The garden was named in 1991 to honor the late Arthur Ross, a founding member of Cooper Hewitt's Board of Trustees. And I am so pleased to welcome his wife, Janet Ross, who is with us this evening. Welcome, Janet. I'm sure many of you have heard stories of the legendary garden key that, for a fee of $50 a year, once gave families in the neighborhood exclusive access to the garden. I am reminded of this key almost every day. You may have even owned one of these keys. The garden's redesign, led by Walter Hood, the 2009 National Design Award winner for landscape architecture, celebrates and activates this rare enclosed green space as a public asset. Our new entrance on 90th Street, with its striking canopy designed by Diller Scaffidio and Renfrow, beckons from the street. And every morning, I watch as the garden fills with neighbors and visitors of all ages, taking advantage of the free access, including some famous ones like that middler and Conan O'Brien. Dynamic and vibrant with numerous stellar examples of design throughout the garden, it is often the visitor's very first taste of the Cooper Hewitt design experience. And it always leaves them wanting more. To illuminate the relationship of Cooper Hewitt's garden to New York City's long tradition of urban garden design, we asked the pioneering landscape designer, Margie Rudick, to deliver tonight's lecture. Winner of the 2013 National Design Award for Landscape Architecture and a champion of Cooper Hewitt, Margie has been an advocate of environmentally conscious urban landscape design for over 25 years. She began her illustrious career just across the street from Cooper Hewitt, working for the Central Park Conservancy's horticultural crew to restore the park's understory. After earning a master's degree in landscape architecture from Harvard's Graduate School of Design, Margie built a practice based on sustainable principles that were once considered radical, but have now been adopted globally. Her award-winning projects include a groundbreaking design for New York City's Queens Plaza and the Living Water Park in Chengdu, China's first ecological park. In addition to her National Design Award at Cooper Hewitt, Margie has been honored with the Lewis Mumford Award from architects, designers, and planners for social responsibility, and the Rachel Carson Women in Conservation Award from the National Audubon Society. Most recently, Margie is the author of Wild by Design, Strategies for Creating Life-Enhancing Landscapes, which is essential reading for design enthusiasts. In fact, Margie and I recently took part in a dwell on design panel discussion together where I really could have gone on for hours talking to Margie about landscape, about design, about life. So it's a really good thing that I'm getting off stage now to welcome Margie Rudick. Thank you so much. Thank you, and I'm really delighted and very honored to be here to talk about the garden and the history of the garden, actually, I was asked to talk about. And I have to say, first, I'm not a historian, but the garden is a very, very important place for me and I think for the city and for the neighborhood. I actually grew up five blocks north of here, and I'm working on a book called Walking on the Ceiling that's about a game that my sisters and I played with mirrors where we pretend we were walking on the ceiling, what you do, living in an apartment, but it also is about living sort of out of your comfort zone. And so I was kind of pushed in giving this talk out of my comfort zone to talk about the history of the garden, and so I hope you bear with me if I get a few dates wrong. And if I seem to veer perilously off course, starting with now, but over the course of the summer, I was really trying to get away into the garden and what it is and why it's so enduring. And it wasn't until I was driving in Riverhead past the big duck that I sort of, a light bulb went off and I thought, what is it about certain landscapes that make them endure and capable of adapting many, many different incarnations and versions of this garden? And when I was a kid, this was actually a working farm stand and you could go in.  This was the big duck that you could go in and buy chickens and eggs. And every weekend, pretty much, we would go in and it was part of a much bigger landscape of Pecanic Bay. And it was agricultural, vast farm fields and ducks actually all the way down to the bay. And it was a real working landscape. Now on the right hand side, you can see what it's become. It's a relic sitting in a park and most of the time it's closed. So it started to get me thinking, what is it that makes a landscape like the Cooper Hewitt, a kind of a working landscape, something that actually functions over many, many different generations versus a relic? The Undermire Garden is a fabulous garden in Yonkers, but it's very fixed in its own time, in place. So that being said, I wanna point out, I'm gonna do a lot of dividing the world into two, which is something that I think you do when you're starting out, trying to figure something out. So I'm just giving you this bench quotation about how kind of unpleasant that can be. So I hope over the course of the talk, as we move toward the end, you'll get the idea that I'm trying to move beyond the sort of binary thinking that there's black and white, there's this garden and that garden. And the things really are, sorry, I'm a little taller. The things really are not that clear cut, and I'm gonna look a little bit toward the end more at the grays in between the blacks and the whites. But one person who did think, I think, a lot in black and white was Robert Fincheri, and a lot of you know the big duck from his book, Learning from Las Vegas, in which he said that there are two different kinds of buildings. There are buildings that are like ducks where they signify what their use is by their shape, like a church you can tell from the steeple, and then there are decorated sheds, their boxes, they have signs that tell you what they do. And that sort of applied a little bit to my thinking about the garden, but what looking at Aldo Rossi in the architecture of the city, architects seem very good at dividing things into two. Aldo Rossi talks about propelling monuments that are monuments that really can evolve and change over time, like the Ponte Vecchio, and not only do they change in terms of program, but they have a kind of an organic relationship with their surroundings. And he contrasts that with the pathological monument, and he talks about the prison as a type that it's always gonna be a prison once the program of prison ceases to be the building will no longer be able to function, it can't really accommodate new uses. So I was thinking about the Cooper Hewitt Garden being a working landscape, and how is it that it has adapted and changed over so many generations? And I looked back at the history of kind of working landscapes, you go back all the way to the beginning of the country, of the nation, and Mount Vernon. And I found some similarities between the Cooper Hewitt Garden, surprisingly, and Mount Vernon.  Then you get to the house and then you filter out into the working landscape. So in here, you can see in this view how important those wildernesses are in linking the inside to the outside and the floodplain of the Potomac. And then inside the garden, you get views. So you're always getting this inside and outside and Clive Aslet talks about the American country house and how it's grounded in the farm. But I also think it's very grounded in the regional land in very specific regional landscapes within which gardens occur. So Andrew Carnegie, I'm gonna pronounce it Carnegie because everybody was impressing on me that you can't say Carnegie when you're talking about him. He hired a very young, he was only 24 years old. He was an apprentice landscape architect named Richard Scrummerhorn from a very august family of planners and architects and engineers. And he designed the garden. He didn't go on to design a lot of gardens that you would know of. He became a park planner. It's this really important. He was a park planner and a city planner. He planned the city of Fort Lauderdale for instance. And he was a promoter of the city beautiful movement. And this quotation, he was from a very old Dutch family settled in 1630 in that really pragmatic old, old American kind of family. If the city practical is fully realized there is no doubt that the city beautiful will follow as a matter of course. The latter will require only a perfection of detail the way for which is readily paved by the former. So the form follows function is sort of met here by beauty follows program and beauty follows practicality. And I think that's part of what Carnegie was really attracted to because he was very pragmatic in a lot of ways. So when you look at the design it's really zoned like a park in a very smart and much more complex way than you. It looks so simple, but in fact he stretched he wrapped the street landscape from the front around to the perimeter with the rhythm of the street trees. And then a social space. He married very late in life in his 50s and he wanted this place to be for his family really to live. It was not a showcase. And his wife was an avid gardener and his child was very young when they moved here. And so he really wanted a place for the family to live and have friends and for it to really be a social place. And he also wanted a place for his wife Louise Carnegie to be able to garden.  So that was where those garden beds that you'll see floating around were from. And then in the east side he designed I think his version of a wilderness with the rockery but it also was planted with all different species of trees so that it would really grow up to be a little idle.  And then you can see in this how Carnegie wanted to a place that was big enough to have a real garden and that's why he bought this land so far north before the city had really, the development of the city had really reached this far north but you can see here that he really got a house, it feels like a house in the park. And the design of it is very much in keeping with park design of the time. This is Jackson Square in Greenwich Village. You know, the perimeter fence, wrought iron fence with stone and the sort of meander of plantings of different tree species. It's very much more park design than it was contemporary garden design of the time. And this is what 65th Street looked like around 1900 so you can see how densely developed it already was up to the 60s and 70s. But the 80s and the 90s at this time, if you went over toward the East River, this is the Jacob Aster house, there were still farms, there were still lawns and sort of a pastoral landscape grading down to the East River. And this is a picture of 92nd and 5th in 1898. So you can tell how little it had been developed. But that's not to say that this area was not developing. There was an industrial spine that was moving very quickly. The 3rd Avenue, L was bringing hundreds and hundreds of workers every day to the Rupert Brewery and workers' housing was actually stretching from that spine over east toward the East River and then west getting as far as Park Avenue. So those houses now that are, you know, like $7 million were workers' housing and many of those fireplaces were mass produced, first mass produced fireplaces. But here on 5th and on Park and on Madison, it was not developed and you can see how pastoral, it feels like an estate in a park from, this is about 1903. And this view of the garden from 1903 shows how simple it was. And the trees had just been planted and it is interesting that they're all different species. So he really did want it to feel like a little nascent forest. And then by, you know, 1912 or so, it had really grown in so that it felt like an estate. It felt very much, the house was sort of subsumed in the landscape in some ways, very different from the Frick, which was designed really as this kind of platform. And it was until the 20s that Olmsted designed that front terrace and then in the 70s, Russell Page designed a little jewel-like side garden but really the conception of it was as a city block, very impressive and not really an idea about landscape at all. This is a view, a photograph actually by Berenice Abbott from 1935. And you can see that there was just this little world growing inside the fence that was private and an enclave. Louise, Andrew Carnegie died in 1919 and Louise Carnegie died in 1946 and after that, the garden languished. The Carnegie Foundation didn't know really what to do with the building and it was leased in the 1960s to the Columbia School of Social Work at which time it became the place with the key. I have a client who last week, I told him I was working on this talk and he said, when I was a kid, that was a playground and I had a key. It's just like really, really memorable and I did not have a key and my parents didn't belong but I remember that playhouse in the middle and just longingly wishing that my parents would fork over. They said, people said it's $25 but I think some people say it's $50. Whatever, it was a nominal fee but you can see here that it was a park. It was a park playground for a long time but it was very, very well used and well loved. This is the Ennis family, some of you may know Betsy Ennis from the Guggenheim. This is 1957 and they were a young professional family could not afford the house at the beach and they spent their entire summer in the garden and afternoons. But then after the Cooper Hewitt acquired the building, the formal gardens were restored, the flower beds were restored and it became more of an event space. It was something, the garden was used for parties, for fundraisers and also for some educational events but it really was an event space and it was a little bit forlorn. Granted this is a winter shot but it kind of felt like this. There was really nobody there a lot of the time. So now that it's been reinvented and Walter Hood's really beautiful design, I think that the spirit of Carnegie has actually been revived. I think he would very much approve of the transformation and it's not just that it's been opened out but that the wilds of Central Park and of the Manhattan granite, just have been brought into the garden again. And I think that looking at how his relationship with wild landscape evolved is very useful in understanding this. He grew up in Dunfermline, Scotland, the old seat of the king in the Middle Ages and he said that when anyone who grows up in the shadow of Dunfermline Abbey is suffused with a sense of poetry and romance and it was a really formative landscape for him but this is the landscape he, the house he grew up in, his father was a weaver and people talk about the poverty that he grew up in but in fact, his father was a tradesman, very modest but they lived fine until the hand loom was superseded by the steam loom and the father had one by one had to sell off his looms and they really did hit very, very hard times. His mother took a job in a shop but his family was very cultivated. They were big readers, they were political radicals. A lot of them were very much nationalist and anti-royal and because of that, the park across the street which is Pit and Creef House and a park that was called the Glens by the Towns, people very much beloved was actually off limits to the Carnegie family because they were radicals and they were banned and the legend is that he, like I was looking at the playhouse, he was looking through the gates at this park, I don't know if it's true but that it always sort of stung that he was not allowed to go into this park. His mother was very proper and even when they were somewhat destitute she always made sure that they had white collars and were trimly suited. So I think that that's part of his kind of properness was very much instilled in him in his family and I have to apologize for generalizing about national character a little bit but people always say he's such a contradiction. He was a poor democracy and he crushed unions or he was very humble and he was wildly extravagant but I actually think that he was a Scotsman and there was something in the Scots Presbyterian upbringing that was very contradictory. The lower you went down in the Scots Presbyterian ladder the more restrictive and no smoking and no dancing for instance but they were very lenient about affairs of the heart and young people were allowed to go in the glands and court and there was not this sort of like buttoned up kind of what you would expect of parents and there's a joke. Some of you may have heard it about Scots Presbyterians. Why is it, why do Scots Presbyterians oppose sex and the answer is that it could lead to dancing. So I think that this, all of these contradictions were eerily familiar to me because I actually grew up in the household of a Scottish guy, Robert Bruce Ruddick. His father was named William Wallace Ruddick and there was always this contradiction of in our house any sentence that began, dad can I go buy X would be met with that's just too much of a good thing. That was like the, but you know, then I saw the receipts from Ellen's which was like the Cinderella of the time and they had no compunction about spending $500 on a lavish dinner party but it was all about friendship and life and enjoying culture and so when it came to actually buying things it was a very different story and I think that that's really important. Also looking at Carnegie and you know so he said he wanted a house that was plain and simple and roomy and he got a house that was 66 rooms and he was awakened every morning by a world-class organist at 7 a.m. So you know he could, right? So looking at the garden I wanted to understand what the sort of sensibility was that informed the garden and I was looking at what are the contemporary garden designers what were they doing and trying to locate Skirmerhorn sort of within those and there were kind of two strains and one was the kind of old Yankee, Beatrix Farrand not ostentatious things appropriate and fitting and the other was this is Horace Trumbauer who is the architect and designer of you know Big so the Elms and Newport the other was very much Arivist big new money wants to show itself and Carnegie I think really gravitated not just toward a style that was very understated but also toward the landscapes that's Western Massachusetts and the places that were much more low-key than the much fancier addresses like Newport and so just looking at that tradition of the kind of Western Massachusetts grounded in farm this is the Chote family house at Nomkeg in Western Massachusetts and you know there are formal gardens this is before the 1920s Fletcher steel design but there are formal gardens but it's all very much located within the Berkshires and within that really wild landscape and then also there's always a grounding with vegetable gardens and productive gardens but even at a more formal garden this was Bellefield in Hyde Park, Beatrix Farrand you can see the same zoning that you see here you see the social lawn, the planted flower beds but then she also planted this whole forest that then the whole thing is sitting in so there's this conceit that this little box of domesticated life actually exists within a wilder landscape the actual planting style that I think the original gardens probably followed although there's almost no photographs of Louis Carnegie's gardens but this sort of that Beatrix Farrand this is the Mount Edith Wharton's estate in also in Western Massachusetts the style even in very rigid laid out parterres the planting style is a little blousy kind of let out and I think that there's this offhandedness even in quite rigid boxed gardens the planting's kind of undercut the rigidity and I think it's very much in keeping with Sissinghurst and the story is that Harold Nicholson laid out all of these really rigid rooms and then Vita Sacva West went and kind of messed them up with all of this wild planting and this is I think something that gardeners do all the time it's that sort of fine line between order and chaos and it's something that I think was very felt that it also had a kind of a casualness that allows people to really live in it it's not just to look at contrast that with Horace Trumbauer's The Elms which was a European garden pretty much lifted and put into Newport and really beautiful but it's fixed it has to be clipped and maintained within an inch of its life and Ease Wharton had a thought about this kind of garden she said in Italian villas in their gardens she said but a piece of ground laid out and planted on the principles of the old garden craft will be not indeed an Italian garden in the literal sense but what is far better I think those two words were used all the time by her class what is far better a garden as well adapted to its surroundings is where the models which inspired it so it's not about just wholesale bringing in a European garden but being inspired by European forms but setting them within the larger landscape and she said at one point just putting a Roman column in a garden does not make an Italian garden but that's exactly what they were doing over at the breakers one garden I think she really would have approved of a very beautiful from the photographs garden was Winthrop Ames Italian garden this is looking at a quote Italian garden that really is an American garden a hybrid of the two you can see the Blomberty poplars and the statuaries and the water but you also see the Massachusetts Easter Massachusetts pines and the kind of meadow inspired flower bed so to me I think she would have really approved I don't know if she knew it but she would have approved of this hybrid of American and European Beatrix Farrand had a lot of devices to link you to the larger landscape she cut views and portholes and she brought the wild in Maine this is Long Island Sound on the left sort of axial views out and then brought wild plantings from the surrounding landscape this is Heather's in Maine into the controlled domesticated garden so there was this really interesting integration of wild and larger setting and regional landscape and gardening I at Reef Point she kind of reached her I think a peak of integrating these two looking at Andrew Carnegie I actually think he didn't have much use for a lot of that kind of gardening and I think I was looking at this garden and saying where does it fit in with contemporary gardens but I think looking at his other houses is really useful looking at Scebo Castle which is just this immense pile that emerges out of the Highlands he bought this in 1898 and it's in the middle of this fantastic rich estuary he and his wife though about three weeks of the summer would go to a tiny little bungalow where they were basically off the grid and that was their favorite time so he was quite unusual for a magnate to be that happy in a wild landscape with none of the amenities and then in 1917 he bought this massive shadow brook which was already built when it was built it was the biggest house in the country and was superseded only by Biltmore and this also just rises up out of the landscape and I think Orients out to Stockbridge Bowl and the way the building meets the ground is kind of raw and I think that that was sort of where his heart was in being attracted to these different places Mount Desert had a kind of a and also the Adirondacks but I'm just gonna focus on Mount Desert a little bit had a kind of a code where the landscape was supposed to be the wild coastal landscape and the buildings were just sort of rising and there was also that kind of tutor gothic architecture that was thought to be very appropriate to this it was very romantic about the big rough wild landscape and when you see this image of Atwater Kent's house and you know you start to think that these buildings really were like big architectural outcrops they were almost like natural phenomena that happened and there was a kind of a distaste for fancy gardening and I think Carnegie sort of might have shared that in the Adirondacks you know people really looked to scants if somebody really wanted to do quote gardening everything was supposed to be lodges and the natural landscape so when around the same time he was building this house up in Mount Desert this there was a cottage called big cottage of like 44 rooms called Sonagy and it burned down and the LAD family from Boston who owned it decided to rebuild and they rebuilt in this Mediterranean style and there was just a hue and a cry in Mount Desert people were just horrified and so I just wanted to look at why that was and what this more elemental kind of siting and landscape idea was all about and I was trying to divide it into two say is it about old money and new money? Well the left hand image is George Vanderbilt's house he was third generation only third generation and Mrs. LAD who was the owner of they renamed it Egonose they reversed the spelling and there were a lot of jokes about Egonose you know it's like such a reaching kind of design and but it's not about old money and new money it's about a kind of a code I was trying to think what would you call this what the more kind of natural and then the more showy and so I thought maybe they thought that the more natural landscape was kind of appropriate and fitting and just right and that the landscape of the Mediterranean more reaching style was just like too much and ostentatious but I didn't want to kind of start to get into these kinds of criticisms of certain styles and one is good and one is bad but I think it's really useful in looking at a working landscape like this to say what is it that makes it feel kind of quote natural and not so staged so is it that one is conceived as quote organic you know the landscape and the architecture kind of evolve organically together and the other one is this is the elms is so clearly staged and that's when I started to think about this binary thing and I was driving past we're back in the car driving past the duck and I thought maybe we could look at these working landscapes as more not like fairy tale ducks but like real ducks like a wood duck that actually is an organism that's part of a bigger ecosystem so it actually lives and breathes and produces waste and that kind of garden is very very different from the other kind of garden and I say well what do you call that then well the decorated shed is clear in terms of buildings but maybe the garden that is sort of sui generous and that is fixed in time maybe that's more like a decorated egg that it's more like a faberge egg and finally rot whereas the other one but then I started to look and this is where the binary thing starts to really hamstring you because then I really started to look at the pictures that I was finding and I was looking at the duck and thought this is a product of design every bit as miraculous and gorgeous as the egg and then I was looking at the egg and thinking it doesn't exist alone isolated it actually is so much about nature and so much about culture and family and is so connected to history that you can't actually say that one exists in isolation and that the other one is more connected it's just two different ways and they don't necessarily they're not necessarily exclusive so finally I wanna run through some projects that are a combination of the two that both have the larger working landscape and have the little decorated eggs in them and Beltmore being the most obvious fantastical example you know a working farm huge forest and also a fairly faithful rebuilding of a European style garden and Beltmore the procession almost had designed this as well as the George Vanderbilt I should have said house in Mount Desert and you arrive you go through these enclosures forest and then you're out again and then you get a view of the Chateau and then into the forest again and then all of a sudden you're here and it gives the Loire Valley a run for its money I mean it's magnificent and the connection to the Blue Ridge Mountains is just spectacular and you can see from this early view that the gardens weren't conceived in isolation either they're a gradation from a completely built platform for the building to these formal gardens and then the productive gardens and then the orchards and then the forest so it's just flows from one to another it also had the Beltmore's the Vanderbilt's had 125,000 acres of forest it was the first forestry school in the country this is the first couple classes of foresters and in 1914 Edith Vanderbilt sold 87,000 acres to the federal for nominal fee to the federal government to create the Pisca National Forest so they were just exemplary stewards of the land and it was a working farm with orchards and then since then it has continued to operate adding farms, adding vineyards, a creamery and now it has moved into sustainable era with the farm fields now being farmed this is Canola that actually provides biofuel for the generators and all the vehicles on the site and then a lot of the lawns have been shifted to Meadow and it's being managed as a wildlife habitat so this is as propelling a landscape as there ever has been and then when you look at this image of the decorated egg set within the working landscape of forest and farm it's so much more meaningful and rich than if you were just looking at the garden or if you were just looking at the sort of sustainability agenda so to further mess up this idea that there are two, things are black and white I also wanted to show a landscape design of Beatrice Farrand who was thought of as on the more understated where she just goes for Baroque in Dumbarton Oaks and she was working with Mildred Bliss who had lived all over the world and very much I think affected this Eurocentric garden but she, the kind of flights of fancy for instance this fall bounty in a neoclassical vessel and then you have to keep it up for drainage well so it's resting on sea turtles I mean it's almost psychedelic so but I was looking at all of these gardens now I was trying to find a garden that's just in isolation and I actually couldn't find one that is really thought of as a gray garden so this is the Abbey Aldrich Rockefeller garden in also Beatrice Farrand in Maine and even in a conceit of a Chinese garden she creates these peep holes Dumbarton Oaks really is self-referential but this she creates these peep holes out to the forest and out to the wild landscape and then even the Museum of Modern Art which I think of as a jewel the original by Philip Johnson but when you look at it in the context of the modern building that he designed and also what I think he envisioned as the modern city that was gonna grow up around it it actually is quite contextual and then Tommy Church's first kidney-shaped pool for the Donnell Garden in Sonoma and we all have an image in landscape designers have an image of this as just a real jewel but then when you look at the surrounding hills and the wetlands you realize that he realized that it actually is also quite contextual and the Russell Page Garden is people don't know was designed in the 70s it's so respectful of the classical architecture so I went to Martha Schwartz thinking Martha Schwartz is famous for being quote an artist and people think that she's not contextual at all she just does her own thing but looking at Federal Plaza downtown in New York that's now gone I was so shocked that looking from the air you actually see that the entire ground is the color of the street landscape and even the details bring the street landscape into this plaza so there's actually the idea that this is sort of sui generous it really is a complete landscape that's completely opened out to the city and the city comes in so finally I just wanted to run through a couple projects of mine to say that I think a lot of people in my generation thought of as very sort of sustainability and that were sort of contextual and we were really responsive but there's a huge amount of artifice in what we do this is Steven Harris and Lucy Henry Roberts house up in Kinderhoek and that whole topography was made up it was just this ramp that went up to the house and also it has a little bit of a Tuscan thing going on so I just think that although a lot of the projects this is a project in India that I've been working on also Steven Harris for about 20 years it's very much about the built landscape and the architecture emerging out of the landscape this is a wild 2,500 acre in the western gods but the details are meant to feel very much of the place even though they can be quite modern they're the materials and the way they work is very much of the place and in a project in Baja California where there was nothing left on the site when we got there so the entire thing is made up it was very much about restoring this is one of the few places in the world where the desert meets the sea it's very much about the desert landscape and the sea landscape and even in the courtyards you always can get a sense of the desert behind you and the ocean in front of you so I was trying to look for something so I'm not that good at decorated eggs it turns out so even in a project like the urban garden room which is a really internalized project I kind of made up a context they wanted something that was quote natural and I sort of thought maybe it would be good to feel like you're in a fern canyon or you're really out in the natural world somewhere so even though this is a very rarefied place there's sort of an invented context that's much bigger than the room itself and at the Coney Island Aquarium which I think this is the most jewel like I didn't do the jewel I did the whole overall planning of bringing the dunes and bringing the tidal pools back into the aquarium I invited the architect Enrique Ruiz Jelly from Barcelona to create this very jewel like web that goes over the aquarium but when you look at it it's got a lot of attention for being such a beautiful artifact but it's very much related to the cyclone and the parachute jump and all of the big amusements and then it also is so inspired by marine life so it doesn't exist in isolation and this garden which is a water garden in Miami this view makes it feel very internalized but in fact it's all about the bay and being immersed in a much bigger landscape it does have a little jewel but that's by the artist Spencer Finch and I just made the setting so in the book that I just published while by design the idea that there's stuff that's wild and there's stuff designed that there is this sort of fissure is really challenged and I really challenged the idea that order and chaos are at opposite poles and back to this garden so this garden I think is just an incredible example of where we are right now it has been taken from what was really simple and I think designed really at a very diagrammatic level and this renovation has brought it up to a level of design that's befitting the Cooper Hewitt and it reminds me of Scrummerhorn's quotation that the latter being the city beautiful but in this the garden beautiful will require only a perfection of detail the way for which is readily paved by the former so the details really have been elevated to an intentionality that makes it a beautiful work of art in addition to being a park which it is but programming also has completely changed the park so now the people can come into the park the gardens have an intentionality they didn't have before being in this little corridor really beautifully framed and the city can come into the garden and people can actually now walk in free of charge as opposed to when there was a key and that I think is one of the biggest moves that the museum has made to really I think bring it back to what Carnegie wanted it to be which was a place that really would delight and that people would really enjoy and I think he would be very thrilled to know that it now belongs to the city and just as a post-script in 1901 the same year he was acquiring this building he actually went back to Dunfermline and purchased the house of Pittencreef and the whole park in the Glens and gave it to the town to open it as a public park and he also started just before his death in 1919 he commissioned these gates to be built and unfortunately they were dedicated after his death but named after his beloved wife, Louise Carnegie so I think that his spirit lives very much on in the opening of this garden, thank you. So we have time for a few questions if anybody has a question I'll come to you with the mic just raise your hand, any questions? Was too good? Thank you, thank you, well thank you so much. Thank you.


Our blood carries our genetic coding. Throughout many scriptures, including the scriptures of the Holy Bible, we see references to how sacred our own blood is. But before we go any further, you know what to do. Please hit that subscribe button and give us a like. As always, a very, very special thank you to all of our patrons. If you would like to join our Patreon community, there is a link down in the description box below. Welcome to esoteric Atlanta. My name is Bryce, and today by popular request, we are going to be talking about bloodlines. Human beings are very complicated creatures. Although human beings are not the only species to carry blood, we are probably one of the most complex.  Every single person created by God is created in his or her own unique way. After all, the spirit of a person, the soul of a person, isn't even connected to that person's physical being. However, the blood that runs through your vein is part of your life force. Without that blood, you would not be here. Just like the air we breathe, your blood is one of the most important functions of your body. But did you know that all these different blood types carry different personality traits? Just like your birth sign or your Ayurvedic dosha, you can learn a lot about who you are, what you're good at, what your tendencies are by your blood type. There are about 33 different classifications within each person's individual blood. And yes, that number 33 is not lost on me. We also have 33 vertebrae in the spine, unless you are RH negative, and then you could have 34, just like myself. But for 99.9% of the human population, there are only two classifications we worry about when looking at our blood type. The first is the ABO antigen, and the second is the rhesus factor antigen. Now notice I said 99.9% of us. There is a small figure of people who have such a special blood type that there are only 43 people known in the world to have it. We'll cover those people at the end of this video. So let's first look at the ABO antigen. The ABO gene is found in chromosome nine. And this gene establishes which blood group someone will belong to. An antigen is a substance that provokes an immune system response and it lives on the surface of the red blood cells.  Now like most things on our physical body, we inherit our blood type from our family, hence why it's considered a blood line. Again, this blood carries your genetic coding. It's also the substance that is responsible to help bring healing, oxygen, all sorts of good stuff into your vital organs as well as your muscles. Both the antigens A and B are considered to be co-dominant antigens. For example, my blood type is O negative. Now we're going to get into the positive or the negative next, which is the rhesus factor. But for now, we're just going to focus on the particular ABO gene. So I am O negative. My sister is B negative. My mother is also B type blood, and my father is an O type blood. Now because the O type blood does not carry any antigens, it is considered to be the recessive blood. However, with my father pairing with my mother who is a B type blood, there is a possibility to have a O blood type child, which was myself. And of course with my sister a B type blood, obviously she got that from our mother, where she carries the B antigen, but I do not. Now both my sister and I are both RH negative. So if my sister were to need a blood transfusion, I would be able to give her my blood. Because my blood doesn't carry the B antigen nor does it carry the rhesus factor, her blood would be able to accept it. However, my blood would not be able to accept blood from her because I don't carry the B antigen. So if I were to accept a blood transfusion from my sister, it could kill me. Now I'm just using this as an example to try to explain the antigen aspect of the ABO. Again, with the rhesus factor, we'll get into that next. Now since my father is O type blood and my mother is a B type blood, there is no way that my sister or myself or any other children coming from those two people would ever carry A blood or a B blood because that A antigen does not exist in either of the parents. So we're going to look at some personality traits for people with A blood. I'm going to go in alphabetical order because that seems fair. Now the interesting thing about type A blood is that it does seem to be equally distributed all over the earth. With certain blood types, we can definitely see a higher concentration in certain areas of the planet or with certain ethnicities, but with this A blood, it does seem to be pretty equally distributed. Type A blood is the second most common blood type. Now if we're looking at this spiritually, type A blood is type one human. People with type A blood tend to be tense, stubborn, earnest, responsible, patient, reserved, sensible, creative. They also tend to be good listeners, well organized, they love to follow the rules and because of that, they're prone to OCD. Type A blood also tends to have higher levels of cortisol in their blood compared to other blood types. This means that people with type A blood tend to become stressed out a little bit easier than other types of blood and this is something that someone with type A blood should be aware of. This means that you are also prone to cardiac issues and possibly diabetes. Type A blood people are also more prone to being affected by allergies. As we've mentioned before, many people follow diets that are specific to their blood type. I will include the video where we talked about that down in the description box below. Now I'm going to be honest with you guys, for my diet, for my blood type, I don't follow the blood type diet. I do better with the DOSHA diet, which is another video we can do later on if you guys want to know more about DOSHAs because when we get to my blood type, the suggested eating for my blood type is the exact opposite of how I actually eat. I actually eat more like an A type person. An A type person does really well with a vegan or a vegetarian diet. In fact, if you are type A and you need to lose weight, it is suggested that you do not do the low carb diets, but rather do more of a plant-based diet. In fact, type A people should be avoiding meat. They should also be avoiding wheat and corn, and they should make sure to eat a lot of fruits and vegetables and whole grains. Now, obviously, this is not medical advice. I would really feel more comfortable if you actually went and talked to your doctor about this. This is just general information for this video. And as always, there are always exceptions to the rules.  Famous people who have type A blood are George Bush, Adolf Hitler, Jetley, Brittany Spears, and Richard Nixon. Type A bloods also have a higher percentage rate of alcoholism and are more prone to gastric cancer. So it is highly suggested if you're a type A blood that you don't smoke, although I would probably make that recommendation for all blood types. Now, A, B, and A, B blood types are also 60 to 80% more likely to experience blood clots than a type O blood person. Now, because type A does to be high stress, the exercise program suggested for type A people is one that is low intensity. Now, oddly, they did put yoga in there, but real yoga, like yoga in India, is very high intensity. So whoever wrote this particular article I was referencing obviously doesn't know that much about yoga. They're looking at the bastardized yoga here in America versus where it's really from in India because the yoga we do is very high intensity. So I would suggest maybe looking at some Tai Chi or walking in the neighborhood or again talk to your doctor about the best exercise plan for you. So let's move on to type B blood. People who carry type B blood have 50 times more good bacteria in their gut than any other blood type. They're typically easygoing. They're normally the people that tend to go with the flow. Very opposite of the A type, the A type is very kind of OCD and really organized, whereas the B type is just really kind of happy go lucky, which is my sister. My sister is very much that way and she herself is a type B blood. They are the least likely to struggle with things like depression. Doesn't mean that they can't struggle with depression. So if you are a type B blood and you do feel like you're struggling with depression, please go to the doctor. This is just a general statement. They're often considered to be very positive people, if not sometimes considered to be pretty innocent. Type B people also tend to do things at their own speed. And even though this can be a very positive quality because they obviously don't get super stressed out, like again, like A types do, this also can be a pretty negative aspect of the B type as well, because B types are also not really good at taking orders. But nonetheless, type Bs are usually pretty tenderhearted, very down to earth, and they don't tend to get sick that often, which again, they have 50 times more good bacteria in their gut than any other blood type. So that explains a lot with them not getting sick that often, but they don't like confrontation and will do anything to get out of confrontation, which again can be a very negative aspect for the B type person. Type B blood is not one of the common types of blood. Only 8.5% of the population carries type B blood. People that carry type B blood should not eat corn, lentils, tomatoes, peanuts, sesame seeds, chicken, or wheat.  Famous people who are type B blood would be Vince Young, Leonardo DiCaprio, and Jack Nicholson. Now for exercise, people with type B blood should be looking at low cardio like tennis, which is really funny because my sister again who is type B is a really good tennis player and spent her whole life playing tennis. So she very much matches her blood type. Spiritually speaking, type B blood is type 2 human. Again, type A is type 1 human, and type B is type 2 human. Type A B blood is one of the rare forms of blood type. Now again, type A B blood carries both the antigens of A and B. Because of this, type A B blood can be very, very complicated because they carry both personality traits of an A and a B person. And as we've seen, a type A blood type and a type B blood type seem to be polar opposites of each other, where a type A blood type is literally a type A person, where the more OCD have a higher propensity of stress, and the type A blood type person is like a type B personality trait, where they're really relaxed and more down to earth. Now with A B, we have both of those traits within the same genetic coding. Type A B blood types can be very outgoing, like a type B personality, but also can have their moments of being shy, which is typical with type A blood types. They're considered to be very popular amongst their friends and can often be the life of a party. They're often very exciting people for an A B blood type. They're often considered like the fun friend, or the fun aunt, or the fun uncle. But because of the A antigens, sometimes type A B blood types have a really hard time handling stress, which again makes them very complicated creatures, because they are outgoing. And typically we think of outgoing people as being people that can really take the bull by the horn and handle stressful situations better than most of us. They are often seen as humanists, and typically are pretty logical people. They're also very loyal and trustworthy, and most of the time very composed. Type A B blood types tend to have very low stomach acid, and so it is suggested that type A B blood types avoid alcohol and caffeine and smoked or cured meats. Type A B blood types tend to do really well on like a seafood diet and a diet that consists of dairy and green vegetables. Famous people who have carried the A B blood type are Barack Obama, Marilyn Monroe, John F. Kennedy, and Jackie Chan. For exercise for an A B bloodline, dance is considered a great exercise as well as walking and hiking. Type O blood, again I'm type O. This means that you don't carry the A antigen or the B antigen in your blood. Type O blood types tend to be go-getters. They're pretty daring and can often be seen as high achievers. Type O blood type also have a lot of energy, a lot of prana in their body, and they're most likely to offend type A blood types. They don't mean to. I think it's just a clashing of personalities. Type O blood types are considered to be very kind and very generous people and tend to be very optimistic and loyal. Type O blood types because of their high energy do well with a lot of hard work, and they're often considered to be very peaceful people. In Japanese culture where they actually use blood types a lot to determine personality traits, they often call type O blood people as warriors. Type O blood types are very honest people and they don't like dishonesty although type O blood types can be very jealous and sometimes are too busy looking at the big picture that they have a hard time focusing on the small details. Type O blood people typically have tummy issues which I absolutely do. That's also a part of being RH negative as well which we'll get into next. And it is suggested that type O people follow a high protein diet. Again I'm O negative and I'm a vegetarian. When I was a kid anytime I ate meat I would get like really sick like throwing up very very sick and so I stopped eating meat a long time ago but I believe that my issues with meat don't really have to do with the fact that I'm an O blood type but have more to do with the fact that I'm Rh's negative within my O blood type which we're going to jump into next. Now famous people who are the O blood type are Queen Elizabeth II, her son Prince Charles, Paul Newman, Elvis Presley and Ronald Reagan. Now for exercise it is suggested that type O people do very high intensity exercises which is what I do. I'm a very very active person. The yoga I practiced, ashtanga yoga is very high intensity. I also do high intensity bar classes, ballet type classes and for a very long time I was a long distance runner. Now spiritually speaking type O blood is blood of the gods and when I see gods going forward I'm talking about extraterrestrial life in my opinion. Now when it comes to spiritual propensity that is found more in the Rh's factor which is the second antigen that we're going to look at. Now to know if you carry the Rh's factor or not your blood will be either positive or negative. For example if you're A positive that means that you carry type A blood so you carry the type A antigen with the Rh's factor. You are positive for the Rh's factor protein in your blood. Now if you're A negative that means that your blood type again carries the A antigen but does not have the Rh's factor within it. This is super super super important. Everybody needs to know if they are positive or negative so again if you're looking at your blood type to know if you are positive or negative for the Rh's factor you will see a little negative sign before your blood or a positive sign before your blood. 85% of the world's population is Rh's factor positive. 15% of the world's population is Rh's factor negative. Most women were aware if they were positive or negative because if a woman is Rh's factor negative and her husband or partner is Rh's factor positive it can cause complications with childbirth. For a woman to get pregnant with a Rh's positive baby which is the dominant the Rh's is positive her body will try to get rid of the baby. Many scientists in my deep studies of the Rh's factor have called people who are Rh's factor negative a different species than those who are positive. One of the most challenging things for scientists from what I gather from my research is figuring out where the Rh's negative comes from. The name Rh's as in Rh's factor comes from the Rh's monkey. It is one of the factor that scientists use to try to prove the legitimacy of evolution from the monkey but people who are Rh negative don't biologically connect into that evolution. For a long time many people believed that Rh's negative people carried a mutation. However as we move forward people are starting to understand that it's not a mutation. For most of civilization scientists believe that it started in sub-Saharan Africa and the fertile crescent so the top of Africa and the Middle East makes sense right. If you look at the Bible Egypt all up into the Middle East is where all these stories happened. However the Rh's negative bloodline appears to originate from Europe. Majority of people who carry the Rh's negative in their blood are people who are of European descent. This does not mean that a black person or an Asian person won't be Rh negative. We do have people who are black and Asian who are Rh negative. It's just more common within white people because it's a numbers game. That's where this bloodline allegedly started. In fact 45% of Europeans are Rh negative. 3% of people with African descent are Rh negative and only 1% of people with Asian descent are Rh negative. Because the Rh negative is the recessive trait it would take a long time for it to spread. So you can't have somebody who is Rh dominant from both parents have a baby with someone who is Rh negative and expect to also have an Rh negative baby it just wouldn't work. The Rh dominant person and both their parents are Rh dominant and this Rh negative person both their parents are Rh negative and the baby that baby is going to be Rh positive but carry the gene of Rh negative and then the next generation of that baby were to mate with someone who carried the recessive gene would then possibly result in an Rh negative baby that was perhaps not of European descent. I hope that makes sense. And so we're seeing this evolution from the European area of this particular bloodline spreading slowly across the world. Again this is not a race issue the Rh negative is not picky about what kind of ethnicity it clings to it's just more common with white people or people of European descent because that is where it started. Now as I said a lot of scientists have called Rh negative people a different species. I know that the scientific community is very torn about the Rh negative antigen within certain people. Again some scientists will say it's just a mutation whereas again other scientists are trying to look for a different creation story for the Rh negative. Many people who are religious believe that the Rh negative bloodline comes from the book of Enoch where we also see a bit of this story in Genesis when the watchers or the fallen angels came to earth and mated with human. Now in my faith I absolutely believe in angels but I also do believe in extraterrestrials. A lot of Christians do not believe in extraterrestrials and that again is completely up to you but if we look at the Rh negative people potentially being only from fallen angels then that means that you're looking at 15% of the population carrying demonic blood and that is simply not true.  I tend to believe that the Rh negative bloodline does come from extraterrestrials. If you watched the interview that Tom Numbers and I did with Wanoseven a couple of weeks ago Wanoseven spoke about the tower of Babel which I found to be absolutely fascinating. It appears that the people who were building that tower to get back to heaven weren't necessarily building a tower but we're trying to build a space force to get back home. It seems that our ancient ancestors understood that this planet with its firmament around it was perhaps a prison planet a planet that was under a war between God and Lucifer. If you look at stories of the Anunnaki or the Draco you hear stories of these beings coming to earth and mating with humans in order to create a slave planet. A prison planet full of beings that would just do the bitings of these other extraterrestrials that were perhaps more advanced than the humans were and this could explain why we have the Rh negative bloodline. This is also fascinating because most of our elite as in our presidents our prime ministers a lot of our actors our royal families are all Rh negative. They value the Rh negative over the Rh positive. They see the Rh negative as being purer than the Rh positive because it does not carry the rhesus factor. In my opinion there is no such thing as a better bloodline or a worse bloodline it's just bloodlines but then again I'm not a psychopath out for world domination so now people who are Rh negative also tend to have digestion issues so again as I said I'm O negative so that means I have a double whammy the O blood type tends to have stomach issues and you add the Rh negative on top of it and wow I have some really bad stomach issues. Rh negative people have a lot of food allergies they're very very picky eaters that is 100% true and they are naturally resistant to HIV which we know HIV aids allegedly came from maybe a monkey type situation and the rhesus factor is the same protein so that makes sense to me that people without the rhesus factor would be more resilient to HIV. We're also more resilient to smallpox and the plague and we are more resilient to this thing that's been going around our planet in 2020. I think y'all know what I'm talking about I can't say it on YouTube but we as Rh negatives are very resilient to that as well which would make sense if this thing that's been going around our planet in 2020 was released by the elite in order to do what they do best and try to dominate the world if they are all mostly Rh negative of course they're going to release something that they would be naturally resilient to right y'all know what I'm saying because the rhesus factor is mostly found within people of European descent most people who are Rh negative tend to have blondish reddish hair in blue or green eyes now my natural color is like a blondish reddish I highlight it now and I have blue eyes now that doesn't mean that you could can be that doesn't mean that you can't have brown eyes or brown hair that's possible of course it's possible this is just a generalization one of my good friends is a black woman who is also Rh negative but ironically she also has a little bit of a red tint to her hair but her eyes are definitely brown so it's not a hard fast rule this is just a generalization most people who are Rh negative have a very low body temperature the average body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit whereas people who are Rh negative tend to be around 96 my resting body temperature is at 96 and it has before in the past dropped down to 92 now you can say because the Draco or the lizard people as they like to say with the royal family are cold-blooded and that's why our body temperature is lower I tend to do think that that has something to do with it that there is some type of inheritance there from wherever the gene comes from and that's why our body temperature is lower but I guess in time the truth will come out about that now again Rh negative people do tend to have an extra vertebrae as I said in the beginning most people have 33 vertebrates Rh negative people tend to have 34 I have an extra vertebrae we also can have extra organs I know somebody who is Rh negative that has an extra kidney I have an extra urinary tube so you have your kidneys in a tubes that run to the bladder I have two on one side and one on the other it doesn't do anything there's nothing special about it but that is typical for an Rh negative to have some sort of mutation within their organs Rh negative people also tend to have a stigmatism if you look at the back of an Rh negative person's eye there is a diamond shape versus a regular person's eye won't look like that now again a lot of people will say that's because this bloodline comes from the Anunnaki or the Draco aka the lizard people but it is said that this eye issue that's labeled as stigmatism is what gives Rh negative people the ability to see things that other people cannot see because you see it's more likely for an Rh negative person to have spiritual phenomenon as far as paranormal experiences or seeing extraterrestrials when other people cannot see them is this because they inherited something from an extraterrestrial many many years ago when they came to this planet I believe so something that is interesting about Rh negative is they cannot be cloned now again this makes sense because we know that the elite have been cloning people for a very long time and of course they would want to be able to not be cloned themselves they want to do the nefarious stuff to the other people not to them because they view themselves as special because of their origins if that makes sense now I know cloning is a big topic amongst a lot of truthers right now but if you look at some of the elite they actually haven't been cloned they have body doubles and you can tell that those are body doubles not clones another organization that really honors the Rh negative is the Freemasons and the Rh negative from some people is believed to be the Holy Grail or the Holy Bloodline now if I were to have a child I frankly would prefer my child to be Rh positive Rh positive people are just a lot healthier than Rh negative people they don't go through the same issues that Rh negative people go through I myself have been through every single issue that is associated with the Rh negative and it's probably because I am O negative because the O negative seem to be a lot more potent in these weird type of issues than like a B negative or an A negative or an AB negative so if you are Rh positive please count yourself lucky I know sometimes people want to be that oddball they want to be that different blood but we're all special there's no such thing as one blood type that's like more special than anybody else God doesn't make junk we're all special and we're all unique so if you are Rh positive I am super jealous of you because you are way more healthy than I will ever be and your body is way more acclimated to this environment than my body is now spiritually speaking it is said that O negative is the pure blood of the gods and again I use gods loosely this in my opinion means extraterrestrials but we know that our ancient man probably saw greater beings as being like God even though they were probably just aliens because we know God God is God and these are just probably extraterrestrials that are intermingled within our species so O negative pure blood of the gods O positive is mixed God and human which is a very common blood type O positive O negative is a mixed God and human type one human so you're mixed with the alien blood and also type one human A positive is human type one and this is very common so you are 100 acclimated to this planet B negative is mixed God our alien blood and human type two B positive is human type two again very very common you are also very acclimated to this planet AB negative is mixed God with human types one and two and this is also a very this is one of the rarest blood types is AB negative from what I understand princess Diana was an AB negative as well as some of the people we mentioned earlier which would be JFK would be AB negative AB positive is mixed human types one and two and that even though it's a human type blood again that's acclimated to this planet is also a very rare blood type so I hope that gives you more details and more explanation on these different blood types so again for yourself sit down and figure out first of all what your ABO antigen is are you type AB or O once you figure that out then go and look and see if your recess positive or negative once you figure out those two types of antigens you'll be able to look deeper into your own personality traits depending on the ABO gene and the recess gene now there is one more blood type that we have to talk about today and that is the RH null this is the absolute rarest blood type of all again as I said in the beginning there are only 43 people recorded on our planet to carry this particular type of blood this also has to do with the recess factor now within the recess factor protein there are 61 different RH antigens for most people who are RH negative like myself they're only looking at one of these antigens which is the D antigen the reason why they only look for that one antigen is because the D antigen is what's responsible for the immune response for people who are RH null this means that they are missing all 61 antigens they are called the people who have the golden blood type for most of our recorded history it is thought that fetuses that were carrying the RH null blood type would not survive into adulthood but that all changed in 1961 when they found an adult Australian woman living with RH null and then by 2010 we had a recorded 43 different people who also carried the RH null blood type into adulthood according to my research most of these people who are RH null keep their identity private this is because scientists are hounding them non-stop to study their blood RH null people have to be very very careful with their lives it's not like they can just get a blood transfusion I mean I'm O negative so I'm like the universal donor but I have to be I can only get blood from other O negatives and that's tough enough however for RH null people it's virtually impossible a lot of RH people will go about twice a year and take their own blood to keep in storage just in case there is an issue and they need a transfusion they can get their own blood but for the most part they have to be extremely careful now I understand everybody's need for privacy and I respect the fact that these people have kept themselves private but it is interesting to wonder where did the RH null come from if they want us to believe that we evolved from monkeys and if they want us to believe that the RH negative the basic RH negative missing the D antigen like myself is just a mutation then what about the RH null people they carry none of the antigens that seem to be from this planet and that is truly my interest in blood types when I started to figure out my own blood type it answered so many questions for me sicknesses I've had paranormal experiences I've had knowing that my great great great grandfather was born into the English royal family and knowing that they are obsessed with bloodlines and knowing that I carry the same blood line as Queen Elizabeth and her son Prince Charles all the sudden all the dots connected what is it that the elite know about where we came from that they're not telling us and it's understanding our blood our life force a key to really truly understanding who and what we really are and is it a key to understanding how magnificent a species God created us to be now again I hope that was entertaining and informative for all you guys this has been one of my most requested videos and I really hope that it's a good starting point for each of you and your own self-discovery through your blood again I am not a doctor so please don't take anything said in this video as medical advice and also again remember that each blood type and rhesus positive and negative are all just generalizations by looking at statistics of a general population of people who carry each individual blood I will also place a link in the description box below for a book that got really popular that revolves around eating for your blood type again for me I don't eat for my blood type I eat more for my dosha but whatever works for you works for you and I do think that there is a lot of truth to different foods being better for different people and vice versa because each of us are unique in our own way all right guys let me know in the comments below if any of that made sense or if there was any aha moments for you in this video where you realize some of the personality traits for your blood type matched you I hope you guys are all having a fantastic day this weekend I am going to be putting up a bonus episode it's going to be a little bit of a concert from the Flying Mystics from my boyfriend's band hopefully that will drop this weekend so you guys can have a little concert to listen to if you're into that kind of music if not no worries thank you so much to josh mckay for doing our music if you would like to purchase our opening song again there is a link down in the description box below and thank you to Todd Roderick for helping me get this video out to you all today have a wonderful Friday and an even better weekend and I will talk to you soon bye


I'm Rhonda Day and I'm Libby Simons and we're from the Volunteer Support Programme. We're looking at Volunteer Sustainability, Volunteer Development and Volunteer Support. Together three streams that we're working towards and each of those streams have a range of different projects that we're working on. Within the Volunteer Sustainability Project we're looking at growth and decline, engaging diverse communities, recruitment, retention and recognition and the Membership Sustainability Project. And under the development stream we're looking at leadership, well-being and training and assessment. If you'd like to find out more just contact us or check out the website. My name is Leading Firefighter Daniel Torres from Dandenong Fire Station. I've been working with Leading Firefighter Greg Anderson on a project on high-rise firefighting and multi-story firefighting. We've been working on it for about four or five years now. Doing a fair bit of research including myself. I've travelled around the states to New York and Boston having a look at what they do and Denver. We've basically from our research come out with some equipment, tactics and strategies that CFA can use to better handle firefighting in high-rise and multi-story environments. The benefit to firefighters within CFA is that they'll be safer if they encounter fires in high-rise or multi-story environment. But also just in our general structural firefighting it will hopefully, the tactics and techniques that we're talking about will raise the skills of our firefighters across the organization generally. And obviously the benefit to the community is that as our community tends to move towards living in high-density living, we will be better able to keep them safe. Hi, I'm Pamela Mitchell. I'm part of the Career Firefighter Recruitment Team. We're very excited to be invited along to the project expo today. The Career Firefighter Recruitment Team does sit alongside Project 2016. Very exciting opportunities are increasing our workforce, tapping into those that are in the organization already, be a volunteering capacity or within the organization. Looking forward to making a transition over to operational work. Career Firefighter Recruitment are very busy this year. Just currently closed off a recruitment campaign and about to get underway with recruitment. This is for hiring for positions for 2014. There's lots of work to be done and looking forward to being part of it. Hello there. Hi, I'm Ian Stevenson. I'm the vegetation project manager for what we call fire ecology as the term we now use. And I'd like to introduce my colleague, Mike McSteven. The fire ecology project started three years ago. It's endeavoured to bring in objectives of the natural environment, how fire interacts with the natural environment in the CFA's business. It's been a challenge. Eventually we have a number of publications that we've produced. But then it was a matter of getting a bit of traction out there in the community. So we trialled a pilot which we call Firescape based on a New South Wales model of hot spots. Mike, tell us a bit about that, could you? Well Firescape is a two workshop model which looks at teaching landowners about fire ecology. So fire planning from two perspectives.  So getting them to look for native vegetation that's on their properties and even on their neighbours' properties and planning what the best use of fire is to take their assets but also to bring in appropriate levels of fire into the native vegetation which keeps the native vegetation regenerating, keeps it healthy which improves the native vegetation as well as giving them some asset protection. We've found that a lot of landowners have been very happy about that and have been quite happy to consider using fire and the properties that they otherwise could fire away from. So it's been a good community engagement program. Also naturally resource management groups like Landcare and Trust and Nature are very interested in this area as well. They haven't done a lot of private land building before but they're certainly very interested and very willing to engage in our specific projects. Hi I'm Danielle Martin and I'm with the Grassland Curing Project at the CFA and I'm a Satellite Remote Sensing Analyst. Now the Grassland Curing Project involves the collection of field observations from across the state and these observations are telling us how dry the grass is, which is what curing is. And these observations feed into the calculation for the Grassland Fire Danger Index which helps determine the fire danger rating of Victoria throughout the fire season. Now this season we've got a new satellite and field data product. So this new product combines both field observations with satellite observations. Now the satellite data we're getting is from the Weather Bureau. They've got a direct feed of satellite data from the NASA satellite and this satellite orbits the Earth every 90 minutes. So we've actually got an updated satellite image every day but we're just using a new satellite image once a week. So every Sunday we use a satellite map and we use a map derived from field observations and we produce a Grassland Curing map by Monday every week throughout the fire season. So this is basically a more accurate way of presenting Grassland Curing data so it's going to provide a more accurate calculation of the Grassland Fire Danger Index. So currently we've got over 150 volunteers making these observations every week but there are some pockets of Victoria where we're needing more observations. So we do welcome anybody out in the rural communities to volunteer, put their hands up and volunteer to make these observations every Sunday for a Monday map throughout the fire season.


Who says you can't have it all? Not Appalachian Wireless, we know what you want. Appalachian Wireless offers the hottest smartphones and unlimited data plans, all on the region's number one network. A feud that ripped two families apart for almost 28 years is now bringing hundreds of families together. Over 800 people registered for this weekend's Hatfield and McCoy Marathon. The race began in South Williamson, Kentucky, traveled through Matewon, West Virginia and finished in Williamson. 46 states were represented and the race saw runners from as far away as Canada, South Korea and New Zealand. A staple during the marathon is the Devil Ants Hatfield and Randall McCoy impersonators. Jerry Acres and Doyle Van Meter greet runners from start to finish over the weekend. We started the race this morning at 7, we started the marathon and then we come back here at 7.45 and start the 5K and then we'll hang out here at the finish line the whole day as the runners come in from all the races. The two have been performing during the Hatfield and McCoy Marathon as well as bus tours for over a decade. A friend of ours wrote a skit and he kind of recruited us to do it about 15 years ago and we've been doing it ever since. The two are so dedicated, more than half of their costumes are real, including the hair. He just grows it for this, for this birth. I'll probably shave it all off and trim up everything today. Yeah. Start back again. This is not real, everything else is.  In Williamson, Shelby Porter, EKB News.


Bemidji State University has received its highest ranking in the last five years in the annual U.S. News and World Reports America's Best Colleges Survey. BSU has climbed to a tie for 94th overall in the recently released surveys list of colleges and universities in the Midwest region and tied for 22nd among the region's public schools. Bemidji State climbed 15 places from the ranking from a year ago. The tied for 94th ranking is Bemidji State's highest showing in the survey since 2013 and it's tied for 22nd ranking among the region's public schools as its highest since 2009. BSU has appeared on the U.S. News list each year since 2009.


So this time we have a larger problem to work with. Before we had, say, two to three tasks that we were balancing. This time, instead, we have five different types of instructions. And these are common instructions that you'll see when you're writing assembly language programs. We have an indigenous instruction, multiplication instruction, a pair of memory access instructions, one to load some data, one to store it into memory. And then we have a conditional instruction. And in this case, each of our instructions takes a different amount of time. And those times vary between the two machines that we're looking at. We also have five different programs that we're looking at, each of which has a different balance of instructions that it's using. So again, we'll be looking at figuring out how much time it takes to run each of these programs on each machine. Note that we don't have an overall number of instructions that each of these programs contains, so we can't really say precisely how long a program will run for. But we can say something about the average instruction's execution time. And we'll be able to use that to compare the relative performance for both machines on each program. And then at the end, we'll be able to say, which machine should I run each of these programs on, and you could use that to decide which of these two machines would I like to run this program on, if I have both of them. Or I could use this to help inform a purchasing decision to decide which of these two machines I should buy. So we'll approach this problem pretty much the same way which we have been. We'll be looking at calculating execution times. Again, as I said, we don't know the overall number of instructions, so we won't be able to calculate the exact execution time. We'll just have the average execution time per instruction. So program one is the easiest. All of its instructions are add instructions. So if I start with machine A, I know that, well, 100% of the instructions are add instructions and each of those take one nanosecond to run. So the average execution time here is one nanosecond. For machine B, again, 100% of the instructions are add instructions. But this time, they all take two nanoseconds. And the average execution time per instruction then is two nanoseconds. So I can say that machine B is half as fast as machine A. Or that machine A is twice as fast as machine B here. So for task one, machine A is two times faster. On program two, we have a mix of add and multiply instructions. So here, machine A, so we have 25% of the instructions are addition instructions. And each of those takes one nanosecond on machine A. And the other 75% of the instructions are multiply instructions, each of which takes three nanoseconds on machine A. So 25% of a nanosecond plus 2.25% of a nanosecond equals 2.5 nanoseconds on average. For machine B, again, 25% of the instructions are addition instructions. And on machine B, those take two nanoseconds. The other 75% of the instructions are multiply instructions. And this time, those take four nanoseconds. So I've got three nanoseconds there and half a nanosecond there, which gives me 3.5 nanoseconds. So again, machine A is taking less time than machine B. So machine A is going to be faster than machine B. It's time I've got five over seven. So machine A is seven-fifths times faster. Not as good as we had for program one, but still some speed up. So program number three is longer. We've got three parts now, but we're still going to be doing the same thing. Calculate how much time it takes for the addition instructions, how much time we spend on the multiply instructions. And then we'll have a different another column for how much time we spend on the load instructions. 25% of the instructions are addition instructions, which still take one nanosecond on machine A. 25% of the instructions are multiply instructions, which take three nanoseconds. And then the remaining 50% of our instructions are these load word instructions, which each take six nanoseconds. We'll do the same thing for machine B. This time I have 25% of my instructions are addition. 25% of my instructions are multiplication. And 50% of my instructions are load word. This time I have two nanoseconds, four nanoseconds, and four nanoseconds for each of those categories. So this gives me a quarter of a nanosecond plus three quarters of a nanosecond. So I have one nanosecond and three nanoseconds. So machine A is four nanoseconds on average. For machine B, I have half a nanosecond plus one nanosecond plus two nanoseconds. Which gives me three and a half nanoseconds. So this time machine B takes less time than machine A. So machine B is faster. How much faster? Well, I'd have, say, eight nanoseconds divided by seven nanoseconds. So I get eight sevenths. Again, not a huge improvement, but there is some difference there. For programs four and five, we're going to do the same thing. We'll just have even more terms than we did before. So for program four, 10% of the instructions are add instructions. For machine A, those all take one nanosecond still. 20% of the instructions are multiply. Those take three nanoseconds. 30% of the instructions are load word. Those take six nanoseconds. And the remaining 40% of the instructions are store word instructions, which take nine nanoseconds. So again, we're going to calculate the average execution time per instruction. So we have 0.1 nanoseconds, 0.6 nanoseconds. So we've got 0.7, 1.8, 2.5, and then 3.6 plus 1.5 gives me 5.1 nanoseconds for the average instruction in program four on machine A. Machine B, same thing. 10% of the instructions are add instructions, taking two nanoseconds. 20% of the instructions are multiply instructions, which take four nanoseconds. 30% of the instructions are load word instructions, which will take four nanoseconds. And the remaining 40%, the instructions are store word instructions, which will also take four nanoseconds. So here I have 0.2 nanoseconds plus 0.8 nanoseconds. So there's one nanosecond. Here I have 1.2 nanoseconds. We've got 2.2, and here I have 1.6. So I've got 3.8 nanoseconds on average. So machine B is again faster than machine A. So 3.8 nanoseconds for the average instruction is clearly less than 5.1. But this time I'm not going to have a nice ratio that I can really work with. 38 over 51, or 51 over 38 times faster. Still an improvement, better than what we saw with previous one. But we're not up to that two times yet. So the last one is number five, which has the most terms. So for machine A, program five starts with 30% of the instructions being add instructions, each of which still take one nanosecond. And I've got 10% of my instructions at three nanoseconds, 30% of the instructions at six nanoseconds, 10% of the instructions at nine nanoseconds, and the remaining 20% of the instructions are these branch equal instructions, which take four nanoseconds. So here I've got 0.3 plus 0.3 gives me 0.6 plus 1.8 gives me 2.4 plus 0.9 gives me 3.3 plus 0.8 gives me 4.1 nanoseconds for the average instruction here. Now we can look at machine B. So for machine B, again, 30% of the instructions are addition instructions, each of which takes two nanoseconds, 10% of the instructions are multiplication instructions, taking four nanoseconds, 30% of the instructions are loadward instructions, taking four nanoseconds, 10% of the instructions are storeward instructions, requiring four nanoseconds, and the remaining 20% of the instructions are branch instructions, requiring six nanoseconds. So here I've got 0.6 plus 0.4 gives me 1, 1.2, so I'm up to 2.2 again, 2.6 plus 1.2 gives me 3.8. So again, machine B is slightly faster than machine A. How much faster? Well, 41 over 38 times faster. So not a huge improvement, but there is some difference there. So for the last question, we're looking at which programs is each machine better at? We've pretty much written down that information we went. Machine A is clearly better at programs 1 and 2. Those are really heavy on these addition and multiplication instructions. Whereas machine B is better at 3, 4, and 5. Because machine B is really good at these memory instructions. So much so that it kind of weighs out any of the arithmetic or comparison instructions that we're doing in those three programs. There's enough improvement in just the memory column for machine B to be better in those cases. So we could use this information to decide which machine should we run each task on. If we've got a lot of task one, will we want to run those on machine A? Same thing with program two. If we've got program three, four, or five, we probably want to run them on machine B. But some of these are pretty close to one. Three and five aren't too far off. There is an improvement if you run them on machine B. But if machine B is already busy with lots of tasks of program four, maybe we should put those on machine A, anyway. We could also use this to say something about which machine would I perhaps like to buy. So if I know I'm going to be running lots of programs that have strong memory component, I probably want machine B. If I'm going to be running lots of programs with a large arithmetic component, then I'm probably going to want machine A instead.