Hello students, we will be discussing the politic questions from the mains 2022 GS paper 2. I will be discussing the politic questions alone. So, how the questions were asked. So, what is the source for the question? And is it current of us oriented or is it like static? So, everything we will discuss in this session. So, overall the paper is a moderate paper, not too difficult and not too easy. It is a mix of both current of us and static. So, like 50 percent of the questions were directly asked from the current of us related aspects and 50 percent were asked from static. And some one or two questions were unconventional also. So, we will discuss one by one. First question, constitutional morality is rooted in the constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of constitutional morality with the help of relevant judicial decisions. So, this is the first question, it is a 10 mark question. The key word here is constitutional morality. So, recently in Sabaribana judgment also, this term constitutional morality was used. So, first in the introduction, you want to tell what is constitutional morality? So, constitutional morality is a coordination between the conflicting ideals, the conflicting interest between different groups of the people or between the people and the state or whatever it might be and how it is going to be solved that is through judiciary. So, this is the cracks of the question. What you are going to do is that first in the introduction, you are going to tell what is constitutional morality and in the body you are going to tell what are all the aspects in the constitution which are dealing with this constitutional morality. Many aspects are there. It is a 10 mark question. So, we are not going to discuss everything. So, you can tell about rule of law, you can tell about freedom of speech and expression, you can tell about social justice, you can tell about due process of law and procedure established by law. Some examples you can give, you can explain these concepts in two lines. Then you should tell about some judgments which actually like reiterated the constitutional morality again and again. So, you can tell about Shankari Prasad case of 1951, the landmark judgment Keshwan and the Bharati case 1973, the Minerva Mills case which said about limited amending power to the parliament. The very important landmark judgment Minerva Mills case of 1980 and you can tell about NAS Foundation case which deal about LGBTQ rights, NAS Foundation case of 2007, you can tell about Putta Swami case of 2017 and at last you can tell about Shabarimala judgment, Shabarimala case of 2018. So, ultimately the content should be the structure should be like this, you are going to tell what is constitutional morality, constitutional morality is nothing but the conflict or the conflicting interest between two groups of the people in the same, two groups of the people or with respect to the state and the people. So, how it is going to be solved is through judicial review and what are all the aspects of constitutional morality in our constitution, you can tell about rule of law, social justice, procedure established by law, due process of law, etc. And since the question itself asks us about the judgments, you are going to tell about two, three judgments and you are going to complete it. And with the conclusion, you can tell about the basic structure doctrine. In the conclusion, you can tell about basic structure doctrine. So, this is how you are going to proceed with this question, it is a Denmark question. Then second question, discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. It is about judiciary, it is about representation of women in judiciary. So, this is a pure current affairs oriented question because recently our Honorable Chief Justice of India, N. V. Ramana, discussed about this representation of women in higher judiciary. So, you are going to give an introduction with some data. You can tell that only 11.5 percentage of women justice are there in high court and you can tell that only 12 percentage of the justice in the Supreme Court are women. That is out of 34, only four women justice are there, including the Chief Justice. So, 34 number of judges in that only four justice are there. So, representation of women is very, very poor in the higher judiciary. So, that is what N. V. Ramana, the Honorable Chief Justice of India N. V. Ramana as recently has actually given a comment on this and he has also given a quotation and he quoted it that it is not the mercy or it is not the matter of charity for giving the presentation to the women in the judiciary. It is about their right. You can even write this if it strikes in your mind at the time of examination and why this lower representation is there. You can tell about Collegium system, you can tell about Collegium system, how it is not so like transparent. You can tell about the problems like gender diversity is not there in legal education. Gender diversity is not there in legal education and even if you go to the high courts of the Supreme Court, the clients will mostly prefer the male advocates. So, again you have gender parity in practicing law, in practicing law. So, these facts are very, very important and what is the need for actually giving more representation to the women. So, there are lots and lots of cases, lots and lots of interpretations need to be made with respect to the women's in the constitution and also in the legal side. So, without the proper representation of women in the judiciary, it is not going to happen. So, we are talking about giving 33% reservation in legislature, we are talking about 33% reservation in jobs, etc. But one of the most important argon of this entire constitution, that is the judiciary, is not having representation of the women. It is only 11% or 12%. So, it need to be addressed, otherwise justice for the women will be denied. So, that is actually breaching the constitutional principles of this country. So, this is the crux of the question. Third question, how have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the states to improve their fiscal position? Again, it is a current affairs plus static combined question. So, the question is about 14th Finance Commission. In the introduction, you are going to tell about, in the introduction, you are going to tell about the Finance Commission. Finance Commission, as per article 280, it is a quashy judicial body. So, you are going to tell about these things in the introduction. Then, you are going to tell about what is the rule of the Finance Commission, that is, distribution of tax procedures. So, this distribution is done through two ways. One is the horizontal distribution and another is vertical distribution. So, these are all things you can tell. Then, you can go into the 14th Finance Commission. So, what are all the key recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission? First is, it is ignored the distinction between plan and non-plan expenditures of the states. It is very, very important. So, because of this, the states will have greater autonomy in their fiscal responsibility. They will have greater autonomy. Greater autonomy will be there. So, this is one point. And second thing is that the devolution has been increased to 42 percentage. So, 42 percentage, it has been increased from 32 percentage. So, this will give again greater autonomy to the states. And one of the most important aspect of this 14th Finance Commission is that it has given more stress on panjayats and municipalities. So, regarding the funds to the panjayats and municipalities, it has again divided into basic grants and performance grants, basic grants and performance grants. This will again give financial autonomy, great financial autonomy to the states, great financial autonomy to the states. And another important point is that the commission has departed from the previous conventions regarding grants and aids. How this grants and aids has been given? So, previously, it has been like more or less, it is on the distinctions of the government. It is on the discretion and distinctions of the government. Now, it has been made a statutory obligation. So, because of that, the states are going to get the grants as per the Finance Commission's recommendations. So, these are all some of the important Finance Commission's recommendations. But still, how the financial autonomy of the state can be increased means again, this has to be done as per the recommendations of the Finance Commission. The government should follow the Finance Commission's recommendations and give the devolution to the states. So, this should be your conclusion. So, you are going to tell about the Finance Commission in the introduction and in the body, you are going to tell about some important recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission. Then, you are going to give the conclusion with respect to how it will increase the financial autonomy of the state. So, this is what is the structure of the answer. Okay. Then, fourth question. To what extent in your view, the parliament is able to ensure the accountability of the executive in India? It is a very direct question. Again and again, it has been asked in problems and mains in many years in the UPSC examinations. And it has been repetitive in nature. The executive's responsibility to the legislature. So, to start with this question in the introduction, you need to tell about Article 75. Article 75, that is collective responsibility. Collective responsibility. Collective responsibility of the executives to the legislature. That is loaths about. So, you want to tell this in the introduction. Then you are going to tell lots of other aspects, how the responsibility of the executives is done. So, you can tell about first the constitutional provisions like passing of the bill. That is Article 107, Article 108 and Money Bill. Article 110. This is dealing with joint sitting and this is dealing with passing of bills. And Money Bill, Article 110. Then you can tell about consolidated fund of India. That is financial control, financial control of the parliament on the executive. You cannot take any money from the consolidated fund of India without the approval of the parliament. That is the legislature. Then, you can tell about PAC, Public Accounts Committee. How this Public Accounts Committee is having a scrutiny on the executives spending. Okay, you can tell about this point also. Then you can tell about the tools in the parliamentary proceedings like question hard, zero hard, etc. Then, now you have said about all the aspects, how the executives are made accountable to the legislature. Now, there are also certain kinds of drawbacks, certain kinds of lacunes in the responsibility. So, what are all those lacunes? You can tell about single party dominance. So, when single party dominance is there, if the portion is weak, then the legislative control over the executive is not so good. It is not so effective. So, you want to tell about this and you want to explain about it. Then, you can tell about ordinance raj. How the executives are article 123. How the executives are bypassing the legislature through this ordinance raj. So, this you can explain. Then again, you can explain about delegated legislations. So, what is delegated legislation? What is the role of the parliament? The parliament need to make the law. That is the legislature need to make the law. But in the meanwhile, the role has been delegated to the executive. And now the parliament is only discussing and passing the laws. It is not making the laws. So, this is also one of the important aspect. And you can also give some recent examples to substantiate your points. It is a very, very simple question. Next, we will go to the 15 mark questions. So, first four questions are from polity in the 10 mark questions we have discussed all the four. We will go to the 15 mark questions. Phase number 11. The jurisdiction of the central bureau of investigation regarding lodging the FIR and conducting probe within a particular state is being questioned by various states. However, the power of the state to withhold the concern to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special difference the federal character of India. See here, this is actually a current affairs oriented question. So, it deals about CBI. So, recently the states like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra have withdrawn their concern to given to the CBI. So, that is why this question has been asked. It is a very, very important question. And it is a 15 mark question. You want to deal in detail about the CBI and the concern as per the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act. So, 11th question. In the introduction, you want to tell about CBI. It is an executive body deriving the powers from Delhi Special Police Establishment Act. Okay. So, there are two types of concern are there as per the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act. Types of concern. One is general concern and another is specific concern. General concern, once it is given, the CBI can go into the state and probe into any cases. Specific concern with respect to each and every specific cases. So, general concerns is actually dealt in section 6 of Delhi's Special Police Establishment Act. Okay. So, if a general concern is given by a state to the CBI, so you need not want to take the permission of the state each and every time when it wants to probe into a case. Okay. So, this is general concern. Okay. So, now the problem is this general concern. The states like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra have general concern to CBI. So, what will be the effect of this action? So, this is the question and how it is actually against the federal character of the country? Okay. So, after the withdrawal of the general concern, the CBI will lose the power of the police officers inside the state. Once they enter the state, they will become a normal people. They will not have any rules of the police officers. Once the general concern is withdrawn. Okay. So, it will actually hamper or impact the investigation of the CBI in corruption cases or in whatever cases it might be. Okay. So, what will, why this has been done? For example, the federal structure of India actually allows the state and the center to function in an autonomous manner in normal circumstances and in extraordinary circumstances like emergency, the thing will change into unitary. But what happens is that in the past, in the near past, the CBI has been used as a tool to actually threaten the state governments. So, that's why the state governments like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra has withdrawn the concern. Okay. So, now the center cannot go and probe into the states without the concern of the state. So, then what is the reply from the center? Now, the states have withdrawn it. Then what is the reply from the center? It is going to affect the role of the CBI in the states or what? So, what is going to be the impact on the center? The center says that, for example, if the judiciary is actually giving a judgment to involve CBI in a case, then the states cannot deny it. States have taken the general concern, but still withdrawn the general concern, but still if the judiciary is rooting the CBI to actually probe into a case, then the states cannot say no. And one more thing is that very, very important aspect here is that, for example, a probe has been happening in some other state where the general concern is still there. And the officers who are involved in that case are working in West Bengal or Andhra Pradesh or in Maharashtra means now also the CBI can probe into that officers are getting my point. So, directly they will not go and probe into that state, but the case will have links to some other states like West Bengal or Andhra Pradesh or Maharashtra, then indirectly they can probe into the officers. So, what I mean to say here is that even after withdrawing the general concern, the CBI is not going to absolutely relieved from the powers what it has with respect to the states. Even after withdrawing the general concern, the CBI can still actually probe into the cases through judicial proceedings and through some other states. When some other states are involved in that case and through that process, they can address the case. I am getting my point. So, the question has rightly been asked. Yes, it is not going to take the absolute power of the CBI with respect to the states. Yes. So, this is the structure of the answers. You want to explain in detail about the working of the CBI, what is general concern, what is specific concern, what will be the impact if it is being withdrawn, why the states are withdrawn, why the states like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh have withdrawn the general concern, how would this affecting the federal character of the country. So, this is the content. Question number 12, though the Human Rights Commission have contributed immensely to the production of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analyzing their structural and practical limitations suggests remedial measures. So, again, this is a very repetitive question. Before two years also the same question has been asked in different format in UPSC mains. You know this, even though this Human Rights Commission is a statutory organization given a lot of powers, but still it has certain lacunes. Even the Supreme Court of India, before two years in a judgment, they have mentioned this Human Rights Commission has a 2 plus tiger. So, this question is both a mix of current affairs and static. First, in the introduction, you want to tell about the National Human Rights Commission. It's a statutory body. It's a statutory body as per Protection of Human Rights Act. Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. So, then you are going to tell about the problems. See here, in the appointment of the National Human Rights Commission itself, some problems are there. See here, the National Human Rights Commission will be appointed by a panel consisting of Prime Minister, Home Minister, Leader of Apportion in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, Speaker of the Lok Sabha and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. So, here itself the conflict starts. Both the ruling party and the Apportion party are going to involve. There will be always tuzzle in actually appointing a commission. That is Human Rights Commission. And the other thing is that it lacks autonomy. The very important point is lack of autonomy. Lack of autonomy. It doesn't have sufficient offices, no sufficient offices to probe. No sufficient offices to probe. Then it is not having punitive power. It is only recommendatory in nature. It is not having punitive power. It is only recommendatory in nature. Okay. It's verdicts are not binding. It's verdicts are not binding. Okay. So, these are all the problems with the Human Rights Commission. So, how it can be like solved? Simple. Again, you aren't going to solve all the problems. Right? You want to give punitive power? You can give separate cadre offices for the National Human Rights Commission. And you can make the decisions or the verdicts binding on the people concerned or the organs concerned. And one of the very big lacunae of this Human Rights Commission is that one of the most important thing is that armed forces, atrocities or the violations of human rights done by armed forces are not covered. You can tell about the example of AFSPA. It is not covered. Are getting me point. So, these are all the things. And an independent investigative organ has to be created to help this National Human Rights Commission because every time they will be relying on the police department or the state government to actually investigate the cases that is not going to help in getting the human rights back. And one more important thing is that here when a human rights violation has been happened within one year, the commission need to start its investigation. So, after one year the commission don't have any power to start its investigation. This is also one of the very big loophole in the functioning of the National Human Rights Commission. Okay. So, the question is a 15 mark question. So, you need to tell something about what are all the achievements of the Human Rights Commission also. It has reformed the prisons. It has reformed. It has addressed many atrocities happened against downtrodden and vulnerable people like SCs, STs, etc. You can tell about the handcuffing, the problem of handcuffing. The criminals has been removed from the practice because of the National Human Rights Commission only. Many things. It has done many things to actually abolish the bonded labor in the country. Okay. Child labor in the country has been reduced because of the actions of the Human Rights Commission. So, many achievements it has done. But still, it has some laconized like these points. And you are going to suggest some recommendations to get rid of these points. And in the conclusion, you can tell about the Supreme Court observing that this Human Rights Commission is a toothless tiger. But if we rectify the problems through the recommendations given, then this toothless tiger can be turning into a tiger with more number of tooth to address the problems of human rights. So, this is what the question should be addressed in the same way through the proper introduction points for like how the Human Rights Commission has done a good job and what are all the laconized, then the remedies, then the conclusion. Okay. Question number 13. Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of right to equality in the Constitution of US and India. This question seems to be somewhat difficult but it is a very simple question. So, right to equality has two things. Procedure established by law or equality before law and equal protection of law. Equality before law is UK concept and equal protection of law is US concept. And again, we follow two other principles to actually like deal with the cases. One is procedure established by law and another is due process of law. Okay. But our Constitution started with procedure established by law whereas due process of law is actually followed in US and later on we adapted this due process of law. So, we are going to deal in detail about the rule of law. Rule of law that is equality before law and equal protection of law. Then you are going to deal about procedure established by law and due process of law. So, there is a difference between Indian Convention and the US Convention. So, first you are going to deal about equality before law. So, equality before law, it is a UK concept. It is followed in India. It is a negative concept. Equality before law is usually followed in political aspects, political rights. Tell about the examples of right to vote. Then you can tell about equal protection of law. It is a US concept and actually this is both is actually followed in India. Both is followed in India. It is a US concept. It is a positive concept. It deals mostly with socioeconomic rights. Example you can tell about reservation or affirmative action. So, going to tell about this in detail. Okay. Then you can also explain about. Yeah. You can also explain about procedure established by law and due process of law. Procedure established by law. Again, it is a UK concept. It is followed in India and this law procedure established by law deals with it will check only whether the law made is correct or not. It is not going to check whether the law is itself correct or not. Are you getting my point? So, this procedure established by law was the backbone of the Indian Constitution. Okay. So, it was reaffirmed in Gopalan case. Gopalan case of 1950. Then coming back to due process of law. It is a US concept again. But it was not the backdrop of the Indian Constitution. Later on it was adapted. Okay. So, it checks whether the law is itself correct or not. Okay. So, due process of law then it was actually reaffirmed in Manaka case of 1978. Okay. So, you are going to explain all these concepts with respect to India and US. And you are going to give some examples like affirmative action, reservation, political rights. You are going to tell about these two judgments like Gopalan case and Manaka case, etc. in order to justify this question. Okay. It is a pure factual question. You are going to explain about the constitutional provisions of right to equality through the mirrors of US Constitution and also the Indian Constitution. And you can also tell about how this process of judicial review comes from due process of law. Actually the concept of judicial review is itself a US concept only because they follow judicial supremacy. So, even though the Indian Constitution has adapted the judicial review in Article 13, it was widened because of the concept like judicial activism. Okay. So, you can tell about these things also in this question because it is a 15-mark question. You can explain in detail about each and every thing. Okay. Then question number 14. Explain the constitutional provisions under which the legislative councils are established. Review the working and current status of legislative council with suitable illustrations. It is a non-conventional question. Usually this legislative councils were not asked in the UPSE main examinations. It was the first time I think it has been asked in the near future. Possibly before that, before like four or five years, it might be asked. But in the recent times it is asked. Yeah. The recent times it is asked for the first time in 2020 domains. Okay. We'll see. Question number 14 about legislative council. So, they have asked this to tell about the constitutional provisions of legislative council then to tell about its effectiveness. First, you need to tell about the constitutional provisions. In the introduction, you can tell about Article 169, which deals with the procedure and abolishment of procedure and abolition of legislative council. You should tell this in introduction. Then, what is the procedure for the creation and abolition of the legislative council? First, first thing is that the parliament can create it by an act. So, for this to be done, a specific resolution to be passed in the legislative assembly of the particular state with special majority. Then, it will be created by a simple majority in parliament. So, this amendment to the constitution will not be under Article 368 of the constitution. So, it can be created by an act of the parliament. This act can be made by a specific resolution passed in the legislative assembly of the particular state. Then, by simple majority, it can be created in the parliament. And this amendment to the constitution is not going to be under Article 368 that is amendment to the constitution. Then, the maximum strength of the legislative council should be one third of the legislative assembly and the minimum and this can be changed as per the parliament. This can be changed as per the parliament. So, the maximum will be one third of the legislative assembly and minimum will be 40. So, what the constitution has laid the procedure? What kind of procedure it has laid means it is a very because it is a very unconventional question. So, we will deal in detail about this question. So, manner of election of legislative councils, the entire seats will be divided into one third plus one third plus one third. This one third will be elected by the MLAs of the state and this one third by the district boards and local bodies by the local bodies. This one third will in turn be divided into one sixth and one sixth and this one sixth will be nominated by the governor and this one sixth is in turn divided into one twelfth and one twelfth. This one twelfth are elected by the graduates of the state and this one twelfth are elected by the teachers not lower than secondary grade not lower than secondary grade. So, this is the system of election that is followed for legislative council. So, if you take this entire election process it is one of the tedious process. So, five sixth will be indirectly elected and one sixth will be nominated and the strength of the legislative council is actually maintained very less as that of the legislative assembly because to give more importance to legislative assembly. It is only a it is only a nominated body and indirectly elected body it is not going to have any powers with the passing of legislations in the state. Are you getting my point? So, you should not compare this Rajasabha with legislative council Rajasabha has more powers when comparing to legislative council in the state respectively. So, we are going to tell what is legislative council, how many states six states are having legislative council, what is the procedure, what is the constitutional, constitutional aspect that is dealing with the legislative council. Now, you are going to tell what are the problems with the legislative council. This legislative council is mostly actually seen as a political body. So, it is in order to satisfy the needs of the politicians that is it. It is not going to do anything because its powers are very very very limited. Are you getting my point? So, recently also you can tell about the Maharashtra Chief Minister's nomination to the legislative council was actually denied by or delayed by the governor. This is all actually politically motivated actions. So, that is why the function of this legislative council is again and again criticized why this body is there, why should we have a legislative council. So, many states like Tamil Nadu previously had legislative council, but it was abolished before 30, 40 years itself. Okay. So, this is the content of the question. It is not required that you all of you should draw this chart to explain the legislative council. If you remember it, you can write it. Otherwise, you can tell about the process of election because the question is asked about the constitutional provisions of legislative council. Okay. Then you want to tell about the problems in the legislative council. Okay. The last question of quality in this paper, question number 15. Do the department related standing committees keep the administration on its toes and inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable example. So, the question is about parliamentary committees. Before two years again there was a question asked from estimates committee in the UPSC mains. Now, again a question has been asked from departmental standing committees. Okay. You want to explain what is the role of this departmental standing committee. So, 15th question. So, to make the executives accountable to the legislature. Okay. So, if you take the departmental standing committees, 24 departmental standing committees are there in which 8 are from Rajasabha and 16 are from Lok Sabha. So, 24 numbers of departmental standing committees are there. 8 are from Lok Rajasabha and 16 are from Lok Sabha. Okay. If you take the members of the departmental standing committee, it will have 31 members, 21 are from Lok Sabha and 10 are from Rajasabha. And how the members are being elected means they are nominated by the speaker and chairman. They are nominated by the speaker and the chairman. Okay. They are nominated by the speaker and the chairman and ministers are not eligible to be the members. Ministers are not eligible to be the members. The term of the committee is one year. The term of the committee is one year. So, what is the main role of this departmental standing committee is that to make the executives accountable, to make the executive accountable. This is the main role. So, again, this might be a static question but still it was there in current affairs. Why? Because recently the Rajasabha secretaryate has given a guidelines, has given a guidelines with respect to this departmental standing committees. They say that the nomination of the members should be based on qualifications. The nomination should be based on qualifications and interest of the members. And at least there should be 50 percentage attendants to conduct a standing committee meeting, departmental standing committee meeting. So, what is the major function of this departmental standing committee means? It should actually check the working of the executive then and there and make the parliamentary proceedings more healthy. But the problem here is that because of single party dominance in the legislature, the number of members in this departmental standing committee or more or less from the ruling party is actually reducing the role or reducing the effectiveness of the standing committees and making in making the executive accountable to the parliament. So, that is the problem here. That is why this question is again as nowadays the standing committee's role has been slowly getting reduced and standing committee is not working in a proper way. Whether this election process is sufficient or whether it need to be given more independence to the standing committees, it need to be discussed in your answer. So, we have discussed all the questions with respect to quality. We have discussed all the questions with respect to quality in mains 2022. So, other questions will be discussed by the faculties concerned. So, thank you. In paper 2 governance, UPSE mains question, we will discuss the answers for this question. So, question number 5, I will read the question. Pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India, explain how the business associations contribute to public policies. So, in this question, as an introduction, you can say what is pressure groups means, that is nothing but in institutions trying to influence the public policy or people opinion, that is called pressure groups. So, you can also list out the methods on which pressure groups are able to influence public policies. So, there are multiple methods on which they are able to influence them by means of policy research, by means of media briefing, or they also go for extreme like demonstration, strikes, hathals, these are another mechanisms. So, this is not done by formal institutions, what given in the question just to give the exposure to the examiner that these are the methods on which they try to influence the public policies. This can be the two paragraphs or you can combine all this is one paragraph. But the major focus of the question is, you are addressing the first part of the question, explain the pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policies, public policy making in India. For that only this first paragraph you can write all those things, what I said, what is pressure group and what are the methods used by pressure groups. Second is, explain how the business association contribute to public policies. Here you need to understand this business association means we need to list out which are the business associations. Right now in India have a huge influence on public policies. So, what are the biggest business association is one is FICI, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries, ASOCHAM, Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India, CII, all these are industrial bodies and associations and for software industries we have NASCOM and for manufacturing industries especially for automobiles we have CMSIAM and apart from this we also have US India Business Council which is also an association in business world. So, you can list out all these associations are there in India and when you take public policy they have given a general term public policy especially where these associations have a huge influence is starting with trade policy, tax policies, FDI policies and manufacturing policies even in nuclear policies we have an impact. We will see all these areas how they have an impact is especially if we take this tax policies where we can see that FICI and CIA every year before budget they try to meet the finance minister or possible prime minister and trying to say their side of budget what need to be done what type of tax structures they are visualizing. So, all these are the influence on policy public policy of India. So, one is regarding tax policies they try to influence the government on this this one area you can explain it of FICI and CIA trying to do this. Next thing is regarding export import and FDI policy where you can say about Asucha where they try to influence the government on determining the export import policies especially like custom duties and all those things and what are products need to be there all this will be influencing not determining influencing the government on this factors that you can explain and similarly FDI policies foreign direct investment policies where they try to play huge role in it and similarly regarding manufacturing policy we can say about SIEM which is a association for automobile industries they try to influence the government on this manufacturing policies even we can say about this vehicle scrapage policy which is recently announced by the government where this CM has a huge influence on the government saying that what should be the number of years the commercial vehicles need to be there in public and which after certain years how this need to be removed and they are saying the possibility what other things can be done so all this we can relate here how they try to influence the government on these areas and similarly when you go for this manufacturing policy what I said is SIEM so even if you take this nuclear policy where we can see this nuclear liability issue which was happening in India when foreigners coming to India to establish a nuclear reactors where this association has influence on the government based on the previous industrial accident of Bhopal gas tragedy they try to influence the government on determining this nuclear liability what should be the financial cost all those things so if you take all these different areas and try to associate with one of the associations what I just listed out and trying to influence them and right as a point that's enough so public policy is a general term which you want to split into trade policies tax policies update policies nuclear policies manufacturing policies in manufacturing policies you can also relate with my vehicle scrapage policy and all so all this you write as a point and finally in last paragraph it's an explained question which is not required but you can also put in last paragraph what are challenges this associations are facing what are the biggest challenges what they are facing is first one is leadership crisis next one is regarding rivalry among these associations to give a good example Fikki is called a Brilla block because it was started by Brilla whereas Ashok Cham is considered to be Bombay block there is always a rivalry between these associations that can be said next thing is in current situation these associations depend too much on government for money because all this association have some land parcels where they have some real estate infrastructures which is taken by the government for conducting events and all right now this becomes the biggest influencing factor on decisions of these associations and apart from this the most important thing is these associations doesn't have a huge influence on state governments so these are some of the challenges last paragraph you can write it so that is question number five and question number six besides being a moral imperative of a welfare state primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development analyze here what you need to focus this first you need to address besides being moral imperative of a welfare state so you can say what is welfare state means okay so welfare state is nothing but taking care the needs of the people from birth to death that is called welfare state and primary health is a moral imperative if you are conducting if you are running a country on a welfare state objective primary health health structure or primary health in structure is the most important requirement it's a moral dimension it's not only in the aspect of practical aspects it's more about moral to keep the well-being of the people so health well-being is the most important thing that you can write as a first paragraph the next thing is primary health structure how that results in sustainable development we say primary health structure you should not think only from structure is not only based on infrastructures so you can say both hospitals is one apart from hostable hospitals you can also relate policy dimensions policies also play a major role in this so primary health structure which includes policies and hospitals all play a major role in sustainable development here to understand this term sustainable development you can relate with sustainable development goals there are 17 goals in sustainable development so in this we just split into three major areas how this primary health structure is important i'll just list out some of the important 17 goals in that for example gender equality quality education hunger and poverty reduction of hunger reduction of poverty and responsible consumption and production decent work and economic growth life on land and life before below water these are some of the important 17 goals one of the sound one among the 17 goals of the sustainable development and we are trying to link this to this particular answer so the question is regarding primary health structure how that results in sustainable development so when you're having this primary health structure that's nothing but starting with hospitals and policies how they are going to address all these problems we can split into three major areas one is social sustainability economic sustainability and ecological sustainability so what is social sustainability means if you have a very good primary primary health structure so that's the demand of the question primary health structure what that results in social sustainability that's nothing but gender equality and addiction in hunger and poverty when you are able to provide the primary health services to the people especially regarding disadvantage sections like women and children ultimately that results in greater gender equality and reduction in hunger and poverty in the society so that results in sustainable development so that you can say as the first paragraph social sustainability that is second second and third paragraph next thing is you can relate with economic sustainability when you say economic sustainability when we have a proper primary health structure that makes sure that people are eligible for work and ultimately that results in better pay and ultimately that results what we call it as in sustainable development goals decent work and economic growth so that gives a sustainable lifestyle for the people that is called economic sustainability you can explain that with this sustainable development goals how primary health structure is important here and finally ecological sustainability when you say ecological sustainability how this primary health is important is life on land and life below water sorry if this health health is not taken into consideration when this primary health structure is not in proper in a society ultimately you can see that that has a huge impact on land and water how we can relate this is how we can relate this right now we can see that government is giving greater focus on LPG cylinders and all it's also a policy to promote health in our rural areas and if there is no such thing you can see that people are depending too much on wood as a natural resource for heating and cooking purpose and that has a huge impact on land and water so we're just trying to relate all these things so for the sixth question you need to say about what is social sustainability economic sustainability and ecological sustainability so for this that's question number six next thing is question number seven earn while you earn the earn while you learn scheme needs to be strengthened to make occasional education and skill training meaningful government so recently this was a scheme announced by the government earn while you learn from the name itself we can understand and what are the reason news article says is that is being promoted by ministry of tourism we'll just write some of the factual information regarding the scheme earn while you learn so ministry of tourism focusing on students and student volunteers primarily focusing on them and eligibility condition you just write all this in paragraphs 18 to 25 years and 21 day training program is given so that they can be employed in tourism sector and another most important thing is there are some other guidelines is also given for this earn while you learn first and foremost thing is it's a part-time employment which can be created in public sector government sector sorry public sector private sector other organizations and especially local governments it can be created and what the law says is 90 days per year will be given as a job opportunity and it is also given instruction to government departments to earmark around 15 percentage of the fund for this particular type of activity so these are the factual statements regarding earn while you learn and all you write it in two paragraphs and earn while you learn scheme need to be strengthened to make vocational educational skill training meaningful government so how it can be strengthened is first and foremost thing is this has a greatest benefit for all the stakeholders all the stakeholders right from students because students what are the greatest benefit is they are able to have financial independence especially during the graduation days and that you need to relate mostly with weaker sections especially SEST and women they got a greater opportunity so ultimately that has a huge impact on the system so this will promote this vocational education and skill training for disadvantaged people because they are not financially dependent upon any other during their graduation times and another most important thing to strengthen this what are things need to be focused this first and foremost thing is the training model should be more career based along with their graduation so that the students will be more interested to go for this particular scheme because they have a greatest impact on their career based on the graduation so you need to link all these things their graduation and career based training for earn while you learn so that need to be done apart from this there should be a greater industry and and industry and university linkage should be established so that most of the training is more relevant for the industry requirement that need to be done second one third one is it is suggested that especially for the students they should be part of their records assessment record for their graduation which gives a greater incentive for the students to focus on it so ultimately if you do all these things that will strengthen this vocational training and and the skill training for a skill India program so that's regarding question number seven and question number eight can they have busiest cycle of gender inequality poverty and all your malnutrition be broken through micro financing of women's self-help group explain with examples first paragraph you can say what is self-help group and importance of self-help group in the structure so self-help group is a group of 10 to 15 women joining together creating a collective identity for financial inclusion they are linked with the banking system so that they'll enjoy the financial services this is all you can write it in first paragraph and they have given three separate dimensions one is gender inequality poverty and malnourishment how this all being addressed through self-help group you want to give it examples so whenever we say this examples self-help group we know that in India it all comes under one major umbrella scheme national rural livelihood missions based on which wherein especially in rural areas the self-help groups are formed to transform the women's life so in this we take few examples and try to explain with this question one we can say that the first self-help group model was started in 1972 it's a self-initiative that is self-employed women's association popularly called the seva self-employed women's association popularly called a seva this you can relate with gender inequality how this particular association able to address the problem of gender inequality when you say gender inequality is a common term you can say about financial inequality so it created an opportunity for women and this particular seva is focused more on poor women and especially working in informal sectors so they want to make sure that they have a reliable work opportunity for them so ultimately they can transform their life and they want to be financially independent they want to create financial equality in the family so seva can be related with this concept of gender inequality you can write it and you can mix up the examples i'm just giving some examples to relate with this particular three major areas you can mix up also the next thing is the most popular self-help group in india is kudumbashree which is a more successful model in kerala and they are doing multiple activities one you can relate with the concept of malnourishment right now this kudumbashree is running this community kitchens and especially focusing on addressing the problem of malnourishment among children's and also among teenage women's and pregnant women's they're trying to focus these areas especially in the state of kerala which you can use as an example to explain that how self-help group is able to address the problem of malnourishment this is the second thing third one is regarding poverty so right now regarding poverty there are initiatives in odisha like ma santoshi self-help group ma santoshi self-help group this is an example which i took it from news articles saying about world bank reports and awards given by union government for self-help group so what's the point i'm trying to say here is it's all known examples which we didn't read properly but this you can write it as an answer ma santoshi in odisha which is primarily focusing on eradicating poverty among women in odisha society especially poor women so similarly there are ngo's in sorry self-help group is in jarkin working with district administration to alleviate property poverty sorry alleviate poverty in jarkin society so all this can be an example you can write it and say that how self-help group is transforming the malnourishment or poverty or inequality issues in our society and finally last one paragraph if you want you can write or you can leave it you can say that what are the challenges they are facing and they explain question which is not required so all this you write it for four paragraphs and four or five paragraphs what is self-help group and right now in india how self-help group is established through national rural livelihood missions and take these three examples and explain how they are able to transform the lives of the society especially in three major areas this question number eight so next we go for question number 16 has digital literacy particularly in rural areas coupled with lack of information and communication technology accessibility hindered socioeconomic development examined with justification so what the questions is a 15 mark question what the question tried to address here is right now socioeconomic development is hindered by two major aspects one is lack of digital literacy and lack of information and communication technology accessibility so examine with justifications so first we need to say that what are the importance of ICT or what is ICT means what is information and communication technology that you can say as an introduction very basic introduction so use of modern technologies for communication and sharing of information which comes under ICT platform popularly we call that as mobile apps or e-governance initiatives all is part of it or you can also say as introduction what are the socioeconomic development means so just write this as an introduction and it's a 250 words and we need to examine why this happens so why there is always digital literacy so digital literacy starting basic with us you can start with the general literacy in our society so especially in rural areas that's the biggest problem when you say this general literacy is you can give some factual information especially literacy rate among women literacy rate among SC and STs so what are the present status of India so once they are illiterate ultimately that has an impact on various aspects of the life you can say about how that impacts the digital illiteracy because they are not aware to read basic things in their life so ultimately they are not able to use their technology properly that's a justification so why this why this is happening so digital literacy is happening because the starting is always starts with this lack of literacy so that transforms in digital literacy this can also be related to financial literacy why they are financially not willing of again lack of financial literacy resulting with lack of literacy here what you want to do is you speak about how the literacy rates are very low in rural areas for this you need to give some factual statements regarding SCSTs regarding women in rural areas and even state space week information you can also say for example if you take Bihar or UP you compare and say that how the socioeconomic development or HTA index is very low there and in this you can also give the comparative skills of Kerala where the literacy rates are very high and what is the HTA index what they are standing so all this should be the answers for two or three paragraphs saying that why digital literacy is biggest hindrance there so that is one so first you need to say what are this ICT platformers the next thing is you can say digital literacy you relate with literacy problem in the rural areas general literacy problems is the major cause in that you split into literacy among women literacy among SC and ST here you can do a comparative study between UP Bihar or UP Bihar has one side and Kerala another side just in tabular column you relate all these things and say that how digital literacy is the biggest hindrance for socioeconomic development this is one part of the answer next part of the answer is if they are coupled with information and communication technology accessibility so right now we can see that ICT accessibility is another problem in rural areas why they are not able to access here comes lot of issues one starting with infrastructural issues so when you say infrastructural issues start you can say that very basic infrastructures are not established in India starting with power connections telecom connections and internet penetration you can say that here you can give the recent example as a case study which came in newspaper especially in Odisha people are waiting for two days to get their MG narega money from bank the major reason for this power cut this is a example came in newspaper Hindu newspaper which you can quote it and say that how very basic infrastructure we are lacking in India so that is a problem for socioeconomic development one you can start with this infrastructural issues you can say about what is the power penetration in India or telecom penetration in India and apart from this mobile phone penetration in India all this we related so nothing but information communication technology accessibility so apart from this you can also say that training is another pro issue in this aspect even if people are digitally literate and training need to be given especially using this technological platforms which is not there that is also another problem so ultimately we combine all these things that results in socioeconomic or hindering socioeconomic development and finally in conclusion what are the remedial measures taken by the government here you can relate with the government schemes of promoting digital literacy and also infrastructure schemes like national optic fiber network or all this you can relate as a conclusion part and say that government is moving in the right direction to address these problems and you can finish off in a positive note okay so that is 16 question number 16 15 marks and question number 17 though women in post India post independent India have excelled in various field the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal patriarchal apart from women education and women empowerment schemes what are interventions can help change this milieu so here first need to address the first paragraph first two statements though women in post independence have excelled in various fields you need to list out few examples where women excelled in various field starting with sports starting with politics starting in scientific arena you need to list out some of the personality names how they contributed to our India's development that you can say it as a one or two paragraphs I'm saying paragraphs means 30 words each okay just try to explain all these things and social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal so when you take the social attitude still all this being achieved we can see that women is not being treated equal because social attitude is similar to it so we can see that how still Indian society is male dominated one so you can give some factual statements for this starting with sex ratio or we can relate literacy rates so all this you can say and say as I listed out and say that how still India is more male dominated system correct so this is the one or two paragraphs at the maximum finish of all these things apart from women education and women empowerment schemes you need to say that regarding women education what are the things done in India and regarding women women empowerment scheme you just need to list it out you just need to explain so all this should be for three paragraphs all these three starting with first pointers women excelled in various field and social attitude and women education and women empowerment scheme you just need to list out all this in three paragraphs like women empowerment scheme means when you say women you can split it into various dimensions rural women working women and adolescent girls or pregnant women a lot of schemes are created in India list out all the schemes and say that how Indian government is promoting women empowerment among women but the question is what interventions can help the change this milieu apart from this what are other things need to be done which we can split into major areas therefore major years starting with reservation so when you say reservation it's already done in the Indian system and mostly when you say reservation we always relate with political system so right now this is the right time we need to focus on reservation at the top level MP and MLA level that need to be done so right now we have reservation for local government that need to be done so that should be done because women need to be in decision-making domain so political reservation need to be there apart from this regarding job recently we can see that supreme court giving an order permanent commission for women and armed forces that need to be promoted a lot so that when you say reservation it's not only political level you need to relate with job level also and also we can see that in corporate world right now laws are being changed in such a way that there should be a women director in companies especially board of directors this should all should be properly implemented to give a good impression in the society that women is also a important role important player in our Indian system so that is one one you can start with reservation dimensions how would it need to be strengthened so that's the question is what interventions can help change this milieu so there's already laws are there that need to be strengthened in effective implementation that is one next thing is institutional mechanism so right now in India we created institution focusing on women's centric dimensions starting with so starting with the ministry of women and child development and we have national commission for women and apart from this we have this gender budgeting concept and all so all this need to be effectively strength and proper visibility should be given for all this institutional mechanism which makes women to be the center part of a society that should be that next set of points you want to write so in reservation you can split into three levels one is political job nature and also corporate and when you go for institutional mechanism you can say ministry level commission level and also you can say that regarding a institution gender budgeting also you can relate all this things next thing is regarding awareness and social attitude that need to be changed a lot when you say awareness and social attitude so women should be given greater importance in a society and even in social media platforms and all how women need to be respected all this you need to say that so that regarding awareness and social attitude dimensions and finally legislative dimensions when you say legislation where we need to focus on recently we can see that government focusing on marriageable age so that can be one point which we need to be strengthened a lot and apart from this equal pay for equal work right now we have an act that is not being properly implemented so that need to be done equal pay for equal work that need to be done so all this can be added in your answers therefore major categories one is reservation institution awareness and social attitude towards women need to be changed especially here comes the role of media and also what need to be done among the society dimensions and finally legislative measures so when you are able to address all these things and you are able to complete the answer for 250 words okay and finally last question question number 18 can civil society and non-governmental organization present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen discuss the challenges of this alternative model as first paragraph you can say what is civil society and NGOs means and finally second paragraph you say what are the merits of them so what is civil society are NGOs civil society means a group of institution representing people's will that is called civil society which includes NGOs non-governmental organizations next what are unique characters of them first is started by people themselves have a greater people trust last male connectivity all this acting as a link between people and government all these are some of the benefits of civil society organization these are two paragraphs but the major focus is discussed the challenges of this alternative model so there are a lot of challenges in this model which can be assumed as the best model to address the people so what are the challenges first and foremost thing when you take this civil society challenges is they always work for a specific interest especially we take NGOs NGOs always work for a specific interest which will not represent the entire society with a green piece they always work for environmental interest they never work for the entire collective interest of society which they will not do so ultimately you can see all different NGOs working on specific interest so finding a common objective for them is always difficult so that is the biggest challenge that is one you can say the next thing is if you take this civil society in NGOs and the next biggest problem is lack of transparency right now we have this SCRE act and especially they are not very transparent in what they are doing that is a second one third one you can say that lack of transparency in financial resources so especially foreign funding they are receiving and they are not very focused on where they get them and right now government is addressing this problem through SCRE that's a challenge for the system we can't rely on them then apart from this NGOs representing or civil society representing foreign interest so that is also another biggest problem in our system so foreign interest domination will be there and also we can say about NGOs and business nexus where there's an example of a path an international NGO which conducted a clinical trial in the name of free medicines so and political NGOs political NGOs means NGOs started by family members and a lot of corruption was involved while implementing the government schemes and regarding civil society another problem is it can be hijacked by vested interest especially pressure groups and all which can be hijacked by vested interest you're able to explain all the six points and you're able to address 250 marks so these are the answers for governance question okay thank you


Next, it's my great pleasure to introduce you all to Paul Hunt, Paul studied law. He's lived and undertaken human rights work in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and New Zealand. For more than a decade, Paul served as an independent human rights expert for the United Nations, reporting to the UN General Assembly and the Human Rights Council. His focus was on healthcare and health protection. In between 2011 and 2013, he was a senior human rights advisor to the World Health Organization Assistant Director General. Paul was appointed New Zealand's Chief Human Rights Commissioner in 2019, and last year he was awarded the Anne Dysart Distinguished Service Award by the Civil Society Organization Multicultural in New Zealand. Now, above and beyond all of that, Paul Hunt holds a very special place in the heart of the harm reduction movement. Way back in 2008, when he addressed the conference in Barcelona, he articulated something that we all had in our minds and we couldn't quite put our finger on. This concept of parallel universes, the idea that states go forward and forget that they can say one thing in Vienna, one thing in Geneva, and that drug control is completely incompatible with human rights. And by articulating that, I feel like Paul has really set the vision for the movement and the work that we've done over the past 15 years has really broken down those barriers, really broken down those parallel universes as we work to connect Geneva and Vienna. So it's my great pleasure to introduce Paul and ask him what he thinks the human rights movement today. Thank you, Naomi. I too acknowledge the traditional owners of the land on which we are meeting. The Wurundjeri people of the Kulan Nation, and they've looked after this land for tens of thousands of years. And we are all indebted to them. I pay my respects to their elders past and present and to the Aboriginal elders of other communities who may be here today. Teno Koto, Teno Koto, Teno Koto Katoa, Tolofa Lava, Salam Aleykum, Shalom, Namaste, and good afternoon everybody. I want to thank Harm Reduction International for inviting me to join you. And I want to thank everyone who made it possible, who advised me, who made my participation possible. Colleagues in Harm Reduction International, not least Naomi, but there are many others. If I could just mention the conference directors Maddie and Louisa. Also old friends like Arjun. And there's also the Harm Reduction Victoria who I know have worked incredibly hard with many others on this enterprise. So forgive me for not mentioning everybody. I know these events take a huge amount of work from many people. Thank you all. I also want to thank my colleagues in the New Zealand Human Rights Commission who made my participation possible. Camzin Jordan, Delia Nolan, and others. And a special thank you to Callum Stewart, a doctoral candidate here at the University of Melbourne for his very helpful remarks. And I acknowledge my August panelists. I also wish to underscore the incredible work that every one of you are engaged in. All the work that you're doing to advance harm reduction, to reduce the risks associated with drug use, your saving lives, your reducing avoidable suffering. Your calling is inspirational and your achievements are wonderful. As Naomi mentioned 15 years ago at your conference in Barcelona when serving as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on health rights. I tried to convey that drug use laws and policies are human rights issues. And people who use drugs are routinely subject to multiple human rights violations. I explained that most states have signed up to the human rights to health care and the human right to health protection. This means they have legally binding, legally binding international obligations to do everything they reasonably can to roll out harm reduction. And states also have legally binding international obligations to do everything they reasonably can to build an effective integrated responsive health system encompassing health care and the underlying determinants of health. This health system must be responsive to the needs of disadvantaged individuals and communities, including people who use drugs. I applaud those of you who presently deploy human rights in your work. I know it's not easy to do. And for those of you who don't yet use human rights in your work, I implore you to learn a little about human rights including to the right to health care and the right to health protection as enshrined in binding international human rights law and also binding in some national legal systems such as in South Africa. As I said in Barcelona, human rights do not provide magic solutions to really complex issues because there are no magic solutions, but human rights have a constructive contribution to make in numerous ways big and small. So I urge you to do what you can to integrate human rights into your inspiring work. Fifteen years on, I want to make some brief remarks about colonization. Colonization and human rights in relation to harm reduction. Colonization over the last 500 years is the biggest heist in history. Colonization remains the major issue of our time, especially in settler colonies like Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia. Colonization shapes our constitutions, our politics, our land ownership, our economics, our well-being, our way of thinking, and much, much more. Those of us who are non-indigenous are not responsible for the conduct of our predecessors. In my opinion, there is no place for ancestral guilt in our societies, but we have responsibilities to grasp what happened. To recognize our continuing privilege and to do all we can to put things right. A number of people has written about decolonizing drug policy and decolonizing harm reduction, and some of the authors are in this hall, so I speak with some trepidation on these topics. And if I get it wrong, I apologize. Like everyone else, I'm here to learn. Some practitioner authors have explored how drug control has upheld colonial power structures in some countries.  They've proposed ways to move beyond oppressive systems and structures. Another author argues there is a need to decolonize harm reduction alongside decolonizing drug policies. Today, it's widely recognized that intergenerational trauma arising from colonization, such as violence, theft of land, discrimination, this contributes to damaging drug use among Indigenous peoples. There's a policy brief that some of you will know. A policy brief called Indigenous Harm Reduction equals reducing the harms of colonialism. And it says this, Indigenous harm reduction is a way of life embedded within traditional knowledge systems that see the spiritual world, the natural world, and humanity as interrelated. And the policy brief continues, Indigenous harm reduction must go beyond addressing substance use and interrogate the neocolonial systems and structures that shape and constrain the lives of Indigenous peoples. As Rowiri Evans from Aotearoa put it, Indigenous harm reduction means reducing the harms of colonialism. These are immense issues. Some of you may know the seminal brilliant article called Decolonization is not a metaphor. The authors explained that decolonization is not a metaphor for other things we want to do to improve our societies. They continue like this. They say decolonization is not a philanthropic process of helping the at-risk and alleviating suffering. Decolonization is not a generic term for struggle against oppressive conditions and outcomes. The broad umbrella of social justice may have room for all of these efforts, but they say by contrast decolonization specifically requires the repatriation of Indigenous land and life. Decolonization is not a substitute for social justice. The authors conclude, decolonization offers a different perspective to human rights-based approaches to justice and unsettling perspective rather than a complementary one. And the authors try to soften that by explaining this. They say we don't intend to discourage those who have dedicated lives and careers to teaching themselves and others to be critically conscious of racism and sexism and homophobia and classism and xenophobia and settler colonialism. So the authors, the authors don't pull their punches and neither should they because they continue like this. They say we are asking the reader to consider how the pursuit of social justice can also be diversions, can also be distractions which conceal the need to give up land, power or privilege. So colleagues, as a privileged non-Indigenous life-long human rights worker, do I think that human rights have a decolonial role to play or are human rights diversions? Are they distractions? In my opinion, today's prevailing understanding of human rights has great merit. But it also reflects a truncated view of humanity. I think we need to refresh human rights. And if we do that, human rights can become a tool that contributes to decolonization. We must embrace both human rights, which tend to be individualistic, and also embrace Indigenous rights, which tend to have a collective orientation. I'm not saying that human and Indigenous rights alone can achieve decolonization. I'm saying they can probably help us get there. But what are the features of human rights that need refreshing? What are these features of human rights that need reclaiming? Importantly, some of these features are already emergent. One is this. We need to widen the values that are embodied in human rights. Values such as stewardship, kaitiakitanga, respect, manakitanga, the values of community, of belonging, of responsibility, of well-being, dignity, fairness, equality and equity, freedom and safety. Another feature is this. We have to insist upon the wide spectrum of human rights that includes civil rights and political rights and workers' rights and social rights and cultural rights and Indigenous peoples' rights and the right to a healthy environment and discrimination and equality and equity. And it's this wide spectrum which includes the right to health care, the right to health protection, the right to a decent home, all of which are so important in relation to harm reduction. A third feature is this. We need to recognize that individuals not only have human rights entitlements, they also have human rights responsibilities to each other, to communities and to the environment Papatou Nuku. Fourth, powerful companies have to understand that they have human rights responsibilities too, as repeatedly confirmed by the United Nations Human Rights Council. Fifth, we need to build harmonious relationships within and between communities because human rights are not only about I and me, they are also about we and us. Sixth, we have to learn better how to strike fair and reasonable balances between competing human rights. Seventh, we have to develop new, non-adversarial, non-judicial forms of human rights accountability. Eighth, we must recognize inter-generationality. That is recognition of past, present and future generations, which is so important in the context of colonization and also climate change. And ninth, we need to respect epistemologies, epistemologies that encompass indigenous understandings of knowledge. And ten, we need a process of truth-telling, a process of reconciliation, a process of justice, and that might possibly contribute to decolonial constitutional transformation. I leave others to explore indigenous rights and there will be other occasions to explore the relationship between human rights and indigenous rights. But it's really important to grasp that non-indigenous people have nothing to fear and they have much to gain from human rights and indigenous rights. And in Barcelona, I encouraged you to embrace a human rights approach to your work. And today, I say we must tackle decolonization, by which I mean the repatriation of indigenous land, life and authority. The most effective form of indigenous harm reduction is decolonization. So today, I encourage you to refresh human rights, as I've sought to indicate, and embrace a human and indigenous rights approach to your life-enhancing work. I doubt this approach alone will realize decolonization, but it'll probably help us get there. And I hope to see you in 15 years' time. Inshallah. You heard it here first. See you in 15 years' time.