Hello, can you hear me? Welcome to this session. My name is Sadeq Shahadu and I will be presenting this session on behalf of the Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub. And I have my co-presenter online, Sadeq. He will be joining us shortly. So I will be talking to you about the Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub's works and research that we did in 2022 in October. And I will be sharing more with you the findings, the background of the hub and the method that we used in the interview and then also the findings and then the next steps. So the Language Diversity Hub initiative, it was the initiative started in 2021, building upon the existing Wikimedia Language Diversity Network. We started way back in 2012. And the purpose of this was to like support and connect affiliate and volunteers to new and smaller language versions of Wikimedia projects. And we have been working on this project since 2021. And we have a steering committee from a very diverse linguistic background and also from different regions of the world. So this is the list of steering committee members. And I'm sure some of you may be familiar with their usernames. And Amir and Amkwe Ayumo John from Kenya, Norway and Mali Oscar Sadeq, who is my co-presenter, myself. And then that is the steering committee members for the Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub. We also have an observer steering committee who are members from the Wikitonks. And art and feminism and also Wikimedia UK. So what exactly were we trying to discover or investigate? So the research was focused on understanding the limitations within the smaller language community communities. And we wanted to understand what is limiting the contributors of new language Wikipedia editions. That is from the stats in the incubator to when they are approved. And the method we used to conduct this research was semi-structured interview with contributors from different countries. And we were looking at identifying, you know, four types of barriers that these communities are facing. Prior to that, we had conducted like a survey within ourselves to see some of the topmost priorities as far as the research is concerned. So when we talk about the challenges faced by smaller language community communities, we are talking about challenges that most of us are already aware of, especially those who are working closely with language communities. Some of them are challenges that we can simply address by working collaboratively together. Some of them are also like challenges that foundation can work to support. And we had like open questions where we invited contributors or participants of the research to exchange their information via Zoom. And I also conducted some of the sessions in person, especially at the Wikimdaba. I engaged like some committee members from the Igbo and Nigerian Wikimedia communities. And but largely we conducted most of the interview sessions online because of the different time zones that people were on. And also the fact that we did not get the opportunity to travel to meet most of these people because of limited funding support. So most of the interviews already like uploaded on our YouTube channel that you can watch later. And in terms of identifying which community we should work with, we try to look at how the community are involved in the Wikipedia project. We also wanted to make sure we are having a globally represented community. And then, of course, we wanted to make sure that there's somebody that we can speak to who is already involved in these communities. So if you look on my screen, you will see languages that we engage from South Asia, Middle East, the Caribbean, Issa, Northern and Western Europe. We have from Middle East, Dagbani, Gurini, Igbo, and Nigerian Pigeon. And then Issa, we have Taiwan and Mon Wikipedia. And the other languages from different parts of the regions. So like I said, we wanted to engage them to understand the real challenges, not just like a survey. We could conduct surveys like most companies do, but we wanted to get like in-depth information from them. And we wanted them to share these information personally with individuals who are part of the company, especially those that are already familiar with. We believe that this will allow them to share more information, and we will be able to use that to analyze our data from the research. And there's a YouTube channel that we've created for this. And you can find all the research in-person and online research that we did by going to this tiny URL. And so yeah, we needed somebody who is very closer to the community and also the possibility of getting the approval of the committee that we were engaging so that we can get a smooth flow of the work. And this took quite a long time between August and November in 2022. So what we also wanted to understand was like, even though we selected random committee members from different language groups, we wanted to understand why their motivation of accepting to be part of this research program. So most of them shared that they want to bring knowledge about their language and culture to the next generation and the rest of the world. And others shared that they are interested in conserving the knowledge about culture, history, and tradition from their language companies. And most of them were also sharing about revitalizing their language and then doing something for their culture and people. So now let's talk about the barriers. So when we talk about the barriers, we're looking at technical barriers, economic barriers, social and education and knowledge related barriers. So for technical knowledge, technical barriers, we're looking for other, what are some of the technical challenges that they face in terms of like language. We know when we talk about language, most of them would have different you know, keyboards or maybe they have like some special character that are not currently supported in the Wikimedia ecosystem or if they have, how do they easily navigate through these keyboards? Then in terms of technology, again, we looked at the incubator. If you are currently working on the incubator projects, you will realize that it is not user friendly as people would think. Like if you are very new to Wikimedia movement or you are just starting up a new language project, it is not really as easy as we wanted it to be. So we wanted to see some of the challenges that people face in these projects on the incubator. So we also looked for like those who are really interested in getting basic knowledge in terms of training how they can effectively organize online and in-person training for committee members. So these were technical skills like training people how to use Wikidata tools, training people how to use specific gadgets on Wikimedia or Wikipedia projects. And then we looked at the economic barriers. So economic barriers, most of the committee members we engage complained of not having enough time to contribute to Wikipedia. And some of them complained about the cost of internet data and equipment. I know most of you are already familiar with these challenges as far as communities from the global south is concerned, especially in Africa. And there's also like unemployment issues related to these economic barriers. And then the most surprising thing was the lack of interest in volunteering. So what exactly is stopping people from contributing to Wikipedia or being like volunteers? And then we talked about the social barriers with few of the participants. And we realized that there were too few contributors to these smaller language projects on the incubator, especially. And then the gender imbalance at the early stage, they are very small language projects. And we already see like a huge gender gap like the number of female contributors, for example, were very limited as compared to the male contributors. And also those who contribute to biographies of female content we try to like identify their username and engage them to learn more about why they mostly like contribute to articles related to women in Africa. And then we talked about education and other knowledge related barriers. We discovered that the language is not taught, most of the languages that we engage like the Dabani is not like taught in schools, even though it's one of the government sponsored languages. And the other challenge is that there's no like rich online resources for teachers or students who want to teach Dabani in schools. For example, so in Ghana we engage like the Dabani community and also the Gruny community which I'm closely connected to. There's also not like standardized written version of the language, which is very, very challenging for most people to continue to contribute to Wikipedia and then challenges with language knowledge and also in the community. Even though we have so many like students and teachers within some of these language communities, but there's still like limitations to what resources they can get to contribute to Wikipedia in their various languages. So in summary, the work that are done by smaller language Wikipedia contributors is really, really remarkable. And I think there has been like an increase in the number of people who contribute to smaller language Wikipedia projects. And there has also been like a lot of new language incubator projects coming out from these language communities like the Dabani. When I engage them at the initial stage, they had only two language communities like the Gruny and the Dabani. Now I've seen like a few more languages coming from the group, which is very great. So the largest barrier for many emerging Wikipedia communities are even outside the Wikipedia community. So these are some of the things that we want to discuss and also learn from the community how we can connect like non-Wikimedia communities to Wikipedia communities or affiliates to be able to work together and provide like solution for these communities. And we looked at how we can also connect linguists and also language technologies outside the Wikipedia movement and those who are like professional background, especially technology that are related to, you know, languages or language revitalization. And within the movement we have most of the resources needed. I know we have a lot of, let's say, money to support these communities, but we don't know where to channel that money to and who need these resources the most. So what is our next step? My colleague, Sadip will be joining us. I don't know if he's online. Okay. So Sadip, if you are ready, please let me know. And our next step we have proposed a grant proposal and the grant proposal is through the movement strategy grant. And this grant proposal will help us, you know, restructure, keep building the hub and also organize like more regular meetings to engage more of these language communities. It is also a way to foster collaboration among the language communities and also provide like technical support and language support for these communities. We have already started engaging, you know, you know, individuals and organizations that are interested in supporting us. Galingo from Norway, who are, you know, they are very much interested in providing support like keyboard support for these language communities that we work with. So as part of our next grant program, we would like to provide like a robust solution, especially those who need support with keyboard for their various languages. And then we also focused on need assessment, how can user groups or chapters better understand or support the smaller language community communities. And then we engage most of the steering committee members who are also members of the Wikimedia Language Committee to understand what exactly we can do to improve the incubator and if that is still necessary for smaller or test weekies. For me personally, when I started engaging most of these language communities, it was really difficult to, you know, teach them how to, you know, do basic things like adding references on Wikipedia in the incubator. The fact that you have to like use templates on Wikipedia, the incubator is really a big challenge, especially for those who are just joining the movement. We assume that not everybody would have the technical knowledge to be able to create templates or use templates on the incubator. So this is one of the things that we want to see improve within the Wikimedia and Cubeta interface. And then we are trying to build a network of linguists and language technologists with Wikitons who already have like a large community base that are working to support language revitalization. And as most of us are already aware, Wikitons is one of the affiliates who are working so much with language communities and want to, you know, partner with them to improve our work and also support their initiatives, especially the language accelerator program that they are currently, you know, doing within the Africa communities. And we want to expand this work. We want to keep engaging people via interviews to document and build a solid foundation for other people to, you know, leverage on. We also want to help document resources for the incubator. There is currently no like resources available for people, especially those who are working with smaller language communities. So we want to see how best we can collaborate to create like more resources and documentation for those who need it most. Most of times, community leaders have to always like reinvent the world. So if you are working with, for example, language A and after supporting them to get out of the incubator, you have to go back again and start doing the same thing with the next language. So if there's a possibility of us like having a documentation or rich online resources, either on Wikimedia commons or maybe YouTube or other forms of documentation that people can easily find and learn from so that we don't have to always like start from scratch. So this is very important to us as a hub. And we want to see this implemented in the next phase of our program. So another thing that we want to do is to define the governance of the hub and also answer the questions of how a hub should look like. And we are also interested in building, as I said in my earlier presentation slides, we want to build an infrastructure for keyboard and language technology. So if you are interested in, you know, collaborating with us, you have like any community that is working to support these challenges will be very happy to, you know, have you on board. Now my colleague Sadiq would join us to discuss. I'm also looking for feedback, comments, suggestions on how we can improve the work that we do and also the possibility of collaborating with other athletes as a hub. Yeah. So over to you Sadiq. Thank you so much Sadiq for having me here. Thank you so much everyone for attending this conversation. I'd like to acknowledge all the support that the initial hub discussions that we have been having and the research that we did for that all the support we had from the steering committee from, especially from Mali and John Harold from the community of Norway.  I'll also invite you all to read the proposal for what the hub is to do in the coming years. But so far on what you've heard, I'll just like open up the space if you have any questions or feedback based on what you what you heard so far. Are we missing something? Should we be focusing on something else? Then let's say working on the Wikimedia Intubator, should that be someone else's responsibility? But then who's responsibility? Can we better support the different communities across the globe? How can we do that? And finally, are there affiliates or individuals in the room or beyond who would like to join forces with this hub experiment that we're doing? Yeah, so just want to open it up as much long as time we have. It's supposed to be more of a conversation around anything that you think would be most useful for now. Thank you so much for having me here. Thank you so much Sadiq for the presentation. I will just remain here to listen to any questions and if needed to respond to anything. Thank you. Thank you so much Sadiq. So we are looking for feedback as I said and this is going to be like an open conversation. If you are working with an affiliate that is interested in supporting the hub who will be very much excited to hear from you and if you have any feedback for us as a hub, what can we improve on? What can we change as a hub? This will be very, very useful to us. It was supposed to be like a panel session but unfortunately only a few of us are here and my colleague Sadiq will be joining to hear more and if you have any question for me, I will be happy to answer them. Thank you. So the floor is yours. Yeah, thank you very much. Yeah, my name is Geoffrey from the Wikimedia Community User Group in Uganda. So yeah, we do have a local language Wikipedia called the Loganda Wikipedia that we're trying to grow in the country and yeah, we are very much interested in the initiative and joining hands with the hub. So thank you for the good work so far. I think my question is yeah, how do you see this hub working with other hubs because the other hubs that are also being formulated and maybe they are also trying to see how they can support local language Wikipedia's in their region. So just trying to think like yeah, how do we, how do you plan to avoid duplication of efforts when those regional hubs are also trying to support local language Wikipedia's. Have you had like discussions with them and how do you envision that working out? Thank you so much for the question and I'm so happy to hear that there are new language companies also coming up in Uganda and my colleague Sadiq would like to maybe Sadiq, are you ready to speak about this? I know he has been working with a few other hubs who are also interested in collaborating with us. Yeah, sure, I think that's first of all that's a really important question that we all should sit together and think about. But a very simple answer would be that most of the regional hubs kind of will be addressing more regional issues. For instance, bringing in new communities and maybe addressing some of these concerns like let's say economic or social barriers, maybe they can address those. But then the hub at more of a global level can kind of support the infrastructure. Let's say if we are improving the incubator, if that's something that we do, that would then support languages across the world, not specific to any region. So I do see that there are opportunities to collaborate. But then again, there is a lot of work needs to be done and I don't have the sphere of that there's going to be a situation where we are duplicating. I see more like an image I remember from the movement strategy, which was often orchestra. We're all working or playing a different instrument and making beautiful music together, I hope. Thank you so much Sadiq, anymore. So as I said, we are looking for affiliates to join us. We are looking for affiliates who are interested in collaborating with us. They necessarily do not have to be like a language affiliate or an affiliate that is working specifically on language. But any language affiliate or chapter that is interested in like supporting our work, we are also currently looking for fiscal sponsors. So if you know your help comes help us improve our work, receive support from foundation, this will be very, very useful to us. Any more questions, suggestions, comments? Okay, I have five more minutes left.  Thank you so much for your time. Thank you so much.


Last time your group did not get time to defend and present whom were you, actually your group was presenting when we were out of, so what was the topic, this one group keeps submitting two JPEGs, your group and one has a name additional name in it and other one does not have, I do not know why, so he is a new addition, you were not there in the first session, so you thought it is an individual assignment, so I am keeping this with Ashish name on there, so which one was yours, the one you were pointing mistakes at there once, so I have navigation, so put, yeah this one, this one is yours, no you were commenting on this and that did not happen, what was your own, actually you are the same, sorry and what was the one you were, internet connectivity, so this one is yours and who had pointed out, you had pointed out there, so is there anything you wanted to add to what happened that day or you have directly incorporated there based on the written comments, the suggestion about dongle? We have, we have question about only what has been provided in IT Bombay grant, so that is why we are limiting to whatever existing options are available, dongle becomes outlier for you right now, so you can, so like every topic also found out possible solutions to things, so they proposed one thing, you can think of or you can eliminate that, if you do not have a tab called solutions or suggestions that is fine, you have to defend it finally, because when you present, you will be asked this question, so you can take a call, you want that tab or you do not want that tab, but that is how things are, in fact I have one sample some overall observations about these things which I wanted to share and one striking observation is that by some way of randomization, every group has used a different tool to create mind maps, so no two mind maps are same, I do not know how you manage that, but that is amazing, because that just gives you a range of things which can happen, if you use x tool, so you know what Kogel can do, now you know what X mind can do, what Buzan can do and various things, some people I think used that was not a mind mapping tool I suppose, especially the one here, so what was the tool used here, is it a mind mapping tool power point, so that is the reason because of possibly wrong tool used, connectivity was the issue, so there things are all over the place and some things are even not connected, now this metal is just hanging, there is a string attached to it, but it is not connected to anything, because it is a mind mapping tool, it is not mandatory to connect it, the power point is a drawing tool, like you can connect it or you do not have to connect it, whenever you put a tab in a mind map tool, it will always ask for a connection, it is very rare that it will allow you to just keep it isolated, so that is the choice you want to make, also there were some mind maps maybe I can show it here, so I have already talked about this thing, one of the difference you can find out between this and possibly this one, is that the chunking is unclear, like what is part of what is the question we can ask here, although in color and in some shapes they have tried to do, what was your logic behind using certain shapes, so you have a hierarchy in shapes, so the central idea is hexagon followed by ellipses and then the rectangles or, but it is not very evident which is the family of thought, so it is very difficult to figure out whether factory is part of sources or factory is part of how it is, because it is very nearer to this thing actually, although it is part of this and this principle of placing things is called proximity, the human eye has a tendency to connect two things which are nearer to each other as a group, whether or not they belong to that group, so that is why you have to take umpteen number of times you have to take care of this fact that if it is nearer to this, people will immediately associate a connection between these two rather than what it is actually connected to, even if there is a line it is very easy to connect these two things, because proximity wise they are much nearer to each other, when you want to say that these things are apart from each other actually place them up, that is the way you can, so like you can see here that if navigational movement are completely away from each other, there is no confusion about which is navigation which is movement, similarly these two are apart from each other, so there can be a problem about this thing, but the the line helps, because there is a divider line in between, so people may not have that confusion, but just make sure of that, similarly this has easy chunking facility which we can see, so you can easily see that this is a group and this is a group, they have actually tried to use color which is not printed here obviously, because we are doing a gray scale, but you can still see that there is a line and the hierarchy tries to show that, but one more example I wanted to show was this, so very difficult to read first of all, can't read a thing in this, I printed it on A3 and then still I had trouble in doing this, if you save as a JPEG still you have a problem, probably PDF will help in such a case, but highly recommended that you don't use smaller points at all, use bigger points as much as possible. Secondly avoid this kind of this kind of hierarchy, for example you have a clean hierarchy called pros and then there are subcategories, there is a clean hierarchy called cons and there are subcategories, here there are just two strands going on, what are these, so is there, so I believe that these are added only because there was this suggestion came from some party, because I think the reviewers, who did this thing, viewers right and these were suggestions by the reviewers, so you just incorporated that into the mind map, but there is no thought applied further like what category, you can refute the suggestion, there is no necessity that you have to apply that suggestion, but whenever you apply it has to fall in your mind map as if it is in your mind, in your suggestion, it's not like so doh poindalneko bolethe doh poindalje, that should not be the case right now what it looks like, so chunking is important, so these people have I think connected the majors now, which group was this, so now the majors are connected and you can see this, again this was a problem case because the lines are absolutely not visible, because you can thickness of the line is editable, please use those features, so that you can communicate strongly, for the waste management, yeah this one, I thought I can use this example to illustrate certain things further more and in fact, if we get sometime we can explore this in a tool called YED, which is a drawing tool and we can just see a demo of that, because this is a classic example for YED, so I have tried to redesign this thing, because I had a basic problem of chunking what are the main points of this mind map and then getting information out of this, so this is what I had come up with, so these are the three things, sources how to effects and how to dispose it, are the three major topics, which they had already created, which I agree upon, the problem was with the second and third tier of agreement, so when you say sources, yeah there are the sources and there are these types, now types of waste and sources of waste, when there is no mapping between types of waste and sources of waste, then it becomes a standalone entity, so can we do that, because types should be common for different sources, so house can generate plastic, food and recyclable waste, similarly hospital can also, the percentages might differ, but the types will remain most more or less common and it's just a list, we don't have to actually map that house will only give this and kind of thing, it's not possible, so why not have sources of waste as these things and then list the types of things, so that people can think of the list as a separate, similarly if you have effects, there are these, so you had put it as harmful effects here and there are a couple of them, so they are the same, however when it comes to how waste is disposed proper ways and improper ways, I thought this chunking is slightly confusing, it is within how it is disposed, you need to have proper and improper, you can't have 3 balloons called proper ways of disposing, improper ways of disposing, how it is disposed, so I just clubbed this idea to make it like this, so it is called how it is, how to dispose it and there are proper and improper ways of doing it and in further you can say recycle and classification and if within classification you find out that something has to be treated back to use, then there is a treatment bubble already there, so just connect it to this and then you can show the microorganism as a treatment option here, similarly improper disposition of waste will lead to harmful effects also, so there has to be a connection between these two, so such things have to be thought of where the secondary tertiary level topics have some bearing on other things, so you have to create that association easily while showing the mind map and why YAD is because after you create such a complex thing on the software, YAD will give you an option to easily clean it up for you, so you don't have to spend your time in alignment and all that, so we'll see a small 30 second demo of that maybe if you get, otherwise I'll post it on the web and you can see it, however one interesting thing which happened here was what I found is that there has to be a consistency in writing, so if you start with a style of writing like you use a verb or you use, so that consistency makes it easy for the user to read, so you have differential way like editor energy uses and suddenly install, this is also fine but paste awareness posters in this thing and initiative to shut down internet, so suddenly why initiative thing, so shut down, so if you are starting with verbs paste this thing, so write it in a manner that it is easy to follow, these are the instructions to do that, rather than saying that suddenly this becomes a different sentence, convert more devices conducting, so instead of conducting you say conduct here, so also the pens, everything has to be consistent when you write certain things, so that it is easy for the user to read, otherwise it creates a problem and the most disturbing thing is if you find spelling mistakes in that, so I understand that there could be some reasons for spellers and sometimes the spellchecker won't work and you are in a hurry, but it is it is as disturbing as then when I'm talking and this thing comes out and instead of looking at me and what I'm saying you constantly look here, so it is not intended, you don't want to look here, I don't want you to look here, but it just keeps your eye busy and your mind just goes to that, so similarly when I see something like this, I just say okay why F E A T R U R E S, why that and that is not expected because you are to read a document for the content of it and you don't want to get disturbed by such smaller integrity, it's very important, it's very small at times, but it's very important, it just takes away the beauty of the content because of such silly mistakes, so try to avoid them as much as you can, okay, so we have come to the point where we have the bulleted details about the presentation and now we are going to go ahead with including graphics or how to make our point more clearer is the topic we are going to talk about. When we come to using of graphics there are various notions attached to it, for example people find it disturbing to have a graphic as well as text going together, they say that it has unnecessary cognitive load for people, why you want to show all that, but there are rules established for that and we are going to talk about some of them, so which graphics will support a particular type of communication is well established and research area, so there are different types of graphics and broadly categorized they could be static graphics and the motion graphics, now motion graphics includes all the video parts including animation and interactivity and all that is motion and static are mostly drawings and photographs and charts and all that, I have given a reference of that you can by the way I'm going to put up these slides on moodle so you can download them because you can't probably read here but I'm going to show them separately also. This is one of the most abusive use of graphics which is called decorative graph, most of the time this you can see this application in newspapers, so budget session we'll put some graph that's all whether it is going down up doesn't matter, people understand it is about finance, it is about sensex going up whatever, even though it is include with even if it could be amount of oil extracted from that particular rig in 1992 doesn't matter people just see graph they associated with okay the sensex going up and that is why it is come up on the first page because today is a budget day, so such kind of graphics have absolutely no bearing on the content it is just for the decoration purpose you don't want monotony of text so you add some graphic to it, I've seen these kind of graphics being wrongly used mostly in the seminar presentations for the title slide so whether it is needed or not you have some because the template gave you some pastel line here and some triangle and all that so that comes as a the first screen whether you are talking about mechatronics or something still you can see that crayon icon and everything because that was there in the template they didn't bother to remove it or you didn't change the template for that that is not adding to any value to your content so please remove it in such a case or don't select that particular template that is the situation the second type of graphic is called representational graphic this is actually how it it shows in the realistic manner so for example there is a photograph of a chemical equipment and the photograph will tell you what is what it looks like actually they're drawing also of the same thing however photograph represents reality if you have a person standing there to show the proportion of that so this is a 14 feet high by the way but you can take it out right that's a 14 feet high equipment because you can you cannot see any reference to context because there is no sense of proportion there on the other side screenshot is a fairly new way of representational graphic it's a recent addition to the graphics and that is useful because if you want to explain what happens here if you right click on this screen and there will be a drop down with four options which is extrude region blah blah blah if you have to write all that instead of you simply say that refer to the image given below which is a screenshot of the screen and select the appropriate one from the drop down list as shown that is more easy because user can also see it for themselves if they do it on that software right click they can see the same thing the screenshot is exact representation of what happens this is a slightly off bit graphic type but I just included because so how many people immediately do this when I ask you how many days in September so this is associated with your memory right so you know that this is 30 days 31 days it's a mnemonic graphic you associate this hand with the meaning or the association of number of days similarly there have been exercises in experiments where they have tried to see for cat and try to make the shape of that however there are some claims of anti thing also so what about C for cow then the kids will never remember C for cow because you always say C for cat then there is a problem so you can't use it very frequently but this is one of the graphics used we all know about this organizational graphic a typical example of IIT Bombay map now you have this wonderful map by IDC Professor Mandarani do you use it do you have it on your mobile the app in steam app right so although if it is not to scale then what it tells you is only qualitative relationships as against Uber they'll tell you even quantitative that it is 14.2 kilometers from here and with current traffic it will take so many so many hours and all that it can go wrong by miles at times but this is how they can generate information using the organized graphic because you can get qualitative data but when it comes to pure quantitative data what is the type of graphic if I have to ask you this question so I want just quantitative data right by charts or bar charts these will tell you exact how many people passed in this thing and build and all that and there are multiple options available here of how you can do this these are called relational graphics because they they talk about the relationship between two entities so these are that is although the organizational graphics also talk about relationship but this relationship is established only at a qualitative level main gate is far away from hostel 15 the far away can be said here but if you convert this to bar chart distances between main gate and different hostels and create a bar chart you can see which is the highest and the lowest so hostel 10 becomes the nearest and so and so forth so actually get a quantitative relationship if you convert it into a relational graph so this is the difference but there are some very interesting graphics also and within static graphics this is the graphic help avoiding the motion graphic also to be added for example you are writing a paper where you are not able to use a video or something how do you explain a particular concept so at this time whenever there is a change over time things are changing so the pulley comes down and all so then you can have figure ABC of 1.1 1.2 1.3 to show that this happens at this point and then that is called as a transformational graph because it can change a change over time is captured here but if you have multiple forces acting at the same time probably this is the best one is called the interpretive graph because it gives the user the option to figure out and you can direct the user by adding color and adding arrows and say okay now if this happens in the turbine then this will happen so all this if cases and then cases can be applied with just a simple graphic which is called interpretive graphic and it can illustrate a process within that graphic itself and if you want to have if there are drastic changes over time you can mix up interpretive with the earlier one and show two three cases of that's also possible so roughly this is the mapping of what will be useful at what time and on the left hand side what you see is types of content now this is again taken up from a reference which have given at the bottom so these are broadly categorized that types of content so if you are stating a fact or a concept principle process and a procedure this is in higher order of complexity so right from a fact like you say okay there was huge crowd when the fire broke up in IIT Bombay that is the fact you are just stating that in the representational graphic like a photograph would be sufficient you can say huge crowd is is represent but the moment you say that the crowd increased as the fire was growing up per hour and then suddenly you want to show a relational graphic that okay how many people attended or the number of tweets happening during the budget session so what was the peak hour and all such things so then you come to the graphics which are relational graphics and you want to show qualitative or quantitative and all such things so the moment you start talking about different content you can see that the type of graphic will keep on change so remember this this can be applied loosely but especially when it comes to procedure then you want to use dynamic visuals so you have to actually show video we had a classic example of toy making videos so we initially used pictures so we clicked photographs of every stage the four fold this or origami for example fold this and then turn this and all that then the problem started happening that what happens in between the two pictures is not visible to the user so they were getting confused that how come you get suddenly this this this way of folding I can't get it here because I turned it like this I can't click a photograph of this so such things are lost in so whenever you have a long procedure then dynamic visuals are the best medium to explain things that's how things have come up so when you say text to graphics there are various things which can happen so this is a very well established example by and there are smart drop people who have actually used it n number of times that a table will not tell you lot of things so if you just convert it to a chart probably it will be better but there are some problems with the table and I saw this example in professor Geithund is assignment or lecture somewhere what's wrong with this this table yeah in the middle of the okay about the decimals there is a problem right otherwise you can't make out any sense there are four digits after a decimal in some cases and so how about this now this this looks much better and you can infer quite faster if you get something like this similarly it's a graph perfectly accurate graph no problems with the content or the data is not the problem here data is very correct but still you cannot do a lot of inference from this why the granularity is a problem right so what we don't want is anything above 15,000 is absolutely unnecessary so change this to this much and you get much better picture in fact this this small little ditch here was completely invisible when we were looking at that bigger thing you are not necessary so softwares will allow you to generate graphs at a click of a button however it depends on you what kind of attributes you are attaching to it otherwise software is going to do a dumb job of creating a graph out of that even if you put two lakhs it is going to create it in one second still doesn't have to wait on their calculation problems if I have to draw I will take a lot of time but then how do you use this tool for the benefit of what we want to do is the primary question you have to ask yourself and that's why using graphics becomes an important aspect okay so this was the assignment but we will any questions so far or we'll go to the the impress part of any questions so when when we come to impress there are multiple variables suddenly we have too many things to handle now I am as I am talking about impress I am expecting that you have a bulleted graphic bulleted list with your present so supposedly you have five six slides of your presentation I am expecting that they are bulleted in the sense they are chunked in a proper manner that you have every slide has the respective number of bullets within that you have also applied certain graphic usage techniques so that you have a appropriate graphic used at wherever it is necessary and the exact type of graphic which is necessary given all that how is the time to think of how to impress people with the thing you have because you have ensured that the content is correct and is also organized in a correct manner we have come up to that level now is the time to think of whether you can present it in the manner where the people will be able to make sense out of it and that is where couple of things will come handy for you one of them is the color scheme colors in in general have various motions therefore it carry meaning carries mood so it is also very culturally prominent element of graphics because it can have different meanings in different cultures also so it's not very sure that you can go by one meaning and then go ahead universally you can present the same thing it's not possible most of the time therefore you can use this very basic guidelines about color and one example you saw most of the time when I started my laptop with with this projection setup that you could not read the heading itself because of the contrast levels of this machine is is an issue so they keep it on this you hardly can see the heading right and now if I keep it like this you can see it it is because of the contrast levels now this is something I have to learn when I present at various places is my template allowing me to do all that thing is very important plus I should be aware of what to click there in order to make it perfect in the way so this is important but however you can give this broad things of what should be thing to read for people and the thumb rule is contrast is more readable so black and white is is easily readable however gray on white was not readable as black is there and I wanted that to be gray because I am talking about the content here and the heading is okay I can speak up that is fine but that disaster at certain cases by the way the color dot on the top you can see would be the guidelines slides so in entire set of slides where you see that green dot those are the guidelines so even if in a flight shorter view you can see some green dot slides you can just copy same separately probably similarly this is a interesting thing you should study where you are going to present if it is a dark room and you use this kind of a presentation where you have the white background and black text then people have to really open up their eyes too much and everything will be hitting them so in that case a dark background with white text is easy on eyes so that is the reason you have seen Apple CEO presenting mostly on a black screen right if you have seen Steve Jobs presentations or any Apple presentation for that matter in their developer forum presentation every year what they have will be mostly black background and just couple of lines or words actually on the screen it is because the entire hall is very very dimly lit you don't have much of lighting there therefore the only thing which is visible is the text so they say iPhone 6 that's all so they don't want anything else to be seen if you put this white background then they'll see that white thing first and not the iPhone 6 words they want to do it other way around this depends on but avoid vivid pale colors this was a very common phenomena earlier on now that templates have improved this is rare to see but still people go for the brightest red possible in that color palette of 64 colors or something so avoid that typically it is very difficult to project that red it bleeds out so never use that when it comes to font it's like jungle out there because there's too many things to choose from and people I have seen them using various things and some bizarre mistakes happen during that for example something very casual has to be seen and and one of the striking example is of designing certificates so how many have you participated in events and created certificates one of the biggest mistake people do is use a calligraphic font in all capitals it's very difficult to read that so if you see this word certificate is most of the time you'll have this see and then you'll have and then you'll have this it's very difficult to read what this word is right because it's all all calligraphic and all capitals so you have to be very choosy while you are creating the font although it looks very nice if you use the upper lower style of this so you can use this well but the moment it it says that name of the person or something then it really goes bonkers because of the size of the font is like that it's not meant for using all camps but people then suddenly realize and then they do second mistake of having more funds in that same document then they'll have one font for the name of the person because IIT Bombay uses certain font they will use IIT Bombay there is another reason because in the running text it will come conducted at IIT Bombay then they will have all capitals of IIT Bombay in calligraphic font such mistakes are quite clearly seen and they are kind of disaster in in so typography normally refers to three types of fonts and they are called so these are the three broad category of fonts which is called serif, sans serif and script the thumb rule is that for all reading typically serif font is used for all reading material now while reading I mean you have to hold it in your hand it's not like you are reading this also by the way but it is not about this is display so for all display type of thing sans serif is the preferred and script is only when you want to add any personalization do you know basic difference between these two at least or I'll just show you one classic example the serif font will have the edges like this at the top right on the other hand sans serif font will have no such edges at the top right so this is the basic difference now script can differ like you can have your own scripts also now it is with the font generators if you feel like your handwriting is something very iconic you can create your own fonts but this font is easy on I especially on reading so therefore anything printed any newspaper you pick up will typically use a serif font even at eight point it is quite readable whatever font size they're using is eight point or nine point it's still usable so readable so that is why serif font are used but the moment you go for far away viewing then say sans serif is the most preferred one right because it is so thick that you hardly miss out any content even even thickness all over the place that is the hallmark of a sans serif font on the other side this would be sharp at some point and thick and thin at various points so this is called serif font right so you just to pick up what point will you pick for military word how many people will pick up this first one okay how many will they go with this okay how many people will this none of them looks cartoonish how many with this you can give multiple choices also doesn't matter okay why this the people who raise hand for this why this no reason just like that okay okay why why the other one okay but if I give you a printed document about military okay no so let us keep that debate for a while that whether it is from a distance or not from a distance the moment I utter this word military the how do you want that to be seen on will you use will you ever use this point for a military and do you know why you are not going to use that yeah but you can have respect even for this thing right so if I write if I write Queen of England in this format you will have respect for her right or maybe Queen of something I can write in this but you want to use this for military you are you are able to differentiate between the things but you are not able to pinpoint why and the reason is that you associate certain emotional value to the shapes of the font so the decoration on on this end where you have something like this looks very feminine and looks royal and all that this is completely anti what principles we imagine for a military person right we don't expect military with these small decorations and all that so that is why you don't associate this point with military at all at the same time if I say will you associate this with military how many people for this this is typically the military font because they use something called a stencil where it is cut and on the barracks or any wooden packages and their trunks and all that you will always find this type of so they will have this I will be like this and then N will be like this right because that is how they do a mass production of things they don't have painter there which will keep on painting and all that so they just do that stencil thing so that is why even nobody will use this point it's too casual you don't associate military with casual things you associate with discipline so the font should be straight all the time you can't have like relaxing points for military at the same time for a neutral thing the word neutral means that it has to be so neutral to everything that you can't associate any meaning with so the the best choice for neutral could be maybe this or even this font for neutral because it has absolute no meaning it's very dry area right you don't have to worry about it but using typography and the emphasis within fee is where you kind of find interesting hurdles and one of them is to lend emphasis how many people are novel readers here avid novel readers okay so have you observed that novels invariably will be printed in a single font single color without any graphic except for that cover graphic which is multicolored that thing but you see a Harry Potter series or any other thing for that matter it's black and white and absolutely no way of emphasizing it what is the maximum emphasize they use in that somebody said something to somebody then they will probably have you seen ever of bold font used in a novel except for the title never right in the written text there is nothing bold but you can make out that the villain is shouting right even if it is not bold and all but then when you present it somewhere else you do that things like for example you do you do bold italics you do underlining you do color change and the worst is that you put all of them together in one you see there are things where it is bold underline italics and colored also you don't require this much of overemphasize if you are writing in a particular manner and it is clear then you don't require these many emphasizing options the reason is that the way the narrative goes people okay by the way same question how many people love the movies which were created on the same novels you love them or you love the now how many people loved still the novels than the movies right why is that okay why why you didn't like the movie more in the novel was more intelligent than the movie okay you read the novel and saw the movie both that is the job of the movie making they can't do something else right they have to do what was there in the novel but then why did you like the movie than the novel yeah but in the movie you imagined it or in the novel reading you imagined novel reading exactly that's the answer most of the people in the world have given I love the novel as compared to the movie because I was free to imagine the way the den of the within was depicted or written in the novel I could think that it was some bizarre violet color inside and I was very happy with the kind of tension which was created in that room when the intense meeting between the end the villain was going on but when I see the movie it was like all brightly lit and they were not looking like henchmen to me at all maybe I didn't associate them with this thing so it killed my imagination completely and it suddenly became the director's imagination which I have to agree upon and which not a lot of people won't agree upon it is like okay you you can show what you want to but I don't agree with it and I had some imagination in my mind so that is how just the plain text of this type also gives you where is italics use most of the time a foreign word is is made italic because it is not English word certain things are done but like suddenly they say in between a letter yeah so anything foreign to what you are saying comes in so you can it allocate and then show that this is how it is but then over emphasizing creates a big issue and most of the time we do this mistake of over emphasize I have one interesting anecdote about this emphasize so this was narrated to me by professor Fartek he was in his early years of teaching there is to be a process of writing a new question paper by hand then giving it to the departmental typist who will type it and then it will be a closed style because there are no photocopying machine that time there was something called cyclo styling and that was the land and distributed in the class so he wrote the paper by hand went to the typist and she was typing it the moment she started the word she just laughed at a point so he asked curiously what was the reason that you laughed at this nothing I will go ahead he was persistent he said tell me why you laughed he said okay if you ask me I will tell you you have written an instruction here so typically the question paper will have set of instructions on the top what is that you have written here he said use of calculators is strictly prohibited he said what is there to laugh in this so she said what is prohibited prohibited means do not use and what is strictly in that is there a slightly prohibited and moderately prohibited and strictly are there range of prohibition there is no range of prohibition prohibition means don't use calculators there is nothing there is no degree of prohibition there right so why use strictly word there because that is over emphasizing what you want to say the moment you say prohibition it's good enough it just straight sense the matter very easily why you use additional words like that so this is a interesting example even in our word or sentence formation we tend to use some unnecessary emphasizing words so again a guideline slide minimum fonts are advisable most of the time a single font will suffice but in presentations you might require multiple fonts which is a case at times however don't go beyond two points whatever the document you are making even if it is a poster or something don't go beyond two points at very rarely you can use the third point and use font options to make the differences within the level of content if you want to emphasize something then use these options alignment features it's a personal choice and depends on the document you are creating left is more natural for all English readers because you go left to right justified is is preferred by most of the technical papers because do you know why justified was introduced by the way everybody knows justified right okay so justified is where you have these columns and you have this matter in between and then you have the text running over why why was justified introduced by the way this has come from newspaper industry because newspaper has eight columns in the paper and there is no line like what have drawn here so the tech should form a line itself so that the reader doesn't start reading like this and then go beyond here and make completely different story out of it to avoid that this particular thing has to have a imaginary line and that is when the justified team was established however with technology it has gone really bizarre nowadays so if you have just one word sometimes it will show you like something like this right this is bad because it is not but then it will still phase it like this so that creates a very difficult reading problem for you so whenever you don't have the issue of multiple columns in a document avoid justified because you don't have control over things at times but if it is an paper and the template is provided you hardly have a chance to change it but for other documents typically left aligning is better because that just gives you the space will give you the flow it's very easy on eye you don't have to be rigid about this entire block which is very heavy for you to read the last feature is very important what I have said use grid every software nowadays allows a grid and there is the option to snap to grid whenever you are operating within the software however I have seen very few people exercising this option so one suggestion is that always use this grid on option whenever you are designing anything especially presentations and also switch on the option of snap to grid whenever you are working in PowerPoint or any other software for that matter because that will help you in in proper alignment without spending much time but the software itself is going to take care of alignment for you in fact if you have seen this so if I have if I have such a drawing and now I have added this and I have to align this it will automatically give me these lines and tell me where to place it right and it will if I leave it there it will fix it into that position that's very easy active nowadays earlier it used to be manually done and used to have something called guidelines to be taken up from this scale here and you just drag the guideline and it will come here and then you manually do it now that is not the case and once you have the presentation with this font and colors and everything in place then comes the time when you actually project it and that's when some additional features also come in into practice and one of them which is very popular these days because of the advent of PowerPoint is the visual effects within this now a lot of people ask me the question so I included it in my in my lectures earlier I never used to have this segment but then I included it on popular demand so what to do with these animated text and other elements so there are empty number of options available not only for animation of the text but you have it also for the transitions between the slides and there are like these boxes turning and then door opening and then there are something called some blast and there is some this is a very popular one the page curl which turns the page is some glows and there are some 3d ones which will be very multicolor dropping down and all that but it will go to such an extent that you finally start thinking that when this presentation started what was the topic of this it will it will just take you away from what was going happening all over the because you just keep watching this bizarre looking transitions in between so let's let's go back probably so the reason why you are presenting is you want the audience to take the message what you are trying to present you want them to carry that but what you don't want at all is they shouldn't be carried away by the message like so much that they're taken away from the message because all these things are remembered so you forget what was maybe this is not the case with my presentation today that you will remember all the transition but not the guidelines like that is how you have to think of a presentation whenever you remember what is that you remember the most so this is this is precisely what you want and therefore what you have to choose between is the form and the function this is a very popular debate happening most of the time so how to show the message and what is the message so you have to decide the message what you have in your mind and then decide how to show it because that is you can't possibly dilute the message for the form so that is important now for example I I asked you that show give me examples of this category bunch of crystals to clean or apply this question that what are the examples of of this category of product I want bunch of crystals either to clean or apply something so what could be an example of this brush right which brush so when I say which brush will ask me what is the context of this brush like you tell me the context I'll tell you the brush right so if I then if I give you the context I wanted for teeth I wanted for face and I wanted for paper then you'll have multiple options for everything right for teeth you will have a toothbrush and for a face you can have the makeup brush or whatever and for paper you can have the painting brush of different types it depends again in paper you'll ask me whether it is watercolor or oil paint or whatever then I'll choose the different type of hair for that it depends on what you want to do the point here is that context becomes such a leading factor in in all your presentation that if you know whom you are presenting what you're presenting then you can choose the brush appropriate it is not possible to mix up the context I can't use possibly I I try to use toothbrush for painting sometime because I want to get some different texture but I will never use a toothbrush for my makeup it just not possible to do that it is it is not for that context it is not made for that fun so presentations typically go down the drain most of the time because you are mismatching the context something else was expected and you present something else that is where the thing goes bad most of the cases so my take on this is that in this debate of form or function it's not that one is the leader and one is the follower it's both are important however it depends on how much attention you give to each of them if you give less attention to either of them then it will create ineffective communication so if you have excellent content and you don't pay any attention to the presentation impressed part then you can see that it will not be effective on the other side you spend a lot of time on the impressed part without really making the content correct then you can also fall flat on your face because the content itself lacks the integrity of so it is not that this or that it is always an equal attention to both of them it will only help you in the message across so that is what I wanted to and this chaos is a is a very common example where you can see because you you give excess attention to both so if you have multiple color sides with lots of graphics here and there and flying text here and there and lot of transitions best of the content will turn into chaos just because of the presentation problems this is a very evident observation which I have found therefore the content for a given audience is is a very important thing although it is in the bracket but it is important it has to be read like this so content for a given audience should govern the decision of choosing the style of what you are going to present and then there are three categories of that what is the appropriate visual for that what is the appropriate design by design you can club all the things like the font and the colors and backgrounds and whether it is a dim lit room or whatever whatever all that aesthetics come in that and a suitable strategy is is what is the presentation strategy so whether I should have activity in between whether I should ask a question whether I should crack a joke and all these things are dependent on that by the way somebody I think what I only told me this in last lecture there so one of his professors came to the class he was a known mathematician who used to just use this board all the time and never even look back at students he just comes there takes a derivation starts writing on this fills up 56 board during the class go the way excellent mathematics teacher people used to love that part somebody in the faculty meeting told him that it should be interactive and you should at times you should also crack some jokes in between that makes teaching interesting for student the next time he comes starts writing suddenly says oh I remember something and then says there was a cow with six legs and then starts with the derivation rest of the so people didn't understand what was that and then he said oh I was told to crack a joke in between so I just tried something but it didn't go well probably nobody laughed at this so the students were too aghast by this sudden sentence and never heard him say anything except for the derivation what was happening it depends on the strategy where you are using and then how well you can mix it up with the entire flow of this it is not a kind of add on that you have to have it on your phone whether you need it or not it's not like that so you have to bring it up in the flow in such a way that it looks as if it was happening at that instance itself for example although I had decided that I will crack this joke here I have to pretend as if I just remembered it and because it is in the flow I have just narrated it it has to be like that even if you rehearse it well even if I have told this joke 10 earlier on in my earlier lectures 11th time I have to again pretend it as you owe I had a joke so let me share it with you kind of thing and then you laugh otherwise it won't be getting that kind of a response this is this is where the last part of impress which I was making is practice if you don't practice then it is very difficult to communicate of this is where I want to bring you back to after the visual effects and all these things will add to something which is called as appeal of the present so what what people take back is the appealing part okay I remember these things because of all these things in place right from the brainstorming up to the visual effects thing is summarized when you when it becomes a total presentation that is where what is that carry take away thing for the people but that will come only the last thing is done of practice and I've seen most of the students doing this only maybe couple of minutes before the presentation that okay just browse through the slides here and there and say oh I'm going to say this and have some papers in hand I have to refer to this paper at this point but it doesn't happen actually during the presentation because you have never practiced about it you are never timed it you are never thought of the questions to be asked at that point what questions could come you are never done a dryer in front of your friends who can pose interesting questions for you and then you will be forced to think about it that okay this could be a possible question when I do the final presentation all these things will have a bearing on that for example last time when we had a bad projector here I sent out a mail to my staff saying that get a projector here this time because I don't I can't show visual effects with those bad bad projection systems right so that is the practice told me that this place has a bad projection system so don't use our own their projectors this time at least in fact I also carried a speaker with me because I wanted to do a small experiment about audio thing with you now I think we are you may have that time but let's see so this is important to know the context the place the people and the topic what you are going to see that will change the way you present particular content so that is what I wanted to share with you I would be open for questions if you have any so no questions is indication of two things one is that either you have understood everything or nothing right so I would be curious to know which of the cases this also it is bizarre that in a communication skill class there is no communication about what happened in the class so your reflections about what we saw in last four sessions probably that is the appropriate sentence to see yeah is really when we go fight in the class yeah we used to people used to sleep mostly sleep okay and even if we go for the yeah so what we can so you said one is that is we go with flight in the class people sleep so are you a teacher somewhere yeah you was and now you have come here for a PhD okay so that is why now when I present you can sleep in the class but no jokes apart the point is you have a audience and it's a mixed audience so like they won't be at a similar level of interest at any given point in time some people might have come directly from a night out and nice breakfast at Madhu mess and that is the most appropriate time with the ACs on and a lecture being given so this is the best possible way of getting some rest that is inevitable but they would be like one or 2% in this thing but there would be other people who have got up ready and gone for a jog and have a nice bath and come here all prepared that okay let us do what there are these extremes which will always be there in any class or any audience for that matter so you have to have content for each and every person in the class so occasionally I could see some people just dozing off but then they laughed at some points because they associated with what I was saying and this will happen in every point so there is a graph of typical which is called the engagement level of a person in the so it's a very interesting graph by the way. Let me show you that and you should search about this thing more on the web because if you are going to make presentations in future you should know what happens so this is typically of engagement so when it starts most of the time it is here that this is engagement and this is time this is zero minute and this is suppose 60 minutes this is the peak point around 10 minutes into the thing you will always feel how I am getting something and slowly if nothing comes at this point then it just goes down so what to do with this therefore the ideal teacher will prepare for for this slope ideal presenter will prepare for this slope to address this slope part and what they will do they will have activity in the middle of the class if not they will at least say ok now stretch up and ok I am not I am just going to change some slides you can talk about talk to each other or what it will just turn it like this then again at this point they will have another activity so if there is the ditch it will happen like this so the thing pair share and review your assignments all those things kept you in this peaks all the time because there are no chance of sleeping so that's that's how you plan your sessions if you don't have anything like that for example in comparison to my earlier lectures today's lecture had this graph because I didn't ask you to do anything so I could see this happening after a point do you agree yes I agree you slept doesn't matter it's a learning thing for me right every context has to have that so I had activity but I couldn't do that I didn't do that actually couldn't do that in the wrong center I didn't do it I had the equipment for that I had a plan for that if I had introduced that activity in between there was a chance that this engagement level can boost up up to this so this is how you have to plan things and the second sentence you said was very important that after five ten minutes we feel sleepy right and this five ten minutes is a universally agreed time frame of human engagement for any medium for that and that is why even on TV serials you have a break after seven minutes because that is how they have to so there are there are three chunks of the TV serial of seven minutes each which will become twenty two minutes of episode but if you show a twenty two minute episode try watching it twenty two minutes of episode you feel very boring you don't actually feel that your brain cells start degrading after seven minutes so the break in between the whatever Maggie sauce or whatever comes in between is not at all even if you you mutate and you don't want to do it but that much action gives you a chance to be refreshed for the next set of seven minutes and that's what that's what it is so when you when you see the changes in educational field also from the NPTEL videos exactly what you said of this one of our lectures has been converted to MOOCs now so the MOOCs video will never be beyond fifteen minutes of videos the idea it will be below ten minutes but if not at least fifteen minutes because when you are isolated and watching your video that home we are pretty sure that you won't go beyond seven minutes or ten minutes of the duration and that is when the production process has emerged in this way now that the content has to be chunked into so just because this class is like one and a half hours I have to prepare in a different way because I need to have those these many peak points after every seven minutes right that is the challenge that's why it's a popular one video of mine breathing time in between was clipped to make it 14-15 and another graph given by Anant Agarwal very similar to this based on their first electronic source of EDX the video time function video time on the X axis we can average your watching time of your life yes it turns out that five minutes ten minutes the graph went up to 60 minutes and they found that it starts almost at 45 but soon deviates at about eight ten and at here it's about two minutes one to two minutes the peak is at about between eight and it's hazy because it's average so if you take this will be a broad stuff but it is more or less like this you expected to be 45 degree but it's no any other question or reflection about these sessions do you agree with this now what what we just saw yeah you said that those scripts personalization what was that any examples of script fonts calligraphy where we make our own fonts calligraphy there's a font brush script like it's a running thing for any can't remember Times New Roman is a very very formal tariff one but one of the funds which is I don't call it used it's abused as casual font is comic sans anything you want to say casual you will find that comic sans font coming up and it actually doesn't serve the purpose every time it is used people just feel that it has to be so calligraphic points are for very very personalized kind of messaging you want to say what I want to have a child so how will it look if I write that in Times New Roman or I rate in a real versus I write in a calligraphic so it just sets the mood differently because you know that this kind of sentences is said by somebody in a very casual manner or if I say presentation timings so it can't be like calligraphy presentation time it has to be for these are the different things you can you should actually try to pick up some phrases and try to print it in different form different fonts probably that can be one assignment you can think of let's see I will think over it if we can get assignment for certain common phrases in technical writing and see which font goes with again depends on application. If it has to be seen at a distance or red in a hand or something that's a we came here for them from the different institute so they have the different norms there and we don't know about here so we need some just I need particularly I don't know about the others we need to generalize thing that in what way the slide should be prepared for the technical presentation so that it should be very effective and most of yeah, technical mostly we are giving a technical seminar you won't get such a great setup the question is that what point should be taken so the question is very clear that for technical subject because you will be dealing mostly with technical subjects you will never be asked to create a slide presentation about dubung or something so you want to be encountering those issues what to write when we are presenting something on thermodynamics or mechatronics or something like that very serious formal technical subject the answer is in those guidelines first is that use minimum funds never go beyond the new funds second is depends on application for reading if it is going to be distributed use serif funds if it is to be projected use sans serif fund within sans serif there is a interesting anecdote I should tell you that area is supposed to be the most used font on the earth right now and the reason being very bizarre reason behind it when Microsoft launched windows they wanted a font which is a sans serif font and they also wanted a serif one because operating system should come up with couple of funds so that people can use it as default funds and then you can install more funds is another story. So they got they acquired Times New Roman for their operating system and they paid some amount the most popular sans serif font at that time was called helvetica which is still the most popular font in the print medium but helvetica people flatly refused to give it because it was already sold to apple and therefore they said we are not going to give you helvetica so what Microsoft did was they ordered the font designers design a replica of helvetica and should look similar so that people who use the computer should find a kind of a similar font available and then use it that's why area is used most of the time but the marketing trick they did was that they named it with a a so that it will come top of the order so by default even if you want to use Times Roman it will always start in area whatever you do in windows and then you have to go and change it to Times Nova so that is how area became the most used font or abused font actually in in the history of typography and most of the designers by the way hate that so much that if they get a resume in area they outrightly rejected and by the way the designers are very well equipped with this third eye where they can figure out which is the area which is the helvetica just by the print even if it is that eight point that's how they have developed this okay so coming back to your question if it is to be projected so within sans serif or within serif also there are empty number of funds the the choice is yours up to what level of freedom you have to choose that okay so here is one interesting guideline you can choose any font for that matter on your laptop when you're using like for example I bring my laptop here and I correct it I have absolutely no issues about the funds because whatever is on my project laptop is going to be projected the moment I make a PDF of this and send it to somebody and it is opened on a window or a Linux box I'm sure this font is going to be replaced by the internal font of that operating system which happens in most of the cases which you have experienced that I send because I go to a conference I don't carry my laptop and I just take a PDF then I plug it there and then suddenly something goes into script which I had never thought of that was not designed like that but they don't have this future a bold font there so they would replace it with the nearest one in that alphabetical order if it is Frank Frutor script it will take up that and then you have to manually go and say in some control settings that okay change Frank Frutor to Frutor or Helvetica or Ariel or something like this is one of the most important thing you should remember that font replacement is not in your hands so when you do something try to use the universally use fonts like Helvetica or Ariel and in Serif you should use something called Times New Roman and Palatine maybe I should write these two sentence if you can just take it down so these are the most easy ones okay so the two most popular fonts and you will find these fonts on most of the systems in the world so that way it is very safe to clear on with these two funds however if you carry your own laptop then you can there are empty like I'm using something called future here which is the Sancerif font is a very good Sancerif font and there are fonts like Bodoni in Serif which are very good however there are issues with every font like you you can't use them for different of particular purpose they are they are not suitable for certain purposes like for example Bodoni is a very good looking font if you print it in the headings but for running matter Bodoni is very bad so such things are to be debated on like what you want with what is the application depending on that you can choose what best you have anything that 11 to 10 57 fine thanks


Hi, in this lesson we are going to talk about that how to download and install DevC++ on your Windows machine. First what we need to do is to go to the website source.net and then let's search DevC++. Okay, let's find it. It's here. Let's click on it. I think that the download process will start in few seconds. Let's download it. Let's save our file. You can choose various languages for your installation. I will pick English, click OK. Then I will accept agreement and choose to install all these things. I don't have all configuration files, so I don't need to remove any destination folder. There will be c-porting files, DevC++ and let's install our program. Okay, and let's run DevC++. Here we can select our fonts, our color, our icons. I will choose, for example, Widow Studio. Look if you want, you can change it and DevC++ is successfully been installed to our Windows machine. That's all in this video. Thanks for watching. Bye-bye.


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. The question says evaluate the following events and exercises 1 to 22 limit of sine pi minus x pi pi into pi minus x as x tends to pi. Before solving this question, we should know that limit of sine x pi x as x tends to 0 is 1. The knowledge of this result is the key idea in this question. It is now beginning with the solution. In this question we have to evaluate limit of sine pi minus x pi pi into pi minus x as x tends to pi. To make use of this theorem, we have to make this pi as 0. So, now we will put pi minus x as theta. So, it tends to pi, theta tends to 0. Now by substituting theta and phase of pi minus x, we get limit theta tends to 0 sine theta pi pi into theta. This is equal to 1 pi pi into limit theta tends to 0 sine theta pi theta. We know that limit of sine x pi x as x tends to 0 is 1. So, this means limit of sine theta by theta as theta tends to 0 is also 1. So, we have 1 pi pi into 1 and this is equal to 1 pi pi. Hence a required answer is 1 pi pi. So, this completes the session. Bye and take care.