Thank you, John, and it's an honor to be here at the Naval War College for the third time now I Am often asked how did I get on to this subject of naval history? I haven't served in the armed forces. I'm a career civilian and There are many different ways in which I can answer that and if I if I could go on it at great length about it but I like to think about the study of war as a way of extracting information about Societies that you could not get by studying any other aspect of their history, and I'll illustrate what I'm what I'm trying to say by describing a Exhibit I guess you would call it you might call it an outdoor artwork which is On the southern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, I live in San Francisco in the Marina district and I can walk to the bridge and On that walk there is this enormous section of steel lattice beam that is similar to the system that holds up the bridge and This beam had been taken over to the Berkeley School of Engineering and the Berkeley engineers had put 8 million pounds of pressure on this thing in order to see how well it would hold up so this is stress testing something that engineers do and It's good news for for all of us who live in San Francisco Maybe even more for those who live across the bridge and Marin That this beam stood up quite well to that 8 million pounds of pressure war does to societies To systems of government and to individuals what the Berkeley engineers did to that beam By putting enormous pressure on something by putting it under stress you extract information that you could not receive in any other way War is unique in that respect it tells us something about the underlying Societies the fascist and militarist states of the axis believed That the democracies were inherently weaker systems and that if you put them under sufficient stress, they would break a World War two was I think at its very base a struggle between competing visions of how to organize a society and I've spent a lot of time and attention in this trilogy on the issues of media of press coverage of propaganda of the way that the war was presented to the civilian populations of the contending countries of the United States and of Japan I Think at the heart of this question of how the big decisions were made You really have to go beyond the conventional lanes that we usually stay in as military Historians you need to get into the realm of politics, which of course is an entirely different animal and yet this division that we have Developed between these different types of history. I think meets right at this intersection where so many of these crucial Issues have been decided And this has been one of my arguments in developing a new way of telling the story of this war World War two I think showed that the democracies once aroused were inherently stronger than the authoritarian and totalitarian Models so why another history of the Pacific War? Aren't there an enormous mountain of books that have already been written? Yes, of course That's true and there's a certain amount of I think World War two fatigue, which I understand and I even share There has been a tendency I think in the World War two literature To try to pick increasingly narrow aspects of the conflict to slice the pie more and more narrowly and to delve very deeply into Relatively small subjects now that tendency I think over time results in a very rich literature And I think we understand the subject much better than we did in the past collectively But this trend toward increasing specialization also Results over time in a historical literature, which is fragmented and piecemeal Military history has been Treated as a subgenre Even dare I say it as a kind of ghetto Within the field hermetically sealed off from other important aspects of history it has been neglected in the halls of academia And I think there are different reasons for that, but I think the fallacy that to study is to glorify Is very much at the heart of it? my last book Pacific Crucible which dealt with the really just the first six months of the Pacific War from the Surprise strike on Pearl Harbor to the American counterpunch at Midway six months later Was was well reviewed there was one review. I remember that was a friendly review The reviewers said tall occasionally does stray out of his lane Into areas of politics for example diplomacy rather than sticking to the narrow path of Naval history. Well, I Don't take that as a criticism, but rather as a compliment. I think the stay in your lane mentality Can be a straightjacket and has been in military history. I have strayed out of my lane from the very beginning of my career I did it in six frigates. I Intend to do it in all future works The Pacific War has larger dimensions politics diplomacy the management of a global allied coalition Foreign policy social history propaganda The organization of the economy for total war The planning for the post-war future in Asia All of these are important subjects that are usually Completely admitted in histories of the Pacific War the question of how and when and how aggressively to fight the Pacific War Relative to the war in Europe arose to the highest levels of politics and diplomacy It became an issue in electoral politics in night in the mid-term congressional elections of 1942 and again in the presidential election of 1944 It was at the heart of Anglo-American Negotiations in the many allied conferences that took place during the war it played into the future of Western colonialism in Asia And it was an ideological struggle the Pacific War between Japan's Pan-Asian vision of Liberating Asia for the Asians which was an inevitably a somewhat enticing proposition And the competing concept of a universal principle of democracy and self-determination I believe in a narrative style of history not as the only way to write history I think there are other ways to write history, but I believe that the narrative style of history Which combines scholarly rigor with a storytelling sensibility? Can and does have great power Complicated storytelling I believe can be in its in a sense a kind of argument in its own right and Ever since I first realized that I had a real obsession with history probably at about the age of 12 I have sought out authors who managed to pull this off to bring some of the storytelling techniques that Novelists or dare I say it even filmmakers might use to bring the reader into the story and I have found that for all the enormous number of books that are published each year Books that really Walk that line between Respect for the subject but great storytelling are as rare as a unicorn And when I find them I seize upon them and read them regardless really of what the subject is the scholars approach of offering a thesis than marshaling evidence has Real power and has most often led to some of the deepest insights into history And as Gordon Wood has observed popular historians Depend on the work of academic historians while the reverse is not necessarily true But I think comparing the two directly is beside the point really it's like asking What's a better tool a hammer or a wrench? You need more information to answer the question at its best the narrative style actually accomplishes something I think that the more clinical approach does not accomplish It brings us closer to the experiences of those who were there who made the decisions and it puts us into their Shoes that allows us to see through their eyes and that brings a richer and fuller and more satisfying way of understanding Why and how important decisions were made in history? Whatever else it is. It's also a genre of literature and that has always been true Since history was first written down Herodotus, Thalcities Plutarch, Salus, Tacitus, Edward Gibbon, Henry Adams, Winston Churchill, they were all storytellers Theodore Roosevelt Said that he thought imagination was the most important quality of a historian. That's a very provocative point, isn't it? The ability to put oneself into the mindset of people living in the past is actually a real challenge a very difficult thing to do My purpose is to assimilate many different contending competing points of view into one narrative and I have always thought that the highest praise That someone might offer me for my work is that I could not put it down. I could not put it down There is no higher praise. I believe I think we have had a dearth of good narratives addressing the Pacific War in all of its vast and Terrible sweep and I think I can claim that my trilogy is the first history of the entire Pacific War to be published in at least 25 years and The first multi-volume history of the Pacific War to be published since Samuel Elliott Morrison series published in the 40s and 50s The Pacific War was by a vast margin the largest naval war ever waged It was in all likelihood and we can hope the largest naval war that will ever be waged It was the only naval war that has ever been waged across the entire length and breadth of the Pacific Ocean and ocean so large That you could fit all of the world's land masses into it with room to spare It was the only instance in which opposing fleets of aircraft carriers met in battle and there were five such battles in the war It provided the most complete demonstration of the means by which submarines could destroy enemy supply lines It led to a fundamental revolution in naval doctrines Putting an end to the era of the big gun battleship as the queen of Naval power and establishing carrier aviation and submarines as the principal means of waging war at sea. I Think there has been a tendency axiomatic. I think of all military history to treat naval warfare as a Subgenre of a subgenre That is to say we are a land dwelling species So it's natural for us to think of war on land as the main plot and naval war as a Subgenre that should be handled by specialists who are right naval history and nothing else I think our popular entertainment in many cases has reinforced a popular misimpression That the Pacific War was principally a war fought on islands An island hopping campaign waged by the army and especially the Marines against Japanese troops in jungles and on remote Pacific atolls and indeed it might be said that for many Americans who Don't know much about the Pacific War It was a conflict that began with Pearl Harbor It continued with a trans-pacific campaign of bloody island fighting most famously at Iwo Jima and ended at Hiroshima and Nagasaki But one need only glance at a map of the Pacific to grasp that this war was principally a naval and Air campaign in which the destruction of the Japanese Navy was the paramount factor leading to the Allied victory and Marines might seize remote Pacific islands in savage and valorous combat really in some of the most awful combat I think in our history But they could only do that after being delivered safely to the beaches and supported by Ship to shore bombardment and air support Conquering an island in the Pacific Was almost never a goal in its own right and when an island served no purpose. It was simply bypassed It's garrison left to wither on the vine An island was seized when it was needed as a new sea or air base with a new harbor blasted out of the coral With an airstrip carved out of the jungle to allow the fleet and the bombers to Consolidate their westward advance and to gather their strength for the next offensive push Any big historical narrative dealing with the entire Pacific War in my view Should have the naval campaign at the spine of the narrative and I have worked in that spirit The Pacific War was the largest bloodiest most technologically complex amphibious war in history Amphibious war striking an enemy on land by way of sea was the most difficult and precarious of any type of major military operation Prior to the Second World War the largest and most relevant precedent was the Gallipoli campaign in the Dardanelles during the First World War and That gave very little reason for confidence In order to be sure of success the amphibious attacker must possess overwhelming advantages By its nature it required close cooperation between the services between the army the Navy the Marines between the different arms of the Navy logistics aviation and therefore Amphibious were exposed and exacerbated all of the latent interservice antagonisms and rivalries consider that At the time of Pearl Harbor and throughout this Second World War There was no Defense Department There was a Navy Department and a War Department each headed by a civilian cabinet secretary who reported directly to the president there was No joint chiefs of staff prior to Pearl Harbor That body was convened as an ad hoc committee in order to Have some sort of structure with which to meet the British in the first wartime summit But the JCS throughout the war operated with no statutory authority and had no chairman so Admiral Ernest King the chief of naval operations and General Marshall army chief of staff had to muddle toward consensus And if and when they disagreed there was no mechanism to resolve that dispute Except to go directly to President Roosevelt and ask him to resolve it and of course they didn't want to do that So they were forced to work together forced to Muddle toward consensus, and that's how the big decisions of that war were made They all knew that even as they were fighting this unprecedented global conflict They were looking to the post-war future And they knew that there was an enormous struggle looming in the post-war future that Congress was determined to Unify the services into a single Defense department and that the parochial interests of the different services would be very much at stake And that represented a kind of game within the game that was waged during the Second World War the Marines Had more than any other military organization studied Amphibious war had trained for it had developed a new tactical Doctrines and had developed the landing craft that would be needed to fight this Unprecedented amphibious war in the Pacific Even so the entire enterprise had to be developed very much on the fly And there was quite a bit of learning how to fight by fighting In the Pacific war and I think this revealed the remarkable talent in the ranks of the American military and particularly the very high quality of leadership That we had and I think this institution in the case of the Navy Has something to do with that consider in 1900 when the senior admirals and generals who fought the Second World War had entered the service academies around 1900 1905 Radio was brand new it was just being developed. I think it was first used at sea in naval conflict in the Russo-Japanese war of of 1905 1906 submarines were experimental vessels that Usually posed a greater threat to their own crews than they did to the enemy The Wright brothers got off the ground. I believe in 1903 the entire history of aviation took place during the careers of Admiral King Admiral Nimitz General Marshall and so forth It was a coal powered fleet That had to be changed to an oil powered fleet New engines reciprocating engines were replaced by turbine engines And so I think it's remarkable that virtually all of the senior American military commanders of the Second World War were Forced to develop their understanding of these new technologies in the course of their careers And yet they were there and they were ready to fight this war when it was thrust upon us in December 1941 I also think that it's Interesting and noteworthy that virtually all the major American military commanders of the Second World War Perhaps with the exception of General MacArthur We're almost completely unknown outside the armed forces in 1939 the Navy in the Navy almost none of the admirals Who fought the Second World War had combat experience? Prior to the war and yet the services had Preserved and developed this vital intellectual capital over the course of the peacetime In the Navy all officers headed to higher rank virtually had to come through The Naval War College So they had studied and prepared for this Pacific War and Were to a remarkable degree ready to To fight this terrible conflict The Pacific War of course thought was the largest naval war in history And as I've said the largest and most complex amphibious war in history was a secondary theater Europe first was the fundamental basis of the global allied strategy and yet the Pacific War so often Required more attention because of a constant emergencies early in the war the logic of Europe first I Believe was unassailable But it raised subsidiary questions that were a constant source of conflict Granted that we were going to regard Nazi Germany as the prime enemy and Devote the majority of our shared allied effort to defeating Nazi Germany first could a Counter-offensive against Japan be launched prior to the defeat of Nazi Germany and what exactly were the ratios? The British I think would have liked us to fight with maybe five percent of our total strength in the Pacific Admiral King in the Navy would have liked something more like thirty percent Well, that's an enormous difference, isn't it? And this was a source of a constant struggle pitting the Americans against the British In many cases the army against the Navy the Navy against the Marines The Army Air Forces against the Army and also the Navy the naval aviators against their traditional Naval line officers the surface Navy It pitted MacArthur against everyone who did not share his view that he should immediately receive more troops and ships and airplanes regardless of what was happening elsewhere and this Resulted in a Solomon-like decision to divide the theater between the Army and the Navy The lecture next week. I think Crossman wrote Sailor in the White House, which is a very interesting book FDR was a Navy man at heart He had served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy For almost the entire two terms of the Woodrow Wilson administration Served longer in that job than any other job in his career except the presidency itself He was in addition one of the largest collector of naval historical documents and ships and prints and other such memorabilia as President he had been instrumental in a gathering together the historical documents of the early American Navy and publishing those a Resource which I found to be tremendously useful in writing six frigates MacArthur used a very aggressive public relations strategy And even politics to obtain more troops and ships and planes and to ensure that the road to Tokyo would lead Through the Philippines He became a stocking horse for the Republican presidential nomination in 1944 While then and later denying that he ever knew anything about it and so allocation of Military assets to his theater became a point of attack In that bitterly fought presidential campaign of 1944 that wartime campaign And it embittered the campaign because both FDR and his rivals I think both thought that the other side had politicized the war And FDR could not reply in many cases because of wartime secrecy He used to tell a story which was not true actually it was a joke About the Marines on Guadalcanal. There are two Marines at Henderson field on Guadalcanal One says to the other the original form of the joke is if you want to get a jab I can tell you how to do that.  I'm going to do that. He walked up the hill.   I didn't hear a shot And he said well, I know we're supposed to win this war, but I'll be damned if I'm going to shoot another Republican There are of course Almost a limitless number of FDR biographies. There are a smaller but still very large number of MacArthur biographies They tend to forcefully emphasize the political dimension of decisions that were made but often tend to slight the very real and difficult military strategic Choices that faced the leadership in the Pacific and I think that may simply be To return to the theme. I brought up earlier that we've had this division of military history and political history and What happens when you have to confront? A question for example of how to interpret the Honolulu conference or the Pacific strategy conference This was when FDR visited a Wahoo in July 1944 and summoned MacArthur From Australia to meet with him and Admiral Nimitz and Admiral Leahy To decide a number of important decisions The most significant and immediate a decision was do we invade The Philippine island of Luzon the large northern island of Luzon where Manila was MacArthur argued that We had to do that that it was Militarily the right decision, but also politically the right decision Nimitz argued I think in a pro forma way for an alternative that we ought to land on the island of Formosa present-day Taiwan Almost all of the treatments of this subject that I have read Have failed to do it justice And I think that there has been a tendency of the political biographers To forcefully emphasize the political dimensions of this meeting and the military historians who are more well-versed on The purely military issues that were being decided have in many cases Followed dutifully in the footsteps of the political biographers Because they feel as if this is a field that is beyond their area of authority And so what we have is in many cases evidence-free speculation of a kind of secret handshake between MacArthur and Roosevelt a Proposition for which there is no evidence and which I find to be completely implausible And so I will deal with that subject at greater length in my third volume I don't want to go on forever. So I'll close so we can have questions But I would like to close by quoting Theodore Roosevelt Who is one of my colleagues in the subspecialty of early American naval history and who had An important role to play in the creation of this institution TR published at age 22 While a law student at Columbia His the book the naval war of 1812 which was a major work on that subject Which remains remarkably current even after 130 years And TR as I said took the rather provocative provocative view that the most important quality of the historian was Imagination his word and this quote when I came across it rang true to me in a very powerful way However accurate this historian may be He cannot be in the broadest sense truthful unless he has the power to visualize to himself What he has found in the past unless he has the power not merely to visualize it himself But to put it down in words so that his readers can visualize it also He must paint for us the life of the plain people The ordinary men and women of the time of which he writes the instruments of their labor The weapons of their warfare the wills that they wrote the bargains that they made the songs that they sang when they feasted and made love He must use them all he must never forget that no event stands out entirely isolated He must trace from there its obscurity and humble beginnings each of the movements that in its hour of triumph Have shaken the world Thank you very much for your time and the opportunity to speak here at the naval war college I'd be happy to entertain any questions If there are any yes, sir Well, that's a sensitive issue I was asked that actually at an event Jim Hornfisher asked me that Many of you may know Jim Hornfisher. He's a Terrific historian his last book was Neptune's Inferno about the naval war battles off of Guadalcanal He asked me that while I was standing next to my editor star Lawrence So he put me on the spot. I think fall 2018 is a reasonable target. Yes, sir. Thank you. Yep Yes, sir today, I understand that the military Will all join together on the battle in advance Is this when when did they get this cooperative spirit? That the different services would get together and plant. Well, I think a lot of it Was World War two they were forced to Plan together a lot of the Planning apparatus of the Joint Chiefs was created after the attack on Pearl Harbor There were very limited mechanisms for joint planning prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor And this was one of I think the legitimate criticisms of the peacetime armed forces So I think a lot of it began under the under the tremendous stress of this immediate Emergency after this devastating strike on Pearl Harbor Yes, Congress threatened to Bice by force of law Combined the services into a Department of Defense during the conflict And there were several bills Introduced 1942 and 1943 eventually General Marshall Successfully argued to congressional leaders that this issue should be Postponed until the post war period Because it would create too much chaos in the ongoing management of the war and would also expose These very strong parochial service interests Yes, sir Well It's a very good question MacArthur in the first months of the war really became suddenly very very famous and Was the best known most popular military leader in fact, I think the Gallup polls Had already begun to ask this question. Who which Americans do you admire most and as of 1942 the Three most highly admired Americans according to that poll Were Franklin Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt and Douglas MacArthur And so he had he had an immense immense standing with the American people And I think that alone made it very difficult to to fire him of course Truman eventually did There are others I think who who have argued that perhaps Roosevelt was playing him a shrewd game and that by Allowing this kind of political excitement in 1944 among certain important leaders in the Republican Party to coalesce around this very Unrealistic idea of drafting MacArthur as a as it to become a second McClellan to run against the commander-in-chief in wartime that by doing that he Took some of the wind out of the sails of the Republican candidate who eventually got the nomination Thomas Dewey a governor of New York And so there's that that subplot as well. I think in addition that Roosevelt did respect MacArthur's abilities as a general and felt personal responsibility to Not only keep MacArthur in place to allow him to have his half of the Pacific and to allow him to return to the Philippines Because MacArthur himself. I mean sorry Roosevelt himself had ordered MacArthur to leave his forces in baton and crigador and Go to Australia. So he was personally implicated in that decision Well, I I think a lot of it has to do with the way the news was presented to the American people in that first month of the war And so the the fact that our entire battle line was knocked out at Pearl Harbor Eight battleships knocked out of action was regarded as a disgrace and someone would have to pay for that disgrace Three weeks later when it became clear that our defenses in the Philippines were going to very quickly crumble By that time the mood of the press and I think maybe the American people had shifted and now we were looking for Uplifting stories And so a MacArthur's very significant command failures in the Pacific were never exposed to scrutiny in the same way But I I agree. I don't think that there's a great deal of logic or justice in that disparity But a lot of it I really do believe Had to do with the way these events were being presented to the American people at the time Yeah Following up on that MacArthur were so much different and that he was in the field in the battle His family too surprisingly Yeah You know I get the impression he strongly protested his order to Leave it was really that strong Or did he see his family and himself in that same vein as somebody who should should be out of the conflict and survive to fight again? I think I think the available evidence is that MacArthur expected to stay there and to either die or be captured with his family with his wife and at that time four-year-old son and was committed to stay and was ordered away by Roosevelt and From that time, I think it's it's only human to to want to return to the Philippines and liberate Luzon in particular and so, you know MacArthur's often been criticized for having this very one-dimensional idea that first we get the Philippines back and then we worry about Japan and You know at the time Many Navy leaders, but also George Marshall and others in the army pointed out that it it may be smarter to try to Get a quick checkmate here by going directly to to Japan and if we win the war then the Philippines are liberated in any way The decision to go back to Luzon in my view Was correct not only for political reasons But even for military reasons and the reasons for that and this is complex and I could go on probably at Excessive length about it and I will deal with this in my third volume the principal alternative that had been offered by the Navy the invasion of Formosa and establishing positions on the China coast The more military analysts looked at that option the less they liked it and it became clear by August 1944 that the army didn't have enough troops particularly enough service troops available in order to launch that operation and so Luzon in a sense won by default yes, sir Yeah, I think the Marianas the capture the Marianas in July 1944 did spell The end of any remaining hopes that Japan might have had to try to reverse the tide of conquest that was washing over them the Marianas Islands a Sipan and Guam are within bomber range of Tokyo With our very long range bombers the B-29 which was just coming into service at that point it Was a Sipan was the first island in which there was a large civilian Japanese population and that had immense significance through the leaderships eyes in Tokyo And there was this immense naval battle the battle of the Philippine Sea also remembered as the Marianas Turkey shoot in which Japanese carrier air power was really irreparably destroyed and So for all of those reasons really it was clear even to the Japanese leadership at that point that they had lost the war and the last 13 months of the war Became this this attention between we know we've lost and yet. We're not going to surrender and And the Japanese government fell Hideki Tojo was driven from power immediately after the fall of the Marianas And so I do believe that was the decisive victory of the Pacific War Jim Hornfisher has a book coming out on the Marianas which I would recommend he's a very good author Yeah, it seems to me going back in my My sense of history is that MacArthur criticized Wade Wright for surrendering He wanted him to fight to the death. Is that correct? Yes He did criticize him privately Of course later he Recommended that he'd be decorated but Yeah, MacArthur was a Not a psychologist, but I I think some have have proposed that he may have had a Personality disorder like a narcissistic personality disorder or something like that. Well, you know psych psychological history has a very bad name but MacArthur really was a confabulator Meaning that he would fill in his memory with self-serving versions of what had happened previously and And you know as a historian you see this happen again and again where you know he's got many different versions of something that happened earlier and And they're all in conflict And in every case there's a reason why he's remembering that something happened that way because it puts him into a better light MacArthur is in many ways. I think a very unattractive personality From his soaring reputation during the war I think his star has fallen very dramatically among historians and biographers probably that's been a more dramatic decline than for any other important historical figure of that era and And yet MacArthur was also an immensely talented person. He was I believe absolutely brilliant and he had a sense of stagecraft and showmanship which Was often destructive, but which was very effective immediately after the Japanese surrender When he served essentially as a kind of Latter-day Shogun over the Japanese and so I think that combination of qualities worked well for the Occupation of Japan after the Second World War Yes Discover any documents in your research that changed the way you thought about Anything I mean inevitably you probably have some preconceived notions about a certain topic or subject Curious to know whether or not any of your research Well I You know I've turned up a lot of very interesting stuff in archives in many cases. It's it's simply kind of sharpening a point Particularly because many of these issues have been studied now for several generations of historians But just to give you an example General Robert C. Richardson was the commander of army forces in the Pacific Ocean area so in Nimitz's theater he was the army's top general and His personal diaries have been kept private until Just six months ago when his grandson made them available to researchers and those diaries Depict a real struggle between the army and Navy in the Nimitz headquarters That I think cast things in a slightly different light Nimitz was a great leader One of the most respected leaders of that war possibly the most respected Naval warrior in the history of the US Navy even Richardson's a portrait of him cuts against that a bit and Depicts an admiral who was had spent his entire adult life in the Navy and was Very committed to the Navy's parochial interests, of course Richardson is not a unbiased observer and yet these diaries Going on at great length with great specificity. I think give us a Slightly more nuanced picture of what was happening in Pacific Fleet headquarters during the war Yeah Yeah You're right. It really was two different campaigns the submarines really fought their own war in the Pacific and Because of the inherent secrecy of undersea operations this slow, but then Very dramatic garroting of Japanese Sea communications so vital to their economy particularly oil Japanese have negligible domestic oil production therefore Their entire economy their entire war effort Relyed upon this tenuous link of running tankers between their captured Dutch East Indies oil fields in Borneo and Sumatra and the home islands and a Aggressive fleet of submarines operating in the western Pacific sinking those tankers Would essentially kick the the foundations out of the entire Japanese imperialist project That is in fact what happened But as you say The sequential campaigns that the counter offensive across the Pacific One operation after another one island after another one battle after another Took place in parallel with what was a cumulative ship by ship destruction of those Japanese supply lines and so It was really two different campaigns that intersected only occasionally and This I don't think was fully appreciated at least outside the highest command levels of the Navy until after the war and the submariners Having Some something like 60% I believe was the figure of the total tonnage in the Japanese merchant Marine While suffering very high casualties relative to the small number of personnel that served in submarines Demanded after the war recognition of that extraordinary accomplishment and I believe that they have received it rightfully Yeah, I would say I would say that the answer to that is yes He did rise above the parochial Interest of the army. It was a process But I can point to several specific instances in which he favored a course of action that seemed to Benefit the the Navy's way of thinking about how to fight the war We had discussed this question of Luzon versus Formosa Well Marshall was Really coming down hard on MacArthur at that point and saying Liberating the Philippines is not the ultimate objective here defeating Japan is the ultimate objective the liberation of the Philippines follows from that and and had a really Taken on MacArthur directly So I think they're I think he was in in many ways the single most indispensable military leader Of the Second World War. I also think that in the literature a Journalists and historians and biographers are similar in this sense We like conflict and we tended to emphasize conflict The struggle between Marshall and King is very much at the heart of global policymaking during the Second World War They didn't particularly like each other and yet they were partners as well and they had constant recurring conflicts over many issues and yet in almost every case they managed to work those issues out through Negotiations rather than having to appeal To Roosevelt to solve them and so I think it's it's best to think of the King Marshall partnership as being at the heart of the American war effort Academic history and sort of a one-way relationship I'm happy to report here in our strategy policy course We can use quite a bit of popular history including Eric Larvey's Book about heroes of tennis a chapter on them as a chapter on MacArthur as a way of looking at the bigger causes social Institutional behind the war not just the person himself. So it's a use of biography differently If you were to make a case for popular history to a group of academic historians Well, first of all, I would I would just at the risk of repeating myself say I don't think that the narrative form of history should replace the more academic Develop a thesis Marshall evidence then restate the thesis in light of the evidence I don't think that those two that one has to replace the other. I believe that there is value in both approaches I think the narrative and storytelling approach the great power that it has is That it can bring you closer to the perspectives of those who were making decisions at the time and The point is obvious and yet it it is worth repeating that At the time that these events took place. No one could see into the future as a historian you have to then Play a sort of trick on your own mind where you forget whatever you know so confronting these Critical decisions in the Pacific in July 1944. Well, I have no idea what's going to happen in the future There are many who believe that Japan would continue to fight through 1947 Except for a very small circle of American leaders No one knew about the Manhattan Project. No one knew that there was such a weapon a possibility of such a weapon and so You're viewing all of these The narrative approach I think has the potential at its best To bring you closer into the way that these Individuals were thinking about the the world that they confronted at that time Right playing a trick on yourself as the writer but then inviting the reader into that kind of process of Let's forget that we know how this ends and let's try to put ourselves into that room When we don't have that that knowledge that that comes with the perspective of posterity Yeah The I Just looked at these statistics from the genetic Carrier air got more of the Japanese fleet, but not by an enormous margin So the submarines got almost as much of the Japanese naval tonnage as did carrier air Yeah by 1944 there was just so much You know war materiel arriving on the frontiers of all of these All of in all of these theaters that There really wasn't Any significant constraint on being able to launch the invasion of France in the same month as the Mariana's campaign which I think is really the most extraordinary testament really to the Potent industrial potential of this economy Yeah Used up the hour Thank you very much for being here if you have other questions you have books to sign Told me here for a little bit Thank you very much


Well, welcome to What's Next, a seminar series presented by IBM Research in which we spend time with our researchers learning about the exciting work that they're doing. I'm Shaheen Parks, an innovation strategist here at IBM Research. Today, rather than a technical talk, we pull together a group of women for a candid conversation about their professional experiences. Our hope is to use this conversation to address some of the reasons that we recognize today as International Women's Day and to further the discussion around what role gender has played in all of our careers. We have an amazing group of women here representing a wide variety of fields and roles across IBM Research. Rather than trying to list the many honors and distinctions of my panelists, I'll turn it over to them to introduce themselves. I'll start with Priya, who's sitting next to me here in the studio. Hi, Shaheen. It's great to be here. My name is Priya Nakurkar, and I'm currently the Director of Cloud Platform Research at IBM. And I started here 13 years ago right out of fresh out of grad school with my PhD. So as an individual contributor, so this has been my entire professional experience right at IBM Research. Great. Sarah, could you tell us about yourself? Yeah, hi. I'm Sarah Berger. I am a research staff member at IBM and I am a cognitive neuroscientist by training. I, like Priya, have also transitioned directly from grad school into IBM. So I've been here about five years and my work has really been first and foremost about translational and clinical neuroscience and pain. But I've also recently transitioned into the field of, like, responsible technology and technology. Great. Olivia, you're up. Hi, everybody. My name is Olivia Lanez. Thanks for having me. I'm from IBM Quantum. I graduated in 2020 with my PhD in quantum physics here at the IBM team. I work half on the research side doing experimental work in the quantum labs. And then half of my time is spent managing the Kiskit community and education efforts in North America. Fantastic. And Sasha? Hey, everyone. Sasha Kamuisilovich. I'm an IBM fellow and I lead our trustworthy AI organization. So I'm a machine learner, data scientist, data junkie, that kind of stuff. I like to build models. I joined IBM 23 years ago before that I was with Bell Labs. Wonderful. Well, thank you all of you. We're so excited to have you here today. To kick it off, I have a question for Olivia. Olivia, how would you say that your professional life as a woman in the workplace is different than how you might have imagined it before you started? Yeah. So when I think about this question, I think, you know, it was just basically my entire assessment of what my career would look like as a research scientist was wrong, basically. So I think first and foremost, I do a lot of work like this that I didn't anticipate doing before. I do a lot of mentorship, a lot of engagement, education efforts with students. I especially like to focus my efforts on diversity and different initiatives that encourage women in STEM. And I think that this is something that I didn't see myself doing or I didn't anticipate being part of my career when I was first getting into it. And I think that this is very different than something that a male counterpart, a male colleague might do because it is very time consuming. I don't want to complain, but it's a duty and it's a responsibility and I view it as a very important responsibility of my job. But I just think it's something that, you know, a male colleague in my similar position wouldn't be doing. Yeah, absolutely. You know, that makes a lot of sense. I think we've all been in this position and it does take time and effort. I can relate to that as well. And maybe luckily for me growing up, I was a little bit of almost blind to the power of, you know, realizing that you are a minority and really, you know, being kind of sharing what that means. And the challenges you face with others has a real impact. So I say I was lucky growing up because I didn't notice that, oh, I'm one of few and so on for, you know, maybe I should thank my family for that. But I definitely see the power of what, you know, we are doing here today. And while it takes energy, it has real impact. I think be it explicit or even subconsciously, just absorbing the fact that, you know, there is diversity. People are doing these different things and it makes it all the more welcoming for others. Absolutely. I think representation really matters. And I think it's also important to kind of share our experiences, not just see the people who look like us, but speak about things that we've experienced that others may not know. So for me, for example, a big shock was like, you know, I was a grad student and the researcher and I worked really hard. But one of the things that really changed for me is like being a mother. And when my daughter was born, I kind of realized that it's not a burden, but in a way, things that happen to women and the kinds of workloads and pressures that we see. I don't see that they are equal, but we don't often talk about it. So I became more vocal about talking to my colleagues about things that I find hard or difficult or things that bother me like, you know, missing my daughter quite a bit. I don't see my husband doing that. So I like to talk about it because people don't know and maybe don't assume and they might be going through the same things or whatever we feel inside. It's good to share. I couldn't agree more, Sashka. I know personally I felt a lot of pressure in terms of thinking about when to share personal details around pregnancy or the challenges having infants at home. And it was hard, but I do think that the more people are open about those things, the more comfortable it is for all of us to be open about them. So let's think about a slightly different topic. I'm going to direct this one to Sarah. Sarah, I wanted to ask you a little bit about mentorship. What role would you say having allies or mentors has played in your career? It's basically been just about everything. So I mean, I've been really lucky and privileged to have really good mentors and allies, I think, throughout my career. If I had to pick two, I would say the first one was actually right in undergrad. My first professor and first, I guess, mentor, he essentially changed everything about his NIH grant funding. And I really wanted a summer position and he completely redid his funding so that I would have the opportunity to dig deep and actually jump in to research for the first time. So I got this experience to do bench neuroscience research like when I was 19, which was fundamental. And he did more than just that, too. He actually gave me leadership opportunities. So rather than just being like this lab member, he wanted me to learn how to train other people. He wanted me to learn how to advocate for equipment that we needed and such. So, you know, it's about like giving people a chance, but also giving them like an opportunity to grow. And I would say as well, like at IBM, I've again been really lucky. But for this, it's been a lot of people that I've had as mentors or allies have been at IBM for a lot longer. And so they've been able to help me navigate whether it's the politics, whether it's the environment in general, different hierarchies and have also given me opportunities. So one person basically said, hey, I want you to give this talk for me at all hands research event. So across IBM. And I, you know, that gave me so much visibility that I wouldn't have had otherwise. And it also because it was on a topic that I was really interested in, but I hadn't been able to really get my foot in the door yet. It's neuroethics. It actually allowed me to start pivoting my career. So I think like what a lot of people don't realize is when you do these like mentorship or ally or ally like things, right? Whether that's sticking up for people, talking to them, giving them opportunities, they might seem like these like small apps or like these one off things, but they really have the potential to change a person's career. And for me, that has been 100% true. Sarah, that makes a lot of sense. And it sounds like having had these opportunities has really helped you further your career. I'm wondering, do you think that if you hadn't had these opportunities come your way and people supporting you to take these risks, your career might have taken a different path? Yes, 100%. I think like, I think a lot of times it's not just about getting like the opportunity, but what you just said is also about the support. So it's not enough to get in the door, be at the table. But like having someone acknowledge you, having someone say, hey, what do you think? Hey, I want you to leave this project. Hey, I support you.  Like I think like that gives confidence. But then it also for me, like it makes me compelled to be a really good mentor for somebody else and like feed it forward. So I think like, it's not just also about how it's changed my career, but how it impacts other people's careers through like what I'm trying to also emulate. If that makes sense. So Sarah, it sounds like you're saying that both having an individual or individuals who supported you and helped you grow was important. But as well, you were really surrounded by a cultural situation where there were lots of people who were supportive and looking out to give you a leg up or have your back when you needed it. Yeah. And it seems like that sort of organizational culture tends to feed itself, that when you see people helping each other, you in turn help other people as well.  Exactly. Yep. Yeah, absolutely. I can relate very well to that. I think for me, one of the most critical turning points in my career was when I first became a manager and I was not only transitioning to becoming a manager, but changing areas completely. So I had lots of anxieties.  So that support factor was critical for me to take that leap of faith. And you know, I knew that my new manager was doing the same, taking a leap of faith and knew that I would step up and his words at the time still are stuck in my mind. They're etched in my brain. And what he said was, well, you're making a big transition and, you know, you can make all the mistakes you want in the first year and I'll be here to support you. And so he also recommended that I read this book called Flying Without a Met and, you know, really take the risk, perform to my fullest potential and not worry about all the possibilities of failure. And I think it was such a tremendous boost to my career that I remember it to this day and try to return. As you said, you know, I established that culture of people who are taking these risks, you know, how can all of us support them? That's so great. And you know, for me, it's actually interesting for me that the mentors who had the most impact on me and my career were the ones who actually put me on a spot. Who would do something that otherwise I would be uncomfortable or afraid to do. And they kind of believed in me when I didn't. And I think that's how I really progressed, come to think about it, all the really risk things that I did or both things that I did were because someone actually told me, yeah, you can do it. So, Sascha, I have somewhat personal question for you. What would you say is the most difficult lesson you've had to learn in your professional life? Yeah, so the one thing that I always believed in, like, you know, being a student and going to grad school, I kind of always felt like, gee, if you work hard, then if you give your best, people will know and people will notice. And then when I did research, like I spent a couple of years doing things, getting a whole bunch of, you know, awards, good stuff. And I realized there are a lot of people around me who are like the same tenure or whatever they were getting promotions and I actually spent like a really a lot of painful time thinking, what did I do wrong? Like, why did I make a mistake? So eventually it was like a real agony, right? So I went to my manager and I said, look, you know, I have to ask you this, why is my work not so good? What are the kinds of mistakes that I'm making because I see people being promoted? And he said, well, but you never asked for it. And it was like a whole new world opened up. And today I'm still not comfortable asking for things, but I realized that if we don't do that, if we don't make room for ourselves, if we don't make ourselves known and visible, others won't. So, yeah, I think hard work matters, but taking care of ourselves and asking for things is an important skill to have. Yeah, for me, I definitely would like to echo that, you know, 100%. I think we talked about how important it is to have good mentors already, but the best advocate is always going to be yourself. So no matter how good you have of a mentor or somebody looking out for you, you have to learn how to advocate for yourself. And I think that's really skill development. I don't think people are necessarily, you know, born with that skill or not. It's something that you just have to pick up and it varies depending on the environment that you're in. So it's something that you can, I think, change. And you're always going to have to figure out, like, how do I ask this person to get what I want? I would also agree with this. I think related is sometimes we also, we wait, we create kind of excuses for ourselves. We say, oh, you know, I'll do that tomorrow or I'll just wait a little bit longer. And I think as part of self-advocacy, one of my hardest lessons was realizing that my someday was like right now. And like, you know, sometimes other people can't change things for me only I can. So like, what does that look like? And I need to start pushing, you know, for myself or the changes that I want to see in my career or the environment around me. You know, I think it makes a lot of sense thinking about how we need to advocate for ourselves and raise our hands and get involved. But I want to bring us back to actually a point Priya made a little bit earlier where she was stretching and taking a risk. And she mentioned she had a bit of imposter syndrome. And I know that I immediately thought, yep, been there. And I guess I was just wondering if that's something that we're all sharing that there have been times where you have stretched and maybe you felt like, am I really the right person for this? Or is this, do I have the qualifications or the knowledge to do this? Well, I can start quickly by saying, you know, that was my first transition, right? But it's not that it's gone away. So it continues. But I realized that it has a lot to do with growth mindset because we are constantly doing things we haven't done before. And to Saskar's point, right, we have people who want us to know we are capable, but we have to stretch if it were all known and, you know, so on. Of course, that would be a very, very different thing. So I think bringing, recognizing that, OK, you will feel that way. But then also thinking about, well, embracing the growth mindset, I am going to learn what it takes. And, you know, I think sometimes it's also then turning it into, OK, what do I feel most unpopular about? And is it something I can address with learning more about something or, you know, talking to somebody who knows more and so on. But I just wanted to say it continues, you know, even after successfully navigating that particular situation, you are faced with the next one and you again wonder the same things. I was just going to say that something that I have noticed throughout my career is that the people that I respect the most are the people who ask questions and, you know, aren't afraid to ask a dumb question or ask about something that maybe people expect they already know. Those are the people that learn the most. That's around themselves with the best people. And those are the people that I respect the most and that I want to become.  Ask them early because, you know, everyone has them. And that's how you learn. And I think also being being brave enough to say, I don't know this. I don't know answer to these questions or this is not my forte or I don't have a good skill in this, but I may know a person who does. I think it's it's the worst when you prepare or when you when you pretend that that, you know, and and it's just. Yes, yeah, I absolutely agree. It's also interesting because sometimes when I have imposter syndrome, it's not because I feel like I don't belong, but because everybody around me is just so good, right? And like, sometimes I've had to like learn how to like reframe that. So rather than it making me feel like I don't belong or that there's something not up to par with me, it's kind of like, how awesome is this that I get to learn from and be around it by all these people that have great ideas that are successful, that will help me grow. So that's how like I've been trying to combat it because I actually have it quite often. So it sounds like we've all sort of arrived at the same place of maybe getting a little bit more comfortable with discomfort and and learning to use that. Which which I like, I like hearing that. So, Bre, I have a question now for you and it's a bit of a fun one. How do you think we can encourage more women to go into STEM fields? Yeah, that's a great one. And of course, there are many facets to that. But one that's really close to my heart and that's because I have two daughters myself or an elementary school now is I really think we have to act early and catch it early. I think elementary school, middle school, because of course, at the workplace at IBM, we are doing a lot, right? We would make sure when we hire our hiring pool is diverse and so on. But I really believe that the pipeline breaks much earlier on. And what can we do to fix that? And again, I think at IBM, I got introduced to things like National Engineers Week, where we used to do school outreach here with local schools. So we go to the local schools and we talk about the work we do here and make it interesting, do some science experiments with them. And I know that I mean, it was great to see how it impacted the girls in the classroom, you know, other students. So catching that early. Another great program we have here is family science and Saturdays. You know, we again do fun experiments with the kids. And this gives up an opportunity not only for our kids here, but also local schools to participate. And I think that one is really, as I said, close to my heart and catching it early. And I think the second thing I'll say is we talk a lot about, you know, what can we do to to attract more women to STEM? I think equally important is what can we do to keep them there? Because I have enough friends myself who went to undergrad with me but are no longer in this profession for various reasons. So I think those two things come to my mind. Both of those really ring true for me, absolutely. I actually, so I have a daughter and a son and I notice already, you know, just the little signals they get from people all in all aspects of our life about math and science and how it's different for the two of them. So I think, yeah, exposing and encouraging early is so important. And you know, also, I think breaking the stereotypes. My daughter is 15. So I remember when she was like, I guess, first grade or something. And I went to buy her Lego set. Legos for boys and Legos for girls. And the Legos for girls were all very flowery and pink. And the girls were cooking and doing things. And the boys were building rockets. And I remember I got really creeped about. And that's how it starts. It's how it starts. I had the same thing. And I actually took out my own Legos for my own childhood, which at which time the Legos were much less gendered.  And I pushed them on my kids so that, you know, we wouldn't have to make these distinctions. Yeah, I think it's it really is pervasive. I think one thing that I do whenever I talk to younger students is I address the stereotype head on and I say, you know, you might have had this experience with Legos.  And I want you to know that that's wrong.  That's great. I think absolutely, you know, it's important to recognize that it's happening, not sort of sweeping under the rug. That can sort of pull out this conscious detrimental effects that those conversations have on children. And once they are brought to the forefront, they can be systematically ignored or fixed. I think there's also like a stereotype for what science as an industry looks like and needs. Like so when you say like encourage women to go into STEM, like I ask, what does that mean? Because, you know, science is super interdisciplinary and we need people that are trained in more than just traditional, like technical sciences, right?  How do we get people who might be really interested in science but coming at it from maybe like a policy lens or something like this? Like how do we get those conversations and more of those people into STEM environments, right? So welcoming more than just the new people with the technical expertise to be part of this. Yeah, broadening the definitions that we're using. Well, listen, it has been fantastic spending this time with all of you. I want to say thank you so much for having this conversation and sharing with our audience. And thanks for our audience as well for joining us today. We'd love to hear from you. Join in our conversation. How can we break the bias and encourage more women to go into STEM? You can drop your thoughts right into the chat. Thanks for joining. See you next time.


Alright, I'm gonna just record this video to give general directions for low fat shopping in the event That somebody is shopping for me, or I don't know What are the low fat items that you can find in shoe for sale So let's see All right, we in the supermarket section in the supermarket section. Okay, so basically I'm just gonna start work my way around this virtual supermarket here Greens are our greens and produce are golden. These are great. So these are what I stock up on because I'm eating a lot of salads currently Probably will be for the foreseeable future The only things that are notably not low fat and because I'm saying this because they're listed here is Avocados are really high in fat And almost without exception seeds are high in fat except for like one or two very obscure seeds that you will not find on supermarket shelves They're by and large high fat items. So let's just say if you look at these avocados Data recording this on they have the nutritional info. So not on all products And for instance this fresh product, they don't have it so if it just Know that avocados are high fat most of them We'll have it listed though So that's the first thing is you know my my kind of go-to's in the produce section are because these are great for salads cucumbers tomatoes Pepp bell peppers lemons are great because they add flavor to salads without contributing fat So yeah, these are kind of my the things I I have Now let's look at the dairy section. So dairy is a tricky old one because Certain dairy I have not found yet cheese.  So three and 1.5 over the two magic numbers So looking at like for instance Guvinoat So these guvinoats are who beam This is not a category. I've had much success with and finding stuff That's actually a fat so you can see here that it's 28 percent 29 percent So these are easy because they just list the fat content right up from but let's just take one where that's not the case So like this cheese here So the the hint that it's not low fat is that it's got the the mandate government mandated label Schumann rewee But I'm at the water and it's also he says here 21% fat so cheese is like the exception that the fat exact fat content is like Listed front and center on the label not the case obviously for most products. So These cheeses I've not yet found the closest I've found I have found one actually kind of like imitation Hard cheese that was 10% No, it was 5% but it was I really hated it. It was really not good the cheese That I'm enjoying currently I'm having a cheese renaissance is Is white cheese, so I'm just gonna see where it is here So you can see that there's a 5% bulgarite so 5% is very easy to find I have found But that's not low fat because the limits three so I've not found three or lower in in like feta or bulgarite Etc. Unfortunately 16 if you can see how you can see how widely the far percentage of cheese varies so we have here 5% Here 16% we just had like 30% in the hard cheeses Even a bulgarite, which you might think of as a healthier cheese It does go up to 24% which is way way beyond the 3% limit So there are both plenty of 5% options and plenty of options that are far out of that limit So yeah, I have to kind of buy with this in mind. So I've been buying 5% cheeses basically From this a few things. So labneh is also something I found that there are a decent amount of 5% products and even though as I said that is itself not ideal and And what else have I found so yeah, mostly feta labneh and yogurt so yogurt Is and milk you there's all we can also find there is not skim milk, but there is low milk here So we can find Madhav Gavinot and we have Gavinot Me as Nia Butter I've not I've not found in Israel so far a butter substitute Like a low low low low type product. Ah, here we go labneh 5% so I don't even need to search for it So yeah, this is the shoe facade product. They do a 5% lab now There's a few 5% labne is on this on the shelf and those are also great because they're a spread You can have for breakfast and for you know, because hummus is unfortunately out So it's good to have stuff like this to replace it with so if you go to Motserai halav. Let's just stay in the dairy section for just one more a few more seconds Within milk. So there's the 1% milk is the lowest. I believe that exists in Israel So this what I mean buying 1% is is fine. It technically is low fat as I said, it's at 1.5 in 1.5 per 100 grams. You can see Akim to zone Taim 100 grams so the this is 1% milk. So that's actually considered fine You will find skim milk at 0.6 in some other countries, but not here. So So that's the product I go for you could you could also see there was 1.5 there. So I'd go for the 1% Let's just see what else we can find here If we can find where is yogurt yogurt yogurt must be listed somewhere here, and I'm just not seeing it Here we go right in front of me Yogurt free slash diet so yogurts an abundant category of low fat in fact This is the best part of the dairy section is the yogurt section There's more fat free in 0% yogurts, and there are cheeses of any variety So there's really a lot of options here.  So I'm like avoiding stuff like this These kind of you know artificially sweetened yogurt. I'm looking I'm opting for like Greek yogurt. So if there's a you'll find here yogurt It's a way chocolate. Nope. I'm looking for just Greek yogurt yogurt. Do you have a knee? I'm sure it's here. You'll find, you know 0% or 0.9. So remember it's 3% for Yogurt in lemon. It's 3% for solids and 1.5 for liquids So yogurt's a good one a good one to go for In terms of salad team. No, that's I guess we'll just do it continuous this sequence. So in terms of fish and in terms of meat So basically the best one is turkey and sliced turkey breast is The best deli meat and that's fortunately easy to find. So you'll find lots of options there In terms of like fresh fish, so Basically haddock cod Place those white fishes are very low in fat And SMS sardine, mackerel and salmon those are fattier fish So the low fat diet as I've been told to do it and as I think it is for all people It doesn't mean is animal fats, vegetarian fats, healthy fats supposedly healthy fats. It's just fats full stop So Even though like those salmon are like high in omega-3s. They're not Things I'm eating basically So let's see what else we have here on offer There's a lot of false friends in the worlds of in the worlds of of Low fat eating stuff you think is healthy or it says it's reduced in fat But it's not actually low fat so mayonnaise is a great example because you'll have stuff that says light mayonnaise And you look at the nutritional label and that's which is why that's vital and it's like 35 percent So if you take this category what you mentioned here was Tachlife basar, kafua, which is frozen meat Meat substitutes, so you know stuff like schnitzels made from plants that kind of thing. Let's just take this one schnitzel tiras You might think oh that sounds like really healthy corn schnitzels And my question is there actually much protein in this thing 6.7% protein is not very high and 6.7 fat Sorry per 100 we are actually for fat at 6 so it's 6% fat. So it's double the limit. So again It's not necessarily that You know everything vegan or vegetarian or supposedly healthy is actually low fat Anything that can add flavor without adding fat is good. So stuff like spices are great lemon is great Unfortunately olives are clearly out because they're very high in fat Pasta is great and then grains and legumes so stuff like chickpeas and lentils and you know Wheat and stuff like that is all it's all good stuff And I think that's mostly what I buy at the supermarket. So oh in terms of the breakfast I'll so the best ones are like bran flakes muesli and granola and granola. I would also put the category of Health foods that are not low fat because they're the nuts really add up the fat content So stuff like bran flakes is what I'm going for for breakfast or bran flakes and skim milk and Yeah, I think this is really I mean There's so many of the like subsections here to go into but those would be like the main things at the moment Oh and of course Spray oil would be essential as well at the moment


We are on kick We are live so you can come join us if you want if not that's cool Just leave a like comment subscribe turn on your post notification bells, man Let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK And since we're on kick We will be able to watch Premier League highlights, maybe even some games. It's really up now If you want to follow me on kick, please do so 40 followers away from being a Part of the affiliation program. So I'd appreciate that man Even if you plan on never going on kick and watching just log in Sign up. It's free and Follow me the link to it is down in the description and that it's called the link tree Click it kick should come right up on there and click it, you know This is the live if you miss any of the lives This is patreon and this is the discord We should be on kick today for five hours low-key. We've been on for two hours so far So Yeah, we was on four and a half hours yesterday Five hours should be like right Anyway, Premier League in a nutshell. I got to start getting ready. You feel hold on. Wait a minute. Hold on It's my nose All right, I'm ready I'm gonna edit that out. So y'all just gonna see me like say hold on disappear. Then come back with a Jersey on Premier League in a nutshell. This is by Kyler's Let's get into it. Premier League five. We're back man. Here we go Y'all got to remember I was a D1 athlete I was I was exceptional at any sport You know, I'm saying I could do this. We all win in the league I like it I am flabbergasted. I had to make sure that was everything was going smooth when they put Liverpool FC up there Fuck a chill chill chill Let's say to one behind me Liverpool lost to whoo one week later I Remember that day Finish him Erling Harland will not live up to the expectation people are saying that he's gonna win the Golden Boot that is outrageous It's turn up in a new league and win the Golden Boot that would be a ridiculous achievement and he isn't gonna do it There's always that one that one doubter You know you gotta prove them wrong. Let me get love Show the show better. He says show up in a new league And get this award like he left his like he left his greatness in the old league or something He's apparently still a great player Talent talent is talent no matter what league you in. I mean as long as the leagues are the top If he scores 15 it would be a really good season for me.   I gotta show the highlights against Liverpool. Like is there nothing else?   I wonder how long it took him to make this we're getting to see a trend here. I See one positive Liverpool, you know, I'm saying I see one positive Liverpool highlight The rest we can score it on we scored on ourselves You know I'm saying we hit go poke like come on chill chill Get off our body Get off our body kindlers to think that I'd be one of the most elite gold tenders to ever play the sport of football literally I Feel like I have great, you know flexibility pause. I have great lateral quickness You know I'm saying I'm also 6-2. I'm right on my feet big hands, you know I'm saying very athletic When I was in shape, I had 38 inch vertical at 6 foot 2 So come on now.   It's over. It's true. No, are you sure about that? I joke we choked in this one I'm gonna stand by this statement that I make every time Football has the hand hands down. There's nothing else comparable best jerseys They hand down. There's no jersey. That's better than a football jayce foot ball Why Sam United don't forget his slope my friend's dad played for them job from last night We're lying gonna say I almost don't care unless I see Liverpool no disrespect. This is ridiculous So you believe also can still go on in the league, of course. We could still go win the league of course you sure about that The duck way the way it's about to go It's starting to get serious What I feel like if I like the city I'm gonna have to like the team But you know, I can't I can't be switching sides in something football You know I'm saying I see leads on here Later down to the last minute details. This is part of the reason why I came to kick It's time for me to learn at this at the as a grown man learn the sport Becoming golf in it.


Welcome to Toffy TV, it's the event news daily. Carlo Anciolotti has delivered his pre-match press conference for the Sunday's trip to Wolverhanson Wanderers. Anciolotti confirmed that Andre Gomez and the Mason Holgate may be fit for Sunday's expect and a boat to train on Saturday. Gomez, who only lasted just over the half hour mark in last night's one Wanderer with Southampton, had a slight knock on his ankle. Holgate missed the game but should be fit for Sunday. The manager also confirmed Fabian Delph still out training with a physio on his own at the moment but did say that he expected them to play some part before the end of the season. Obviously fortnight time before the season finishes so Delph hopefully getting himself fit in time to take part in one of those games. Alex O'Woby is fit or should be fit for Sunday as well. The manager did hint that he might make some changes so he said he needs to put the players out in the best physical condition and hinted that some flesh changes. So obviously Theo Walcott was back in the squad last night although he didn't get on. He's been training this week. There is options for the manager to change it on Sunday. Anciolotti did say we have to improve our away form and our character who was disappointed with the first half display in particular last night. Everton just couldn't really get going again last night after Monday's disappointing display at Spares. He also said that the team just aren't 100% physical fitness for whatever reason. Maybe the games are coming too fast for them with only having a couple of weeks training before they started again after lockdown. Two knows it is a little bit like pre-season at the moment but four games to go and it's about getting as many points as possible now between now and the end of the season. Format Premier League referee Mark Halsy has said that two decisions went against Everton last night in the one-month row. Halsy said that Bednarechdy Southampton defender should have been issued with a red card for his challenge on Rechialis. He said that Rechialison could still reach the ball despite the directs and the ball changing and once Bednarech files him, brings him down, that is the denial of a goalscoring opportunity. So he should have been issued with a red and Halsy also said the penalty given by Lee Mason for Southampton was the wrong decision as well. He said the referee simply has to go to the monitor and check it, it isn't a penalty, he's fallen before there's any contact and he blamed Mike Riley on the referees association for the way they've used VAR. He said VAR is very simple and easy to use, shouldn't be making mistakes that it is and he's blamed Mike Riley which I'm fully behind, fully behind. So there you go, Halsy was speaking to Team Talk Radio this morning. Nathaniel Mark Hello has been linked with a low move to FC 20 Dutch news outlets reporting that Marcel Brand is hopeful of tying that deal up this week. 21 him signed and in training before the 27th of July so obviously that's just the fortnight away. Mark Hello signed a new two year deal 11 a couple of weeks ago. So it'll be a good move for him going back to his home country and getting games in a first team. He's obviously trained with the first team and evidently he hasn't been on the bench or used. So it'll be good for him to go and see whether he can perform at that level I guess. And then evidently he'd obviously make a decision on him next summer depending on how he's done at 20. And evidently today again linked with James Rodriguez he's been left out of Real Madrid squad to face Alaves tonight. Mark had the Spanish news outlet reporting that Rodriguez could move to Everton this summer for £18m. Obviously Carlo Mantialotti was asked about him earlier this week and said he really admires the player but he plays for Madrid and said it isn't the right time to talk about him. But Mark again linking him with a move to Gullison. That is it, make sure you subscribe, give the video a thumbs up and if you want more videos join us on Patreon. See you later.


What's going on and welcome to the FanDuel. Hurry up, my name is Tom Vecchio. I am here to bring you three value plays for week two of the NFL season. Starting off with Jamar Chase. Yes, he can catch the ball. And this week, he's coming in at $5,500 speaking of catching the ball. Last week, he had seven targets. He had an average depth of target, which is eight dots. And he had 16.3, obviously, getting down the field, the connection with Joe Burrow from LSU, which is great to see. This week, he has an awesome matchup going up against the Bears who last week allowed 49.3 FanDuel points to opposing wide receivers. So Jamar Chase at $5,500 in a good matchup against the Bears. Another player I will be turning to this week. Moving on, Noah Faint at $5.7K this week, the tight end for the Denver Broncos. Last week, he led the Broncos with eight targets, which is good to see for a tight end, specifically one that is under $6,000. Now, of course, we know he's not going to be getting down the field too much. He has an average depth of target, sitting at 6.88, but that lines up with quarterback for the Broncos, Teddy Bridgewater, who only had an 8.68 dots. This is, of course, something that Teddy Bridgewater has been known throughout his career, not really pushing the ball down the field too much. And Faint can excel in that medium range, racking up plenty of targets, going up against the Jaguars. We are not worried about their defense. We see the Broncos coming in with a solid 25.5 implied in team total. So if you don't want to spend all the way up at tight end, of course, there are great options on this slate. Spend down a little bit. No offense, at 5.7K in a great matchup going up against the Jaguars. And then finally, what could be one of the best value plays on the entire slate? My favorite wide receiver value play on the entire slate is Mike Williams at $5,600 for the Los Angeles Chargers. Of course, this game environment against Dallas should be very, very popular. It has a massive 55.5 over under. We see both teams playing fast. Last week, we saw Dallas allow 44.1 Fandal points to opposing wide receivers. We have a massive 29 implied in team total for the Chargers. 12 targets for Mike Williams last week. He went for 8, 82, and 1. That is something we could certainly see from him in this fantastic game environment going up against the Cowboys. All right, so that does it for this week's Fandal. Hurry up, I'll be back next week giving you more value plays and of course, helping you get those players in your lineups.