What exactly is Hawaiian Kempo? Now we have a special guest with us today who has been training in the martial arts since childhood. He's a user for self-defense. He's trained through traditional Kempo roots, competed and coached in the MMA and he currently runs a gym that conditions and prepares future MMA champions. Now we'd like to welcome Master John Halcomann, the founder of the Hawaiian Kempo system and the pit. And today he's going to take us behind the curtain of his unique take on the art. Hey Dojo fans, we are excited to share our new colors of combat t-shirt collection with all of you. Now we love this channel and we love our community and we want to keep producing content, but we do need help. So instead of getting sponsors for VPNs or shadow warrior, legend, battle league games or novel manscaping products, we felt we wanted to offer you something a little bit better. This new collection features 22 designs of multiple martial arts and explosive colorful displays so that you can represent your art and style. We really appreciate all of you and if you use the code color 2023, you can get 10% off of each purchase until the end of June. Now this code is good for both this collection as well as our previous for father series. Oh, and also if you send us pictures of you in your shirts we'll share them through our social media feeds. Thank you all so much for your support and now back to the video. So tell us about your experience with the art. As I understood it, you started at a young age and you started it for self-defense, is that correct? Yeah, yeah I started, I started nine or 10 and I started with Kaji Kempo and Judo. I even thrown a little shadow con in the beginning too but that was just kind of feeling out different gyms or different art, you know, systems and then as soon as I found Kaji Kempo or my instructor in his gym, I knew that I wasn't gonna go anywhere else and I was gonna stay with it and that was, I was probably like 10 or 11 then and I just, that was it. I never switched around to different arts. Intel, Intel, you know, after the army and I came here and I opened, came to here, California and I started Hawaiian Kempo. I knew I had to plug in a lot of different things because I knew my vision, what I wanted for the art and so I had to go out and get different things. Like, you know, I had to get the best wrestlers, you know, in the world and work on takedowns and takedown defense a lot. I got the best jiu-jitsu guys in the world like Mario Sperry, Ricardo Laborio, the Nogara brothers and work on getting off the bottom, you know and getting out of a choke and, you know working on stuff I wanted to, for my art, Hawaiian Kempo and then I got, you know boxing was my thing and kickboxing was my thing but I would also get, you know the best kickboxers around, you know I get the best boxers, guys like Howard Davis who was the Olympic gold medalist, you know and work on boxy stuff and so I wanted to get all these arts all put it together just like they did in Kaji Kempo but I wanted to take out anything choreographed or like kata-ish or anything that when somebody saw it they say, why would you do that?  I had to plug in other things for it and make it a martial art and not just a fighting system because I wanted to teach kids I wanted to do a belt system so I knew I wanted it as a system so instead of the katas I had to plug in different things for the testing I spent a lot of time going over that and you know, I also had a hard time with some things because I've been doing this so long and getting rid of some techniques, you know it was kind of hard to be like throwing away stuff if you were trying to clean up your room and then something means something to you it's hard to throw away but so I did, I found the things that I thought wouldn't fit in a real true martial art and I added things that I thought should be in the true martial art and I went from there and you know, I never looked back it's always to me been the best choices, you know so that's the way I feel. So can you tell us about your instructor was it Walter Godin, is that correct? Yeah, yeah. Was it like training him? It was a wild, it was wild because he's the wild guy and I mean, just look at his record and look at his, you know, some of the stories I mean, he was doing crazy stuff, you know and I was a kid, I was one of his top guys, you know and I don't know, kind, I don't know kinds of word but I mean, he took really good care of me and stuff but I've seen people that he didn't like or didn't want to take care of and he could be, he had a mean side to him and, you know, he didn't comply with, you know people and he was, you know, I mean, what? I mean, how many years they spent in prison? I mean, I mean, that speaks for itself on his, you know, on a lot of things but it doesn't speak on other things I mean, he changed my life probably as much as any other, you know, person did for the better and I'll be internally grateful for everything he's done for me and because of him, I was able to do.  I'd like to, I'd like that you're talking about that this became the person who you are today. So once you establish yourself defense in the martial arts training that you embraced and you liked, did you pursue a career? Like, did you know ahead of time you were gonna do a career in the martial arts or what got you into the competition?  I need to learn how to fight because things got a lot worse at middle school, you know so I started, you know, I went and found a place and on my own and I started training on my own and I think the fact that it was Godine's place and the things that taught me and the attitude it taught me and watching the way he was I think that changed everything for me and made everything better.  So when you were switching over to competition did you change any approaches to what you fought or is, you know, street fighting and the sport ring like did you kind of fight the same way or were there any adaptations that you made? Yeah, no, back then, they were one and the same. Now, the way I teach is different. My fight team and my Hawaiian Kempo team for the street are completely different but back then it was the same if I was a fight I'd get in a fight in the backyard in the back campus of our middle school I'd bounce when I kick them, I punch them I throw combinations, you know just the stuff we were learning at Godine's school and then when I get in and I'd have anger towards the guy that started the fight, you know so and the same was when I was fighting I didn't really like my opponents I didn't buddy up with them and shit like they do now which I like a lot better it's a lot more respectful but back then it was just everything was a fight to me and that changed over my career towards the end of my career I could be buddies with my opponent we could fight in the ring and we could be buddies after but back in the old days it wasn't like that so I trained pretty much the same for both.  I have my own gym when I was still fighting because I wanted a place to train and I was a registered nurse working full time raising my kids, supporting my kids so I was very busy having to work and take the kids to soccer and go to games so I didn't always have time to make it to the gym so I had a gym put in my backyard it was like 400 square foot was my first one and I would invite guys over from the gym to train so I could work more my hours because training was like noon or 11 a.m. and I was working the graveyard shift so I get off work at seven or eight in the morning I had to go straight to sleep so I started training in my backyard when I was having fights coming up I'd have my spine partners come over and I could train at my time but then I have other people coming and next thing I know I named it the pit and I started running it like a little school and then I moved and I got a thousand square foot in my backyard, my backyard is three acres now so I started training people then that's actually when Chuck came to me but then I opened a main dojo which is 10,000 square feet and it's in town so it's just kids are training right now and we have kids classes and jiu-jitsu classes and the fitness classes and stuff like that what is your curriculum like and you mentioned earlier that you added the belt system how does promotion work within your Hawaiian camp and what is the curriculum like between the kids and adults programs? Kids and adults are a lot similar in the techniques less in the carrying out of the techniques the way that they're gonna respond in a fight is a lot different as a kid we teach the hit first just like we do with the adults the difference is school yard dominance you don't ever wanna be bullied so you wanna dominate in the school yard it's not the street so it's not usually life or death if someone jumps you if someone jumps you in the street you always think it's life or death because it probably is and if it isn't then the guy should have left you alone and if it is then you don't train and you don't fight that way then he'll win every time in the school yard is to make that bully leave you alone and show all the bullies all the other bullies to leave you the F alone so it's more of you hit first and there's different techniques obviously we have but the difference is in the goal is to stay alive in the street and to not be bullied in the school so that's different more than the curriculum is and the other difference is we have four things we have striking, we have wrestling which is only takedowns and takedown defense that's what we consider wrestling so if you've taken someone down or defending the takedown and then grappling is once it hits the ground that's grappling so getting off the bottom getting out of a submission stuff like that the fourth one is conditioning physical conditioning and that's just as important as the other three because with the other three if you don't have the conditioning it's like you have the most beautiful car in the world but doesn't have any gas it's not gonna do anything you can't ever win a fight if you're out of gas you can win a fit fight if you have a lot more gas and shitty techniques but you cannot win a fight if you run out of gas because it's like you can't race a car that has no gas so if you don't have those four things in your curriculum it's a partial art, it's not a martial art it's not you can't even consider a martial art it could be a partial art it could be a sport martial art like judo, like taekwondo, wrestling, boxing those are sports and you can have a sport martial art but to be a martial arts dojo or have a martial arts system it has to have that, those four things or else if you can jump in the street if you can't defend the takedown you're gonna get your head smashed off the concrete if you can't defend a punch you're gonna get knocked out cold with a left hook if you can't get off the bottom you're gonna die on the bottom so you have to have those four things the conditioning, the striking, the grappling and the wrestling and then we test we test the set of katas we test on conditioning now there's two words I've seen associated with your program the first one is kuzin can you tell us what that means? yeah that was that was a bad must, it was a bad it was a judgment call it was mine, I mean I got talked into it but it was my call so I'm gonna take responsibility trying to change, when I went out to the public and open the pit to the public I've been in the pit since 85, 1985 so when I went mainstream or went to the main people in the town a lot of people thought the pit was too hardcore and people wouldn't come and we should give it a more people-friendly name so I just started thinking of all kinds of names and I thought ku was a god of war in Hawaii kayu and then zen is like zen Buddhism so it was like the god of war and zen Buddhism so that's a good, I like that that's a good dichotomy or it's a lot it's a good, it's a good thing to have both of those both of those ends of the spectrum but so I named it kuzin for a little while but I can tell it wasn't going anywhere and people liked the pit and even people that would come in like soccer moms you think they were really worried about the pit they go, hey, we thought this place was the pit we want, and they would only buy pit shirts never kuzin shirts so we went right back I was like kuzin for maybe maybe a couple months and then I went back to the pit but by then I already had my corporation was named kuzin ink so the name comes around a lot but it has nothing to do with our system right now I have to say I love your logo, the pit logo how did that come about? One of my students in 85 when I was training out of my backyard in Woodland Hills, California I was trying to come up with a logo to put on our patch and we ended up all getting a tattooed right away but one of the guys, his mom was an artist so I was trying to explain what I wanted so she would draw one and he'd bring it to school I go, nah, not quite so it took about three or four, maybe five times and she brought a sketch I go, that's what I want and it was the pit guy that you saw so she made a sketch out of it and we made a tattoo and we put it on our shirts and it went from there Now the other word I hear used a lot in multiple Kippo schools is the word ohana what does ohana mean to you and what weight does it carry in your school? Well it's everything the pit ohana is everything it's with Goodine, Walter Goodine I love him so much and as bad as he was in certain things and how violent he was he had an ohana and like when we had a Christmas party people would, everybody would show up and it would just be so much fun and all the guys that we trained with each other and bled with each other and did other things with each other we get to go to a Christmas party and all the families there and the ohanas there and in Hawaii, you know I grew up in Hawaii the word ohana is very big in Hawaii and ohana means a lot in Hawaii much more than it does in the United States especially now, it means nothing now but you just didn't have that same you know as a family and then you have a family you have cousins, you have aunts and uncles and to be honest a lot of people here in California or the states they have a true love for their family and that's the ohana feel but they don't know, they don't label it they don't know that's what ohana is and then you watch some people they just don't have that ohana they're weak and then they're betas and they're soft and they're entitled and they just don't have an ohana they have a family and they have relatives but they don't have an ohana so in Hawaii, I think it's a bigger thing and I think it's culturally ohana is just it's kind of like if you've been in the army infantry or you've been on a really tight fight team where you guys traveled around and you're fighting together and training together I mean you understand ohana you know and you grew up in Hawaii you're gonna understand ohana but so it's just a really tight niche family and there's a lot of loyalty in this lot I got your back that's a big one for ohana I got your back I'm gonna help you raise your kids this is not a village kind of thing so ohana is a huge word and it means a lot to us as a family in my immediate family, by biological family and it means a lot to our gym even my guys that never been to Hawaii they find out real quick what ohana means and they love the pit ohana like that's part of our everything but to be honest, people like Glover Tixera and Chuck Liddell and Korma Gee, Ramsey Nisham, Steven Seiler, all these fighters that are just badasses, part of my gym and they're part of our ohana and people see that this guy like Chuck he's like fucking a mega fucking superstar but he's coming in the gym just training and shaking every gym and every high five hugging the kids and talking to everybody and they realize, oh shit man so they actually helped me in a lot of ways Glover and Chuck and those guys they treat everybody like their family I mean, I'll tell you one that did that a lot and this said a lot, Jamie Foxx he was one of my students student from the Pit Malibu, which is still around Pit Malibu great martial arts gym and he's one of my top students and he's my first student first one to get a black belt, he got it with Chuck but during one of the tournaments that we had up here in a row of Grandi, we had a bunch of the pits come and including the Pit Malibu so Jamie Foxx's daughter was there and it's Jamie Foxx, you know so he was so much like ohana the way he interacted with all the parents of the term because his daughter was in the tournament the way he interacted with everybody he knew right there, I don't care he's black, he's white, he's whatever that's fucking ohana right there the way he carried the kids that's ohana so what is in the future for Hawaiian Kempo? I'm not trying to like do anything specific we're just growing we're growing a lot I'm doing it online and I'm getting a lot more into my online dojo I have a Hawaiian Kempo online dojo where I'm training people all over the world you know and then I have an in-house one here in a row of Grandi, California and then I have some affiliate schools like Glover Textures in Connecticut I mean he's making such a difference there you know I got a guy in Malibu in Arizona and Idaho in Salt Lake City so I'm trying to get people I'm trying to get people safe safe on the street and in the schoolyard I want everybody safe I want everybody to have confidence I want everybody to to be able to take go home to their family every night no matter what they can go home to their family and in the meantime getting in better shape getting better at the beach being a stronger person physically and mentally I think that's huge for Hawaiian Kempo that's basically what we're about I just wanted to go I wanted to be there for people that need to like I did was to stay safe in the schoolyard and then I went from there everything else piled on that but I've trained guys I almost died today but because I did this and this I stayed alive I always want to thank you so I got that I've had parents that say their kids used to get bullied now they never get bullied the confidence has given them so I got that I have adults that say they feel much better or even I've had to defend myself in a bar, I've had law enforcement your technique has helped me here and here and here so that feels great there's my Hawaiian Kempo right there but now I got guys that have made world champion in the USC training Hawaiian Kempo with us and just modifying a little for the cage I've got three world USC champions now basically a mom and pop mom and pop martial arts school in Aurora Grande, California so I don't know whatever we're doing is working I love it I thank God every day for it, I thank God every day for people that have helped make it guys like Chuck and Glover and Mario Espare and Ricardo LaBorio and Howard Davis and all these people like different genres of martial arts wrestling boxing kickboxing MMA Brazilian jiu-jitsu and coming together and helping me be a better total martial artist now if somebody wanted to join one of your schools how many schools do you have under the Hawaiian Kempo name and where can people go to find information about it yeah we don't have that many I don't know I think the ones I named but the one in the one in Danbury, Connecticut is run by Glover it's called Tekshara MMA and Fitness but it's a fit affiliate he teaches and tests under our Hawaiian Kempo curriculum and then there's the one in Malibu the one in Sully City the one in San Luis Obispo the one in Arizona the one in San Luis Obispo the one in we got one at Tascadero so that's them you go on the pit and you can find it and we are a actual CrossFit affiliate too our gym is I'd like to thank you so much for spending your time with us telling us about your training and what the Hawaiian Kempo system is I really really appreciate that time no problem man thanks for having me I'd like to extend a warm welcome to Mr. Hacklman for his time today and for giving us a tour of Hawaiian Kempo being a Kempo practitioner myself I really love to see sister systems and experience how different they really can be now if you were interested in another branch of Kempo that came through the same roots then you'll want to hear from Master Gerald Vidal of his Chinese Kempo system so click here for that and you're watching this roughly a week after this episode was published well click here for our follow up episode with Mr. Hacklman on Kempo and MMA now if it's not here yet well then I thank you for being an early viewer and please subscribe and click the bell so that you know when the episode does drop


Hi, Catherine. How are you? Hi, Molly. I'm great. How are you? I'm good too. I'm glad to see you because when we're at work, we always get to kind of sit right next to each other and talk about all the cool things that we're noticing around gills and farm. And now that we're at home, we really can't do that. So I thought it'd be cool if we found some time to talk about what we're noticing from where we are right now in nature. So where are you? Yeah, I'm right now in my apartment in Portland.  So it's a really urban and residential area in my neighborhood. There's a lot of old apartment buildings, some trees, not tons of grass, but it's a really nice sunny slot here that I can see a lot happen outside. How about you? Cool. I'm also at my dining room table. I live in Westbrook in my house. And one of the reasons we bought this house is because it has these big windows that look right out over the table. And they have these big windows that look right out over the Stradwater River. So our yard is really tiny, but we get to see a lot of nature from where we are.  So I've been watching birds coming in and out. And you never know what we're going to see. So while you're at your table, do you have any tools or rituals that you like to kind of keep in mind when you're nature watching at home? I do. Yeah. I think kind of the idea or ritual of having a sit spot, a place that you spend a lot of time at and observe change over time is a ritual that kind of this area has become for me. I spent a lot of time in the same spot looking out and noticing things that change, how the light changes, whether that comes through, things like that. I also use field guides sometimes here. I have several field guides on my bookshelf behind me that I sometimes grab. And I would say a nature journal and another tool that I try to use to record things. What about you? Any tools or rituals you use? Yeah. This is kind of my sit spot too, I guess. Whenever we're eating, I make sure that I'm keeping an eye on what's happening out here. Sometimes I play this game where I can manage to sit down for a full cup of coffee with breakfast. I try to see how many bird species I can count before I'm done. And I usually have my binoculars close by. Sometimes Callum, my three year old walks away with them, but they're usually handy. I think that's a good idea. I think that's a good idea. I think that's a good idea. We keep some field guides too. And then we have used the naturalist notebook, that five year calendar journal from that bill. Right. So we always kind of try to keep that filled in too. So as you've been watching, have you noticed any changes or signs of spring lately? You know, I've been looking for changes on our trees on my street and in my neighborhood on these blocks that I go on every day. So I haven't seen any changes to Bud's much in town here yet. But I've noticed that the ground is still really muddy. So not quite grass growing in between early spring stage, but I will say I noticed two Cardinals yesterday singing really loudly to each other on a walk. And that was nice springtime reminder. Nice. How about you? What kind of changes have you noticed out your windows lately? Yeah. I've heard Cardinals too. They've been waking me up sometimes in the mornings. Definitely with the bird feeder. We've been seeing a lot more activity hearing some new birds. We've been seeing a lot more birds. We've been seeing a lot more birds this morning and coming to the feeder, the gold finches this morning. We noticed we're getting really yellow, which is always a sign of spring that I look for. The chipmunks are back. We saw woodchuck last week. The first time I'd seen it this spring. Lives under my neighbor's shed. And yeah, also not much growing. We've got a lot of mud. And when I walk around the neighborhood, I've seen some buds and some crocuses, but my side of the street is the colder side. So I've been seeing a lot more birds this morning. What about, has anything surprised you lately? Earlier this week, we had a big spring thunderstorm. And it was kind of the first thunderstorm we've had since probably. The beginning of last fall, it feels like a long time ago, because it's not such a winter thing. So that was kind of surprising to me. I really liked seeing the lightning. Any surprises for you? Yeah, I had a new mammal, which I feel like doesn't happen that often. So last week I looked out under the feeder and the ground was really cool.  So I grabbed the binoculars and watched it. So yeah, that was new. That's really cool. Not what you expect under your bird feeder. Oh, not at all. Well, it's great hearing what you've been seeing at home. And I hope you get to check in again, like this. We're folks who might have been watching along. I hope other people have ways to share things that they've been seeing either in the comments here or to somebody else that they're catching up with on screen. Thanks everyone. Bye.


Good morning and welcome to the chart of a week video with me David Madden Today's date is Friday the 20th of December 2019, and the time has just gone 914 GMT and this week's chart of the week is the Australian dollar versus the US dollar or Aussie dollar as is referred to the markets We can see here of the wider term view throughout the year Aussie dollar has been in a solid downward trend But we can see that whenever the market Drop below zero spot six seven that was low as zero spot six six seventy one this entire zone here acted as fairly decent support The market really can really kind of struggle to kind of make a size would break below this area and in this area first of all to be a fairly fairly decent area of support and The market is actually kind of in the process of turning around notice how We have been brought even pushing higher since early October now granted the highs that we saw in early November and A bit of a December I read around the same area so we can actually kind of break higher highs But we have seen Higher lows and the market is pushing up higher along here So we could be a fairly important potentially important point on the Aussie dollar could be the point where the markets finally turning around We found a base here couldn't it couldn't drive any lower and they were slowly starting to see the market try to push higher So we could be coming up to a fairly significant zone in the near term I should be breaking both that zone we could they've been looking potentially Recouping some of the losses that were endured throughout 2019. So if you take a look at this price action here This zone here. This red line is the 30 moving average that comes into play in in around zero spot 6905 we can see in a few occasions throughout the year Notably just north of here here and here there there abouts the the 30 moving average acts as a fair decent resistance on number of occasions And the metric is active as the very decent resistance in the past It makes it more likely if he was at resistance resistance in the future, although there are no guarantees It is worth all remembering that in the middle of the month the The the market did manage to pierce above that metric But didn't that but actually clode well below that line again So if you draw a line kind of broadly speaking on highs of early December on the highs of earlier of November You get this zone here, which comes to the play in around zero spot 69 18 there there abouts So that entire kind of area Of around gonna say between zero spot at 69 15 and zero spot 69 29 there there abouts that area could potentially look at a 30 35 5 Pipped range could be a very significant area. So we do have a size of break above that. I could put some cores For a dirty a fairly decent move to the upside this formation that we're seeing here as the possibility of being a triangle formation But as obviously the key point is it would need to have a decent break above this top line here in around zero spot 69 29 now when it comes to It comes to kind of obtaining price targets from triangles if it is actually triangle What you do is you measure the base of it So if you look at the loads here between zero spot 66 71 and this is called the highest here zero spot 69 29 That is a gap of 258 pips So if this is a triangle and we do have a fairly size of break above this line here We can then project that upwards that 250 a point gap upwards to tend to the seek out a potential profit target to the upside And if that is the case, we could be looking at our targetting 71 87 should be I should be very decent move to the upside so that we obviously you know a Target potentially months down the line seeing as it's taking obviously months for this kind of bottom bottom to form And it's been thinking months for it. It's push higher So could be you know months of now three months six months now We could be like up heading up towards the kind of 71 87 regions there They're about obviously in the near term the kind of big psychology number is 70. We'll have to pass first and foremost Now if you are gonna be trading the Australian dollar US dollar It is worth keep an eye what's going on on the dollar index as a whole So this here is a chart of the dollar index throughout 2019. We can see here that I had a very good run But to the bulk of the year really since October onwards We've had a lower low a lower high and another lower low So if we get the dollar index Manages to take off the lows of early December or sort of mid December that could be a fairly significant sign I wish you're gonna have to see a broader sell-off across US dollar as a whole and if that is the case I will kind of tie in nicely with the view that they were seeing an upward move in the Australian dollar versus the US dollar And lastly if you are gonna be trading the Australian dollar US dollar today, please keep an eye for Important economic reports from the US at 13 30 GMT. We have US GDP. We also have US courts PCE reading Just let you know this is going to be my last video of 2019 So I wish you happy Christmas and a happy new year. I'll be back in 2021 20. Thank you


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for our memory, what do we know about TCP congestion control, the algorithm for how do we increase and decrease our sending rate, which really is increasing and decreasing the congestion window, because they are proportional, as different components. We saw that we have additive increase where we, and may be shown by the diagram where we have a linear increase in the sending rate, this is the idea then, when there's no congestion, we're receiving acts, then increase our sending rate. If we have congestion and due to packet losses, congestion is detected, then decrease the sending rate and the general form is multiplicative decrease where we halve the sending rate for every packet loss. But in fact it's a little bit more detailed than that because depending upon the type of packet loss we respond in different ways. And in addition we have the slow start phase and that is there to rapidly increase the sending rate at the start of the connection and during the connection in some cases. So if we just have additive increase, we have a slow increase and therefore we may be inefficient in using our connection. So at the start increase fast and the result if there's no packet loss is that at the start of our connection we start sending slow but we rapidly increase the sending rate. We have another parameter called the slow start threshold which tells us at what point do we switch from slow start to additive increase. Send rapidly increase the rate until you get to some cut off level and then just gradually increase the rate. And at some point you'll reach the advertised window and remember it's the minimum of the two windows which limits our sending rate. And then in packet losses two different types of events, small amount of congestion, three duplicate acts, large amount of congestion, timeout, we reduce by more in the event of a timeout.  Slow start, additive increase, packet loss due to three duplicate acts, halve the threshold and set our window to the new threshold value and then additive increase if there's a loss due to a timeout, halve the threshold again and revert back to the start. Minimum window, slow start, additive increase. So that's the basics of TCP congestion control and in practice that's the basics of the algorithm. There are many extensions, so there are many variations that try to improve the performance because really this limits the congestion control algorithm and the flow control algorithm limit how fast we can send data using TCP and because almost all of our internet applications use TCP it has a large impact on the performance of our applications. When you download a file from a website using BitTorrent, FTP, whatever, the throughput that you achieve is largely dependent on how TCP works and especially TCP congestion control because if we start to get packet drops when you're downloading that file then the sender is going to slow down and your throughput is going to go down. So it's about achieving this trade-off of getting a high throughput. We want a high throughput for our applications but no congestion or avoid congestion and that's what all the extensions to the congestion control algorithm have tried to achieve different trade-offs between high throughput and avoiding congestion. We've just gone through the very basic steps of the algorithm. There are many extensions. It works well. Current TCP congestion control works well in the internet where most of the packet losses are due to congestion. In other networks like a wireless link where you may have packet losses due to errors in the wireless link, it doesn't work so well. So in some wireless networks using TCP the performance or the throughput can drop off and it's not good for applications and there have been some variants of TCP to work just in wireless networks. There are some modifications so that it's faster in a wireless LAN or maybe in a 3G network. In some cases in very high-speed networks say across optical fiber it may perform poorly. When we have a few packet losses it can slow down and since our capacity is very high in a high-speed network say greater than 10 gigabits per second if TCP slows down then it will maybe sending at a very low rate and be very inefficient compared to what our link can support. So in there are some cases where it doesn't work so well but there have been some modifications to try to handle those cases. In general it works well. It works well in that it gives a good throughput for applications but it avoids congestion and over the time there's been many variations to the algorithm trying to improve it. So the original TCP didn't have any congestion control. In 1988 they added slow start and additive increase and fast retransmit and they added different features to TCP over time and nowadays there are many different algorithms available. The most common one or the normal one is called Reno, TCP Reno but there are variations. We will see maybe in a demo on Linux there's two congestion control algorithms available one's called Reno and one's called Cubic but you can install others. That is you when you set up your operating system can select which variation of the congestion control algorithm to use depending upon your network. Usually the default ones are suitable for most purposes but if you have a special case that you want to deal with then maybe you'll try a different algorithm. So there are others and it depends upon the operating system as to which ones are available. Just quickly on Linux we can see the set of congestion control algorithms. It's part of the operating system so like in Windows you have a registry that has operating system variables in Linux we have a set of variables which we can see with system control and there's one called it's a networking parameter with IP version 4 called TCP what is it called? TCP available congestion control if I can spell correctly so this parameter is for my operating system that tells me my current OS has two algorithms available to choose from Cubic or Reno so the other ones available which ones in use the current one in use is indicated by a different parameter current one in use by my computer is Cubic so just two variables as parameters for my OS that tell me what's available and what's in use and I can change by selecting the other one, Reno so to change a variable in my operating system I need to be the administrator or root user so I use sudo in my computer and sys control is to change the value the TCP congestion control parameter to Reno and it's now set to Reno so now my computer when I use TCP is using a different algorithm in fact Reno is the one that we described is very similar to what Reno is Cubic is a more advanced one so it operates different from what we've seen in the lectures in your assignment your task is to test the performance of a TCP connection measure the throughput under different conditions so you have a source computer, a destination computer you use IPERF to send data using TCP and you measure the throughput and the basic test is to change the amount of packets which are dropped so if you use TCP you'll get some throughput and normally in your simple network there should be no packets dropped no congestion, you've just got a single link or to your router and another two links so there should be no congestion in your simple network but what I would like you to do in the assignment is to run some tests and see what happens with your throughput as the number of packets dropped increases so if you draw your network in fact for your assignment you can do it two ways you can do it with your router and it's using wired links your client and server for IPERF run IPERF on one computer run it in the client mode on the other computer and run a test and you'll get a throughput for this network whatever it is 80 megabits per second for example and then see what throughput you get if there are packet drops because with packet drops you know packet loss means the sender will slow down and therefore you'll be sending less and therefore your throughput should drop by how much? that's the main experiment here so what do you do to do that? how do you get packet drops? so normally in our network there's no congestion in this very simple network there's no one else sending no congestion there should be no packet losses so for your experiments what I'd like you to do is to emulate packet losses pretend there are packet losses or introduce your own set of packet losses in here and I'll show you two ways to do that and what I'm showing there are some links from your assignment to these instructions so you don't have to copy them down you can see them in more detail but the idea is that what you want is let's say we start IPERF on the client and server and we do our test what happens if some packets are dropped in our network? then you measure the throughput again and let's say you get 70 megabits per second and what happens if you increase the number of packets dropped and you should measure the throughput and see what you get so as a result you'll get some plot as the number of packets dropped increase the throughput goes down or some relationship between packet drops packet losses and throughput that's what I want you to get from the experiment from the assignment the challenge is how do you make packets be lost in the network when normally there's no congestion what you do is there's two ways and the idea is to emulate packet drops this is a more detailed picture so here's your network, client, router, server you have IPERF running on the client what it does is it generates packets sends them to TCP and TCP follows its flow control and congestion control algorithm to work out when to send and assuming the congestion control is the limiting factor for how fast we can send then we'll start in sending one segment per round trip time and then in slow start phase double the amount we send and double reach additive increase and that will limit the throughput what happens is TCP sends packets to IP and puts them into a queue and then your LAN card as it can take some out of the queue and sends across the link to the router the router receives those packets in some queue or some buffer and usually because there's no congestion at this router it will transmit them immediately in your network there's no congestion here if there are many other nodes sending into this router there may be congestion and packets may be dropped here and as they're sent to the server computer they received an IPERF measures and counts how many packets it receives that's the normal behaviour what you need to do is to introduce some packet drops and there are two ways to do that the first way is to use a program called TC what TC does and we saw briefly in a demo last week but TC is a program that manipulates this queue normally a packet comes into the queue it's a first in first out queue so as packets arrive in the queue the head of the queue is transmitted when the LAN card will allow it to be transmitted so the normal way is IP puts it into the queue and as the LAN card becomes ready it can transmit them TC allows us to manage that queue for example what we could do is say packets which are destined to a specific address send them first give some priority to packets we're not going to do that in this assignment that's another topic what we can do with TC also is add some for example some arbitrary delay to the packets here and when I demonstrated the bandwidth delay product that's what I did I say when a packet comes in here don't send it immediately delay it for 5 milliseconds as if there's an extra delay between client and server the other thing you can do with TC is say of all the packets that come into the queue drop 1% of them so it will randomly choose 1 out of every 100 packets that come into the queue and not send them drop them, delete them and that's what you want or that's one way to emulate packet drops you tell you can do it either on the client you can potentially do it on the router as well if you have the software and that you set up the queues such that some fraction of the packets that go through the queue are dropped or lost and as a result the server will not receive them and as a result, TCP will take effect and start slowing down its sending rate and that's how you'll measure the throughput and see how the number of packet drops impact upon throughput so TC is one way to create arbitrary packet drops there's a problem there it works if you can run it on the router so if you run TC on the router then it will drop the packets and TCP here will slow down and you'll see the impact of packet drops on congestion control if you do it on the client TCP is smart enough to recognize that the packet was dropped local to this computer that this packet that was dropped is not due to congestion it's due to something else happening inside this computer and therefore TCP will not slow down so in fact using TC on the client computer does not impact upon TCP in the way that we expect with congestion control so I advise against using TC on the client computer we need to do something else so one option is to use TC on the router and that controls the number of packets which are dropped as the router sends them out another option to cause packets to be dropped on the client computer is to use another piece of software called IP Tables it's normally used as a firewall where we control which packets are allowed or are not allowed either which packets are accepted or dropped well we can do that and we can say with IP Tables create a rule such that what do we do all packets sent to the LAN card we can create a rule that says again 1% of those packets are dropped normally with a firewall we say all packets sent to some destination address are dropped or all packets coming from some destination are dropped we can also use IP Tables to say for example all packets coming out of this interface to the LAN card 1% of them are dropped I'll quickly show you the command for doing that and then you can use that in your assignment so you don't need to understand much about firewalls to do this you just need to use the command and then you can run your tests what is the command I will not show you how to use TC there's some links on the website which show you how to use TC but I recommend that you use IP Tables it's just as easy and again the details of this command you can find on the assignment web page but that's clear I've made a mistake and there's a mistake in this picture we don't want to run IP Tables on the client we want to run it on the server because we have the same problem if we drop packets here on the client then the TCP here recognises it's happening locally and will not slow down so there's two ways you run IP Tables on the server and drop packets as they arrive or there's another way you can run it on the router or even as packets come back so this diagrams the best way is this green arrow should be pointing here run IP Tables on the server the idea is as packets come into the server drop 1% of those packets and the command and I would run this on the server computer add a rule such that the packets coming in input to my computer input to the server and here we need to say let's use a special mode that looks at the statistics of those packets and let's randomly drop some of those packets with some probability for example 0.01 1% and take the action to drop them what this command will do is say all packets coming into this computer input coming in let's look let's use this statistics mode where we'll randomly select 1% of those packets and drop them as if they didn't arrive at that computer so that's just the syntax of IP Tables the input the mode is statistic and random and the probability is 0.01 meaning 1% and the action drop those packets and then what IP Tables will do as packets come in every 100 packets it will look and drop a random selection of them 1% on average does it work? what did I do wrong? my computer's not set up to run it I have to test that let me check maybe it's the wrong version why doesn't that work? okay that used to work that's the problem with running demos that used to work I have to find the exact syntax maybe it's updated since last year it worked last year but I'll check the syntax and let you know tomorrow the right way to do that it's possible that you need to install a new package to get that to work it may have been available last time but not this time the idea is there if it does work if it did work then that would be performed on the server what happens as you send packets they arrive here at this queue IP Tables drops 1% of them hence TCP doesn't receive them here and hence eventually this TCP will slow down and you'll measure the throughput then you can change it instead of dropping 1% drop 2% and increase the rate at which you drop packets and see how that impacts on the throughput so it turns out if we can get IP Tables to work that it's quite easy to run those experiments you just keep changing the percentage or the probability of packet drop and measure the throughput with IPerf I'll get back to you tomorrow on how to do that on the latest version any questions on that so in summary use IP Tables to drop packets on the server and then run IPerf to measure the throughput yep okay and use use the LAN to get more predictable results in this case so in fact you have two options you can use your router here and two cables you can also do the same test connecting the two computers direct together if you can set them up you don't even need the router because unless you want to run TC on the router which you can do but it's a bit harder then you can set up like this with two LAN cables or remove the router and one LAN cable client to server and run the same test just note that when you connect client to server together note what the LAN speed is is it 100 Mbps or 1000 Mbps it may be different any other questions so there's your assignment TC on the router you would need to install TC on the router the command for TC on the router is the same as on Linux it's a Linux operating system on the router but OpenWRT doesn't have it installed by default so you'd need to install TC so you'd need to go to the OpenWRT website to find out how to install that it's possible once it's installed then the command for running TC you can find there's a link on the assignment website that shows how to run TC to drop packets but you'll need to install it first if you want to install it and if you have troubles then let me know it's not too hard to install packages but test it first to make sure it works it may be a different version or an older version any other questions so everyone can do the assignment okay tomorrow once I get IP tables working everyone can do the assignment okay and to get more marks then well now how many tests do you do you don't just run five tests and that's it so try and investigate different factors the packet drop is one thing you can try the different congestion control algorithms I showed you that there are two by default cubic and Reno I recall last year a group installed two other algorithms and they gave results of the packet drop with Reno with cubic and two others so you can try different congestion control algorithms and see how they work which ones are better in the presence of packet drops and there may be a few other things you could try but those are the two main things and there's another part the fairness part and that's what we want to discuss now and this is not too complex so now in summary you don't control as the user you don't control how fast TCP sends the operating system the implementation of TCP controls how fast it sends and it's dependent upon what's happening in the network and at the receiver what about when you have multiple TCP connections running at the same time how do they compete with each other that's one aspect of fairness an example here we have three source computers wanting to send data to three destination computers the top one to the top one here so we're going to have three TCP connections running at the same time and in this case the three connections are going to share one bottleneck link so let's say that this link here is the slowest of all of them this is 100 megabits per second 100 100 and this is just one megabit per second so we say this is the bottleneck link for all the connections so the throughput of each TCP connection is going to be limited by that bottleneck link if the bottleneck link was one megabit per second and we ran just one TCP connection from this computer to this top one approximately what throughput would they get so if it was if those computers were labeled A, B, C, D and F if we had a TCP connection from A to D approximately what throughput would we get approximately there may be some overheads which we cannot easily calculate but throughput if I an IPERF test from computer A this top one to the top one on the right computer D what throughput would we get assuming the others aren't sending anything so ignore the other computer if this link data rate is 100 megabits per second this is 100 and the bottleneck link is this one one megabit per second then we're limited by this bottleneck so the throughput is going to be about one megabit per second because there'll be overheads assuming because there'll be no congestion in here because no one else is sending so we'd get about one megabit per second from A to D what if all three are sending A is sending to D B to this one and the lowest one to this one all three are sending all going via this one bottleneck so what do you think A to D is going to get one third we have a bottleneck link and we ideally would expect that under the same conditions each of the three connections would share that bottleneck link fairly amongst them so that get one third each 330 kilobits per second and that's the issue of fairness if that happens we'd say this system is fair because everyone gets a fair portion of that capacity and in fact with TCP when all conditions are the same in an ideal case that is true that we will get that TCP is considered fair fair amongst connections so in the green one the blue one and the red one would all get approximately equal throughput when they share this bottleneck link so TCP is fair but fair amongst connections so if we have N connections sharing some link with R bits per second then each connection would achieve R divided by N bits per second we divide the capacity by the number of connections and that's true at least in ideal conditions ideal conditions means for example the connections have the same round trip time from A to D and from B to E the round trip time is the same and the same size segments so they're sending the same size segments across their links and there's no other traffic then TCP is fair in those cases if we have different round trip times it becomes more complicated usually connections with a smaller round trip time may get a slightly larger proportion of the bandwidth or capacity and it becomes more complicated if there are sources sending data which are not using TCP for example some are using UDP like a voice over IP call is using UDP but no TCP then some of the TCP connections may not equal proportion as what the others get it becomes more complicated and importantly TCP is fair amongst connections only if there are applications using multiple TCP connections then although it's fair amongst connections it's not amongst the applications a simple example I'm using this computer I run an application that opens two TCP connections at the same time to the server on this computer so my application is designed to use not just a single connection but two connections the two green ones and because TCP is fair amongst connections of these four connections sharing this bottleneck link each of them get about a quarter of capacity that's what we said before about fairness amongst connections so this first green one gets 250 kilobits per second the second one 250 and the last two the blue and the red ones 250 so the green one the blue is 250 and the red gets 250 TCP is fair amongst those four connections the one megabit per second divided by four connections but my application on this computer gets a total of 500 because my application it's a web browser downloading data or transferring data between another application a server if it's using two connections at the same time the total my application is getting is 500 kilobits per second this is not fair amongst applications my application on computer C the red one is getting 250 on computer B the blue one is getting 250 on computer A the green one is getting 500 so the end users are not treated fairly in this case and TCP doesn't try and handle that so what do you do if you want to increase your throughput for your application on your computer your download for example from server to your application what do you do how do you get higher throughput when you're using TCP add more connections so if you can get an application both client and server that use more connections then in this case then the more connections you get the higher the throughput that your application gets when sharing with others if the red one realises I'm only getting a quarter of this capacity then install an application that uses three connections the red one if they use three connections then we have a total of six connections sharing that link the red one is going to get a half the green one two thirds and the blue one one third and that's how download managers can increase their performance and we'll see later peer to peer file sharing applications by having multiple TCP connections you can increase the throughput for your application so TCP is fair amongst connections but not necessarily amongst applications now what stops an application from using multiple TCP connections well if the green one has increased to two and the red one realises okay I'm not getting as much as the other person then I increase mine to three then the blue one says I'm not getting as much as the others I increase mine to ten and then everyone increases the number of connections but note for each connection there's some overhead so having an infinite number of connections produces an infinite overhead in this case so you cannot just keep increasing so there's some overhead of having more connections more complexity at the client and server and more overhead in setting up the connection so in general application should be designed to take into account the fact that other applications will be in use in the internet but as you see download managers some applications will open multiple connections web browsers nowadays open multiple connections but usually for example to download images in a web page you download the HTML the multiple images in separate connections it speeds up the transfer in some cases although for different reasons so you can investigate this in your assignment again you can so instead of having multiple computers you just have multiple instances of IPer you open up three terminals for example and same on the server you run three instances of IPer use different port numbers and then on the client three different instances of IPer so effectively you have three separate TCP connections across the same bottleneck length and you should see that they get about a third of the capacity so you can increase the number of connections and see how that works and then you can do different things to see what happens if we change some parameters for example there's different options what happens if we also have a UDP data transfer across that connection and for UDP you use the minus U option in IPer or what happens if one of these connections runs for 10 seconds and one runs for 60 seconds and you repeat the connection that runs for 10 seconds six times so run for 10 seconds stop start a new one for 10 seconds do that six times while the other TCP connection is running all at once for 60 seconds so there's a variation that you can do and see does that impact upon the fairness do they get different throughputs and you can try a number of different things to see what happens when you have different combinations of TCP and UDP connections across that link and how does the throughput get affected and as a result how's the fairness so that's the second part of your assignment and you can do that you don't need IP tables to do that you can do that now so yes you would need three instances of the server there and in that case you must set a port number because when you start the client you need to say which instance of the server to connect to and you do that using a port number not so IPer server port number one two three port number one two four one two five so they must be different port numbers so the client when you connect you specify the destination port number using again the minus P option so there's a port number option minus P in fact you don't have to start multiple instances I think there's even an option in IPerf to start multiple instances to run multiple TCP connections so there's another option you can check in IPerf to run multiple TCP connections at the same time so there are different combinations IPerf will in fact do it for you run N connections so that's one way to test so this is the manual approach and what some students last year did was they start to write some scripts that will do it automatically for them so put it in a for loop for I equal one to ten start IPerf and same with the client so you just run one script and it does all your tests for you so I may be able to find some of their work from last year and see if I can find a script that you can use to do that but think about how you can combine multiple connections in different ways there are many different combinations that will give interesting insights any any other questions on this issue of TCP fairness so TCP is fair amongst connections but when we have different parameters or when we have different parameters like round trip time and packet size or using other protocols like UDP it may not be fair try and investigate that let's finish IP does not have any congestion control built in if we had no congestion control in TCP then the internet would not work because everyone would send as fast as possible and there would be congestion and too many packets dropped so that's where the internet relies on TCP and it works because most of the traffic in the internet is TCP traffic so it's been very successful in providing congestion control on the internet there are a number of cases where it doesn't work so well as you start to get applications that no longer follow the rules of TCP congestion control then that creates problems or you start to have multiple connections many connections from a single application then in some parts of the internet it becomes unfair for some users and the performance may degrade like web browsers opening many connections at once many applications many applications starting to use UDP which impacts upon TCP and peer-to-peer applications having many connections so they cause problems for TCP we will see in the last topic some peer-to-peer applications BitTorrent for example and in the next or tomorrow multimedia applications voice over IP for example let's stop there on TCP what's the next topic let's go home now this is the topic we're going to go through quite quickly in fact we'll just introduce the concept of multicast today and we may even finish there in fact two sides of it multicast and quality of service we will not try to describe quality of service or the techniques for it if you don't understand the term it's about giving priority to different applications or users all the packets that Steve sends across the internet or across SIT's network make sure they go first or go before the packet sent by students that's one of the examples of quality of service or where it can be used give priority to the packets of particular users the users that pay more get higher priority than others we will not go through we don't have time to cover the details of that multicast is easy as well send to multiple people and it becomes easy when we compare it to the alternative methods so let's just introduce the different addressing and delivery mechanisms that we have and that will lead us to how multicast works and then we'll mention how it's important so there are four different ways that we can address our destination and deliver data to a destination in any network the first one is what we almost always assume unicast unicast means there's a one to one association between an address and a host that may be a bit too general more an address and an interface of a host may be more specific for example my laptop its interface has one address associated with it an IP address for example and when someone wants to send to that interface on my laptop they use that one IP address this is the most common form of how we deliver data and what we normally assume that when someone specifies a destination address that destination address means a particular host on the internet one host so I have one interface a cable going into my device it has an address associated with it that address refers to a single interface or more generally a single host when a source creates a packet to send and they set the destination address in that packet if they set it to this what we say this unicast address one dot one dot one dot one then that packet should be delivered just to one computer in the network if it's a unicast address then it means that this packet will go to one device in the network one host and that's available in the internet protocol all the example IP addresses that we usually give are unicast addresses here's a unicast address if you set the destination of some IP to be one two five seven eight sixteen dot three then it should be delivered to one host with that address just one host uni meaning one similar when we use the MAC protocol or Ethernet protocol if the frame has a destination address of this zero zero one seven so on to eighty nine then that frame should be delivered and processed by just one host in the network if a host receives a packet or a frame not the unicast destination that host should discard that packet if my address is one two five seventy sixteen dot three my address and I receive a packet where the destination is not that value I will discard it unicast is the normal mode in which we send or address and deliver packets broadcast is another mode where we send to everyone in the network so we have a one to many association between address and hosts we have one address when we set that as the destination address that packet should go to many hosts and in this case many means every host on the network so we have a network on the board here with four hosts one dot one dot one two three and four four different hosts with IP addresses if this one wants to send to everyone on the network what does it set the destination address to be if host with address one one one four wants to send to everyone else what's the destination address all ones in binary we're talking about IP addresses all ones in binary yes that's correct and in an IP address in IP address an IP address all ones in binary is 32 ones when we convert it to dot a decimal that is 255 dot 255 dot 255 if this source wants to send everyone in its network it can set the destination to be this special address this special IP address a local broadcast address and the result should be that everyone everyone else it doesn't have to receive it but everyone else in the network receives a copy of that packet that's the idea here so there's a one to many mapping sorry many to one many I'm getting confused one to many association between addresses than hosts this address this one address maps to many hosts there's many means all or all other so that's the idea of broadcast I think everyone understands broadcast send to everyone else there are other ways that we can do this in IP there are two types of broadcast addresses this is called a local broadcast means send to everyone on your network there's also a directed broadcast and it depends upon the net mask it may be this if it's flash 24 address direct broadcast means the network portion followed by all ones in binary which is 255 in this case so this should also send to those those three so there are in fact two forms of broadcast addresses in IP there's a send to everyone on your network and send to everyone on a specific network but both are using broadcast and when this host with address one one one one receives this datagram even though the destination address doesn't match it because the destination address is a special address it accepts and processes that packet whereas with unicast if you receive a packet and the destination doesn't match your address you discard that packet at the land layer the land level with Ethernet there's a broadcast address all f's in hexadecimal all ones in binary 48 ones all f's address that is when you set a destination address to be this in the Ethernet frame then that frame should be delivered to everyone on that land so broadcast one to many where many means everyone where do we use it mainly in controlling networks managing networks exchanging information in protocols for example when we're doing routing when we are looking up addresses DHCP ARP some of you would have seen using broadcasts in those cases so in the control and management broadcast is used but it's very inefficient if we have to use broadcast a lot because we send one packet and possibly many are sent across the network so we have to be careful when we use it it's usually only allowed within one land I cannot send a broadcast packet to everyone in the internet there's no concept of that because it would be very inefficient security problem so broadcast is usually inside a land or maybe in special cases to a specific land so we have unicast one to one broadcast one to all and multicast which is a subset of all one to many same as broadcast a one to many association between address and hosts there is one address which represents many hosts in this case many is not all it's a selection of the hosts a subset of the hosts so in fact it's a more general form of broadcast so broadcast can be covered by multicast if the selection of hosts includes all of them then it's in fact broadcast now this is more complex because which hosts are in the set well you need some form for the hosts that want to receive the packet to subscribe or join some group so we have a group of hosts so it becomes more complex than broadcast let's try and draw a picture our same four computers I'll just call them then if we some have if we have some way where hosts can join some group a multicast group let's say we have a multicast group and in this case it includes hosts four one and three we only have four to choose from here then actually make it simple just one and three the multicast group contains hosts one and three of these four and then this source host creates a packet and sets the destination address of that packet to be let's give this group a name group A if this is multicast group A and it contains hosts one and three if we set the destination to a special address identifying multicast group A then the idea is a copy of that must be sent to one and three not to two broadcast it would go to one two and three multicast it goes to a selection of those hosts so the difficulty arises is how do we know which hosts it goes to so we need this concept of a multicast group and we need some way for normally hosts to join a group which hosts should be in group A well maybe host one will join or subscribe to that group and so will host three and then we need some way to keep track of who is in that group and there are different ways for doing that so the concept is that we have some group of hosts and when we send a packet to a special address which identifies that group we deliver to every host in that group in IP addresses there is a special set of IP addresses that are reserved for multicast this was an example of a special case broadcast address for IP in IP addresses then the IP addresses that start with greater than 224 so the first dot a decimal number are reserved for multicast addresses so a special set of addresses so what we have is one IP address that represents a group of hosts so where it says destination A it would be a special multicast address for example the one on the screen 225 70 820 where this multicast address is associated with a selection of hosts one and three in this case so we create an IP datagram destination to this multicast address and the network should deliver that packet to everyone in that multicast group IP has multicast addresses so does ethernet so the MAC addresses there are special case multicast addresses as well so when a host sends a datagram to that one address it should be delivered to all hosts subscribed to that group so one to many but many is a selection of the hosts this is useful for multimedia applications streaming of radio for example let's say there's an online radio station and there's many people listening to that station at the same time radio or even TV then there's one source the radio station and there are many subscribers to that channel they're listening to the radio they're listening and should receive the same content there's a single source there's a multicast group which contains all the people listening to that radio channel at the same time and if the packets contain the audio content the source sends one copy and everyone in the group should receive a copy so multicast is beneficial for multimedia applications where you're sending data from one to many TV, audio and so on and some collaborative applications where you share data between multiple users and it's the same data so document editing and so on presentations so there's one presentation that's going to multiple computers at the same time then there's one source it goes to a selection of the hosts in some network so unicast one to one address represents one host broadcast one to many where one address represents many hosts and in this case many is all that's broadcast and multicast also one to many but many means just a subset of the host, a selection of the host it's more complex than the other two in that we need some way for hosts to join or subscribe to a multicast group for the network to keep track of who's in that group last one unicast what is that? still one to many there's one address that represents many hosts unicast is a special case where I send a packet to one address and that address can cover many hosts I only need that packet to be delivered to one of those hosts in that group so again there's a group of destinations destination hosts but we only need to get the data to just one of them any of them not necessary to all of them multicast we need to get the data to all of the hosts in the group any cast to any host in a group and the main purpose of this is in very specialized applications like DNS I think most people understand with DNS you send a query you have a domain name www.google.com you send a query to a DNS server and that DNS server returns the IP address that's the basics of DNS but we can have multiple DNS servers for redundancy for performance there are thousands of DNS servers across the internet so what we can do with any cast I create one query I send it to an any cast group which includes many DNS servers I don't care which DNS server responds just as long as one of them responds any one of those DNS servers respond so that's an example of where any cast can be used and these four delivery mechanisms are captured in this diagram where the green host is the source and the red ones are the ones who should or potential destinations any cast we send to one destination so here's our network broadcast we want to send our data to all destinations or all other hosts multicast to a subset or a selection of the hosts in the network and any cast to a selection or to any one from a selection of the hosts so the orange ones and the red one are in the potential destination group we care about getting a packages to any one of them if it goes to two of them that's fine but if it just reaches one of them that's also sufficient so the main forms of addressing and delivery in the internet and in fact in any network not just the internet let's finish with one example of multicast here's an example of multicast in the internet we have a source let's say it's a server that's sending data for a live video stream and there are many hosts that are trying to watch that same live video stream so they all want to receive the data so if they're all part of a group group one in this case so there are other hosts in this internet these are routers there are many other hosts but the ones shown here are all part of a particular multicast group group one then the idea is that the source sends one copy of the packet source address S1 it's coming from S1 destination G1 G1 is a multicast group address then there are IP addresses for multicast groups it sends one copy of the IP packet to the router it's the first router that router if it knows information about who is in this group then what it does it recognises to reach the destinations in this group I need to send a copy of the packet in this direction because there's a host here that should receive a copy and another copy of the packet in this direction because I know that there are hosts in this direction that need to receive a copy as well so this router must know something about the multicast group with normal unicast and even broadcast we don't need any special knowledge about who's in a multicast group so it's much easier but with multicast the routers need extra information to know where the destinations are this router sends a copy to the next router who recognises, ok destination is group 1 the hosts in group 1 there's one here there's one in this direction and there's some in this direction and so it sends 3 copies of that packet that it received one it sends 3 copies one will go to the host here and eventually these 2 other hosts receive it so one source sent one packet and all 5 hosts in the multicast group received a copy so that's using multicast for that to work somehow these hosts need to tell the routers that they want to be in group 1 so that these routers know where to send a copy of the packet this one knows you don't need to send a copy in this direction because if we send in this direction we'll eventually reach the destinations so in fact there are special multicast routing protocols to handle that but it becomes complex and the diagram on the previous slide is the one shown in the top here, this is using multicast the source sent one copy of the packet the first router sends 2 copies of that same packet the second router sends 3 copies this one sends 1 copy and we see in total there are 1, 2, 3 10 packets sent in the network in this simple example so to deliver from one source to the 5 destinations there was 10 packets sent in the network using multicast what if we didn't use multicast and instead used unicast we want to achieve the same goal of the source wants to deliver that packet to the 5 destinations if we didn't have multicast it would look like this in fact here the source shows 4 packets being sent it should be 5 here there are 5 destinations we would send 1 packet to D1 a second packet to D2 to D3 and to D5 and D4 source would send 5 copies of the same data to this router this router would send 1 copy to D1 and the other 4 would go to this router and eventually they'd go to the destinations count the number of packets sent in the network 5, 10 13 19 packets sent in the network to get the same data from one source to the 5 destinations if we don't use multicast in the bottom case there are 19 packets sent in the network all destinations receive 1 copy of that packet if we use multicast there are just 10 packets sent in the network better, less overhead we don't have to send as much to get the same data to the destinations so multicast can be much more efficient in using the network because now expand this up to 100 or 1000 hosts across the internet then using unicast it can be very inefficient with multicast much more efficient than using unicast but it's more complex in that these routers must know of the members of the multicast group and that adds complexity to multicast in the internet we're not going to describe how the IP multicast works in any more detail than that just the concepts of what it is and what the benefits and disadvantages are we will see it in use when we look at multi-media applications so in fact on this topic we will stop there on this topic and tomorrow what we'll do is we'll move on to the next topic which is multi-media applications and we'll see when we look at for example IPTV multicast is used and we'll see it in a more detailed example then


Columbia Houston are you ready for the event Roger Columbia Administrator Golden is on a line. Mr. Golden please call Columbia Hello Andy, how you doing? We're just fine sir. How are you today? Well, I'm very proud of that lunch Just one last time. I know you've heard it from everyone, but safety is going to be the first priority on operating a tether, right? There's no doubt in our mind that we're gonna be able to keep the orbiter safe and the crew safe and Your rookies look pretty healthy But I want to tell you I'm very proud of you and and I want you to keep in mind The space frontier is risky and success isn't always guaranteed. You know, this is not an operational flight This is a research flight and no matter what happens. I want to tell you I'm proud of you folks I think you've done a wonderful job Clearly I want success But but the fact of the matter is we have to understand that when you go into space, there's always a risk and I think that you're very well prepared and I'll be sitting down on the ground and watching and Have a great flight and once again, let me say how proud I am of you We can't do this nobody can I agree Over and out I Columbia the computer powering off is the only step we need. Thank you And we still have a picture yes So This is a Great snack that we brought on board and on your next flight. You'll have to try these down. They're pretty good. I Agree, I'll just have to bring some mustard along with the pretzels. We got some of that down the stairs Okay, Columbia Houston big picture on the smart flex. Okay.  Good to see you. We're pretty convinced now that we did have an auto core failover and our Reboot there with your help of the DDCS Has given us some more insight into that problem. What we're going to do is uplink a GMM That will switch our TSS IO command path from payload one to the payload two MDM Afterwards we'll save some experiments and then get on with satellite activation Another problem we'll have to deal with down the line as the DDCS low performance, but that can be dealt with After we get into satellite activation, so it sounds like we can proceed and get back on the timeline a bit Thank you, we've been thinking real hard about this problem It looks like we can just stay on the current core for the time being and we'll keep you advised as we get more information in Okay, very good on board the crew members are behind in their timeline just about by two and a half hours or so after they've spent some time attempting to resolve some issues with a Computer referred to a smart flex. That's a computer that processes data from the tethered satellite system Apparently the one of two cores on that satellite failed it failed automatically over to the second core and Currently the right core of that smart flex computer is being used It appears to be operating as expected That will allow satellite activation to begin for the tethered satellite system The crew members also have been working with a second unit called the DDCS That's a dedicated display unit that graphically displays information About the major components of the tethered satellite system that unit is functioning However, it is processing data at a very low level due to a low performance level However, the crew is beginning to step through the timeline getting back on track as they prepare to activate the tethered satellite system in anticipation of its deployment from Columbia on Saturday afternoon Columbia Houston on satellite activation We are going to ask you to step through satellite activation yourselves will watch and Back you up and at some point in the procedure. We will do the DDCS swap we've discussed


I'm a police officer and also a cyclist. The biggest thing that I believe that everyone can do is we have to actually share the road together. Cyclists are allowed to be on the road so we all have to share the road and drive not just to the road rules but think about the safety of the other person that we're going to ride past or drive past. The biggest thing for pedestrians that I see is being aware of their surroundings so if they are running with headphones or walking with headphones on their phone they're aware of what's going on around them. No one's interested in assigning blame to anyone we're just interested in everyone sharing the road safely and driving safely and with courtesy towards each other. So all road users ultimately we have a role to play in road safety and keeping each other safe anticipating that someone might make a mistake on their push bike or hit a pothole and given a bit of extra space so that we're safe.


Welcome to insurance agent training in a little slightly different way today. Every Monday at two, last week Lauren did it, the week before I did it, we're changing it up. I'm leaving for Jamaica in the morning, but today we're gonna talk about what is your weekly system. You guys know my big believer in having a system. If I had to pick one single word that a business had to have in place to be successful, I'm telling you what, that word would come top of mind more than any other word on planet Earth. So what is your weekly system? When you think through a system, what does it look like?  I believe minimum, every agent should set 15 appointments every single week. I believe that every agent should sit with at least 10 of those appointments every single week. I also believe that every agent should sell at least, I would say probably, I would say probably at least three, but I always say five. I always generally, I mean, I think you eventually, when you've got your appointment process down and you're getting in front of people, I think you can eventually get to where you're about a 50% closing ratio, if not better. Some say, some agents say, well, I do have a 90% closing ratio. I mean, it's either the warmest lead on the planet or they're just full of it. Or, take it a step further, you could be using all cold traffic, like how I started the business when I was 19, I was cold calling. I was cold door knocking. So my closing ratio was nowhere near. My closing ratio was like 15, 20, 25%, because it was cold traffic. And so the best, the biggest thing is, what is your system, what does it look like, and how do you get there? I'm also a big believer in tracking numbers. I'm also a big believer in tracking numbers constantly. So if you say, hey Cody, I say you work leads in general, but let's just say, I'm also a big believer in breaking down numbers. So how many calls do you have to make? How many conversations are you gonna have? How many answer? And then out of those, how many appointments will you end up setting? So think through that real quick. So if we think about it real quick, if your goal is to set 15 appointments every single week, but let's say that you only send an appointment, one out of every three conversations that you have as an insurance agent. That means you need to have 45 conversations a week on the telephone, trying to book an appointment. Let's take it a step further. Out of those conversations that you have, how many dials do you have to make before someone picks up the phone? Maybe it's another one out of three. Maybe it's one out of every two, whatever, we'll use worst case scenario. We'll say one out of every three people that you call, pick up the telephone, okay? So you do the math, that's 135. So let's just say hypothetically, if you had leads to work, you would make, and you could have called 25 leads five and a half times, six times, and you're gonna get to that number. So hypothetically, let's just say, I'm gonna think about this a lot lately, hypothetically, let's just say that you made 135 dials. Out of those 135 dials, when you pick up the phone 135 times, I mean, it didn't even that hard, you're like, dude, man, 135 sounds like a lot. We talked about something to the day where an agent literally would make about, I mean, I would say the average agent makes about 15, 20 calls a week.  So if you make 135 calls, let's just say that about 45 of those would actually pick up the phone. One out of every three would pick up the phone. Let's take it a step further. Out of 45 people that you talk to on a weekly basis, you end up setting 15 appointments, okay? Again, that's one out of every three that you talk to you're able to set. So really in theory, it's about one out of every nine dials when you're calling leads. And 135 sounds like a lot. But guys, we've got 168 hours in a week. Literally, we're talking about, I mean, you could break this up and make 45 calls. You could make 40, we could break this thing up and make 45 dials three days a week. That's not that hard because if you think about selling five, okay? Let's be super conservative and say that you only sell, let's just say that you only sell three, okay? Say you sell three. Out of three, what's your general average premium gonna be? Probably about 2,160 bucks, somewhere in there of annual premium. Who wouldn't like to make $2,000 every single week? And all you knew that you had to do was pick up the phone 135 times in a week. Dylan, if you knew that you were gonna make two grand, all you had to do was pick up the phone 135 times, you should probably do it, am I right? Dylan's an overachiever, he'd probably pick up the phone 270 times because he knew it would equal four grand. It's all stats, it's all numbers, but most of the time we never hit this number, so therefore we never hit this number, so therefore we never hit this number, you follow me? So therefore we never hit this number, so therefore we never hit any of these other numbers because we don't pick up the phone enough. If we keep it super simple and we just think through picking up the phone so many times every single week, you could say, hey dude, I'm not good on the phone. I only set one out of every five. When I talk to someone, one out of every five book with me, I suck, wonderful.  And you could say, well, but I wanna set with 15, then call more. If it's one out of every five, then you take 15 times five. That's 75 conversations. If one out of every three pick up, you do the math. That's 225 dials that you need to make on a weekly basis to hit your number. This business is not rocket science. Most people never do this, so nothing else ever falls into place. You need to be someone that figures out the numbers in your business. If you know that if you dialed 135 times, you would end up with $2,160 in premium written for the week. And that's only, you say, dude, that sounds high. That's only at a 30% closing ratio because you're gonna sit with 10, and that's if you sell three, that's being Uber conservative. Let's think through the fact that what is this number in your world and what can you do to do this every single week? I want you to think through numbers. I want you to be so meticulous.  Have a goal, have a target, and then figure out how many times you need to pick up the phone to make that happen. All it is, all it is, is it's dials to conversations, dials to conversations, conversations to set appointments, set appointments to sits, sits to sells, to money. But to get to money, guess what? We gotta pick up the phone.  Most people are scared to pick up the phone. If you knew, Stephen, if you knew, Kevin, that if you picked up the phone 135 times, that worst case scenario, you'd submit a couple grand a week, you're a six-figure producer, and guess how long it takes to actually pick up the phone 135 times? We'll take a guess, three hours. So what I'm here to tell you is guess what? You can spend three hours dialing every single week calling leads. And then the other 165 hours every single week, you do whatever you want. But be consistent, dial for three, three hours a week. 135 dials, 45 dials an hour, guess what? Then you're gonna end up with so many conversations. Then you're gonna end up with so many set appointments. Then you can end up with so many sits. Then you can end up with so many sales. And you could average, you're gonna end up with so many, so much commission, so much premium, but you've gotta start somewhere for you to figure all this out. When I think through systems, when I think through making money, Jeremy, I think through what do I need to do and then where does it end up because I did that? Let's not, I mean, because everyone jumps to this and says, okay, Cody, I need to make $2,000 this week. I wanna make eight to 10 grand a month. I need to make $2,000 this week. How do I do it? Okay, either work backwards or start at the top and work forwards. But either way, you've got to know your numbers. When you know your numbers, guys, it's so much easier to succeed and so much easier for these amazing things to happen. But you've gotta start somewhere and D. Lawrence, you've got to know your numbers, man. It starts somewhere and it's all about Tony Stokes, man. It's all about dials. You need leads, okay? Buy leads, call people, have conversations with people, set appointments, sit with people, make sales and get freaking paid and will high five each other at the line of the bank. But if you don't start by having people to talk to and actually calling people, nothing else matters. When I think through a system, my triple S system of set 15, sit with 10 and sell three to five, I think through, you need to have leads and spend about three hours a week on the phone minimum. That's only about 135 dials, 45 an hour. One out of every three will probably pick up. Maybe it's better, maybe it's worse. Who cares, figure out the numbers. That's 45 conversations. Say one out of every three people that you talk to and you have 45 conversations, say one of every three, actually book an appointment with you. I'm not saying you sell them. I'm not saying you sit with them. I'm saying you end up with 15 set appointments for the week and then from 15, it keeps dominoing effect from there. Then you end up with sits, about 66% will probably sit with you. Maybe higher, maybe lower for you. Who cares, figure out your numbers and then repeat it. And then how many do you sell? Are you a 30% closing ratio?  One out of every four homes for you end up in double sells. Whatever it is, figure out the math, what's your average month of premium average, annual premium and then you'll be able to know that if I buy leads and I make dials, then I end up, you can end up because what you can end up doing is, you can literally, say you're an average agent, say you're a sub average agent, you have a 30% closing ratio when you sit with 10. Guess what? Literally, if we break all of this down even further, you had 135 dials. You spoke with 45 people. You set 15 appointments. You sat with 10 and you sold three. 30%, you're not great, perfect, wonderful. What is, and let's just say that your average AP is $720 per sell. So you end up with $2,160 of annual premium, wonderful. What is that number divided by 135 dials? 16 bucks. Dude, Tony, Hiram, David.  If I knew, and these are conservative numbers, I'm better than this 100% and the chances are, you probably are too. Time flies when I'm having fun with you guys. It's been over 17 minutes. $16, every time you pick up the phone, 16 bucks. Sooner or later you can be like freaking Pablo Escobar, just print money. 16 bucks, 16 bucks, 16 bucks, 16 bucks.   But people, the first place, there's two glaring problems, two big problems when we talk about this, the two problems, everybody wants to talk about product knowledge, everybody wants to talk about sales skills, everybody wants to talk about quality of leads and all this stuff. The two problems and why 92% of agents fail and they never meet any of this craziness is because they don't have prospects to talk to. Number one problem, don't have prospects to talk to.  The rest of the week, David. It ain't rocket science, but why don't we pick up the phone a lot more, man? I mean, say that I sold six out of 10 because say one out of every four or five would be doubles. Say you were saying we're a 40% and half of them were double sales. Then literally, I'm gonna end up at 4,320 bucks a week, $32 a dial, that's more like my speed. So every time I pick up the phone I make 32 bucks. Cha-ching, 32 bucks, cha-ching, 32 bucks. Cha-ching, 32 bucks, cha-ching. And calls are much longer than that. They're really not. It's not crazy, but it all starts at the top. You can't end up with money if you don't have people to talk to.  You can't end up with money if you don't talk to people on the phone.  But it all starts at the top and then it just keeps going and then you end up raking in the cash and making some cold hard dough, Brian. Can I get an amen or can I get an amen? All right, any other, any questions? Before we jump off today, insurance agent training, we've got about 20 minutes. I love doing this every Monday to motivate you to excite you, which is why today is all about what is your weekly system?  Out of every video I've ever done, you want to watch this one. If you're a struggling agent, you want to watch this one. If you think you got a chance to make more money then you want to watch this one. If you think you can get a little better, you think you got a little more potential, you want to watch this one. If you think you missed something and you think all these numbers are super crazy and confusing, well, I've been known to do that, but honestly, when you follow it along, it'll make perfect sense. All right, I'm leaving for Jamaica in the morning. I love you guys. Every single Monday, two o'clock central center time, we come to you, talk about insurance, agent training specifically, all you have to do to make a killer amount of money and succeed in this business. Have people to talk to, dial the phone, talk to people, set appointments, sit with them, make sales and make freaking money. It ain't rocket science. Start with these numbers and I promise you, they'll work out better than whatever you're doing now. 92% of agents fail, they don't have to. See you guys. Appreciate you watching today. What's up, Patricia?