly housing for the next two days to see if we can get this bill out. Thank you all for being here. Thank you for your patience, Chris, Jen, Michael never got to you, but we'll figure it out. It's that time of year. I apologize. Lot to be decided.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards doing a two-box break for Tyler and we got one 22 tops chrome update series Baseball and one 22 tops MLS renaissance So good luck here at Tyler Start with CC update price and stop Kershaw, Jose, Glacius purple Alcantra. There's a wander debut purple rookie JJ Madizette Madizjevic Madizjevic. There's price and stop Chris Patek rice elder nice one there He's actually having a great year for himself Tribunano Gabriel Arias elder Murray Abyssail Garcia Lidolo Bobby Witt generation now purple Cinder guard Jeremy Pena debut Rylan Bannon Royce Lewis rookie and a purple Felix Batista another really good reliever Really good young guy on the Orioles course Yes, Elliott Ramos and say a purple Batista yeah He's born in 95 so it's pretty pretty young When they sign as a free agent I'm signing okay. He's signed in 2012 as a free agent and he's born in 95 That's kind of wild So why do you have a rookie? Probably just got called up Jose Quintana refractor to 299. I'm thinking Andre Palantra. Your sign is a free agent Right, yeah, I would like especially the Dominican like Dominican or overseas free agent Batista Wanted ill here's Montero So Bobby Witt purple rookie Spencer troglasen debut purple read Detmer's Josh Winder Pujols Starling Marte purple O'Neill Cruz debut Brendan Donovan rookie Shella purple Michael Arenzen Corporal son rookie O'Neill Cruz purple Savala Well brisky Jeremy Pena generation now purple Duffy Matt Duffy for Lewis purple Taylor Walls Bryson stop debut purple Nick Plummer for Jones Mike Clevenger Purple Kyle Bradish Joe Dunand Dunand Jeremy Pena rookie Colurban and a purple Matt rash do renaissance now. Good luck here Tyler First card is one of five Jack McGlynn for Philadelphia Union two-color patch auto nice one there Congrats That's an RPA as well. Jack McGlynn and second auto seven of 20 Georgie Mihalovic or Mihalovic for CF Montreal Georgie Mihalovic Mihalovic Seven of 20 that'll do it for your break there Tyler. Thanks again for the support buddy get him right out to my man


hours. I was on the phone in the Ambassadors Club. Dial estifies the perception of Nancy Reagan and the minds and the hearts of the American people is just that, a truly great First Lady who is given of herself for that in which she believes. So the college, the Board of Overseers, would like to give her something in return to just remind her occasionally how much we love her. It's just a little something that we hope perhaps she will take back to the ranch maybe and on perhaps some cold night when she's before the fire, she wraps up in it and she'll think of the glow of gratitude which is hers and the hearts and minds of those of us and this dinner committee in this room and Eureka College. So this is an antique quilt which was found for us by Georgie Packwood who knows how to go out and find antiques and it's quite old. I understand it's never been washed which is its patina and that is just to say our very heartfelt thanks. I think she truly deserves the applause that we offer her. This is Ronald Reagan. And now a reminder to sign that book and to remain in your seats following the President. Dear friend and member, Mrs. Nell Reagan, this gesture combines a salute to the President with the recognition of his ties to his home, to his family and to his college. We're gathered here tonight to honor a great leader and in this historic building, country and responsibility to the world. That responsibility calls for leadership and service that are tied together. For leadership without a commitment to serve is at best misdirected and service without the courage to lead is at best a token and at worst a failure. These two goals, leadership and service are tied together in the history of Eureka College. In the selection I am extremely proud and deeply honored to present Eureka College's most distinguished graduate, President Ronald Reagan. Thank you very much. Thank you President George Hearn and President of Eureka. Thank you everyone here tonight and all of you who are doing so much. We're here for something that Nancy and I hold close to our hearts, Eureka's Reagan's scholarships. And please forgive me if I reminisce for a few moments because you could just be bathed in warm nostalgia. Whenever I think of Eureka, I am filled with nostalgia for that campus beneath the elms. It had a slogan for many years of being a small school with a worldwide influence and something about that school doesn't seem to leave you at all. Everything good that has happened to me in the years since had its beginning there as well as for so many others. It was a wonderful time in my life that wasn't all taken up on the football field although I did let football and other extracurricular activities beat into my study time and as a result my grade average was closer to the C level required for eligibility than it was to straight A's. I think someone told me to my surprise that I wound up with a B minus. So when I got that honorary degree that Eureka gave me some years ago I told the audience that I it only amplified a sense of grief or of shame that I had felt for many years because I always had had the sneaky suspicion that that first degree they gave me was honorary. I learned a lot at Eureka and not just about economics which was my major. I think the principal thing I learned about economics as a major was that if you could place all the economists end to end they'd never reach a conclusion. That's a lesson that serves me well in my current occupation as an embarrasser of economists. As I said I learned a lot at Eureka. I learned for example about humility. Now that happens when you've been kind of the one of at least a number of football heroes in high school and suddenly you find yourself sitting on the bench a second to third string and with my economics lessons I've had opportunities to learn a little more about humility every once in a while since. I remember after I'd made about 50 feature motion pictures and was doing a series on television that lasted eight years I was walking down Fifth Avenue in New York New York one day and about 30 feet ahead of me a man coming my way stopped and he pointed and he yelled I know you I see you all the time on that screen and on that television and everybody on the street stopped and they form kind of two lines and he stalked me down the center and I'm at one end and here he comes and he's fumbling in his pocket all the time and talking about me and how much he knows what I've done and everything else and he gets to me and pulls out a pen and a piece of paper for an autograph and says Ray Milan. So I signed Ray Milan there was no sense of disappointment. But one thing I'll always cherish about Eureka besides lessons in football and humility is that the college took a chance on me. Now my family couldn't pay for the schooling. We didn't live on the wrong side of the tracks but we live close enough we could hear the whistles. But what I couldn't earn in summers and I did work every summer and saved every dollar that I earned in order to help. Why the college made up with scholarship, jobs and yes letting me defer part of my tuition until after graduation and I wasn't alone in that. They did that for a number of other students and this was in the depths of the Great Depression. And incidentally one of those jobs washing dishes was one of the better jobs I've ever had. I performed it in the girl's dormitory. But seriously in that time of such great strain and when you can imagine what happened to the endowment of a small college like that in that great crash and the Great Depression and you went to class every day and knew that the professors who were teaching you and without any grumble or complaint had not been paid for weeks and weeks and weeks and that the townspeople and the merchants and the grocers and so forth carried them on the books just with the knowledge that somehow things would turn out all right. Those were depression years and I'm so happy about the scholarship program that you've done me the honor of giving in my name. It gives the students the opportunity to work for their schooling and it also gives them something else I was lucky enough to have a mentor. That's a part of the program. Someone who would take an interest in them and their future. Now in my case was a fellow from Kansas City named Alt, Alt Sid Altschuler. Sid was a businessman there and my summer job for seven years part in high school and then through college was at a beach a river beach on the beautiful Rock River in a natural forest park called Lowell Park named for James Russell Lowell whose family had given it to the city and there was a lodge there and people would come out from the cities like Kansas City and Chicago and so forth with their families and it was one of those things I don't know whether it still goes on today in which they had come there with their parents as children now they came as parents with their children and I teach the kids to swim and finally I was there for that last summer after I'd graduated because I had to get enough money to try to go out and find a job 1932 the lowest year of the Great Depression and many of those men during the summers had said to me that when I got out of college come see them and I'd sort of relied on that but by 1932 many of those weren't coming back to the lodge anymore they had their own problems and they weren't saying that anymore but Sid Altschuler was there and I taught his two small daughters to swim that same summer and then Sid out of all of them said to me if you can tell me what you really want to do and what you want to get into he said I think I have some connections that if it touches on any of those that I can I can help even in these hard times but he said you're going to have to tell me what you want to do well there I was with my degree in economics a graduate with a bachelor arts degree and hadn't occurred to me really what I wanted to do or anything except get a job of some kind of rather it was those kind of times but he'd laid it on me and I finally went home and I laid awake half the night and finally it dawned on me that some of my extracurricular activities in addition to football had rubbed off playing captain stan hope in journey's end in the drama class play of the year going out with the glee club and doing comedy routines I didn't sing I talked but in a little town in Illinois back in the 30s you didn't go out and say I want to be an actor you well anyway I went to him and I said I think I can tell you what it is I would like to be in the world of entertainment and then knowing that radio might be the shortcut to anything else I said I'd like to get into radio I think I could be a sports announcer well I'd name something in which he had no connections at all but Sid gave me the greatest advice in the world and all you young people who are listening pay attention to your mentors he said maybe it's just as well that I don't have any connections because he said if I got you a job someplace the man giving you the job wouldn't be interested in you he'd be giving you the job because of me he said every place there are people that know that this isn't going to last forever this depression they're going to know that their future depends on getting young people into their business so he said what you should do is just start going to radio stations you needn't tell them whether you want to be a sports announcer just tell them that you believe in the future of that business and you'll take any job in order to get inside of radio and then take your chances from there well I did that it meant hitchhiking and I started I figured that if I started the top of the big stations in Chicago in the networks that wherever I got a job might be further up the line than if I started at the bottom well I don't know how many stations I went to but he was advised he told me that some place along the line I would meet a man of this kind and he said remember a salesman may have to make 200 calls before he makes a sale and wound up the down in the Quad Cities Iowa and Illinois a wonderful old Scotchman that played a role in my life told me that they had just hired an announcer the day before I got there where was I why didn't I know about this I didn't tell him I didn't listen to his station but on the way out I said to myself how does a guy get to be a sports announcer if he can't get a job in a radio station and I went down to the elevator which fortunately wasn't there and I heard a clumping Pete MacArthur was crippled up with arthritis on two Canes and he was coming down the hall and he was calling in a very profane way for that big so be to stop and wait so I waited for him and he came up and he said what's that you said about sports and I said well I think I'd like to to do that and that I could do that he said could you tell me about a football game and make me see it if I'm sitting at home listening to my radio and I said I think so he took me in a studio stood me in front of a microphone he said when the red light goes on you'll be alone here I'll be in another room listening you start broadcasting an imaginary football game well I remembered a game that we had won in the last 20 seconds with a 65-yard touchdown the key to the play an off tackle smash was for the right guard running interference to take out the first man in the secondary in order to let our man break loose in the game I missed my block but our man made the touchdown I replayed that fourth quarter for him and in the replay I nailed that fellow with a block and I was right about one thing tape in my heart it was always acting I really wanted I thought that radio'd be a quick jump for that and it turned out to be there some in Washington a wish I jumped in the river instead that wouldn't they help them because I was the lifeguard that's what my job was well sit all sugar isn't here but two mentors for those scholars are Al Hague and Selva Roosevelt and I just want to say thanks to the game to them and let me also say thanks to someone who isn't a part of the mentor program but whom I know has taken a special interest in one of our scholars Strom Thurmond young man is here as an intern in Strom's office and I thank all of you the kind of generosity that you're showing this evening is the kind that built not just Eureka College but America itself and could I just take a minute because maybe some of you who are being so kind don't know very much about that little school out there in the prairie when in the first place it is the oldest coeducational college west of the Alleghenies and it was started from some people who arrived there in that part of Illinois and a wagon train from the east and a man named Ben major whose family still lives there in college town his descendants decided that this is where they would stay he was the leader he sank an axe in a stump and he said here is where we will build our school and they built their school before they built their homes and it became walnut Grove Academy and then when graduated above that it became Eureka College but this little school so rich with tradition and has contributed so much and people like myself who went there you were never too poor but what if they could they could make it possible for you to get that education there used to be a giant Elm which finally has given up outside of one of the buildings called Burgess it was called recruiting Elm outside of Burgess Hall because Captain Burgess in the Civil War stood down beneath that tree and called up to the classrooms of the one building at that time of the college for them young men to come down and enlist in the Union Army now it isn't true that I was one of the young men there but as I say tradition that is so rich and as the as you've been told the wonderful thing about a small liberal arts college of that kind is not only that you get a good education but you can't hide you can't just go to class and back to your quarters again as you could in some of the great universities I've been a regent of the nine campus University of California my way of being governor I was a member of the board of the 23 college state college system of California as a sports announcer I saw the inside of a great many of the great universities if I had it to do over again I would go to Eureka College it means that much and I think it meant that much to me you can't hide everybody's needed whether it's for glee club or student officers or athletics or whatever it may be they grab you and then bring you in and you find out talents and abilities that you never knew you had so I just want you to know how deeply grateful I am and that what you what you have done and what you are doing for this institution is for something that is very worthwhile and maybe there aren't as many of them left in the country as there should be but I pray to God there will always be a Eureka College there in the heart of Illinois thank you all very much God bless you all I have two very brief presentations Mr. President I did not go to Eureka College and I have long lost a sense of priorities may I present the spouse of our honorary co-chairman and the chief of staff the honorable Donald Regan who by the way is a distinguished Harvard alumnus alum not alumnus right excuse me and now a special presentation by the president of the student body of Eureka College who is also a Reagan scholar and I said Mrs. Reagan then I said thanks for what you've done in the fight against drugs because there could be a lot of people here right now a lot of people in college on scholarships if it wasn't for drugs this lady hasn't jumped on a bandwagon she's been a bandwagon I just want to thank mrs. Reagan as you could tell the president loves Eureka College we love him there he's been a supporter not since he's been in the office but ever since he graduated he came back and he was the honorary chairman of pumpkin parades when we needed a new library in 1969 we called president Reagan when we needed a new physical education center we asked mr. Reagan he has been there for us as a recruiter contributor confidant board of trustee member for two terms and as a student it is correct he was a member of he was student body president also he was a swim team member he won national honor for a play area de capo area de capo he run a national honor for his role presentation there he was also on the football team he was a big part of Eureka College then he still is but when he graduated he never received a class ring so beyond on behalf of all the students of Eureka College the alumnus the alumni of Eureka College and also the Ronald W. Reagan scholars mr. president I'd like to present you with this 1932 class ring the president asked me to write remind you that is the school colors of maroon and gold and thank you now if we'd all rise and join in the singing of knee-thelms upon the campus and what you've done to these people he said would you like to say something an after-dinner speaker gets an encore no I would you have just heard it the alma mater there and again I can only just say I'm so grateful to all of you see I couldn't afford one but another tradition that I don't know whether it exists today and then I will quit is Nancy has my letter sweater thank you all again God bless you behind you to sign the memory book name city we thank you all for coming and many as much to say for a convivial drink of fellowship or sisterhood we welcome you


What's up everybody, Jason here for jaspyscasebreaks.com. We just sold out our last filler that gives away the last six spots in NT football random teams with this 2020 Mosaic football hobby one-pack break random teams and we're 33. So first guys, we do the break, randomize customer names and teams distribute the hits out. Then at the end of the break, we'll take all 32 customer names, randomize them and the top six get a spot in the break. So here's the dice roller, let's do the break first. Three to one, four times, good luck. One, two, three, and four the final time. Sean down to Tom, four times one, two, three, four. Kansas City Chiefs down to the Tennessee Titans. All right, so stick to what you got guys. Quick little pack filler. All right, stick to what you got guys. Here we go guys. Mark Andrews, Kevin Byard, Kinlaw, Taylor, Fromm. All right there you go guys. Switch scenes and let's give away the last six spots guys. Good luck. Roll six and a four, 10 times, last six spots. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10. Six and a four, 10 times, top six. PJ, Scott, Jared, Sean, Sean, and PJ. Six and a four, 10 times. There you go, congratulations guys. So coming up next is NT football.


Going on everyone Sam here at lane sports cars have been 21 22 upper deck the cup hockey hobby six box full case break number four random Team style look again at your random results as always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as the link in chat Supineh rangers Zachary G Canadians up top go down Jimmy T with the Preds and DW with the Golden Knights So good luck everybody Let's do it For it might be let it might be three actually Okay, maybe I'm never mind for to go Sean's right Yeah, there's gonna be some bangers coming out of flawless collegiate to there's some dope names in there Like forest pulled a Desmond Howard Charles Woodson do a lot. Oh, that's kind of sick fire. I was in on that Good luck everybody. Let's keep the cup mojo going. We need to see I want to see a McDavid a Crosby an OV or a Gretzky before we're done in these next two cases I want to see one of them. I want to check off a Gretzky auto Just checked off a break in the past week. I want to check off a One 200 a spot I would drop you the link right now Jonathan with a bowman draft drop you a link right now Adam Here is the link right that is an out of oats to 36 on the limb a splendor patch That's dope three color for the blues. I like that 22 at 35 Adam oats for the blizz and Jonathan Dahlin to 249 for the sharks That's San Jose That is gonna be a Chris latang to 249 Go we finally did it the only I think really the only other guy we were missing one of the only other big names. We were missing RPA to 99 that is gonna be quitten by field congrats on that one. They're Kings. Let's go Congrats Los Angeles Kings. That's nasty quitten by field on the RPA Going to Jason a congrats buddy. That's nasty. We'll get that into a mag This one's dope dude. This one's really tough for the Vegas Golden Knights.  Yeah Golden Knights to color patch auto and then the basics rookie auto is gonna be Jacob Bernard Docker going to be Senators congrats on that sends very nice Great card there as well. Thank you Jonathan pick up another personal Again one more break of this left. It's coming up next everybody one more break coming up next Tell you about the guy at the Jags Raven came that remind me of you. What he did I don't think you did it. I might have actually Shut it down Channel to is a Yeah, Mitch Marner nice one there to 25 for the Maple Leafs. That's on that two-color patch game used basics and Spencer Knight nice one there for the Panthers Connecticut guy right there. Mr. Spencer Knight Got Sean Monahan You go into the flames to 249 got to 249 Cole Schwint on the RPA for the Panthers nice one there That's Panthers. This is pretty sweet going Edmonton. That is gonna be 12 and 99 Ryan new Ryan Nugent Hopkins. Congrats on that one Edmonton. Here you go Oilers Ryan Nugent Hopkins and then another nice one here going to the Anaheim Ducks to 249 Mason McTavish Congrats on that one on card rookie auto Good stuff Anaheim Good stuff there Anaheim Ducks Very nice again 17 to go on the next one everybody last cup break of the day 17 to go last one of the day All right, we've got rookie masterpieces Cole Silinger nice one there for the blue jackets And that is I don't know why as the Panthers and stuff It is blue jackets, so we'll go to the blue jackets the one-on-one printing plate and Phil Esposito nice one there to 249 for the Bruins on the alum Sean Monahan To 249 going to the flames going it to la flames the 249 RPA is gonna be a Ross Colton Grats on that one Tampa going to lightning Ross Colton to 249 on the RPA nine of 99 Brendan Gallagher three colored a patch auto going to the Canadians Congrats Zachary G Montreal Canadians and The 249 Mason McTavish again another one going it to the Ducks. Oh, you can have the other one This one right here 99 and 32 get that one mag as well. Congrats anaheim So just one say grass and one call field today Kind of surprising. I guess not super surprising But still pretty cool, but it's smell like What could you imagine it's Clack-clack-clack-clack kind of wash your mustache Uh-huh All right, we've got Connor McDavid McJesus and 49 there we go congrats oilers on the foundation's jersey Take some McDavid for sure and Morgan Baron to 249 for the Rangers very nice Red energy for the cup. Hell yeah, love it. I love it galaxy. That is Brock Besser Grats on that one too at 249 for the Canucks welcome in everybody welcome in welcome in We've got the 249 on the RPA. That is a Justin Barron Congrats on that one there Avalanche this one's actually kind of nasty going to the Flyers to 24 RPA is gonna be Tanner Lizinski Nice one there for the Flyers. Congrats on that. You can make this one and the next again For the third time this case the 249 Mason McTavish rookie auto congrats again anaheim not bad Gino Gino P Gino P congrats on that one buddy Yeah, everybody's 17 to go in the last upper deck the cup break I guess so dude Every box literally gets one man Three separate three case or 17 McTavish. I was gonna say dude like clearing out all the Mason McTavish Yeah captain captain soap leaving Mad alone in there Jesus Yeah, exactly top hockey product the year they are a couple seasons behind George were the spot down to 16 everybody 16 to go all right Mike Hardman for the black Hawks rookie masterpiece magenta printing plate Really that's kind of wild actually Shane Pinto the 249 for the Senors Andre Vasilevsky Going to the lightning to 249 Matt G with another three spots. Thank you Matt 13 to go everybody never pull the printing plate only variation really really sidewalk. That's kind of surprising to be honest Yeah, it's Wade Allison. That is gonna be 218 out of 249 For the Flyers Congrats on that as we spoke this into existence 36 a 50 auto rookie patch rookie endorsements cold call field Go into the Canadians Congrats on that Zachary G and Montreal. That is awesome. Dude. We'll get that into a mag Let's go second call field of the day very nice. That will do it right there and Then rookie auto go into the Rangers Neal's lung lung fist rookie auto Congrats on that ranges Derek with a spot. We are down to 12 everybody five spots came in just like that Thank you all it is not gonna last when this break is over I'm gonna tell you all that right now if you want a spot in the cup do it quick quickly. I would say In the cup we're gonna be down to just one break left on the day after that everybody all of our flawless is sold out Call the goal. Hell, yeah. Love it. Shipe. Oh, he's just sitting in there. Come on. Come on That's true Vaughn Come on What Alone man, I hope you can live Little boy. Do you need food? Well William Eklund to 49 nice one there plays hockey. That's pretty cool sidewalk. I love it, dude Play a Mecklen and Darryl Sittler for the maple leaves right now with a spot down to 11 thirsty little fella Taylor Hall nice one there for the Bruins Shipe going to channel to a mess with Matt Definitely the cup definitely the cup rich noir is the worst dude Giovanni P with a spot. We are down to 10 Let's go Giovanni down to 10 everybody. Appreciate Sanpo Ranta.  This is dope dude scripted signatures to 15 Danny Heatley for the senators That is game use hockey memorabilia of Danny Heatley. It looks like a stick That's awesome and we'll get that into a Mac Congrats senators Danny Heatley to 15 might not be a stick I don't know what that's a piece of oh, yeah scripted sticks thought it is a stick perfect That's awesome Danny Heatley. That's freaking dope man And then we've got Cole Sylinger Congrats on that one there blue jackets Cole Sylinger Going to the That is gonna be a base that rookie order number to 249 whole cylinder car number 158 Yes Is it Danny Heatley cut a little bit long? Sorry about that sense Recap we've got William Eklund McDavid that is Mitch Marner Adam Oates Cole Sylinger and Mike Hardman autos we've got a Cole Sylinger Sanpo Ranta Niels Lunkvist Wade Allison Justin Barron Brendan Gallagher Ross Colton Ryan Nugent Hopkins Cole Schwint Mark Stone and Jacob Bernard Docker Bunch of mags again again cut a little bit long. That's Dan Danny Heatley to 15 nose We've got a three Mason McTavishes all to 249 for the Ducks Hey, it's Hannah Lozinski For the Flyers on the RPA to 24 Quitting by field to 99 on the RPA for the Kings and then another Cole Caulfield this time to 50 for the Canadians That'll do it for the break everybody Thanks again for the fill coming up next is number five


The federal High Court sitting in Jalingo on the trial, Justice Bala Usman, has restrained the newly appointed People's Democratic Party PDP Chairman in Tarabah State, Al-Haji Abubakabawa, from a zooming office. Ruling on expert motion filed by Al-Haji Inuwa Bokari yesterday, Justice Usman, given order of interim injunction, restraining Al-Haji Bawa from parenting himself or functioning as chairman of the party pending the determination of the substantive suit. Al-Haji Bawa, who was the special advisor to Governor Darius Ishakou, was appointed chairman of the party Penultimate Friday to replace Al-Haji Bokari, who was acting chairman of the party. Bokari, who was vice chairman of the party, assumed acting chairmanship of the party following the resignation of Lieutenant Colonel Agu Kefas to contest the governorship primaries of the party, defendants in the suit at the People's Democratic Party Al-Haji Abubakabawa and the Independent National Electric Commission, INEC, delivering his ruling, Justice Usman Rould granted all the reliefs sought by the plaintiff and adjourned the matter to 9 May 2023 for hearing. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news, please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


So, in the last part we discussed about the aerodynamics of airship, so I have to be honest that we did not discuss the entire story of aerodynamics, there are things, there are other forces, there are an extended part of aerodynamics which are known as added mass effects and the it is not that they are not present in conventional aircrafts, they are however these the effects of this particular component of aerodynamics is actually quite less in conventional aircrafts and that is the reason why we only consider added mass effects in buoyant vehicles such as submarines, hot air balloons, aerostats and airships. Now, what exactly are added mass effects? So, before we answer that question let us look at this bluff body which is moving in fluid. Now, when this red colored ball is moving in the fluid we see that it is moving from the pink colored section to the blue colored section. So, those pink you can think of it as particles, fluid particles. So, let us look at it again. So, when it is moving it is actually displacing some of the particles. So, you see that the pink particles have actually entered this blue region. Now, that is a complete displacement of particles from one portion to the other. Now, let us see why and what exactly it is. Now, this can be explained using potential flow. Now, potential flow is simply that the object and the surrounding fluid cannot occupy the same physical space simultaneously. Now, this makes total sense because obviously you there are no two objects can occupy the same physical space. So, that is the underlying concept behind potential flow. And this is also what we see in this particular animation. We also see that there is a permanent displacement of fluid particles along with the body that is the yellow region here. The pink particles have moved to permanently displaced and move to the blue region. And this particular volume the yellow region that we saw here that particular volume of fluid is known as the Darwin drift volume because the elements the particles have drifted from one region to another permanently. So, this particular thing is the Darwin drift volume and the added mass effect or the added mass forces or moments they are basically the product of Darwin drift volume into the fluid density. So, that is what Darwin added mass is. So, now let us have another perspective of what exactly is happening around ice ships. Now, first thing is that this happens by displacement of surrounding fluid as we saw in the bluff body animation. And they happen only when the object is accelerating or decelerating through the fluid. And we also have this relation which is basically the added mass forces they are directly proportional to the acceleration or F equal to K a. Now, let me remind you of an equation which is very similar to this F equal to MA or F equal to mass into acceleration that is Newton's second law. And that is also where we get this term added mass. Now, the reason why we have this name added mass is because it is directly proportional to acceleration. Now, this K term will have the units of mass because force is equal to mass times acceleration K here in this case which is a factor for added mass would have the dimensions of mass and that is the reason why we get this name added mass effects. Now, this acts like a inertia addition to the system as you can see from this relation. Again, this is an aerodynamic effect and it happens only when the object is moving through a fluid. Now, it is because it is directly proportional to the acceleration it has the aerodynamic coefficients have the K this added mass coefficient K has the units of mass and that is why it looks like it appears as though it is the inertia addition to the system. Now, another way of looking at it is something like this. So, let us say you have this bluff body this gray bluff body which is going through fluids. Now, I beg your pardon because this is a very poorly animated slide. Now, what we see here is that when this bluff body moves there are these particles which move away as we saw in the bluff body animation and there are some particles which this object carries along with it. Now, these objects that move away they can be modeled using the conventional aerodynamics model that is the one that we saw in the previous talk but the one that is carried along with the bluff body it looks like it is the inertia addition because this much extra mass is being attached to the bluff body itself. Now, this can be modeled using several model using empirical relation which was given by LAMP in 1918. Now, again as I mentioned these are predominantly used in buoyant vehicles like submarines, hot air balloons, aerostats where basically the displaced mass of the air or the fluid is comparable to the total weight of the system. Now, as you can imagine they are going to be different coefficients about different axes. So, let us say the airship is moving along the x axis like this in that case we would have something which is about the x axis. So, the added mass about the x axis let us call it mx would be given by k1 into m where k1 is the added mass coefficient and m here would be the displaced volume of fluid in this case displaced volume of the air. So, x would be in one direction now the airship could also have added mass along the y direction or the lateral direction. So, basically when the airship does this so that would be my so here as I mentioned m is the mass of the fluid displaced by the body and mz could be in this direction laterally.  So, my would be equal to mz. So, that is given by k2 into m. So, you have two different added mass coefficients with different values about the x axis y axis y axis would be equal to z axis in this case m y would be equal to mz there is another thing which is also acting. So, basically when the airship is turning let us say yawing or pitching again both of this would be equal the added inertia terms corresponding to these. Now, it is not just only for the masses it is also for the inertia because when you are turning even then you are displacing this fluid mass. So, that is why in the yawing motion and also in the pitching motion in both of these cases we have this added inertia to the system and that is given by j dash equal to k dash into j where j is the inertia of the mass of the inertia of the fluid displaced by the body. Now, it is given by these curves which is taken from this book called fundamentals of aircraft and airship design volume 2 by Karichner and Nikolai. So, we have k1 here and so we basically see that as the fineness ratio increases the k1 value decreases. Now, it makes sense because what we are doing is we are elongating the airship you are basically reducing the frontal area. So, therefore the inertia and addition along the x direction would be less because you are basically reducing the area here projective area and you are elongating the airship. And in this case in the YZ case as the fineness ratio increases we also increase the added mass effects. So, as it increases we would see that more and more fluid mass would be displaced and that is why we have more higher values as we increase the fineness ratio. The same thing also goes with k dash which is corresponding to the pitching and yawing moment added mass inertias. We see the same effect as k2 and k3 that is as fineness ratio increases it increases as well and for sphere we see that it is actually constant it is the value is 1. All right. So, let us do a small comparison between a lighter than aircraft and the heavier than air aircraft. So, for this exercise I am going to pick these two aircrafts. So, we have skyship 600 and Boeing 777-200. Now, the reason for picking or choosing these two aircrafts is because they are of similar size. So, you can look at the length of the aircraft they are very similar even the volume is in a similar range. Now, note that volume does not really make sense for Boeing 777 because it is a heavier than air aircraft. So, that is why we only use the fuselage volume we have the total empty max takeoff weight. So, let us only talk about the maximum takeoff weight MTO WMTO which is 5200 kgs for skyship 600 and about 247200 kgs for Boeing 777-200. So, let us calculate the added mass for skyship 600. So, we have the volume. So, this is also the displaced volume. Now, we have we can calculate the fineness ratio that is the length over the diameter which is 3.88. Now, that corresponds to a K1 value. So, we are only going to talk about the x direction added mass. So, it is about 0.1 approximately. So, MA which is the added mass about the x direction is volume that is this 666 into rho which is the density of air 1.225 and K1 which is 0.1 for skyship 600. Now, the value that we get is about 816.5 kg. Now, the maximum takeoff weight as we saw earlier is 5200 kgs. And what we see here as a percentage is that it is about 15% of the maximum takeoff weight. The added mass about the x axis for skyship 600 is about 15% of the maximum takeoff weight. Now, let us do the same exercise for a heavier than aircraft which is Boeing 777-200. Now, the length of this is 63.73, 6.2 as the diameter and volume as we saw is 7692 meter cube. Now, I have not considered the volume of the fins or the wing. So, it is only the fuselage. So, what we get here would be kind of an underestimate. But just let us for the sake of comparison, let us just do it. So, we have the L by D ratio fineness ratio to be 10.27. Now, although in this graph, we do not see beyond 10. So, we are going to assume that it is about 10. And what we get is K1 equal to 0.04. So, let us calculate the added mass which corresponds to these numbers. So, we multiply volume displaced that 7692 meter cube into rho 1.225 and K1 which is 0.04. Now, the added mass in this case is about 376 kgs. The maximum takeoff weight is 247200 kgs. Now, when we take this as a ratio, what we see here is about 0.15% of the maximum takeoff weight that is the added mass of Boeing 777-200 about the longitudinal axis is 0.15% of the maximum takeoff weight of the aircraft. So, this is the reason why we do not consider added mass in conventional aircrafts or heavier than air aircrafts. And it makes a lot of sense to consider in lighter than air vehicles because it is about 15% of the maximum takeoff weight. And that is the reason why it is important to consider added mass effects in heavier than in lighter than air systems. With that, I thank you for listening to me patiently. If you have any questions, please do post them on the forum and I will answer them to my best understanding. Thank you.


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