Hey guys, Eric Coffey here, host of Scorecontracts.com on YouTube. Listen, I know everyone is panicking and we're all concerned about the government shutdown. So today I decided to come on board and talk to you guys about the government shutdown, what some of my thoughts were, who's going to be impacted by this? How is it going to make us feel what's happening? What should we do? How should we be preparing? So stay with me today if you want to learn more about the government shutdown. We're talking about right now, who's going to be impacted by this? What agencies? So as you know, or you may not know, most agencies that are under the DOD or the DLA, typically they're protected. So some of the agencies right now that they're talking about that are going to be impacted are the Department of Treasury, Commerce, Agriculture, Homeland Security, Department of the Interior, Department of State, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation and Justice Department. The reason why I highlighted Commerce, Interior and Department of State, because those are major agencies, like, for example, the Department of Interior, they have one of National Parks Services. And I'm sure most of us have already heard about the National Parks themselves having to close down, but what about the people like you and I out there, the contractors who are working on those projects? I specifically myself right now, one of my consultant clients has a project at the National Parks and as I was speaking with some other organizations that were working with companies like myself today, they were telling me how their clients were having a hard time being paid by the National Parks. So if the National Parks is one of your clients, you should be aware, pay attention. Now, Department of Commerce, same thing under Department of Commerce. It's a large organization, a large agency as well. So you want to pay attention to some of it that are non DOD agencies. And we'll talk about what kind of questions that you should be asking the people at your agency to make sure that, you know, you're not out there working in vain. So again, some other areas of concern out there are the Department of Energy, Small Business Administration and GSA. In fact, let me take you over here to a slide this morning, because it's, you know, I was actually online this morning looking and I noticed that certified at SB.gov is no longer available during the shutdown. Well, for those of you out here who are trying to get registered for one of the certifications, I know that the ADA certification uses certified at SB.gov to submit your forms, your documents. So those people are going to be impacted. Now here, when we look at this is the actual organizational chart of the United States government, you can see here some of those departments that we discussed earlier. So like I said, you can see on here the other areas that are non DOD. You see labor, justice, interior and whatnot. Now. I want to take you guys over here. Here's National Parks. And as you see on the National Parks website, it says shut down. So now, other than that, I want to help prevent those people from. And again, listen, just so you know, for in my opinion, right, the government shutdown is a temporary measure and it will ultimately be resolved. So I'm not concerned that the issue will not be resolved. My only concerns are I know that a lot of us out here are small businesses and we have limited cash flow. So I just want to make sure that, you know, if you're working on a project where the funds are more than likely there, right, for the project. However, if the people are not there to push the button to transfer it to your account, that doesn't help you or benefit you at all. So let's talk about that matter at hand. So now this is a letter that we received from the National Parks Services recently, and it says that the Department of Interior and National Parks appropriations expired on December 21st. And as of the 22nd, there are no additional annual appropriations for the federal agencies, including Department of Interior and National Parks Services. However, the subject contract, which is our contract, is not dependent on additional appropriations. As a result, we have determined that the performance is to continue during the laps and appropriations until appropriations again become available. The government will be working with a very limited staff. So another contracting officer within the United States Department of Interior may contact you. This is great. And I appreciate this letter. Don't get me wrong. However, if they're working with limited staff and we can't get someone to process or approve our payments, then what benefit is it for me to continue working out there? So again, I just want to help everybody know who you're working with. Check to see if your agency is non-DoD. That'd be the first thing I do. Because again, I also received an email this morning from a military base asking us about a project that we were working on some information that was submitted and they were inquiring as to did we have the information available. So that means that they were all full staff and everybody was working. So the first thing I would do is I would check to see if your agency is a non-DoD agency. The second thing I would do is to check to see if your agency has a continual resolution in place that protects it during times like this. A lot of the agencies have already prepared for these things because they're becoming more common. So a lot of the agencies have already prepared for this. So find out if they have a continuing resolution in place. If you cannot do either of those things, call and you can always just call and ask the contracting officer if the work is being impacted. I know that this morning I've reached out to two contracting officials successfully. But prior to them leaving, they did make an announcement and letting them or no, they were going to be having limited access to emails and no access to the actual phone calls or the call to let you know prior to them actually departing the area. So most of the government people I can see I found them to be very responsible and how they're addressing this particular issue. And then the last thing I tell people is just asking if your payment is going to be impacted because I know that they want us out here doing the work, which I'm all fine with doing the work. But if if you can't get paid or reimburse for your monies, then that's going to be a problem for you and your company long term. And obviously the objective is to make money, not to lose money. We don't want to put any of you guys out there in jeopardy of not being able to float the cash flow. So I would really have a serious conversation, maybe not today, but maybe in a week or so with my subcontractors as to, hey, this is what's happening. We all are aware where we're working at and to see if you guys can somehow manage to pull it off. If you guys can't continue to fund your projects during this process, then it would be you to to notify the government, your contracting officer, contracting officials, the regional contracting officer and writing of such an item. But again, it may never be get to that. So what I want to do is I want to make you aware of the appropriate steps to take because a lot of people have been emailing me and asking me these questions. So what should you be doing in the meantime? What I would do is, first of all, if you have any upcoming, say, meet and greets or an organization event, any type of conferences that are coming up, dealing with the government, I would make sure that those things are still happening before I set up any reservations. For example, I've got an industry J with GSA coming up on the 23rd of January up in Maine, so I'm going to be calling and following up to see if they're still going on before I book my flights and my reservations. Stay the course. Again, listen, we've had 21 plus furloughs. I mean, 21 plus slowdowns and or say government shutdowns, so to speak, where we've had a gap in funding. Like I said, only a few of them have actually resorted in furlough. And so now, but all of them have been resolved. So I have faith in American public. I have faith in American people. I have faith in our Congress and our government to get to get this issue resolved and worked out. And by the way, so just so that you know the top 10 DOD contract, the top 100 DOD contracts, they're not doing anything different. They're staying the course as well. Remember this, that the government does pay for any lapses in your contract. So there is there's a way for them to claw back and make you make up the difference in terms of monies for any loss of revenue or being on a site without being compensated. So they do have those provisions in place. I'm not saying for you guys to actually have to utilize them or go through this process, but there are provisions in place for those people who have the ability to sustain and continue working through the project. Also, continue doing your investigative research. Listen, this morning I'm on the phone talking about putting together my team. Right. I'm looking at some larger contract opportunities and I'm trying to put together some JV partners, mentor, protégé arrangements. And so I'm staying the course because after this all finishes up, guess what's going to happen? They still have to get all these products completed and finished and done. And so they're still going to be looking for people to go out here and do the work. So I mean, myself personally, I'm still putting together the team. So now what's going to happen once it's resolved? Like I said in my first government shutdown video in 2013, when this happened, there was 19 days of shutdown, the government had the largest amount of federal funds that were spent that year. So when they had the largest shutdown, which included furloughs, it was the largest amount of money that the government spent. So stay the course, stay diligent, continue to reach out to the people that you've been talking to, follow up with them. If you do have a contract in place, just ensure that, you know, again, that you're not doing anything that puts your contract in jeopardy. You don't want to just get up and walk away from a contract. I'm sure most of you guys are smarter than that. But I have to say it anyways, because again, a lot of people say, well, I'm not going to get paid, so I'm just going to get up and leave the contract. Maybe you want to pull back, you may want to scale back on the contract. Maybe you want to not have so many teams out there. Again, you want to have a for the people that are still on site. For example, we've had our project manager still on site. He was I won't say his exempt from the furlough. I'm not sure how they did it, but he's still outside and working to making sure our project is done because our project is mission critical. So a lot of times your projects may be critical to something long term that you're not aware of.  You definitely want to have a conversation, a candid conversation about what you can and can't do and let them know that. And again, everyone's aware. No one's expecting anyone to work without compensation or pay. But again, the reason why we do this and we work in the federal marketplace is why because the government has already, if you have a contract, existing contract, they have already allocated the funds for existing contracts. So the money is there. It just there's no one there to push the button to distribute into your account. So, hey, listen, I'm going to come back probably later this week and do a more in-depth overview of what the government shutdown means and how this continuing issue can affect those of you and also how we can take advantage of it and capitalize on these things. Remember, when there is downturns in the market, there are people that are making tons of money and capitalizing on downturns. So you don't want to be the guy that turns your head away from or girl, excuse me, that turns your head away from the government marketplace when you're in actually probably one of the best periods of time to get involved. Because why? A lot of people are scared right now. So this will be a chance to get soul source set aside contracts where no one else can be competing against your bidding. All right, so stay the course and I'll see you probably in a few days.


Okay, good afternoon, everyone. This is the Vermont House Committee on Commerce and Economic Development. It is Tuesday, March 22nd at 3.31. We've come back from the floor. If floor is finished, thank God. We wanted to show if we were, we were gonna have time to meet with you, Patrick and Hannah, but we are, we're happy to have you with us just for the committee's update. This is, Hannah is another student that was on the, on the Zoom meeting we had a few weeks ago with students from VZAC. And so we've asked, we asked students to come in and meet with us last week and end this week. And we, Hannah was able to join us. We really appreciate your ability to join us, Hannah. We just want to kind of have a discussion with you like we did with the students last week. So it gives us a better understanding of, what you went through in your journey through school and what you're looking at now post-graduation when you finish up your education at your high school and going forward. And so we thank you again for joining us. We know you have a busy schedule and we always appreciate speaking with our students. So I don't know, Patrick, if you wanted to tee it up a little bit or just go to Hannah, I'll leave it to you. Sure, I appreciate that, Chair Marquette. The only thing I will say is just on behalf of some of the other students that were part of that initial panel and that you would offer the opportunity to come and testify, I just offer their regrets. As you can imagine, a lot of them are juggling a lots of things. Both of them have part-time jobs, trying to reschedule their dual enrollment courses or other courses. And they were able to do that for our panel but asked them to do it again. So it quickly was just a challenge for many of them. So I offer their regrets and I get gratitude for the opportunity. But yeah, I think you really want to hear from Hannah who's an amazing young person in our community. So I'll turn it right over to you, Representative Marquette. Thank you. So Hannah, before you begin, I think it'd be great for you to know where all of the representatives that are here at the table come from or from all around the state. So I'm Mike Marquette and I'm from Coventry and I'm Chair of the Committee. My name is Charlie Kimball. Vice Chair of the Committee, I'm from Woodstock. And it may be if everybody raised their hands. So it's kind of hard for people on Zoom to see us. Mike Niagara, I'm in Bennington. And I'm Emma Mulvaney-Sanuck. I represent a part of Burlington. I'm John Kosenska from the town of Burke. Logan Nicole, I'm from Wadlow. Wayne LaRussia, I'm from Franklin. Kirk White, I'm from Bethel. It's Stephanie Jerome and I'm a Ranking Member and I'm from Brandon. So, and then over here, we have our committee assistant. I'm Kira. So Hannah, again, welcome. Oh, we have Warren. Someone waving up. Warren is a, sorry, Warren. So we have Representative Kitzmiller with us also on Zoom. Hi, I'm Warren Kitzmiller and I represent Montpelier. Warren, you haven't been able to say your standard welcome. Yeah. You're all right. Oh yeah, yeah. Well, it's hard to say because some of us aren't sitting in my district right now. I know. I don't know. Everybody that I see sitting at the table is sitting in my district. Okay. So welcome and I think Patrick may have given you a few questions that you could go through first and then we can continue to chat with you. Yeah. Why don't I go ahead and tee up the first one for you? So Hannah, you've been doing a lot of work with VZAC and you've traveled a little bit as well to kind of represent your experience. But can you tell me a little bit about the perception of how the CTE experience is presented to you in your school as a starting point? Yeah. So we hear quite a lot about, we have a CCV area and we hear in our career center like quite a bit about that. I think that any opportunity for things to come sooner would be really beneficial, whether that's college planning or further after high school plans. So we do have in our career center a lot of options available. Usually that starts at around after 10th grade just because of our required courses at every school. So if it was offered maybe earlier I think people could learn more about it but I do think that we do a very good job of offering those classes in our counseling department. Everybody teaches about them and we have our one-on-one meetings because at my school we don't have guidance counselors. We have just counselors and a counseling department which the slight difference is just that they get to know us more and it really helps in planning for the future. So I think that that's really awesome. And what school are you at, Hannah? Brattleboro Union High School. Hey. That's great. And we actually had one of your representatives here just walked in. And class of 1989. The parents of two recent. So it's represent Alina. So Hannah, I think you did not directly experience the Career and Technical Education Center.  Yeah, so when we come into the high school we have our tours and that's I went to BAMS which is Brattleboro Area Middle School and that's the adjourning. It's the school that's attached to the high school. So every middle school gets a tour and we do take a tour of the Career Center and we're taught a little bit about the classes that are available there. However, when we are taught about the classes it's more like there are some business options and we have a mechanical area but it's less of what's actually there just because we're not really available to take most of the classes until junior to sophomore year. So we do hear more about that later with less of a tour but more of a one-on-one discussion or group discussion from the counseling department. Other, so questions, committee. So yeah, hi, it's Charlie Kimball from What Stocks. So your middle school is adjoined to the high school and the Career Center is on the same campus? Yeah. Okay, yep, that's all one of them. And so you get a walk-through in junior high, that's what you're saying. Yeah, and we get one in high school as well like we have our freshman first day and things like that where we get to take a tour and see more of that. Yep, okay, cool, got it, thank you. But I think you mentioned before that it may be advantageous for maybe a freshman and sophomore to be able to access programs in the CTE.  Yeah, we do have, it is available because usually we can take a class or two after we have our set classes that we have to take but just with the way the system works like we have to take our specific English and math and language classes that are required for graduation. So it's more often that people won't really get to really get into the Career Center if that's what they want to do until junior or sophomore years but the classes are available if they have ruined their schedule. Oh, okay. Well, that schedule can always gum up the work sometimes. Yeah. You know how many students or approximately access the Career Center in Brattleboro? I'm not sure actually but I think a pretty good amount because we do have a lot of options. However, right now with COVID and things that are going on a lot of the classes are overlapping with some of the school time. My school offers an ACE period which is an extra time to check in with teachers or do extra work and that's a 45 minute block of time but because of the guidelines surrounding a lot of the Career Center classes they have to go for longer. So a lot of our students have missed every ACE just because of the Career Center classes that they have which has been a struggle. You think it would be helpful to have to allow secondary CTE students like yourself to be able to access the adult programs in the evening like we do with dual enrollment so that we would provide the pay for the cost of student taking one of those courses and the adult side. I think that'd be great. I think a lot of people probably would take advantage of that especially if the classes were more going into a department that they want to go into or a field that they want to go into. I think that a lot of our students that are interested in the medical field take some classes in the Career Center and then get to internship or work in the hospital and that is a shift that they do. So I do think that people would take advantage of that. That's good. We wanna make sure that students that are motivated that are looking at their future, especially if you're in 12th grade, you're ready to leap into the world and you wanna make sure that those students that want to upgrade their skill level are able to do that. And so I think it's something that we're working on right now in our workforce bill is to allow for something like that to happen so that it gets paid for. It's not borne by the student or the student's parents. Yeah, the offering of dual enrollment and VHS which is the virtual high school classes. So many of our students take advantage of that. And so if there were classes that could support different career paths later after school or going into the field that they're interested in, in college, I 100% think people would take advantage of that. Do you think there's a, you have a lot of students that you're graduating this year and your colleagues that are graduating, is there a large number of them going on to college or do you think, or is there a good number of them also not going to college and maybe going on to technical school or just going into the workforce? We have people going into all of those fields. We do have a large amount of people that are planning on going into college. And I do know that we have people going into both the workforce, the military, and just technical school. I don't know the exact percentages of them but I do know that we have people going everywhere. Committee members, questions? Yeah, Hannah, you're in dual enrollment now, right? Yes. What class are you taking and where? I'm taking sociology through CCV. I'm taking advanced Spanish through, I think it's New Hampshire's college. I'm pretty sure we don't get to know all of our colleges. If it's through CCV, we usually use the CCV portal and that's how I know that one. And then I'm also taking Law in American Society but I'm not sure which college that one's through. You're taking three right now. Yes. Wow, and do you find the course study difficult? Yeah, they're all through my school and they're difficult. It's just an advanced level I'd say but we do get the help from our teachers because they are all through the school and it's really helpful to have time to talk one on one with teachers if we need it. One of my teachers is doing it in a very college way where he gives us the assignments and then we have a day or two a week where he doesn't really give us any work and we just work on our assignments and he'll be sitting in the back so we can ask him questions. So it's more of a college readiness and that's really helpful. Wait a minute, the teacher that is in Brattleboro is giving you that instruction or is it all instruction with the campus at CCV or somewhere else? My dual enrollment classes are all through my school. So I have my teacher teaching the college classes, my VHS teacher. So he must be accredited through CCV? Yes. If you didn't have somebody from CCV come in and give us a brief lesson on how to use the portal on Zoom and he'll be watching some classes but it is all taught by our VHS teachers. That's great. That's different. It's gonna be a unique system. Yeah, that it's really cool. It's how I've done all of my dual enrollment classes here and it's been really helpful. That's great. So that's all dual enrollment and that's through the CTE. Are you doing other stuff at the CTE besides dual enrollment? No. Okay. And Hannah, can you, that's not really through the CTE though or that's through the personal principal, right? No, yeah. It's like our colleges are through CCV is where we're taking that one and then credits get charged. CTE, not CTE. Yeah. Yeah, CCV. CCTE still? No, I don't. No, okay, okay. All right. And Hannah, maybe good just for context to talk a little bit about just for you as an individual what your path is. Where are you looking to go and to do with your career just for the context of why you're taking those dual enrollment courses? Yeah, of course. So I'm very interested in history. So right now I've selected that to be my major for all the schools that I've applied to. I'm not exactly sure what I wanna do with this necessarily yet, but I am very interested in law and politics. And I'm also very interested in language and traveling. So it's kind of a very broad thing, but I'm in my school's International Studies Academy. And so we get to do work with figuring out where we wanna go with that. And I hope to travel and study abroad in college through history and then see where that can take me. And then I do hope to probably come back to Vermont after that. Yay. Yay. She wants to work on a campaign. Are you sure you're still in high school? You're extremely well spoken. Hannah, if I could prompt one more thing just because this is something I think, Chair Mark, you mentioned in the panel conversation and it might be good to have Hannah just speak to this a little bit. So there's the practical things that you are all very interested in, but then there's the perceptions as well. And Hannah, can you speak to what you believe your peers kind of how they perceive the CTE Center versus attritional high school? And do they feel like there's a certain class of kids that get shepherded toward one program or the other? Or is it pretty much here all the opportunities work and do what works for you? Hannah, how does that presented in your school with all your counselors and the advocates that are trying to help the students? Yeah, I think that there is, it's hard to not have some sort of perception in high school. I think that a lot of high schools do have that kind of atmosphere that it creates and then it just kind of travels through the years. So I don't think that our counselors, I will, I don't say I don't think, our counselors do not really push certain people towards certain things because we have counselors and not guidance counselors, they get to know us better and so they can help us decide what we wanna do. So they always ask our opinions on what we're interested in and what we wanna study and what we're thinking of doing after school and through learning those things about us, they're able to say, okay, well, I think I suggest these classes to you or these ones. So I've had classes suggested to me in both the career center and regular classes and virtual high school classes. And then as for the student body, I think that there may be used to be more of a perception on like maybe the career center is more people who are planning to go to a trade school or get into the workforce after school. But I do think that that's changed this year and I think much more people are taking advantage of the career center. It's also possible that when we were younger, we didn't really know what the career center offered and so that's what we thought and now that I'm the senior and I can see all my friends in the medical field taking advantage of the career center classes or just other people around me taking advantage of all the classes and seeing all the business classes that are provided. It's a different perception but I do think that there is something around that. Kana, are you also taking AP classes or just the dual enrollment classes? I'm just taking dual enrollment right now. And are there AP classes offered at your school? Or are they only doing dual enrollment for kids who are interested in college? We do have AP classes, yeah. I took AP lit last year and then we also have AP Lang and that's what we have for English. And then we have AP calculus for math and I think we have an AP bio, something like that in the science department and then we have the advanced Spanish classes which and that and the math are not full year but they are, you can, if you're taking the advanced language class, you can take the AP exam in that language. Thanks. John? Kana, are there some, are there any offerings either through CTE or dual enrollment that you wish would be offered maybe in the future, maybe things you've, you're not in CTE but maybe things just you've learned through interactions with your peers there but anything else I can do in enrollment too? I think that we do have a very wide variety and I don't know if I would necessarily say I wish more was offered but I do think even though we, I am saying that we are taught about all of those which I do agree with, I think it being repeated would be slightly beneficial just because learning about all of this in high school it's a very stressful and challenging time and that can be tricky with remembering all of the options because so many are available. I think a lot of people forget about the career center when they're scheduling classes because it's such a stressful time of, oh, it's March, it's winter, I just need to pick my classes for next year and get it over with and figure out what I need to do to graduate and people don't tend to realize that they can really set themselves up more. And so I think just we, I actually talked about it last night on a leadership council with my counselors but just more of a list of what's going on and maybe a workshop of telling people and telling the students what's available to them and how they could go further in their careers or in potential college life of what they want to study. So I do think we have everything. I just think more people would take advantage of it if we did have more of the lessons on how to and that includes virtual high school as well, I think. Thank you. Other questions, committee? Hannah, thank you so much for joining us today. Thank you for having me. It's very helpful to have this discussion with you. It validates some of the things that we're hearing and thinking and also assists us in further thinking about how to provide I think an overall education. So, and I think it's really great that your school is not directing you towards one direction or another but presenting everything to you and letting you make up your mind of where you wanna go and how you should go to get to attain your goal. So I think that's great. We're really proud of you. We hope you find a lot of success and as you move forward in your education and then become a member in the workforce and glad to hear that you wanna come back to Vermont. So thank you again for joining us. It's been a pleasure and Patrick, thank you. We'll chat some more about maybe bringing some of the adult students in to talk with them as well to get their perspective. So we tend to look at both sides of the CTE when it deals with workforce. And so it's been very valuable to have the secondary students, especially like you Hannah that are graduating this spring and to get your perspectives but now we're gonna talk to the students on the other side of it that are trying to really upscale themselves or get a skill through the CTE center. So thank you again and all the best to you. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you. So committee, I think my understanding is we're done for the day. Sarah hasn't been the ability to work on language that probably won't be done until tonight.  So I think we can deal with that in the morning. And so we'll look at that language when we get in tomorrow. I think we'll pass it, have the conversations we'll let ways and means and a probes now we'll probably do that tomorrow as well. We'll go through it with them but we also need to divvy up the sections that are in it. So once we pass the amendment then we'll all get together and decide who's doing what. So we can create that map of the floor. So it looks like we'll probably present Thursday and Friday. So any questions before we go off live? Okay. Well, thanks everyone for another interesting day. Good job, Pallie and Stephanie on the floor. Well done. Well done by both of you. I think two good bills that came out of here. Hopefully if they go through, they'll do a lot of good.


Right now at Appalachian Wireless you can get the Samsung Galaxy S7 for just $99.99 and get a second one Service agreement is required on both devices serving you for the last 25 years with better service and bigger savings at today's Appalachian Wireless Tonight's outdoor adventure is presented by Pine Mountain Outfitters in Weizberg. We outfit you for adventure If you're looking for a way to shed some of those Thanksgiving pounds this month the City of Prestonsburg and Geniwiley State Park may have the solution for you Volunteers the City of Prestonsburg and Geniwiley State Park have been working together to develop the Sugar Camp Mountain Trails a 20-plus mile trail system that will cater to hikers mountain bikers and horseback riders. I think it's just something that we've taken for granted. I think it's something that's wonderful It gets people off the streets. The streets are dangerous sometimes to run on. It's it's just great. It's beautiful It I don't even know how to explain how it just the what what it does that gets people and Together you can run in groups. We run in groups. We're in single The trail system is an example of what can be accomplished when a community comes together and supports one another From the government level down to the volunteer level everyone involved has turned what was once only an idea a reality Several of us were riding trails that were here already and we kind of just started looking at what could be expanded What could be improved and less got involved part got involved. We all got together and It's basically just spiraled from that into what we see now to count the volunteers will be impossible We estimate right now in September. We estimate about 12,000 volunteer hours The exciting thing about it is the citizens are taking pride everybody in Prestonsburg is taking pride in this Officials hope that the trail system can be an example of how to use the eastern Kentucky landscape to develop ecotourism in the region East Kentucky is has got turn. We got a natural terrain like I alluded to before and we also got the beauty Now we just got learned to develop it for our benefit. It's an economy that will always be there It may not be the greatest economy in the world, but it'd be a stable economy regardless whatever comes and goes We've still got those we got to build on them. We got to make it happen and it's not just Prestonburg It's not just Floyd County. It's East Kentucky reporting from Prestonsburg for EKB news. I'm Ronnie Hilton


Hi and welcome to the session. Today we will discuss the following question which says first is the binary operation star defined on set N that is the set of natural numbers given by A star B is equal to A plus V upon 2 for all A, B belonging to N commutative. Second is the above binary operation star associated. Before moving on to the solution let's recall that a binary operation star from A cross A to A is said to be commutative if A star B is equal to V star A for all A, B belonging to set A. And a binary operation star from A cross A to A is said to be associative if A star V star C is equal to A star V star C for all A, B, C belonging to set A. This is the key idea for this question. Now let's see its solution. Here the binary operation star defined on set N is given by A star B is equal to A plus V upon 2 for all A, B belonging to set N. So star is a binary operation from N cross N to N given Y. Now we need to find out whether the binary operation star is commutative or not. So for that first of all let us find A star B. So A star V will be equal to A plus B upon 2 which can also be written as B plus A upon 2 which will be equal to B star A by the definition of the binary operation star. So we have A star B is equal to B star A for all A, B belonging to set N. Therefore the binary operation star is commutative on the set N. Now let's find out whether the binary operation star is associative or not. So for this first of all let us find out A star B star C. So A star B star C will be equal to A plus B upon 2 star C which will be equal to A plus B upon 2 plus C upon 2. Now this will be equal to A plus B plus 2 C upon 4. Now let us find A star V star C which will be equal to A star B plus C upon 2. Now this will be equal to A plus V plus C upon 2 whole upon 2 that is 2A plus B plus C upon 4. Now A star B star C is equal to A plus V plus 2 C upon 4 and A star B star C is equal to 2A plus V plus C upon 4 and it is very clear that these two are not equal. So we have A plus B plus 2C upon 4 is not equal to 2A plus B plus C upon 4 in general. Thus this implies that A star B star C is not equal to A star V star C. Therefore we can say that the binary operation star is not associative on the set N and with this we finish this session. Hope you must have understood the question. Goodbye take care and have a nice day.


Good morning John. What? What? This is a corner of my office that I never use. I made a set for Games with Hank in the year, well, God, like 2015. And this is where I sit where I do other things that aren't at a computer, which at the moment, and possibly for the long term, is my microscope station. I have a microscope now. I'm very excited about it. It is nice to be brought into a different world that is beautiful and less complicated than the one I'm normally in. Which this week has been a lot. I'd love to add something helpful. I don't have much to add. I think Joe Biden is going to be president in two weeks. I don't think that there will be a coup. I think that all of this is tremendously destructive to democracy and our country. But I don't think that we are headed into a civil war. It's very bad. It's just not anywhere close to that bad. And in fact, like what these people want us to think is that maybe there will be a civil war because that's what they want because they're idiots. More important than that, though. I recently went to Flathead Lake where it was freezing, literally. There were beautiful waves of chunks of ice crashing onto the shore.  I'm going to collect every scrap of vegetation that has made it through this churning, mass of grinding rocks, you know, ice as rocks. And maybe I will find something cool. Well, John, I've been looking at this sample, which is in this tank right here. I just saw something with my eyes, which I did not expect. But I just turned the camera on and I'm going to walk through the process of trying to take a look at whatever this little thing is or these little things. There's a bunch of them. So right here in this corner, there are these little white dots that are moving around a little bit.  Okay, I got the little shrimpy thing on there. That's exciting. I hopefully I did not just murder him. I think I did murder him. Well, first try is a failure. Whoa! And now I can take the eyepiece out of this and shove it in here. And then I can attach this to my phone. Let's try to find whatever that thing was. Hello, friend! Whoa, what?  I didn't even mean to grab this thing from this sample and it's huge. I can actually see it on my slide. Oh man, that's cool. And we can zoom in closer here. Get a better look at his insides. Don't drink the lake! Okay. Well, this is cool. Well, I still want to see one of these little shrimpy things. I think I got one. I did, he's zooming around in there. And this time I'm not going to push down on the cover slit.  Hmm, he's huge. Oh geez, he's got little arms in there. There's a lot going on with this guy. But I still can't really tell you what he is. I'm a little upset that he can't move around. Oh, and then there's this, which is, you know, still huge. Oh man, this sample is just teeming with life. Can you believe I pulled this out of just like ice? And I'm just like grabbing tiny drops at a time. And it's got stuff like that in there.  I'm putting on my cover slip. I want to see one of these things so bad. Ha ha! Wow, okay, that's a whole different, that's a whole different experience. Is the other thing even the same thing as this? Whoa! Whoa! This thing is so fun to play with. Journey to the Microcosmos is currently having a Kickstarter for this microscope along with this attachment that allows you to make content with it. We're also putting together a little guide to help you get started in your own Journey to the Microcosmos. Or if you don't want to do that, we also have the whole channel where you can come and watch us explore. And it's really wonderful. It's a nice break from things that's the most relaxing part of my job. Actually, I'd say it by a fair margin. John, I'll see you on Tuesday.


Hi, I'm Cam Quarles, the CEO of the National Potato Council. Thanks very much for the opportunity to be part of this meeting.  First off, I'd like to thank Donovan and all the staff for adapting this meeting and all your activities so effectively to this difficult situation. I wanted to briefly talk about the work we've done together on COVID relief. As the crisis began last March, our industry rallied into action. NPC, Donovan, and the other state organizations created a simple but effective plan to immediately provide relief. First, we had to push USDA to temporarily become our customer in the absence of the food service industry in order to clear out the growing backlog. Second, USDA needed to provide meaningful disaster relief to growers who were impacted in order to stabilize these family farms until the marketplace strengthened. I should note that on direct payments, it wasn't easy to get there. USDA initially left potatoes entirely out of the first direct payment program. When they made this mistake, we pushed back using every lever we had to get them to rethink their decision. This included providing comprehensive data on the impact of COVID on our industry. It also included political and public relations pressure that made the imperative of our inclusion unavoidable. I'd like to take just a moment to thank Senator Hoven and Senator Hoven's terrific staff for all the hard work they did on this issue. Ultimately, all of this focused teamwork generated results. USDA responded by providing both the largest surplus commodity purchase program in our industry's history and the largest direct payment disaster relief program for growers in our industry's history. Let me say that again. In the two priority areas that NPC and the state organizations identified back in early April, the federal government has responded to both with the largest relief programs in history. This includes 50 million in surplus commodity purchases of potatoes, 46 million to potato growers under the first CFAP, and at least two and a half times more under the second CFAP program. All of this is along with significant potato participation in the Farmers to Families Food Box program. We believe these actions will keep us in the game as consumer demand strengthens both domestically and internationally. Looking forward, we have a new administration and a new Congress to work with. It took a while to finally figure out who would be in the majority in the Senate, but the Georgia results have given the Democrats the narrowest majority possible, 50-50 with a tie break. This majority means that Senator Debbie Stabenow will return to her position as chair of the Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee. Senator Stabenow is the lone remaining member of what we call the Big Four, the chairman and ranking members of the House and Senate Ag committees. The others either retired or lost their election. During this new 117th Congress, Senator Stabenow and her new colleagues will begin the process of writing a new Farm Bill. Their work will be complicated by budgetary challenges stemming from payments due to the trade wars and increased spending under farm programs due to a flagging economy. The margins in the House and Senate are tight. The 50-50 split in the Senate puts great power in the hands of any senator who is willing to break with their party. Keep a close eye on one of the most conservative members of the Democratic delegation, Joe Manchin of West Virginia. He has indicated his opposition to eliminating the filibuster rule, which demands 60 votes on many pieces of legislation to clear the Senate. Senator Manchin will also have a pivotal role in limiting the use of the budget reconciliation mechanism to push through tax increases. Budget reconciliation was used to drive through the Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare, on a strictly party line vote over 10 years ago. If the Democrats can't hold their 50 votes together, that mechanism obviously can't work. The Democrats also have a very narrow majority in the House. Currently, the House balance of power stands at 222 Democrats to 211 Republicans with two vacancies. That puts tremendous power in the hands of small groups of Democrats who may break with their leadership. It also puts power in the hands of Republicans, who may consider working on a bipartisan basis and thereby extracting concessions from the Democrats. They can effectively replace the votes that may be lost if skeptical progressive members of the Democratic caucus refuse to support legislation. Ag labor reform may fall squarely in this category, as some of the more progressive members may demand a far more left leaning bill than pass the House in the Farm Workforce Modernization Act in the last Congress. In order to hold that bill's more balanced approach, it may again require bipartisan compromise. Turning toward the administration for a moment, at USDA, we have a returning secretary in Tom Vilsack. Secretary Vilsack ran the department for the full eight years of the Obama administration, and it has a comprehensive understanding of how to run USDA. I had the opportunity along with several other fruit and vegetable leaders to meet with Secretary Vilsack several weeks before the inauguration. Our long and detailed meeting about priorities for the industry indicates that the new administration intends to be very active very early. In regard to trade issues, it's anticipated that the Mexican Supreme Court will provide a ruling on our longstanding fresh access issue in the first half of this year. USDA has been extremely helpful in dealing with these cases. And we also have a very active legal team working to get the best possible outcome from this highly charged political issue. Beyond the Mexico issue, resetting our trade agenda will be an important step moving forward. We want to ensure that the promise of a new USMCA, Japan agreement, China agreement, actually results in durable access for US potatoes. We also have been active in working with the administration to ensure that surges in EU fry products in the wake of the pandemic do not undercut a weakened and recovering domestic market. We intend to continue to pursue this issue as the administration takes shape. The outstanding work of Potatoes USA, in particular Blair and John Toesperne on expanding these international markets is vital. And we work hand in glove with them in our lane on Capitol Hill. That teamwork is also on display in the nutrition space. As you likely saw, the dietary guidelines for Americans was recently completed. Its report was largely the status quo in regard to our industry. This is a positive and the result of hundreds of hours of work by Potatoes USA's team and NPC's team in responding to information requests both from USDA and HHS. As this document sets the five-year foundation for nutrition policy across numerous federal feeding programs and informs consumers directly, we have to ensure that the DGAs are based on accurate science, not activist fever dreams. We similarly need to remain focused on ensuring that science is the controlling issue on regulatory matters. A return to policies such as WOTUS or an overreach on pesticides due to social media campaigns will cause great harm to American agriculture and the consumers they serve. NPC intends to continue to defend the use of science in making these decisions. The Potato Leaf Foundation began only a year ago. The goal was to provide a stable base of funding to support the Potato Industry Leadership Institute. In just one year, in the midst of a pandemic, the response has been overwhelming. We greatly appreciate the time of all the Leaf Board members, including Greg Halverson and Keith McGovern. For those interested in becoming a Founder Society member, that deadline has been extended for an additional year, so you still have time if you're so inclined. Finally, I'd like to highlight our upcoming annual meeting and Washington Fly-In that is occurring at the end of February. Though both events will be virtual, we are building a strong program to provide the value and access you have come to expect of NPC. In closing, from the NPC team, Holly, Hillary, Mike, and Mark, thanks again to all our North Dakota and Minnesota members. It is a privilege for me in ending my first full year as CEO of NPC to be able to do challenging work with such a strong group of people. Together, I think we're reaching our goal of delivering meaningful results for this great industry. Thank you.


It's been said, I haven't even said it yet. It's been said that when Bruce Lee battles, many of us fail to comprehend his superior intellect. It's like Albert Einstein working in sports direct. Bruce Lee continues to put out his wonderful music. I can 100% guarantee that he will bring peace to the Middle East. I now can prove it. Bruce Lee is from the East. Midlands. Bruce Lee is well known.  It's one time Bruce Lee got jumped by five guys. He took them all out, casually got up, dusted himself off, then helped an old lady cross the road. His figures around the globe, were his leading spiritual minds, including Agmius. It's the second comment of Christ. Personified. Made in God's very own image.  Yo, can you hear me? That was amazing. That was amazing. Poor Kree. You're me. Like, you're me. You are me. You make skinny look sick. Don't let any gal say that you're scrawny. Man so sweet, God made his ear shape like Wagamills in his head, like a strawberry. No, no, it's a good thing though. It's a good thing. Yo, you're looking solid, bro.  Poor from Sorry.    This guy don't even walk. He electric slides. Yo, all the girls, he gets gal weak at the knees and the man them petrified. All the hottest girls, he's the sexiest guy, he's such a stud, I heard his Tinder profiles verified. And your beard is one of the strongest I've seen. No, no, no, no, no, no, no. No, no, no, no, forget about the patches. It isn't long, but it's mean. He's given courage to the folk who struggle to grow hair. You gave hipsters inspiration to Bond as a team. And Yeri's hairline, Yeri's hairline's receding, but it's cool because his hats have got style, and he's got crooked teeth, and there's a lot of character in a natural smile. And with the outfit, I would have thought you had the fucking... Yo, and with the outfit, I would have thought that you had the cash of Al Pacino. And it's all from H&M. Could have fooled me, bro. Yeah, you've got bare cash. Yo, yeah, we've got bare cash.  From the moment Ali dies on you, all you've done is impress me like, can we get a quick selfie? It's all right. Bruce, you actually are the man.  Since you entered, don't flop. You single-handedly quadrupled the profits of AG Bar, the company that manufactured that well-known Scottish fizzy drink. And speaking of which, you have a wonderful mixtape entitled, I Am Bruce. Bruv. Genius marketing concepts like that. Genius marketing concepts like that. How can anyone compete for you to wrap up beef with the cattle? If you are the food, you be caviar. And I'll be like, tin mackerel. Bruce, everything they say about you is really true. Little children want to read with you. Grown men want to be like you. Women want to sleep with you. Gay men are confused what to do. 2016, I absolutely guarantee we'll see Bruce E. to become the first ever dude on YouTube to get one squillion views. Time. Forget all this silliness, though. Let's cut to the chase. When you accepted my friend request on Facebook, I got so gassed, my mum got punched in the face. No, she did. She did. Punched her in the face. And when I told her why I did it, she jumped in the air screaming bingo. Dash the mug. When I told her why I did it, she jumped in the air screaming bingo. Dash the mug at the TV and kicked her cat out the window. Man's an intellectual poet. He uses vision to be lyrical. He doesn't have many shows or fans, but that just shows me fam, you're an independent individual. Yo, he could make in-depth viral videos using wisdom that's invincible, but instead he makes videos in his kitchen sipping tea talking about his Adam's apple. Bro, that's both different and original. You cannot test this guy. His movement's sick. He's had 600 views since 2012, but only because he keeps his videos on that exclusive tip. But nah, let's get back to the realness.  I swear it's the len. I use your bars and recordings for my alarm in the morning and repeatedly hit snooze so I can hear them again. I love this guy. I'm not even joking, fam. I think you're the actual geezer. Your whole family deserves respect for producing such an immaculate creature.  I'll even break his... Yo, let me comment that again. Listen, I'm not even lying, fam. I think this guy's the geezer. I'm not even lying. I think this man is the geezer. His whole family deserves respect for producing such an immaculate creature.    All right.


Lungs are supplied by two types of circulation. One is bronchial circulation and the other is pulmonary circulation. Bronchial circulation is the one which supplies the nutrients to the lungs and takes away the metabolic based product. These bronchial vessels arise directly from aorta and they are like just another systemic vessels so they supply the tracheobronchial up to the terminal bronchioles for the metabolic requirements. This bronchial circulation constitutes about 1% of the cardiac output and one very important characteristic of bronchial circulation is that the bronchial veins empty directly into the pulmonary veins which enter into the left atrium. So the blood of the pulmonary veins doesn't get oxygenated. It directly enters into the left side of the heart and is responsible for some of the physiological shunting in the blood which will decrease the percentage oxygenation of hemoglobul. So since these bronchial vessels arise from the aorta and are responsible for the metabolic requirements of the lungs, they have the characteristics similar to that of the systemic arteries. But when we talk about pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary vessels are very much different from that of the systemic vessels and this pulmonary blood flow is basically for the oxygenation of the entire blood. So this pulmonary blood flow from where does it arise? It arises from the right ventricle that is the pulmonary artery is there and this enters into the lungs where it breaks down into the capillaries. Then after oxygenation of the blood from the capillaries, it continues as venules and the venules combine together to form the pulmonary vein which enters into the left atrium. So this pulmonary circulation characteristics are much different from that of the systemic circulation because it is suited for the oxygenation and remember that since entire right ventricular output is entering into the pulmonary circulation, it should have the capacity to accommodate the entire blood in case the right ventricular output increases. So suited to its function, the pulmonary vessels have certain anatomical characteristics and that is these vessels are thin-walled compared to the systemic vessels. They have less smooth muscle and because of decreased smooth muscle and there are no arterioles as well, there is very less resistance in the pulmonary vessels. Remember that arterioles are the resistance vessels. So if arterioles are not there and there is less smooth muscle, so there will be less vasoconstriction and that is important for resistance. So owing to this, there is very less resistance in the pulmonary vessels. In fact, the resistance is only one-tenth of the systemic circulation. So due to these anatomical characteristics, these vessels are low pressure vessels, low resistance vessels and high compliance vessels that is they have the ability to accommodate the blood without much increase in the pressure within the pulmonary arteries and what are the pressures? If we compare with the systemic circulation, what are the pressures in the pulmonary circulation? The pressures in pulmonary circulation is 25 millimeters systolic and 8 to 10 millimeter diastolic. So they are so less pressure if you compare with the systemic. Systemic pressures are 120 by 80, right? Here it is only 25 and 8 millimeter mercury and the mean pressure is just 15 millimeter mercury. Coming to capillary hydrostatic pressure, it is also very less. It ranges from 7 to 10 millimeter mercury. Understanding? So this is important for the functioning of the pulmonary circulation. We will see in detail how this pulmonary blood flow is changing due to various factors and how it is important for the function. So first very important thing when we talk about pulmonary circulation is that these pulmonary blood vessels are subjected to alveolar pressures and also to intra-plural pressures. So these pressures also determine the blood flow which is happening in the vessels. So based on this we have a concept known as alveolar and extraalveolar vessels. Let's have a look. So here in this schematic diagram what I have shown is that these circles represent the alveoli, okay? So you see that this is the part of the blood vessel which is running between these alveoli. So these vessels are known as alveolar vessels and the surrounding vessels, they are known as the extraalveolar vessels. So what happens? Actually these extraalveolar vessels are the large artery and veins and these alveolar vessels are the capillaries. So the capillaries are running in between the alveoli. So here this may be the artery, then capillaries and these are the veins. So what is the difference between this extraalveolar and alveolar vessels? See during inspiration what happens that the lung starts expanding. There is decrease in the intraplural pressure, it becomes more negative and the lungs have started expanding. So surrounding these vessels there is interstitial tissue, lung interstitial tissue is there. So when the lungs are expanding there will be stretch of these interstitial tissue as well and that is going to distend the vessels. So something is pulling the vessel wall. So they get distended and when the vessel distends what is happening? There is increase in the diameter of the vessel. So with increase in the diameter of the vessels resistance of these vessels decreases with inspiration. On the other hand alveolar vessels behave differently, they are subjected to alveolar pressure. So when there is expansion of these alveoli, actually these alveolar vessels become elongated, they elongate understanding. So one is like increase in the diameter, vessel is like that, distention will pull the vessel wall. So that is increase in the diameter and that is happening with the extra alveolar vessels. But with these alveolar vessels, the expansion what it does? It actually stretches the vessel wall like this, it is elongating. So this is going to decrease the diameter of the vessel. So you see that decrease diameter means that resistance within this vessels is going to increase with inspiration. Or in simple terms we can remember that expansion of the alveoli is going to compress this vessels. So outside vessels distend with inspiration and the alveolar vessels compress with inspiration. So there is difference in resistance change in these vessels. So we will keep this concept in mind and we will just see that what are the factors which affect the blood flow that is the pulmonary blood flow. So factors affecting pulmonary blood flow means these changes in alveolar and intraplural pressure. So there will be change in blood flow in inspiration and expiration because there is change in the resistance. Then if there is change in the right ventricular output, suppose right ventricular output increases then pulmonary blood flow is going to increase. Then there is the effect of gravity also. So what are the intravascular pressures? See pressures are the driving force. The pressure within the vessel is the driving force for the blood flow. So these intravascular pressures also determine the amount of the blood flow. So outside pressure that is the alveolar pressure, intraplural pressure also determine the blood flow and the intravascular pressures also determine the blood flow. Then there is effect of the lung volume and that is because of these alveolar pressure and intraplural pressure only because when the lung volume is increasing that means inspiration is taking place. So there will be change in this pressures right and finally there is tone of vessel smooth muscle that whether the smooth muscle is constricted or it is dilated that is also going to determine the pulmonary blood flow. We will see each of these one by one. So first one is what is the effect of this alveolar pressure or what we can say what is the effect of this lung volume on the pulmonary blood flow. This is a graph representing effect of lung volume on resistance. On x-axis we see increasing lung volume that is RV's residual volume then FRC total lung capacity and y-axis shows the pulmonary vascular resistance. So what we see here that at residual volume that means when the lung volume is very less pulmonary vascular resistance is high and when the lung volume is very high then also pulmonary vascular resistance is high and you know that we have an equation when we are talking about blood flow. Flow is equal to pressure upon resistance. So this change in resistance is going to determine the flow isn't it when resistance is more flow will be less and when resistance is less flow will be more. So why is this that at different lung volume so we are getting this kind of graph. See at residual volume what is happening that there is least expansion of the lungs right and we have talked about the extra alveolar and the intra alveolar vessels. So suppose this is intra alveolar and this is extra alveolar. Now at lung volume equal to residual volume the extra alveolar vessels will be least distended isn't it because we said that during inspiration there is a stretch to the walls. So during expiration there is minimal stretch to the walls right so they are least distended. So here actually extra alveolar vessels are having very high resistance extra alveolar vessels are very high resistance. On the other hand at total lung capacity when the lung is fully expanded then alveolar pressure is very high and there is compression of these alveolar vessels. So at total lung capacity there is increased resistance very high resistance on the alveolar vessels right. It is somewhere in between that is at functional residual capacity that pulmonary vascular resistance is least because as the lung volume starts increasing this resistance is going to decrease right and alveolar vessels resistance is going to increase. So it's a balance between these two resistance that what happens that at FRC pulmonary vascular resistance is least. So that is the effect of lung volume on resistance and that in turn is going to affect the pulmonary blood flow. Coming to the effect of right ventricular output on pulmonary blood flow. See whenever right ventricular output increases say suppose when a person is exercising in that case cardiac output is going to increase right and also the requirement of the oxygen by the tissues is increasing. So that means the entire blood which is going out of the right ventricular should be accommodated in the pulmonary circulation and it should get oxygenated and enter into the systemic circulation. So for that there should be the characteristic of pulmonary flow such that it accommodates the entire blood. So what we know that pressure is equal to flow into resistance right and we are just rearranging the equation again and again depending on what we require. So resistance is equal to pressure upon flow. Now you see if the right ventricular output increases what will be the effect on the pressure it is going to increase at least that happens in systemic circulation. Whenever the cardiac output increases then the systolic blood pressure increases actually the cardiac output is the main determinant also of the systolic blood pressure. So pressure is increasing but that is not good in pulmonary circulation. Why? Because say suppose this is the alveoli and here this is the capillaries. When the pulmonary arterial pressure increases then the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries is also going to increase and since hydrostatic pressure is the push force what will happen there will be increased fluid movement and that is going to increase the fluid accumulation first is in the interstitial tissue and later on in the alveoli. So we don't want that these pressures should increase too much instead what happens to accommodate the extra blood it is the resistance which falls understanding. So that means that flow when increases there is fall in the pulmonary vessel resistance such that these pressures don't rise. So basically what is happening since resistance is equal to pressure gradient that is input pressure minus output pressure or in case of pulmonary vessels it will be pulmonary artery pressure minus the left atrial pressure divided by the blood flow. So in case of pulmonary circulation it is equal to the right ventricular output. So with the fall in resistance actually this pulmonary artery pressure is not increasing. Let us try to understand it with means of a graph. So here this graph is taken from Gaetan where x axis is showing the cardiac output in liters per minute and y axis is showing the pulmonary arterial pressures. So you see that normal cardiac output is how much it is approximately five liters per minute and this is the pulmonary artery pressure. So pulmonary artery pressure is not increasing too much even with the rise in the cardiac output. Only when the cardiac output increases more than say suppose five times right then there is sudden steep rise in the pulmonary arterial pressure and how this is happening this is happening due to the fall in the resistance. Now the point comes at how the resistance is falling that is because of two phenomena capillary distention and capillary recruitment. So here the schematic diagram is showing the concepts. So suppose blood is flowing from this side and these are the various capillaries. At normal resting condition there are certain capillaries which are in closed state. Now when the cardiac output increases the right ventricular output increases so what is happening there is distention of certain capillaries right so that is known as capillary distention. So obviously they will be able to accommodate more blood and the capillaries which were closed before because of the push they are opened. So blood flows through them also so additional pathway is being created for the blood flow. This phenomenon is known as capillary recruitment. So two terms you remember that resistance falls due to capillary distention and capillary recruitment. Now when we are talking about this one very good concept we have touched that the pulmonary circulation accommodates the entire blood flow which is coming from the right ventricle and this concept is opposite to the concept of auto regulation. Actually in pulmonary circulation there is no auto regulation that means the blood flow to the pulmonary circulation is not according to the requirements of the lungs and obviously we have seen that the requirements of the lungs are fulfilled by the bronchial circulation. If we see other tissues what is happening that suppose the blood pressure is increasing or suppose the cardiac output is increasing then the local metabolic requirements of the tissue are important that how much blood flow is going to happen to the tissues that is known as metabolic theory of auto regulation. Say suppose when we are exercising then blood flow increases more to the muscles and in fact in other issue beds there is vasoconstriction so that they do not receive any extra blood flow. Here that is not the case. Here when the blood flow is coming from the right ventricle then everything should be accommodated in the pulmonary circulation. Anyways so that was about capillary distention and capillary recruitment. Now coming to another very important concept of blood flow in the lungs that is zones in the lungs and that is due to the effect of the gravity which affect the intrabuscular pressures. See in the video on ventilation perfusion ratio we saw that pulmonary circulation decreases from base to apex and why that is happening that is happening due to the effect of the gravity because there is fall in the hydrostatic pressure as we go from the level of the heart to above right. So at apex if we see the hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary arteries it will be much less compared to that what is the pulmonary arterial pressure at the base at the base it will be more at apex it will be less and that is causing the decreased blood flow at the apex compared to that of the base. Now what is the driving flow for the blood flow? It is the pressure gradient okay pressure gradient. If from one vessel to other pressure gradient is not there everywhere the pressure is same then the blood flow will not occur even if the pressure is high in all the vessels okay blood flow is not going to occur what we need is pressure gradient. So normally the pressure gradient is gradient in the arteries minus the gradient in the vessels where the flow is happening so gradient in the veins or what we have written before the left atrial pressure left atrial pressure is also very less it is almost equivalent to pulmonary venous pressure right. So here we will talk as pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary venous pressure that is the gradient. However we have seen the concept of how the alveoli effect to the capillary diameter isn't it? So that also comes into effect here don't get confused we are handling it very slowly we'll go one by one. So first thing let us look at the base at base what we saw pulmonary arterial pressure is high isn't it? So at base what is the driving force pulmonary arterial pressure minus pulmonary venous pressure that is one thing. Second as we go up what happens pulmonary arterial pressure is decreasing okay what happens as the flow continues on the path there will be always falling pressure right. Now here the vessels are surrounded by the alveoli a point comes where the alveolar pressure will start compressing these vessels here also the compression is there but the pressure is more so the vessels are not collapsing you see when will the vessel completely compress when the outside pressure becomes more than the inside pressure that is known as the transmural pressure. So here inside pressure the pressure inside the capillaries is much more so they are not getting compressed so the driving force is beginning and the end that is arterial pressure minus the venous pressure. Coming to little above what we are seeing that because of the fall in the pressures inside the blood vessels that is the intravascular pressure these alveoli will be able to compress the blood vessels and what happens there occurs a point only a single point where this compression is little bit more here you see right because fall here continues okay so at this point they are able to compress little bit more so it is like from a point of constriction afterwards suddenly there is increase in the flow and this phenomena is known as waterfall effect okay we are not talking about zones right now we will just touch upon them this is waterfall effect we are talking let's go little bit above more now what happens that this pulmonary arterial pressure will fall further because of the gravity intravascular pressure is going to fall that is the hydrostatic pressure so now these alveoli will be able to compress the vessels much more right so the pressure inside the vessels intravascular pressure is so less that the alveolar pressure is able to compress these vessels so in this case there is no flow okay by the way when we were talking here waterfall effect actually the driving force here is pulmonary arterial pressure minus pulmonary alveolar pressure capital A denotes alveoli so that is the driving force because see this becomes a limiting factor and when we talk about limiting factor it has a major importance so pulmonary arterial pressure minus pulmonary alveolar pressure and above what is happening blood flow is not occurring because pulmonary alveolar pressure becomes greater than the pulmonary arterial pressure so what we have seen three different ways of blood flow below blood flow is not getting obstructed so that is known as zone three above that there is zone two where blood flow is there at a single point there is a constriction and then there is sudden flow of blood after that that is zone two and further above that there is zone one where is where there is no blood flow so these are the various zones in the lungs now this zone one actually doesn't exist physiologically so physiologically always there is a state where pulmonary arterial pressure is greater than that of the alveolar pressure so this state where pulmonary alveoli is greater than pulmonary arterial this state doesn't exist in physiological conditions but it may occur in certain conditions one let me rub this clear the screen little bit so I was talking that this may occur in certain conditions one when actually there is decrease in the pulmonary arterial pressure so it may occur in case when cardiac output decreases second it may occur in case when the alveolar pressure is increasing and that happens in case of positive pressure ventilation when the person is on ventilator so that is positive pressure ventilation so in these two pathological conditions zone one may occur physiologically we have zone two and zone three now one more concept you should remember here in zone two we talked about waterfall effect you might be little bit confused here that how this constriction is happening actually there is difference between the systole and diastole so during the diastole constriction is happening and during the systole that construction is suddenly being released and the water is moving out so it's kind of an intermittent flow what happens during systole you see pulmonary arterial pressure will be more right what is the pulmonary arterial pressure it is 25 millimeter mercury so during systole it is like that but during diastole it becomes 8 millimeter mercury so if you see the pressure gradient will be more during the systole obviously the fall with height will be there so here it is 25 millimeter mercury as we go above the level of the heart this value is are going to decrease so the decrease even for systolic blood pressure is not like that it is going to stop the blood flow but the diastolic pressure decreases so much that the blood flow stops so that was a concept of different zones in La so physiologically remember it is only zone two and zone three and one more thing that during exercise when cardiac output increases what happens this pressure the push pressure is going to increase we have seen the diagram that when the cardiac output is increasing to four to five times the pressure is increasing isn't it let us go back to the graph see this graph as it is increasing to four times or five times the pulmonary arterial pressure is increasing so in that case throughout the lungs it becomes on three only because the systolic as well as the diastolic pressure is going to increase so remember certain exceptions right zone one doesn't exist except in case if cardiac output falls too much or there is positive pressure ventilation then during exercise throughout the lungs the blood flow is like as in zone three and also in supine position because we are talking here of the effect of the gravity so when the person is supine the effect of the gravity is nullified and everywhere the pulmonary arterial pressure will be same so during supine position also the blood flow throughout the lungs will be like as in zone three let's come to the last concept of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction here our pulmonary vessels are different from that of the systemic vessels see in systemic vessels whenever there is hypoxia there is vasodilation that is one of the factor of metabolic theory of otoregulation but in pulmonary vessels when hypoxia occurs it leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction and this is functionally very important because it leads to matching of ventilation and perfusion so here in this diagram if you see there are two alveoli being shown and they are like normally ventilated then the vessels are dilated right now if there is an alveoli which is not properly ventilated then in that alveoli there will be decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen and this decrease in partial pressure of oxygen will cause decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in the blood vessels as well and this decrease in partial pressure of oxygen is going to lead to vasoconstriction understanding so is it good or bad it is good because when vasoconstriction occurs in these vessels the blood flow is directed to alveoli which are normally ventilated so there is no wastage of the blood all the blood flow is going to the normally ventilated alveoli so the ventilation and perfusion become matched however in certain conditions like in high altitude pulmonary edema we have discussed in the video on high altitude physiology that how this becomes harmful before closing let us just see what is the mechanism of this hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction when there is hypoxia there is presence of actually otosensitive potassium channels on these vessels so these otosensitive potassium channels close okay these otosensitive potassium channels are going to close when potassium channels close what happens potassiums are not able to move out of the cells normally in the cells potassium is more so closure of the channels potassium movement out of the cells decreases so this is a positive ion so that leads to depolarization of the cells depolarization leads to opening of the voltage gated calcium channels and when these voltage gated calcium channels open what happens entry of calcium within the cells happens and this leads to vasoconstriction so simple mechanism just remember that there are otosensitive potassium channels which close in case of hypoxia so that was all about the characteristics of pulmonary circulation the applied aspect of this that is how pulmonary edema develops that we are going to deal with in another video thanks for watching the video if you liked it do press the like button share the video with others and don't forget to subscribe to the channel physiology open thank you


Okay, so let's talk about inequalities. So I want to look at this function, g of x is x minus 5x. I want to look at that one and just see what my graph looks like. So x squared is what that's supposed to say, minus 5x, because this is x squared here. So I look at my graph and I can see that part of my graph is above the x axis and this stuff right here is going to tell me that y is greater than 0. And then I have y equal to 0 at the x axis. And then anything below is going to be y is less than 0. So I have my graph and it looks like I have, I know it's going to go through 0, 0. Looks something like this. Well, you can see that this x intercept right here and this x intercept right here causes my graph to switch sides of the x axis. Up here, from here over, my graph is above. And from here over, my graph is above. But in between the two, I have the graph is below. So I have three sections and the x intercepts are equal to the boundaries, boundary points. So I really have an interval from negative infinity over here up to this. It looks like 0 and I have between 0 and this one, which is going to be 5. I'll just tell you what that is because we're just looking right now. And then I also have an interval from here over, which is from 5 to infinity. So graphically, when I'm looking at this, if I want g of x to be less than 0, that's going to be my red. My solution for x is less than 0, not equal to, is going to be from 0 to 5. But it can't include either one because my inequality won't allow it. Now, let's look at another one. And we, again, the graph can be very helpful or we could also look at the table. We're going to do both. So negative 3x squared plus x plus 4. And then we want to look at the graph to see what kind of things we have going on here. Okay, well, it's going to be real important that we know what those x intercepts are. But we could use a quadratic formula to help us figure out what those are. Remember, that tells us, gives us the values that we want. So the quadratic 84 is what I want. A is negative 3 coefficient on x squared. B is 1 coefficient on x and C is 4, the constant. And I find out that I have boundary points from at negative 1 and 1 and 1 to 1.3 we can use. So it's going to go from negative infinity up to that negative 1, my boundary point. And this time I can include the negative 1. And then I have between the negative 1 and the 1.3, we'll look at the graph again. And I again can include the 1.3. And then I have from 1.3 over to infinity. Again, let's look at the graph to see that. Negative infinity up to that x intercept, which was negative 1. And then we went to this x intercept, the graph went above it. So it was between 0 or negative 1 and 1.3, my other x intercept. And then from that over to infinity. So if I want to test, I could use a table if I don't want to use the graph. So I test a point somewhere between negative infinity and negative 1. Let's try negative 2. And then I can pick a point between negative 1 and 1.3. So let's try 0. That's always nice. In positive 1.3 to infinity, let's try positive 2. Well, we can plug and chug if we want to. Or we could go to our table. And I'm going to actually let it start at like negative 3. Because I want you to see what happens. So I go to my second graph, look at the table. I'm going to let it tell me what my signs are. So at negative 3, I have a negative 26. At negative 2, I have a negative 10. At negative 1, I have that 0 like I expected. But then when I get on the other side of negative 1, it goes to a positive. So at negative 2, I actually have negative 10. And does that satisfy my inequality? Is it less than or equal to 0? Yes. Then I'm choosing a test point of 0. And it's a positive. And it's a positive all the way looking at this table until I get up to 2. But it's actually at 1.3. So at 0, I actually end up with a positive 4. So it doesn't satisfy. And if I test my point 2, it's at a negative. And if I keep looking through this table forever and ever and ever, now it's going to be a negative. So I know that in that boundary area, it's a negative. And I forget what it was. It was a negative something. But yes, it satisfies. How do I write my answer? I need it to be less than or equal to 0. So that's from negative infinity up to negative 1, including negative 1. Union, because I have another area that is from 1.3, including it to infinity.


What's up everybody once again this brand man Sean and I got a very special clip for you guys today. We're talking about a Spotify tip that's so underutilized and you can only have 50 fans, 100 fans and get on their big playlists and you follow this and information is brought to you by artist by the name of Ruslan he's independent but he's figured out a way to build sustainable systems doing things like what he's doing on Spotify. Some unique merch strategies and a lot of other things that I'll get into in the full interview. Let's go ahead and hop into this clip. Right now, Spotify year like 73,000 monthly listeners, right? That's a good amount monthly especially right? That's a lot of artists want that for one song but it says you have that monthly. How have you been building your Spotify fan base? That's a great question. I think understanding the algorithms in terms of what's happening with Spotify. Spotify is doing some amazing stuff. Spotify is essentially, I feel like, I don't want to say competing with SoundCloud but they're impeding on that space that SoundCloud was in by releasing those manatee matrix. I think it's actually really cool. Understanding the actual algorithm, followers to plays, how many followers, if you have X amount of followers and they all listen to your song the first day comes out that's going to set off bells in their algorithm. Bringing people to the Spotify, pushing people to follow, pre-saving, dropping releases, putting a release up four weeks out, telling people to pre-save it, pre-save it, pre-save it, building hype and prep work around the release. Also dropping singles that then go on a project and then those single streams transfer over by using the same ICRC numbers. I forget what those numbers are but you can do a super, yeah, I did a video about it on how to transfer your numbers from like tune, quarter, digital, kid. I think just using the platforms natively, which I know we hear about from guys like Gary V, all that kind of stuff, but using the platforms natively, understanding what it is and if you, like I got an artist friend of mine, I did a whole video about this but I got an artist friend of mine who's, he's actually my artist older brother and he had like, I don't know, like a hundred followers or something crazy but his first song dropped and it was at like 70, 80,000 streams, listens and it was because all those hundred followers went and listened to it, they shared it and that set off bells in their system. They then Spotify playlisted based on their algorithm and now his monthly listeners are through the roof. Like I think he's got like 20,000 monthly listeners started with a hundred followers, one song out that has like 80,000, 100,000 streams and it was because those initial hundred followers went crazy when a song dropped. All right, great. So I don't know, I probably haven't mentioned this in a video, but one thing that you're saying, which is great and I remember sitting on my first introduction to really how Spotify works actually was like a meeting with people at Spotify and they were, and like a few of the playlists and they were telling me, she was like, they basically, they listened to the, well, they, they watched these lists, they watched numbers. Yes, somebody might have the power to put something on their playlist, but after that, it's all numbers. If it's not working, they're going to take it off. It's going to lose traction and they just say, and no, we don't want this on a list. They want the playlist to perform. But on the other side, like she mentioned Khalid, all right, um, song on a playlist, the song is popping and they see literally metrics. Okay, what's this song? They might not even heard the song. They just see that it's performing and then they added, let's try it on this playlist. Oh, it's still outperforming on this playlist. Let's try it on another playlist. So what you're talking about in terms of getting everybody that follows you to go crazy on it in one period of time, that's like, we'll at least get that attention. And I think it's great you mentioned that because I don't think I've mentioned it before. Um, and I know, and I don't see too many people talk about that part. With that being said, I would love to hear you talk about your specific album release strategies that you typically use because you talk about pre-save and then there's a few other things I'm sure you do. What do you typically do leading up to the project? So you can get that boost. All right, I hope that was super helpful for you guys. I know that was super helpful for you guys because whether you have 50, 100 fans, 1000 fans, 20,000 fans, this strategy can be used and it's only going to benefit you. Again, I got the full interview coming with Ruslan is dropping soon. This guy has his own label. He's actually figured out how to build another artist up under him. He has very sustainable systems where he can even use merch strategies and some other unique strategies to fund his marketing without him having to put his money down. You're not going to want to miss that full interview. So when I drop it, I'm going to put the link in the description below. I also put it, you know, at the end of this video, whichever way you want to go, but definitely check it out other than that. If you like this video, go ahead and like button. If you like it, you must well share it. And if you're not subscribed, you know what to do. Hit that subscribe button.


Everybody forced here ripping a box of 2023 Chronicles baseball hobby for Daniel T Let's get a man. It's not like an Ellie De La Cruz or a Jackson holiday in here. There's a ghost in here You're just gonna leave me Maybe he wants to be the top loader, maybe that's what he's Wanted to upload this card just float to see the top loader. He just wants Donnie to leave All right, let's see You and your coming narrow boys of summer out of the ten very nice great hit Amazing start Daniel fast quick coming narrow one of ten Gorgeous. All right one out of nine Cecil fielder on the recon. I Think I think so Matthew. I think so pretty quick one damaged card So this is a fallah is damaged it's an auto to 100 I'm gonna send the boxing wrapper with this one Daniel So you can try to get down replaced by Panini Covey base Taj Bradley out of 50 Tampa Bay box here That's a Trevor Hoffman on the hyper season ticket to 75. That is 150 points 150 pin any points there 2199 whitey Ford on the recon drew Jones out of 49 on the certified Richie Ashburn gold classics to 10 Salas Joe Maurer jersey game worn for the twins here this game worn. All right last pack. What's been a really good box? Ben Joyce rookie spectra and silver Mazurowski. I don't do it appreciate you Daniel get these cards out to you shortly


What's up everyone? It's your girl, Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards and I'm ripping a couple of personal boxes here for Arlo S. We've got a 2022 Bowman Draft Baseball Super Jumbo Box as well as a 2021 Bowman Draft Baseball Super Jumbo Box. We're going to start with the 2022. Good luck. There you go. That's a good idea, Prime. See which one you like more. They're both a really good break. So just depends on your preference too, you know. Good idea. But I don't know what part it should be, but that's great. Paper again. Paper does not ship out of this Arlo. You will get all your chrome and hints of course. Got blue of Roderick Arias. Yankee. That is 117 of 150. First refractor Cole Young. Confidant, McLean. A Jordan Sprinkle first. And blue wave auto of Jacob Miller. 81 of 150 Marlins. Jacob Miller. Got refractor first. Bullculture, Panada, Hernandez and first refractor South Stewart. Yeah, there really is a lot. Yeah, John. Of course. That was a heck of a Pullman.  What are your plans for? Are you going to sell it? Keep it? Crack it? Get it graded? Or open it? Not crack it? Makes it sound like it's already slapped. Flushed it out. Yeah, open the flawless sticker. Got Invicta of Cole Young. First refractor, Kumar Rocker. Donson, Curtis Mead and Noah Schultz. First refractor. We've got green first paper, 47 of 99. J. Ritchie. Braves. One golden. And two units. I'm thinking never buy in anymore. So last time you were in a group break. We've got refractor first. Henry Williams, Alan Serda, Harry Ford, Benny Montgomery and nice. Jackson Holiday. First auto. There you go, Arlo. So kid you're looking for, we'll take that. We'll mag that one up for you. But again, why? I can't remember. So busy. Yeah. Oh yeah, the Frank Otter and the 10. That's one like he is really like the only chase when people were going crazy for. First refractor, Cannon, Pete Hansen, Tray Lipscomb and Andrew Pintar. Nice first refractor. Right there. Yeah, it was it was back when it was like his first stuff in product too. I'm glad you sold at the right time. So I don't think you get 6k for that now. Fractors, Wreckley, Chirio, Jordan Beck, first refractor, Kasevich, first refractor. And we've got Braves, David McCabe on the base of the first auto. Yeah, for sure. He was also playing very well back then too. Kind of cooled down a bit. Blackjack Chrome Base. It looked pretty sharp to me. Last time I remember, John, I would definitely, you know, kind of inspect it from from the outside. I wouldn't crack it unless you're 100% certain you want to send it in to get graded. Kumar Rocker and Victor, Pasiola first refractor, Mizorowski, Zack Nitto and Joshua Baez. So if you do crack it and not get it graded, I feel like it would affect the value, don't you? Yeah, you want to you want to keep the flawless sticker sealed unless you are going to grade it. Yeah. Got nice Skyblue first paper, 257 of 499, Jeb Fabian. Lane says that sometimes when they're still panini, so like that, they can go like you don't necessarily have to grade them. Purple, yeah, Marcella Meyer, 53 of 250, for sure. Yeah, they would still sell good. Yeah, I'm with you right there, great white. Savino first refractor, Owen Murray first, Jackson Job, and first refractor, Otto for the Braves, a Blake Hulker, 82 of 499. Oh, John, I'm not sure what it's worth. I have no idea off the top of my head. I'd probably say a couple, couple bands, don't you? At least. I'd say more than two, probably no more than like five, six. Yeah. Maybe seven at the top. Blackjack home. It was a dual auto Puleo Rodriguez and Ken Griffey Jr. to 10, I believe, but I pulled out a flawless baseball. We've got refractors, Thomas Harrington first, Beauty Cafe, Aerovera, Robert Moore first refractor. I think a little bit more than 2K. A little bit more. We got purple first, 21 of 250, Ryan Sermak. It's like a really faded purple. Yeah, it is an unlicensed, but I mean like those are two of the biggest names for the barriers. We've got green speckle first of Ryan Sermak, 13 out of 99, first refractor, Brenner Cox, James Wood, Eric Hernandez, Steven Zobac first refractor and a Trey Lipscomb for the nationals on the base first bowman Otto. I don't know if there's going to be any comps quite yet on a card like that, but always take a look. Right, that will do it for the 2022. Now time for the 2021. Good luck here, Arlo. I'm really grateful. Yeah, it's a big name. The design is just so different from year to year on this. It's crazy. Genesis, Benny Montgomery. We've got purple 138 of 250, Victor Massa Jr. Rodriguez, we've got first refractor Kai Bush, Jacob Steinmetz first, no car for rez and first Otto is going to be a Bryce Miller Mariners, Bryce Miller paper. John, so this is a personal box. So this whole box someone bought. So all these cards, except for the paper base will go out to the person who bought this rather than a break where you just buy a team or division. Someone bought this whole box and I'm opening that opening it for them. If you would like to buy a personal box, you can go to our website at latensportscards.com. And then you click under personal boxes and it shows you everything that we have available that you can buy. DeCastrore Fractor, a Jacob Wolf first refractor, Ryan Cusick, Nikki York. There is the link directly there for you, John. We've got Lava Aqua Lava 194-199 Cameron Collie, Rangers, Amador, Ramirez, Hendy, we have Aaron Zavala first refractor and the next Otto is going to be Marlin's Jordan McCants. Jordan McCants on the base first auto. Marshall Meyer draft night, we've got first refractor of Dalen Lyle, your Bina, Garrett Mitchell, Kyle Mazzardo first refractor. I think I think I'll just be maybe a little different than what everyone's used to, but I don't see any of you going to be scared. Dang, I love 2021. This stuff is really cool looking. Got blue paper, Robert Pauson, A's that is 148 out of 150. Invicta of Marco Luciano, refractors. We've got first refractor, Ricky Kiedemann, Logan Henderson, Jordan Vyers, Will Bednar. You want me to pick for you? Go Mosaic, no huddle. You get an extra box compared to four. You have one extra box. You get guaranteed autos. You mean you get guaranteed auto out of optic too. Basabe, Jordan Lawler first refractor, Jose Salas, Brock Selvidge first refractor and nice. We've got Invicta insert auto 65 of 99, Henry Davis. Dang. Nice one there, Arlo. That's sick. Congrats, 65 of 99. We'll mag that one for you. All right, you got purple paper first of Connor Norby for the Orioles, 185 of 250. Got refractor first of Connor Norby. You got an autograph from the first pick of the draft in both boxes. You did. That's the best. Brand Webb refractor. Nice. You say that. Yeah, Jackson Holiday and Henry Davis. Genesis, Gavin Williams. You got blue, Robert Paulson, 146 of 150. Fractor first, Mckay Brown, Riley Greene, Detroit Legend, Angel Martinez. You know, it's going to say that Tyler McDonald first refractor and for the Rockies, a Hunter Goodman. Base first. Hunter Goodman. All right, last pack here for you, Arlo. Overall, very solid. Like Blake said, you got an auto of each of the overall first draft picks in each box. That's awesome. Got baby Sky Blue, 179 of 499, Gunner Henderson. Sounds good, John. Thanks for letting me know and good luck on those. Got Invicta, Marco Luciano. First refractor, Stephen Hajjar. Vargas, Casas, Grayson Rodriguez. Genesis Jackson Merrill. Got Greene coming up here. That's a pretty big name. Fractor first, Russell Smith, Lurad, Marco Luciano. Lajica, and we've got Greene. Cody Morissette. That is nine out of 99 on the green first. Marlins. Nice Greene. Counting on me. Oh, no pressure. And paper. Alrighty, Arlo. That will do it for your boxes. Congrats. Thanks as always for hopping in. This was a fun little mixer for you. And congrats on all those six. We'll get them right out to you.