Thank you for the invitation to speak to that. We will go through anal rectal malformations, which I think is actually fascinating and complex topic. We'll spend a lot of time talking about the different types because that really dictates what happens for these patients, both in surgery and then long-term. We'll talk a little bit about the surgeries, and then we'll talk at the end about what happens to these patients after their surgical corrections and where to go if you see them in your practice. I have no financial disclosures. I will say that any good talk on inter rectal malformations has to show a lot of pictures of the genitalia and the anus.   So the objectives today, we're going to identify the types of inter rectal malformations. We'll name the main goals of surgical repair, and then we'll work on understanding the long-term prognosis and treatment for these patients. And as just a quick overview, we'll go through some history, embryology, epidemiology, then we'll really get into those classifications and like I said, the surgery and the long-term prognosis and care. So no surgical talk is allowed without at least one old white guy picture. So we have Dr. Amuset who was a surgeon in the United Kingdom back in the early 1800s, who's credited with the first analplasty, the first attempt to correct this surgically back in 1835. But really even centuries before that, this problem had been described, but very little was said about it, leading most of us to believe that this was going untreated. So some kids with potentially perineal fistulas were able to kind of eke along if the opening didn't get strictured down and cause obstruction. But most of these kids probably passed away very early on from obstruction. But the current treatment of interrectal malformations was really revolutionized by Dr. Alberto Peña, who is a surgeon from Mexico, came to train up in the US and then has really been not only developed the PSARP, the posterior sagittal interrectoplasty has changed the way we do surgery for these patients and the outcomes for these patients, but has really campaigned around the world to bring this technique to everyone so that every child has an opportunity to get a procedure that gives them their best shot at continents down the road. A little embryology, so the urogenital sinus and the hindgut come together in the early development. And form the cloaca, which as we'll talk about later is really just a term that describes the common channel for stool and urine. It's a structure that some animals can keep through out life, but about seven weeks into gestation, the urorectal fold comes down and divides the cloaca into the urogenital sinus anteriorly and then the rectal canal inferiorly. The ectoderm actually covers over these openings, which later recanulize. And the thought is that in anorectal malformation, this separation with the urorectal fold just never occurs, although the studies that we have on this aren't very good and it continues to be an area of debate. And then finally before we get to classifications, a little epidemiology in the classic congenital disease numbers, if you guess about one to four and 5,000 for a congenital anomaly, you're probably pretty close and that is exactly what anorectal malformations are. There may be a slight male predominance, although not particularly strong. And then although there is some genetic component that is not well understood when counseling parents, we usually say if they have a child with an anorectal malformation, the chance of them having a second child with an ARM is about 1%. There are certainly associations. Everyone will be familiar with the Vactral Association, which obviously anorectal malformation plays prominently in. There is a association with trisomy 21 with imperforate anus with no fistula, which we'll see is a accept among this population is very uncommon. And then there have been some associations identified with IVF, maternal diabetes, and phyllidomide use. So now getting into the classifications of these anorectal malformations. Certainly one way to look at them that is important is how they divide up between males and females. Both males and females can have perineal fistulas. They can both have rectal atrijas and they can both have imperforate anus without a fistula. In males, the structure just anterior to the rectum is the urethra and bladder. And so when a male has a anorectal malformation, it tends to fistulize to these structures, either the urethra, which we divide into the bulbar urethra or the membranous urethra that's distal the prostate and then the prostatic urethra, which is more proximal. And then you can also have a rectovascular fistula or a bladder neck fistula where the rectum actually attaches directly to the lower part of the bladder. And finally, you can have, although very rare, you can have an age type fistula where the anus is actually normally placed, but there is a connection to the urethra. In females, we most commonly see a rectovastibular fistula, which is an opening that occurs just posterior to the vagina. Very rarely, we'll actually see it connect to the vagina and rectovaginal fistula. And then we will also see cloacas where the urethra, vagina and rectum continue to have a common channel that brings up a whole another set of issues. And you can also have some more complex malformations. So looking at these classifications with some incidents next to them, so you can kind of understand which types are most common, you can see that for males, it's really the recto urethral fistulas that are split pretty evenly between bulbar and prostatic. So that's the vast majority of them, 70%. And then bladder neck fistulas are about 10%. Paraneal fistulas are about 10%, and the remaining fistula types are about 10%. For females, you can see that the overwhelming majority are rectovastibular fistulas. So again, about 70% are that type, with about 20% being perineal fistulas, and then 5% or less are true imperforate anus or cloacas. We're gonna go through some pictures. I think these are very illustrative to kind of understand exactly what the anatomy is, and then it makes a lot more sense what we do to treat these. So probably the simplest type is the recto perineal fistula. You can see here just posterior to where the rectum comes out. This is the sphincter complex, which is where the rectum should be and where the anal opening should be. So in the male, this fistula has occurred just anterior to the sphincter complex, although obviously it can occur kind of anywhere along the perineum from the sphincter complex all the way to the scrotum. And you also see, I think it's important to note that oftentimes, even when there is a perineal fistula, there is a close association between the wall of the rectum and the urethra, which is important during surgery to realize. And then in females, again, we have the sphincter complex and just anterior to that, we have our perineal opening, our recto perineal fistula. And in this case, obviously the vagina is gonna be in between the rectum and the urethra, so we are better protected from damaging the urethra. It makes it essentially impossible to damage the urethra during these procedures in a female. Now looking at some male urethral fistulas, we have the rectobulver fistula. So here is the bladder, here is the prostatic urethra, and then after it makes that turn, you get the bulbar urethra, the membranous urethra. And so this on the outside is gonna look like an imperforated anus, but in fact, it's a recto urethral fistula. And these patients may present with UTIs or stool from the penis, but oftentimes the opening is small enough that you won't necessarily see that before surgery is done to divert the stool stream. Very similarly, another recto urethral fistula, the rectoprostatic fistula here, the fistula is just higher up on the prostatic part of the urethra, and then a bladder neck fistula where now we see the fistula coming into the bladder itself. These will oftentimes be a little bit larger and can have stool coming out of the urethra more often. And here we have a colostagram where after this patient has been diverted, they are instilling contrast down the distal part of the colon, fills up the rectum, and then we can see the connection to the bladder neck, and obviously it fills up the entire bladder and you can see the bladder even emptying into the urethra, but all this contrast is coming in through the mucus fistula. And then finally, you can have an imperforated anus with no fistula like we talked about. This is rare, but does occur. And again, there is no fistula to the urethra, as we can see in this picture, it doesn't mean there that the rectum is distant from the urethra, so injury is still possible during that surgery. All right, switching to female anatomy now. We've got the recto vestibular fistula. Again, the anal sphincter complex is here, and now very similar really to a perineal fistula, but a little more interior where it's actually in the vestibule, just posterior to the vaginal opening.  And then a cloaca on the left side here, you see a short channel cloaca here. The rectum, the vagina and the urethra are opening into a single common channel, but from the exterior is all you would see is just that single opening. And then on the right, similarly, a cloaca, but here has a longer common channel. And then finally, a cloaca with hydrocopus. This is one of the main complications that we see with the cloaca that is not, this can present this way very early or if it's not recognized, can develop where you have, and these fluid collections can become enormous and sometimes have to be drained through the abdomen. All right, so, sorry. Here is the part of our talk that we're gonna get to some more explicit pictures. So, be warned. So, when examining these kids, particularly when trying to examine females, another common teaching point for residents is, they'll tell you, oh yeah, they have a perineal fistula and the immediate question you wanna ask is, did you look into the vagina, into the urethra? Did you identify three openings? And the way to do that is exactly what is being demonstrated in this picture, where you grab the labia majora and pull not so much out away from each other, but really out towards you to create better visualization. And so, here you can see a tiny opening for the urethra, a normal vaginal opening, but instead of the anus being placed in the sphincter complex, this looks to be a perineal fistula in a female. On the left side here, we have a male who right at the base of the scrotum has some stool and a small opening. So, that is a perineal fistula in a male. And here, this opening obviously is very difficult to see to the point that you needed to use an instrument to cannulate it so you could really see it, but you see a vestibular fistula in a female. Now, on this one, the anterior aspect is the bottom of the screen, so posteriorly is at the top. We see a very flat bottom, and this is actually kind of a subtype of a vestibular fistula. This is called a foreshet fistula where the fistula is right at the edge of the vestibule so that the posterior aspect is actually normal epithelialized skin like a perineal fistula, but the anterior aspect is the more mucous, mucosa type epithelium of the vestibule. And then on the right side, you see a true vaginal fistula, which again is extremely uncommon. And I would question anybody who said they found a vaginal fistula, but this one you can see the fistula actually opening inside the vagina. And then this again is a very classic rectivastibular fistula at the very posterior aspect of the vestibule. So this is one that we will see occasionally here. You have what looks like a very normal anal opening. You've got a sphincter complex there, but obviously it is right next to the vestibule, very anteriorly displaced. And we will occasionally get called, usually not about one this extreme, but where the team is concerned about an anteriorly displaced penis. And although it clearly is anteriorly displaced, this is not an anorectal malformation. And there's nothing surgically to do about this. We can move the rectum into the anal complex, anal sphincter complex, but in this case, the rectum is in the sphincter complex and we can't make that any better. So every once in a while you'll get this call and a resident will have already gone to talk to the family and explained all the surgical things that are gonna need to happen. And then you have to kind of talk them down that, oh no, this sphincter, this rectum opens right in the sphincter. This is the best chance that they have at good bowel control incontinence. All right, a couple more images of male anorectal malformations. These you will see typically with lower imperforated anuses without fistulas or perineal fistulas that you'll see a bucket handle or you'll see beating of stool or meconium in the median raffae. And sometimes it'll go partway up the scrotum as well. And then the last images I wanna show are cloaco. So on the left side, we see, again, pulling on the labia majora, seeing inside the vestibule and here there's only a single opening indicating a cloaca. Again, we have the image of that at the bottom here. And then it took me a long time. You hear the term cloaco extrafee and I assume for a long time that it was very similar to a cloaca. But as you can see on the right side here, it is very different from a cloaca. So if you hear that somebody has cloaco extrafee, realize that that is a very different disease process, although on the spectrum of anorectal malformations is obviously a much more complex problem. Here you have the infallibule labeled as O. You have two hemi-bladders. So urethral openings will be down here somewhere. And then you've got the cecal plate, which is an area of cecum with a prolapsed ilium and then two biped fallacies down here at the bottom. So we are not gonna talk about cloaco extrafee. It is a fascinating topic that you spend an hour on by itself, but it is extremely rare. I bring it up more to make the point that cloaco extrafee is a very different process. So not to be confused with just a cloaca. All right, I'm gonna switch gears a little bit now. No more pictures for a while and we'll talk about the surgeries that we offer these children. So as an overview of the ones we'll talk about, a lot of these kids get colostomies temporarily. We then usually will perform a P-SARP, posterior sagittal-interrectal-plasty, plus or minus a laparoscopy or laparotomy depending on how high or low the malformation is. We're not really gonna talk about urogenital sinus mobilization, but that is something that is done for cloacas or a common urogenital sinus. And then we'll talk very briefly about perineal reconstructions in children who usually with cloacas have such a small vaginal tract or canal that they need it to be augmented. So we are back to our classifications. Again, like we talked about the treatment and prognosis for these kids is very much based on what they present with, what type of fistula it is. So as we can see in this slide, all of our highlighted fistulas are gonna require a colostomy. If there is no fistula and a true imperfectionis or really all of the urethral or bladder neck fistulas and boys, and so you can see that in boys, 85 to 90% of these kids are gonna end up with a colostomy. The only ones that aren't are children who have a perineal fistula that can be dilated and they can avoid any obstruction through just dilation of the fistula until they're ready for surgery. On the other hand, for females, the vast majority of them can avoid a colostomy. It's really, again, only the true imperfect anuses and the cloacas that end up needing a colostomy. And anybody with an opening either to the perineum or to the vestibule can avoid that. So talking about the goals of surgery, the big one, and I think this seems a little silly because most of the time we catch this very early, the kid hasn't really demonstrated bowel obstruction. He's not big and distended, but if it is missed, if you're in a different part of the world that doesn't have the same access to medical care that we do, or in some cases, if a child is on a lot of positive pressure ventilation because they have other things going on, then it quickly becomes evident how big a problem bowel obstruction can be. So most of the time in these children, this gets immediately identified. The surgery a team is called the same day and the following day will bring up a colostomy if needed or will dilate the fistula to make sure that stool is able to evacuate normally. As long as stool is able to evacuate, then you don't have this issue of obstruction. But in kids, males with anything but a perineal fistula or females who don't have a way to evacuate the stool, obviously it only takes 24 to 48 hours for their intestines to be working stool through the system and causing obstruction. I've seen this happen with positive pressure ventilation that was not recognized. And you can get into a vicious cycle where the plan is to do the colostomy in the morning. The kid is needing more pressure so they amp up the positive pressure ventilation. That is putting more gas into the abdomen. The abdomen is getting more distended, pressing up on the lungs. Now they need more pressure to overcome the abdominal distension and you get in a vicious cycle and the bowel can get so distended that it necrosis by the time you get to the OR. And then I've also seen this in other areas of the world where getting to a medical center that has a surgeon, really any surgeon, not even a pediatric surgeon can take days. And if it's not recognized immediately or the trip takes too long, by the time the child arrives, bringing up an ostomy becomes an emergent procedure because the child is septic with bowel obstruction and bowel necrosis. So fortunately for us that doesn't tend to be the main concern that we discuss when talking with parents, but it is good to remember that this is a disease that is often fatal if not treated early to avoid bowel obstruction. Usually when we talk to parents though, we are talking mostly about the opportunity for continence long-term. So the goal of the surgery is to get the rectum into the middle of the sphincter complex so that the child can have a chance at continence. We also wanna avoid stenosis either from a fistula that gets inflamed and keeps trying to scar down or after the surgery from a sphincter complex that tries to scar down. And so this becomes one of the difficulties of getting stenosis, constipation, and then a potential obstruction or partial obstruction when the opening is not working appropriately. Obviously for males, you don't want stool going into the urinary tract. That is a recipe for UTIs and Eurocepsis. And then in females, if the uterus and vagina are not able to drain appropriately, that can be a problem, particularly once menstruation begins. So the colostomy, this is done, like I said, mostly for male patients who have no way for the stool to get out. These patients are taken to the OR, the proximal colostomy is brought up and matured. And then the distal area, a small opening is left at that time. Any stool that is in the distal colon and rectum is irrigated out. And then we also leave the opening there, one, for any mucus to get out, but two, so we can do a colostagram prior to the definitive surgery so that we make sure we understand the anatomy. The only way to tell when there's no opening in the perineum, what type a male has is to do a colostagram and see whether it's draining into the bladder or what area of the urethra. Looking now at the PSARP, so what Dr. Pena did is he realized that if you're having trouble finding or dissecting out the rectum, you really have great exposure that you can get from the posterior side. And so using an incision that often goes all the way from the coccyx down into the perineal body, you have great exposure to get a good dissection and make sure you safely get the rectum away from the urethra or the vagina and then here it's a little hard to tell, I think the sphincter complex is in this area, but the big goal of the surgery is to identify that sphincter complex, we use a stimulator and we look for a wink in the sphincter complex both before we make an incision and then again after we make an incision. And you can see that in this next slide, they show very clearly the sphincter complex, which is here and you wanna make sure and get that rectum right in the middle of this sphincter complex so that the child will have a chance of continence down the road. As we discussed, you want to keep UTIs or stool getting into the urinary tract. So in this case, after the rectum has been identified it's actually opened so that the urethral fistula can be identified and then that urethral fistula is isolated and after you've dissected the rectum away from the urethra, that little diverticulum is over sewn and closed off so that there's no urinary leak. In this case, there was actually a bladder fistula. This is usually the bladder fistulas are fairly small. This is actually one of the largest ones I have seen. So with high urethral lesions or with bladder neck lesions will actually start laparoscopically, will identify the fistula and take it down from the abdomen and then flip the child over and do the rest of the dissection from the bottom. And so here you can see the rectum posteriorly and the bladder superiorly. You can see the ureter on the right side there. So this one was actually so large that we used a stapler to cut across it. And then you can see it, there's the staple line on the bladder and now the rectum is completely free so we can pull it through the perineum. And then finally, in rare cases, we need to make sure that the uterus and the vagina can drain appropriately. And so in this case, in a patient who had a cloaca and a very foreshortened vaginal canal, we actually create a neo-vagina with a piece of colon. So you can see this is normal colon and normal rectum that will be attached to the anal sphincter complex. This area of the sigmoid colon is cut on both ends and used to create the neo-vagina and then this area of colon is attached back to the rectum in this lower picture, which I'll blow up here. So this is the neo-vagina and this is the connection made between the colon and the rectum. In these patients, if they have a normal uterus, normal ovaries, they can still get pregnant. They oftentimes will need in vitro fertilization and then they have to have an obligatory C-section because the colon will not accommodate a vaginal delivery. All right, switching finally to the prognosis long-term for these kids. So this is one of those frustrating surgical diseases where you do a surgery upfront and then you never know exactly how you did or how the kid's gonna do until they get potty trained years later. So it's always difficult because you tell parents, well, we think we did a good surgery, we're gonna hope for the best outcome, but you're really gonna have to tell me in two or three or four years how his continence, how his bowel control is. So there are some prognostic indicators that we can use. One is the type of fistula, lower fistula lesions, which include your perineal fistulas, your rectoblastibular fistulas, and your rectobulver fistulas. Those patients tend to do better and tend to have better bowel control long-term. Patients with short channel cloacas, rectoprostatic fistulas or rectovaginal fistulas tend to do a little bit worse and bladder neck fistulas or long channel cloacas tend to be even worse than that and have a much lower chance of good bowel control. The spine, the spinal cord is also an important component. Myeloma and ingioceles, obviously separate from their ARM are gonna have worse bowel function and in combination with an ARM, they have significantly worse chance at normal continence. And then there is a sacral ratio, which I'll describe a little bit later, that also comes into account. In addition, if they have abnormalities like a hemi sacrum or sacral hemi vertebrae or a pre-sacral mass, those kids tend to do a little bit worse. So again, we come back several times to this classification schema and what the incidence is. And we see that these green types, so these are the lower fistula types, both in males on the left and females on the right, with the exception of the recto vaginal fistula, tend to do pretty well and have a good chance at continence and good bowel control. The prostatic or short channel cloacas tend to do a little bit worse and then the bladder neck or long channel cloacas tend to struggle the most. The sacral ratio, very briefly, we just take the top of the iliac crest to the lower part of the sacral iliac joint and then that same joint down to the coccyx. The, that lower distance is divided by the upper distance and you get a ratio and you want that ratio to be as high as possible. So you really want a well-developed sacrum. And if you're above 0.7, that is a positive indicator. If you're less than 0.4, that is a negative indicator. And so going back to prognosis by type and these are all slightly altered depending on the spinal issues or the sacral ratio issues. But you can see that in a lot of these lower lesions, their ability to have voluntary bowel movements is pretty good. It's above 90% long-term. Once you get into an imperforatedness without a fistula or recto urethral or rectobulver fistula or a short channel cloaca, those numbers start to drop a little bit. So 20 to 30% of those kids are having trouble with having voluntary bowel movements. But even amongst these patients that are able to have voluntary bowel movements, they are still not having perfect control. So 20 to 40, in some cases, 50 to 60% of these kids are having some swelling. And this is often at night and maybe not the biggest inconvenience in the world but certainly causes kids and families a lot of anxiety. And so this is an issue that we often have to deal with. Other patients will report occasional fecal incontinence where they can't control it. This will often happen.  But whereas most kids are able to make it to the bathroom before they stool themselves, these kids may not be. And then it's one of those frustrating diseases where not only are they having fecal incontinence and soiling themselves, but they're also having constipation. And you're kind of pulling your hair out because you're like, well, can it be one or the other? But many of these kids will have constipation, hard stools, only stooling two or three times a week and then also having episodes where they're getting incontinent or they're soiling themselves at night. And then urinary incontinence is generally very good except obviously in the cloaca we do a little bit worse. Now in our higher lesions, obviously we do a lot worse. You know, the prostatic or rectovaginal, you know, now you're down to voluntary bowel movements only in two thirds to half. And then once you get to your bladder neck fistulas or your long channel cloacas, you know, a lot of these kids are not able to have voluntary bowel movements. Soiling is a bigger issue, constipation is an issue, and then urinary incontinence is a bigger issue as well. So one of the things that, you know, we tell patients upfront before the surgery is that, you know, we can't promise perfect bowel function. In fact, you should expect some bowel difficulties, but what we can almost guarantee is that eventually we will get the kid to be functionally incontinent. And that means, you know, they're able to go to school without stealing themselves, they're able to, you know, have a normal day without having to worry about their bowel issues, you know, causing them problems during the day in social situations, et cetera. And although, you know, some of the things that we need to do to get these patients there seem onerous and very inconvenient, we can't eventually get them there. So there are bowel management programs where, you know, kids will undergo daily x-rays for a week, trying to figure out exactly, you know, the balance of getting them cleaned out with a big bowel movement in the morning and then getting them through their day at school, sometimes in order to do that we need a laxative maybe at night before they go to bed so that in the morning they wake up and are ready to completely evacuate. Sometimes they need anti-motility agents to slow them down a little bit. We will often use enemas to get us to a place where, you know, we feel like we have good control of the bowel movements and their ability to evacuate everything. And we used to, more frequently, in cases that we were really having trouble, we would consider a Malone anti-grade countenance enema and I'll talk very briefly about that, but really the peristine irrigation system has changed that for the most part and we rarely need to do surgery on these kids anymore. Very briefly, the peristine irrigation system is an enema where, you know, the only thing they've changed over normal enemas is after you insert the tube to instill the fluid, there's a balloon that blows up so that it helps the kids hold that liquid in their colon for longer so that they can really then evacuate it well. For kids who, you know, have extreme troubles with this or kids who become, just have a lot of anxiety over anything behind their bottom, we do consider a MACE procedure where we create a valve at the cecum.  So in summary, we talked about how the type of interrectal malformation determines the treatment of prognosis. We talked a little bit about surgeries, how they prevent bowel obstruction and give our patients their best chance at continence. And then at the end, you know, about how often these patients will struggle with bowel issues and need either somebody from the GI team or somebody from the surgery team or occasionally their primary care provider to really stick with them, set realistic expectations, help them understand that there is gonna be some level of inconvenience, but make sure and support them so that they can eventually get to a spot where, you know, despite a bathroom ritual once or twice a day, they are out in the community, you know, not worrying about their bowel movements and how it might embarrass them or cause them any issues. I certainly need to thank the pediatric surgery group at University of Maryland and a couple of my mentors from Cincinnati Children's. And then I've got some references here if anybody cares to look at them later.


Well, I got about maybe a liter or two of water out of all four spots not each total Now I've got some holes Good thing is now I've got extra storage. I can store things in inside the pontoons. That's excellent All right, I need to cover these with something Extra storage is good because I'm about to drive this pedal boat to town and back and pick up a bunch of stuff I'm gonna go with a friend. So two of us will be pedaling. I Don't think it'll be that hard. Although. This will be the first time my friend has gone on that long of a trip as far as I know With human power You should be fine All right, I have an idea for a whole covers. Let me see if I can find something suitable I found a piece of leftover fiberglass over there And then I was trying to figure out what shape should we see optimal shape to cut out to make these doors And I was like, I'll just cut a stupid circle and do one and see how it goes I forgot my rivet thing. Oh Hit into there a little bit. So hopefully you can kind of lock in Get in there. That's the technique. Oh No, not all up. Oh, yeah, it's all up loosen that up That's all I have to bend it in. I think that works pretty good. I'm not gonna accidentally come out anyway Tomorrow morning. I'm taking this boat with a friend and we're going on a really long trip now One pedal boat side has a long seat for a tall person Which is like the right size for me the other size for a short person now my friends shorter than me But he's a little too tall for this short side. So I need to Lift the seat up a little because that back part slants back So the higher you sit in it the farther back you can go So I'm thinking I could take this two by four and this machine and make a seat Hopefully I can find some more of this And one of these steering extension so I don't have to reach Beside myself. I can just put my hand in a more natural position and steer All right, I think I'm ready to go. Oh, I'm looking forward to this tomorrow morning right nearly We're getting up before the Sun comes up. Oh, I love that Never say that's your girlfriend though because the next morning She's gonna wake you up at 4 30 a.m. And get you to do some horrible thing and she'll say it's because you like it What do you have there yesterday morning at about 6 15 a.m Before the Sun came up my friend and I got in the pedal boat and we pedaled to town We got there at about 10 30 it was like four hours and 15 minutes of pedaling way slower than the zombie chopper But we got there And then we did stuff picked up blocks picked up a lot of blocks And dishinga found some online block deal, whatever we got a whole bunch of blocks And you know bought some food got a bit of other stuff Got back in the boat. We had some unplanned delays in town So we left later than we were hoping we left at uh 4 15 and then we got back here at 8 so after dark Um So that was three hours and 45 minutes on the way back.  He didn't see me at all yesterday because I got back. He was already asleep Um, then he saw me this morning He dropped whatever he was doing crawled over and climbed up and he was like attached to me for about an hour and a half Part of that was nap But he was like clinging on so that was like a pretty strong reminder I mean, he's he's only seven months old, but he is definitely noticing If I'm not there or if I'm there. I just yeah, it's a good reminder to Make sure I don't slack off and being an awesome dad um Now the the kids are all playing with blocks Um And on our on our trip, you know, we had like eight hours of peddling. We were talking about stuff I think I think we're not taking any more gasoline boat trips to town You know, I'd get rides with a neighbor sometimes and stuff, but I think I think we've decided We're just gonna go either solar power or human power We're not taking the easy route anymore unless, you know, there's an emergency or Whatever, but generally speaking we're gonna rely on our own on our own power So The zombie chopper works pretty well, but it's not good for two people So I gotta figure something out We're gonna we're gonna take another trip to town Probably I don't know within the next month anyway, so Yeah, I gotta figure something out I should go visit my friend today and see if he can walk I can walk fine, but I'm a little a little bit wobbly Definitely tired legs one idea that came up yesterday was to make fish fin propulsion and The reason that seemed like a kind of a good idea is well one. It's supposed to be really efficient um I don't know see if I I'll have to play with it and see how good I can get it to work But the other thing is it's really easy to make the pedals for that Because you just need like things that are hinged on the bottom and come up and you push on them Then they can have strings that go back and turn the fin thing So if you want to add a set of pedals, it's it's really easy to do as opposed to like with a You know a pedal thing to a gear to a shaft, you know Where you need like a chain drive to another set of pedals or you have to sit side by side and make a whole other pedal thing It's just really easy to add pedals if you have the Something that just you're just pushing and it goes back and forth And I could If I had a fish fin on the back or a fishtail on the back of the zombie chopper I could put another set of pedals up in the front and then we could both pedal So I might have to Just test some stuff out I can do that with the rudder So back here. I've got the rudder and it's got a really strong connection I could pull the pin out of that Make some kind of fish fin with a thing that goes up to some pedals that I can do And I wouldn't want to use it long term without roller bearings, but You know, I could do it for Long enough to to get an idea of how well it'll work Hypothetically, this is very hypothetical at the moment. If that fish fin thing If I got it working well I could take the motor and the batteries and the solar panels off and that would reduce the weight significantly enough that Two people could ride in it and take a bunch of cargo without overloading the boat And we did just make the trip to town in this boat, which is definitely not made for You know optimal efficiency But we got there and back without Without any problems So if we had a boat that could go You know almost twice as fast with the same amount of pedaling That can be kind of awesome We were talking about how to make a boat to go to town and back and one of the things that kept coming up was that Solar power boats work great in the middle of the day But to go to town and back is a long enough trip That you kind of have to go in the morning and then come back in the afternoon You know both times when the the sun is low and then you end up in town not driving During the the most optimal sun time So like human power is is so reliable, you know, it just always works though And then the more you do it obviously the the stronger you get Not that i'm I mean solar power is great for doing everything around here It's just on a really long trip It's uh When it's not a one-way trip when it's like i'm gonna have to do stuff at the destination during the middle part of the day The best part of the day, you know, the solar power is less useful Whoa cool You know, I don't really know what i'm doing here, but once in a while something happens that is very encouraging like this I just got those out of this here banana circle And hopefully one of these tall ones will shoot out another banana thing soon I also got a bunch of plantains I don't know like a week ago So those are going very well. I'm also getting pineapples Dude is so clamped on to me today


From Orlando, Florida, extracting a signal from the noise. It's the Cube, covering Pentaho World 2015. Now your host, Dave Vellante and George Gilbert. Welcome back to Pentaho World 2015, everybody. This is the Cube. We go out to the events, we extract the signal from the noise, Silicon Angle, Wikibon. Pedro Martins is here. He runs visualization at Pentaho. In Cape to Pentaho, Pedro from a company based in Portugal, Portugal, and Soccer Central, called Web Details. And we're going to talk about the Viz, a very important part of the Pentaho platform. So Pedro, welcome to the Cube. Thank you so much for having me. So tell us about the history of how you guys came about and how you ended up getting tucked into Pentaho. Sure, so it's a story that goes back even beyond my times at Web Details and Pentaho. I started in 2010, but the Web Details team actually started in 2008. And the whole idea was to leverage Pentaho as a platform using the open source technology and using the capability that Pentaho has to develop new plugins that could be used to improve its visualization capabilities. Back in those times, Pentaho was known for the pure strength of PDI. Data Blending was already coming over there as a term. People were really happy on the ETL piece, but visualizations needed some refinement. And what happened was that we created a set of tools which today are known as C-Tools that created an abstraction layer. So it allowed people without technical skills to start developing visual content that could aggregate the business information that they wanted to extract from their data. This continued for a few years. We ended up having customers from several places in the world. Actually, Mozilla was one of our big customers that's known. And Pentaho started being one of our customers as well. So we started providing some solutions and visualization, some upgrades in different aspects of the platform and the plugins as well. And then there was the point where we were so well aligned that two years ago, we got acquired and made part of this. That's an amazing story. 2008, imagine betting your company in 2008 on Pentaho. Nobody had heard of Pentaho. Nobody had heard of Hadoop, right? That's vision. And so the integration into Pentaho was essentially already done. Yes, indeed it was. We had already units that were very well aligned with the Pentaho philosophy, right? For instance, I run the services team on visualizations. So what we did was basically to integrate a team that operates globally in custom visualizations for every customer that needs to have a pixel perfect dashboard and wants to go beyond just the traditional offer. The development team has now several branches. So it started initially doing pure development just for the C tools plugins on visualizations. But then they start scattering the people across different teams. So these days we'll find people in the US or in Portugal building elements either for Pentaho Analyzer, for Mondrian or for DTL like PDI or other elements over there. So we have people everywhere and the teams are always rotating.  Talk about open source culture within your team and how that impacted the, I guess the acquisition, but more importantly the integration and go to market post acquisition. Oh yes, so there was always a Latin fear that with the acquisition our open source philosophy will be affected by maybe trying to close the code. But that was one of the things in which Pentaho was really aligned with us in trying to keep all the development still open and actually use the community like we were using with the C tools, C stands for community. Must use the community as the lab, as the ramping platform that we have to kick start something that could later mature and become an offer that we will allow to exist in the community. But then also let's say mature as a product internally to become an enterprise plugin. It's all keeping the open source philosophy. So all this code is still open and it's a way of keeping our customers comfortable with the knowledge that they can still look at what has been done, what are the inner works of the plugins and the solutions and the platform over there and come to their own conclusions when we're doing some sort of development. So let's talk segue into the visualization piece. When you think about the legacy data warehouse and BI business, it is slow. You have to go through this narrow pipeline process. You have to find the right people who know how to build the cube. It just takes a long time. It's not in the hands of the users.  I mean, that's not, I mean, that's what you do, but Pentado as a company is doing a lot more. But talk about what's changed in that whole notion. I don't even want to call it business intelligence anymore because to me it's a pejorative. Just in terms of being able to take action from insight, systems of intelligence, which is sort of the goal that we always talk about. Talk about what's changed in that whole, making decisions business. Yeah, so it's a fun roller coaster, right? So on the way that we are working on making sure that access to data is fast and snappy and make data available to the end users so he can make informed decisions as soon as possible, it's a challenge because the market is changing very quickly as well. And you get existing customers who are really, really happy playing now with new big data technology. They are migrating to Hadoop, but they are still using older technology. And one challenge that you find on the business side when you're doing visualizations, it's trying to keep the business description faithful to its main purpose, right? So we like to have this abstraction between the business and the back end, independently on how you're blending the data. If you're using your old style structured data, if you're running to unstructured data or you're running from structured data, if you're just doing this kind of transition, you should never change your visualization or changing your approach to the business just because you're changing the back end. And Pandaho provides that because on this last piece, so we have been speaking today and yesterday about all the streamlined data refinery. So how can we get all the information into a data lake and then just extract a model or basically a result set that can be digested, so to speak, by our visualizations? So this result set is actually agnostic to what is behind it. So by using this concept on the visualization layer, on the Seatles layer, what we can do is to keep the same visualization consuming the data whether it's coming from place A and place B. So that allows you to keep a focus on what really matters, which is the business data, and then act on it by providing, for instance, predictive analytics on top of it. They run on top of basically this result set without caring so much where it's coming from. And then you can, again, go back to the other plugins. You can have, for instance, the PDI layer to send alerts when something is not going well. You can actually have a visual system that can alert users that an action has to be taken and make a prescriptive action on some elements that are requiring your attention. And that's a very powerful capability that is now available because of this modular approach that was done when putting a pent-up solution together. So I'm curious, it's interesting and compelling to hear that the visualization can hide differences in where you're getting the data and what you're doing to it, perhaps. Yeah. How much of a role does the visualization play in selling, let's say, the packaged app that it might be embedded in? Or in selling to the end user community the custom app that a company might be building it into? It really depends from customer to customer, right? So you will find that smaller customers will rather build the visualization themselves. They will rather build the solution themselves. Some other customers will rather have the capability of creating a custom dashboard that is predefined in the control environment, so their end users don't get exposed to elements that might not be the best for the business goals. Our offer aims a lot at integrating the visualization approach that makes them successful. Our main goal is to make the customer successful. And by using this, for instance, my team is involved very often in discussing before even the ETL process starts, how would you like to draw your solution? So it's very common that we sit down with a piece of paper or even an app can and start just sketching how would you like your solution to work, right? How do you want to navigate? What are your KPIs, the breakdowns? And then we bring the technical people who will look into those breakdowns, those KPIs and understand where they are on the data. I'm not going to speak about the blending process. This is, I mean, what you're describing is really critical, but it's also classic data warehouse, BI sort of roles. I want to display this type of information, these measurements, and so we have to go get it here and pump it through the pipeline. Do you see that, has that been changing now that Pentaho has a pipeline that can pull data in from the data lake where you don't have to source everything precisely? In other words, all the data's there, you know, and you have faster and faster ways of projecting it onto the glass. Does that make a difference in the solutions? It does make a difference in the solution because now you're getting to a point where you have immediate access to your data and your data is mutating, right? You're adding properties, you're adding things, so all those things can become exposed. And you can basically, so your traditional dashboard is evolving into a situation where you actually mutate it to adapt to your current business situation. So there is a new property that comes in, you can select it, you can look into it, and then drill into it to see how that looks like and act on it. So that's actually really significant because that goes to sort of, it's a step in the agile direction where it's like, okay, we want to measure something new, what's the time to get that on the end user screen? How does that change? How much of the lead time has changed from when you had to rewrite the ETL pipeline versus now, you know, you source it from the data lake through Pentaho? I'd say it's a huge leap, right? Before you will need some back-end expert to go through the data, run an ETL, check the data model, and then from checking the data model, there will be probably some queries that need to be upgraded or at least an exploratory tool that will go through the new model to extract it. At this point, with a refinery in place, you will actually get all the blending is done and this additional property or additional dimension or additional KPI is immediately available at the end. So you cut the time on the back-end development, maybe there will be some inline configuration that needs to be done, that's natural, but you immediately focus on the business application of that additional property. Meaning the measurement that the user needs to see. Exactly. So would that be a 90% reduction in time or 50% or 95? Well, traditionally we work with two people, right? Usually have one guy working on the front-end and business one guy working on the back-end. If we say that we are removing, let's say almost 50% of the work which is the guy working on the back-end, I'll say that you have at least a 50% improvement in the development time to make this kind of agile approach to business. Okay, is there, you had mentioned about the predictive intelligence, how does that figure into the visual elements of the dashboard? So, predictive, there are many ways of doing predictive. I'm not going to speak here about what data analysts do because that's usually a group that has their own tools very well defined and they are very happy with those. But you can still use the visualization layer for the end users and provide them with some predictive capability at a very quick level. It's very, very simple to integrate in a visualization layer because we use standard JavaScript technology, a linear regression or any kind of polynomial regression just to apply to the data that comes over there. Can you give us an example, like something that would recommend a user to do such and such instead of what he was used to doing? Yes, for instance, we have, there's a demo on the Pentaho website for the Big Wireless. It's a fictional company called Big Wireless where you can actually see how this company is doing at selling phones and other elements. You can actually go to an order manager which is an application developed using the same dashboard technology of the C-Tools where you can see how your inventory is going and then there is over there already a linear regression that will tell you when do you need to buy more stock or basically how much money do you want to spend? That will give you stock for the next month, the next two months or three months. It's a very quick application that immediately allows you to see what do you need to do to act on this and has already a way of pushing this down into your ERP or any other system that is processed your order. This is going towards you, all right. This is really important. We have this theme systems of intelligence where you take the operational systems, you put an intelligent layer on them that helps advise either a human operator or automatically makes the best decision. So elaborate on this part where you're taking a decision about what's the best next course of action. Elaborate on that example if you can. But I should say, what was the, beyond the visualization tools, what underneath was making that happen? So underneath the visualization, that's really, it's no rocket science there to be honest. It's what it makes it possible to people like me and the guys on the consulting team to make it available. So the decisions are always made regarding the business. So within Pentaho, we are not aiming at being the best at your business. We still believe that you are the one who has to advise us how would you like to take a course of action depending on the data that we are helping you to achieve. What we put in place on the back end is just really a structure to be able to process the data very quickly on the back end because all our visualizations are processed on the client side, but people are using phones these days to access data. I don't want to run regression analysis on my phone. That will not work. So we can run either WECA or we can run simpler analysis, like I said before, with linear regressions to make sure that this makes a much faster approach. And then you can create a decision system using, you can use basically PDI if you want to visualize what kind of actions are to be done or you can use just JavaScript if you are in the coding aspect of things to see where you want to go. And then from that point you can either do one of two things. Either you do the predictive approach where you display to the user what is going on or you can do the prescriptive approach where this information is immediately pushed down into a system that can trigger an alert and at the same time take action on top of it. One aspect, sorry for that, but one aspect that is important is to quantify how safe the decision that you made is done. So basically that's done using statistics that you can apply to understand whether you actually doing this in the best manner or not. So this either prediction or prescript, prescription. Yeah. Is that an engine that, or is that a model that's being deployed into this workflow, part of which is the visualization, part of which has the engine in it or the model in it where the engine prepared the model and that was done offline by data scientists with their own tools and stuff like that. So Pentau's approach for predictive analytics and for WEC actually, which is our offer is really to make you enable to use it. So we are not building a predictive analytic solution. In this case, what I'm describing is what we do typically with services where we use the PDI as a solution to process the data and then on the visualization layer we can integrate usually just a custom set of code. It's usually a small module that is usually maintained differently because it's business is different honestly. Every time we speak about analytics, they change that. And what is happening is that when we end up using this kind of approach very, very often then product management will productify this and make part of the current offer. So it sounds like there's a framework that says, okay, there's room for the model to predict or prescribe and then you have this visualization layer which presents the information and you might or might not need the human interaction. What we provide today is basically a plugin that allows you to create other Pentau plugins without having to resort to Java coding. You use PDI to describe the logic I use C tools to describe the visualization and this can push down information and pop up information. So, yes. If I may, Pedro, when you get called into an engagement what's it like? Why are they bringing you in? What kinds of things are customers asking you to do? So when we get called to an engagement usually it's two people from our team at Pentau that speak. So I'm the head of the technical team on services and then Nuno is our head of UX. We think it's very important to have the first conversation with the customer speaking about business. People get lost on technical details and engineers tend to be lazy so they want to do a solution that it's easier to implement and it's easy to maintain and sometimes you may lose focus on what kind of things you could achieve if you were a bit less lazy. So that's interesting because I keep hearing they want to solve the hard problems even if they're not the relevant problems. Exactly. So that's what we do in the beginning. We get to a customer and we ask them what are our KPIs? What drives your business? So how would you break this down to understand where can you improve your business to make you more successful? And it's very common that afterwards we ask them to draw things. We are very visual. I mean, this is a visualization team actually. So we asked them to get something described and our designers usually put that together. We try to respect all the branding and make pixel perfect mockups. This is really done to the pixel level and from that point onwards then we do the actual engineering, right? So we do a functional breakdown describing which components are over there. What kind of queries or what kind of data is driving each one of those components? Performance is assessed. And then, of course, there's the point where we decide with the customer who is doing what, right? So very consultative. Yes. How do you look at the market? There's been a couple of, you know, last few years, the market has broken out in visualization. You've seen Tableau and Click. You've got multi-billion dollar valuations. How do you guys look at the market? So the first thing we do on the market is not trying to compare ourselves with others feature by feature because we do a different approach to things. So whenever we try to do a feature by feature comparison, we end up comparing the stuff that we know and at least on my side, my knowledge on other BI tools that is actually quite limited. So I'd rather tell you how I'll do a solution for you using my technology and then you make an informed decision whether that makes sense or not compared to your other vendors. I think that our offer in visualizations and in BI as a complete solution is great in the sense that it's complete. So if you speak to us, we'll be able to take you from your raw data all the way to the visualizations.  On the visualizations thing, we can actually help you building custom visualizations that may not be available today on the plugins and make that part of your specific solution. Or you can just get the designers to actually design a full-fledged dashboard, pixel-perfect with navigation, several layers of drill downs that will be exactly reflecting your company, your company brand, your ideals. And it's something to which you'll be basically identifying. You'll be basically completely blended and merged with what was already being offered in your previous BI solution. All right, Pedro, we got to leave it there, but I'll give you the last word. Pentaho World 2015, you know, what's the bumper sticker? When people pull away from 2015, what should they be thinking about? What's, from your perspective, what's the catchphrase? I think that's a tricky one. I think the catchphrase for Pentaho 2015, it's going to be that we are here to make enterprise successful. We are going to drive big companies into big data and make sure that they are not afraid of using that data. They will stop being afraid of that data. They will start looking at what they have and try to understand the hidden areas of the data that they didn't want to try because they were going to be too slow to access or too complex to distinguish from the rest. It's really a moment in which they will gain confidence and courage to go, attack it, and then decide how to expose it because there'll be several options provided by us to make it happen. Excellent, business value message, and you're there to help. Cool, thanks very much for coming to theCUBE, Pedro. Thank you for having me there. All right, keep it right there, buddy. We'll be back with our next guest right after this.


Ash Barty versus Alina Svetalina is the first semi-final at the Miami Open for 2021 And both these players have had to fight to get to this stage The world number one Barty started her week off with a buy in the first round But in her second round match she had to play the qualifier Cacova and after winning the first set found herself in an absolute battle winning in three six three four six seven five After saving match points in a third round match She took on fellow French open winner Oster Penko getting through that match in straight sets six three six two in her fourth round another grand slam Champion to face in Victoria Azarenka and after a stumble in the second set Barty got through in three six one one six six two In a quarter-final match She was up against one of the best players of 2021 Sabalenka and again after losing the second set she came through in three six four six seven six three just like Barty Svetalina had a buy in the first round in her second round match She took on Shelby Rogers and after losing the first set had to fight back to come back in three three six Seven five six three her third round match was against Alexander over and after a tight first set She got through in straight sets seven six six four fourth round match against Kovitava Was an absolute blockbuster and after losing the first set Svetalina got through in three tight sets two six seven five Seven five in the quarter-finals Svetalina took on Sever Stover who had had a great week herself But was no match for Svetalina with the world number five getting through in straight sets six three six two in her quarter-final Against Sabalenka, Barty saved seven out of seven break points and hit 28 winners And she would need to be as efficient as she was against Sabalenka against Svetalina Who is a fellow baseliner in her quarter-final match against Sever Stover Svetalina won six of seven break points hit 19 winners and 18 unforced errors She's gonna have to be just as efficient against Barty in the semi-finals The head-to-head between these two is five one in favor of Svetalina It's Svetalina holding the record as well four one on hard courts Barty did win their last encounter Which was the WTA finals a couple of years ago. So who's gonna win this one? It's gonna be the world number five or the world number one Svetalina has the record But I'm liking Barty at the moment She's had back-to-back wins over great champions in Sabalenka and Azarenka And I'm gonna back Barty in this one to go in three sets, but let me know down in the comments below Who do you think's gonna win this one?


I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE.com, and this is theCUBE, our flagship program. We've got the events. I'm sure you can see them from the noise. I'm my co-host. I'm Dave Vellante of Wikibon.org. Check out Wikibon. We just released a new report on software-led infrastructure. Of course, software defined is all the rage. We've defined that. We got a ton of information there on Flash, which is relevant to our next topic. We've got Ashish Gupta, who's the director of marketing, a violin memory who's a hot company, doing an IPO, all the buzz in Silicon Valley is around violin. Ashish, welcome to theCUBE. Thank you. Yeah, so it's good to have you on here.  You got a presence in the booth here. You guys move a lot of product in partnership with companies like Dell and IBM and even HP. And so, talk about, give us a quick update on violin, what's going on here at Dell World, and then we'll get into it. Absolutely, so, violin's been obviously president in a lot of events outside. We've announced a partnership back in August with VMware. Since then, we've had our presence officer at Oracle Open World, at Sapphire and SAP. And now we're Dell as another strategic partner of ours. Clearly, the idea is that the position that violin's in is it's a unique position. We obviously go after the traditional storage market, but our partnership on the compute side is absolutely relevant to the new generation of storage that's being brought out to the market, that's being led by violin in that space. The idea that Flash is going to create a wave in the storage industry is absolutely foundational to everything that violin does. Again, if you recall what we're bringing about to the market is essentially storage at the speed of memory. If you look at what Flash does, it's almost memory-like without all the drawbacks of memory. We've got essentially persistency, economics, and shared nature that we can bring in. And if you build a system from the ground up like we have, you start bringing some compelling economics to the market. And that's the reason why working with Dell, and other compute partners of ours, really brings a fundamental difference to the customer base. So the question that comes to mind, actually, you know, if we love Flash, we'll cover you guys, Fusion I.O., Solid Fire, another startup, Aero, Spike doing some in-memory stuff, kind of the same related trend. It's a mega trend, and you guys are out there leading the charge. Michael Dell talks about the data center in the future, his modern infrastructure. How do you guys fit into that? I mean, obviously, caching layers, and people talk about old Flash as caching layer, but it's just more than that.  Because that's really what people think of when they don't really do their homework on Flash. That's a great, great point, John. The idea of Flash as a caching layer is actually a bit of a misnomer. And you think about really what the data center is today. It's got a lot of components that are really taking it to the next level. We've talked about data center transformation over the last five, six years, and certainly on the compute and networking side, that's born true. The storage element is sort of lagged behind everything else, and Flash has sort of brought in a little bit of a spice and excitement in that market. However, if you don't do things right, it kind of leads it to that special place called Cache today, and we'll just re-center workloads, et cetera. We feel that that's sort of short changing what Flash can do. It's low-hanging fruit. It's low-hanging fruit, and works for particular market segments, and for people that want to protect an existing business. Clearly, we're not hampered by any anchors of a project expanding this market that we're trying to go after and sustain our ecosystem around. We want to go out and disrupt that, and that's really what Flash is doing for us, is essentially allowing us to really take that media and really bring it out to market as a new tier of storage, if you will. And the idea is that memory and memory computing that we started talking about is interesting, but if you look at what people want to do, it often causes applications, other environments to re-architect themselves to fit in that ecosystem. What we're saying is you can get memory-like performance with storage-like economics and storage-like infrastructure environments. So you bring in that same application that you're doing today, but get the memory boost if you build an infrastructure like ours, which is a foundationally re-architected solution that's taking flashes of media and building a new generation of storage around it. If you add that into your infrastructure, what you end up getting, and like Michael Dell was talking about, is a true Silicon data center of the future. And that means that the last vestige of non-silicon environment of just storage really can be brought into the 21st century or 22nd century. So you're essentially saying, if I'm referring correctly, that you're developing software on top of that architecture to exploit the new technology, the persistent memory-like technology. Can you describe, first of all, is that correct? So I'd say if you look at what violin has done, we're a nice hybrid between a software and hardware company, right? A lot of our IP is actually hardware accelerated. So if you look at the system, we actually have a custom controller that's on the actual array. And there's actually 64 of these controllers on the array. A lot of the IP that we do is embedded in that controller. And so what that does is essentially allows us to go out and scale and bring our software IP that we have accelerated hardware across in the entire array. So we are a software company in that we have got a lot of innovation, but we actually hardware accelerated. That's the only way you can actually bring this whole memory-like infrastructure. So compare and contrast that to somebody I'll just say it, bolting on Flash to a traditional sand controller. Specifically, how are you different in terms of the value that you deliver to customers? So there's two ways that people add Flash today, right? If you add it to the controller array layer, you're primarily doing it from a caching perspective. The cache gets warmed up, your service reads through that environment. If you add it to the SSD environments with their standard legacy array with the controller and then an SSD shelf underneath it, you get a certain level of boost. Absolutely no problem there. However, the legacy infrastructure is designed with spinning disk in mind. The buses that those controllers attach to have a certain bandwidth associated with them.  Meaning the controller is completely saturated the moment an SSD gets introduced to the market. So when you're buying a spinning disk environment and putting SSDs in it, that controller is being, I'd say, inoptimally utilized at that point in time. That's where we come in. We basically change that economic model. We were designed from the ground up. And so what we do is bring in an array like ours which is completely designed for flash. And what we do is because it's designed from the ground up give you latencies that are equivalent or almost in memory like environment. So you get microsecond latencies that are sustained resulting in really fast response time. So when we're trying to get real-time analytics done that's where the latency is coming to play. Now when you're trying to fit into an ecosystem you want to be able to be storage-like. So we are a traditional stand environment where we give fiber channel in Finneban high scuziba 10 gigaton and traditional shared storage infrastructure like look and feel. So you get memory and storage combined into one. Without disruption essentially an application sees a single level store essentially. Absolutely. So you mentioned analytics. Talk about what you do or do you do anything for something like a use case in HBase, for example. So if you look at what people are trying on HBase or any big data environments, et cetera, it's really about getting access to information fast. And the idea that what Violet is trying to address is really around two parts. Most of it is around latency which is basically compute. If you look at compute utilization or CPU utilization it's looking at really the IO wait times that's a big challenge today. Utilization is 100% while in reality the compute's actually doing a lot less work. The processing time may be 30, 40%. Most of the other time it's waiting for IO. And so from a pure big data analytics perspective the faster we can service those requests the better it is which is going back to latency. That microsecond latency we're talking about that's exactly where we fit in perfectly. The other part of it is how much of it can you do in parallel? And that's the IOPS discussion. And so when we look at what we do our three U form factor delivers a million IO's. That means there's enough parallel streams we can handle in addition to the latencies allowing people to process a lot more data. So if many customers are trying to do a whole bunch of real-time analytics in our environment primarily because there's real value to it and they're doing it without disrupting their environment. So how are customers getting value out of this? What's the business case? I mean Flash is more expensive than disk but some people are gobbling it up, you know? Yeah. Help us understand that and where the business case is specifically. So you have a great point Dave. The economics is a funny thing. If you look at traditional spinning disk environments yes it's a dollar per gig conversation but you look at where traditional Flash is deployed or Flash is deployed in traditional environments it's been the caching concept then it's been this expensive thing you bring in to solve a particular problem. The way we look at it is that it's an application issue. We have SLAs that customers are trying to achieve and meet and when you look at that environment and you say okay I've got a requirement to deploy a thousand desktops or desktops that have to have equivalent or better than real desktop environments in a virtualized infrastructure. That changes the game. Now you're looking at operational efficiencies in the back end and saying okay I want to give an end user a desktop like experience that is better or equivalent than the current desktop in a virtual environment. That means that IO's become critical and so you're moving the conversation from a dollar per gig to a dollar per IO environment. If you go on that route we're absolutely the most economical solution that's out there. The second part of the value is that if you look at what the value of Flash or legacy storage brings in or doesn't bring Flash changes the game from an application economics perspective. We can come in and reduce the compute resources that you need to run the same application. In fact in some cases we can reduce the actual application license requirements you have. So you have ROI that you can get all the way through from compute to application site that can be essentially calculated and added on to the OPEX value that we come in by reducing the legacy spinning disk infrastructure that you have to frontend the IO requirements. Yeah and start to deliver bottom line productivity. Alright Ashish we're out of time but thanks very much for coming. Violent memory systems one of the hottest startups in Silicon Valley right now and really dominating the Flash business. Still private, going public soon as everyone's been speculating and talking about. Don Basile, rock star CEO. We've been following his career for some time and congratulations on all your success and Flash is the future. It's the no brainer. It is part of the modern infrastructure. We're covering it. We love Flash. I'm John Furrier with Dave Vellante. We'll be right back after this short break. Thank you.


On this navy day, the DuPont Company brings you the admiral who had no name, starring Robert Montgomery on the cablecade of America. Here is Gain Whitman. Good evening. To protect the floors, woodwork, and furniture in your home, we recommend that DuPont super clear varnish. Clear and sparkling, it enhances the natural beauty of any wood surface. It does not appreciably darken even light colored woods. Whatever your varnish needs, you will find a DuPont varnish that will do the job. Varnishes made by DuPont, makers of better things for better living through chemistry. And now, the admiral who had no name, starring Robert Montgomery on the cablecade of America. Get out of here. Leave to bugle?  You want me to run like a coward?  We know you're not a coward, but you killed a man, John. I'm mutin' here who attacked me first. It was his rightful mine. I'll stand trial. What kind of a trial you wouldn't stand a chance? That speaks well for justice. Don't be no justice, and you know it. You've made enemies. Because I speak my mind against tyranny and oppression. Don't argue principles now, John. Just listen. There's a horse for you outside, and passage on a ship leaving an hour for North Carolina. America. But what could I do there? Stay alive, which is more than you do here. Now, get out of the West Indies, John, and stay out or you'll dangle from the end of a rope. 1773. This is a story they tell in North Carolina. A mysterious tale of one young man who came to Edenton in a time of storm. A wanderer from the sea. A stranger. Without home. Without friends. Sorry. Say where you are. What the devil? Don't shout. I'm no highwayman. And why the pistol, sir? I mistook you for an enemy, and unfortunately, sir, I have many. I couldn't help our collision on the walk here, but you certainly can help pointing that pistol at my stomach. Do you mind? I'm sorry, sir. It's a dark night. My apologies. It's quite all right. Good night, sir. Well, you and good morning. Good evening, sir. Good evening, sir. Well, I'm glad you're here. Why? What's the matter, sir? That young man hurrying off the dock. Do you know him? Aye, he took passage from Tobago. West Indies, eh? Aye. And curious it was, Mr. Jones. Coming aboard in the middle of night near Misters at that. Hurrying away from Tobago, eh? What's his name? Well, he said it was Smith. Smith. Eh, not likely, though. What's he like? Well, it didn't get much of a chance to find out he kept to himself. But he did seem to know the sea and ships. I'd take it he was a seam in one time or another. Yeah, I see. Well, I'll see about my cargo in the morning, Captain. We'll discuss terms then. I'm going to the tavern. Tell me, bartender, did you see a young man coming here a minute ago? A seam on in a hurry? I did that. He went in that room. Thank you. Keep a bright look out. I'd say he was looking for a squall. Careful, Mr. Jones. Meet again, Mr. Smith. Oh, it's you. May I join you? If you'll excuse me, sir, I was just leaving. Oh, wait a minute. Why the hurry, Mr. Smith? Is there something wrong with that name, sir? Wrong? I don't know. Is there? Sir, as neither of us was hurt earlier in our encounter, why can't we let the matter stand? Because I'm curious. I'm sorry. I can't satisfy that curiosity. I could call the watch, Mr. Smith. Then go ahead and call them and have it over with, sir.  Call the watch and tell them that John Paul is here. Return me to Tobago.   I... What are you going to do? Mind my own business, of course. Whatever made you run from Tobago is none of my affair. Thank you, sir. Good. Now, I'm Wiley Jones, planter. My home's not far from here. My name is John Paul. That's my home. Nowhere. Well, you're in America. Why not make it your home? Doing quite well. Probably your old profession. Anyway, you know my name, Wiley Jones. If ever I can help you, please don't hesitate. America's a wonderful place, Mr. Paul. Someday, perhaps soon, it will be even more wonderful. What do you mean, brother? Good night, Mr. Paul. I hope we meet again soon. Mr. Jones, sir. Yes, what is it, Billy? There's a man to see you, sir. Oh, who? He won't give no name, sir. Well, what do you look like? Do you know him? I never saw him before, Mr. Jones. But he's a... Well, he's kind of ragged. And it looks like he ain't it for a long time. All right, Billy, thanks. Send him in. In here, sir? In the sitting room? Yes, Billy, in the sitting room. Yes, sir. Well, I'll be staying right outside the door, sir. All right. The gentleman, sir... I must apologize for this intrusion, Mr. Jones. God, Lord, Mr. Paul! Here, sit down, man. Billy, get some food quickly. Yes, sir. Right away, sir. I'm not very presentable, am I? What happened? I've walked here... From where? From all over. What have you been doing these past few months? Oh, a little bit of everything. Working on the docks? Docks. But why, ma'am? I suppose because it was near the sea. And why didn't you take a birth on a ship? I tried. But I... But you... What? I couldn't, Mr. Jones. You've never been a captain, sir. No. So you wouldn't know how it feels to stand on the bridge of your own ship, giving orders, watching her canvas spread to the wind, and her wake flying white behind you. And you wouldn't know how it feels to take a birth as a seaman with every bone inside you aching to take the quarter-deck and... Hell, pride goeth before a fall, I suppose. I see. Well... Put it down, Hanson. Yes, Billy, in front of our guest. Guest? But I stopped only to see you, Mr. Jones. Oh, then you have a place to go? No, sir. Billy? Yes, sir, Mr. Jones. We'll have a guest for a while, Billy. Mr. Paul will use the big room upstairs. Better get it ready. Yes, sir. Mr. Jones, I can't. Why not? I'm a stranger to you. You don't know why I had to leave Tobago. I may be a murderer for all you know. I'll risk it, Mr. Paul. Why? Well, let's say that someday you may be able to do me a favor. Anything, sir. Anything. Oh, you'd better hold that answer until you find out what the favor may be, Mr. Paul. Must be a strange sight. Yeah, let's stop you at a moment. Look where my plantation ends. Isn't it beautiful? That view of the sea. Smell it, Wiley. It gets in a man's blood. I'll hate to leave this place. Don't then. Wiley, I'd been your guest for three months. And it's time I told you why I had to leave Tobago. There's no need. I want to. Very well. I killed a man aboard my own ship. Oh? He was a mutineer. I was captain. He attacked me, and I ran him through with my sword. Oh, I didn't just stand trial. The Admiralty would have cleared you mutineers of crime. But for me, trial would have meant prison. You see, I had enemies. They wanted to ruin me. But that's past. What worries me is the future if I have one. I'd say you had a good deal of future. Have you thought about making America your home, John? My home's where my flag is, sir. Well, your flag flies over America. Does it? Don't you think so? Wiley, I don't like all this talk about fighting against the crown. You think it's just talk, sir? Well, now it is, yes. But it's dangerous. It's treason. No one would be fool enough to risk his neck. There must be a lot of fools, then. Fools there aren't, then, Wiley. No one but a fool would think of treason. I wonder if it is treason, John. This is colony. It's not a rebellion and it's treason. It wouldn't be rebels. Our quarrel isn't with England.  Well, anyway, it'll probably all blow over. At any rate, it's nothing for you to think about. John, if the colonists are forced to resort to strong measures, where would you stand? I'd be bound in honor to fight for my king. Without knowing the fact, there is no other fact than loyalty to the mother country. Liberty is a very important fact, John. Liberty? You left Tobago to keep yours. Well, that's not fair, Wiley. You received their treatment if I'd stood trial. All right, you rebelled against injustice, so might the colonists. You're trapping me, twisting the argument. Anyway, mine was an isolated case. It has nothing to do with a general rebellion against the clown. And if that struggle takes place, it will mean fighting among ourselves. You and... Wiley, we're arguing. That's no good. No, it's not. Words won't convince either of us. The truth has to come from inside. It has to be felt, of course. Besides, you're not a rebel. What if I were? No, but you're not. How would you feel about a rebel, John? The same as I felt against that muconeer. That I was destroying a dangerous thing. Particularly with my daughter. Where did he come from? Scotland. Oh, I see. Mr. Reynolds, sir. Wiley, John. Good evening, Mr. Paul. Well, Dr. Pierre, having a nice time? Wonderful, Father. Mr. Paul is an excellent partner. I think the next dance is mine, if that'll be it. Why, it's an honor, Mr. Jones. Well, Mr. Paul, enjoying yourself? Very much, thank you. Yes, sir. You must come over again. Perhaps right around the plantation with us. Oh, thank you, sir. Keeping an eye on my daughter, sir. What? Oh. She's very lovely. Yes, she is. Well, Mr. Paul, I suppose you've had all this talk about rebellion. I have. What do you think about it? That it'll blow over, sir? Mr. Reynolds. Mr. Reynolds. Yes, what is it? I have a message for you, sir. Let me see. Excuse me, Mr. Paul. Yes, sir. What?  The fools. They can't be true. What is it, Mr. Reynolds? Mr. Paul, something has happened. Excuse me. Will you stop the music, please? Please, stop the music. Where on spot is it? Jones, Smith. Gentlemen, please come into my library. John, what's happening? I don't know. Mr. Reynolds received some sort of message. The ladies will excuse us for a few moments. This way, gentlemen. Thank you, Mr. Reynolds. Gentlemen, if you please. If you please. A moment ago, I received a message. One of the most important things I've ever seen. I've seen it. I've seen it. I've seen it. I've seen it. I've seen it. I've seen it. A moment ago, I received a message. One of the most serious content. What is it, Reynolds? The crowd of hotheaded fools destroyed a cargo of tea. What? Dumped it overboard into Boston Harbor. Oh, wait, wait, wait. Where? Not over two days ago. This is free. Exactly. The rebels have made the first move. They have deliberately confiscated his Majesty's cargo. Now, we'd better wait until we get all of that. What more do we need to make us realize that a few hotheads can bring 100 billion? But let us consider what prompted this action. Crumped? Jones, that tea belonged to his Majesty. It was destined for the colonies and the duty of their throne to go to the crown. Yes. Duty to the crown and without proper representation of the colonies. Gentlemen, it's time we renewed our allegiance to the King. Rewind, please. Fill your glasses, gentlemen. Gentlemen, I give you the King God Blessing. That's right. No, Wiley. You're not thinking. You'll have to excuse me, John. Gentlemen, you'll excuse me now. Wiley, wait. Why didn't you drink that toast in there?  You can't mean that you're... No, Wiley. No. Shocked, John. Not you, Wiley. And why not? A rebel against King and country. I believe her in human rights. You'd sacrifice everything you have for a dream. John, there's nothing for us to argue about. I've made up my mind as yours has made up. I thought I'd found a friend. You have. I thought I'd found a friend. Instead, I found a traitor. To the admiral who had no name. Starring Robert Montgomery as John Paul on the Cavalcade of America, sponsored by the Dupont Company. Maker of better things for better living through chemistry. That is, benefactor Wiley Jones is one of those who favor the revolution. John Paul turns bitterly against Jones. As the second part of our story opens, it is the day after. John is about to leave Jones' home when... You're leaving, John? Yes. So am I, Wiley. It's not necessary for you to leave, because our principles differ. Do you think I could stay here after last night? All right, leave if you want to. Wiley, why must you risk everything you have? Do you think a rich man loves liberty any less than anyone else? It's a question of loyalty. That's right, and I remain loyal to my principles. Wiley, Wiley. All right, Joseph, I'll be right in. I wanted you to meet a friend, John, one who might have helped you. I don't need any help. Someday you may. Is this the young man you were telling me about, Wiley? Yes, Joseph. John, this is Joseph Hughes. I've got to get to the Continental Congress when it's called. Joseph, this is my friend, John Paul. I've had a lot about you, young man. I'm honored, Mr. Hughes, but now if you'll excuse me... I'll see you later, Mr. Paul. No, I'm leaving. Leaving? But Wiley told me that you might have a talk with me. Joseph, Mr. Paul does not agree with our ideas. Oh, I see. I'm sorry. Gentlemen, apart from ideas and principles, do you realize what price you will pay for this rebellion? You have no army, no navy. The English navy will choke your coast and the ships will drive yours from the sea. Think how foolish it is. The Royal Navy will blockade your ports. Our guns train on your sea coast. She can land troops, supplies. You have strong opinions. I know where my speak, gentlemen. I've served in the Royal Navy. Thank you for telling us, John. That explains a lot. Now I must go. I wish you luck, Wiley. I owe you much. I wish I could repay you. Once I thought you could, John, and I think I know how you mean. I'm grateful, Wiley, that you've never asked me. That decision must come from you. And perhaps someday it will. Goodbye, John. God bless you. Goodbye, Wiley. God grant we never meet his enemies. Anything. From the looks of you, I'd say you've come far. Is there news from other parts about the way things are going? What things? Oh, will there be a revolution? Do you want to fight and die? It ain't the dying, sir. The living left, John. What do you mean? The living. Living free with your own country that you built. I see. Thank you. Well, I'll bring some food and we'll talk more. Oh, no, never mind. I'm going. There must be someplace free of fools. We's away, sir. I can help you. Oh, you'll shoe my horse? I can do it, sir. Is that your job? No, sir. It's my father's and my brother's. I'll wait for them. Oh, they won't be back today, sir. They're meeting. Meeting? Well, yes, you haven't heard, sir. Heard what, miss? Well, they're asking those that can to be ready to fight. Here, too? Oh, it's all over the colony, sir. Yes, I know. It's like a disease. I suppose you'll be proud when your men folk are fighting. No, sir. Not proud. Just glad. Glad of what? Of war? No, I'll be glad like they are, sir, that someday this will all be free, like a new country, my father says. One where a man can have a voice in the government he elects. But, sir, you're not willing to have your horse shot. Sir? Will you tell me why you want to fight? I have no quarrel with England or the king. I follow my conscience. The reasons that night at war is, what are you doing in Philadelphia? I don't know, sir. I thought you'd gone back home, overseas. Do you want something, John? I don't know. I started back to England, but I couldn't leave. Somehow I couldn't leave. There's still time? I know, but there's no time for me. I'm confused. About what? About myself, I guess. What I want. What's right and what's wrong. First, I thought it was all madness, that you and all the others, Franklin, Adams, all of them, that they and their followers were mad. Perhaps they are mad to rise up against the odds that face them. But it's a fine and wonderful madness, John. The same that made them cut a country out of wilderness. Fail or succeed, they're right. Because they believe in liberty. Liberty? Yes, you'll be hearing a lot about freedom and liberty these days, John. But remember this. Those words don't mean a thing, unless they give you the right to have a voice in government. That's what this is all about. Mr Hughes, for many months I've been traveling all over the countryside. A man hears things from people. I've talked and I've listened to them. To lots of Americans. What did you hear? That there's a fight against tyranny coming. That there's something remarkable about it. How do you mean remarkable? Well, it's something new, sir. Right here, it's going to be proved. And proved so that men in all lands will see it. That the people are capable of making their own decisions. And it's right. It's right, sir. John, you have defined what we are fighting for. I'm glad you feel that way. It's what the people feel, sir. And they made me feel it. As I said, there's something new in the land. And in the sky. Something more than a word. Sometimes it's a look, a smile, a gesture. What is it? It's hope, John. The hope that someday our country will be the ideal of men who love freedom. What will be your choice? Where will your allegiance lie? I think I know, Mr. Hughes. And I think you know. Mr. Paul! Mr. Paul! Is Mr. Wiley in, Billy? Yes, sir. Yes, you come right in, Mr. Paul. Thank you, Billy. You better come see, Mr. Jones. You better come see. All right. John. I've come back, Wiley. I knew you would, and I knew you would be wearing that. It fits, doesn't it, yes? Outside and inside. Lieutenant John Paul, United States Navy. Mr. Hughes could appoint one officer. He named me. Well, that's fine. You know, John, I've come to regard you as a son. And I know that I'm going to be very proud of my son. Thank you. Wiley, you once asked me to do you a favor. Now, since you feel the way you do, I have one to ask in return. Anything, John? I don't know what lies ahead for me, Wiley. Whatever it is, I want you to be part of it. You are the man who first taught me that honor must change its course to include not a single conscience, but that of all mankind. What do you want, John? Wiley, I came to this country for refuge. John Paul, a stranger. Without friend, without home. Now, in this time of divided loyalties, I want to declare mine to America and to you. I want to adopt your name, not John Paul anymore, but John Paul Jones in the service of our Navy and our country. Just a moment, our star, Robert Montgomery, will return. But first, here is Gain Whitman. Truly, chemical science makes for better living. You can start anywhere. Take your car. An automobile is four wheels, and while we don't think of it as such, it is chemistry in the sense that chemistry improves it in dozens of ways. I mentioned wheels, for instance. Well, wheels have tires. And tires contain chemically made rubber and chemically made Dupont Cordura rayon. In the body of the car, you find motor mountings, grommets, and many other molded parts that are better because they are made of Dupont neoprene. The heater hose and jacket on the ignition cables are heat-resisting, oil-resisting compounds made of this same chemical rubber. Take the metals in your car. Grills, bumpers, hubcaps are electroplated for protection and appearance. They are made better by chemistry. Look into the transmission. The gears are better today because they are made more resistant to wear by a chemical process. Dupont butycyte plastic interlayer in laminated safety glass protects motorists from flying glass in case of accident. Dupont leucite plastic is used in dials, reflectors, lenses, and ornaments. Outside, on a great many cars, the finish is Dupont Ducault lacquer or Dulux enamel, both products of chemistry. And you take care of these better finishes with other products of chemistry. The chemists who developed Ducault and Dulux also developed Dupont number 7 polish to keep these finishes looking beautiful. With number 7, you can remove dull traffic film and restore the original luster quickly and easily. If your car is new, you can use Dupont speedy wax, which will wax polish the finish in double quick time. All these easier, better ways of doing the job are contributions of chemical science. And of course, when those cold winds begin to blow and winter is here, you feel secure because you've taken the rust and sludge out of your radiator with Dupont cooling system cleanser. Stopped any leaks with Dupont cooling system sealer and protected your car against cold weather freeze ups with 5 star, zero own, or 0x antifreeze solutions. All Dupont products. Chemical science contributes abundant later the modern automobile and to its care. Many of the chemical contributions which have done so much to improve modern motoring are Dupont better things for a better living through chemistry. Ladies and gentlemen, our star and the commander of the United States Naval Reserve, Robert Montgomery. It's been a pleasure to appear on Cavalcade and to play the role of John Paul Jones. He was a hero and a patriot who gave our Navy its first traditions of valor and victory. Those traditions, we who have served in the Navy, hope will be advanced today by the support of the American people. This support can be shown by an increase in naval recruiting and in any efforts to safeguard that liberty which men like John Paul Jones fought to establish. Thank you again and good night. Cavalcade presents the first lady of the theater, Helen Hayes. Miss Hayes will play the thrilling role of Kerry Chapman Katz who devoted her life to fighting for the political freedom of American women. Next Monday night, be sure to hear Helen Hayes as Kerry Chapman Katz in the flame on the Dupont Cavalcade of America. The music for the Dupont Cavalcade was composed by Arden Cornwell and conducted by Don Brian. Our play was written by Russell Hughes. Robert Montgomery is star and director of the current Universal International production Ride the Pink Horse. Featured with Robert Montgomery in tonight's play was House Jameson as Wiley Jones. This is Bill Hamilton inviting you to listen next week to the flame starring Helen Hayes on the Cavalcade of America brought to you by the Dupont Company of Wilmington, Delaware. See the national broadcasting company.


I want to share with you my top five insight secrets, if you like, about gratitude that I have identified over the years. First of all, gratitude is an antidepressant. If we could bottle gratitude and sell it, we'd all be buying it because the grateful people feel well and are treated well. There's so much about gratitude that is good for our physical and mental health and well-being. It is a God-given antidepressant, if you like. Secondly, gratitude softens our internal life. Grateful people are kinder, gentler, softer people.  Thirdly, gratitude defends suffering and weakens our suffering and takes the sting and the pain out of our suffering. Fourthly, gratitude is a way of taking our power back from things in life that stole it from us.  And so gratitude takes your power back from people and things that stole it. Fifthly, gratitude is a free, God-given factory setting that we should use far more liberally than we do. Hey, gratitude is a party and we are all invited and I invite you.