Okay, we're back here live in San Francisco, California. This is theCUBE's SiliconANGLE, Wikibon's flagship program, John Furrier, Dave Vellante, Max Geerson, CEO of MongoDB, formerly called TenGen, which powered MongoDB now, officially the new name change. Max, welcome back to theCUBE, great to see you again. We see you again, thanks for having me. We see you on theCUBE all the time on our reruns. Your interviews in New York were fantastic. Great event. Thanks. You're a tech athlete, the company's exploding, unstructured data, not being stored in Oracle databases. Other data sources are out there powered by you guys. First of all, tell us kind of personally where you're at emotionally right now. Market's exploding, even more crazy. You're now seems then when we interviewed you last time at Oracle Open World two years ago. I mean, we're having a lot of fun. I think that I've been in the database business for 20 years now, and it's mostly been kind of boring, right, not a lot of change in the database industry for 20 years, but I liked it and I just kept doing it. And I think that customers are really ready for something new now, and it's exciting for us to be able to help enable our users to be more actual, to scale out more efficiently in cloud style architectures. We got a lot of work ahead of us, but we're really excited by the momentum. We're really excited by the growth and by the receptiveness of the market to new technologies. Let's talk about the name change. I mean, I love it, but what prompted it and why? It's just simpler, right? We had too many conversations that were, hi, I'm Max from TenGen, and they said, what's TenGen? And we're the MongoDB company. Oh, MongoDB, I know what that is, right? So we thought, why are we having these conversations? I am Max, I am MongoDB. That goes much better. Okay, so last time we saw you in New York, Jeff, Kelly and I were down there interviewing. Give us an update, what's new since we talked to you in, I guess it was May, June timeframe? Yeah, the enterprise momentum has been really strong. I think in New York, we saw a lot of bigger organizations, MetLife, Goldman Sachs, Telefonica out there talking about how they were using MongoDB and the impact it was having on their business. MetLife had been trying for years to get to a 360 degree view of their customer they did with MongoDB. And so as those stories have gotten out there, enterprise adoption is accelerating because more and more companies are saying, how can we do this? So those proof points in the enterprise have been great, a lot of momentum, and also a lot of work as we move into more enterprises to build more features around security, around management, around monitoring. We recently launched a backup service. So those types of product maturity features that we really need to add as we grow in a market that's been dominated by somebody over 30 years of product maturity. Max, one of the things I want to get your opinion on is you've been database for years. One of the things that's been the most explosive trend that David and I have talked to is both commoditizing and innovative is Amazon's cloud, right? Amazon has enabled massive innovation, at the same time it's commoditized and forced the big guys to get into the cloud era and you're seeing that now five, six years later, Oracle and these guys are, the big guys are now having to deal with the cloud. Now you guys really grew onto that. What is the big scale point on Amazon? Obviously you have outages concerns. People want to know, how do I avoid saving my clusters on Mongo and how do I balance the bare metal hosting and when I grow to a certain point and keep the cloud innovation going on? Because now people are getting to the point now where hey, I'm blowing it out on Amazon kicking butt. Now I got to say, okay, more scaling, a little bit different architecture. Can you talk about those two things, cluster support on Amazon, stability around outages and then also the balancing of moving to bare metal on-prem? Sure, sure. So I think, so first of all, we think that the movement to cloud style architecture is whether they're at Amazon or on-prem is an important trend that's here to stay and whether in fact those machines are virtualized or whether it's just leveraging a hundred and expensive commodity servers rather than a big scale up style server is absolutely a trend that's here to stay. I think customers are excited about it. It might not be as good for the hardware vendors but it's good for the rest of the industry and certainly for the customers. We grew up in that era. So in the early days, people certainly had some growing pains in the cloud. The IO performance that you'd get from EBS, for example, would not be predictable. We've had actually a good collaboration with Amazon in working through those issues with them, making sure that they understand what causes pain to our users in their environment. They've been very responsive around addressing those things. So now with the provisioned IOPS, with the ability to make sure that when they're going to bounce a machine, when you request a new instance, it's not going to be bounced on the same schedule. With a little bit of work, you can run very high performance, high performance, high availability clusters now. In Amazon, we have a lot of customers doing that. Successfully, I think for some, the decision to bring that in-house is really an economic decision on whether they can manage the hosting less expensively than Amazon come. In some cases, for certain sectors, a security issue as well. What about the conversation around big data, where it's always been all volume, big data as well. And yeah, machine data is fast data, but there's been a conversation in the community around, it's not about the volume, but variety. Absolutely. Talk about that dynamic, and really what does that mean, and how does that affect some of the decisions around what people decide to use for their data store, or which tool to use. Absolutely. I think the types of applications people are building today are very different than the applications people were building 20, 30, 40 years ago, when the relational database was coming onto the scene. A lot of the applications, accounts payable, accounts receivable that use very regular tabular data, have become very, very mature now. And as people search for competitive advantage, one of the sources of that competitive advantage is bringing more data into their applications, into their decision-making processes. So imagine someone, a stock analyst, 30, 40 years ago, they may have just cared about what's the PE ratio, what's the dividend yield, what's the market cap of the stock, stuff that fits simply in one spreadsheet. Nowadays, you see analyst reports where they're looking at the company's website for how many job postings they have. Scraping their, they're going out, talking to their channel about demand. They're bringing back a much richer set of data with which to do the analysis. And it's not a static set of data, they're constantly seeking to innovate and to bring new data into their process. And the relational database isn't well suited for that process, so that's what's exciting, I think, for our users and for us. And talk about the relationship with the developer community. When we were at MongoDB days, we started a collector in our little crowd spots tool. We're tracking 7,700 people. I get comments like this, it gives me a warm, fuzzy feeling in my heart to see Rails and MongoDB holding hands and walking off into the sunset. You see some of the topics that are trending in our community, it's Rails, it's Python, it's Node.js, it's PHP, it's JavaScript. It's the DevOps developer community, really what's happening. Talk about your relationship with that community. We think that community is really important. We think that the world is moving towards polyglot development, it's moving towards DevOps. It's moving towards more decisions happening at the developer level. It's moving more towards agility and to open source. And these are, I think, synergistic trends. So we think that that's a really, really important constituency, not just for us, but for the IT industry going forward. And we've made a big investment in the product, certainly. For example, in the developer experience team, we build drivers, not just for Java and .NET, but for Ruby and Python and PHP and Scala, about a dozen different drivers, Node.js, et cetera. So we build about a dozen, and then the community has also contributed another 20-odd drivers. So we feel like there's really good support for a bunch of different audiences. It's not just about getting it right for one, it's about appealing to those different communities to let people seamlessly move from language to language, to have something which balances being idiomatic, but also being reasonably standard across. It's a big engineering investment for us. And then we also invest a lot in just getting out there with the community, having our Mongo days around the world, getting to user groups, staying in touch with the community, making sure they understand what's new in MongoDB, where we're going, making sure we understand what they want, what they like, and what they don't like from what we've built so far. So a couple other pieces of developments anyway, since we last talked, you've announced MongoDB world in June, right? Where are you having that? In New York. Right, okay, so you decided to stay in New York, great move, because your customers, they're really good critical mass in New York. On the date set for that? Yeah, it's June, I forget what the actual date is, but sometime in June, the dates are firm, right? June 2014, sounds about right. And then the Pentaho deal that you guys did, open source data integration and BI, talk about what that's all about. Sure, we've been working with Pentaho, there's a lot of momentum around their tools, and they've been building some really good native integration to MongoDB, so that people can use their analytic tools on top of MongoDB, and the reception in a lot of customers, certainly in banking and in other industries, has been really, really positive. And I think that's important for us to have a strong tool set that works with MongoDB, we've been really pleased with the relationship with Pentaho, both at an engineering level, and working jointly to solve problems for customers. And then you also, I think you told us this, or somebody told us this back when we were at MongoDB days, you were going to open an India office, you opened that office, what's that all about? Why India, where in India, what's the role there? Sure, we've been expanding around the world, we've opened an office in India, we've opened an office in Singapore, we have an office in Australia, we're doing more in Japan, so a lot going on in Asia. Europe has been a little more established for us, we have a fairly large office in London, our international headquarters is in Dublin, we have an office in Germany, an office in Italy, an office in Spain, a Scandinavian office as well. Nation building. So I'm signing the international languages that I can't read to save my life, but the lawyers tell me they're okay to sign. The demand is there all around the world, so we've also been building the language skills on the team, building the 24-7 follow the sun support model, it's been a time of a lot of growth. A lot of build out. So what's that count now? A little over 300. Wow, still growing. I know you're on a tight deadline and get a huge international success, congratulations on the demand for new types of variety of data, obviously unstructured, what you guys have done, hit the nerve, great community, massive growth, a lot of contribution, a lot of open source, a lot of cloud support, a lot of mobile, the perfect storm for you guys, congratulations on that. Thank you. Final question or final comment I'll give you in the segment is share with the folks out there that are watching Oracle Open World, they might not be in the trenches with the open source community, that might not know Mongo. Share with them what they need to know about Mongo. What is it all about? Why are you guys so hot right now? And just, some of them have been sitting in a big company, I've heard of Mongo, and explain to them why, what they need to know about you guys. Sure, we designed MongoDB to solve two challenges with the relational database. We designed it to make it very easy to scale horizontally in cloud style architectures and we designed it to be very agile and productive for developers. And developers seem to really like it and a lot of momentum. And a lot of applications. So for developers it's for rapid development, great scale, MongoDB World June 23rd to 25th at the Sheridan Times Square. That's what's going on for you guys. Thank you, I should have remembered the date. Yeah, I just cut an instant message on my little, I guess this is my teleprompter, my Mac, but this is theCUBE. John Furrier, Dave Vellotti, next year's the CEO of MongoDB, one of the fastest growing open source projects, just exploding in value. A lot of developers success. Congratulations, we've been following you guys for quite some time. I'm really happy to see it, congratulations. We'll be right back with more coverage live from San Francisco after this short break.


Thank you very much for the introduction. I'm very happy to be here and thank you to the IEA for hosting this in cooperation with the commission with DGNEAR. We have very strict instructions from the Chair on Timing and as he said also I do have a presentation which you will receive so I will try, I will not read out what is on the slides, I'll try and talk around it a bit. Try to go quickly, not speak too quickly as is my unfortunate habit. But let me just try and start with the context, we're talking about the western Balkans today but of course the perspective of western Balkans enlargement is situated within the growth of the European Union from 6 in 1957 to 28 now. You have here the dates and who joined. The point I want to make here is that we had a little debate over lunch as well about the deepening and widening. There's a policy of my country to keep on widening in the hope that the European Union wouldn't deepen. In fact we saw almost the contrary that as we widened we also managed to get deeper. As we went through these different enlargements we managed to create the single market, we managed to establish the single currency and we had the Lisbon Treaty to make the Union fit for purpose when we had the enlargement of 2004. So as we have enlarged we've also managed to get deeper. And the question of today is what comes next after our 28 member states. So who can apply? The treaty says that any European state which respects the values referred to an article 2 and is committed to promoting them may apply to become a member of the European Union. I note the words European state because the treaties didn't use to say European and we had an application from Morocco which was never actually responded to and the values that we talk about and this is important for the western Balkans. So the Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. So this is the context, this is what we're aiming at when we say that we can have, that we are open to new members. How do they get in there? This is a bit more difficult.  What do they have to do once they've reached that basic criteria? How do they then go forward? Well, we set out political criteria, economic criteria and something we call the ability to take on obligations of membership. I'll just focus on that for two seconds. This is the famous Aki, which those of us familiar with the European Union hear this word bandied about. It's a huge body of European legislation which sets out what the European Union is. And this is the basic thing that we negotiate with the countries over and we establish that they are able to and before they join they have actually taken on this whole body of legislation. So the written in summary will come back to them because of course, and the people talk about them on the economic I'm sure much more, but it looks simple, stable democratic institutions, human rights, protection of minorities, rule of law. But these are fundamental. These are fundamental changes in a country to bring them to a state of political and democratic maturity. This is just a quick slide which shows how they go from being a potential candidate to actually joining in the steps you see, I think, are the tango steps. So you see it's a bit of moving around and going forwards and backwards and sideways. The first step is to submit an application to say they would like to join. Not every European country does want to join. That's absolutely fine. The commission, as the guardian of the treaty, is then asked to make an opinion on whether that country should start negotiation. This is a huge work, a huge study on the capacity of the country. The commission can make a recommendation. The council cannot accept it. The council decides in the end to start negotiations, which we start at point three. And then this is the stage which has gotten more and more drawn out over the years. I think Croatia, I think it's eight or nine years of negotiations, and our latest candidates are well on the track in number of years already. When we finish the negotiations, we report that they're completed. The parliament gives its consent and then, of course, there's the ratification by both all of the European member states and the country itself. There's a lot of steps in this, which means a lot of points where the member states can agree, disagree, a lot of points when things hopefully go right, but can also go wrong in the accession process. Focusing down on the western Balkans, this is where we are, this is the current agenda. Negotiating with Montenegro and Serbia, recognises candidates but not negotiating with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania, and the potential candidates of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. You'll see the asterisk which we put on the reference to Kosovo, and I'll come back to this later. This is really a small asterisk and it's a small text, but this is really fundamental in Kosovo's potential progress towards the European Union. It's, unfortunately, much more significant than it might seem. The big country missing from here is, of course, Turkey. We're not here to talk about Turkey today, so I haven't put it in the text. Turkey is also negotiating a country. Its negotiations are in the process of being kickstarted, but this is a different and a very big debate which could take us well off today's track. One word about visa liberalisation, so this is not formally part of the accession process, but this is something which recognises the closer relationship that the western Balkans countries do have to the European Union. Visa liberalisation means that the citizens of these countries, people holding the passports, are exempt from needing a visa for short-term tourist travel, so 90 days in the Shengen countries. All of the five of the six countries so far have this visa-free travel. Kosovo not yet, but if all goes well, should hopefully finalise that process quite soon. It's important because it matters very much to the people in the countries of the region to feel this very personal connection with the Union, that they are able to travel for tourism purposes, but they're able to travel freely to the European Union. Speaking with colleagues friends in Kosovo, you referred to the fact that I have worked on Kosovo. There's a feeling of isolation that somehow the Union doesn't want Kosovo. They call themselves the most enclosed country in the world. I think they rate themselves like North Korea in terms of the possibilities of travelling without visa. And this holds its own dangers in terms of the development of the country, the potential radicalisation of youth, and so we do need to be very conscious of what it means to the region, to the countries as well as to the European Union as we look at these issues. It's okay to be neighbours, not all the European countries will or must join the European Union. I think it's interesting, it's Iceland of course, because Iceland decided at one point to go forward with its membership application. And since 2015 they requested that Iceland should not be regarded as a candidate country for EU membership. Again we don't quite know how to deal with countries when they stop somewhere in the process. And we got quite far with Norway and they turned it down in their referendum, but with Iceland they've stopped halfway through the process. We might come to this in the discussion afterwards, but of course my country, the United Kingdom, may end up being one of these neighbours and the question of what kind of relationship would they have with the European Union then becomes very, very, very interesting. So how does it all work in practice? How do we sitting in Brussels actually go about engaging with the Western Balkans? Three broad areas. So we report and we monitor. That sounds quite boring, but it is in fact, as I learn every day, a very valuable process in driving economic and democratic and political change in the countries. We write every year, for each of the countries, a very detailed report called the annual country report for each of the countries, covering all of the areas that I mentioned before, the political criteria, the economic criteria and the capacity of the countries to be part of the European Union. And for us it's the stage in the year we monitor, we say, this is how we think you've done, by comparison to last year, this is how far you have to go. But the countries take these very seriously and we know or I'm realising how often civil society or different interest groups in the countries find these reports extremely useful and helpful in their own attempts to drive change in their countries. Part of this is also the actual accession negotiations which drive a lot of relations with two of our countries. They are a time intensive process, but you could see them as an extension of the reporting, monitoring and preparing for accession. Then we have a network of agreements called the Stabilisation and Association Agreements. These are very comprehensive agreements signed now with all of the countries in the region, including Kosovo as from the 1st of April. We had to find a special way of having an agreement with Kosovo because not all Member States recognise the country, I'll call it a country. But nonetheless the agreement is more or less as substantial as the others. They are about economic relations, trade relations, political relations, really again demonstrating the privileged relationship that the countries in the western Balkans do have with the European Union. Finally, financial and technical assistance, huge financial support to the countries in the region with the aim to drive forward economic and political change. 11.7 billion euros from the period 2014 to 2020, a similar figure for 2007 to 2013. A billion of this in this current period we plan to spend on connectivity projects, so building the network of transport and energy networks throughout the region. I will come, I think I have a few minutes, really a couple of minutes just to go briefly through the countries. On the slides you will see more detail. So I thought I would just say what I think is the challenge for each of the countries just in a couple of words or one sentence. For me the challenge for Montenegro is on the rule of law and being the first country to experience the new approach we have to enlargement accession negotiations where we focus from an early stage and throughout the accession enlargement negotiations on the rule of law. So we started negotiating these chapters so-called at the very beginning. We monitor them throughout and if Montenegro falls backwards on the rule of law we will stop negotiating on the other more technical chapters. So this is a challenge I think for Montenegro. The other challenge is that they are a small country and for them to push ahead towards the union alone will be difficult to engage I think the member states in that process. Serbia's challenge is the normalisation of its relations with Kosovo. Serbia we have as part of its negotiate our mandate to negotiate with Serbia that they need to make progress in normalising relations with Kosovo and by the time of their accession to have a legally binding agreement. We don't say they have to recognise Kosovo but we say there has to be a legally binding agreement on the normalisation of relations and this is extremely difficult for Serbia. Serbia claims Kosovo as part of Serbia. So this will be Serbia's main challenge in moving forward along with of course the reforms. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia will hear a lot more about later so I will be very brief the challenges, the political crisis which I think you will talk about and how to move out of this to continue forward on negotiations. Albania, again the challenges on the rule of law and I think here not just substantively within Albania but the perception of Albania. I think we hear a lot about Albanian criminal organised crime networks throughout the union and I think this is a real challenge for Albania but also a challenge of perception. Bosnia and Herzegovina, for me the main challenge here is the internal division, the situation in Bosnia which makes it extremely difficult to agree on an EU path either at the political level or at the very practical level of how to spend EU funds or how to negotiate with us on the stabilisation and association agreement. So until these internal structures and institutions in Bosnia are somehow clarified it's difficult to see progress moving very quickly. Kosovo, Kosovo's problem is Serbia put simply not because Serbia wants to be difficult with Kosovo but because of their history and the claims that Serbia has over Kosovo. Kosovo's problem is also that five member states don't recognise it so it's difficult within the council to find ways to go forward which respect as they should these five member states views and positions on Kosovo but allow us to deal with Kosovo in the same way as we do with the other countries. Finally, the refugee crisis, you referred to it when you opened and I think we probably will come back to it during the discussion. This sets out what we have done, a very small part of what we've done in the European Union to address the refugee crisis. It impacts on the western Balkans because this was one of the main routes over the last months over the last year for people coming to the European Union. It challenged the countries on that route to deal with the migrants, how could they deal with them humanely with respect for the rule of law. It's also an issue because many citizens had, of the western Balkans countries, many. There have been cases of citizens from these countries making asylum claims and founded asylum claims in the European Union and the refugee crisis has meant that their claims are now being rejected more quickly than they would be so there have been challenged also on that front. It has on the positive side allowed us to engage with the countries in the region. As the slide mentions we had a 17 point plan came out of a meeting of leaders which involved countries in the region on a level basis which I think was important, necessary and valued by the countries in the region. I think I've just about stuck to 15 minutes and this is how you can find us and I'm looking forward to discussing later. Thank you very much. Tony, thank you very much and good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. It's a pleasure to be back here at the Institute. I greatly value the work the Institute has done over the years on the western Balkans. I think it's very important to keep this region in focus and it's a region that is very close to my heart and I know to many of you as well. I want to give my short presentation. I want to give a slightly optimistic spin to how I and my colleagues at the EBRDC this region. It's not the first time I've been optimistic about the western Balkans in this institute and other venues but I really feel that there is an opportunity for this region to move forward over the next decade economically speaking and of course in parallel with their EU accession process that Catherine has been outlining. I'm basing most of my remarks around this paper that I've made available and will be put on the website. The paper is called how the western Balkans can catch up. Even the title, we originally phrased the title of this paper as a question. Can the western Balkans catch up? We were briefing our president and he said to us, well why don't you, this sounds great but why don't you change the title, take the question mark out and phrase it as a more definitive, not can they but how they can. So this is what the paper is about. What I want to do in my short summary of the paper is basically three things. I will show you firstly that although there is a big convergence and competitiveness gap between the western Balkans and the rest of Europe that there are definite signs that these gaps are closing. So that's the first point. Secondly, I'll give you five reasons why we think people and companies, investors should invest in the western Balkans. Five advantages of this region. And thirdly, I'll give you five areas where we think growth in the coming decades can come from. Now I'm going to conclude the talk then just with a minute or two and sort of the longer term challenges because I don't want to be totally pan glossy and I want to recognize that there are deep challenges facing this region but overall I think it is a region with strong convergence potential. I'm coming from the EBRD so I want to just say firstly about our involvement in the region. We are I think by any measure the largest investor in the region particularly in private sector development which is really at the core of our mandate. We've over the 20 plus years we've been active here we've invested cumulatively 9.3 billion euros and have an active portfolio at the moment of 5.2 billion euros. And the charts show you the spread by sector and by country but you can see that we're quite well spread across different sectors although obviously with the strong emphasis on transport and energy but also financial institutions and general industry and the right hand chart shows you the breakdown by country against Serbia naturally as the biggest country taking the lion's share of our investment. We have a strong commitment to this region a strong presence on the region offices in all countries and a very active pipeline of projects we would expect to invest this year somewhere in the region of 800 million possibly up to 1 billion euro across these six countries. Now when it comes to convergence this chart I like showing because it crystallizes the gap in living standards between the western Balkans and the rest of Europe and it can be summarized in three fractions. One half, one third and one quarter. Roughly speaking western Balkan countries on average have about half the GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing parity of the eastern European, central and eastern European countries that have joined the EU since 2004. It's roughly one third of the GDP in southern European EU countries and it's about a quarter of the GDP per capita in western European countries. So that's an indication of the size of the challenge and it's a reflection of the lack of competitiveness of this region. Now in this table I'm summarizing probably the most comprehensive overview of competitiveness globally which is the World Economic Forum's global competitiveness report. I'm not going to go into any of the details but just to highlight in red some of the areas where the western Balkans on that measure really likes behind. The quality of infrastructure, the quality of labour market functioning efficiency and a pillar called business sophistication which has to do with really sort of more advanced ways of running business, professional management, developing value chains and the like. So these are some of the areas where the western Balkans lags behind. Nevertheless if you look at how these indicators have changed since 2007 you'll see in this chart a significant progress in the western Balkans relative to other EU countries. Whether you take the whole EU or whether you look at the EU 15, this is the pre 2004 members or the EU 11 which are the 11 central and eastern European countries that joined in 2004 are later. You got a similar story if you look at World Bank governance indicators. There is discernible progress in the last eight years in the western Balkans versus stagnation elsewhere in the EU. In that important sense in terms of competitiveness and governance there is catch up and convergence going on in the western Balkans. Now what can the region offer to investors? Well I said I'd give you five things to offer and the first one is the prospective EU membership so I will not say any more about this because Catherine very eloquently described that process and where we stand. But I think it is very important for us at the EBRD trying to bring investors to the region to emphasise this perspective, the perspective of long term membership for all of these countries. Secondly macroeconomic stability. Sometimes it's perceived in common discourse that these are very poor basket case countries but they're not and macroeconomically they're quite stable. They have low inflation. They have fiscal deficits that are broadly under control. Some of them are currently in IMF programmes at the moment and that's helping to anchor macroeconomic stability. And exchange rates are all closely tied to the euro which helps I think low inflation. Thirdly the strategic location. So this region is well on the doorstep of the EU it offers free access to EU markets for most goods. It's linked by the various trans European corridors but also it's becoming of increasing interest to other investors and notably the Chinese. Now China has increasingly recognised the importance of the western Balkans as a gateway to Europe. You'll see this also China's interest in southeastern Europe more generally is increasing very rapidly. Most recently Chinese investors have completed the privatisation of Firaeus port in Greece and they see that then as a gateway up through Europe with various infrastructure plans. This is a very exciting development I think for southeastern Europe and the western Balkans in particular. The economies are quite diverse. The chart is showing the sectoral breakdown by different countries. I think the point is here, the point here is that no country is excessively reliant on one or two industries. It's quite a broad spread and therefore quite a broad spread of opportunities for investors with of course differences within countries that you can see here. Lastly taxes and labour costs. The left hand chart shows the total tax burden as a percentage of profit. You'll see that on average in the western Balkans it's significantly lower than in the EU. On the right hand side you see unit labour costs which again are quite favourable relative to EU standards. Not surprisingly given the living standards and overall GDP in the region. Again from an investor point of view these are not necessarily decisive but they are part of the mix. Part of the mix of decisions of investors when they are looking whether to locate here or somewhere else. Having I hope convinced you that there are reasons to invest here where will the growth come from in the next ten years? Well we think foreign direct investment is really crucial and in this the region has lagged behind as the left hand chart shows again you see western Balkan FDI stock per capita around 2.5,600 euro per capita relative to more than 14,000 in the EU. So this chart in a way matches quite closely the convergence gap that I highlighted at the start. So attracting more investment is really critical for these countries and we would expect it to come from non-traditional sources increasingly in the coming decade like China, like the Gulf countries which we see now investing in Serbia and some other countries as well. It's very important that this is concentrated into tradable sectors which means to my next point that trade integration in this region is below potential. What the left hand chart shows is a standard measure of trade openness. This is exports plus imports divided by GDP which is again on average well below even the EU 11 standards never mind the EU. So this is a sign that to date countries are not yet sufficiently integrated into EU and global supply chains and that there's a need to upgrade the sophistication of exported goods. Transport infrastructure, this is a key area for EBRD, other IFIs and of course for the European Union as a whole to try and improve the quality of transport infrastructure. Here again I'm showing you the World Economic Forum competitiveness indicators which show you how the size of the gap that needs to be bridged in the coming years. Because of the lack of fiscal space increasingly these countries will have to search for private sector solutions and this is something that the EBRD can really help with. Energy sector we see is having strong potential in the region. There are a number of significant energy projects underway or in the pipeline. Increasingly this region is seen as an important transit region for gas and there are two pipelines currently either underway or about to begin. The Trans Adriatic Pipeline and the Ionian Adriatic Pipeline but also we can see significant gains coming from improving energy efficiency and through greater regional cooperation through the energy community. Lastly we think there's strong potential for innovation to drive growth. What this chart is showing you is a survey that we in the World Bank do every few years business environment and enterprise performance survey where we asked firms the extent to which they are introducing new products or processes or new standards of organization or marketing. So in the western Balkans you don't have much R&D going on and you don't have much world leaders in new products but you do have a lot of companies which are willing to adopt and adapt to take new technology that's been developed elsewhere and introduce it into their own companies. And when you combine this with relatively well educated workforces and relatively low labor costs then I think there's really potential for this sector to be an important growth driver in the coming decade. Lastly long term challenges and risks. I just want to mention four of them. I think we may take up some of them in the discussion. I think I've highlighted I've shown here the stuck in transition chart. I think I presented this report here a couple of years ago. This is our 2013 transition reports stuck in transition which argue that many countries in the region have really come to a bit of a block in their reform process. And this I think is true to some extent for some of the western Balkan countries. It is harder to do reforms when you're not growing much. This is one of the lessons I think we've learned in transition. And there is a risk that if countries stay stuck in transition then their growth rates and their convergence will lag behind. A second long term issue is financial sector fragility. The financial sectors in this region have managed to survive the crisis quite well. They're dominated by foreign owned banks. But nevertheless we see a strong need for greater regional cooperation and cooperation with the EU bodies as well within the new European financial architecture. Demographic inclusion trends. These are quite worrying for some of these countries. Falling populations, low labour force participation, strong migration pressures outwards as we've already mentioned. I think these are issues that need to be addressed. And lastly we haven't mentioned yet I think today but global warming and climate change is a very important long term threat to this region that I think needs to be addressed now in order to avoid big problems down the road. Thank you for the invitation. Good afternoon. I do hope that I'll keep the optimism going at least for until the presentation is over or at least until the 6th of June. But then it's the barrel bomb of the Balkans. There are three titles that are very important in our policy brief. New approach for Macedonia is the main title and that's one of the important titles. The barrel bomb of the Balkans is the other one and the third one is are we near enough? Questioning whether there will be any work left for the region near to do if nothing is done until the 5th of June. As many of the other speakers mentioned so far Macedonia has been living in a state of permanent political crisis since December 2012. It was on the 24th of December that the opposition and journalists were kicked out of parliament just for the sake of enacting the law on budgets according to the model and to fit the expenses or the expenditures of the ruling party. Since then the EU supported or facilitated an agreement that put everything below the carpet and that bump grew and we were stumbled on the bump last year in February 2012. 2013 was the extension of the crisis. 2014 were the early parliamentary elections, the last early parliamentary elections and the regular presidential which we ended up with the same government as before and with the same president as before. The opposition stated that they don't recognize their election results and boycotted the parliament and their work. OSCEO dear the mission just evaluated or concluded on the elections that they were efficiently administered including on the election day but they failed to credit the elections as fair free democratic and most of all credible. Last year in February the wiretapping scandal was out and that was a new insight of how situation is in Macedonia or how things were done in the past in Macedonia. The released wiretap conversations opened up to allegations of crime or criminal actions on behalf of high governmental officials, involving electoral frauds, corruption etc. The EU again facilitated or sponsored an agreement that was reached first on the 2nd of June then on the 15th of July it was in the residence of the EU ambassador in Skopje in a neighborhood called Pyrgynno and thus Pyrgynno Accord. It doesn't mean much when it comes to the name but it means quite a lot when you see all of the steps on the pathway towards bringing back democracy and guaranteeing rule of law in the country and then holding credible elections which were supposed to be on the 24th of April so last weekend. But they were again postponed for the 5th of June because the international community came out and said that there are no conditions for elections, at least no conditions for credible elections in the country. The important thing about Pyrgynno and you will have already received some of the materials. There is an infographic showing the implementation phase of Pyrgynno and all its 23 steps on the pathway and you will see that most of the steps have not been implemented or have been implemented until a point in time and then something happened that took a reverse turn and brought back the situation as it was prior to the conclusion of the agreement. Some of the most important steps of the Pyrgynno Accord are the constitution of a government for organizing elections that had two ministers from the opposition in the government, the minister of interior that's clearly in charge for organizing or facilitating the organization of the elections and the minister of labor and social policy that has to do a lot with where the government was drawing its support in the previous electoral cycles. The important thing here about this step is that on the 14th of April after the dissolution of parliament the government adopted the decision stripping those two ministers of their competencies and bringing the state back to prior to their appointment in the government. The other important step is the appointment of a special prosecutor to investigate and prosecute the people that are implicated with the wiretapping scandal. In March this year the constitutional court decided that the law on presidential pardon was unconstitutional, one part of the law, its amendments from 2009. And decided that the president should have authority to give pardon to people that have committed electoral fraud. Surprisingly enough the first case of the special prosecutor was on electoral fraud. And on the 12th of April after parliament has been dissolved the president decided to issue pardon to 56 individuals that have been implicated in all of the cases that so far have been developed by the special prosecutor. What is important here is that this brought to a point that we started, we. I'm part of the movement but everybody that's free thinking or pro-western, pro-democratic, pro-EU in a way participates in the colorful revolution demanding that democracy is brought back to the country and rule of law is guaranteed. If we go further on and discuss why is the barrel bomb or why do we question are we near enough, we need to look into public support for the EU or public support for EU's work in the country. In our last years research that was conducted during the releases of the wiretaps, wiretaps communications, we found out that 60% of the people demanded the involvement of the international community but also the involvement of the EU in settling or resolving the crisis. 67% of the survey people demanded, well said that they would vote yes in a referendum to join the EU if it was held that Sunday, that particular Sunday. This is important because if you analyze it further on, Macedonia is a mixture of cultures, religions, ethnicities, et cetera, Macedonia, well Salad Macedon actually shows how difficult or how a mixture is, the country is. Albanian population has a support of 93, 95% of the Albanians say that they want to join the EU. Macedonian support is significantly lower. When we go to political parties, the ruling party of the Macedonians, the democrystian, supposedly democrystian, has 50.2% support for EU accession. They have been very vocal in saying that they have been pressured into negotiating a deal. This is something that the EU and the Western world is imposing on the country and that secret services from foreign countries are working to destroy the country. If the elections on the 5th of June take place, this divide and this conflict that was so far between the Macedonians will switch to being between Macedonians and Albanians. Albanians will feel disenchanted by their political parties because they have participated in the elections and Vamber o Dapamanae will be more free to say that, okay, now we are dropping the EU and NATO accession and will look for other alternatives. Erdogan has been promoted as the best alternative possible for development without democracy and the EU has facilitated also other examples in the case of Hungary and illiberal democracy according to the understanding of Prime Minister Orban. So if this happens, if the country actually because of the ruling party drops EU accession as an objective, what we are to expect is that this will become an interethnic conflict and then that's the moment when Macedonia enters into its explosive phase. That's the battle of the Baltas. What to do in order to prevent this or how to react to prevent this? Mind you, we have to take actions now in the next week rather than wait for the elections because if we wait for the elections then it's all over. We have already lost all of the strings that we were pulling so now we have to take decisive and stronger actions. First of all, we feel that the EU failed to recognize its core values, democracy and rule of law in the case of Macedonia and failed to show consistency in its approach towards Macedonia at least from the Percino accord on. We also feel that there is a consensus built upon Macedonia between Parliament Council and the Commission according to what MEP Richard Howitt said. He was the previous rapporteur from the Parliament on Macedonia. So if there is actually a consensus and if the MEPs tree to be exact, apart from Howitt, Cucan from Slovakia and Ivo Weigl from Slovenia, all three represented different political groups in the Parliament have been involved in the facilitation of the agreement in order to include both the Commission and Council. We should change sponsor instead of Commissioner Hahn to High Representative and Commission Vice President Federica Mogherini just to represent both of the institutions on the table. Involve some of the most influential EU member states because so far we have seen that on the ground Germany, UK, France and Italy have been more involved, have been producing more results and have been imposing their influence, national influence on the government while producing some form of reforms. In order for this sex test to work or to produce some form of results, first of all we need to have a decision on negotiations enabling measures, meaning we need to force political party leaders into negotiations. By blacklisting some of the 56 pardoned individuals, by deciding on assets freeze on some of those 56 pardoned individuals, mind you there are some that have dual nationality, Macedonia and also nationality of EU member states. Finally, maybe even go into deciding on funds freeze, blocking the implementation of some of the EPA projects or reprogramming EPA in order to achieve more results. This is the sticks approach and according to James Kylindzi it's the slowly, slowly approach. On the other side we need to have the carrots approach and here with the carrots, well to rephrase better in a stature, democracy and rule of law are absolutely non-negotiable. In that sense we need to take the urgent reform priorities and previous reports from last year, transform it into a rule of law action plan, establish a transitional government for a period of one or two years that will have apart from politicians experts sitting in the government to implement the rule of law action plan. And also redesign this rule of law action plan as a pre-negotiations for chapters 23 and 24 just for the sake of keeping the country on track. And as I said prior to the seminar, the EU needs to showcase good examples or needs lessons learned for other countries. The process is long, it takes seven, eight years and countries are taking the examples of their bad friends rather than from their good friends. If the EU is decisive enough in tackling the Macedonian issue as it should, I believe that you won't have the same problems with Serbia soon enough and you won't have the same problems with Bosnia and Herzegovina.


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From around the globe, it's theCUBE covering Data Citizens 21 brought to you by Calibra. We're back talking all things data at Data Citizens 21. My name is Dave Vellante and you're watching theCUBE's continuous coverage, virtual coverage, hashtag Data Citizens 21. I'm here with Jim Cushman who's Calibra's chief product officer who shared the company's product vision at the event. Jim, welcome, good to see you. Thanks, Dave. Glad to be here. Now, one of the themes of your session was all around self-service and access to data. This is a big, big pointed discussion amongst organizations that we talk to. I wonder if you could speak a little more toward what that means for Calibra and your customers and maybe some of the challenges of getting there. So Dave, our ultimate goal at Calibra has always been to enable service access for all customers. Now, one of the challenges, they're limited to how they can access information, these knowledge workers. So our goal is to totally liberate them. So why is this important? Well, in and of itself, self-service liberates tens of millions of data-literate knowledge workers. This will drive more rapid and insightful decision-making. It'll drive productivity and competitiveness. And to make this level of adoption possible, the user experience has to be as intuitive as a retail shopping. Like I mentioned in my previous bit, like you're buying shoes online. But this is a little bit of foreshadowing and there's even a more profound future than just enabling self-service. We believe that a new class of shopper is coming online and she may not be as data-literate as our knowledge worker of today. Think of her as an algorithm developer. She builds machine learning or AI. The engagement model for this user will be to kind of build automation, personalized experiences for people to engage with data. But in order to build that automation, she too needs data. Because she's not data-literate, she needs the equivalent of a personal shopper, someone that can guide her through the experience without actually having her know all the answers to the questions that would be asked. So this level of self-service goes one step further and becomes an automated service. One to really help find the best, unbiased and elated training data to help train an algorithm of the future. So- Oh, go ahead, please, continue. Oh, please, so all of this self and automated service needs to be complimented with kind of a peace of mind that you're letting the right people gain access to it. So when you automate it, it's like, well, geez, are the right people getting access to this? So it has to be governed and secure. This can't become like the wild, wild West or like a data, what do we call it data flea market where data is everywhere. So history does quickly forget the companies that do not adjust to remain relevant. And I think we're in the midst of an exponential differentiation and a Kaliber data intelligence cloud that is really kind of established to be the key catalyst for companies that will be on the winning side. Well, that's big because I mean, I'm a big believer in putting data in the hands of those folks in the line of business. And of course, the big question that always comes up is, well, what about governance? What about security? So to the extent that you confederate that, that's huge because data is distributed by its very nature. It's going to stay that way. It's complex. You have to make the technology work in that complex environment, which brings me to this idea of low code or no code. It's gaining a lot of momentum in the industry. Everybody's talking about it, but there are a lot of questions. You know, what can you actually expect from no code and low code? Who are the right potential users of that? Is there a difference between low and no? And so from your standpoint, why is this getting so much attention and why now, Jim? You know, I mean, to go back to even 25 years ago, we were talking about four and five generational languages that people were building. And it really didn't reach the total value that folks were looking for because it always fell short. And you'd say, listen, if you didn't do all the work it took to get to a certain point, how are you possibly going to finish it? And that's where the four GLs and five GLs fell short as a capability. With our software, if you really get increased self-service, how are you going to be self-serviced if it still requires somebody to write code? Well, I guess you could do it if the only self-service people are people who write code. Well, that's not that effective. So if you truly want the ability to have something show up at your front door without you having to call somebody or make any efforts to get it, then it needs to generate itself. The beauty of doing cataloging and governance, understanding all the data that is available for choice, giving someone the selection that is using objective criteria, like this is the best objectively because of its quality for what you want or its label or its unbiased and it has that level of deterministic value to it versus guessing or subjectivity or what my neighbor used or what I used on my last job. Now that you've given people the power with confidence to say, this is the one that I want. The next step is, okay, can you deliver to them without them having to write any code? So imagine being able to generate those instructions from everything that we have in our metadata repository to say, this is exactly the data I need you to go get in performing what's called a distributed query against those data sets and bringing it back to them, no code written. And here's the real beauty, Dave. Pipeline development, data pipeline development is a relatively expensive thing today. And that's why people spend a lot of money maintaining these pipelines. But imagine if there was zero cost to building your pipeline, would you spend any money to maintain it? Probably not. So if we can build it for no cost, then why maintain it? Just build it every time you need it. And then again, done on a self-service basis. I really like the way you're thinking about this because you're right. A lot of times when you hear self-service it's about making the hardcore developers, you know, be able to do self-service but the reality is, and you talk about that data pipeline, it's complex, the business person sitting there waiting for data, wants to put in new data. And it turns out that the smallest, you know, unit is actually that entire team. And so you sit back and wait. And so to the extent that you can actually enable self-service for the business by simplification, that is, it's been the holy grail for a while, isn't it? But let's look a little bit, dig into where you're placing your bets.  You got to make bets, you know, certainly many, many months, if not years in advance. What are your big focused areas of investment right now? Yeah, certainly. So one of the things we've done very successfully since our origin over a decade ago is building a business user-friendly software and was predominantly kind of a plumbing or infrastructure area. So business users love working with our software. They can find what they're looking for and they don't need to have some cryptic key of how to work with it. They can think about things in their terms and use our business glossary and they can navigate through what we call our data intelligence graph and find just what they're looking for. And we don't require our business to change everything just to make it happen. We give them kind of a universal translator to talk to the data. But with all that wonderful usability, the common compromise that you make is, well, it's only good up to a certain amount of information. Kind of like Excel, you know, you can do almost anything with Excel, right? But when you get into large volumes, it becomes problematic and now you need to, you know, go with a hardcore database and application on top. So what the industry is pulling us towards is far greater amounts of data, not that just millions or even tens of millions, but into hundreds of millions and billions of things that we need to manage. So we have a huge focus on scale and performance on a global basis. And that's a mouthful, right? Not only are you dealing with large amounts at performance, but you have to do it in a global fashion and make it possible for somebody who might be operating in Southeast Asia to have the same experience with the environment as they would be in Los Angeles. And the data needs to therefore go to the user as opposed to having the user come to the data as much as possible. So it really does put a lot of emphasis on some of what we call the non-functional requirements, also known as the illities. And so our ability to bring the data and handle those large enterprise grade capabilities at scale and performance globally is what's really driving a good number of our investments today. I want to talk about data quality. This is a hard topic, but it's one that's so important. And I think it's been really challenging and somewhat misunderstood. I mean, you think about the chief data officer role itself. It kind of emerged from these highly regulated industries and it came out of the data quality kind of back office role that's kind of gone front and center. And now it's pretty strategic. Having said that, the prevailing philosophy is okay, we got to have this centralized data quality approach and then it's going to be imposed throughout. And it really is a hard problem. And I think about these hyper-specialized roles like the quality engineer and so forth. And again, the prevailing wisdom is if I can centralize that, it can be lower cost and I can service these lines of business when in reality, the real value is, you know, speed. And so how are you thinking about data quality? You hear so much about it. Why is it such a big deal? And why is it so hard and a priority in the marketplace? Your thoughts. Thanks for that. So we of course, inquired a data quality company, not very early this year, LDQ. And the big question is, okay, so why them and why now? Not before, well, at least a decade ago, we started hearing people talk about big data. It was probably around 2009 and it was becoming the big talk. And what we don't really talk about when we talk about this ever-expanding data, the by-product is velocity of data is increasing dramatically. So the speed of which new data is being presented, the way in which data is changing is dramatic. And why is that important to data quality? Because data quality historically for the last 30 years or so has been a rules-based business where you analyze the data at a certain point in time and you write a rule for it. Now, there's already a room for error there because humans are involved in writing those rules. But now with the increased velocity, the likelihood that it's going to atrophy and become no longer a valid or useful rule to you increases exponentially. So we were looking for a technology that was doing it in a new way, similar to the way that we do auto classification when we're cataloging atrophys. How do we look at millions of pieces of information around metadata and decide what it is to put it into context? The ability to automatically generate these rules and then continuously adapt data changes to adjust these rules is really a game changer for the industry itself. So we chose our DQ for that very reason.  And frankly, you know how this works is no one really complains about it until there's a squeaky wheel, you get a fine or exposes, and that's what is causing a lot of issues with data quality. And then why now? Well, I think, and this is my speculation, but there's so much movement of data moving to the cloud right now. And so anyone who's made big investments in data quality historically for their on-premise data warehouses, netizens, terror datas, articles, et cetera, or even their data lakes are now moving to the cloud. And they're saying, hmm, what investments are we going to carry forward that we had on-premise and which ones are we gonna start a new from? And data quality seems to be ripe for something new. And so these new investments and data in the cloud are now looking up. Let's look at this new next generation method of doing data quality, and that's where we're really fitting in nicely. And of course, finally, you can't really do data governance and cataloging with that data quality without data governance and cataloging is kind of a hollow long-term story. So the three working together is very a powerful story. I gotta ask you some Colombo questions about this because you're right, it's rules-based. And so my, you know, immediately I go, okay, what are the rules around COVID or hybrid work, right? If there's static rules, there's so much unknown. And so what you're saying is you've got a dynamic process to do that. So, and one of my gripes about the whole big data thing, and you referenced that 2009, 2010, I loved it because there were a lot of profound things about Hadoop and a lot of failings. And one of the challenges is really that there's no context in the big data system. You know, the folks in the data pipeline, they don't have the business context. So my question is, it sounds like you've got this awesome magic to automate. Who adjudicates the dynamic rules? Does humans play a role? What role do they play there? Absolutely. So there's the notion of sampling. So you can only trust a machine for a certain point before you want to have some type of a steward or assisted or supervised learning that goes on. So, you know, suspect maybe one out of 10, one out of 20 rules that are generated. You might want to have somebody look at it. But there's a ways to do the equivalent of supervised learning without actually paying the cost of a supervisor. Let's suppose that you've written 1,000 rules for your system that are five years old. And we come in with our ability and we analyze the same data and we generate rules ourselves. We compare the two themselves. And there's absolutely going to be some exact matching, some overlap that validates one another. And that gives you confidence that the machine learning did exactly what you did. What's likelihood that you guessed wrong and machine learning guessed wrong exactly the right way? That seems pretty small concern. So now you're really saying, well, why are they different? And now you start to study the samples. And what we learned is that in our ability to generate between 60 and 70% of these rules, any time we were different, we were right almost every single time, like almost every like only one out of 100 where was it proven that the handwritten rule was a more profound outcome. And of course, it's machine learning. So it learned and it caught up the next time. So that's the true power of this innovation is it learns from the data as well as the stewards. And it gives you confidence that you're not missing things and you start to trust it. But you should never completely walk away. You should constantly do your periodic sampling. And the secret sauce is math. I mean, I remember back in the mid 2000s, it was like 2006 timeframe, you mentioned auto classification. That was a big problem with the federal rules of civil civil procedure trying to figure out, okay, you had humans classifying humans don't scale. And so you had all kinds of support vector machines and probabilistic latent semantic indexing, but you didn't have the compute power or the data corpus to really do it well. So it sounds like a combination of cheaper compute, a lot more data and machine intelligence have really changed the game there. Is that a fair assertion? That's absolutely fair. I think the other aspect to keep in mind is it's an innovative technology that actually brings all that compute as close into the data as possible. One of the greatest expenses of doing data quality was of course the profiling concept, bringing up the statistics of what the data represents. And in most traditional senses, that data is completely pulled out of the database itself into a separate area. And now you start talking about terabytes or petabytes of data, that takes a long time to extract that much information from a database and then to process through all of it. Imagine bringing that profiling closer into the database what's happening in the same space as the data that cuts out like 90% of the unnecessary processing speed. It also gives you the ability to do it incrementally. So you're not doing any full analysis each time. You have kind of an expensive play when you're first looking at a full database. And then maybe over the course of a day, an hour, 15 minutes, you've only seen a small segment of change. So now it feels more like a transactional analysis process. Yeah, and that's, again, we talked about the old days of big data, the Hadoop days and it was profound. It was all about bringing five megabytes of code to a petabyte of data, but that didn't happen. We shoved it all into a central data lake. I'm really excited for Colibri. It sounds like you guys are really on the cutting edge and doing some really interesting things.  Yeah, thanks, Dave. So one of the really exciting things about our solution is trying to be a combination of best-of-breed capabilities but also integrated. So to actually create a full and complete story that customers are looking for, you don't want to have them worry about complex integration in trying to manage multiple vendors and the times of their releases, et cetera. If you can find one customer that you don't have to say, well, that's good enough, but every single component is in fact best-of-breed that you can find and it's integrated and they'll manage it as a service, you truly unlock the power of your data literate individuals in your organization. And again, that goes back to our overall goal. How do we empower the hundreds of millions of people around the world who are just looking for insightful decision? Did they feel completely locked? It's as if they're looking for information before the internet and they're kind of limited to whatever their local library has. And if we can truly become somewhat like the internet of data, we make it possible for anyone to access it without controls, but we still govern it and secure it for privacy laws. I think we do have a chance to change the world for better. Great, thank you so much, Jim. Great conversation. Really appreciate your time and your insights. Yeah, thank you, Dave. Appreciate it. All right, and thank you for watching theCUBE's continuous coverage of Data Citizens 21. My name is Dave Vellante. Keep it right there for more great content.