I'd like to talk about how we are using Debian in a larger, somewhat larger infrastructure as a German federal foreign office or another name would be the ministry for foreign affairs. In contrast to other talks I will talk about, even about some problems we have seen in Debian. I wouldn't mention any problems with Debian in other talks, but I think the local audience can cope with it. First of all, I want to introduce you to our IT department. We have four IT units in the headquarters in Berlin and Bonn, and these are our central IT units. So our IT units aren't gathered around different locations, so that might be different to other institutions. We have more than 11,000, almost 12,000 computers, or client computers, both right. And most of them are located outside Germany. I think 75% are deployed. We have way over 200 missions. These are embassies and general relatives dates. For instance, there are general relatives dates in Edinburgh. And we have two IT zone centers, two small IT zone centers almost in New York and Singapore that are responsible for giving IT support in the time zones outside or far from New York and Africa, especially in America and Asia. And overall we have very little IT stuff. Most of the IT is located in Germany, and all the administration is done remotely. I work at a very small unit called IT strategy. It's like a CIO unit directly working for the other IT. We are managing the IT workshop responsible for the IT of security. And we are making strategic decisions like using DVR in the ministry. And as a side note, I got my job through our formal project data. Martin Liebkemeier wrote a mail to Steven Private about the job offer, and I trust he got that job. So it's worth doing, working with DVR, or for DVR, if you would like to get a job. Okay, the next is I want to talk about the history of our IT history and the 2003. We had a lot of those in our missions, usually one, but that's all about the mission. We are using up to now IPsec or internet for a secure connectivity of our missions and we are using a German-branded order called ZINAR, a secure internet network architecture. It's a prototype of our national security agency called ESI. As a science, we have used Microsoft Windows XP and Microsoft Office as missions. And at the headquarter, we have still used Microsoft Windows NT as a service in the clients, including such things like Microsoft Outlook and Exchange. It's quite a classic installation except for ZERTA, so it's maybe unusual for this time. 2004, we have introduced DVR to the foreign office. We have used it for so-called internet terminal servers that are used to have some more secure access to the internet. So there's no direct, at least no direct take-back to our network, to our mail servers, or to our client computers, because everyone has to use a terminal server to access the world like that. And we have started installing more and more internet applications on DVR servers. In 2005, we have refreshed the hardware and software in the headquarter. Since this year almost all servers are DVR servers in the headquarter, and the clients have multiple configuration, where Windows XP is installed and DVR is installed in the clients, and the users can choose which operating they want to use. And we have removed the Microsoft Outlook stuff completely, and replaced them with Sonobot and Firefox, and installed Office at least in addition to Microsoft Office. In 2006, I would call it the Speaking Up phase. We have started installing the placed servers in the missions, because they are tested to old and empty clients, not re-absorbed or re-absorbed even clients. And all new servers, all DVR servers, and all new clients are multiple clients like in the headquarter. And we have started to install DVR only on every notebook. So everyone who wants to get a notebook has to use DVR, there is no option. And these installations use this special CNA based virtual private network product, or a special journal supporting such CNA weekend, and the user tools that are necessary to fill up their weekend. This year I would say is the start of the final phase. We are starting to migrate some missions to DVR only. About one week ago we have migrated embassy in Oslo to DVR only. It was quite easy, I would say, after that there are no big problems. And currently we are migrating the embassy in Cairo, which is quite a bit more larger. And I hope that's our problems. And we are using the virtual box emulation for legacy software, like not very popular instance. That works quite well too, I must say. One question, so the final phase has to go to migrate all missions completely to deviant? Yes, all missions and in-depth portal. After that you will not have work anymore? Yes, my talk is done then. Probably not, because there are still a lot of things to do. Before I come to problems in DVR, I will talk about the quantities of DVR. I think I can keep it short before it knows more or less what are the quantities of DVR. But I will just mention the major points. With DVR I have a large package pool and a large developer community here. It's not business driven, so it means we are dependent. We don't have to fear that the DVR organization is making contracts with Microsoft. That's a big advantage. It's a really big advantage, so it should be the wearer. It's in the real resource distribution, nobody cares if you are recompiling your kernel. You can just do it and you will get support from the backtracking system, even if you are using it. Users can easily contribute to a good or a bad advantage. You have the backtracking system, you have collaborative development or packages. You can contribute to translations as you can start and you maintain the process for yourself. And what's interesting is that DVR still has a focus on end users. If it's not that easy to install DVR, it still has a focus compared to other community projects. Especially if you compare us with other large community projects. And then maybe Gen2 or the 3BSDs that are community projects. But I think they are less focused than DVR. And yes, the high strategy is always the thing with the backtracking system to the strike release process in such a commercial installation. Now I will describe our development infrastructure for our installation infrastructure. Our goal is to package everything we have in that format for easy distribution installation. We have been using a package like this of his templates in that format. When we use them in the virtual hops, it's just easier to distribute them in that format. For that we need installation and development infrastructure. We have our own normal, we have components like archive with upload views, a built-in server, we have our own policies of packages, and we are using the usual software. But instead of the version, we get more and less main list, media requests of this and the 3BSD system. More therefore, most for support to end user. One problem is that it's still too hard to set up such an infrastructure and to maintain such an infrastructure. So I think it costs a lot of manpower to keep it running and to set up. For instance, all the tools I have mentioned don't have proper ADAPT support or value limits with ADAPT support. But ADAPT is trusted as a very important organization. We are still missing a lot of help tools. We have to provide a lot of help tools for archive maintenance. You want to have such things like a package tracking system for yourself, but you have to do it more or less for yourself. It doesn't look like a package tracking system or something that works. It would be nice to have such things in Degan that make it easier to set up your own development. We even have our own installer. It's not because Degan installer is left. Degan installer is a good tool, but it's not fit our needs. It simply does not fit our needs today. At least some years ago we found that it's too difficult to fix Degan installments. It's easier to justify your own installer instead of fixing it. Maybe we should change that to future and fix Degan installments so we can use it directly. What we are doing with our installer, we are doing automatic setups. Of course, I've looked at some hard-peaked clusters. That's not easy to do with other types of installs. We are setting up a dispute with onboard dock devices. It must be done in sync with an every partner. That's the logic avoidance on top of the OVV. I'm not aware that any other tool is able to do that fully automatic. You can buy two scripts, of course. That's what we have done at these two important scripts and package some Degan packages. That's what we're doing there. We can create an installation making up any client you need, the ROMs, DVD ROMs, network-based installations, whatever you need. We can support torture machines, what you did for it, like Xen torture the box. And we can support image-based installations, which is necessary if you want to install other operating systems that don't have proper installer like Windows. Or if you want to buy your hardware pre-installed with your operating systems, it's usually easier if you get your hardware and the operating system is already pre-installed. These two are faster to adapt your machine. And we can separate the installations from the data process. That is more or less the same.  It starts working and you're just changing the OS name, the password, whatever is needed. It's been more or less of an automatic way. The next point I would categorize as policy-like, roughly as policy-like problems. One problem with a lot of P1 packages is that we need to run a daemon twice or more than that on the same machine. You have a low-balancing hardware cluster, and if one of the partner breaks, the other problem is that you need to run all the daemons alone. That means you need to avoid outputting paths too fast and directly. The head problem is with Zambar, because it had some outputted paths, so you couldn't run Zambar twice in your machine. It was simply necessary. You had to change that. Other daemons supported like Postgres, and it's not Postgres multiple times in multiple instances. That's not that difficult. But Postgres takes a way to automatically bring configures such as installations, so you still need some kind of strats that's just doing the setup. That would be nice if the packages would be able to or have a way to pre-configure them, so if you insert them, you automatically have two Postgres instances. One is automatically restarted, or automatically start via hard-read, not via instruments directly. Another problem is the user ID, group ID mapping on Schertstorch. Debian uses a lot of dynamic user IDs and group IDs. During installation, that's not possible if you're using Schertstorch like DRBD we are using, or any kind of storage area network that we have in our headquarter. Most of all, those in that quarter are just directly putting from the storage area network, so you have naturally a Schertstorch there. At least in the Schertstorch, it's necessary that you have some fixed mapping between numeric IDs and names. And we're nice if Debian groups would have a way to pre-sead such methods. The way is just to create all the necessary users and groups that are all in the installation process, so the picketers themselves don't create users and groups dynamically. But that's some kind of dirty fix, so we're nice if they have something that is picked up by the policy in Debian or something. Debian does not define a central configuration database. You can build something like that with deep confidence and things, but there's no definition for a central configuration database, so you have to invent one for yourself. We've been nice. We had a mechanism that just works in Debian. In the configuration mechanism, it's not extendable, but I mean here, the other picketers that can be pre-seaded by Debian, like OpenSSR or something, the SSH server, OpenSSH server or something, but if you want to configure more than what the main table has intended, then you have to invent your own. You either have to change the picket, the SSH server, or you have to justify the configuration database. There's no way to extend the mechanism that the main table has built in Debian. You have to go or create the configuration by adding more detail because that's what we need at least, because we have a central configuration database and we don't configure any sort of line directly at everything, every configuration item that needs to be changed needs to be changed from the central head-up server and needs to be replicated to the actual configuration file in Debian. One advantage is, of course, if we have plain text configuration files, that's a real advantage, but we have no good mechanisms to replicate the configuration from the central server to the actual DGN machine. The package-grunt files are not very flexible. For instance, you cannot present such things like force-configured and force-configured for UVTL files, that's sometimes a good thing. UCF at least uses some environment variables, like the UCF force-configure and UCF force-configured. It uses step-con, but UCF is not required to use for every given package. It's not even flexible enough, I think. So it's a bit better, but it's not good enough. Another amazing tool, I think, is some kind of de-cursion tool for configuration files. Don't have such things. And the conferencing of the package is not even fully documented. I have an example from the policy. I found a trust search, for example, on the CIF file. UCF explains what happens during perching the DGN file. It mentions that some verifiers get removed, but ends at, etc. So you don't know what really happens during perching. So it ends somewhere. There's no documentation on what happens during perching. Except the source code, the package. Moving configuration files from one package to another with name changing or without name changing is another problem difficult to handle. Especially if you have a lot of your own packages and sometimes you want to move just this configuration file from one to another or you want to split a large package into sub-packages to move the configuration files around and you always get headaches what happens during upgrade. At least I found it difficult to find out what happens during such stuff. Another mechanism that would be nice is to use run parts for configuration files. Especially, for instance, so the sudoers would be nice to split up in small files and have a directory sudoers.d The trust contains all the files and it gets combined into one configuration files, sudoers and during hostings or whatever. And it would be nice to have a default mechanism for every configuration file that even supports migration from the old scheme to the scheme with multiple files that gets combined. It's a difficult part to split but it would be nice to have it in the end. Very good. Another thing is that with configuration files you have a number of backup for instance of the old files and you can choose a diff to see the difference to the old version. Yes, I already mentioned the central database of configuration data. Probably we have a lot back in of that one but that's still experimental as far as I know and it's very limited in what you can do. So it's not really useful for any practical purpose as far as I know. The best option is to try as the end-up files that you distribute around in some way via HTTP or whatever but it's not even a standard mechanism. So we are missing a standard mechanism and the mechanism that we would like to have is a template mechanism where you have a template with configuration files and some items when the file gets replaced by data from a central elder or whatever and the final file is written by placing parts of the version template. And that mechanism would be sensible for us so it shouldn't be limited to what's the main theme so it's usable for every user to be able to be able to easily extend the content. And of course if you would have a central database you would need some kind of user on the front and some user interface for instance an application or something like to change the database. That's missing too. Okay. At the end of my slides already took a bit about maybe I'll update the data solution but we have questions. I think the ID how to handle the configuration file with the DPEC HD Birdlight tool is very interesting. I talked to some other guys and the ID was how to handle for example also the custom Debian distribution. Currently as far as I know Skoda Linux for example is creating an Apache package on their own so they can include their confiles for the web server even. And I think it would be much better that Debian has only one Apache package with some basic configuration and other packages for the environment package or you would create a package only with the config files so you can create an Apache web server with the plain Debian files where the binaries are mostly included but the config files comes from your package. And currently I think one great problem is that the policy says that a package cannot overwrite or change the config files from another package. So this has come up as a question or issue several times over the years and I think that my idea has always been very similar to what you're suggesting but the right answer was supposed to come up with a standardized way of handling this to meet everyone's needs and then it would be completely appropriate to change the policy to support such a mechanism. The challenge, I think the reason that the policy is a different way is now is that it would be complete chaos if many different people invented different mechanisms of overwriting each other's config files and we would all have a really difficult support issue. I hope that people don't read things like that in policy as things that can't be changed just as good indications of how we should behave until we have a good idea or come up with a good solution My first idea was if there would be a tool like the package rebirth for the config files that for example the Scholar Linux configuration package could take those config files that they like to change with this main version and label it with the Scholar Linux so the blame package system would know how if I do an upgrade of the plain departure package I do not have to touch several config files but the Scholar Linux package if there would be an update of the package it says these are under my control so I can update the versions if, except the user that makes some mental changes to it I think doesn't sit in the policy somewhere that just diverges some config broken not actually intended to work it seems like this is something that could actually work and you just sort of get this message I didn't really get the future that it sort of forever did Even if it's not allowed currently I think this is the second of the third time I heard that we need something like this so I think it's a very hot topic and it would be very good maybe to have a buff or conference to make this a buff so we can talk about this because a lot of people can use this feature a lot of different interest would actually work pretty much wouldn't it the same solution and I think there's another idea that you have in your list involving this notion of more configuration files coming out of directory more deliberate fragments under our policy I've been talking now for at least three years about the idea of config file layering and it seems to me that some combination of this there are some configuration files that I think are structured in a way that layering and sequencing that have these override defaults works well and there are things like behind the config file that really just have to be a place to take so some combination of these methods well articulated in the default file it strikes me that if we're going to do something in my back it really does need to be done with the actual involvement of other Linux distributions as well though for those of us who are for one reason or another running a few genius environments because we have to do one myself you know I don't want to have a big configuration scheme for a procedure that I have for Debian as I really can't get something that I don't think we can do in isolation so that would suggest that in addition to coming up with a good proposal we should figure out how to engage the LSD folks and other distributions who worry about this in the process why do I feel it would just look like it's objective to develop a distribution so we have enough information on a bit of luck what was your current solution for this problem of the config file handling we have found out that if you have five solutions the bottom is worse than the other one so we don't have a resolution for that sometimes we are just setting the DH compact version to back to two where that purple does not define every file below as a config file sometimes we are just moving the Debian config file sometimes we are just overriding them by post install on something like that and setting dpcp where is the right place for us to continue this? it's a post config it's a Debian package that does not override our configuration files I think all the involved people what about the requirements is this something that wants them to go or someone suggest a place for this kind of conversation to continue on? I would say Debian Devil because a lot of people that needs some sort of this thing don't change about this would be a custom Debian distribution that they are creating my last question to Debian customer they are so focused in producing a CDD that they have too much they need a different approach to change confines what we just want to be a personalized Debian but I think myself I need to a personalized Debian idea something that can work now or a new very new feature for now I do what I'm using I install my package with scripts and patch that changes confines after the installation and it's working enough for me but I'm looking too far some other way to do this my idea was to enhance what you have in a way that is usable or and try to convince the maintainers to use UCF for installing a variation files but I've learned that my knowledge is a bit strict about changing UCF adding more features to UCF so probably you need an artwork to work fixing deep package might be difficult but you can create a package called UCF next generation that was important as a starting point I was going to suggest that sometimes the right way to convince all of us of these things in fact that we're hitting on in the last night is to at least build a prototype of what you're talking about and demonstrate how this will make the world a better place and then it's much easier for people to rally and support and it's difficult sometimes for a paper design to achieve much sense of consensus certainly the kind of consensus that's required where they can find a lot of changes or changes in policies that's probably what I might do next year when we have switched everything to VVM so I have more time to do some stuff I've even tried to build a prototype but it's far from being presented somewhere because it's too limited even if you use it, don't use it but I think the first step would be to collect the people that are interested in this topic to document the limitations I think that was the idea behind the talk start with documenting the thing maybe even the key and as a starting point and if you could document missing features or the problems you had I think we can people will get involved and see, oh, there's something documented that's also interested and interesting for me so people will come together in the future yeah, maybe I will start with documenting I think it's very important because if somebody only reads the title of your talk you would never expect that this kind of topic would be a part of your talk and I think it's very, very interesting that you also had the problem and talked about how to solve it so first thing we have to point out I tried to explain this as I expected but I didn't you wanted to open because usually in the public we don't talk too much about dig and pop there it might sound like maybe on the surprise but it's really easy it's not about problems it's about new things that we will invent in the future hopefully I think it's completely appropriate for even for those of us who truly love heavy hits of this distribution talking about where we need to go next because in fact I've been chatting with some person I already seen in the last few minutes I think are a little sad that they didn't come out to hear your presentation at this point but we'll make sure to see it later so hopefully it will sound like just out of curiosity but how do I do it? how do I do it? and so was 8.4 our little with the Siemens PCs and think that's not that's more or less for storage we are using EMC in that part you mean something like Nagios no in the box is do that by using the serial mode do you go to homes and know we don't use any promotion tool for touch things I don't really understand what you do in those you are using what HP provides is IOP cards for onwards that's actually a pretty good tool set and the only thing I would caution you about is that if you remember you have a service you want to think about including the advanced pack idle option because we have that to be able to take your mode access to the it sucks a bit it's using this H2XS it's good enough the good news is it does support remote SSA jacksets and you can do things like firmware upgrades from boxes using the LDAP back in the deck the LDAP back in the deck you understand the LDAP LDAP the LDAP the LDAP again the LDAP again I do try to use it as only as a remote without the device as a way to press it in the package no, not really because it can be published in other ways that are only less complex visiting and we have just I think 9 deck quantifiers that we are exiting and that's just a clean file that we are distributing and including our deck quantification as well so it's simple that's quite simple when you were talking about something like a compile directory to deliver aggregated fragments with an example I know you were thinking this is a more general mechanism for the example and you used the suit have you ever tried the suit held up back in support that would be an option in that case but that's not a job I was just curious but we haven't used that we haven't thought about that but I don't have any reasons why maybe it was easier or it was too complex so whatever I don't really know but we have considered that I was just curious how to maintain that I think one of the problems is that the suit must work even if you don't have network and you must make sure it works and so as the suit of maintainer and someone who does not personally have any LDAP I'm always curious to know if you have some experience with it Indonesia's motto is unity and diversity and you can see by the news how well they're getting along the problem is that as the country has grown people are educated in different areas to everybody learning everything they learn their unique area and that causes conflict with people in one area thinking that the problem is in some other area as an outsider this is my first heavy in conference my analysis is that what is being imposed is somebody that is unbiased very creative very good documentation writer to start at the very and document all of Debian and how it should come together I think we're documenting individual projects but I'm not hearing that we're committing a whole system and I'm hearing conflicts about one scholar versus another scholar and all kinds of different things seems to be that some documentation that brought people together would be the greatest thing and that's just an outsider's opinion in the public what do you think? I don't think there's any suspicion that well I didn't remind you I think the more you get into something the more biased you are if you're in one particular area but not in the other area but isn't that just like any other area way too big for anyone who has been motored across the whole thing but it's just more and you cannot create one solution for all it's about diversity for sure it's better to to unite some things into a more general solution but you cannot do everything for all and I mean it's basically a good idea but you don't want everything the same you can't start all using Microsoft because that's what already it's just a stupid idea to use Linux and even have multiple distributions I don't agree right there there's ways in which diversity is better and unity in diversity I think is the greatest concept but my observation is that as people become more and more specialized they tend to think that their own area is the most important and conflicts arise with other areas but you have to remember in the open source community there's quite a strong element of natural selection of work and actually having people are trying different things all the time and sooner or later their consensus is right that it may not happen in a specifically organized and directed fashion but I think it's a very natural selection of work I don't see it there are so many good conference free conference organization software around and this conference is based on five moments and I haven't been able to even find anyone to ask me more than a dozen people how to solve the simplest problem with pet-to-bar you know I don't see natural selection of work I see somebody having a pet project and poisting on us the worst conference software I've ever seen that's true but it's not changed from today to tomorrow I would assume we all realize that hand-to-bar might be quite bad and now should we try to reprogram it in one day for the next conference I believe it was as natural selection already proved to be very good rather than trying to rewrite pet-to-bar natural selection takes years so and stuff they didn't change from one day to another to be able to live in the water they needed thousands of years to do such things I have never had the idea to do it myself I have looked for the pet-to-bar installation by myself because I've seen the problems and just fixed it with the idea of a hand-to-bar you're right I had many problems with it so in the start I wasn't even listening from the log in to see the schedule and back but yeah you cannot change it in one day but everybody who has some time can keep in mind that there is a system that is not optimal but it works in general and you can help to make it better and if you come up with something a thousand percent better for next year then I think a lot of people if you show that to some people a lot of people will help you to get this for the next year this is every single process and half of my pictures have been filled in quite often and T is quite responsive so that's how this all starts I don't think your knees are bad in general but yeah everything takes a lot of time for sure and no one single person will document the whole Debian project this is really impossible but there are people working on unifying and documenting stuff but even the existence of other people who create another wiki about Debian maybe in another language already then you have splitting of information and there are so many interests that you cannot you cannot just say nobody is allowed to do with Debian wiki somewhere else for example I don't see how these things can be done practically for sure we can remind people it's better to use Debian wiki instead of create your own and it's better to work on general solutions but everybody cooking his own soup but sometimes people have different needs for sure the idea could involve something very very good at automatic installations but I have to meet today and that's why I'm using FAI for example maybe I could invest very very much energy in 5 years the I can do the same as FAI today and for the I people it's exactly the other way around they need something what is manually capable of doing a lot there are not so much interested in automatic stuff they need it today for sure I can say to them if we work on this in 5 years we have all the manual interactions you have now in the I in 5 years in FAI but I am not interested to work on it and the people who want it need it today that's why we have 2 different installers for example maybe even more but that's the 2 most important I think but that is the reason for diversity so sometimes diversity has a reason yeah you're way over my head about the I versus FAI but I asked somebody else about which one and he says why make a choice why not the I support FAI and people work in FAI and finally why not hook the 2 of them together if you want that yeah that's why it's open source there is somebody who needs to hook them together then you can hook them together currently I see it more as 2 different solutions which do something in the end might look the same in 2 different ways and because people have the need to do these things in 2 different ways the one that wants to click everything together because maybe he has no 2 computers of the same type in hardware or software installation so you don't want to create an automatic installation for that but yeah I have an idea why you want to do that because it's retro visible but this is just one example of why diversity has a reasoning and yeah we could try to put them somehow together but you might end up with a jack of all trades master or nothing you probably cheat one together so I think we'll start another talk so no other questions we can come to the end and discuss it yeah


Guys, I think now would be a great time to tell y'all that I know that everyone's having a lot of trouble. There's a pandemic going on, but $5 is only $5, okay? It's not a lot, but for only $5, you could sub any stimulus checkers, any tiger owners. Guys, it ain't difficult. It ain't difficult. I know a lot of people are having a hard time, but I'm more important than y'all. So just five, that's all I'm asking.


Hi, I'm Deb and I'm Chad. We're gonna be helping out Tom this week. He's suspicious that the woman he met online isn't who she claims to be. This one was a wild ride from start to finish, beginning to end. The whole way through. You think it's going one way, but then at the end there's a twist. You expect one thing to happen and then something totally different happens. You sure are in for a surprise this week on Tuna Fish. I've been emailing Miranda for months, but every time I ask her for a photo, it just doesn't really seem like it's her. Tom, I'm no expert, but I'm pretty sure that's Carrie Washington. The star of American Treasure, Shonda Rhimes award-winning show, Scandal. My mom loves that show.  It's okay. We're giving you the opportunity to find out the truth. Let's take a look at your message exchange with Miranda. On May 21st at 11.30 p.m., you said, you won't. And she responded at 11.45 p.m., it's getting late. You should go to bed soon. Then on June 1st at 5.17 p.m., you said, it's cold here. Why don't you come and warm me up? To which she replied at 6.08 p.m., if it's chilly, you should put on a sweater, young man. That's Tuna Fishy, if you ask me. I think I love this girl. I need to find out what's really going on. And so did we. We used the power of the internet to back search the photo of Carrie Washington sent to Tom by Miranda. And the results were shocking. It seems the photo came from the same IP address as Tom. That's right. The call came from inside the house. At that point, it could really only mean one thing. And that thing was shocking. Tom, are you ready to find out who Miranda really is? Yeah. Wait, why are we outside my house? Tom, let us introduce you to Miranda. Mom, why would you do this to me? Tommy, it was the only way I could get you to talk to me anymore.  But this way, I mean those love poems were beautiful, and I had no idea you were having such romantic urges. Mom, I sent pictures. And they were very healthy looking. I even forwarded them to Dr. Liebowitz. You should feel blessed.  Well, there you have it, folks. Another mystery solved. Another tuna fished. I see you've put on some weight. I just gave birth a few months ago.  So, who wants the kid? I want the kid, okay?


I'm curious for you, when all parties finally agreed upon the deal, the Rockets say yes, you say yes. What was your immediate feeling? Oh, you know, I can't wait to see it on the court.  You know, I can't wait to see the group on the court and watch them continue to build, continue to grow, you know, communicate and just see where, where that group, you know, of, of 17 guys, I mean, we're going to have 17 guys here by the end of this, where they can take this franchise to.


Hello and welcome back to this 28th lecture of microsystems fabrication by advanced manufacturing processes. Let us recap quickly what we did last lecture we talked about laser beam machining as we probably already know that it is basically the photon to matter interaction which converts which essentially converts into the physics of photon to phonon conversion and so there is lattice vibrations induced by the high level of energy pumped in by the photons which causes a local temperature rise and it is a surface phenomena. So, the temperature rises to an extent because of an extremely high intensity of energy packed in so that it goes into the vaporization state and it creates a sort of burst effect and that is why the machining probably is much faster and it is a surface phenomena which is different than the e-beam machining where e-beam typically percolates to a region or a small skin which is called the beam transparent layer. So, it is more towards the surface that the LBM is geared to. We talked about introductory concepts of laser, laser being light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation where in the first stage there is an absorption there is a frequency which is sent in frequency of light which results in a very quantized manner an electron to go to a higher orbital from a lower state and an avalanche of these processes are produced together which is known as population inversion. Once this state is reached all the high energy atoms are when incident or when having the same frequency or flame energy coming out of a photon which is fresh and which strikes the inverted population system leads to essentially a higher energy but a more stimulated energy which is independent of the intensity and this is called stimulated emission. So, there is a huge coherent amount of energy which is lost suddenly and this energy is tried to retain until there is a threshold which happens after which the energy starts escaping which is the laser beam. So, we also talked about various lasing media like solid state and gas phase lasers where the medium changes from solid to gaseous in nature. Gas phase includes of course ruby crystals other different kind of such media where the population inversion is possible with a certain frequency and gas phase of course can vary from helium to argon neon all these different kinds of media for lasing action take place. So, some facts of laser mediated machining was discussed the amount of the magnitude of intensity that is amount of power per unit area clubbed into a surface machining surface is very very high in laser machining also the time that that makes the time of machining extremely small duration of machining is very small in laser and then of course because you can super focus through expensive optics the beam to a small spot there is a tremendous increase in the resolution of the system these days lasers are used for laser beam based lithography where up to size of about 2 to 1 micron range is possible using laser beams. We also discussed about the mechanics of material removal where there is a photon to phonon conversion and started working on the thermal model where we would assume a constant heat flux on a small area or region on the surface where the beam on the beam incident side of the surface and with that we would try to make a model of the heat transfer based on material properties of the work material like thermal diffusivity density specific volume specific heat conductivity so on so forth. So, let us go back on that model and try to extend this forward a little further. So, we already have seen how the beam can be modeled in a one-dimensional heat using the principles of one-dimensional heat conduction where the depth from the surface is considered to be z and t being the time and so the temperature with respect to different depths from the surfaces z as a function of time was given by an equation represented here as del square theta z t by del z square minus 1 by alpha del theta z t by del t equals 0. We assumed boundary conditions that at the surface of the workpiece corresponding to z equal to 0 there would be a constant temperature gradient with respect to the z direction the depth and it was given by minus 1 by k h t and we further assumed by that it was a semi infinitely long surface and that the thermal properties of the workpiece remain unchanged and assume theta equal to 0 at time t equal to 0. Now, this is actually the base line temperature which is actually the room temperature about 24 degrees or so, but then we assume that to be the base line and so theta can be equated to 0 at time t equal to 0. So, assuming that we arrived at a solution using a conventional pd methods where theta z t was represented by twice h by k root over alpha t by pi exponential minus z square by 4 alpha tau minus tau by 2 error function the first kind z by twice root alpha t. If we tweak this solution to the boundary conditions which have been represented here we have at z equal to 0 theta 0 t simply represented as twice h by k root over alpha t by pi this goes off and so does this and so therefore, we are actually left with sorry I just need to rewrite this. So, this is z we are actually left with a very simplistic expression theta equal to 2 h by k where k is the thermal conductivity to square root of alpha t by pi t being the time alpha is the thermal diffusivity it is a ratio of the conductivity and the volume specific heat of a material and if you want really machining to happen you have to assume that this theta 0 t of the surface it is the melting point of the surface almost immediately. So, if the melting temperature of the surface is known we can tentatively estimate the time of machining t m to be pi by alpha theta m k divided by twice h square. So, that is how time of machining is we try to calculate in some cases what typically this time would be and we obtain for normal system where we were trying to machine tungsten surface with only a 10 percent coupled power of the beam we obtain the time of almost about close to 53 microseconds of 5.3 microseconds which is actually a very small number in terms of time of machining. So, this process is really very fast for in comparison to some of the other processes that have been illustrated before. So, let us now work on a slightly different problem we already have from before in the equation delta theta z t minus or by d z 2 minus 1 by alpha delta theta z t by del t equal to 0. We know that the boundary conditions on the surface become theta z at point of time 0 is 0 and del theta by del z that means the gradient of temperature on the surface in the z direction on the surface corresponding to theta equal to let us say 0 at some point of time t is given by minus 1 by k h t h t being the heat flux and which is actually constant and continuous on the surface and that is how a semi-infinite region being exposed to a laser beam can be modeled. We slightly change the connotation of the problem by converting this semi-infinite region into a circular region which meaning thereby that the beam actually now has a diameter d. So, you have a laser beam circular of diameter d and you want to actually try and see how you model this equation for a circular laser beam which is more realistic and more closer to the real world situation. So, here the boundary conditions have to be slightly tweaked because of that and the new boundary conditions become theta z equal to at any point of time is at a point of time t equal to 0 is 0 because the laser beam is supposed to just get start irradiating the surface at time t equal to 0. Therefore, the temperature is still the room temperature the baseline temperature. The only other difference which would have in this particular case is that the gradient of temperature at the surface for corresponding to all different points of time t equal to 0. Now, really becomes a function of beam diameter and we can consider this to be minus h t by k pi d square by 4. So, if we assume this to be the new boundary conditions the solution that would emerge to this equation for a circular beam become equal to theta z t equals twice h root of alpha t by k error function of the third kind z by twice root of alpha t minus same again times root of square of z plus d square by 4 divided by twice root of alpha t. Just worth mentioning that these three different error functions of different kinds would be represented as the basic error function of variable zeta is the numerical integration 2 by root pi integral varying between 0 and zeta e to the power of minus square of x t x. The second kind is basically a variation of this error function and just write it algebraically as 1 minus error function zeta. This is only for simplicity sake that we are assuming this and there is another representation of the same error function and we call it error function third kind or third type it is 1 by root pi e to the power of minus zeta square minus zeta times of error function of zeta that of second kind. So, we call this third kind. So, that is how we have defined these different values if you may recall in the earlier slide as well we had if the heat flux were a step function meaning thereby that we assume that the heat starts at point of 0 at point of time t 0 equal to a constant heat flux h and continues therein for all points of time. So, it is like a step function in that case the solution that came out involved this second kind and it is basically nothing but 1 minus error function and just for simplicity sake for algebraic representation we are trying to represent the error function in various ways. So, that you can shorten the notational representation of the whole formulation that has been arrived at. So, here the same thing is done with a third kind which again is slightly complex form of what we had in the error function 2 second type. So, in a nutshell if we were to really find out the value of theta 0 t corresponding to z equal to 0 and for all points of time t that means the temperature variation on the surface with the exposure to the beam starting from point of time t equal to 0 onwards. So, it just amount to putting the value of z to be 0 in this particular expression here and trying to find out how it would behave with respect to this new value. So, the value of the error function of the third kind IERFC zeta for zeta which is equal to again z by twice root of alpha t as we have assumed in earlier in this coefficient here right here that is what the zeta value is. So, this becomes equal to very simply just 1 by root of pi e to the power of 0 minus 0 error function of zeta equal to 0. So, this is simply 1 by root pi. So, if we represent this value or we substitute this value in the equation for the temperature on the surface theta 0 for all point of time theta 0 t we get this essentially boils down to let us just first write the whole expression twice h alpha t by k the error function of third kind z by twice root of alpha t minus the error function of the third kind again root of z square plus d square by 4 by twice root of alpha t corresponding to z equal to 0. So, this further becomes equal to 1 by root pi we just derived it in the last step minus error f c the error function of the third kind IERFC and the z goes away here. So, it is basically d by 4 root of alpha t. So, that is essentially how the temperature variation on the surface of the machine work piece the function of time can be represented as. So, if you know the beam diameter in this particular case d is the beam diameter and you are a pair of the different material properties of the material like k alpha. So, on so forth and you also are aware of the coupled heat flux which in this case also is assumed to be like a step function. So, starting at time t equal to 0 you have a finite heat flux h which translates over all point of time in space. So, all point of time and so therefore, the theta the surface temperature as a function of time can really be equated to the melting point or melting temperature of the work piece material and you can have a good estimate of the time of machining based on looking at the various values obtained in this formulation here let us call it equation 1. So, let us just now slightly change this problem we had an earlier problem here where we found out for assuming the surface or the work piece to be a semi infinite region we found out that the time of machining in this case was a very small value about 53 microseconds. Now, the same problem if we just change the beam from interacting with the semi infinite region of the work piece to a circular beam of diameter d how the whole time would get modified let us have a clear look at it. Now, in this case we have tweaked the problem slightly. So, you have a focused beam of diameter or 200 microns and remaining conditions being same the work piece is tungsten sheet power intensity is about the same 10 to the power 5 watts per millimeter square assume about 10 percent absorption remaining 90 percent is reflected of the surface and then all other properties like thermal conductivity volume specific heat are given for tungsten sheet. So, it is merely the same problem with assuming in this particular case the beam is not a semi infinite beam, but it is actually a circular beam of diameter 200 microns. Let us see how the difference would come in terms of machining time for both cases. So, let us write down the complete equation for the temperature theta 0 t equals theta m and this particular case as you know it is 3400 degree Celsius and this can be equated to twice h root of alpha t by k times 1 by root of pi minus i e r f c error functional third kind d by 4 root of alpha t. We plug in the various values here for example, h in this particular case is 10 percent of 10 to the power of 5 watts per millimeter square amount of power which is coupled comes out to be 10 to the power 4 watts per millimeter square and we have alpha in this particular case as 2.15 watt per centimeter degrees Celsius volume specific heat rho c 2.71 joule per centimeter cube making I am sorry this is k thermal conductivity making the volume making the thermal diffusivity alpha the ratio of k by rho c 2.15 by 2.71 this comes out to be about 0.79 centimeter square per second. So, with all these parameters from the question we try to plug in these into this equation 1 here and try to obtain the calculate the value of the time of machining t which is involved at several places here in this equation as you can see. So, we get 3400 equals twice times of if we just prefer converting this into watts per centimeter square this comes out to be equal to 10 to the power of 6 watts per centimeter square because everything else has to be consistent the units have to be all in CGS and so to the reason to a reasonable extent and what we are left with is 2 times of 10 to the power of 6 times of root of 0.79 centimeter square per second times T m the value of the machining time divided by k which is 2.15 watts per centimeter degree Celsius times of 1 by root of pi minus the error function of the third kind of this whole term. So, let us convert this 200 microns into centimeters. So, this comes out to be 210 to the power of minus 6 that is about 210 to the power of minus 4 meter or about 0.02 centimeters. So, this can divided by the term 4 root of again 0.79 T m let us call this value beta root of 0.79 T m and we try to calculate the value for beta from this particular equation here right here. So, the first thing we need to do is to put the beta value in right in this equation here and we can rewrite this equation as 3400 equals this whole thing can be calculated and written down as 9.30 times 10 to the power of 5 times of beta and this is the beta value times 1 by root of pi minus on the error function of the third kind of this whole term here which we call zeta. So, therefore, as you can rightly see here that zeta is basically nothing but 0.02 I am sorry let us just write this thing here. So, 0.02 by 4 times of beta which makes it equal to 1 by 200 beta. So, that is how zeta can be classified. So, in summary beta has been estimated as 0.79 time of machining T m and zeta the new parameter here is 1 by 200 beta and we can write down this equation if as you already know the error function of the third kind of a parameter zeta can be represented as 1 by root of pi e to the power of minus zeta square minus zeta error function of zeta. So, here the zeta value of course is 1 by 200 beta. So, we can have this represented as 3400 equals 9.3 10 to the power of 5 times of beta times of 1 by root of pi minus 1 by root of pi exponential to the power of minus zeta square plus zeta times of 1 minus error function of zeta. That is how you can represent 3400 and you already know that the error function of zeta is actually twice by root pi integral 0 to zeta e to the power of minus x square dx. This is a numerical integral and so you have standard tables calculating the error function as a area under the curve of e to the power of x square with respect to x and for different zeta values zeta ranges varying between 0 and different zeta values real values of zeta you have different error function value. So, this is represented here in this particular table as you can see for certain coefficient x here this represents the error function of x and so this essentially the zeta were equal to 2 0.2 area under the curve twice root of pi of the area under the curve which is actually the error function is 0.2227 and so you can take this all the way to about 2 for the curve to have complete area of about 1. So, actually to 4 so essentially the variation from 2 to 4 is very less as you can see it is almost going to 0.9953 here and then goes to about 0.9999 at 2.8 x value and then after that following this whole region it is about unity. So, it converges the value converges at about 4 the error function. So, in this way we can actually try to estimate by using a software the various values of zeta equal to 1 by 200 beta by plugging the beta value and trying to see what the error function comes out to be equal to plug this back here and numerically try to determine what beta can be. So, the equation can really be solved by numerical methods in a iterative manner. Of course, we can start with the value of beta corresponding to the semi infinite region time which was obtained 53 micro seconds is 0.00053 seconds and putting this T m value get the corresponding beta value plug this beta to find out the zeta value and the first approximation first iteration that can come out from the zeta is by plugging and playing with the zeta here. This is the error function you can calculate what is the e to the power of minus zeta square by root of pi put it back here and try to find out how close this equation comes to 3400. Then you can actually vary the T m to a slightly lower value and try to again estimate beta vary the T m to a higher value and try to estimate the beta and see what is the trend here is it going closer to 3400 or far away from 2400 this equation. So, based on that you can actually figure out a good beta value for which this whole expression right hand side would be equal to the left hand side in this particular case using the table and the numerical integration value the solution of this equation 3400 equals 9.3 10 to the power of 5 times beta by 1 by root of pi minus 1 by root of pi e to the power of minus zeta square plus zeta times of 1 minus twice by root of pi integral 0 to zeta e to the power of minus zeta square d zeta. This comes out to be corresponding to a zeta value of 0.5 a beta of 0.01 and time of machining 0.00073 seconds sorry it is a 1 3 second. So, the time of machining in this particular case as you can see 0.0013 is very small in comparison to the very large in comparison to the time of machining which was earlier for a semi-infinite region for obvious reasons that you are trying to reduce the beam area from a semi-infinite interaction with the work piece to almost a small value of the diameter d equal to 200 microns. So, therefore more time would be needed for this machining to happen because of heat losses across the beam boundary to the remaining part of the solid. So, we will just see the effect of power intensity. So, if let us suppose the power intensity in this particular is h is very high of course, because of a higher h the T m should reduce and if the T m reduces then you have this value of zeta here which has been estimated to be 100 1 by 200 beta root of 0.79 T m. So, as the T m reduces zeta value goes up. So, some changes should happen in this particular equation based on if the zeta is either reducing or increasing. So, supposing there is a case when the power intensity of the beam is low time of machining is high and subsequently the zeta is falling down here zeta goes down. So, obviously if we look at this part of the equation here this equation or this part of the equation with a smaller value of zeta should typically go down. For example, if zeta were approaching 0 then the let us just write down the equation once more 3400 equals 9.3 10 to the power of 5 times of beta times of 1 by root of pi minus 1 by root of pi to the power of minus zeta square and zeta plus zeta times of 1 minus error function of zeta that is what this term is corresponding to in this particular case. So, if zeta is going to 0 then this term goes to 1 and effectively we are having a zeta value here which is d by 4 root of alpha t as we have already cited before and of course, it is small, but then we just want to find out because there is a smaller term which is here which is also beta. Let us find the overall effect on this equation because of that. So, one thing is that if this goes to 1 corresponding to zeta tending to 0 these two terms 1 by pi cancel with each other and we are left with 9.3 10 to the power of 5 times of beta times of zeta and let us just write the value of zeta here which is d by 4 root of alpha t on the surface corresponding to z equal to 0 times of 1 minus the error function of the value zeta of course, is 1 by 200 beta as you have seen before. So, therefore, if we just sort of put this whole expression back in place try to see how this equation would change. We have theta on the surface corresponding to z equal to 0 at any function as a function of time t twice h root of alpha t this is the beta value mind you divided by k times of now we have d by 4 root alpha t times of again 1 minus error function of zeta and zeta is d by 4 root alpha t as we already know here you this root alpha t goes away we are left with h d by twice k 1 minus error function of zeta and that is equal to the surface temperature as a function of time. If supposing the again value of this error function d by root of 4 alpha t m this tends to 0 and if you may look into this table you will find a reason for that that as x tends to 0 the error function tends to 0. So, we are talking about a typically zeta value between 0.2 and 0.0. So, in that event the expression here would change to the simple formulation that total amount of power which is needed. So, that only the minimum possible melting temperature is hit upon let us say for example, this is equal to theta m. So, h d by 2 k is typically theta m and in other words the power which is needed which is called the critical power that means power enough for the melting temperature to hit upon is represented simply by twice k theta m by d. d is the beam diameter and these are simplistic assumptions for a machinist where you can assume that you know the d value is in microns and it goes to an extent that this whole value d by 4 this argument here d by 4 root of t m kind of tends to be between 0.2 and 0 something like that. So, in that event the critical power which is needed for the temperature to go to a melting point of the workpiece is represented by this h c r equal to twice theta m k by d. So, having said that we can actually solve a small numerical problem where we define or we try to find out this value of the critical power for a laser machining system. Here let us say for example, if we already know the diameter to be 200 microns of the beam and we assume the same tungsten workpiece meaning thereby that the other property is the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity remains similar to what we have taken earlier and we assume that 10 percent of the beam is absorbed 90 percent is reflected. So, we need to find out that critical value of the beam power and let us look at how what kind of power values would be hitting upon in this particular case. So, we already know that h c r here critical power is represented as twice k theta m by d theta m as we know is the melting temperature of tungsten about 3400 degree Celsius. We already know the k value as defined earlier to be 2.15 watt per centimeter degree Celsius thermal conductivity of tungsten workpiece. So, in this particular case the beam diameter of course is 200 microns let us put it in centimeters as 0.02 centimeters. So, we get the critical power h c r to be equal to twice 2.15 times of 3400 by 0.2 and that comes out to be 7.37 10 to the power of 5 watt per centimeter square. We already know that 10 percent of the beam power is the only power which is coupled to the system. So, we are left with 7.37 10 to the power of 6 watt per centimeter square as the incident power for just about reaching the melting point of tungsten on the surface by because of the beam matter interaction. So, I think we have come to the end of today's lecture and in the next session I would like to actually do this problem for steady state drilling operation where a through hole is generated within a workpiece and then how the cylindrical periphery of the drilled hole results in heat transfer from the center which is at the highest temperature to outwards. And so therefore, the time of machining and some criticalities would change in that model and so following that we would try to look into some of the application areas for all these different machining processes for microsystems design and fabrication. Thank you.


Hi, I am Dr. Yogesh Singh. I work as a consultant dermatologist at Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. Lupus can present in numerous ways. The common symptoms of lupus are as follows, unexplained hair fall, unusual sensitivity to sunlight, rash especially over the face and the cheeks, frequent ulcers in the mouth, joint pain, joint swelling, joint stiffness, paleness or redness of the hands and feet on exposure to cold, chest pain especially while deep breathing, swelling of the hands and feet, swelling around the eyes, swelling of the glands. Most patients with lupus have combination of symptoms.


To my surprise, studies of the effects of pets on human health and well-being have evidently produced a mishmash of conflicting results. Some studies show pets lower your blood pressure. In fact, in some cases more than even drugs do. But other studies found no effect, or even that pet owners have higher blood pressure. Is having a pet increase your survival after heart attack? Or decrease your survival after heart attack? One area where there's a bit more consistency is children's health. The presence of furry pets in the home appears to cut the odds of acute respiratory illness in half and may even decrease the risk of getting the common cold. But which pets work better? Cats like my Charlotte, Emily, and Ralph, or dogs like my Lily? Published recently in the official journal The American Academy of Pediatrics, respiratory tract illnesses during the first year of life affect of dog and cat contacts. The first study that has evaluated the significance of pet contacts during childhood for the development of respiratory tract symptoms and infections, including ear infections. They found dog and cat contacts during early infancy may be associated with less illness in general and may have a protective effect on respiratory tract symptoms and infections. But as to which is better? In comparisons between cat and dog contacts, dog contacts showed a more significant protective role on respiratory infectious disease. Children having a dog at home were significantly healthier, headless, frequent ear infections, and tended to need fewer courses of antibiotics during the study period than children without dog contacts. Cat ownership seemed to also have an overall protective effect, although weaker than dog ownership on the infectious health of infants. Though when it comes to protecting children from tummy aches, both cats and dogs appeared equally effective in reducing the risks of gastroenteritis.


I was going everyone Caleb here with late and sports cards. The next break tonight is going to be the 2022 Bowman baseball sapphire edition 10 box break number five. Thank you again everyone that did jump in it tonight Got the results for you right here 10 boxes of sapphire Bowman 2022 Scroll down a little there Good luck everyone Should be a fun time First up ten eight packs in each of these let's find some nice first color for to Hernandez Elvin Guzman first Angela's first and a Justice Thompson first G. R. Downs any Rodriguez Giants first Nico Cavadas in a Mackay backstroke PCA Junior San Quentin first Jay Allen nice one there. That's going to be a first Michael Ascato Pirates there you go. Thirty six of 55 Pirates on the aqua Look at thresh firsts in a Sidani Raffaella red socks Jose Pastrano Indians first Nick Gonzalez Jonathan class a first nice Mariners Carlos Aguiar first twins solid handy Yosua Garcia first Got Marcello Meyer CJ Abrams Cleo Watson nice one there Marlins First Bowman sapphire Congrats Marlins Hendrik Kanango Warming Bernabell great pack here. Congrats Rockies. That's awesome.  I had an auto and I was like You just hit an auto out of this like that's wild and I looked at it to be fair There's some sapphires One prospect There's a lot of sapphires where it is no water so He's always a bit different Bowman. They usually do guarantee you one. Yeah Diego Cartagia Berton Hernandez open Guzma. I'm the Kai Baxter Same pack as the start last time You're the exact same It's gonna be Iangela's first You're evil Angeles or hey Vera nice one there. That's the 55 for the White Sox so One of the top pitching prospects in the class.  Brad is just about to go live on late in gaming He's got a few spots left tonight. Not really a ton over there either. Do check it out There's some nice spots remaining for his schedule tonight That can be found on late in gaming comm check out the break schedule just like you would on the sports card sites Brad is over there tonight Jonathan Classe first Austin Hendrick your store Garcia first and Victor Lizaraga first their Padres See can everyone for joining this one tonight Khalil Watson first Congrats their Marlins Very nice Very forward and run your can't arrow last pack warming Bernabelle It's gonna be auto here.  We go empty box Let's get to it. We'll be San Helicunia Logan's Ernie first first of Diego Rincones Robert Hassel deal her nance first Martin Jimenez firsts Henry Mendez firsts and Andrew Lara first All first pack there Yeah, they some odd Taylor Joshua Baez Jordan Lawler and Willem and Diaz It's marking Tana got a nice color here.  Oh, yep Perfects Henry Davis. 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I Just yeah, I think they've got it man based on all the odds I've seen and this and that Jeremy Vargas George Valera first very nice Congrats guardians First Oswaldo Cabrera, I mean I've walked like we've had it on I haven't really been able to watch it in depth, but everybody's saying that like Toronto or Toronto campus giving that's a lot of defense like I think the abs outshot the lightning 38 to 23 last game And that's not even like counting the shots that went off people or like got the lock empty So that's pretty bad That is pretty bad Joe Kensi Noel Luke waddle Brian bellow And a first of it were Lopez all first pack there again from playing with that in sapphire Brady Allen first My cellar Urbina Fran Aldewey Guardians and Abby rush Ellie de la Cruz nice one there Congrats Reds solid Elliot Ramos These mottos and first bowman Darren Baker Nats and Alcantara Jackson shiro nice from their brewers Darryl Lopez and Adrian Sugasti Continuing here to be a purple Ever since our tag uh, it's gonna be to 25 Spencer Torkelson. We'll take that Solid there you go Tigers. They said Detroit Torkelson nine of 25 Too bad Roberto Campos Detroit's I mean if you're gonna get a non first bowman, that's one of the guys to land for sure Christian Hernandez or Elvis Martinez Ed Howard Benny Montgomery Peyton Wilson We got Tristan Casas Lynn Lenny Sosa Lenny and Sosa and Norrie Barrett A couple of white socks first at the back there Victor Labrada Christian Gonzalez first bowman auto for the Astros You go Astros Not numbered sapphire auto there Pedro Panetta and a will wagger. Let's continue and there we go empty box Continuing on here Jose Pastrano Guardians Nick Gonzalez Jonathan Classe and first bowman. There is Sydney Raffaella Sidane Austin Hendrick You'll swore Garcia Arcello Meyer and look at the rush Jeremiah is a big Arizona store. He's got season ticket holder for the Okay, okay, Khalil Watson Purple this time is Brandon Valenzuela that's gonna be Padres first bowman there four of 25.  It's got a point Darrell Hernan's and Harry Ford. He has a point Diego Rincones It's gonna be Martin Jimenez Henry Mendez and Ronear Quintero It's pretty cool You to go if you to go That's some odd Taylor their blue jays Joshua Baez Robert Hassel entry Laura another auto in here believe Jordan Lawler Rose Mark Kintana auto is gonna be a Benjamin Bailey Benjamin Bailey white socks first bowman auto Not numbered sapphire there Willem and Diaz Sam is a top-loading machine Even when I think I'm flying Sam's flying just as fast No compliment cuz no, I mean I guess no offense. I don't There's probably not that many season ticket holders for the Arizona coyotes So like the chances of meeting somebody especially being in Florida is relatively slim. He's got a point Yeah, Jordan Walker Brandon Davis Joe Kenzie Noel guardians and an Eduardo Lopez. I hear you just remember something small like that. Yeah Sticks to your brain I'm the same way Luke waddle there. We got Brady Allen Brian bellow Adley Rushman should have seen rich trying to pronounce John Kenzie Noel He's like is it Jay Han Kenzie? Is it John Kenzie? I mean, hey, who knows you could all be saying wrong is a L a reed or Urbina Fran L. Dwight. There's always some tough ones about Darren Baker and Adrian Sugasti Usually when I'm stuck I just look it up on YouTube Just like that players highlights, and I'll just listen to like two videos. It's a good idea. How do you pronounce it? Ellie De La Cruz Elliot Ramos This is Matos and a Dario Lopez nice cruise in that pack congrats again reds another one for you Take a couple of those Have an Alcantara Jackson Chiro that's I trio Quero and Roberto Campos You go Tigers not too bad See more color here. Come on. Got a little bit. You were soon arts. Yeah, go Christian Hernandez Asking you shall receive how about another one for the Padres Brandon Valenzuela again 1099 It's time. It's gonna be a aqua auto congrats there Audrey is hoping on this guy now You go Jason G. Hope he turns into something for you. You got a couple of his cards Benny Montgomery You got four boxes to go after the rest of these packs here at Howard there nor a bear Pedro Panada right Pete and Wilson Tristan Casas First bowman this time for the Guardians Jose Pastrano to 55 You go Guardians Will Wagner Astros guys gonna be a really fun night We are closing out the bowman break a little bit more baseball absolute and flawless left tonight And then we are just straight into football. No basketball tonight Straight into football and we got a lot of good football and then we got the Almanac It's gonna be fun Obsidian tiered divisions or excuse me random divisions Got a bunch of tiered getting up to that one Joe Kenzie. No, well Guardians waddle Matt Frazier first bowman sapphire auto for the Pirates You go Pirates not too bad He was a first rounder there Third rounder early selection Adley Those baseball drafts are fat man lots of rounds. You're in the top five. That's respectable. Yeah, Brady Allen Brian bellow Irina and Dusty Baker Darren Baker. I mean sorry Saw the Dean Baker just instant instantly Another orange here looks like Fran. I'll do I it's gonna be an orange Jordan Walker. We're finding some prospects here 7 of 50 That is Cardinals. There you go Cardinals 7 of 50 Dario Lopez first and Adrienne Tsu get see Ellie Dela Cruz Reds Halea Ramos Luis Matos and first bowman Roberto Campos All the ones for the Tigers Kevin Alcantara Jackson Cheerio Brewers the over Poguero and Benny Montgomery Everson Artiega Christian Hernandez It's gonna be or Elvis Martinez and a nor have era first there for the White Sox and Howard Payton Wilson Royals Pedro Panada And first bowman will Wagner ashrams Tristan Kossas first bowman Lenny and Sosa White Sox And first bowman auto again for the Yankees Oswaldo Cabrera Second one of the break for you. There you go Yankees another one Eddie a cylinder first bowman That's Dodgers. Come on. We need a really big one here Was there to nice good stuff. We'll take an extra auto all day. You're right All right empty Continuing good luck here Lenny and Sosa first Victor Leprata first Fidel Montero Yankees and Edius Leonard for every extra auto though, there's probably so much shorter than that Sorry, they're shaking. Yeah, sorry Sorry to whoever that might be Dustin Harris there first Jose Salas.  We'll take that ease We go ease Junior Sanchez Alexander Vargas First bowman Daryl Hernandez. Once again, Orioles with another hits a couple of teams hitting. Well, the L East is crushing it Mackie L. Escado Here am I if you want to loan me like three million. I'll buy it You want to y'all are gonna. Yeah me and me and Sam. Yeah, Taylor and I are going on it Benjamin Bailey. That's why we're working so hard here tonight Garrett Mitchell Robert Dominguez and a Colson Montgomery. You go White Sox solid. We don't grind. We can't buy the triple logo This color here red to ten Lee over Pequero You go pirates Red to ten Seven out of ten. There you go. I know we're seeing a red is enough for Kelvin to Castro and Christian, bro Yeah, I was getting I was firing up that to five Put it on pause Adele Amador Yeah, Malcolm Nunez first bowman Alejandro P. A And a Jose Ramos Just a little bit to go guys Two boxes remain here. All right, two boxes to go. Let's do it Still need one big boom. Come on. We're finding some color now Luis on jalicuña Logan Cerny first It's gonna be a Felix Valero auto for the Brewers Go Brewers Not too bad First bowman auto and read Laura first Slight there. I mean, yeah, honestly Daryl hernance Decada run cone ace Giants. It's a great question though. Martin Jimenez and Wilma Diaz. Do you know what it's in that right now? Any of you know, it's on golden. Yeah, sure. Maya. Do you know what it's in that Henry Mendez? Some odd Taylor Henry Davis and Cooper King Joshua Bayez. They're Cardinals Yeah, Jordan Lawler. It's gonna be Pedro Pineda that time number to 55 for the A's Nice one there. I meant, I meant like what the bid is that right now? Sorry if that was unclear 1.8 1.8 right now Pedro Pineda and Ricardo Gino base Giants Yeah, I mean I could definitely see like a really really wealthy person just going at it Rose Marquintana 2.16 with the bidder's premium. Yeah Yeah, I think it'll definitely cross three At this point if it's already there, Diego Velazquez and Jack Sawinsky The real bidding hasn't even started yet. Yeah, I mean, it's it's pretty high. I've still got a week Luis Gonzalez, that's what I mean. It's pretty far outs Francisco Alvarez and Felix Valero. I think there could be The last call or whatever. Oh, yeah, all that that last hour is gonna. Yeah That's what I mean. Errol Vera Brandon Valenzuela George Valera nice one guardians Congrats, and I was a little Cabrera. I say guardians That's what I mean is that it hasn't even started. Yeah, Joravid Vivas Reginaldo Prociato Jeremy Vargas first Random Ian Lewis I open a mix of the packs or after do the mix up and then the random just think about it like you're mixing it up Yeah Yep, all right, here's the last one guys Yeah true Jeremiah It's possible now that that record could be broken pretty soon. We'll see This is the first card in a decent bit that has a chance to break it. That has been put up for sale Guys last box here for you. Thanks again so much. So we'll see Luis and hella Kunya Logan Cerny first and Diego Rincones first Robert Hassel Daryl Hernandez Martin Jimenez Andrew Mendez and Andrew Lara Sold for 4.6. So it's got some it's got some work to get there, but it could get there some odd Taylor and Joshua Baez Jordan Waller Let me be us hot take The first price that that hard sell school will be the highest price ever sells for to change his hands You're talking about the triple of them. Yeah Probably I think I don't know if it'll ever change hands though Rose Mark and Tony, you know what I mean Yeah Pedro Leone Henry Davis and Cooper Kinney. I kind of doubt it will change hands.  Leave us Reginald Prasciato and Felix Valero last back here Jeremy Vargas It's gonna be auto nice color match there for the Mariners Jonathan Classe 81 of 99 that's solid Nice little ending there Mariners congrats on the class a Yeah, there's a really nice looking card 81 of 99 Congrats there Christopher L George Valera first And Osvaldo Cabrera cool still a little recap here the hits guys. Thanks again so much for joining We had that Jonathan Classe that was solid there first woman Felix Valero Daryl Hernandez Osvaldo Cabrera Matt Frazier. It's gonna be the 99 Brandon Valenzuela Benjamin Bailey Christian Gonzalez Osvaldo Cabrera Angelus and a Daryl Hernandez number 250 for the O's Thanks again so much everyone appreciate you joining some sapphire tonight ten boxer number five is complete moving on to the next baseball break tonight