Cool. Hi. Thanks so much for coming, and thank you so much to Bernard and Victoria and everybody. Actually, I'm just going to say it. Last year was the first time I came to FOSDEM, and I showed up thinking, now I'm a designer. I don't know what's going on here. There's nothing for me. I walked into the open source design room, and I was like, this is fascinating. This is fantastic. I need to come next year. I need to come every year after this, and this year I'm given a talk. So I hope that, yeah. Thank you. My name is Molly, and I am a senior designer and researcher at Simply Secure in Berlin. We are a small design non-profit based in Berlin. We have an educational mission. So we host events, gatherings, meetups, most recently a one week design residency in Berlin for people to work on security, privacy, and trustworthiness-related technology. We make toolkits. We do a lot of research, design, and consulting ourselves as well. We helped with some open source projects in the past. We helped with a lot of the prototype fund projects in Berlin. We helped with the tails rebranding, helped some with the tour style guide, and a lot of these were collaborations with some of the other folks in these rooms. So our main areas of interest are open source, privacy security, and decentralization, and most importantly, trustworthy technology. This might seem to you like it doesn't even go together, like design and security aren't those completely different topics. I know I used to think of security as a technical property, like design, I make it usable, security, and engineer makes it secure. And those are totally separate processes that have nothing to do with each other unrelated. I think it was moving from the US to Germany, which is sort of a more privacy and security conscious society, a society that's a little more conscious of how you use your personal data, that I realized there was a really powerful connection between design and security. Okay, I'm just going to show you this. Is this right? But okay, what if we put this post-it note somewhere else? This secure? You're probably thinking, yeah, definitely not. We're probably really not if this computer belongs to the same person who wrote the post-it. All right, what about this? In the snack box is this secure? We actually can't answer this without a lot more questions. Is there a copy of this information anywhere else? Who else knows where who else is aware of the existence of this post-it and has access to the information on it? Is this information easy to relate to a particular individual, a particular identity? Is this information current or is this just like old? Is it accurate? Is it updated?  As anybody who has done anything with security knows, security is super context dependent.  The thing is that design is also really, really context dependent. Design and security have a lot in common in that you can't do design without answering a whole lot of questions. Security, like something you pretty much always do and some things you should pretty much never do. But there is a big middle ground where design, like security, depends on your context. You can't just make something that is good in the abstract. Who is going to be using it? What is the context? What is the world around it? So before we dive into some security specific examples, let's do a little bit of comparative exploration around what design choices can do to a technology application that is, I think, pretty similar. I'd like to look at just part of design. Okay, so visuals and words. This is part of design that a lot of people think of when they think of design and it is super important. I want to look at how visuals and words are used when we are presenting a VPN. I chose VPNs because it's a tool that basically does the same thing under the hood. Okay, we've got some difference in security features. We've got some difference in like account management, pricing options, but like basically the same thing. So it's really the look and the feel of the whole tool and the visuals and how they work together that determines quite a lot about a few different VPNs. This is just, I just went through the internet and pulled some home pages. Here we've got something that tells us on the very front page it is for the truly paranoid. Okay, cool. This one on the other hand, MOVAD, is aimed more towards people who think that they are using a VPN as sort of something they personally want to watch, should be able to have everybody should be able to use a connection that allows them to get to access all content. This Nord VPN is kind of for people who want to think of a VPN as being something that's not special or not paranoid. It's like a normal cost of doing business. They don't use a lot of technical vocabulary and they've got this very like star alliance, gold, international business kind of background. Borderless world, et cetera, et cetera. This one, perfect privacy, seems to me to be for people who think they are, anonymize your internet. I'm not even sure what that means. And the website is actually quite short on technical details, but they've got these very site graphics. Okay. And this one, people do not want technical attributes. They're focused on something that seems friendly and easy to use. This is for the, I just want to watch Brooklyn Nine-Nine crowd. There's literally no technical vocabulary anywhere on the page. So clearly there's no like best way to design even branding for a VPN or no typical VPN user or like best practice for designing this homepage. But if you're in this room, you know that design is not just the visuals and the words. Design is really importantly the way that you organize a tool and the choices that people are permitted to make within it. Let's go back to our VPNs. VPN has a command line interface you can use. There are many, many choices. And you need a lot of background knowledge even to know what choices exist. So probably the widest range of possible choices and the least help making those choices unless you want to read a lot of documentation. They also do have a lot of documentation. I'm making now I wanted to show the command line one. Nord VPN. We've got a graphical interface here. This is the really business oriented one. Fewer choices and but still a graphical representation of a technical concept. You can go into a country here and like favorite a particular server. So the concept that there are different servers in each country is exposed to the user and that's a choice they can make. Let's look at tunnel bear. What can you do here? You can literally choose a country and then you can choose tunnel no or yes. You can also connect and disconnect. Those are literally the only choices you can make. There is no technical vocabulary on this slide except for the word tunnel and even that is explained with this little Super Mario like tunnel in different countries. You had no options. The only choice is yes no. So which one of these is a usability best practice? We've been talking about design in general but in security we often have to make choices about how to depict something fairly complicated and these stakes are very high. We can't be like maybe you get it maybe you don't whatever I don't really care because if somebody uses it wrong there is a lot that is at risk. Your design choices can cause security holes. Are you familiar with the concept of a desire path? This is like this is the normal path but this is cutting the corner and everybody cuts the corner because why yeah there's so many around here. So many actually all around yeah all around this campus. Why would you stay on the normal path when this is much shorter? This is how people are going to use any tool that you make. Confused people will create workarounds and you're not going to like those workarounds.  Nobody likes thinking about security sometimes even when it is literally their job to think about security. They need to do something else. They're trying to message somebody. They're trying to pay a bill. They're trying to transfer information between devices. It's a paradox. We need people to kind of act against their immediate interests in for their long-term interests. We want to educate them but we also don't want it to be preachy and condescending and this is why I've wandered into this corner of design because I think this is one of the thorniest and most interesting design problems we have. Do people actually need to understand how everything works? This is an engine. Maybe you just need to drive the car unless your job is an auto repair person. Maybe you just need to know how the user interface of the car works and not necessarily the engine. Let's look at two security concepts where design has been trying to make it a little bit easier for people, non-technical people to interact with that security concept and let's see how that's going. Let's look at key handling and password management. All right. Key handling. I did not know until maybe four years ago how public and private keys worked. I didn't need to know. Then somebody sent me an encrypted email that I could not open and I did some Googling. I thought, oh, this is the thing. All right. I Googled and found a diagram kind of like this. And I now know kind of how key handling works. I've got a private key. The other person has a private key. I have a public key. The other person has a public key. In order to send a message to them, we combine my private key and their public key and then only they can open it. But they can open it when they know, when they have my public key and their private key and somehow this all works together cryptographically so that only though that particular combination opens the message. There. I have given you my understanding of how this works. And that's a lot more than a lot. Thank you. There's a lot more than a lot of people know. And I would say it's actually way more than most people need to know in order to have access to encrypted messaging. Signal has made huge strides in this regard. I really like the way that, so here I'm texting with Eileen Wagner and something changed. Your safety number with Eileen has changed. Does not tell me that, and he says, does not say anything about my public, about public keys and private keys. It tells me something has changed that I need to verify. And then this shows up and it kind of encourages me to meet up in person with Eileen Wagner and either scan the QR code or make sure that these numbers are the same and then I can mark as verified. I would say that actually we could make this even, WhatsApp has made this even simpler by just saying, here, Lawnmire's security code changed. And I kind of like this subtle thing of rather than saying your security code with her has changed. It says something has changed on her side. And it makes clear that I need to make sure that she still has that phone. Maybe she got a new phone. There's something changed in the technical settings on her side. And when I tap this, it tells me I should have screen grabbed that. It tells me in very plain language that I should meet up and make sure that the phone still belongs to her and that it's still really her. Otherwise we can't be sure that it's encrypted. I think this is really neat because it exposes exactly what you, what you, a person who doesn't know anything about cryptography, needs to know about making sure that your message can only be read by the person you're sending it to. Cool. Let's look at password management. I was dismayed to discover that a friend who had internalized the idea that passwords needed to be something that you remember and something that follow a certain like set of, they need to be longer than 15 characters and have special characters, whatever. So she had a great password and she was using it everywhere. No. Cool. Okay. So I thought, all right, we need to set you up with a password manager. But there was no way that this person was going to use an external password manager. I use KeyPass XC. This person took one look at it and was like, absolutely not. Even last pass, this would have all not worked. I thought, okay, in-browser password management has gotten pretty good. Let's set you up with the in-browser password manager. The way that in-browser password managers work, a password manager is a place that keeps all your passwords. So you can have a whole bunch of different strong passwords and then access them with one master password. And this way you can have different passwords for different websites. Just what this person needed. This person, I should say, was over 60. And this remembers your password on the website where you're probably using the password and just like types it in for you. Cool. I thought this is just what you need. Well, when I was trying to figure out which password manager she should use, Chrome kept grabbing the passwords incorrectly and then there was no way to edit them manually. So when Chrome got this wrong, I could not go in and put the correct password in. Chrome would like mix up the username and the password. Yo, that's really bad. I thought, all right, Safari and Firefox have got to be better. Okay, Safari and Firefox, you can edit it within the in-browser password manager. But here, my friend thought that this was the password on the website. So what she did was go into the Safari password manager and change all of the saved passwords in the Safari password manager and thought that she had then changed all the passwords on all the websites in the process, losing all of her passwords. Her mental model of how a password manager worked, she thought this was the website, was like completely different from what I had expected it to be. That is a big, big problem. So is this functionless design just like not explaining what's really going on underneath the surface? Is that helpful or harmful? Is it dangerous to not offer choices and to oversimplify a complex problem for the sake of helping people understand it? Well, I really wish it had explained it more. How on earth are you supposed to figure this out? You might be wishing that I could offer you like a best practice or a guideline or a checklist, and you might at this point be a little annoyed that I'm not, that I am saying it's really context-dependent. Sometimes you want to show people how the engine is working, and sometimes it just needs to work and they don't want to think about it. Well, I can actually ask... talking to people. And this is... you can do research, use a research remotely. I've done lots of it, if you're thinking, no, we're all distributed, you can still do user research. If you're thinking, no, we never do any kind of research because we believe in protecting people's agency and privacy and anonymity, you can still do that. I do it all the time. There are a lot of best practices in place so that you, yes you, can do design research on your project. No matter how hard your user group is to reach, you think no matter how technical, no matter how non-technical, this is super, super important. Engaging with people and finding out what are their mental models around what it is you're doing. So, the two techniques that I would recommend, and if you were at Olayna's talk earlier, she said this much, much better than I am and has a whole talk about it. So, watch... what was it, 2 p.m.? It's called 130. It's called the dangers of not doing user research, and she spells out a lot of techniques for doing this. I am going to highlight just the two that you... that I... One is asking people about their mental models. So, ask somebody, how do you think encrypted messaging works? You need to approach them in a way that it's really clear that you are not quizzing them, that this is not school, you are not trying to make them look stupid. You're just really curious how they think. What do you think a password manager is? I am really wishing I had asked my friend that question. The other thing is to watch somebody use your tool. Ask questions like the contact in the secure messaging app or try changing a password, and you will learn so much from correcting and not explaining. This is possible to do remotely via a whole lot of screen sharing tools, but it actually is quite easy to do if you're just sitting next to somebody, then take notes. You cannot rely on the way that you think about something security, privacy, and trust related, being the same as the way other people will think about it.  A lot of this is in our knowledge base on simplysecure.org. We have sample research guides. We have guides for how to plan your research. We have some of these usability best practices I told you about. Our goal is to make research possible for you. The question you have about how this works that you're not finding research around security, privacy, and trust to be something that everybody in this room is able to do. Thank you. Yeah, questions? We haven't yet. So the question was have we done anything around securing your own wallet, especially as cryptocurrencies become more and more widely adopted? This is a fantastic question and this is on our long trello list of things to look into more. And I really think we should pursue it. Thank you so much for bringing that up. Not yet. Nope. And there should be. Thank you. Yeah. That was a brilliant talk. Thank you so much. Can you tell us a bit more about simply secure and the work you're doing with that? I asked, and again, watch Alina's talk earlier, the cost of not doing user research. You need to see this. She asked what is simply secure and a bit more about the work that we're doing. So I actually only started there about eight months ago. So some of the work I'm talking about, I have to say, has been my co-workers, our former executive director, Scout Brody, current executive director, Georgia Bolin, and my colleagues, Amy Elliott and Andaleen Wagner have been doing work around supporting other people in their design processes and occasionally doing design consulting ourselves. My favorite thing that we've done lately is this design residency in Berlin called Underexposed. We had 10 people from all over the world come and work on security, privacy, and trust-related problems through the lens of some of the more developers, some were artists, some were researchers, some were designers, and then presented our results at the end of the week. We'll have a wrap-up post about this.


What's up everybody? Jay's here for Jasper's casebricks.com. We just sold out another wax party promo break 2021-22 Contenders basketball. This is a six box half case break ppt's number three and Here we go So if you have a little character side at the end of the year that means you want those in a team filler So there you go, man. Good luck guys. Everybody gets a chance at a wax party promo at the end of the break Like I said fresh case here. Let me actually scan this out Sortly really quick noise six on the left right Six there Six there Let's see what we got here guys. Let's see we can get something Something rolled here one two three for the left four five six for the right Three or one time one two three so this right here would be for number four All right four on there for four four four four Perfecto James Harden conference finals ticket to 75. This is just base cards there John and Kaminga Whoa a little Kate Cunningham rookie ticket just a base, but Not bad at all Detroit when Adam Kelly Giddy and a premium ticket of Joe West camp very nice that's for the spurs and And Jeff playoff ticket Joellen bead And we got a little cracked ice sweet shots for the clippers PG Scotty Barnes All right, there's the first box nice case So I we did have a loaded case that when I pulled that giddy gold on Instagram the other day Teddy had ripped two boxes out of the 10 12 box case before I got on and he got a gold premium of Chris Dwarth it and he pulled it Jalen sucks to 49 right so you know when I got on I was like damn those are pretty good hits well customer of our zebra ended up buying a couple boxes and And Pulled themselves to Josh giddy gold So we had a guard or thick gold and giddy in the same case with that Jalen sucks And big dog actually Rob's in here also about some boxes. He ended up getting a Yolkich veteran ticket to 25 and I believe a premium Anthony Edwards So all I know it was a pretty loaded case But as you can see every case is totally different, but you know, even though we've got that Kade base There could still be more than Kade hopefully in the rest of these boxes and if not in the second half You know yesterday I pulled a Kade Scotty barns and a Chris Dwarth it Crackdice crackdice just with Chris Dwarth it barns. I believe was out of 49 and Kade was just a premium base So usually there's like three maybe four bigger rookie tickets So hopefully we get that here guys. Good luck Wow Almost skipped over a gold. Isn't that gold or not? I think that was supposed to be stamped gold You guys see that right there? But it's not it's not stamped. It should be gold though Lamello ball Charlotte Hornets Jalen sucks Just a foil though. Like why would they put a gold foil? Is that part of it? I was in that but maybe you're right. I do believe they forget stamping sometimes. So All right, you go first one is Yolkich 299 semi-finals ticket Deca Zion Oh, there's a redemption. We have Zair Williams and Dearon Sharp for the Brooklyn Nets Peter Ang with that one All right, let's see who this redemption is. I've seen him be Scotty barns. I've seen it be Shaq As a veteran ticket, let's see what it is backwards Playoff rookie ticket Scotty barns. There you go. Playoff rookie ticket redemption So there you go. That is a Raptors Kevin Parker So it's funny Scotty barns is live in some of them, but not all of them Looks like he just didn't sign his base rookie ticket Because those are not numbers. I'm sure he's like, hey, I'm not signing those At least not yet. Yeah, definitely open some nice bottles. I look in score. I can only see the clippers 87 82 87, okay train young premium season ticket. Whoo Two-point game down And I want the pelicans to win just because the clippers are just rationally, but I really would love to see 75 Christmas, I really would love to see Zion come back. I Think he's healthy. They should play. I'm playing simple and I think he wants to play So I'd say play him Jeremiah Robbins and Earl premium rookie ticket Thunder for it with that one and another redemption Playoff ticket for a review Tray Murphy. I raise a rookie in this too as well Rookie season ticket 144 Nina's I Believe that's a Sacramento yes Sacramento Kings that's going to Jeff all right halfway through guys so three more boxes to go McCollum Palligans on a 14 to one run right now. All right guys. Good luck Hornets, Laundry ticket there Decatatum we have first-round ticket Wendell Carter Kate Cunningham and look at that Tray Murphy. I should right now playing for the Palligans Rookie ticket Palligan team actually has some pretty young studs there, too But it makes a nice CG McCollum there a little Brandon Ingram Palligans that's Michael Robinson. There you go, man. All right. Let's go. Let's go Jalen Johnson rookie ticket for Lana gonna Dave Rob finals ticket John Wall for the Rockets bones Chris Dwarthe All right, two more boxes guys Two more boxes. Oh CG McCollum just missed that layup Charles Bassie for Philly rookie ticket a little chip on that corner there Another redemption Tray Murphy and Maggie got a train Murphy at the right time and especially the Palligans advance Edwards 94 94 Christian will Zaire Ty this I mean, I think I was talking to like a closer remarks on the Instagram mojo But right now this class seems probably like the deepest class we've seen in the last couple years And that's that at the time 1920 was pretty good in 2021 with the Milan Edwards and all those guys But I just feel like right now So many more of these players in this 2021-22 class have been performing right away for their teams You know and yeah, they may not be Kate Cunningham or Jalen Green But they're just performing and just imagine what they'll do in their second year, you know What all the products that we still have to get to we probably will be getting into some really high in stuff right before the season starts So it's just gonna be right right at the right time to grab some of these guys, you know with the products You know and again second year has it been great, right? Look at Maxi and Cole Anthony and all these guys from the previous year Variation rookie season ticket Part number 140 Scotty Lewis Scotty Lewis, which I forget is that Charlotte? Yes, Charlotte Hornets All right, so scarlet a Charlotte scarlet Charlotte Hornets Brian Wofford All right guys last box here again. The second half is in the store We're like a like more than a halfway there So you probably need a couple people to buy some teams straight up so we can potentially do another team filler or pack filler You know, we can always do it that way too Like I said depending on we get here guys, I still think there could be some pretty nice kids hiding in the second half Usually it's like a couple cracked ice tickets And autographed rookie crack guys is well at least one per case about at least that too potentially Because some cases are different some cases are more loaded than others Also, we haven't seen a license to dominate and permit to dominate yet either so Usually one of those are each in a case as well Magic Johnson legends contenders ticket. So we're still missing those Evan Mobley Ben Simmons Terry Rosier and JT Thor rookie ticket to start us off Shall one more there? Damn Larry Nance, let's put it back right now another redemption. Good Lord. There's been so many redemptions in this box Think we got all the redemptions out of the case already for sure in this half Luca to 299 Davion Trey Murphy All right, so no license to dominate none of those there permits to dominate no cracked ice So that should still be hiding in the second half guys So second half could potentially be pretty nice Rookie season ticket 140 another Scotty Lewis another one for Charlotte. I Think we also got all the redemptions out of the way here, too There you go, Charlotte. All right, there you go guys. So here with the autographs one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve Twelve of those there. These will all be right here. Penny sleep to be top-loaded.  So then guys one customer will get in There's that remember customer number one gets it roll it one of three four times good luck one two three and fourth and final time Boom four times one of three four Adam Kelly. There you go. Congratulations After four times you are in let's paste you in here and Contenders number three There you go. Appreciate it guys. Jasper's case first calm


CHAPTER I TO THE WORLD AT LARGE, OF COURSE, IT WAS JUST ANOTHER DAY. A different sword entirely at different places on the great round rolling earth, but nothing out of the ordinary. It was Tuesday on one side of the date-line and Monday on the other. It was So-and-so's wedding anniversary and So-and-so's birthday, and another So-and-so would get out of jail today. It was warm, it was cool, it was fair, it was cloudy. Everyone looked forward to the future with confidence, with hope, with uneasiness, or with terror according to one's temperament and one's geographical location and past history. To most of the human race this was nothing whatever but just another day. But to Joe Kenmore it was a most particular day indeed. Here it was the gray hour just before sunrise, and already there were hints of reddish colorings in the sky. It was chilly and somehow the world seemed still and breathless. To Joe the feeling of intensity marked this morning off from all other mornings of his experience. He got up and began to dress, in major halts' quarters back of the giant steel half-globe called the Shed, near the town of Bootstrap.  By all the rules he should have experienced a splendid noble resolution and a fiery exaltation, and perhaps even an admirable sensation of humility and unworthiness to accomplish what was expected of him today. And deep enough inside he felt suitable emotion. But it happened that he couldn't take time to feel things adequately today. He was much more aware that he wanted some coffee rather badly, and that he hoped everything would go all right. He looked out of the windows at empty dreary desert under the dawn sky. Today was the day he'd be leaving on a rather important journey. He hoped that Haney and the Chief and Mike weren't nervous. He also hoped that nobody had gotten at the fuel for the pushpots, and that the slide-rule crew that had calculated everything hadn't made any mistakes. He was also bothered about the steering rocket fuel, and he was uncomfortable about the business of releasing the spaceship from the launching cage. There was, too, cause for worry in the take-off rockets. If the two blindings had shrunk there would be some rather gruesome consequences. And there could always be last-minute orders from Washington to delay or even cancel everything. In short, his mind was full of strictly practical details. He didn't have time to feel noble aspirations or sensations of high destiny. He had a very tricky and exacting job ahead of him. The sky was growing lighter outside. The stars faded in a paling blue and the desert showed faint colorings. He tied his neck-tie. A deep-toned keening set up off to the southward over the seer and dreary landscape. It was a faraway noise, something like the lament of a mountain-sized calf bleeding for its mother. Joe took a deep breath. He looked but saw nothing. The noise, though, told him that there be no cancellation of orders so far. He mentally uncrossed one pair of fingers. He couldn't possibly cross fingers against all foreseeable disasters. There weren't enough fingers, or toes, either. But it was good that so far the schedule had held. He went downstairs. Major Holt was pacing up and down the living-room of his quarters. Lightlights burned, but already the windows were brightening. Joe straightened up and tried to look casual. Strictly speaking, Major Holt was a family friend who happened also to be security officer here, in charge of protecting what went on in the giant construction shed. He'd had a sufficiently difficult time of it in the past, and the difficulties might keep on in the future. He was also the ranking officer here, and consequently the immediate boss of Joe's enterprise. Today's affair was still highly precarious. The whole thing was controversial and uncertain, and might spoil the career of somebody with stars on his collar if it should fail. So nobody in the high brass wanted the responsibility. If everything went well, somebody suitable would take credit and the boughs. Meanwhile Major Holt was boss by default. He looked sharply at Joe. "'Morning!' "'Good morning, sir,' said Joe. Major Holt's daughter Sally had a sort of understanding with Joe, but the Major had in the knack of cordiality, and nobody felt too much at ease with him. Besides, Joe was wearing a uniform for the first time this morning. There were only eight such uniforms in the world so far. It was black whip-cord with an Eisenhower jacket, narrow silver braid on the collar and cuffs, and a silver rocket for a badge where a plain pilot wears his wings. It was strictly practical. Against accidental catchings in machinery the trousers were narrow and tucked into ten-inch soft leather boots, and the wide leather belt had flat loops for the attachment of special equipment. Its width was a brace against the strains of acceleration. Sally had had much to do with its design. But it hadn't been decided by the Pentagon whether the Space Exploration Project would be taken over by the Army, or the Navy, or the Air Corps. So Joe wore no insignia of rank. Technically, he was still a civilian. The deep-toned noise to the south had become a howl, sweeping closer and trailed by other howlings. The pushpots are on the way over, as you can hear, said the Major detachedly in the curious light of daybreak and electric bulbs together. Your crew is up and about. So far there seems to be no hitch. You're feeling all right for the attempt today? If you want the truth, sir, I'd feel better with about ten years practical experience behind me. But my gang and myself, we've had all the training we can get without an actual take-off. We're the best trained crew to try it. I think we'll manage. I see, said the Major, you'll do your best. We may have to do better than that, admitted Joe Riley. Through enough you may, the Major paused. You're well aware that there are, ah, people who do not altogether like the idea of the United States possessing an artificial satellite of Earth. I ought to know it, admitted Joe. The Earth's second man-constructed moon, out in space for just six weeks now, didn't seem nowadays like the bitterly contested achievement it actually was. From Earth it was merely a tiny speck of light in the sky, identifiable for what it was only because it moved so swiftly and serenely from the sunset toward the east, or from the night's darkness into the dawn light. But it had been fought bitterly before it was launched. It was first proposed to the United Nations, but even discussion and the Council was vetoed. So the United States had built it alone. Yet the nations which objected to it as an international project liked it even less as a national one, and they'd done what they could to wreck it. The building of the great steel hull, now out there in emptiness, had been fought more bitterly by more ruthless and more highly trained saboteurs than any other enterprise in history. There had been two attempts to blast it with atomic bombs. But it was high aloft, rolling grandly around the Earth, so close to its primary that its period was little more than four hours, and it rose in the west and said in the east six times a day. Today Joe would try to get a supply ship up to it, a very small, rocket-driven cargo ship named Pelican One. The crew of the platform needed food and air and water, and especially the means of self-defense. Today's take-off would be the first attempt at a rocket lift to space. The enemies of the platform haven't given up, said the Major formatively, and they used spectroscopes on the platform's rocket fumes. Apparently they've been able to duplicate our fuel. Joe nodded. Major Holt went on. For more than a month, military intelligence has been aware that rockets were under construction behind the iron curtain. They will be guided missiles, and they will carry atomic bomb heads. One or more may be finished any day. When they're finished, you can bet that they'll be used against the platform. And you will carry up the first arms for the platform. Your ship carries half a dozen long-range interceptor rockets to handle any attack from Earth. It's vitally important for them to be delivered. They'll attack the platform, demanded Joe angrily. That's war. Not if they deny guilt, said the Major ironically, and if we have nothing to gain by war. The platform is intended to defend the peace of the world. If it is destroyed, we won't defend the peace of the world by going to war over it. But while the platform can defend itself, it is not likely that anyone will dare to make war. So you have a very worthwhile mission. I suggest that you have breakfast and report to the shed. I am on my way there now. Joe said, Yes, sir. The Major started for the door. Then he stopped. He hesitated and said abruptly, If my security measures have failed, Joe, you'll be killed. If there has been sabotage or carelessness, it will be my fault. I'm sure, sir, that everything anybody could do, everything anybody can do to destroy you has been done, said the Major grimly. Not only sabotage, Joe, but blunders and mistakes and stupidities. That always happens. But I've done my best. I suspect I'm asking your forgiveness if my best hasn't been good enough. Then before Joe could reply, the Major went hurriedly away. Joe frowned for a moment. It occurred to him that it must be pretty tough to be responsible for the things that other men's lives depend on when you can't share their danger. But just then the smell of coffee reached his nostrils. He trailed the scent. There was a coffee pot steaming on the table in the dining room. There was a note on a plate. Good luck, I'll see you in the shed, Sally. Joe was relieved. Sally Holt had been somewhere around underfoot all his life. She was a swell girl, but he was grateful that he didn't have to talk to her just now. He poured coffee and looked at his watch. Sally went to the window. The faraway howling was much nearer, and dawn had definitely arrived. Small cloudlets in a pale blue sky were tinted pinkish by the rising sun. Patches of yucca and mesquite and sage out beyond the officer's quarters area stretched away to a far off horizon. They were now visibly different in color from the red-yellow earth between them and cast long streaky shadows. The cause of the howling was still invisible. But Joe cared nothing for that. He stared skyward, searching, and he saw what he looked for. There was a small bright sliver of sunlight high aloft. It moved slowly toward the east. It showed the unmistakable glint of sunshine upon polished steel. It was the artificial satellite, a huge steel hull which had been built in the gigantic shed from whose shadow Joe looked upward. It was the size of an ocean liner, and six weeks since some hundreds of pushpots all straining at once had gotten it out of the shed and panted toward the sky with it. They'd gotten it twelve miles high and speeding eastward at the ultimate speed they could manage. They'd fired jato rockets all at once, and so pushed its speed up to the preposterous. Then they dropped away and the giant steel thing had fired its own rockets, which made mile-long flames and swept on into emptiness. Before its rockets were consumed it was in an orbit four thousand miles above Earth's surface, and it hurdled through space at something over twelve thousand miles an hour. It circled the Earth in exactly four hours, fourteen minutes, and twenty-two seconds, and it would continue its circling forever, needing no fuel and never descending. It was a second moon for the planet Earth. But it could be destroyed. Joe watched hungrily as it went on to meet the sun. Smoothly, unhurriedly, serenely, the remote and twinkling speck floated on out of sight. And then Joe went back to the table and ate his breakfast quickly. He wolfed it. He had an appointment to meet that minute speck some four thousand miles out in space. His appointment was for a very few hours hence. He'd been training for just this morning's effort since before the platform's launching. There was a great box swinging in twenty-foot gimbal rings over in the shed. There were motors and projectors, and over two thousand vacuum tubes, relays, and electronic units. It was a space flight simulator, a descendant of the link trainer which once taught plane pilots how to fly. But this offered the problems and the sensations of rocket-ship control, and for many hours every day Joe and the three members of his crew had labored in it. The simulator duplicated every sight and sound and feeling, all but heavy acceleration, to be experienced in the takeoff of a rocket-ship to space. The similitude of flight was utterly convincing. It was appallingly so, when emergencies and catastrophes and calamities were staged in horrifying detail for them to learn to respond to. In six weeks they'd learned how to handle a spaceship so far as anybody could learn on solid ground, if the simulator was correctly built. Nobody could be sure about that. But it was the best training that could be devised. In minutes Joe had finished the coffee and was out of major holds quarters and headed for the shed's nearest entrance. The shed was a gigantic metal structure rising out of sheer flat desert. There were hills to the westward, but only arid plain to the east and south and north. There was but one town in hundreds of miles and that was Bootstrap, built to house the workmen who'd built the platform, and the still-invisible, ferociously howling pushpots, and now the small supply ships, the first of which was to make its first trip today. The shed seemed very near because of its monstrous size. When he was actually at the base of its wall it seemed to fill half the firmament and more than half the horizon. He went in and felt self-conscious when the guard's eyes fell on his uniform. There was a tiny vestibule. Then he was in the shed itself, and it was enormous. There were acres of woodblock flooring. There was a vast, steel-girdered arching roof that was fifty storeys high in the center. All this size had been needed when the space platform was being built. Men on the far side were merely specks, and the rows of windows to admit light usually did more than make a grey twilight inside. But there was light enough to-day. To the east the shed's wall was split from top to bottom. A colossal triangular gore had been loosened and thrust out and rolled aside, and a doorway a hundred and fifty feet wide led in the sunshine. Through it Joe could see the fiery red ball which was the sun just leaving the horizon. But there was something more urgent for him to look at. Pelican One had been moved into its launching cage. Only Joe perhaps would really have recognized it. Actually it was a streamlined hull of steel eighty feet long by twenty in diameter. There were stubby metal fins, useless in space, and even on take-off, but essential for the planned method of landing on its return. There were thick quartz ports in the bow section. But its form was completely concealed now by the attached exterior take-off rockets. It had been shifted into the huge cradle of steel beams from which it was to be launched. Men swarmed about it and over it, in and out of the launching cage, checking and rechecking every possible thing that could make for the success of its flight to space. The other three crew members were ready, Haney and Chief Bender and Mike Scandia. They were especially entitled to be the crew of this first supply ship. When the platform was being built, its pilot gyros had been built by a precision tool firm owned by Joe's father. He'd gone by plane with the infinitely precise apparatus to bootstrap to deliver and install it in the platform. Then the plane was sabotaged, and the gyros were ruined. They'd consumed four months in the building, and four months more for balancing with absolute no-tolerance accuracy. The platform couldn't wait so long for duplicates, so Joe had improvised a method of repair, and with Haney to devise the special machine tool setups and with the Chief to use fanatically fine workmanship, and Mike and Joe aiding according to their gifts, they'd rebuilt the apparatus in an impossibly short time. The original notion was Joe's, but he couldn't have done the job without the others. And there had been other, incidental triumphs by the team of four. They were not the only ones who'd worked feverishly for the glory of having helped to build the Earth's first artificial moon, but they'd accomplished more than most. Joe had even been appointed to be an alternate member of the platform's crew, but the man he was to have substituted for recovered from an illness and Joe was left behind at the platform's launching. But all of them had rated some reward, and it was to serve in the small ships that would supply the man-made satellite. Now they were ready to begin. The Chief grinned exuberantly as Joe ducked through the bars of the launching-cage and approached the ship. He was a Mohawk Indian, one of that tribe which for two generations had supplied steel workers to every bridge and dam and skyscraper job on the continent. He was brown and bulky and explosive. Haney looked tense and strained. He was tall and lean and spare, and a good man in any sort of trouble. Mike blazed excitement. Mike was forty-one inches high and he was full grown. He had worked on the platform, bucking rivets and making welds and inspections in places too small for a normal-sized man to reach. He frantically resented any concessions to his size and he was as good a man as any. He simply was the small economy size. Hiya, Joe! Boom the Chief! All set? Had breakfast? Joe nodded. He began to ask anxious questions about steering rocket fuel and the launching-cage release and the takeoff rockets and the reduction valve from the air tanks, he thought of that on the way over, and the short wave and Loran and Radar. Haney nodded to some questions. Mike said briskly, I checked to others. The Chief grunted amiably. Look, Joe, we checked everything last night. We checked it again this morning. I even caught Mike polishing the ejection seats because there wasn't anything else to make sure of. Joe managed to smile. The ejection seats were assuredly the most unlikely of all devices to be useful to-day. They were supposedly life-saving devices. If the ship came a cropper on take-off, the four of them were supposed to use ejection seats, like those supplied to jet pilots. They would be thrown clear of the ship and ribbon-like parachutes might open and might let them land alive. But it wasn't likely. Joe had objected to their presence. If a feather dropped to earth from a height of six hundred miles, it would be falling so fast when it hit the atmosphere that it would heat up and burn to ashes from pure air friction. It wasn't likely that they could get out of the ship if anything went wrong. Somebody marched stiffly toward the four of them. Joe's expression grew rueful. The space project was neither Army nor Navy nor Air Corps, but something that so far was its own individual self. But the man marching toward Joe was Lieutenant Commander Brown, Strictly Navy, assigned to the shed as an observer. And there were some times when he baffled Joe, like now. He halted and looked as if he expected Joe to salute. Joe didn't. Lieutenant Commander Brown said formally, I would like to offer my best wishes for your trip, Mr. Kenmore. Thanks, said Joe. Brown smiled distantly. You understand, of course, that I consider navigation essentially a naval function, and it does seem to me that any ship, including a spaceship, should be manned by naval personnel. But I assuredly wish you good fortune. Thanks, said Joe again. Brown shook hands, then stalked off. Haney rumbled in his throat. How come, Joe, he doesn't wish all of us good luck? He does, said Joe, but his mind's in uniform, too. He's been trained that way. I'd like to make a bet that we have him as a passenger out to the platform some day. Heaven forbid, growled Haney. There was an outrageous tumult outside the wide-open gap in the shed's wall. Something went shrieking by the doorway. It looked like a magnified top half of a loaf of baker's bread, painted gray and equipped with an air-scoop in front and a plastic bubble for a pilot. It howled like a lost baby dragon. Its flat underside tilted up and up until it was almost vertical. It had no wings, but a blue-white flame spurred it out of its rear, wobbling from side to side for reasons best known to itself. It was a push-pot, which could not possibly be called a jet plane because it could not possibly fly. Only it did. It settled down on its flame-spouting tail and the sparse vegetation burst into smoky flame and shriveled, and the thing, still shrieking like a fog-horn in a tunnel, flopped flat forward with a resounding clank. It was abruptly silent. But the total noise was not lessened. Another push-pot came soaring wildly into view, making hysterical outcries. It touched and banged violently to earth. Others appeared in the air beyond the construction shed. One flopped so hard on landing that its tail rose in the air and it attempted a somersault. It made ten times more noise than before, the flame from its tail making wild gyrations, and flopped back again with a crash. Two others rolled over on their sides after touching ground. One ended up on its back like a tumble-bug, wriggling. They seemed to land by hundreds, but their number was actually in dozens. It was not until the last one was down that Joe could make himself heard. The push-pots were jet motors in frames and metal skin, with built-in Jato rocket tubes beside their engines. On the ground they were quite helpless. In the air they were unbelievably clumsy. They were actually balanced and steered by veins in the blasts of their jets, and they combined the absolute maximum of sheer thrust with the irreducible minimum of flyability. Crane trucks went out to pick them up. Joe said anxiously, We'd better check our flight plan again. We have to know it absolutely. He headed across the floor to the flight data board. They passed the hull of another ship like his own, which was near completion, and the bare skeletons of two others which needed a lot of work yet. They then begun at distant plants and then hauled here on monstrous trailers for completion. The wooden mock-up of the design for all the ships, in which every possible arrangement of instruments and machinery had been tested out, lay neglected by the shed wall. The four stood before the flight data board. It listed the readings every instrument should show during every instant of the flight. The readings had been calculated with infinite care, and Joe and the others needed to know them rather better than they knew their multiplication tables. Once they started out they wouldn't have time to wonder if everything was right for the time and place. They needed to know. They stood there, soaking up the information the board contained, forming mental pictures of it, making as sure as possible that any one of them would spot anything wrong the instant it showed up, and would instantly know what had to be done about it. A gigantic crane truck came in through the wide doorway. It dangled a push-pot. It rolled over to the launching cage in which the spaceship lay and set the unwieldy metal object against that cage. There was a clank as the push-pot caught hold of the magnetic grapples. The crane went out again, passing a second crane carrying a second push-pot. The second beetle-like thing was presented to the cage. It stuck fast. The crane went out for more. Major Holt came across the floor of the shed. It took him a long time to walk the distance from the security offices to the launching cage. When he got there he looked impatiently around. His daughter Sally came out of nowhere and blew her nose as if she'd been crying, and pointed to the data board. The Major shrugged his shoulders and looked uneasily at her. She regarded him with some defiance. The Major spoke to her sternly. They waited. The cranes brought in more push-pots and set them up against the steel launching cage. The ship had been nearly hidden before by the rocket-tubes fastened outside its hull. It went completely out of sight behind the metal monsters banked about it. The Major looked at his watch and the group about the data board. They moved away from it and back toward the ship. Joe saw the Major and swerved over to him. I have brought you," said the Major in an official voice, the invoice of your cargo. You will deliver the invoice with the cargo and bring back proper receipts. I hope," said Joe. We hope," said Sally in a strained tone. Good luck, Joe. Thanks. There is not much to say to you, said the Major without visible emotion. Of course, the next crew will start its training immediately, and it may be a month before another ship can take off. It is extremely desirable that you reach the platform today. Yes, sir," said Joe, Riley. I have even a personal motive to get there. If I don't, I break my neck. The Major ignored the comment. He shook hands formally and marched away.  I do hope everything goes all right, Joe," she said unsteadily. Hi, I'll be praying for you. I can use some of that, too," admitted Joe. He looked at her hand. Joe's ring was on her finger, wrapped with string on the inside of the band to make it fit. Then she looked up again and was crying unashamedly. I will," she repeated. Then she said fiercely, I don't care if somebody's looking, Joe, it's time for you to go in the ship. He kissed her and turned and went quickly to the peculiar mass of clustered pushpots, touching and almost overlapping each other. He ducked under and looked back. Sally waved. He waved back. Then he climbed up the ladder into Pelican One's cabin. He pulled the ladder away and scuttled out of the cage. The others were in their places. Joe slowly closed the door from the cabin to the outer world. There was suddenly a cushioned silence about him. Out the quartz-glass ports he could see ahead, out the end of the cage, through the monstrous doorway to the desert beyond. Overhead he could see the dark, girder-lined roof of the shed. On either side, though, he could see only the scratched, dented, flat undersides of the pushpots ready to lift the ship upward. You could start on the pushpot, Motors Haney, he said curtly. Joe moved to his own, the pilot's seat. Haney pushed a button. Through the fabric of the ship came the muted uproar of a pushpot engine starting. Haney pushed another button, another, another, more jet engines bellowed. The tumult in the shed would be past endurance now. Joe strapped himself into his seat. He made sure that the chief at the steering-rocket manual controls was fastened properly and Mike at the radio panel was firmly belted past the chance of injury. Haney said with enormous calm, all pushpot motors running, Joe. Steering-rockets ready, the chief reported. All operating came from Mike, communications room all set. Joe reached to the maneuver controls. He should have been sweating. His hands, perhaps, should have quivered with tension. But he was too much worried about too many things. Nobody can strike an attitude or go into a blue funk while they're worrying about things to be done. Joe heard the small gyro motors as their speed went up. A hum and a whine, and then a shrill whistle which went up in pitch until it wasn't anything at all. He frowned anxiously and said to Haney, I'm taking over the pushpots. Haney nodded. Joe took the overall control. The roar of the engines outside grew loud on the right hand side and died down. It grew thunderous to the left and dwindled. The ones ahead pushed. Then the ones behind. Joe nodded and wet his lips. He said, Here we go! There was no more ceremony than that. The noise of the jet motors outside rose to a thunderous volume which came even through the little ship's insulated hull. Then it grew louder and louder still. And Joe stirred the controls by ever so tiny a movement. Suddenly the ship did not feel solid. Joe stirred a little. Joe held his breath and cracked the overall control of the pushpot speed a tiny trace further. The ship wobbled a little. Out the quartz glass windows the great door seemed to descend. In reality the clustered pushpots and the launching cage rose some thirty feet from the shed floor and hovered there uncertainly. Joe shifted the lever that governed the veins in the jet motor blasts. Ship and cage and pushpots altogether wavered toward the doorway. They passed out of it rocking a little and pitching a little and wallowing a little. As a flying device the combination was a howling tumult and a horror. It was an aviation designer's nightmare. It was a bad dream by any standard. But it wasn't meant as a way to fly from one place to another on Earth. It was the first booster stage of a three-stage rocket aimed at outer space. It looked rather like, well, if a swarm of bumble-bees clung fiercely to a wire-gauze cage in which lay a silver minnow wrapped in match-sticks, and if the bees buzzed furiously and lifted it in a straining, clumsy and altogether unreasonable manner, and if the appearance and the noise together will multiply by a good many thousands of times, why it would present a great similarity to the take-off of the spaceship under Joe's command. Nothing like it could be graceful or neatly controllable or even very speedy in the thick atmosphere near the ground. But higher it would be another matter. It was another matter. Once clear of the shed, and with flat, seared desert ahead to the very horizon, Joe threw on full power to the push-pot motors. The clumsy-seeming aggregation of grotesque objects began to climb. Ungainly it was, and clumsy it was, but it went upward at a rate a jet fighter might have trouble matching. It wobbled, and it swung around and around, and it tipped crazily. The whole aggregation of jet motors and cage and burden of spaceship as a unit. But it rose. The ground dropped so swiftly that even the shed seemed to shrivel like a pricked balloon. The horizon retreated as if a carpet were hastily unrolled by magic. The barometric pressure needles turned. Communication says our rate of climb is four thousand feet a minute and going up fast, Mike announced. It's five, we're at seventeen thousand feet, eighteen thousand. We should get to some eastward velocity at thirty-two thousand feet. Our height is now twenty-one thousand feet. There was no change in the feel of things inside the ship, of course. Sealed against the vacuum of space, barometric pressure outside made no difference. Height had no effect on the air inside the ship. At twenty-five thousand feet, the chief said suddenly, We're pointed due east, Joe, freeze it? Right, said Joe, freeze it. The chief threw a lever. The gyros were running at full operating speed. By engaging them the chief had all their stored up kinetic energy available to resist any change of direction the push-pots might produce by minor variations in their thrusts. Haney brooded over the reports from the individual engines outside. He made minute adjustments to keep them balanced. Mike uttered curt comments into the communicator from time to time. At thirty-three thousand feet there was a momentary sensation as if the ship were tilted sharply. It wasn't. The instruments denied any change from level rise. The upward soaring complex of flying things had simply risen into a jet stream, one of those wildly rushing wind floods of the upper atmosphere. Turn velocity four hundred, said Mike from the communicator. Now four twenty-five, four forty. There was a three hundred mile an hour wind behind them, a tailwind west to east. The push-pots struggle now to get the maximum possible forward thrust before they rose out of that eastbound hurricane. They added a fierce push to the eastward to their upward thrust. Mike's cracked voice reported five hundred miles an hour. Presently it was six hundred. At forty thousand feet they were moving eastward at six hundred eighty miles an hour. A jet motor cannot be rated except indirectly, but there was over two hundred thousand horsepower at work to raise the spacecraft and build up the highest possible forward speed. It couldn't be kept up, of course. The push-pots couldn't carry enough fuel. But they reached fifty-five thousand feet, which is where space begins for humankind.  But it wasn't quite empty space for the push-pots. There was still a very, very little air. The push-pots could still thrust upward. Feebly now, but they still thrust. Mike said, The communication says get set to fire Jados, Joe. Right, he replied, set yourselves. Mike flung a switch and a voice began to chatter behind Joe's head. It was the voice from the communications room atop the shed, now far below and far behind. Mike settled himself in the tiny acceleration chair built for him. The chief squirmed a comfort in his seat. Haney took his hands from the equalizing adjustments he had to make so that Joe's use of the controls would be exact, regardless of moment-to- moment differences in the thrust of the various jets. We've got a yaw right, said the chief sharply, hold it, Joe! Joe waited for small, quivering needles to return to their proper registrations. Back and steady, said the chief a moment later, OK. The tinny voice behind Joe now spoke precisely. Mike had listened to it while the work of the take-off could be divided, so that Joe would not be distracted. Now Joe had to control everything at once. The roar of the pushpots outside the ship had long since lost the volume and timber of normal atmosphere. Not much sound could be transmitted by the near vacuum outside. But the jet motors did roar, and the sound, which was not sound at such a height, was transmitted by the metal cage as so much pure vibration. The walls and hull of the spaceship picked up a crawling, quivering pulsation and turned it into sound. Standing wave set up and dissolved and moved erratically in the air of the cabin. Joe's eardrums were strangely affected. Now one ear seemed muted by a temporary difference of air pressure where a standing wave lingered for a second or two. Then the other eardrum itched. There were creeping sensations as of things touching one and quickly moving away. Joe swung a microphone into place before his mouth. All set, he said evenly. Brief me. The tinny voice said, You are at 65 down time as flattening out. You are now rising at near maximum speed where velocity can be anticipated. You have an airspeed relative to surface of 692 miles per hour. The rotational speed of the earth at this latitude is 778. You have then a total orbital speed of 1470 miles per hour, or nearly 12% of your needed final velocity. Since you will take off laterally and practically without air resistance, a margin of safety remains. You are authorized to blast. Joe said, 10 seconds, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, one. He stabbed the master Jato switch. And a monstrous Jato rocket, built into each and every one of the pushpots outside, flared chemical fumes in a simultaneous, gigantic thrust. A small wire wound Jato for jet assisted takeoff will weigh 140 pounds and deliver 1000 pounds of thrust for 14 seconds. And that is for rockets using non-poisonous compounds. The Jato's of the pushpots used the beryllium flooring fuel that had lifted the platform and that filled the takeoff rockets of Joe's ship. These Jato's gave the pushpots themselves an acceleration of 10 gravities. But it had to be shared with the cage and the ship. Still, Joe felt himself slammed back into his seat with irresistible, overwhelming force. The vibration from the jets had been bad. Now he didn't notice it. He didn't notice much of anything, but the horrible sensations of six gravity acceleration. It was not exactly pain. It was a feeling as if a completely intolerable and unbearable pressure pushed at him. Not only on the outside, like a blow, but inside, too, like nothing else imaginable. Not only his chest pressed upon his lungs, but his lungs strained toward his backbone. Not only the flesh of his thighs tugged to flatten itself against his acceleration chair, but the blood in his legs tried to flow into and burst the blood vessels in the back of his legs. The six gravity acceleration seemed to endure for centuries. Actually, it lasted for fourteen seconds. In that time, it increased the speed of the little ship by rather more than half a mile per second, something over 1,800 miles per hour. Before, the ship had possessed an orbital speed of a shade over 1,470 miles an hour. After the Jado thrust, it was traveling nearly 3,400 miles per hour. It needed to travel something over 12,000 miles per hour to reach the artificial satellite of Earth. The intolerable thrust ended abruptly. Joe gasped, but he could allow himself only a shake of the head to clear his brain. He jammed down the take-off rocket firing button. There was a monstrous noise and a mighty surging, and tiny, panted, "'Clear of cage!' And then they were pressed fiercely against their acceleration chairs again. The ship was no longer in its launching cage. It was no longer upheld by push-pots. It was free, with its take-off rockets flaming. It plunged on up and out. But the acceleration was less. Nobody can stand six gravities for long. They can take three for a while. Joe's body resisted movement with a weight of 450 pounds, instead of a third as much for normal. His heart had to pump against three times the normal resistance of gravity. His chest felt as if it had a leaden weight on it. His tongue tried to crowd the back of his mouth and strangle him. The sensation was that of a nightmare of impossible duration. It was possible to move and possible to see. One could breathe, with difficulty, with titanic effort one could speak. But there was the same feeling of stifling resistance to every movement that comes in nightmares. But Joe managed to keep his eyes focused. The dials of the instrument said that everything was right. The tinny voice behind his head, its timber changed by the waiting of its diaphragm, said, Joe moved his eyes to a quartz window. The sky was black, but there were stars. Bright stars against a black background. At the same instant he saw the bright white disks of sunshine that came in the cabin portholes. Stars and sunshine together. And the sunshine was the sunshine of space. Even with the polarizers cutting off some of the glare it was unbearably bright and hot beyond conception. He smelled overheated paint where the sunlight smote on a metal bulkhead. Stars and super hot sunshine together. It was necessary to pant for breath and his heart pounded horribly and his eyes tried to go out of focus, but Joe can more strained in his acceleration chair and managed to laugh a little. We did it, he panted. In case you didn't notice, we're out of the atmosphere and out in space. We're headed to join the space platform. End of chapter one. Chapter two of Space Tug by Murray Leinster, read by Mark Nelson. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, visit LibriVox.org. Space Tug by Murray Leinster. Two. The pressure of three gravities continued. Joe's chest muscles ached with the exertion of breathing over so long a period. Six gravities for 14 seconds had been a ghastly ordeal. Three gravities for minutes build up to something nearly as bad. Joe's heart began to feel fatigue, and a man's heart normally simply doesn't ever feel tired. It became more and more difficult to see clearly. But he had work to do, important work. The takeoff rockets were solid fuel jobs like those which launched the platform. They were wirewound steel tubes lined with a very special refractory, with unstable beryllium and fluorine compounds in them. The solid fuel burned at so many inches per second. The refractory crumbled away and was hurled a stern at a corresponding rate, save for one small point. The refractory was not all exactly alike. Some parts of it crumbled away faster, leaving a pattern of baffles which acted like a maxim silencer on a rifle, or like an automobile muffler. The baffles set up eddies in the gas stream and produced exactly the effect of a rocket motor's throat. But the baffles themselves crumbled and were flung a stern, so that the solid fuel rockets had always the efficiency of gas throated rocket motors. And yet every bit of refractory was reaction mass to be hurled a stern, and even the steel tubes melted and were hurled away with a gain in acceleration to the ship. Every fraction of every ounce of rocket mass was used for drive. No tanks or pumps or burners rode deadhead after they ceased to be useful. But solid fuel rockets simply can't be made to burn with absolute evenness as a team. Minute differences in burning rates do tend to cancel out. But now and again they reinforce each other, and if uncorrected will throw a ship off course. Gyros can't handle such effects. So Joe had to watch his instruments and listen to the tinny voice behind him and steer the ship against accidental wobblings as the earth fell away behind him. He battled against the fatigue of continuing to live and struggled with gyros and steering jets to keep the ship on its hairline course. He panted heavily. The beating of his heart became such a heavy pounding that it seemed that his whole body shook with it. He had to do infinitely fine precision steering with hands that weighed pounds and arms that weighed scores of pounds and a body that had an effective weight of almost a quarter of a ton. And this went on and went on and on for what seemed several centuries. Then the voice in the speaker said thickly, Everything is in the clear. In ten seconds you can release your rockets. Shall I count? Joe panted. Count! The mechanical voice said Seven, six, five, four. Joe pressed the release. The small unburnt stubs of the takeoff rockets went hurtling off toward emptiness. They consumed themselves as they went and they attained an acceleration of fifty gravities once they were relieved of all load but their own substance. They had to be released lest one burn longer than another. It was also the only way to stop acceleration by solid fuel rockets. They couldn't be extinguished. They had to be released. From intolerably burdensome heaviness there was abruptly no weight at all in the ship. Joe's laboring heart beat twice with the violence the weight had called for, though weight had ended. It seemed to him that his skull would crack open during those two heartbeats. Then he lay limply, resting. There was a completely incredible stillness for a time. The four of them panted. Haney was better off than Joe, but the chief was harder hit. Mike's small body had taken the strain best of all, and he would use the fact later in shrill argument that midgets were designed by nature to be the explorers of space for their bulkier and less spaceworthy kindred. The ending of the steady, punishing drag was infinitely good, but the new sensation was hardly pleasant. They had no weight. It felt as if they and the ship about them were falling together down an abyss which must have a bottom. Actually they were falling up, but they felt a physical, crawling apprehension, a cringing from an imaginary, imminent impact. They had expected the sensation, but it was not the better for being understood. Joe flexed and unflexed his fingers slowly. He stirred and swallowed hastily, but the feeling persisted. He entrapped himself from his seat. He stood up and floated to the ceiling of the cabin. But there was, of course, no ceiling. Every way was up and every way was down. His stomach cramped itself in a hard knot, in the instinctive density of somebody in free fall. He fended himself from the ceiling and caught at a hand-line placed therefore just this necessity to grip something. In his absorption he did not notice which way his heels went. He suddenly noticed that his companions, with regard to him, were upside down and staring at him with wooden, dazed expressions on their faces. He tried to laugh, but gulped instead. He pulled over to the quartz glass ports. He did not put his hand into the sunlight, but shifted the glare shutters over those ports which admitted direct sunshine. Some ports remain clear. Through one of them he saw the earth seemingly at arm's length somewhere off. Not up, not down. Simply out from where he was. It filled all the space that the porthole showed. It was a gigantic mass of white, fleecy specks and spots which would be clouds, and between the whiteness there was a muddy, dark greenish color which would be ocean. Yet it seemed to slide very, very slowly past the window. He saw a tanness between the clouds and it moved inward from the edge of his field of view. He suddenly realized what it was. We've just about crossed the Atlantic, he said, in a peculiar astonishment. But it was true, the ship had not been aloft nearly as much as half an hour. Africa's just coming into sight below. We ought to be about twelve hundred miles high and still rising fast. That was the calculation. He looked again and then drew himself across to the opposite porthole. He saw the blackness of space, which was not blackness, because it was a carpet of jewels. They were infinite in number and variations in brightness, and somehow a vastly more colorings than one noticed from earth. He heard the chief grunt and heeny gulp. He was suddenly conscious that his legs were floating rather ridiculously in mid-air, with no particular relationship to anything. He saw the chief rise, very cautiously, holding on to the arms of his seat. "'Better not look at the sun,' said Joe, even though I've put on the glare shields.' The chief nodded. The glare shields would keep out most of the heat and a very great deal of the ultraviolet the sun gave off. But even so, to look at the sun directly might easily result in a retinal sunburn which could result in blindness. The loudspeaker behind Joe's chair clattered. It had seemed muted by the weight of its diaphragm at three gravities. Now it blasted unintelligibly, with no weight at all. Mike threw a switch and took the message. "'Communication,' says Radar, says, we're right on course, Joe,' he reported, nonchalantly, "'and our speed's OK. We'll reach maximum altitude in an hour and thirty-six minutes. We ought to be within calculated distance of the platform, then.' "'Good,' said Joe, abstractedly. He strained his eyes at the earth. They were moving at an extraordinary speed and height. It had been reached by just four human beings before them. The tannishness which was the coast of Africa crept with astonishing slowness toward the center of what he could see. Joe headed back to his seat. He could not walk, of course, he floated. He launched himself with a fine air of confidence. He misjudged. He was floating past his chair when he reached down, and that turned his body and fumbled wildly. He caught hold of the back as he went by, then held on and found himself turning a grandly dignified somersault. He wound up in a remarkably foolish position with the back of his neck on the back of the chair. His arms in a highly strained position to hold him there, and his feet touching the deck of the cabin a good five feet away. Haney looked greenish, but he said, hoarsely, "'Joe, don't make me laugh, not when my stomach feels like this.'" The feeling of weightlessness was unexpectedly daunting. Joe turned himself about very slowly, with his legs floating indecorously in entirely unintended kicks. He was breathing hard when he pulled himself into the chair and strapped in once more. "'I'll take communications,' he told Mike as he settled his headphones. Reluctantly, Mike switched over. "'Can more reporting to communications,' he said briefly. "'We have ended our take-off acceleration. You have our course and velocity. Our instruments read... He went over the bank of instruments before him giving the indication of each. In a sense, this first trip of a ship out to the platform had some of the aspects of defusing a bomb. Calculations were useful, but observations were necessary. He had to report every detail of the condition of his ship and every instrument reading because anything might go wrong and at any instant. Anything that went wrong could be fatal. So every bit of data and every intended action needed to be on record. Then if something happened, the next ship to attempt this journey might avoid the same catastrophe. Time passed. A lot of time. The feeling of unending fall continued. They knew what it was, but they had to keep thinking of its cause to endure it. Joe found that if his mind concentrated fully on something else, it jerked back to panic and the feel of falling. But the crew of the space platform, now out in space for more weeks than Joe had been a quarter hours, reported that one got partly used to it in time, when awake at least, asleep was another matter.  The earth, as seen through the ports, was still an utterly monstrous bulging mass speckled with clouds, above vast mottlings which were at seas and land. They might have looked for cities, but they would be mere patches in a telescope. Their task now was to wait until their orbit curved into accordance with that of the platform and they kept their rendezvous. The artificial satellite was swinging up behind them and was only a quarter circle about earth behind them. Their speed in miles per hour was, at the moment, greater than that of the platform. But they were climbing. They slowed as they climbed. When their path intersected that of the platform, the two velocities should be exactly equal. Major Holt's voice came on the communicator. Joe, he said harshly, I have a message came from central intelligence within minutes of your take-off. I, with Sally, I had been following your progress. I did not decode the message until now. But central intelligence has definite information that more than ten days ago the enemies of our space exploration project... Even on a tight beam to the small spaceship, Major Holt did not name the nation everybody knew was most desperately resolved to smash space exploration by anybody but itself. It at least one rocket capable of reaching the platform's orbit with a payload that could be an atomic bomb. It is believed that more than one rocket was completed. All were shipped to an unknown launching station. Not so good, said Joe. Mike had left his post when Joe took over. Now he made a swooping dart through the air of the cabin. The midget showed no signs of the fumbling uncertainty the others had displayed. But he'd been a member of a midget acrobatic team before he went to work at the shed. He brought himself to a stop precisely at a handhold, grin triumphantly at the nearly helpless chief and Haney. Major Holt said in the headphones... It's worse than that. Radar may have told the country in question that you are on the way up. In that case, if it's even faintly possible to blast the platform before your arrival with weapons for its defense, they'll blast. I don't like that idea, said Joe dowrly. Anything we can do? Major Holt laughed bitterly. Hardly, he said, and do you realize that if you can't unload your cargo, you can't get back to earth? Yes, said Joe, naturally. It was true. The purpose of the pushpots and the Jados and the ship's own takeoff rockets had been to give it a speed at which it would inevitably rise to a height of 4,000 miles, the orbit of the space platform, and stay there. It would need no power to remain 4,000 miles out from earth. But it would take power to come down. The takeoff rockets had been built to drive the ship with all its contents until it attained that needed orbital velocity. There were landing rockets fastened to the hull now to slow it so that it could land. But just as the takeoff rockets had been designed to lift the loaded ship, the landing rockets had been designed to land an empty one. The more weight the ship carried, the more power it needed to get out to the platform, and the more power it needed to come down again. If Joe and his companions couldn't get rid of their cargo, and they could only unload in the shiplock of the platform, they'd stay out in emptiness. The Major said bitterly, This is almost irregular, but here's Sally. Then Sally's voice sounded in the headphones Joe wore. He was relieved that Mike was enacting as communications officer at the moment to overhear. But Mike was zestfully spinning like a pinwheel in the middle of the air of the control cabin. He was showing the others that even in the intramural pastimes a spaceship crew will indulge in, a midget was better than a full-sized man. Joe said, Yes, Sally?  I think you've got to figure out something. I haven't the faintest idea what it is, but I think you can do it. Try, will you? I'm afraid we're going to have to trust a luck, admitted Joe ruefully. We weren't equipped for anything like this. No, said Sally fiercely.  I wouldn't want to, admitted Joe. I'd feel responsible, but just the same. You're responsible now, said Sally, as fiercely as before. If the platform smashed, the rockets that can reach it will be duplicated to smash our cities in war, but if you can reach the platform and arm it for defense, there won't be any war. Half the world will be praying for you, Joe, if it knew. I can't do anything else, so I'm going to start on that right now. But you try, Joe. You hear me? I'll try, said Joe humbly. Thanks, Sally. He heard a sound like a sob, and the headphones were silent. Joe himself swallowed very carefully. It can be alarming to be the object of an intended murder, but it can also be very thrilling. One can play up splendidly to a dramatic picture of doom. It is possible to be one's own audience and admire one's own fine disregard of danger. But when other lives depend on one, one has the irritating obligation not to strike poses, but to do something practical. Joe said somberly, Mike, how long before we ought to contact the platform?  Forty minutes, fifty seconds, why? Joe said riley, There are some rockets in enemy hands which can reach the platform. They were shipped to launchers ten days ago. You figure what comes next. Mike's whizzened face became tense and angry. Haney growled, They smash the platform before we get to it. Uh-uh, said Mike instantly, They smash the platform when we get to it. They smash us both up together. Where we be at contact time, Joe? Over the Indian Ocean, south of the Bay of Bengal, to be exact, did Joe. But we'll be moving fast. The worst of it is that it's going to take time to get in the airlock and unload our guided missiles and get them in the platform's launching tubes. I'd guess an hour. One bomb should get both of us above the Bay of Bengal. But we won't be set to launch a guided missile in defense until we're nearly over America again. The chief said sourly, Yeah, sitting ducks all the way across the Pacific. We'll check with the platform, said Joe. See if you can get them direct, Mike, will you? Then something occurred to him. Mike scrambled back to his communication board. He began feverishly to work the computer, which in turn would swing the tight beam transmitter to the target the computer worked out. He threw a switch and said sharply, Calling space platform, Pelican 1, calling space platform, come in space platform. He paused. Calling space platform. Joe had a slide rule going on another problem. He looked up, his expression peculiar. A solid fuel rocket can start off at ten gravities acceleration, he said quietly, and as its rockets burn away it can go up a lot higher than that. But 4,000 miles is a long way to go straight up. If it isn't launched yet, Mike snapped into a microphone, Right! To Joe, he said, space platform on the wire. Joe heard an acknowledgment in his headphones. I've just headword from the shed, he explained carefully, that there may be some guided missiles coming up from earth to smash us as we meet. You're still higher than we are, and they ought to be starting. Can you pick up anything with your radar? The voice from the platform said, We have picked something up. There are four rockets headed out from the near sunset line in the Pacific. Assuming solid fuel rockets like we used and you used, they are on a collision course. Are you doing anything about them? Asked Joe absurdly. The voice said costically, Unfortunately, we've nothing to do anything with. It paused. You, of course, can use the landing rockets you still possess. If you fire them immediately, you will pass our scheduled meeting place some hundreds of miles ahead of us. You will go on out to space. You may set up an orbit 4,500 or even 5,000 miles out and wait there for rescue. Joe said briefly, We've air for only four days. That's no good. It'll be a month before the next ship can be finished and take off. There are four rockets coming up, you say. Yes. The voice changed. It spoke away from the microphone. What's that? Then it returned to Joe. The four rockets were set up at the same instant from four separate launching sites. Probably as many submarines at the corners of a hundred miles square so an accident to one wouldn't set off the others. They'll undoubtedly converge as they get nearer to us. I think, said Joe, that we need some luck. I think, said the caustic voice, that we— There was a click. Joe swallowed again. The three members of his crew were looking at him. Somebody's fired rockets out from Earth, said Joe carefully. They'll curve together where we meet the platform and get there just when we do. The chief rumbled. Haney clamped his jaws together. Mike's expression became one of blazing hatred. Joe's mind went rather absurdly to the major's curious, almost despairing talk in his quarters that morning, when he'd spoken of a conspiracy to destroy all the hopes of men. The firing of rockets at the platform was, of course, the work of men acting deliberately. But they were, unconsciously, trying to destroy their own best hopes. For freedom, certainly, whether or not they could imagine being free. But the platform and the space exploration project in general meant benefits past computing for everybody in time. To send ships into space for necessary but dangerous experiments with atomic energy was a purpose every man should want to help forward. To bring peace on Earth was surely an objective no man could willingly or sanely combat. And the ultimate goal of space travel was millions of other planets circling other suns thrown open to colonization by humanity. That prospect should surely fire every human being with enthusiasm. But something, and the more one thought about it, the more specific and deliberate it seemed to be, made it necessary to fight desperately against men in order to benefit them. Joe swallowed again. It would have been comforting to be dramatic in this war against stupidity and malice and blindness, especially since this particular battle seemed to be lost. One could send back an eloquent, defied message to Earth, saying that the four of them did not regret their journey into space, though they were doomed to be killed by the enemies of their country. It could have been a very pretty gesture. But Joe happened to have a job to do. Pretty gestures were not a part of it. He had no idea how to do it. So, he said rather sickishly, The Platform told me we could fire our landing rockets as additional take-off rockets and get out of the way. Of course we've got missiles of our own on board, but we can't launch or control them. Absolutely the only thing we can choose to do or not do is fire those rockets. I am open to suggestions if anybody can think of a way to make them useful. There was silence. Joe's reasoning was good enough. When one can't do what he wants, one tries to make what he can do produce the results he wants. But it didn't look too promising here. They could fire the rockets now, or later, or... An idea came out of the blue. It wasn't a good idea, but it was the only one possible under the circumstances. There was just one distinctly remote possibility. He told the others what it was. Mike's eyes flamed. The Chief nodded profoundly. Haney said with some skepticism, It's all we've got. We've got to use it. I need some calculations. Spread. Best time of firing, that sort of thing. But I'm worried about calling back in the clear. A beam to the platform will bounce and might be picked up by the enemy. The Chief grinned suddenly. I've got a trick for that, Joe. There's a tribesman of mine in the shed. Get Charlie Red Fox to the phone, guy, and we'll talk privately. The small spaceship floated on upward. It pointed steadfastly in the direction of its motion. The glaring sunshine, which at its take-off had shown squarely in its bow-ports, now poured down slantingly from behind. The steel plates of the ship gleamed brightly. Below it lay the sun-lit earth. Love and about it on every hand were a multitude of stars. Even the moon was visible as the thinnest of crescents against the night of space. The ship climbed steeply. It was meeting the platform after only half a circuit of earth, while the platform had climbed upward for three full revolutions. Earth was now 3,000 miles below, and appeared as the most gigantic of possible solid objects. It curved away and away to mistiness at its horizons, and it moved visibly as the spaceship floated on. Invisible microwaves flung arrow-like through emptiness. They traveled for thousands of miles, spreading as they traveled, and then struck the strange shape of the platform. They splashed from it. Some of them rebounded to earth, where spies and agents of foreign powers tried desperately to make sense of the incredible syllables. They failed. There was a relay system in operation now, from spaceship to platform to earth and back again. In the ship Chief Bender, Mohawk and Steelman Extraordinary, talked to the Shed and to one Charlie Redfox. They talked in Mohawk, which is an Algonquin Indian language, a glutinative, complicated, and not to be learned in ten easy lessons. It was not a language which eavesdroppers were likely to know as a matter of course. But it was a language by which computations could be asked for, so that a very forlorn hope might be attempted with the best possible chances of success. Naturally, none of this appeared in the look of things. The small ship floated on and on. Reached an altitude of 3,500 miles, the earth was visibly farther away. Behind the ship, the Atlantic, with its stately cloud formations, was sunlit to the very edge of its being. Ahead, the edge of night appeared beyond India, and above the platform appeared as a speck of molten light, quarter illuminated by the sun above it. Spaceship and platform moved on toward a meeting place. The ship moved a trifle faster because it was climbing. The speeds would match exactly when they met. The small, torpedo-shaped shining ship and the bulging, glowing metal satellite floated with a seeming, vast deliberation in emptiness, while the most gigantic of possible round objects filled all the firmament beneath them. They were two hundred miles apart. It seemed that the huge platform overtook the shining ship. It did. They were only fifty miles apart and closing in. By that time the twilight band of earth's surface was nearly at the center of the planet, and night filled more than a quarter of its disk. By that time, too, even to the naked eye through the ports of the supply ship, the enemy rockets had become visible. They were a thin skein of threads of white vapor which seemed to unravel in nothingness. The vapor curled and expanded preposterously. It could just be seen to be jetting into existence from four separate points to a little ahead of the others. They came out from earth at a rate which seemed remarkably deliberate, until one saw with what fury the rocket fume spat out to form the whitish threads. Then one could guess at a three or even four-stage launching series, so that what appeared to be mere pin-points would really be rockets carrying half-ton atomic warheads with an attained velocity of ten thousand miles per hour and more straight up. The threads unraveled in a straight line aimed at the two metal things floating in emptiness. One was small and streamlined, with inadequate landing rockets clamped to its body, and with stubby fins that had no possible utility out of air. The other was large and clumsy to look at, but very, very stately indeed in its progress through the heavens. They floated smoothly toward a rendezvous. The rockets from earth came ravening to destroy them at the instant of their intersection. The little spaceship turned slowly. Its rounded bow had pointed longingly at the stars. Now it tilted downward. Its direction of movement did not change, of course. In the absence of air it could tumble indefinitely without an ill effect. It was in a trajectory instead of on a course, though presently the trajectory would become an orbit. But it pointed nose down toward the earth even as it continued to hurtle onward. The great steel hull and the small spaceship were twenty miles apart. An infinitesimal radar-bowl moved on the little ship. Tight beam waves flickered invisibly between the two craft. The rockets raged toward them. The ship and the platform were ten miles apart. The rockets were now glinting missiles leaping ahead of the fumes that propelled them. The ship and the platform were two miles apart. The rockets rushed upward. There were minute corrections in their courses. They converged. Flames leaped from the tiny ship. Its landing rockets spouted white-hot flame and fumes more thick and coiling than even the smoke of the bombs. The little ship surged momentarily toward the racing monsters. And then the rockets, which were supposed to let the ship down to earth, flew free. Flung themselves unburdened at the rockets which came with deadly intent to the meeting of the two-earth spacecraft. The landing rockets plunged down at forty gravities or better. They were a dwindling group of infinitely bright sparks which seemed to group themselves more closely as they dwindled. They charged upon the attacking robot things. They were unguided of necessity, but the robot bombs had to be equipped with proximity fuses. No remote control could be so accurate as to determine the best moment for detonation at four thousand miles distance. So the war rockets had to be devised to explode when near anything which reflected their probing radar waves. They had to be designed to be triggered by anything in space. And the loosed landing rockets plunged among them. They did not detonate all at once. That was mathematically impossible. But no human eye could detect the delay. Four close-packed flares of pure atomic fire sprang into being between the Platform and Earth. Each was brighter than the Sun. For the fraction of an instant there was no night where night had fallen on Earth. For thousands of miles the Earth glowed brightly. Then there was a twisting, coiling tumult of incandescent gases which were snatched away by nothingness and ceased to be. Then there were just two things remaining in the void. One was the great, clumsy, shining Platform gigantic in size to anything close by. The other was the small spaceship which had climbed to it and fought for it and defended it against the bombs from Earth. The little ship now had a slight motion away from the Platform due to the instance tugging by its rockets before they were released. It turned about in emptiness. During rockets spouted smoke, it began to cancel out its velocity away from the Platform and to swim slowly and very carefully toward it.