I am welcome to my talk about gradually implementing Istio for your platform. In this talk, we'll be exploring a way to figure out your starting point, your destination, and the steps between those points to have a gradual and safe implementation of Istio. Most of the material in this talk is based on conversations I had with other end users and our own experience in implementing the service mesh for our platform. First, a little bit about me. My name is John. I've been platform engineering at Vecom in the Netherlands for about seven years. I've also been doing consulting for a very long time, and that's mostly been revolving around DevOps culture and cloud architecture. If you have any questions or have any feedback, you can reach me on the CSEF Slack and on the Istio Slack and even on the Kubernetes Slack workspace all using the same handle. So that's likely to be the gap that we're going to be bridging. I'm going to assume that you already have a choice, made a choice to use a service mesh or at least are heavily leaning towards implementing one. And you might already have a non-meshed system running. So figuring out what's inside of this opening, this gap, what we need to put there to get to our end state, that's what this talk's all about. So your starting point is probably Kubernetes, but it might also be something else. Istio does work with various other systems, although it might be a little bit more to get it working. For example, virtual machines or servers or edge devices are all going to be supported. Looking for one of more features in the service mesh deployment, that is probably also a starting point requirement. If you're not looking for a service mesh, you might not really want to deploy or deploy one. And then there's the accessing expectations. So you probably already have some running applications or some users or some plans that you need to support and adhere to. Then there's the destination, which is slightly hard to predict. But for my conversations, it's usually a combination of ingress control, internal communication, and observability, which we're all very handy to have. We'll go into detail about those features a little bit later. So getting the starting point right is pretty important because that all through implementation, that is going to influence how you perform each step and what the impact is going to be. So I've split this into three topics. There's existing knowledge, there's infrastructure context, and there's available resources. And together, they have a pretty huge impact on how you might implement this. So your containers, Linux or Kubernetes experience that will come in handy, but it's not the only existing knowledge that will come in handy. You might have one of your products or something totally different. And one way or another, some of the knowledge that you have gained when using or operating them that will come in handy when implementing a service mesh because lots of the knowledge that might not be, say, named the same or definitely not just be slightly off, it usually brought them to the same stuff. So having some existing knowledge and taking information of that, that is important because that informs how much of a learning curve you might have. And then there's the infrastructure context. So for example, you might have existing systems and the connectivity of those systems may not be interruptible or it might be preferred that they not be interrupted while you're implementing something. Same goes for dependencies the other way around. So if you are inside your cluster and you want to talk to something outside of the cluster, well, maybe you want to make sure that that also keeps working. Not everyone requires this. Some services have expected downtime, so that might not bite you. But if it applies to you, something to take into context or into consideration. Then there's security and compliance. So you might have existing rules regarding that. And you might have existing users. So making sure that you don't interrupt their work too badly or in unexpected ways, those are very important. So looking at those two and we'll go fill in the blanks in a bit, they impact your learning curve because how much you can use also kind of applies to how much you will have to learn and how much you have to change will cause some friction. So fewer changes or safer changes will result in less friction. And then there's the indirect impact of your speed and scope because if you have to maintain a lot of existing features or connectivity, the scope might get very broad. And if you have a lot of existing knowledge that you can reapply, then your speed might be very high. It also works the other way around, of course.  That is the available resources. So if you don't have the people and the time to implement and maintain everything, maybe you want to spend some money on a third party supplier to help you with that. Or it could be the other way around. Maybe your budget is somewhat smaller, but you do have time to build and support everything. So then you might do everything in-house or some balance in between. And these resources, they will generally also impact how many features you deliver at once and how safe that is to do. So if you have a very, if you release very often and you have a couple of environments, say you have a development environment and a sandbox environment and a production environment, it might be safer and easier to deploy a small set of features many times, not the same feature obviously.  On the other hand, if you have a slower release cadence, perhaps you might bundle more features at once, but you have to do more testing and more validation ahead of time. So how do you apply these topics to a real world scenario? Well, for us at Wacom and for some of the people I've talked to, it was some reusable knowledge. So for us, we already had some platform experience that was relatively relatable to Istio, including scheduling orchestration and containers and generating YAML because duplicating the same YAML by hand and keeping it on sync, that's not really a lot of fun if you have enough services to configure. But also metric with Prometheus helps a lot because a lot of the observability does depend on you using the metrics that are available in Istio to act on. And you can use Prometheus or other tools, but in this example and in our case, we use Prometheus. And then there's the infrastructure context. So we had a relatively high release cadence, but we have smaller sets of these features per release. And because we had multiple environments, it was also relatively safe for us to experiment and we were using Git and deployment systems so we could roll backwards and forwards without breaking too many things at once. And there were also existing websites, backend services that we could not modify. So those had to be kept alive during all the implementation phases. So that is how it works for us. But lastly, the resources, we didn't have much of a budget for ongoing support. So we couldn't really have a third party manage the control plane for us, for example, which can be a very useful service to purchase. But we did have a little bit of a budget to help us kickstart the implementation. So we had some time with some people, but not everyone had the same amount of knowledge. And we figured that having some consultants come in and do some pair programming would be one of the ways that we could improve our knowledge and also keep our speed to a level that we wanted it to be. And because we had full ownership and those frequent releases, that was something that we could choose for. But that might of course be different in your situation. So now that we have a starting point and an example of how such a starting point was created, let's look at the destination. So this diagram is a somewhat simplified version of the architecture. It's available on the architecture overview page on the exterior website. But it gives you an idea of the layout of where all the components are. And if you look around, you have some rough sections, there is a section control plane, and there's some stuff in there. There's another section data plane. There's some other stuff in there. And there, of course, the existing services that you might already have. Now, if we were to take this idea that we have a couple of locations with different purposes, and we go browse the documentation site, and there are, of course, plenty of sources where you can go look for features that are available or waging people are using this, then, well, documentation site always has all the features because, well, it's documenting everything that's possible with Istio. So just as a reference, it might be very useful to just browse it. So what we did is we went and looked at the concepts and the tasks. So the concepts and the tasks have similar topics. But for example, the traffic management and observability were very important to us. So we first read through some of the concepts and then decided that, well, we have an idea of why we want this and what it does. But let's see how hard it is to do the things. And that's where the other section comes in handy. There's tasks for traffic management, policy enforcement, and security. And they inform you a little bit about how much work or how much knowledge it takes to do certain things. Now, if you need a little bit more of a complete example, of course, those exist as well. And just as there are a lot of presentations and past Istio conferences contain a lot of user stories about how they're using Istio and what features they're using. But yeah, the examples give you a composed working system that uses certain Istio features. So it became very useful for you if you don't really know yet which features you will be using and in what combination. This is a very good point to check out.  We found that these six things, not all of them, but most of them, most of the time, are the topics that people are most interested about. And also the most desire to implement as fast or as soon as possible. So let's see how we can actually take those six topics and bridge the gap. So we have starting points. And we, of course, it's not possible to represent everyone's infrastructure. But let's pretend that it is at least similar to this. So we might have a bunch of microservices, and they are using an abstraction as a way to package all the resources for a service. So when a developer wants to deploy it, they have an essentially a Helm chart and it's a version. So they have a Helm chart of a specific version. They supply the values and the Helm chart will make sure that all the resources that they need are deployed in their own namespace. So this also requires a working Kubernetes cluster. And in this case, in this scenario, we have the ingress connected to a load balancer. So it's not directly exposed to the internet, but the load balancer takes care of that. And then all the ingresses that you have, they are using a load balancer control to receive traffic. So if we take this starting point and we say we want to start with the ingress gateway, how would you go about that? Well, we want the ingress gateway for a couple of features, central profitability and routing. And because the ingress gateway isn't deployed with the application, but inside the cluster on its own, it means that you're controlled on the ingress gateway applied to everyone. And they cannot really be circumvented as such. With the ingress, you can essentially make your own rules and do whatever you want. But that's because it's delivered with your application. And this one isn't. On its own, the ingress gateway doesn't do anything. So we also need to start with the basics of traffic management. Now, why you would want traffic management at all? Well, we had set it in the name to manage your traffic. But it gives you service specific rules. And it is also used to connect a service to a gateway. So traffic will only flow if there is a resource that says this service would like to receive traffic from this gateway when these conditions are met. And then you also have advanced routing features. We can't go into those in this talk, but that is something that you get as soon as you enable the possibility of using traffic management features. So let's look at the diagram again. Where would these two items, the basics of traffic management in the ingress gateway, live? So you have the data playing section and there is your existing service. And we want to make sure that the ingress of traffic works. And we also want to make sure that it actually arrives at a service. Now, to do anything, you first need to have a control plane. And that's where we're going to start. The control plane enables everything else. Well, it enables the installation of everything else. But yeah, let's start with that one. So you have your Kubernetes, you start with your control plane, you then add your ingress gateway, and then you can do your traffic management tasks. So let's look at these in a more practical sense. So I've added some elements to the diagram. We now have an ingress gateway and an IstioD on the site that's living in its own location. It's not embedded in the namespace of the application. And the application now also has a virtual service resource. So how it works is you install the control plane. It's very well documented. This is essentially one command to install the base custom resource definitions and another one to install the IstioD, so the daemon that actually controls everything. And there's another command to then add an ingress gateway. So those two, you can essentially out of the box reduce them. There's no additional configuration required. And that essentially sets you up for everything else. So then the third step was the basic traffic management. In this case, it means that we need to create a virtual service resource. And that essentially is going to be the connection between the gateway and the service where you want to receive the traffic. Now, when you implement it, there are no real side effects to this. So you can actually do this without bugging anyone, without breaking anything. All the current traffic flows will keep working in a way. You can do this without anyone noticing. And there are, of course, multiple ways to install it. So there's helm-based installation. IstioCTL can do a lot of it for you. You can generate manifest and use those, perhaps with customize. So there are multiple options. Now, let's dive into this virtual service for a second. This is essentially a resource that says if this gateway, in this case, the gateway and ingress gateway receives some traffic, check if the URL is prefixed with cool. If it is, send the traffic to destination my cool app. And in this case, my cool app is the name of the service that you deployed. So that's all it does. It doesn't say, oh, stop all the other traffic or break the existing ingress. It doesn't even touch anything else. So if you were to abstract your application, you could essentially release a new version of your helm chart if that's what you're using and simply add this resource. And that's it. So a very safe way to implement this. However, it doesn't do anything right now. So the question that remains, do you just deploy this and then move on and do something else? Or do you perhaps want to deploy something that actually does something? So first choice is deploy this as is doesn't do much, but it's super safe. But it might also mean that you now have like a billion deployments that do nothing before you get to a point where you can do something. But yeah, the second option at this crossroads is we're going to modify everything at once. And we're going to make sure that the traffic immediately goes into the virtual service into the ingress gateway. And the old path is really broken. That will be more of a big bang implementation, perhaps useful if you release cadence is slower. But it does require everyone to move at the same time. But there's a third option. And the third option allows you to let everyone paste it at their own well desired speed. So let's look at this option three. So we take this existing diagram that we have. And we just add a new load balancer to it. And the new load balancer will actually send traffic to the ingress gateway. And at this point, you can actually already use this to send traffic to any service that also has a matching virtual service does work for everything, of course, if your developers are using a home charts that doesn't deploy a virtual service with the application, then those aren't reachable by the ingress gateway yet because the ingress gateway only knows about services that are connected to it via a virtual service. So we can actually make that even more safe. So we can create a virtual service that is a wildcard service or a fullback service. And what it does is it catches any traffic that couldn't be served by a different virtual service. And in this case, we can then sell the virtual service anything you receive, just send it to the old load balancer. And then any service that has been deployed with a virtual service can receive the traffic directly from the ingress gateway. And any service that was deployed without a virtual service, it will still receive the traffic using the old load balancer, the old ingress, and can continue working as is. You can even roll backwards and forwards without breaking anything. This does require an additional resource. So you have your virtual service that configures the bypass or the fullback traffic. There's essentially a wildcard. It accepts anything. And this to make sure that this wildcard service is put at the bottom of the priority chain, because you would, of course, not want to capture any traffic that you have a actual service for. But Istio doesn't know anything about your old load balancer, because it's not a service and it's not inside the mesh. So we do need to inform Istio about this. So what we do is we create a service entry, which essentially says if you see this host, it is located outside of the mesh. Here's the port. Here's the protocol. And you can find it using DNS. And now Istio knows about this, which means that any traffic that you send to the new load balancer will hit your ingress gateway. The ingress gateway will say, yes, I am aware of a service analyst or no, I'm not. And in the last case, well, it will be aware that the wildcard service exists. And that will then forward the traffic to the old load balancer. And this way your developers can now deploy an old version of your chart or a new version of your chart. And the traffic will always work. There is, of course, a couple of extra hops now included. So if you're using the old way or your developers are using the old way, it means that their traffic has a little bit of actual latency. But that's about it. So it's a pretty safe way and a pretty staged way to allow a gradual move towards mesh integrated traffic. But that, of course, leaves us with not a lot of new features. We have moved traffic over, but that's about it. That's not what we wanted. We wanted to use those sweet service mesh features. And this in pretty much all cases is going to require you to have a Sidecar proxy, because that's where actually all the magic happens now. I'm talking about Sidecar proxies here, but there is a different mode for the mesh. And that's called the ambient mode or ambient mesh. And that uses a different system, but it's used the same thing. There are other presentations at this conference in a previous conference about explaining the actual ambient mesh and what features are and are supported. It's currently in beta. But yeah, it's for this example, it doesn't really matter because once it gets released, the way you work with it will be the same. So let's talk about this Sidecar proxy. So we have a little bit of fingers gateway. That's done. And we have some traffic management, but nothing else. So this injection will enable operability and security and authorization because it actually has access to all the traffic coming in and out of your pod. And that's something that you need if you want to observe it or secure it or do anything with it. So the operability features that you would gain is traffic insight, but also who's talking to who. So it will know who the originator of the request was and who the destination is. And this also is precursor to other facilities. So for example, let's pick Keali. That's a great tool to visualize what is actually happening inside your mesh. So yeah, it's kind of a almost, that's not necessarily required, but it's a must have because this will, well, enable whole world of other features for you. Security wise, the most important parts are traffic encryption. So it does mutual TLS and it also has cryptographic identities for all of your pods. So it means that the identities that cannot be faked because the essentially the Sidecar, the proxy that's injected, that manages your identity. So it means that if you have a container in a pod that tries to talk to the outside world, the later proxy or the Sidecar proxy will attach that identity to it. And you have to implement some of these security features to get access control. And the extra control based on that identity that you get that the cryptographic identity allows you to say who can talk to who based on identity instead of just port numbers or network based policies. So it's protocol based, which gives you a lot of fine grained features. We can be very useful. We'll go into that a little bit later. But yeah, if you take a look at it in steps, you can gradually add Sidecars, which then enables observability, security and authorization. Now essentially, observability and security could be in different orders, but Sidecars has to be done first and authorization only works if security works. So let's go into it. So I've removed all the other resources from the diagram that are not relevant for this part. And what we're going to do is we're going to update the configuration to inject a Sidecar into the pod. Now you can do this cluster wide. So we can say everything must have a Sidecar, but you can also do this based on the namespace or even based on the pod. And that is, of course, controlled by your replica set and your deployment. When you do this, it is important to keep an eye on your applications because there are some edge cases where an application might be doing something that needs some additional coordination between the Sidecar and the application. So all it takes is adding a label. And the label can be set if you package your application using a chart by your chart. You can also do with Customize, of course, and if need be, you can do it manually. And as soon as you have this label set and you start a pod, Istio will notice this and it will inject the Sidecar. So it is that simple. And because it's packaged with the application, everyone can do this at their own pace. So you don't have to do it for everyone at once. But only for the pods that actually have a Sidecar. That's where you get the additional features. So that's good to keep in mind. But again, gradual. So what this gives you is, and this is a somewhat more complicated diagram from the security documentation. This is you a encryption and control points everywhere where the proxy is located. So your service doesn't need to implement it. It is implemented for the service inside the proxy. And that's why this injection is so important. Now, if you go a little bit more simplified, this means that if your pod talks to another pod, there's both encrypted and identified. So that's also where the sensitivity comes from. And it also means that if you, for example, were to enforce this, you can't have any plain text communication anymore. Now, that does mean that if you enforce it on a workload that is not used to it or say an external workload, you might run into trouble. Because if you say M2LS is now enforced, and by default it's permissive, but you say it's now enforced. It means that if anyone isn't upgraded yet with an injection, with a Sidecar injection, they can no longer communicate correctly. So it's important that if you were to, for compliance reasons, for example, want to strictly require it, that can be quite tricky. So yeah, you can do it gradually. But if you make it enforced, you might want to have to wait a little bit to make sure everything has a Sidecar injection done. So now you have those features. You have your traffic metrics, your security status, because that is something also really we'll also tell you. We'll tell you what is the security status of this request. Was it using M2LS or was it using plain text? And you also get an automatic metrics endpoint. So if you're already scraping your services, Istio will append the additional metrics to your metrics endpoint. So you don't need to set up any additional configurations in Prometheus. This is very nice. Security also is automatically implemented because by default, it gives everyone M2LS, it gives everyone identity, and it is also always an enforcement point for policies. So by default, as soon you enable injection, you get these practically for free. So you can of course configure them with more exotic configuration, but it's not required. So let's say we want to also add some access control, some policies. An example scenario would be a REST service. And you want to make sure that the metrics isn't adjustable from the internet. But you want to also make sure that nobody can issue a delete command. For example, you need to quickly change that without modifying the application. The policy can help you there. So a policy for your delete methods might look like this. We essentially say if traffic is matched based on the label, in this case, the app is called My Cool API, then we deny the action as soon as we detect that it contains a delete operation or delete method. So that is a very simple way to restrict what someone can do or something can do. For the other party metrics thing, that's pretty nifty. Because the traffic is entering your cluster using the Ingress Gateway, it means that the traffic from outside, which doesn't have an identity, is now given the identity of the Ingress Gateway. So the traffic comes in in your Ingress Gateway and the Ingress Gateway then communicates to your pod.  So your source is the Ingress Gateway and the destination is your pod. So that means that we can say if our pod receives traffic from anyone, sure, give them metrics. But if it receives traffic from the Ingress Gateway, do not give them metrics, deny it instead. So very powerful, but also gradually implementable. That's a real word. You can scope them to a cluster, so then it applies to everyone, but you can also scope it to your namespace or just an application, which again means that if a developer would want such a policy, they can choose to add it to their deployment. And if it goes wrong, they can roll it back and then it's removed. So the impact is very small. And if you want to require a policy for everyone, you would embed it in your chart and you would wait until everyone has upgraded to that latest chart version. Now, there is a little bit of a but in here. If you do things wrong with your policy, well, maybe your service is no longer reachable. There is this very important graph that will help you prevent such errors. So by default, everything is allowed. But you can have a custom or deny policy that changes that behavior. But what is important to keep in mind is as soon as you add a single allow policy, even if it's for one small specific thing, it will block the default allow policy, which means you no longer allow everything.  So yeah, start with allow policies as a last option if you can avoid it. And it brings to the last feature. So if you want to gain the features of an egress gateway, which would mostly be a metric for the outside world and management for services that you don't own. So for example, something that lives outside of the mesh. And it is not necessarily the only way to do it. If you remember, we did something with a low balancer. But if we look at a slightly more complicated scenario and you want to dive too deeply into it, you can supply a service entry and a virtual service with your application. So for example, if your application is talking to your internal API, and you would like to collect metrics just on what that API is doing, adding a service entry for the external API and a virtual service that refers to the service entry will then allow any of your software that is already making those calls to be instrumented. Because if you add a global egress gateway to your cluster, and you have a virtual service that refers to that, then that is the path that will be taken by Istio when sending traffic out to the internet. Of course, if there is no matching service and there is no strict mutual TLS, I think traffic will just equal to the internet by itself and it will not be instrumented, which would mean that your developer has to do it manually inside of the source code of their service. So this is a very nifty feature as well. There weren't as many people I talked to that were actually using it. But those that were using it, they were super happy about it. So yeah, it's good to know. So that was all I could fit in this presentation. I hope you learned something, or at least enjoyed watching this. And if you have any questions or comments, you can reach me using the handle I mentioned at the beginning. So I hope you had a good presentation and I hope you have a nice conference. Thank you for listening.


In my experience as a youth minister for over 14 years, I found out four things that always killed my fire. Number one, it was offense. Anytime I got offended at somebody, I lost my fire. People leave the churches because of offense. Actually 99% of people that leave the churches today, leave because of offense. And for those of us who think, yeah, it's about church do something and change it so that people stop leaving the church because of offense, actually in one meeting Jesus had 75 of His key leaders leave Him. If you think that if the church will get perfect, less people will leave the church because of offense. If the church will get perfect, more people will leave because of the offense because they could not live up to their perfectionism. Offense is unavoidable. We can only stop causing offenses, but we can not ever stop having offenses. You will be offended.  It's just the devil's trap. That's all it is.   That's all it is. The second thing that I've seen in my ministry and personally in my life or what kills the fire is disappointment. It's when you dream, you believe, you fast, you pray, and it doesn't happen. You prayed for somebody who wanted, if you believed, is they going to be healed? You had a word from God, you knew it and nothing happened. And next thing that happened is that becomes like a water that goes on your fire. And it's very important. I want you to see this. When you get offended, honestly, Jesus doesn't really go after you and tries to butter you up. When the guys got offended, Jesus didn't go after them and say, Hey guys, let me explain.  I meant communion. Jesus didn't do that. But when guys left him, left Jerusalem, walked to city of Emmaus, he walked beside them, encouraged them with preachers until their hearts got on fire again.  And the third thing that kills our fire is honestly business. It's when we become so busy that we don't have time to spend time with the Lord. We don't have time to even make it to church. And please understand, intimacy makes you fruitful, not busy. Business could be a result of intimacy, but business itself does not make you successful. Only intimacy with God makes you successful.  If you are too busy to be with God, you are too busy. And this is what I know about busy people. You actually don't make more money. You make less. Because you break God's rule. God ordered for us to rest on Saturday. If you say, but I'm going to work three jobs, four jobs, I mark this. You will not make more money because God blesses order and you are out of order. God blesses order, not out of order. I mentioned how Chick-fil-A decided not to open its fast food restaurant chain on Sundays. And people said, did you know that on Sundays all the fast food restaurants make the most money? And the main guy of Chick-fil-A, he says, I know. But God said, and people should take a rest at least one day. And he says, and I'm going to choose the most busiest day to rest. Average fast food restaurant makes $1 million a year. Chick-fil-A makes five. Why? Because when you... But it doesn't make sense. Nothing with God makes sense. But when you follow the order, God blesses you. Same thing. When you give, it seems like you're going to lose money. And somehow you have enough. When you hold on to that, it seems like it's never enough. Business is good. If it comes out of your fruitfulness and it doesn't affect your intimacy with God. But the moment you see your file is dying out. Your file is dying out. Cut back on some things. Catch your breath. Relax.   Why don't you just keep both at the same time? Because this is not just about relationship with God. This is about your health being. This is about your kids knowing who you are. This is about your family. This is about your spouse. This is about everyone, everything being intact. And the last one is materialism. Materialism is not when you have stuff. It's when the stuff has you. I have this Apple watch. I have this watch. This watch doesn't have me. Because at any moment this watch can be yours. Not today. The most freeing thing for my relationship with God has been is when I can hold things without holding onto them. When God has the right to take anything out of my hand and I have the privilege to take anything out of his pocket.


Good morning. So, we will continue with the phonetics part of the language. Last week we began talking about the structure of natural languages. Before that you may remember we spoke about design features of natural languages. What are those features? What are those characteristics of language that make them or that makes that make it such a versatile medium of communication so that you know all human beings irrespective of their class, caste, gender, creed can communicate their wishes, their fears, their desires, their poetry, their dreams, anything. One of the reason is human being human languages, natural languages are designed that way. Once we have spoken about that let us look at the structure. Now, like any other system, like any other natural entity, natural languages are also made of units put together small to big, very tiny particles coming together to make a block, blocks coming together to make a bigger block, bigger blocks coming together to make still bigger block. You know like we have in the structure of a building we have bricks, bricks themselves have been made of clay, clay itself is made up of you know what tiny molecules and you can go on breaking it as much as you like. So, in the case of speech or human languages they are made up of speech sounds. Speech sounds come together and make a syllable in India we call them akshara, syllables come together and make a word, words come together make phrases, phrases come together and make a sentence, sentences come together and make a discourse or we can go from top down. We can start a discourse and start taking things away you know after discourse the smaller unit is sentence, after sentence the smaller unit is phrase, after phrase the smaller unit is words, afterwards the smaller unit is syllable, after syllable the smaller unit is speech sounds you can break a speech sounds further now fill in the blanks I will repeat myself higher than the speech sounds what do we have syllables, higher than syllables what do we have words, higher than words what do we have phrases, higher than phrases what do we have sentences, what higher than sentences what do we have discourse in written language we have paragraph, it is spoken language we have discourse you speak on a topic to people at a place at a time these things together there is a social context that is called discourse I will repeat myself and please answer me lower than the discourse what element do we have sentences, discourses are made up of sentences, sentences are made up of phrases, phrases are made up of words, words are made up of syllables, syllables are made up of speech sounds right. So, we are now looking at how speech sounds are produced what is this subject or this science called which looks at the production of speech sounds it is called please remember articulatory phonetics right we are looking at the production of speech sounds and I told you the other day that all speech sounds are produced because of either airstream going out of your mouth starting from your lungs or starting elsewhere and going out of your mouth what is that kind of airstream called aggressive airstream or they are produced because of air going into your mouth what is that kind of airstream called ingressive airstream, but most sounds in most languages of the world are produced most sounds in most languages of the world are produced with aggressive airstream mechanism. We can produce a variety of sounds you know which I told you the other day we can speak like flies we can speak like reptiles we can speak like birds we can speak like mammals we can speak in a variety of ways we can produce hisses, buzzes what else banks and glides hisses, buzzes, banks and glides that because we have very versatile vocal apparatus what you see is the diagram of the vocal this is the vocal apparatus the air starts somewhere here below in the lungs and moves up and you know either goes through the nasal cavity or goes through the oral cavity and we produce speech sounds correct. These vocal apparatus then interact together and manipulate this you know speech air and we get a variety of different kinds of sounds so that we can produce lots of words lots of music lots of quarrels lots of cooperation and lots of good and bad things. What are the organs of articulation we looked at the other day can you close your eyes and name them please the organs of articulation that directly participate in the production of speech sounds their tongue teeth lips vocal cords jaws uvula palates what kind of palates hard palate and soft palate epiglottis etcetera some of them are active articulators some of them move towards the corresponding passive articulators what are the active articulators lips lower jaw and tongue and uvula and vocal cords some people say pharynx as well because it can expand and contract right these are active articulators what are the active articulators go from the front of the mouth to the back of the mouth lips lower jaw tongue uvula and vocal cords. Some people also count pharynx I will repeat myself this time we will start with vocal cords what next what is the next active articulator after vocal cords uvula after uvula tongue after tongue lower jaw after lower jaw lips in some order right these are the active articulators they move towards their corresponding passive articulators and we get a variety of sounds so far so good any problem please if you have any questions if you have not understood something please come and talk to me I have also given you references to books the plenty of material on the net you just google what you do not understand yesterday I had some confusion concerning the design of erytenoid cartilage and I googled it I get it immediately you are not even a couple of seconds you are the lucky generation you know all you have to do is to ask for it and it is there you know you are all in almost in the alibaba and the magic cave right so do look up and there also are books if you cannot find those books please speak to me right but most of those books are easily available in the central library and elsewhere I will encourage you to look them up finally today where you stand in the field of humanities philosophy and sciences human languages are the next frontier of challenge for all of these fields how is it that human beings can understand more than words can understand and put together those words can a machine do the work that can we design systems which can speak and answer like human beings which can ask and process information like human beings it is not an impossible goal you know the only claim that engineering makes upon human intellect is that there is nothing like impossible what is there in nature can be replicated but this will be the way to replicate to understand how nature works this is how nature works today I am going to talk about the functioning of the vocal chords the most basic if you want I am not insisting on it I you know I expect you to get this design right this diagram right I expect you at the examination you will have a question maybe at the quiz and at the end semester examination as well I will ask you to draw the diagram of vocal apparatus level it name the parts of vocal apparatus underline the active articulators etcetera please get it right let it be you know part of your ready knowledge the moment somebody tells you soft palate you know what you are talking about the moment somebody says you know what you are talking about and the best way to do that is to draw this diagram at least 30 times within this week 3 or 4 times a week 3 or 4 times a day I am sorry and you will find that until the very old age you will be able to teach how to draw this diagram to your grandchildren or god willing great grandchildren okay this is not difficult at all provided you give some time to it let us move to the next the structure and working of vocal chords please write it can be a spelt both with or without an H some people also call it vocal folds okay so I am going to talk about the structure and function of the vocal chords vocal chords are located here you know take your finger to your throat and you see what in layman's language we call adams apple okay we in indian languages have different kinds of names okay in sanskrit you know things like cunt okay so here this this box called glottis is called glottis houses within the glottis is encased is is is placed safely this organ called vocal chords okay within the glottis this is the design of the vocal chords take a good look okay I have what I have showed you is a is a vertical way but it is not vertical it is not this way it is this way you know actually these are looking sideways if you look at it you know from up above in the throat with with a camera it it is okay this is the real thing this is the real thing okay this the white thing that you see are chords at the moment vocal chords are wide open you know this is a film I will play it I downloaded it from you are looking at it from top down you know with the camera through the throat right just a view you know just a very short very passing view of the vocal chord this is the most versatile organ of articulation that god or nature has given us what you saw the film that you saw has been taken on a camera where the movement has been deliberately slowed otherwise it is so fast the movement of vocal chords is so rapid that you know if it is taken at the same speed at which it works you and I will not be able to see it move okay to us it will appear to be static naked eye but you know they have deliberately slowed it so that we can see how it works. Let us look at the diagram of the vocal chords or even before we okay it is it is a it is some kind of a box put within a box so glottis itself is a box and within that vocal chords is a box look at the design there are many different parts that is epic glottis etcetera etcetera but the key element the key element of the vocal chords is this thing what we call please write okay may be better I should bring you to this you see this is epic glottis I am looking at it from top down and the other side this yellow thing that you see here okay if you someday have time you know and I am going to send these slides to you through Mahesh you can make your own diagram looking at these then that will give you a much better understanding of how the system works can you see the erytenoid cartilage there everybody please yes or no can you see erytenoid cartilage mark it is a spelling okay right erytenoid is a Greek word you know it looks like ladle okay and in Greek it meant ladle like it is this thing really which gives you and me which gives us our peculiar voice this erytenoid cartilage please write of all the things you must remember the spelling and the functioning of this this erytenoid cartilage controls this white thing called vocal chords if erytenoid cartilage expands vocal chords expand if erytenoid cartilage does not expand vocal chords do not expand okay it is erytenoid cartilage like a rope on which like you know the controlling rope on a curtain you see certain sometimes you know you have ropes controlled with curtain particularly in theaters of the old style today you have theaters where curtains are electronically controlled but in the old time we had curtains drawn by the stage manager and he drew the curtains or undrew the curtains through the rope so it is this rope you know this tug can you see the I am pointing the to this yellow thing okay this is the erytenoid cartilage now this erytenoid cartilage ordinarily speaking can be the erytenoid cartilage generally speaking but there is nothing like generally nature you know each though we are all I have been saying though we are all mass production of God okay we always talk of overcrowded overpopulation overcrowded countries but no two people are alike look at yourselves look at your jaws look at them each other please do look at each other please do look at each other no two jaws are alike no two eyes are alike note by alike I mean exactly alike unlike a mobile phone unlike a pair of shoes unlike a fountain pen unlike a ballpoint pen you know unlike anything that man has made nature has mass production yet each each piece is custom made each creature is different from another creature you and I think all bullocks look alike all dogs look alike but those who keep bullocks ask the farmers they know one bullock from another you and I may have difficulty recognizing twins but mother has no difficulty recognizing twins it is not that she feeds the same child twice or keeps the other child hungry okay so even if everything in nature looks like everything else it is not now keep that in mind and then let us talk about this erytenoid cartilage generally is among men it is 21 millimeters and among adult women generally speaking it is 18 millimeters once again generally speaking it could be 17 point something it could be 18 point something it could be 21 point something it could be 20 point something those mean skewed differences those nanometer differences give us our unique voice please write vocal cords give us our voice the erytenoid cartilage there gives us our unique voice vocal cords give us all voice you know we will not be able to speak you will not be able to hear me as you do now without vocal cords but within the vocal cords the moment I speak you recognize it is Shri Shadri speaking or the moment you speak your friends speak you are able to recognize immediately the moment there is a hello on the phone and you recognize who is speaking a friend or a mother or father a relative or a stranger okay and you are able to recognize that uniqueness of voice comes to you from the length of erytenoid cartilage come back to we will come back to the design of the first let us begin at the beginning vocal cords are some kind of a muscular fiber you know this white thing that I showed you in the diagram these you know these white rope like things these opening attached to the epiglottis on one end and erytenoid cartilage on the other okay this is erytenoid cartilage this is epiglottis okay attached to and then they expand and contract expand and contract the pressure of air coming from inside the lungs or in occasional rare cases pressure of air going from outside through the mouth into the lungs okay forces them to open yet because you know vocal cords have a versatile function yet vocal cords can be either fully open as they are or they can be fully shut okay when you eat when we drink okay generally though in India you know and in many other cultures we talk while eating in that case you know if and then vocal cords help us when we talk they let air come out but do not let food particle get in but sometimes when food particles do get in we start choking we start coughing but generally speaking vocal cords were designed to help us perform these functions close the passage this passage so that you know food can pass through trachea but when it is open the wind can pass through the wind pipe the two pipes there in our throat in our you know coming to the glottis right so this is the function that they perform they help us eat they help us speak right they are highly sensitive slightest pressure of air can send them vibrating at extremely high speeds opening closing opening closing some people say they vibrate so rapidly that the maximum recorded speech is something like please note fourteen thousand cycles per second at the rate of opening and closing fourteen thousand times per second it is unimaginable that there can be any part of human body which can work at these speeds okay they almost you know they you know in when you when you take live movie camera picture you almost do not see them you know moving they are so fast so then they artificially slow down the camera and then they take the photographs it is highly sensitive slightest pressure of air can change it is rate of vibration from zero cycle no movement at all no movement to fourteen thousand cycles per second the maximum recorded it can vibrate look at the parts of it usually as I said the particular voice the individual voice the unique voice that each of us has is by and large people say the product of the length of the world you know this erytonoid cartilage in the case of men it is about twenty one millimeters long generally speaking adult men in the case of adult women it is about eighteen millimeters long children have it of under eighteen millimeters length what happens is while we are growing up in the you know both boys and girls have the same kind of voice in their early childhood but as the boys start getting longer erytonoid cartilage and you know as we say voice breaks you know you acquire this protrusion then you know boys go on to about twenty one millimeters the erytonoid cartilage grows among boys up to the length of twenty one millimeters but in the case of most girls it stays at eighteen millimeters that is why men and women get different kinds of voice but you may have you may perhaps you may possibly know people where men have different kind of voice and women have different kind of voice my favorite is the you know the vocalist Usha Uthap from Calcutta you know she can speak she can sing like men she can sing like women and many other people who do these caricatures can also do that so this is adaptable some women have longer vocal cords and they talk like men some men have shorter or a smaller vocal cords and they talk like women can you imitate the voice of a woman can anybody please try in can anybody please try and imitate the voice of a woman I am not doing caricature for you I am trying to say how versatile it is come on please let me see if somebody does it this is where you call guts come please let me see who does it you know let the camera capture you please talk like a woman come on please don't you have to in place you in place very until very recently or even now in my village you know when we have theater boys play girls somebody please okay let me see if some girl can speak like a boy can you speak like a boy try if you are not very hesitate do try it you know classroom is the only place where you can experiment and failure also teaches you come on try it talk like a boy sing general like boys horse voice okay maybe we will do it later but I have do it try it in your room you know all of us can do that and all of us can do that because we can control through a retinoid cartilage the vibration of through flow of air vibration of vocal cords can be controlled okay they can open and close at extremely rapid speeds let us look at sorry okay a closer view of the vocal cords there are vocal folds there are different kinds of cartilages it is a very complex engineering very complex mechanism yet highly versatile highly dynamic you know I will immediately I will tell you in a few minutes about how it works you know it also controls as a figures it is the doorway to the as a figures which is closed when we swallow something but open when we speak right okay let us look at the vibration of the vocal cords once again and I will tell you how it what functions it does they it is the white things that are the vocal cords the other things is get you glottis this side is epic glottis the other side is far side is retinoid cartilage yes yeah it is all inside inside inside yeah right that pointy thing is here this this this is this is epic glottis and this other side is the retinoid cartilage yeah this thing you see this thing is retinoid cartilage this ladle like thing that is why the greeks call it erytenoid. Oid means shape ery means ladle okay you can you know I am going to give you the link and you can download this and many other better you know films of the functioning of the vocal cords the point I am making is that you and I are able to hear each other that you and I are able to recognize each other by voice even if you close your eyes even when you do not see your speaker you know who is talking to you okay all this happens because of the unique design of the vocal cords okay what else does vocal cord what else do vocal cords do okay I will like you to draw this diagram quickly may not be everything you know but use your pencil take a couple of minutes and draw these three positions as fast as you can a b and c okay you do not have to take me in the camera for a few minutes lovely that is great can you capture this please I thought you would speak like a boy don't you play part in stage plays do it fast yeah that is great yeah that is good can you capture my friends notebook have you never acted in place to try now okay good yeah that is marvelous that is great I wish you were sitting in the front so that I could ask my friends to capture your diagram on the camera have you never acted in place have you never acted in place why didn't you talk like a shy so quick would have reversed rules today right okay finished okay please you know I'll anyway I'm going to mail these slides to you and they will be there on the NPTEL website you can look them up and there are plenty of these things on the net anyway linguists say fanaticians say that primarily or basically vocal cords can be in one of the three stages a where they are fully closed when they are fully closed no speech sound is possible this happens when you eat or when you drink etc okay when you are swallowing something so fully closed position a position be fully open air goes out or comes in and then freely okay as in be but as in see it is partly closed or gently closed so that the passing air the passing speech air can send it vibrating all speech sounds are possible you know that we are able to hear one another it's possible because of the vocal cords being in the position see okay when it is in position a no speech sound is possible when it is in position be speech sounds are possible but people at a distance cannot hear the speaker okay say for example I am talking now but last bench is perhaps cannot hear can you hear me maybe you can but people on the last bench is cannot hear me because vocal cords are not vibrating this is how we whisper to each other keep your finger here and whisper to each other in turns not at the same time okay now keep your finger there and switch the voice on say the same thing with voice on say it allowed to your friend do you hear it vibrating do you feel it is vibrating okay another way of doing the same thing is just say produce this sound no vibration now say do you feel something is vibrating okay so you know depending on the state of vocal cords we say number one a it hardly participates in the production of speech sounds there are some speech sounds in some languages which are produced through ingressive air stream mechanism and there are speech sound say when you produce a sound like click vocal cords are in position a air does not go in it rebounds and you hear the sound okay in my village the farmers produce this sound to drive the cattle okay or drive the bullock cart but in Swahili this is the speech sound in English in Cockney English particularly in this English that is spoken by working class people in London and its suburbs again this is a speech sound okay so it depends but very few very few speech sounds are possible through a most speech sounds are produced when vocal cords are in position either B or please complete C please write when the vocal cords are in position B we produce voiceless speech sounds vocal cords wide open voiceless sounds vocal cords gently together not tight shut voiced sounds okay these are the speech sounds most speech sounds in most languages of the world are produced when vocal cords are in position B or C so for example we get as in sip and as in zip because vocal cords are vibrating or not vibrating okay so we get voiced sounds and voiceless sounds because of the vibration or the absence of vibration of the vocal cords besides the fact that they carry voice of the speaker to the ears of the listener they also produce other kinds of sounds what are the other kinds of sounds they produce you know different kinds of vibration produces different kinds of waves okay when talking about acoustic phonetics the other day I told you that each wave each speech wave has its own characteristics they have their own formant frequencies they have their own fundamental frequency they start vibrating at a certain rate the terminate at a certain rate when you saw the when you know we just now saw the a film of the vocal cords in action and the speaker produces a sound which goes from low to high see this once you know when this says low to high just see this is just one continuous production of sound you see when we are seeing they are not talking about that this is national anthem of a country can you tell me which right then you know this has been taken as I told you you can look at the you know from a medical research center their public website and I just downloaded it from there you can see more there they have taken a clipping from a medical national anthem they have taken a clipping from people shouting you know the low to high so all of these functions you know I am I am just taken less than a minute it is a few seconds clipping you know I encourage you to spend a few minutes at you know this Google website and see how it works what are the different kinds of functions it does but one of the most important functions of the vocal cords is to give you know it makes this speech audible the second function I said it produce a tone of voice okay it says you know the presenter here said from low to high many people say that meaning is not there in words meaning is there in tone you can say the same words in a bad tone right somebody asks you for a mobile phone can I use your mobile phone and you can say yes gladly by all means and somebody says can I use your mobile phone and you can say okay if that person has any self respect any sense of self respect he would not use your mobile phone or anything so you know the meaning some people say is not in words it is in tone what is tone tone is nothing please write but it but the rate of change in the vibration of vocal cords okay I will explain myself and then close the class today right what is tone tone is nothing but the rate of change or change in the rate of vibration of the vocal cords what is tone change in the rate vibration the vocal cords imagine you began speaking at a at the rate of vocal cords vibrating at the rate of let us say 1000 cycles per second 1000 times closing opening closing closing opening but then it is start declining it came to 500 it came to 300 it came to 200 so you start on high and come to low this is what happens when you give commands when you give orders a parade commander says stand at ease he starts at a very high rate of vibration maybe something like 6000 cycles per second and comes to zero that is when you declare when you shout on the other hand you can start at a very slow rate very low rate of vibration they start at 200 cycles per second okay and go on to high 1000 cycles per second can it borrow your pen please so when you when you ask a question when you make a request you know then you start at a low rate of vibration and move to the high rate of vibration so you know you can say can it borrow your pen please okay the you know the vocal cords start at a low rate and go at the high rate so you can have low to high rising vibration you can have high to low falling vibration in other words you can have falling tone rising tone you can have in between you know lots of in between are possible you can have doubtful tones should we call him to the party on Saturday well he is a nice guy but he gets drunk okay now this express a doubt so what is doubt it begins on a high note comes to the low note and goes to the high again fall rise fall or rise fall rise okay please write so you can have depending upon you can have rising tone what is rising tone it is starts at a low rate and goes at a terminates at a high rate you can start at the rate of let us say 300 cycles per second and close at may be a thousand cycles per second correct on the other hand there can be falling tone the other way around you can start at thousand cycles per second and you can close at 300 cycles per second usually rising tone is used to make requests ask polite questions can I take this seat please may I come into the class please okay etc etc or falling tone is generally used to give orders make declarations the king is dead tomorrow is a holiday IIT is the greatest institute okay you can make or sometimes you can have fall rise or the counter part is rise fall all of these things and various permutations various combinations are used to express so for example when you have fall rise it starts at 1000 goes to 300 goes to 1000 cycles per second when you have rise fall you start at 300 go to 1000 and start come back to 300 cycles per second there can be various combinations a whole lot of permutations combinations depending upon the kind of thing we said the voice we used we can have falling rising falling and various kinds of tones okay in other words vocal cords perform a variety of speech related and social functions the attitude the meaning etc etc the are conveyed through tones and tones are possible because vocal cords vibrate in the particular manner I will forward this slides to Mahesh you can look at them again it is also they are also going to be there on the website of the NPTEL but do look up books thank you have a good day.


Live from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE. Covering VMworld 2017, brought to you by VMware and its ecosystem partners. Hey, welcome back to theCUBE. Live from VMworld 2017, day one, I'm Lisa Martin with the co-host Dave Vellante. Very excited to be joined by our next guest, CUBE alumni, Peter McKay, president and co-CEO of V. Welcome to theCUBE, welcome back. Great to be here. Thanks Lisa. Good to see you. Hello Bostonian. Yeah, all right, good to be here. Now look, it's so good right now. It only matters how it ends. That's true. Yep, until October, it's not over till October. Not over till October. So some good news. You guys were just named a leader in the 2017 Gartner Magic Quadret for backup and recovery. What is next generation availability for the enterprise that has to be always on 24 seven? Yeah, you know, it's a category, we call it availability and now kind of the market has adopted this availability label term. And it's really around any application, any file, any service, access to your data at any time. So it's always on, always available, seven by 24, 365. And more and more companies need to be always on. And so it's not used to be, it's just about backup, backup.  And so that's becoming a bigger driver for a lot of companies. They need to be always on. And so this category of availability is what we focus on. Everybody at Veeam wakes up every morning thinking about how we can help our customers stay up and running and always on, always available. From a buyer's perspective, are you seeing this elevated to the level of the C-suite or are you still talking more with some of the guys and gals in IT or at lines of business? So I would say if you asked me two years ago, it was definitely IT centric. More and more as you start to see British Airways, I mean almost every day you're seeing another outage, major outage of a service or access to data or Australian Internal Revenue Service equivalent being down for a day. It's starting to be a bigger issue. And CIOs, CEOs, it's a major focus here, not just for the cost of the revenue, but also just the brand associated with it being down. With new buyers, is new millenniums and people always on access to devices, if you have a shoddy service, they're going to go elsewhere. And so more and more companies are focused on that being a differentiator for their business and that's why it's elevating up the C-suite. I've personally been sort of getting more knowledge about Veeam in the past six or seven months. We had you guys on at HP Discover in London and then of course we did Veeam on. You were at Pure Show, we were at the Nutanix Show, the HP in Vegas. And I just recently presented to your alliance team back in Boston, so kind of getting a feel for what's going on. We're going to be an expert in Veeam. I am starting to. So one of the things I'm noticing is you guys are moving up market, getting into the enterprise, talking a little more, CIO, CXO language.  And you've really brought in a lot of that new branding and messaging. A lot of people talk about digital transformation and to us digital transformation is all about how well you leverage data. So in your mind, is that a viable sort of definition if you will and how is Veeam helping its customers particularly up market leverage data? Well, I mean, more and more companies are leveraging data on almost every aspect of their business to drive new markets, to drive new products to market. And so the importance of data in this digital transformation, they call it the currency of digital transformation. And so the more that data is growing in its importance, the more the need for accessing that data and to have that data always available for you to make faster, quicker decisions is only growing. And so not only is it the size of data, but it's the ability to access it at all times in any location, on-premise, off-premise is becoming more and more because of the importance of data, right? So the applications need to have access to it, decisions. I mean, I look at our business, more and more of what I do every day is off of data we're accumulating for and how we drive our business, how users, how people are buying, how we can market our products better. So if we're just an example of what we're seeing not just in the enterprise, but in that medium-sized business as well where data is becoming a crucial differentiator in one of the leading movements that kind of drivers of digital transformation. I was going to ask is that the underpinning of your enterprise portion, what you're saying is not just the enterprise, it's the small businesses as well, which was, it really was a simplicity, which was the attractiveness to Veeam historically, but you're saying that's changing and it's becoming a data centricity. It is, I think, as the importance of data, but it's not just the accumulation of data and the access of data, but it's also regulatory and security is also driving that, right? You need to, with regulation, GDPR in Europe is becoming a bigger issue, right? And so how are we managing that data? What are we doing? Are we in compliance or not with that data? Making sure that data is secure and you can back up if there's ransomware. So you look at a lot, as you accumulate this personal identifiable information on people and your customers, the protecting of that data, making sure that that's always available and you're in compliance, it's just growing in importance, which has been a major driver for the growth of our business over the past couple of years. You talk about that growth, I mean, what kind of metrics, you know, your private company, but what kind of metrics can you share with us about recent growth, recent quarters? Yeah, so we're growing at about 35% year over year, so that's been kind of consistent over the past two, three years. We have 256,000 customers, we're adding about 4,000 customers a month, you know, small, medium, and now larger companies, so the growth continues to drive, all that is through our channel organization, our alliance partners that we've continued to add. And so, you know, steady up and to the right has been our business. As you've said, your stake in the ground is a billion, right? We're on track, our goal is, you know, 800 this year, a billion next year, and 1.2, 1.5, and 2020. That's, we're well on our way. So speaking of partners, you were a VMware guy for a while. Yes, I was. We were talking about that, and you've been with them for about a year or so. Year and a half. Tell us about what was the theme that we've had for the last couple of hours is that, you know, data protection, backup and recovery is a hot topic, something that you've probably seen evolve over time. Tell us about some of your thoughts on some of the announcements today that VMware has made regarding helping customers migrate to the cloud around data protection. What are some of the things that excite you about working with VMware? Well, I think most companies have a hybrid strategy, right? In that medium, you know, definitely small is moving to either buying things, buying applications in the cloud, or moving more off-premise. You know, that's in the SMB market. Anything above that, it's a hybrid story, right? There's some degree of, you know, there'll always be an on-premise, there'll always be kind of a cloud component, and we're seeing a multi-cloud component. And so, you know, the announcement on VMware cloud on AWS is important. We're the only solution that is ready to go from a backup and recovery, from availability perspective. So that was a, you know, VMware's an incredibly important partner for us. So announcements around anything data protection is critical because we built our business on the back of VMware's virtualization and vSphere. You know, so whenever you talk virtualization and data, that's Veeam. But also, you know, security in moving, allowing that flexibility of moving from off-premise to cloud solutions. I mean, that's music to our ears. That's a big part of our, of what excites me about the VM world in 2012. 27. Your thoughts on the market?  VMware is booming. The data center is smoking hot. If you look back, take your VMware experiences, look back two years ago, VMware as a company was under fire. It's licensed revenue was, you know, down, you know, 1% to flat. Now it's growing, you know, 10 to 15, 13% I guess is the latest quarter. Cash flows, you know, cruising, the stock's doubling. Is this in your view sort of a product cycle thing, you know, updates of ELA's? Or is this a sustained recognition by the customer base that not everything is going to go into the public cloud that we're going to bring the cloud operating model to the business? What's your sense? Yeah, it's a great question. I think a big part of this is, I do think it will be a sustainable growth going forward. I think a big part when I was at VMware, they had the whole vCloud air kind of, you know, cloud environment, which was confusing to the public cloud and for customers because, you know, I think people didn't buy in on the vCloud air strategy. I think what changed it, one aspect that changed it for VMware was this, VMware cloud on AWS announcement, which, you know, a lot of companies want to move to AWS and want to move to the cloud, but they want to do it with the same infrastructure that they have on premise. So if you could give them vSphere, the same kind of stack, but in the cloud that opens up opportunities, and that's when we started to see at VMware where companies would do a one-year, two-year agreement because we weren't sure of their long-term cloud strategy. Now they are, it's like, that's a great model, that's a great plan. Now I'll go three, four years with VMware because I like that strategy. And it's great for AWS because they weren't getting a lot of mission critical apps going to AWS in the enterprise, but now you've got VMware infrastructure that makes it so much easier for companies to take some of this on-premise mission critical and move it to the cloud. So I think it was great for Amazon, great for VMware. But I also think a lot of some of smaller drivers, I think Microsoft kind of not focusing as much on Hyper-V has kind of led vSphere to kind of rebirth of vSphere in the market. We see that growth and we're pegged a lot to the vSphere in Hyper-V, the whole virtualization side. I think it's part of VMware getting a better strategy for the cloud, but I think it's also customers kind of getting comfortable that it's not going to be this massive shift to the cloud. It's going to be a hybrid story. Well, it's interesting.  The vCloud Air was always homogeneous, you know, like-to-like, what Oracle calls same-same. And so in effect, what they're doing, and what VMware is doing, I wonder if you agree with this with AWS, with, certainly with IBM and potentially others, is similar to the vCloud Air strategy, they just don't own the cloud. So that's a two-edge sword. I mean, I saw VMware did a debt, you know, they raised about another four billion. Their capex is relatively low, a couple hundred million. So they don't have all that hyperscale capex, that's an advantage, but at the same time, they don't have the vertical integration. What's your thought on that as a sort of observer? That's a big, because I was acquired into VMware, you know, three, eight, four years, whatever years ago, from a desk owner, CEO of a desk owner came in, and it was desktop on as a service. So desktop's in a cloud. And so I was, you know, I got the whole vCloud Air and the cloud market, and I told, you know, I kind of said when I came in, I think building your own cloud is don't do it, because it's going to suck a lot of cash, and it's all up front when you're behind in the race to the public market, right?  And so I thought it was, you know, the smart move of kind of moving that out, because plus VMware with vCloud Air alienated, it's the other managed service providers that are building a business. So you're almost competing with the same people you're trying to load up with your technology. So it was like, you know, no, stay out of that.  So I want to bring that back to Veeam, because for you guys, I think the clarity is a great thing, right? It reduces all that friction and all that noise. And now the mission is clear. I wonder if you could comment on that. Yeah, I think that was the, that's what the market wanted, more clarity on what's your cloud strategy. And that's, that was, I think, the biggest mover in the market, the Veeam, the VMware's growth has really came when they flicked that switch. And they announced that whole Amazon strategy. And I think it helped us because, you know, we were obviously strong partner with VMware and strong partner with Amazon. So putting them together was perfect. That's why we were able to do it faster than anybody. And you can go buy our booth, you can see it. We demo it. It's, you know, it's all up and running. But I think it helped VMware get clarity on their strategy. It helped Amazon and it drove our market. And you guys draft right behind that. You just draft right in behind, right? So I think that's, that was a good move for everybody. Last question for you as the CEO, co-CEO of Veeam been around in this space for a long time. How does, what are some of the core things that Veeam does to attract and retain talent as we look at technology like backup and recovery that's hot again? Yeah. Well, you know, I think it's a, you know, you've got a, I think a lot of it comes down to culture.  So the product has always been the driver, it gets in, it does a really good job. And then it becomes, then it's the people. We've got a great culture of people. We call it hungry, humble and smart people. You know, and we have fun.  And so I think it makes, because of that you get a reputation and it's kind of a spot that people want to come to. And, you know, we've, we've done a good job as we're growing, we've invested in our team to make our team better, but we've also brought in a lot of skill set, especially in the enterprise where we need to get more skills outside of kind of SMB and commercial. So we've done, I think, a good job of merging kind of the investment in our, in our existing team with a lot of really good skills and expertise that we didn't have, but also fit the culture. So keep that founders, that Ratmere's founder mentality as the business grows and scales and make it still being that fun, scrappy software company that made Veeam what it is today. Yeah, it kind of gets to my last question, which was, you guys are maturing, even though there's a lot of immature things going on, which is a lot of fun, all good. We're going to talk about that. All good. But, we talked about this, Veeam's ascendancy was during the virtualization craze and you guys really got a strong foothold and beat the competition. And now you're seeing a lot of emergent, cloud data protection guys, very well funded. Hundreds of millions of dollars in a business that's not capital intensive. How are you going to maintain your relevance there? It's a big part of your job. It's a big part of why they brought you in. It is. I mean, a lot of it is going to continue to do what we've done in terms of being, as you grow and as your scale, don't lose the aggressiveness. It's, think big, right? We've always been taking bigger and bigger steps, as an organization, taking risks, being aggressive, being bold, doing things that you do it as a small company but continue to do it. And that's still with our founders. That's the mentality of our business. A big part of my job is to make sure we don't lose that. As you get to 800 and a billion, still be that hungry and aggressive and scrappy company that we were six years ago, seven years ago when we were much smaller, but it's even more important today to be that as we move forward in this hyper competitive, different market that exists. We just got to be so much better every day. Every day that we come to work, we got to be better than we were the day before. And scrappy and hungry. I love it. Scrappy and hungry. Peter McKay, thank you so much for your, we'll say nth time on theCUBE, does that work? That's fair. All right. For Peter McKay, the president and co-CEO of Veeam and my co-host Dave Vellante, I'm Lisa Martin. You're watching theCUBE live from day one of the Emerald 2017. Stick around, we will be right back.


Reads and centers, a VMBT 502 without move. This demonstration would not be possible. Thank you to all the community of San Diego.


Felly, roedd y dwylo 200,000 ymwylo yn y Victoria yw ei ddigon o'r hyffordd o'r hyffordd o'r cyfrifio. Rwy'n dwylo 2,000 o ddwylo'n gyfrifio yma ar gyfer gyda'r Victoria. Rydyn ni'n 50 cyfrifio yw'r cyfrifio yn y bryd ond y gweithio ar gyfer gweithio'r gweithio. Cymri gweithio ar gyfer gweithio yma wedi'u cynnig ar gyfer gweithio. Roeddwn ni wedi'n cael ei ffordd ar gyfer gweithio ar gyfer cyfrifio yn y ddiwylliannol. yn fawr ychydig i'r adael sy'n meddwl i'r ysbethiaeth, gyda'r cyfnodol dweud yn y ddweud. Rhyw unig yn y rheidiant gwaith hwnnw i'r cyfnodol i'r Llyfrin Cymru, mae'n rhaid i labrwyr, ond yn y wneud, mae'n fawr lle'r Llyfrin Cymru yn rhaid i'r labrwyr. Rwy'n gallu'n ddweud ym ysgrifwyr eich bydd ar y dyfodol, i'r hunain iawn i'r ddechrau, a'r hefyd llwy ac yn dweud i'r cyfrwyr a bwysigol. Rydyn ni'n 30 bwysigol a 11 stud dogau. Hei, rydyn ni'n Janis Ordrid. Rydyn ni'n Helfen C9 a Llyfrgellol. Mae'r rhan o'r llwyddo i'r bwysigol erbyn 7. Mae'r llwyddo i'r bwysigol o'r llwyddo i'r bwysigol. A'r rhan o'r bwysigol o'r 12 bwysigol o'r bwysigol. Rydyn ni'n 10 gynhyrch o'r bwysigol, mae'n bwysigol i'r bwysigol o'r bwysigol. Rydyn ni'n unifrwysigol i'r bwysigol, yma hyd i'r bwysigol sy'n bwysigol o'r bwysigol, fel rhan o'r llwyddo i'r bwysigol. Mae'r pups rydyn ni'n ei ddoj i'r ailigol ar ym 11 o'r cyfath. Mae rhan o'r bwysigol i'r pups i'r gwynhau. Mae'r pups yn oedol. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'n hwnnw ychydig i gweithio'r hwnnw i'r bwysigol yn fathur, ac i'r bwysigol yma hi'n fwyllt. 365 dymes o'r hyn. Efallai'r ffermysgau, o'r pwbl ffodol, mae'n cael ei ddweud i'r ffordd, erbyn gweithio, oedd, i chi'n gilydd, ac yn ymddi'r hyn o'r hyn o'r hyn o'r hyn o'r hwn. Rhywbeth 170 hyn o'r hwn o'r program yn y fwyaf. We have a wide range of puppy raisers in lots of different areas. We cover the Melbourne metro area, as well as Geelong, Ballarat and Bendigo. A group of about eight of us sort of manage about 35 to 40 dogs each to produce a well-socialised, not easily-distracted dog that's used to different environments, different objects and people and places so that when they come in for a training they can cope with pretty much anything. So this is our assessment block, this is where all the dogs stay for two weeks to get assessed by the trainers. We have a whole bunch of intake volunteers in the first week that spend the whole 12 hours with them so that way they've always got a human contact with them. The dogs go out to training anywhere from 8 o'clock in the morning. They generally come back around midday and then they'll go out again in the afternoon and come back around 4 o'clock and that's when we take over looking after them in this facility. This is where the dogs sleep overnight. They have two dogs to a kennel, two dogs to a kennel to keep each other company. They can house anywhere up to 50 dogs. That includes taking care of all their enrichment requirements, dietary requirements, looking after them while they're in training. Welcome to the vet clinic. My name's Ann and I'm one of the part-time vets that works here at Guide Dogs. And we look after the health of the puppies the whole way through from when they're born and then as they do their training and then even a little bit when they go out with their handlers. And we can take x-rays to make sure that their bones are healthy too. Good boy, Tanya. Steady. Steady. So training is usually 20 weeks for the dogs. We have an 8 week, a 12 week and a 16 week assessment point. It's really nice this boy's very calm. He's not very anxious. We look at their body language. First walk we do is just generally around campus and maybe just over the street to get some traffic and come back. Then we progressively go into residential, a little bit more business and shopping areas and it gets busier. Good boy. So you see there's no hesitation whatsoever. He just does them like it's not new. Good boy. Can you find the way? Or is it? Find the way. That's it. Good boy. Once they're about a few weeks in, we start putting the harness on and start taking them around residential streets and working on roads. Yeah, good boy. We use a lot of food rewards in the early days of our dog training and we start to peter that out over the 20 week programme. And then it's basically reliant on the dog to have a really good bond and every guide dog handler will know exactly where the dog likes to be scratched. Here we are today in Arnold Cook House. This is our residential facility where individuals come to complete their training with their new guide dogs. Prior to that happening we need to go through a very extensive matching phase to make sure that we get the right dog for the right person. Today what we've got set up is an obstacle course. So this is a way of replicating things like street furniture, cafe tables and chairs and it teaches the individual how to follow their dog through the obstacles nice and safely. I'm Brendan Spencer. I'm 22 years old. This is Warren down here. Warren's four years old so I've had Warren for three years. I've now been able to fulfil life goals and certainly achieve through that. I completed a year and a half at the Australian Catholic University. I had the opportunity to live independently and will be heading to India for our first ever blind soccer tournament in September. They're just amazing to work for and it's really good to know that we all live up to the values of the organisation, the honesty, the accountability and at the end of the day it's for the people who come along to us and need that service. We're there to help them to go and live an independent life. I mean this has actually altered my life in the best, most positive way that it could have. So I feel so fortunate to have had guide dogs in my life and I know that all of the people that I have ever spoken to using a cane or a dog feel exactly the same way.