Okay, we are recording, we are live. Welcome to everybody who is joining at the moment. As you're getting yourselves ready while we wait for other folks to join. If you haven't, if you want to, please start getting your WordPress environment ready if you'd like to. We're gonna go through the process of installing the plugins that we're going to use today as well. So you don't have to do it now, but if you'd like to, you can go ahead. We're using create block theme today and SQL buddy. You don't have to use SQL buddy if you have a different way of accessing your database locally. It's just a handy plugin internally to WordPress. So I'm gonna use that today. And while folks are joining, I'll introduce myself. My name is Jonathan. I am from Cape Town in South Africa. I used to write code for a living. Now I hopefully teach others how to write code for a living. And I'm a sponsored contributor to Automatic. We work with the training team. So we create these online workshops. We create tutorials. We create courses on learn.wordpress.org. If you'd like to follow me on Twitter, my Twitter details are at the bottom there. And I'm just going to turn the noise on my phone off so it doesn't bother us. And while you're joining the chat, please do let us know where you're joining us from. It's always interesting to see where folks are from around the world. I know Catherine is from Canada and there are some familiar places coming in. So some of you I really know where you're from. But do let us know where you're joining us from. Live from New York City. This is Saturday night. As a South African, I've only ever seen that on YouTube. Abby Katz and I are joining from Anaheim, California.  Well done. I don't know how you can start in the early morning without coffee. I will gladly admit to my coffee addiction. Eagle is in Santa Cruz. Jill is in Arvada, Colorado. Felicia is in New York. Andy is in Portsmouth. Eagle says definitely drinking coffee, yes, 100%. One of my favorite made up stats is that drinking coffee, something like drinking coffee has a 70% chance of like not getting other people or something along those lines. I can't remember the exact words. Jean is from Sussex County, New Jersey. Welcome back, Jean. See some familiar faces there. There's Yee, I recognize. Eagle, I recognize. Adrienne, I recognize. Awesome. Felicia, I think I've seen before. Hi, Linda. Welcome, Robin from Toronto. Carl from Belgium, welcome. Awesome. Okay, so we'll let, we'll go to a few, I promise to behave today. No, Linda, not a problem at all. No need to behave, it's all good. For those of you wondering, Linda was in my live stream the other day and asking all kinds of interesting questions and it was good. It's always good to interact with folks. Okay, so I'm gonna give a few moments to let people join, but while folks are joining, we're gonna be talking about global styles today, global styles variations. The English speaker in me struggles with calling them global styles variation. In my brain, it should be global style variations. And I'll explain why I refer to them as global styles variations in a second, but I'm sure both are right. I don't think there's a right or wrong way, but that's what we're gonna be diving into today. Few announcements before we get started. Again, welcome and thank you everybody for joining. Thank you, Catherine, for co-hosting with me today. Some of you will recognize Catherine's friendly face there. As always, we are presenting in focus mode, but I would like to ask you to consider enabling your video, if not your audio. I realized that we enable focus mode in these sessions by default and that means everybody joins with their video in the audio off, which means I never get to see anybody's faces. So I have no idea what folks look like. So if you don't have to enable your video, you're welcome to leave it disabled if you would like to, but if please consider enabling it and then I can get to see what folks look like and get to start putting faces with names and then I can recognize you when you follow me on Twitter or you interact with me on Twitch. And it's always fun to see folks. So welcome everybody. Awesome. Then as always, you're welcome to ask questions. You're welcome to ask questions in the chat or verbally if you'd like to unmute and ask questions. The only request that I do have as always is if your question is not specifically related to what we're talking about at the moment in time, please hold that for any of the pauses that I do insert into the session. But if it is related and specifically if I'm going too fast or if you need to see the code on the screen to catch up or anything like that, please just do shut up or raise your hand visually if you've got your camera on or use the raised hand gesture in Zoom. And then we will stop and let you ask your question. Okay. Cool. Then some new announcements. The learn the training team, which is the contributor team, the volunteer team and some paid volunteers, including myself and others who work on learn.wordpress.org have put together an individual learner server. And so what we're trying to do is we're trying to discover what folks are looking for on the learn.wordpress.org platform. So if you've never been to learn.wordpress.org before, I highly recommend going and checking it out and you'll see all the online workshops listed there. There's a calendar, there's a Google calendar that you can add or I call all those things. There's all the tutorials that we put together. There's all the courses.  So please do consider completing the survey. As far as I know, the data is all anonymized. So there are no GDPR concerns if you're from Europe. There was actually a stage where we were using one tool and there was some concerns around anonymizing the data. So we switched to another tool. So now we're using that tool. So either during the session, if you would like or afterwards, please do consider going and taking that survey. Then as I mentioned earlier, if you wanna follow along with me today, the two plugins we're gonna be using are the create block theme plugin and SQL buddy plugin. You can either get them from the downloads in the slide or just through your plugins, add new search capabilities inside WordPress. You don't need SQL buddy if you have a different way of accessing your database. So if you're using something like PHP My Admin or if you're using local, I think it comes with a DV minor installed or something. But if you don't have a way of accessing your database, SQL buddy will be handy to get into that information. And as always, if I'm going too fast, please do let me know. I do tend to speed up as I get more coffee or more excited. And then finally, as always, I will be posting the session to WordPress TV afterwards. And I've already mentioned learn WordPress so we can leave that last point. Okay.  Is anybody else experiencing sound issues? If anybody is using sound issues, please let me know. Okay, no sound issues, Linda. So it might be on your side, maybe just check your audio, check your headset speakers or anything like that. Let me know. Linda mentions I use the fresh clean 2022 theme in a practice session. I'm going to be doing exactly the same thing again today. So I'm going to be using create block theme for that. So we're going to go through that process. Okay. So the learning outcomes today, the goals are to learn what a global styles variation is, how they work, how to create one in the site editor. And then once you've created it, it's hard to export and create the variation file that you need to ship it with your theme. We're going to look at doing it manually, which is painful. And then we're going to look at using create block theme, which is way less painful than my recommended path. So that's our goal for today. Our objectives, I always like to list the objectives more for myself so I can remember what I'm planning on presenting. We're going to create a brand new theme using create block theme. So if you don't have it installed and you want to work along with me, please do install it. We're going to create a simple style variation. So we're just going to change the font and some colors to what the blank theme has. And then we're going to save it manually. And I'm going to show you how that all works with trying to save that manually. And then, sorry. And then we're going to create a slightly more complex style variation. So we're going to change the content size and the wide size. And the reason I've picked those is because they are affected in the settings, not just in the styles. We're also going to add and apply an external font. And I'll share a funny story with fonts and create block theme later on in the session. And then we'll do a whole bunch of different colors as well. And the other thing we're going to do is also... No, we don't need to do that yet. I didn't need to make that note for myself. Okay. So that's our goal for today. We'll have a little bit of introduction before we get started. Before we get going, does anybody have any questions about everything we're going to cover while I sip of coffee and otherwise we'll get started. Okay, we seem to be good to go. I'm in that weird time of year where it's sort of halfway through spring. So it's not warm enough to take my sweater off, but it's not cold enough for me to leave it on while I'm presenting. So I'm going to be rolling up my sleeves and moving around a lot. So I apologize in advance. I may get to a point where, because as I talk, I also I'm moving a lot and I'm getting excited and I warm up. I may actually take my headphones off and take my sweater off at some point. So please forgive me if I have to do that while I'm doing one of the breaks. Okay, let's talk about global styles variations. So global styles variations were introduced in WordPress 6.0. This is the blog post where they were introduced. I'm going to pop that open quickly. And basically they are a way that you can create different styles and settings for your block theme. So if you haven't seen what a theme JSON file is yet, I have covered them in previous sessions, but we'll cover them in a minute. Basically the theme JSON file is the file that handles any theme settings and any theme styles. And then what you can do is you can create additional variations of that file called global styles variations and store them in a specific folder called styles. And then the users of that theme can apply those styles in the editor. And what I like about this is this is a great way to ship a theme that has some base functionality, but that has different variations depending on either the client or the user. So you could have a style that is very sort of formal and corporate. And then you could have another style that is very sort of flexible and relaxed. And then depending on your environment, you could apply those styles. So as I mentioned here, global styles variations allow theme developers to create multiples different styles for their themes. And they use exactly the same JSON format as theme JSON. So I've linked through to the block editor handbook on how theme JSON works. We're not gonna dive too deep in it today. We have covered it in previous sessions. I can actually, let's go over to WordPress.tv here. I didn't add this to my slides. We'll add these afterwards. But if you just do a search, a search for theme JSON on WordPress.tv then you will see there are a couple of sessions there. There's one that I did diving into theme JSON. There's one that Sarah discussed about theme JSON. There was a code with me session that we did where we covered some theme JSON things. Rich Table spoke about theme JSON and the interplay of blocks, patterns and theme JSON. So there's a lot of content out there that you can go and watch really if you need to understand how theme JSON works and what it can do. We're not gonna go into it deeply today but I will cover the basics when we get there. Okay, let me get back to my slides. Then the other link that I like to share with folks as well is this one. So the first one is the theme JSON sort of handbook doc. So it's in the block editor handbook. It's the global settings and styles in brackets theme JSON and it dives into how it works and what it does and all kinds of things. Then that links to this v2 document which is this one over here and I'm gonna scroll down to that part in a second. But this is basically a living document in other words, folks updating and adding to this all the time. And this covers how it works, what it can do, how to set your settings, how to set your styles and all those kinds of things. So I do recommend reading up on theme JSON and how it works if you're not sure yourself. We're gonna briefly cover it in a second but I'm not gonna go into too much detail in how that works. Okay, so let me show you what a global style variation looks like. So I'm gonna go into my WordPress sites and in my list of themes I've got the 2022 theme activated in store. That's the most recent default theme that shipped with I think version 5.8 or something. I can't remember exactly when. But if I go into, if I have 2022 enabled and if you'd like to enable it yourself on your site now you're more than welcome to and then go into the site editor by going to where was that there was an appearance and then click on the editor button. It takes you to the site editor and the important button is this little, I don't know what you would call it. It's a little circle with a black and a white side almost kind of reminds me of the yin yang symbol in Chinese sort of mythology but that one's more curvy with dots but it's the global styles interface that enables when you click on that. So when you click on that, it opens up and if it's the first time you've installed WordPress it'll actually give you a little wizard, a little walkthrough and it kind of gives you some basic introduction not too much detail but it kind of tells you what you can do and how you could personalize things. So it sits here on the left hand side if you have it open, if I click on this button it closes it again or I can click on the little cross on the right hand side there but basically this allows me to change topography, change colors, change layout and change the appearance of blocks but just above the topography section is a browse styles option and if I click on that that opens up the variations of styles that are added to this theme already. So you will see that this theme has four different styles. It has the default style which is basically the theme JSON file, the default style for this theme and then there's another one called blue, very creative, another one called pink also very creative and another one called Swiss and if I click on any one of these styles you will see in the editor everything changes. So fonts change, if you look there the font to the head it looks like that and if I click on there it's different font the background of the image has changed the font sizes have changed all kinds of things have changed. If I click on pink for example, it changes again and so what this is is a whole bunch of different styles for all of the different elements, templates whatever you might have in your theme. Your users can then apply this and then they will get a certain look and feel and so this is a great way to ship one theme with a few variations. Now in the next default theme which is called 2023 which I can't show you on my current site because it doesn't work with version 603 yet it's going to be shipped with 6.1. They are shipping 2023 with I think 16 different patterns. 2023 is going to be the first time that WordPress theme community ships a theme where it's just a base theme and then all the extra functionality and styling everything is happening in patterns. So it's quite exciting. So if you have a way of Robin says I'm seeing a zoomed out view in browse styles. So is that when you click on here editor and you go browse styles are you seeing a zoomed out view in this window or in the main editor window? The main editor window. And you're using 2022 theme. That's interesting. I'm not sure any reason why that would happen. I've never seen that before so unfortunately I'm not going to be able to help you with that one but when we work through the block theme that we created in a second tell me if it happens again because if it doesn't happen again then maybe there's a problem with your version of 2022. If it does happen again there might be some problem with your WordPress install or your browser that you might need to look at. So let's go through that and let's see what happens. Cool. Let me go back a step and get onto here. All right. So we've looked at what style variations are. We've looked at how they work to the user. Now let's look at how they work for ourselves as theme developers. So I'm going to go back into my local site and I'm going to exit out of the site editor. And now I'm going to go into create block theme. First I'm going to just move the window out the way there. So if you haven't got create block theme installed already I've got my installed already but the quick and easy way to do this to go into your plugins click on add new and then in the add plugins window on the top right is the search plugins option and you can just go create block theme search for it there and it should be the first result that comes up. There it is over there.  A number of them are part of the themes team and automatic the company that I work for and others are part of other companies that work in theme environment. And this is going to be something that is going to be improved upon over time because you can kind of almost think about this as sort of the Gutenberg of block theming. They're going to use create block theme to kind of experiment with new features new developer focus features. Things like creating blank themes things like exporting things like cloning creating child themes, managing funds which we'll do in a second. And this is going to be the place where things are added to and then it'll either be a question around well maybe we could move this feature to call or we just leave this feature in create block theme. Now, one of the sort of I can't think of the right word one of the things that the WordPress project is always kind of focused on is this idea of decisions not options. And also this idea of what goes into core shouldn't really be developer focused it should be more user focused. So there will be a lot of things that will end up staying in create block theme which is not a bad thing because you don't want to be sort of adding bloats to WordPress that most of the users aren't going to use and only developers will use. So it's going to be a collection of developer friendly features which is why I love it. And as the folks that are building on it and work with it they're going to be adding more and more features. M says is create block theme plugins similar to a preview of upcoming features like the gluten book plugin. I wouldn't say it's similar to a preview. It's more a case of if we think about being theme developers what are the things that we need to make easier to make better or automate? So one good example is the whole idea of adding fonts to your theme. At the moment, if you want to add a font to your block theme you have to download the font manually you have to enable it in your theme adjacent file and make sure everything is set up correctly. But one of the things to create block theme does now as of literally yesterday they updated it yesterday with this feature which was very cool for me because I was planning on using it. And you can ask Catherine I had a whole beta version of this plugin based on a branch of the code that hadn't been merged yet that I were going to get folks to install today and then they merged it and updated yesterday which was wonderful. But now you can add fonts directly from Google Fonts and it'll download it to your install and set it up for you which is what we're going to do today. Or if you have a font from somewhere else either a purchased font or one you've downloaded from another service don't worry, but we'll talk about Google Fonts in a sec don't worry, it's all good, don't stress or you've downloaded from a service you'll be able to add it through create block theme. So those are the kind of features they're sort of very developer focused and it's about making the developer experience developing block themes better using the site editor. Okay, cool. So the version of I've got it installed and active already in my site so I'm not going to install an active edit now but make sure you have the latest version which is version 1.3.7 literally released yesterday because we're going to need this in a second. So once create block theme is installed and active it adds a menu item in your appearance menu called create block theme. You simply click on that and that'll take you through to the create block theme main page. And on the main page you can do a number of things but the focus of today is we're going to create a blank theme. So we're going to start with a boilerplate empty theme. So we're going to click on that and then you can just give your theme a name. So that for the purpose of today I'm going to call it global styles theme just for the sake of me being not creative at all. I don't need to add a description theme URI author or author URIs. I'm going to leave those blank but you're welcome to add them yourself. And we're going to generate that thing. While we generate, there's a couple of questions I'm going to check. It says is create block theme plugin all or nothing or can you select and turn features on or off? No, it's an all or nothing situation.  You would use on a local site. So you could just switch it on use it and then turn it off again. I wouldn't worry about, you know the disabling and enabling of features because you would never put this on a client site somewhere. You would use it on local sites or on a staging environment. Or if you develop on a site you could just turn it off when you're done you don't have to leave it on. So that wouldn't slow things down. Gene says Google funds. Yes, we'll talk about Google funds in a second Dory and my color contrast are going to be awful. I'm warning you now. I'm a coder, not a designer. So the colors that I choose later are going to be awful. They're not going to be accessible and I like it like that. Cool. So once I've created my block theme you should see a little message here saying blank theme created head on over to appearance themes to activate your global styles theme or whatever you've called it. So if I click on themes here it takes me to my theme list and there is my global styles theme. Now one thing you'll notice is the theme doesn't have a screenshot and I can see that being a future feature of create block theme. But it's to add your screenshot through the WordPress dashboard. I might even just log that as an issue after the session. So if you activate that theme now it'll be activated. And if you click on the editor and that's where we're going to pause for a second to make sure everybody caught up you will then have a simple and basic as my microphone changed. My microphone has changed. Let me fix that. Oh, no, it's right. Okay, sorry. I just got a message to say my microphone changed. So you have a very basic theme it's using almost no styling, no settings. If you look at the list of templates it has one index template, that's it. It has two template parts, a header and a footer and then it has some very limited styling applied. So we're going to stop there for a second. If anybody's still catching up now's the time to let me know. Otherwise if you are there and you've got just your theme enabled and ready to rock and roll give me a thumbs up or give me a ready in the chat and then we will continue. Whatever was happening with your mic. I have no idea. Weird things were happening. Okay, so it looks like everybody's ready. Nobody's asked me to stop. So that's great. Right, so what I'm going to do now is I'm going to switch over to my code editor. My visual, I'm using visual code studio or visual studio code or whatever it's called for these sessions. I've got the learn, press my local sites already open and I'm going to show you what that create block theme generates. So if we go into themes and we go to global styles theme you will see here is our theme JSON file. So it has some settings at the top. So it's enabled appearance tools. It's set a content size and a wide size. It's enabled some default spacing units. It's enabled the default system font as a font that we can use. That's not something that's enabled by default you have to specify it. And then it's set up the template parts the header of the photo. That's all that it's got. So you'll see there's no styling whatsoever no colors predefined. The only colors it might be using is the core, the ones predefined by core but there's nothing predefined for this theme. In the templates as we said there is just one index template and all that literally has is a query loop block which just lists all the posts includes the header and the photo templates and then as you said the parts there's a photo template and there's a header template. So it's very, very basic. We're not going to be worrying about the templates and the parts today. We're going to be focusing on the theme to JSON file because that's how we create global styles. So to create a global style the one way you could do it is you could start specifying things in the right place in the right file and then you can test it out and all that kind of thing but to me that's kind of I wouldn't say some people might prefer to do that. I like the idea of seeing it in the editor seeing what the colors look like and then saving the changes. So if I, yes. Sorry to pause you. Would you, we've had a request could you make the text bigger in the code editor please if that's possible? It takes bigger in the code editor. Yes, I can do that. I think I can remember how. Is that better? Yeah. The person who asked me can you just confirm with me if that's good for you? It looks quite a bit larger to me. Yeah, it's good. Thank you. Awesome, no problems. I will add we're not going to be doing much coding today we're going to be doing more copy paste coding. So you weren't necessarily going to see what I'm doing but the one reason I did zoom out is because the theme JSON file can be quite long and it's difficult to see what's going on. So we might zoom in and out as we go. Okay. So in my site editor I can now start creating global styles and the way to do that is literally just to start making changes to the global styles and then saving them. So I'm just going to start with a very simple change. The first thing I'm going to change is I'm going to my global size is already open but if it's not open it up on your side and then I'm going to go into the typography settings and I'm going to change the text font family from default which is the default browser font to the system font that is defined in the theme JSON. So that's your local operating system font. So in my case because I'm working on a Mac it's going to now look like this depending on what operating system you're on Windows or Linux or whatever your font might look similar or slightly different but you should see that physical change of the font changing from one font to the other. If you don't please let us know but I'm going to continue along as we go. Then I'm going to click on this little arrow here to move out of the typography and I'm going to change the colors.  I'm the kind of person I'm one of those like old school men I won't ever wear pink but I'll definitely use it on a test site no problem. And then so I'm going to change the background to pale pink and then I'm going to change the text color to this purple because I just like the color of it and I'm going to change the links color to the red. So your links or your link at the top of the post will be a nice deep red. Your text will be this purple color. What do they call it? They call it vivid purple and your background will be pale pink. Cool. And then I'm going to hit set. So that's all I'm going to do is create my first style variation. Okay, is there anybody who's still doing that? No, not red, use burgundy. You're welcome to use whatever colors you want. I'll grab a sip of coffee and if anybody's still busy with this they can finish up and otherwise we'll win one. I'm lost already. How do we get into the styles editor? Okay, so let's take a step back. So to get to the styles editor, you start by enabling the theme you've just created. If you haven't created it, go to create block theme, click on create blank theme and give the theme a name and then hit generate. That'll create the theme for you. Then go to themes and enable the theme or activate the theme. Once that's done under appearance there will be a little editor menu item that's got beta next to it, you click on that and that takes you to the site editor. Once you're there, it's the circle with the black and white or dark color blue, I think it is in white on the top right there next to the three dots. You click on that and that opens up the styles editor and then from there you can start changing things. So Jeff, are you there now? Got it, okay. So then we change the topography.  So using this little arrow at the top here, you can go back and then go to colors and then you can click on each one of these three background text and links and you can change background if you'd like to to pale pink or whatever color from the list you choose. Don't change anything else, change the text. I've one for vivid purple and change the links to I've gone with vivid red. I'm going to petition create block theme developers to add a vivid pink and then I can do all the vivid colors. Okay, Jeff, are you happy with all of that? Can we move on? Excellent, okay. So once you've saved your global styles now I'm gonna switch back to WordPress TV in a second because a while back I did a workshop on saving I think it was global styles or something like that. What happens when you make theme changes and I'm just randomly remembering this now so that's what I'm gonna share with everybody but I actually did a session I'm gonna share the link for us Catherine. I did a session on where all this gets set. So if you wanna understand the details of all of that that's the video to watch later on but I just happened to know that global styles get stored in a table in the database in a WP post table and it'll be a custom post type called WP under store global styles. So to see that I'm going to use SQL buddy. You can use whatever you're using if it's PHP management or SQL buddy or whatever but I'm gonna pop on over to my plugins and I'm going to activate, it's already active so SQL buddies already installed an active and that creates a option in my tools menu called SQL buddy and I can then do some querying of the database. So the table I'm looking at is the WP posts table. So I just click on the post table and it brings up all the information and then I can use this little filter button here. That's a little funnel or a little don't know what that would be called and I'm gonna search for the post type. You don't have to do this if you don't want to but you're welcome to do it along with me and the post type is WP underscore global underscore styles.  I should only have two. One is the 2022 styles that I was playing with earlier and the other one is the one for my global styles theme. There you see it is there. The post name is WP global styles global styles theme. I'm gonna zoom this in a little bit so that we can kind of unfortunately it takes it off screen but I'll move things around so that we can see what's going on there. So then you move the videos out the way. So there we go. It's the WP global styles global styles theme and the post type that we got there at the end is WP underscore global underscore styles. Correct. If we click on that one and we look at the actual post content of that record there we can see the JSON object of the custom style that we save. So it's just the changes that we made not the whole theme JSON file. So I'm going to copy that out now and I'm going to pop it into a file in Visual Code Studio and I'm just gonna stick this in the root of my theme for now just so that I have it somewhere. So I'm going to call this file user underscore changes.json. You're welcome to call it whatever you want. It doesn't really matter too much and I'm gonna pop that in and then I have a, I think Visual Code Studio has a shortcut on Mac. I don't know what it is on window. It's option command L which auto formats the code. I think there is a way you can do it in from the menu but I don't know what it is. So I apologize. Wonder if I can find it quickly. I think it is, you just see a selection. Not gonna find it now am I? I use the shortcut so much that I've forgotten where the code, I don't know where that is. But anyway, but this is what the code looks like. I'm gonna grab this and stick this in the chat if you wanna see it on your side as well, nice and formatted. It looks like I am sharing links with Gene only. So let me change that to everyone in the meeting. Zoom does this weird thing. There we go. Okay, Adrienne says she was able to select text, right click and select format. That's excellent. I use the shortcuts too much. So I've forgotten how it all works. So let's actually do that. So let's undo this and then let's select all the text and right click. And there we go, format document. Thank you, Adrienne. That was very helpful. Awesome stuff. So you can see here the changes that are being made. In the styles top level element, the topography font family is being set to the system font, which we expect. The color, the background is being set to pale pink and the text is being set to vivid purple, which we set. And the link elements, the color is being set to vivid red, which we set. So that we expect. The other things that are being added here is this is global styles user theme JSON is being set. And that's a WordPress thing that it knows that these are stored by the user and then version two is being set. Okay. So now we've got this, but now how do we turn this into a valid variation? So the way we do that is as follows. We start by creating a folder in our theme called styles. I think let me just validate that by checking the documentation. Yes, it's a styles folder. Right. So that's the first step. And the second step is we create a file in that folder and we give it a name. And I'm going to just call it pink just for the sake of giving it a name that's kind of, maybe we should call it John's weird pink or something. John's pink is fine, whatever. And it's a Dutch JSON file. And now I need to copy the entire original theme JSON over first, because I need all of that as well as the changes. So I open up my theme JSON file and I'm going to copy all of that over into John's pink. And then I'm going to have to copy over the individual changes. Now the advantage of the fact that we didn't do any settings related changes, we just made changes to styles. And if you look at the original theme JSON, there are no style set. It means we could just copy the whole style section and it'll just work. But now imagine if you'd made other changes, if you'd changed the content size and the white size, which you're gonna do in a second, which is inside of settings. And you would add at fonts, which is inside of settings. And you had made lots of different changes all over the place. It would be very complicated to grab all that different data and try and merge it. So I don't recommend doing it manually. We're gonna do it manually today just so we understand the theory behind how it works. But then I'm gonna show you a shortcut in great block theme in a second. Okay, so the changes I need to make, I need to copy over, in this case, the styles. And I can put this anywhere as a top level element. So I could put it above settings if I wanted to. I'm one of those people, I like to do my settings first and then my styles. Just because of that's how my brain works. Settings at the top, styles below that. So I'm going to go all the way down to the end of the settings. And if you're using Visual Code Studio, it's nice that you can click, if you put the cursor at the opening brackets of settings and then scroll down, it actually highlights the closing brackets. So you can never make a mistake of which one you're working with. If you're not, it's just above template parts. So just above template parts, I'm gonna hit enter and I'm gonna command V to paste. And there I've got my style ready and set up. So this was an easy one because I was just copying over styles. The template parts are the same, version two is the same, the settings are all the same from the original theme JSON. I haven't copied over the is global styles user theme changes because that is specific to when styles are saved in WordPress. So I don't need that for my global styles variation. Okay, I'm gonna pause there so that if you're doing this along with me and you want to catch up where you need to see the code you can do, I'm going to scroll down so that you can see where I've added it. So I've just inserted the whole style section below settings and above template parts. And if there are any questions around this, let me know in the chat. Okay, so while I'm paused here, Andrew says odd, I've created styles that just have the relevant bits I've changed and not the bits I've won from the JSON. So typically I've just played with colors. Yes, as far as I know, you can do it that way but the recommended way to do is to kind of carry everything over. And I'll talk about why that is in a second. I wouldn't say recommended. What I'm trying to kind of, the point that I'm trying to kind of make is if you do need to copy and paste things all over the place, it can get tricky if you need to carry things over from one to the other. But as far as I know, you can just do the styles in the theme JSON and that should work as well. So that's a good point Andrew. Jean's asked me to pause a bit so Jean will wait for you. If anybody else has any questions or anything, they're welcome to ask them otherwise you're welcome to catch up. But once Jean gives us a thumbs up, then we'll move on. I'm gonna have some more coffee. I really shouldn't drink coffee after 4 p.m. my time, but I do anyway.  The other day I copied a custom block from one side to the other side. That's really cool. I've seen that as well. Andrew says, okay, I just wanted to be sure I wasn't missing something. Good point. Adrian says, after 4 p.m. Yes, I'm rather brave. If it's any consolation, and I don't know if this is related, but Tuesdays and Thursdays are the days that I go for a run in the morning. So I'm usually pretty tired anyway. So the coffee balances that out. So I don't struggle to fall asleep on a Tuesday or a Thursday. If that makes sense. I'm getting hot now, so I'm gonna take my sweats off as well and while we wait for Jean. It's the coffee drinking that adds to my increased heat. Right, so Jean's ready, so we're good to go. So we're gonna play around with John's pink for a second, because I wanna test a few things out while I'm all online. If we now switch back over to our WordPress site and we go back to the editor, we should now see our style sitting in the styles list. And you'll notice that there's also the styles that we apply to the site, which is a little bit of a problem, but there's the Sprals styles option. So if we click on that, then we've got our defaults, which we can apply, and we've got our style that we set. But you'll notice the site is currently still got the changes we made, and that's because we saved them to the database. So you have two options here. You can either go into SQL Buddy and delete that record, or you can click on the little three dots here next to the styles beta option, and you can say reset to defaults. So that'll change your theme back to the default settings as per the code that you have specified. So let's do that. Changes everything the way we need it, which is perfect. So let's save that. And now we have the two styles sets. We've got our defaults style, which is ready to rock and roll. And now we can apply the style that we set, or we can go back here. Now, what's interesting is what this does when you save it is it saves the whole style to the database. So I wanna show you what I mean by that. So if I hit save here, and I say, yes, I wanna save these custom styles, and then I'm gonna go back into the database. Now I've gotta move the zoom windows again. If I go into SQL Buddy and I go to posts, and I thought to posts by post type to the peak global styles, and I apply that. There you will see it's taken that entire styles with everything, with the settings, with everything else. Let me stick this in an editor so we can see it. So I'm gonna overwrite my user changes here, and I'm gonna use Adrian shortcut so we can see that code. There we go. So it's got the topography settings, it's got the color settings, it's got the layouts and content. Everything that I specified in my style variation, except for template parts and any custom templates that are set is there. So that means if the user's applying it, they're not applying it from the file, it actually stores it to the database. So it's just something to be aware of if your users are working with these things. Cool, what I'd like to do now is I'd like to just play with this a little bit. So I'm going to pop on over here and I just wanna show you folks something. We go back into the editor and I'm gonna just reset everything. So it's reset to default, that's perfect.  I'm gonna take out the settings and I'm just gonna change the changes to save the styles in the variation. So that's literally just copying the styles over. Now my understanding, I'm not 100% sure of this but my understanding is I do need to include the version which I'm going to do for now anyway and we might be able to remove it but I'm not gonna do that right now. So I'm gonna save that and I'm gonna refresh my editor here and you will see that if we click on Brass styles, the pink style is still there. So you can do it with everything from theme JSON or just the changes you need. Either one works. Okay, Andrew says, is the style of hover tool tip something new? Are you meaning when you hover over the style like this? I don't know. I only started playing with verbal styles recently so it's always on like this for me but yeah, that's what it does too. Okay, so a couple of things. The one thing that you might want to do is you might want to have a nicer looking name for your style. You don't get that on your local site. I don't know what the answer is to that Andrew. It might be a new thing. I don't know. You might want to, so here you can see it says defaults, it's nicely capitalized. You might want to give it a different title. Maybe, maybe John's pink is not the title but I want to give it. Oh, that's interesting. Folks are getting similar bugs. Okay, that could be some blogging or theme setup. I don't know. If you do find it and track it down Catherine, please do log it. So the one thing that you can add to your custom style variation is you can add a title field. So at the top of John's pink, I'm just going to add title, I think it is. This may or may not work because I haven't actually tested this out. And I can say John's pink. No, and I make sure that it ends in a comma. And if I save that and pop back over here and refresh my editor, okay, that didn't work. So in one of these documents, it talks about how you can set that title. I'm going to find that very quickly in my resources. So it was global styles variations. I think I've set it incorrectly. Version two title, that is just title. Title can be added to the digital JSON file, the users, da, da, da. All right, so according to this, it should just be title before the styles. I wonder if it's because I have the version two. Let's do that. Oh, it's title. It's lowercase title, of course, wouldn't be uppercase. Okay, so let's move version two back where it was. Where was I? Can't figure out my shortcuts. Let's put that there, and it's lowercase title. So I was right, I just hadn't spelt it correctly. John's pink style, there we go. It said like that. So just lowercase title, in quotes, double quotes, colon and then my sort of human readable version of the title with a comma at the end so that it's added and then let us switch back to the editor and let us refresh. And now when I browse my styles, I should see John's pink style. So it's a little bit more human readable for my users and I can give it a much more nice descriptive name. So I could keep the file name very simple. I could just call it pink if I wanted to. I could call it base contrast, whatever and then give it a better name to the user. Okay, can you go back to pasting the code from the DB table road to the new JSON file? I'm unsure of the opening and closing brackets, et cetera. Okay, so the two ways of doing it is either you can copy the whole theme JSON. So I'm gonna copy that now. And in your style, you can pop in, I need to refer to user changes because user changes changed, there we go. So that's the one we copied from the database. So you can paste your whole theme JSON style in there. And then what it was, I grabbed this whole section of code out of here but I didn't take the top level brackets. I just took the styles section, open their closing and closing there. And then in my John's pink, just before template parts, I hit enter to put a space in and I popped it in there. But as Andrew pointed out, we can just do the style itself. We can actually just take the whole style. So you could just take the whole changes like this and just as it is, you can just paste it in here like that and remove this global styles user theme JSON element. And that would also work. So either way would work. Now, Rob and I don't wanna go too much into detail on that because I wanna show you an even easier way to do all this in a second. So I don't wanna dive into that too much right now but hopefully you're able to see what happened there. Okay, so let me just give John's pink a title again. So we're back to, John's pink style. Ah, good grief. So what happens when you have big fingers? Okay, so there's my style set, British rock and roll. Okay, I don't need this user changes following me more. So I'm going to delete that from my site, from my theme, should I say? So let's just clear that out. There it is. Okay, so now I've got my pink theme. Sorry, my pink style, I've got my original theme JSON, good to go. But that's kinda clunky, as I said, there is an easier way. So the easier way is to use create block theme. Now what create block theme has, if we go back to the dashboard and we go to the create block theme option, is it has this create style variation option. So once you've saved your changes in the editor, the changes you wanna make, then you come back here and you use this option it'll create the new variation for you. So let's do that. Before we do that, I want you to install a theme. Now, I know everybody doesn't like Google Fonts, but we're going to install a Google Font today and I'm gonna show you in a second why, because it's actually going to install it into the theme. We're not gonna be pulling it from a browser, a server somewhere. So it's not gonna be sending your user's data, but I don't have any other fonts that I can use. So if you don't like Google Fonts, I totally understand, but just for today, bear with me while we do it. The other option in create block theme is this manage theme fonts option. So if you're following, I'd like you to go there now. There's an add Google Font option or an add local font option. Okay, so the local font is if you have fonts that you've purchased or downloaded from other services other than Google Fonts. If you're gonna use a Google Font, you click on the add Google Font option and then you select a font from the list. I was playing around with fonts the other day and I found this font that I like called Island Style. So that's the one that I'm going to use today. So if you just click on the select and go Island Moment, should I say. Now it's a long dropdown. So you want to scroll there as well. But that's the font that I want us to install today or if you want to follow along to install it because we're gonna create an Island theme. So I'm gonna go with Islandy colors. And if you click on the only option available which is the regular variant and then you say add Google Fonts to your theme, it will download the Google Font file to your theme and it will set it up in your theme JSON file. So while you're doing that, I wanna show you what this looks like. So now in my theme, there's suddenly an assets directory and inside of assets, there's a font directory and inside the font directory is downloaded the island hyphen moments underscore regular.tgfo. So it's downloaded the file locally to the theme. So there's no connecting to servers to get the theme. It's also if we have a look at the theme.json down the bottom here, it's set up the typography setting. Oh, sorry, it's added to the typography setting. It's added a new font face with a font family called island moments, font style of normal, font weight 400 with the source, the path to the file and then it's set up the font family and the slug. And the slug is what's used to apply that font to different places.  If anybody's still busy catching up, give me a slow down or a pause. Otherwise, I'm gonna sip a coffee again and then we'll move on. I need to think of a better way to say a sip of coffee. I need to think of a break or something, some two. If you've got any ideas, hit me up on Twitter. Lifeblood. Nice. Lifeblood. Adrienne, I can see you and I are gonna get along like awesome, but. Linda's asking if there are two plugins, create block theme and manage theme fonts. I thought it was just the create block theme. It's all in, yeah. It's all in create block theme in version 1.3.7. So it's all part of the same plugin. And that's how I say I can see these kind of cool features like adding fonts or create. I can see a future where you might be able to create a pattern using create block theme. One we did in the workshop previously, we had to create it ourselves. All of these things that you still have to do manually, I can see create block theme picking those up, which is really exciting because I just love things that automate things for you. Okay, so it seems everybody is on board, everybody's up to speed. That's great. So now I have island moments installed. So now I wanna create a pattern around island moments. So I'm gonna switch back over to my editor and I'm going to make sure the defaults is set, which it is, if it isn't, I would go back into the styles and I would just say reset to defaults. Yes, unfortunately the WordPress.com hosting on the lower tiers don't allow adding plugins. So if you want to do this, you'd need to do it on a local environment or consider upgrading to a paid environment or you could use something like InstaWP to test this out. But unfortunately, yes, on the lower end of WordPress.com tiers, I think it's the free and the personal version, they don't allow insulting the plugins. Okay, so now I'm gonna create my island style. So I'm gonna start with the topography and I'm gonna change the text to the island moments text. That's the first step and you can see it's already changed, but it's really small. I want it a little bit bigger. I love the fact this image ties in with the theme style. I didn't pick this image, it just happened to come from the faker press I was using earlier, but I love the fact that it goes along with it. Jeff says, sorry, I don't see how the downloaded theme got added to my JSON. So Jeff, you should see if you go to a theme JSON, the font, under the topography section, you should see a new font face for island moments. If you don't see that, then it hasn't been able to download it for some reason. Do you wanna just check that and let us know? If you're not seeing it there, the other option is to try it again. It is downloaded, but not in my JSON. So the only reason I could think that might happen is if for some reason your file permissions are not 100% and the plugin can't write to your theme to JSON file. So if that is the case, what I'm going to do is I'm gonna copy out this code for you. So all you would do is you would add this over here underneath the system font option. So I'm gonna paste this code in the chat for you so you can grab it. Make sure to add the comma after the, so before it got added to your theme, it would look something like that. So it would be under, sorry, the video windows in the way again, it would be under settings and then under topography, you'd have font families in the system font setup. It doesn't change in the main preview window. I see it in my dropdown, but it doesn't change in the main preview window soon. So that could be one of two things. That could either be a caching issue in your browser. Depending on what browser you use, it might be cached. So what I would recommend, if you're not seeing things a hundred percent, is if you open up developer tools, now depending on how your developer tools works, you can either go into settings, sorry, tools, more tools, and open up developer tools. There's keyboard combinations. It's F12 on certain browsers. And then if you're using a Chrome based browser, once you've got that open, you can right click on the refresh and say empty cache and hard reload. Different other browsers have different ways of doing it, but that could be a reason why that doesn't work. Okay, I'm going to continue along if I'm still getting stuck, leave a note in the chat and we'll get back to where we take a break.  So I'm going to make it 20, no, not big enough, 36. Yes, that's my bit, nice and big. I want nice and big in both. So I'm going to leave that like that. Then I'm going to go over to my colors and I'm going to pick some islandy colors. So for the background, I'm going to go with blue. For the text, I'm going to go with green, maybe not because that just looks awful. Actually, I'm going to leave it like that, why not? And for the links, I'm going to go with this even lighter green. So it's just going to look horrible. Please don't build sites that look like this. But I'm just kind of making the point of the things that you can change. Yes, that's absolutely impossible to see. Maybe I should do some better colors. Make it actually possible to see things. So let's make it, let's make the background green. Let's make the background the light green and then let's make the text that blue. No, that's the same possible. That's a bit better. And then let's make the links red. There we go. Now, at least at least there's some contrast going on now. I should be able to see that. Catherine says, try white. We could try white. What does white look like? No, I prefer it. Anyway, whatever. It doesn't matter. Today is not a design day. Today is how variations work. So I'm going to save that. Okay. So as we know, that's been saved for the database. Now, without the color contrast, unfortunately it's not the focus of today. If you want to make it whatever color you want, that's cool, but that's not the focus for today. I'm not an expert on color contrast. That's why I choose horrible colors. But if you, I don't want you to learn from me about how to choose colors. That's for sure. I'm not a color person. So let me, again, let me do it this way. Let me, should we make the links white? Is that better? Is that a better color? If we make the links white? And does that work for you, Em? If we make the links whites in the text blue? Not really better. Any suggestions? I'm going for a weird island color scheme. So if you have any suggestions on what colors I should choose, that would be helpful. I don't know anything about color changes and contrasts. I use these sessions just as examples. So learning coloring, learning color contrast really would not be recommended. Text shadows with black. I wouldn't even know how to do that. I'll tell you what, let's do it this way. Let's go here and let's change the background to white.  Just so we have some color changes. Okay, so we've got a black background and we've got dark colors. So once we've made all our changes we can now save this to our custom styles. And as we know, this saves it to the database. That's what we know. But now we're going to use create block theme to save this variation for ourselves. So if we flip out of here and we go to the dashboard and then we go into create block theme there is this create style variation option at the bottom here. And what this essentially does is it does everything we just did manually for us, which is great. So I'm going to give it a variation name. I'm just going to call it island for the sake of giving it a name and I'm going to hit generate.  It creates it in the location for me. It gives it a file name. And if we hop over to our editor we should see there is island there. And you'll see what it's done is it's copied over everything. It's copied the original theme JSON settings over. It's copied the fonts over. It's copied the styles, the color, all of those kinds of things. What it hasn't done is set the title. So that's just the one thing we'll have to do manually. So what I'm going to do right at the top here is I'm just going to give it the title. And I'm going to call it, what do we make this island? I'm trying to call it island theme just so we have an English title there. Sorry, here we go. Property title is not allowed. That's interesting. I wonder why that is. According to what we just did earlier, there's a lot. Let's see if that works. So if we pop back over to the browser and go back into the editor, now you'll see it's reset the site back to default. And if we click on browse styles, there's our default. There's island theme ready to go. And there's John's pink theme. So that's a lot easier and quicker and less stress than copying files all over the place and doing all kinds of things. So that's why I love using create block theme. It does so much for you, which is wonderful. And that's how you can very quickly create style variations. As Emma's pointed out, make sure they are accessible. I am not an accessibility expert. I'll admit that I work with folks who are. I was hoping to do some interesting colors today but that didn't work out. So I apologize to anybody who took offense to that. But I was going for a weird island theme. But that's how you can create them in the editor. You can choose your settings. You can choose whatever you need to do.  Does anybody have any questions? I think Linda does have a question. It was a conversation around CSS. Yeah, I don't know about shadows myself. Linda says, so to recap, let me know if I got this right. You add theme, click create block theme and then make changes and then go to use create styles variation. Exactly Linda. So you make your changes in the editor, your style changes specifically, save them and then you go to create block theme and use the, let me show you in a second. Use the create a style variation option, give it a name, hit generate and it'll write those changes to the file for you. Is our new theme a child of 2022? No, this is still the base theme that created. So if you go back to your themes list, we're still working in that new theme we created. We've just created variations for that theme. So now you can use, and you can use create block theme for this. You can go into create block theme and you can say export this theme and it'll export all the theme files and the variations we created into as a file that we could then install on the client site. So that's another reason why I like using create block theme. Any other questions around global styles variations, how to use, how to create them, how to save them, anything else around that before we wrap up? Okay. Felicia seems the option to create child theme. That's excellent. Linda says, and the changes are protected from updates. So as we know, Linda, with any kind of themes we create, if we want to protect changes from updates, we need to create a child theme for that. So that would be a separate process. So what you could do, if you wanted to have the global style variation in a child theme, you could do that and you could have your base theme installed here and then your variations over there and you can make changes. There's all kinds of options. But if you're expecting the user not to make effects to those changes, then rather build a child theme. Jeff says, wondering why the Google font is downloaded as TTF and not WAF? That I don't know. You'd have to speak to the developers of the plugin. I think it was just how they started with it. And I'm sure there will be improvements over time. If you want to log that as an issue on that repository, I can send you the link for that. So it's github.com, wordpress, create lock theme. And you can recommend to either add the option to download the WAF file. I believe the WAF file has lower formats and improves things. Or you can ask why that choice was made. I'm going to paste that link in the chat here. But yeah, I don't know why the choice was TTF. Maybe it was just, they took the first one available. I can't answer that one. Andrew says, Google fonts does not support WAF. That might be a reason. I know there's a Google web font helper, sorry, where you can download the format. I was using it the other day, but maybe direct from Google fonts does not support it. So that is possible. Cool. Okay. Well, that's my bit. That was creating global styles variations in a nutshell. As I mentioned, you can do it manually if you want to without create block theme. It is possible, but I recommend using create block theme because it does all the work for you. You can just work in the editor, work in your wordpress site, generate and generate it for you. And then look forward to more developer goodness in create block theme in the future. Thank you all for joining me today. Thank you Catherine for co-hosting. There is a resources slide at the end of my slides. It's got all the links. Most of the links we discussed today. I will update this with some of the other links that I added to WordPress TV before I uploaded to WordPress TV. But thank you all for joining me. There's nothing to see all today and enjoy the rest of your Thursday and the rest of your week.


The fighting 13th is ready. Marines and sailors have worked incredibly hard to get where we are today. We started with a strong blue-green team, and today are fully integrated Navy Marine Corps Force. The teams put in long hours, they've stressed the plan, and they've learned to execute operations in complex and unknown environments. The battalion landing team 3-1, combat logistics battalion 13, Marine medium tilt rotor squadron 166, Marine fighter attack detachment 211, and our command element synchronized capabilities across the battle space. Combined with our Navy brethren, we are ready to respond to emerging crises at the nation's premier force in readiness. We are the first Conus-based Navy Marine Corps team to deploy with the F-35 Bravo. Throughout the training, we've seen this platform increase our ability to gain a foothold for our operations. This is the most capable aviation platform to support a rifleman on the ground. We've proven that we are ready. Let's go.


3. Steps for dealing with a student with challenging behavior It is highly likely that at some point in a teacher's career they will be faced with the task of managing the behavior of a child with additional needs. However, managing students with challenging behavior can be extremely stressful for all those involved. It is critical that when problems arise in the classroom, teachers take the appropriate steps to address any issues. Investigate the reason for the bad behavior. In order to effectively manage student behavior in the classroom, teachers need to be aware of the impacts that the environment plays in meeting or hindering the needs of these students. The implementation of appropriate instructional strategies can also be used to assist teachers with promoting engagement and learning and positive behavior. When observing a classroom setting it is often apparent that there are a variety of behaviors on display. These behaviors can have a profound influence on the teaching and learning that occurs within the classroom. It is useful for teachers to investigate the cause and purpose of a student's disruptive behavior as it can be motivated by a number of factors. This includes things such as a student's cultural background, age and other languages spoken. Manage both positive and negative behaviors. It is important that teachers develop the skills to manage both positive and negative types of behaviors. An analysis of the motivations that are behind inappropriate behaviors can result in a better understanding of why students act the way that they do and what purpose it serves them. Such motivations for disruptive behaviors can include learning difficulties or a behavioral disorder. Power plays an important role in the student-teacher relationship and it is in the teacher's hands to control it. When developing a behavior management style, teachers are encouraged to examine a range of theoretical approaches to determine which of these fits with our beliefs about children. Be consistent. A crucial factor in behavior management is consistency. Students particularly respond positively to routine and clear consequences. Children must know what the consequences are for their behaviors and know that these consequences will be enforced. When students are clearly aware of what the consequences of their actions are and they choose to misbehave, they also choose to accept that consequence. Teachers must ensure that the rules are the same for all children within their class. In other words, what is good for one child is good for all children. When students realize that everyone gets the same punishment, no matter who they are, they are less likely to take it personally when they are given a consequence. Teachers also need to be consistent with rewards. Rewarding good behavior reinforces the desired behavior and takes the focus away from the undesired behavior. Are you ready to teach English abroad? Classroom management is something that all teachers must utilize to different degrees, depending on the range of students within their class. Without positive behavior management, the learning environment will not be harmonious and students will lose the ability to achieve their learning potential. It is crucial that teachers adopt strategies to support the learning of all students. Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll-free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


Welcome, traders, to a particular weekly market outlook for week commencing Tuesday 19th of April. Most of European markets were off yesterday for the Easter holidays, so we get going in earnest today. Starting in the US, we've got a pretty light day to calendar, holiday short and week ahead. Apart from PMIs, the focus will be upon the housing markets in the US. Today's housing starts from March, made different game based upon permits. Existing home sales from March also released today are expected to dip based on prior weakness in pending home sales that close and turn into completed resales within 30 to 90 days. Wednesday we get the base book of regional economic conditions where it gets much attention in the age of frequent Fed communication. Speaking of which, we will hear today from Chicago President Evans and then both Evans and San Francisco President Dali will speak on Wednesday. From a technical perspective, the dollar index has continued to glide higher. We're now looking initially for a test of the monthly projected range resistance 101-16. As pullbacks remain supported by the pivot here 124, we look for an extension up into the projected ascending trend channel resistance and we keep projected range resistance 101-17 to 102. From now we will watch a various reversal patterns accompanied by momentum divergence here to engage on the short side looking for at least a three-way corrective move back into the trend channel support down to the 99.50s. In the Eurozone, Fed Chair Powell and ECB President Lagarde appear jointly on an IMF panel on the global economy on Thursday. This follows the ECB meeting where it was indicated that growing consensus expect to deliver a 25 basis point rate hike in Q3. Several members pushing for an earlier end to the asset purchase program and the current plan to do so by Q3. Focus this week really is going to be on the PMI days though. Last time out fell to the lowest levels in 14 months in the Eurozone as due to political tensions weighed on demand of business companies. April manufacturing and services PMIs. We're going to be closely watched this week for hints on inflationary pressures, supply bottlenecks and indications whether demand is holding up. Last month, as I say, saw a meaningful drop but the services index rose very modestly compared to February. Given the Eurozone's closer economic links to Russia and Ukraine, it seems likely to be more impacted by the crisis. Consequently, we're looking for falls in both the indices this month consistent with signs of moderating economic growth from a technical perspective. The Eurodollar took out the price cycle lows at low 108. We now look as we hold below the pivot here at 108.30 for a test down into the confluence here of monthly and weekly projected rain support, 106.50s. From there, we'll be watching the bullish reversal patterns as long as we maintain bullish momentum divergence to play for at least a three-way corrective move back up to test weekly projected rain resistance at 109.40s. Japan. In terms of data, it really is Thursday. It's going to see Japanese CPI for March. It's likely to cross the 1% year of the year for the first time since October 2018 but remains far from the BOJ's target, talking to the Japanese Ministry of Finance on the wires overnight trying to dual bone down this yen weakness that we're seeing. From a technical perspective, you can see we have now we're now trading in this very steep sudden trend channel. I'm looking for a test of offers and stocks just about 1.30 from there as long as we can maintain some momentum divergence here. I look for a three-way corrective move back into test weekly projected rain support at 125.20s area. In the UK, potentially of most interest are going to be the preliminary April readings for manufacturing services PMIs. Last month saw a big jump in the services measure as the post on the Chrome rebound and consumer facing services continued but the manufacturing index fell to its lowest levels since February. This month's data will be watched for evidence on how much the Ukrainian crisis is actually impacting the UK, notably whether there are signs of further inflationary pressures and supply side constraints arising from the conflict, as well as any indication that consumer demand is being affected by the recent sharp rise in inflation. Look for both measures to be down in April but to remain at relatively upbeat levels. March retail sales will provide a further steer on whether consumer spending is slowing. Look for a decline which would be the third drop in the last four months. Some of that may just represent consumer switching services not included in retail sales as Covid restrictions do come to an end. However, it may also be an early warning signal. The April GFK consumer confidence reading is also four parts to slip and look for a fifth successive decline to take it to its lowest levels since November 2020. From a technical perspective, for sterling grounds lower, continuing to rotate around this 130 handle, I'm looking for a quick breach of the 130 to test down into projected weekly range support, 12890s. We also have the 78.6% extension from our swing high here at 13750, coming in 12890. So I'm watching for bullish reversal patterns there and we'll see if we get a tradable corrective lower. Last but not least, down under in Australia, a very light day to cover this week. Really the main event happened overnight, which was the RBA minutes confirmed their hawkish pivot by saying the next rate hike has been brought forward. The reactions to the minutes were relatively muted and from a technical perspective, we are now sitting in the area that we were looking for this test of the broken trend line resistance to now act as support. We've also got this ascending trend channel support coming in here, 73.30s. So I'm looking for bullish reversal patterns in here, certainly a close back through the pivot here at the 74 handle would encourage the view of long positions, initially looking for a move back into test 75.30s as potential resistance. If we get through there, we look for a retest of prior cycle highs 76.60s on route to an ideal monthly objective range resistance 77.10. At this stage, only a closing breach of the 73.20s would be a bearish development having moved back down to test support to the 71.60s. And that concludes the weekly market outlook for week commencing the 19th of April. As always traders, plan the trade. Trade the planet most importantly and it's all good. Until next time, thanks very much.


Abstract sodium metal anodes are highly promising for sodium ion batteries due to their low redox potential and high theoretical capacity. However, these anodes have difficulty achieving a long lifespan due to their infinite volume change, unstable SCI films, and sodium dendrite growth. In order to overcome these challenges, researchers developed an oxygen-doped carbon foam, OCF, derived from starch as an anode material. This foam provides abundant nucleation sites to guide the deposition of sodium metal, while its rich porosity and large specific surface area allow for efficient removal of the deposited sodium. Additionally, the presence of heteroatoms in the foam reduces the nucleation resistance of sodium metal, resulting in a more uniform, robust, and stable SCI layer. The use of OCF as an anode material allows for the development of a safe and commercially viable sodium metal anode. This article was authored by Xwayang Xway, Yijing Wang, Huadang Wu, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Welcome to the options beginner series. In this course, we are going to show how a long call is traded. So this is an older example of a trade on Chipotle Mexican Grill and the trade is going to be monitored over a period of time. For all these examples, you have to understand it just meant to show the dynamics of how a trade works. So it's not meant to be the perfect trade. It's not may not be the best trade entry or the exit or any of that. But it's meant to give you an example. We're going to buy a call option in this course. Look at Chipotle Mexican Grill. This is a one year chart of Chipotle and you can see that it's been moving up nicely. And what's happened is it hit a higher 442 and then we had earnings here about a couple of weeks ago and Chipotle reported good earnings. But however, what's happened is because of some market pressures and perhaps it had gone up too much Chipotle has come down by $40. So I think this is a good point to get back into Chipotle. There's absolutely nothing fundamental that's that's looking bad for the company. So Chipotle is a good stock and I expected to move further up. So what we're going to do is take a long call position on Chipotle. With these positions, what we're going to do is manage these positions in such a manner that over the next three to four weeks will see how these positions play out. Now also one other important thing is now at many times you might want to take profits off the table. So if your stock, if your position has done well, then you want to take some part of the profits off the table or what also what you can do is if your stock is not doing well. If it's going against you, then you need to make an adjustment to it. But in general, if you have a certain profit target, a certain profit target or a certain time target, if it meets, if the position meets either one of those, then you should take your profit. Maybe not close out the whole position, but certainly half of the position so you can book that profit.


Dear colleagues, have we really realized what is happening next door? This war is killing children, it's bombarding maternity hospitals, it is vanishing people and their peaceful life in every local community in Ukraine. And above all, crises like the war that is happening near eastern borders remind us that the European Union does not exist in a vacuum. Imagine if we had this situation, this terror in the symbolic city of Strasbourg, for example. Dear friends, in the last weeks we have witnessed brave citizens and mayors standing behind their people. Today, all across Europe, regions and cities gather food, medicine and first aid supplies and send them to Ukraine and to border regions of Poland and Romania that are providing help and shelter to the almost 2 million Ukrainians that fled from their country. Like in the migration crisis, it is the regional and local authorities in border regions who shoulder most of the immediate support from Marseille and region of Söd is challenging humanitarian aid by the convoy for Ukraine to the city of Dansk in Poland who is raising funds to support Kiev and Viv hospitals. My region, Central Macedonia and Greece, sending medical supplies. And while our efforts for Ukraine prove that we are united, regional and local authorities need to be better and concretely supported by the European Union in order to deal with these crises. We therefore call on the European Union to think diplomacy both globally and locally to make use of the existing region to region and city to city partnerships. We are standing on the side of our Ukrainian partners and the time has come to move forward for a common European defense and foreign policy to not only protect our external borders but to uphold and cherish most what we cherish most, freedom and democracy. For this, we support the citizens' partner calling for an increased strategic autonomy of the European Union. The time to act is now.


Hello everyone, myself, Ms. Dr. Tejasvis Rirangagharge working as assistant professor in the Department of Humanities and Science, Balchan Institute of Technology, Soolapur. I welcome all of you in the session of physics. In this session, we will study about nanotechnology. At the end of session, students will be able to understand the term nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanomaterials and classification of nanomaterials. These are the content of the session. In the recent years, nanotechnology has become one of the most important field in physics, chemistry, biology, engineering and technology. It is likely to be provided the change in the direction of technological advances. Nanotechnology mainly consists of processing of separation, consolidation and deformation of materials by one atom or molecule. The design, characterization, production and application of structures, device and system under control manipulation of size and shape at nanometer scale produces at least one novel characteristic. The word nano means extremely small. A nanometer is one thousand millionth of a meter. These are the convergence. Atoms are extremely small and diameter of single atom can vary from 0.1 to 0.5 nanometer depending upon the type of element. These are the some examples regarding the nanometer scale. For example, the red blood cell has approximate 7000 nanometer wide, one carbon atom approximate 0.15 nanometer in diameter and a water molecule is almost 0.3 nanometer across. Pause the video and think for a while. One angstrom in it is equal to how much nanometer? The word nanotechnology is new, but the existence of nanostructures and nano devices is not new. Such structures have existed on the earth as long as life itself. In the 4th century, A.D. Roman, the glass maker, were fabricating the glasses containing nano-sized metals. The Lycurgus Cup exhibited in the British Museum in London is belongs to that example. This cup is made from soda lime glass containing silver and gold nanoparticles. In this reflected light, the cup appears green and when light source is placed inside the cup it transmits the red light. The glass is found to be contained 70 nanometer particles when studied under transmission electron microscopy. The beautiful colors of windows are due to the presence of metal nanoparticles in the glass materials. Significance of nanotechnology? Many properties of solids depends on the size of material and many properties of the materials may changes at micrometer or nanometer range. Nanomaterials have relatively large surface area which makes the material more chemically reactive which affect their strength and electrical properties. Quantum effect begin at nanoscale which affect the optical, electrical and magnetic behavior of material. If a size or one of the dimensions of nanomaterial is smaller than its critical value then nanomaterial exhibits the properties which are different from the corresponding bulk material. Now let us see what are the nanomaterials? Nanomaterials are those materials which have structured components with a size less than 100 nanometer at least in one dimension. What is nanoscience? Nanoscience is the study of phenomenon and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular or micromolecular scales where properties differ significantly from those at large scale. Let us see what is nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production and application of structures, device and system by controlling their shape and size at nanometer scale. The nanomaterials are classified into two different types as fullerine and nanoparticles. A fullerine is a molecule entirely composed of carbon is in the form of helospere, ellipsoid or tube. Spherical fullerine are also called as buckyballs and cylindrical are called as carbon nanotubes or bucky tubes. Fullerine are similar structure, I like that of graphite, but they contain pentagonal rings. The first fullerine was Buckminster fullerine C60. Nanoparticles are sized between 100-100 nanometers which are available in different forms that is clusters, metal nanoparticles, collides, nanocrystals and quantum dots etc. Nanopowders are agglomerates of nanoparticles or nanoclusters. Nanometer sized single crystal or single domain particles are called nanocrystals. When nanoparticles are suspended in form in the liquid phase it is called as nanocolides. Because of their small size nanoparticles have high surface to volume ratio which results in high reactivity and they also exhibits the quantum confinement effect. Depending upon the dimensions the nanoparticles are divided as zero dimensional nanoscale, these are the spears or clusters, these are also called as quantum dots. The one dimensional nanoparticles that is the nanofibers, nanowires or nanorawds, the two dimensional particles that is the thin metal plates, the three dimensional nanoparticles that is the bulk materials. We are interested in the nanoscale materials because at this scale the properties of the material are very much different than the large scale material. Two principal factors which cause the properties of nanomaterials to differ significantly from other material that is increased relative surface ratio, surface to volume ratio and quantum confinement effect. These two factors enhances the properties such as reactivity, strength and electrical characteristics. Let us see in detail one by one. Consider a sphere having a radius r, its surface area 4 pi r square, its volume 4 third pi r cube, its surface to volume ratio is 3 by r, when radius of sphere decreases its volume, surface to volume ratio increases. Let us see this effect in detail with example. Consider for a one cubic volume as shown in figure having a surface area 6 meter square. When the surface area is divided into 8 pieces, its surface area is 12 meter square. When the same volume is divided into 27 pieces, its surface area is 18 meter square. Thus when the given volume is divided into smaller pieces, surface area increases. Hence as particle size decreases, a greater proportion of atoms are found at the surface compared to those inside. Hence nanoparticles have much greater surface area per given volume compared with large particles. It makes the material more reactive. As growth and catalytic chemical reactions occurs at the surface, the nanoparticles form will be much more reactive than the larger particles. Also this affect their strength or electrical properties. Now let us see the second effect that is the quantum confinement effect. When the dimensions of material is of order of mean free path of electron, then energy level of electron changes and this effect is known as quantum confinement effect. When material is sufficiently small, typically 10 nanometer or less, then organization of energy levels into which electrons can climb or fall the changes. This concept can be studied with the help of the energy level diagram. When the atoms are isolated, the energy levels are discrete. When very large number of atoms are closely packed to form a solid, the energy levels are split and forms a band. The nano materials represent the intermediate stage of energy when the dimensions of potential well or potential boxes are of order d Broglie wavelength of electron, then energy levels of electron changes. This effect is known as quantum confinement effect. When material is sufficiently small of order 10 nanometer or less, organization of energy levels of electron can changes. This effect can change or affect the optical, electrical and magnetic behavior of material. Hence these two effect affect the properties of the material at nanometer scale. The increase in surface to volume ratio and the quantum confinement effect, splitting of energy levels become more useful in the quantum in the nano scale range. These are the references used, thank you.


The beauty of walking is you can slowly meander through the countryside and that slow speed enables you to see more of the world as you pass by. Not just the immediate sense of place, but the visible clues to the world as it was, mapping out how it evolved into the world as it is today. Those patterns in the landscape are intimately tied to the history of the nation. There are events and periods of history which are not talked about, as I raise difficult political questions about that history. For that reason, viewing how the past has created the world as it is today, if all its perceived faults, can be a journey into that unspoken, taboo history. Much of this history lies in plain sight, just waiting to be discovered if you look for it. Even seemingly innocuous anomalies, in most cases, have some deeper reason for their existence, and if you ask those difficult questions, you can discover a whole new perspective on the landscape around you. Take this road, for example. A little singletrack road going pretty much nowhere, running along a far wider gap between the adjacent hedgerows. It obviously was more important in the past. But perhaps the biggest giveaway is the change in ground levels along its length. The surface of the land hereabouts is missing. In the last century, this area, to the north and west of the village of Rockston near Bambry, has been reshaped by iron quarrying. First with the steel industry, which was removed via a railway line. Then construction stone, which is now removed by Lorry, most recently for the HS2 project, just a few miles away. This history of quarrying exercises people's angst about the destruction of the countryside. The fact is, the scale of these changes today are nothing compared to the change forced by the agricultural revolution 300 years ago. It fundamentally redefined people's relationship to the land and access to land, and in the process created Britain's modern urban landscapes and its relatively exclusive empty countryside. A short distance away from that little road in the stone quarries is the Rockston Fingerpost. Most people speed past it along the A422 Bambry to Stratford Road. Even if they notice the monument, they may not realise what it is. When you get up close though, if you really think about it, it's telling you a story which, in the modern context, seems to make no sense. The story of the Rockston Fingerpost shows how the world around this ancient stone has been reshaped by political and economic forces, as great as anything happening today, ones which are still at work in the stone quarrying, and the intensive industrial monoculture of the surrounding fields. The stone is square with an inscription on one side, and on the other three sides, carved fingers, which point the way to their respective destinations. On the face of at a finger, on the village side, the inscription reads, first given by Mr Francis White in the year 1686. White had been a steward to the powerful North family, the barons of Guildford, who bought the nearby Rockston Abbey in 1677. Little is known of White, except that he gave this monument to the village. It says, first given, because there is some dispute as to how authentic this stone is. It may be the remains of the one erected in 1686. It may have been replaced when the North family created their landscape park almost a century later. What we do know is that in the 1970s, the stone was completely reworked to hide two centuries of graffiti, removing over a centimetre of stone off each face and re-carving the fingers and inscriptions. On the south-east face, the finger points to Banbury. Cast your eye across the road, and the modern sign, and it points there too. Nothing wrong there. On the south-west face, the finger points left to Stratford. Well, that's fairly obvious too. But above it, the finger points right down a single track road to London. How can that be? The main road leads to Banbury, but this little road winds down narrow lanes to nowhere. Finally, on the north-west side, the finger points to Chipping Norton, across the nearby fields. Not only is there no road there, but that's not even the way towards Chipping Norton. What this stone tells you is a 5,000-year history of how people have moved across this landscape. To understand that, we need to look at the map of the local area. The medieval road from Stratford to London did not pass through Banbury. It didn't even follow the A422. North-west from here, near Upton House, it swung north, down the escarpment along King John's Lane, and on past Edge Hill's Civil War battlefield to Kyneton. Over the centuries of use, its path shifted as erosion required its course to be re-cut on the steep hillside. Those changing routes are still visible as depressions in the wooded ground surface today. The wide lane with the narrow single-track road nearby was a parallel medieval road, and may have been the more major of the two. Many roads in this area had their origins in Roman times, when the iron stone was worked to produce pig-iron, in the process clearing the trees from the local landscape to create the charcoal necessary for the iron kilns, a practice that continued in the local villages until the 19th century. In the London direction, along the narrow lane, along the narrow lane, the road joined the Roman saltway near the village of North Newinton. This ran from Droitwich, crossing the river at Stratford, then taking a straight line to Broughton and Bodycut, where it crossed the River Chirwell. From there it went to Buckingham, connecting with the road to London along Roman Watling Street. The finger pointed into the field towards Chippinorton follows an even more ancient route. Along the line of the iron stone's escarpment was an ancient ridgeway, which some have called the Jurassic Way, as it follows the line of the Jurassic Age rocks down from Lincolnshire. Recent archaeological research suggests that 5,000 years ago, people were driving their livestock along this route from the north-east of England down to Avebury and Stonehenge for festivals. From here, that route runs south-west, crossing the Cotswold Ridgeway near the Royal Wright Stone Circle, and then carrying on to Chippinorton. Today, the route out into the field survives as a public footpath. 300 years ago, the quickest way to Chippinorton would have been to follow that path through the villages of Bollskett and Shennington, and then turn left down a Jurassic Way. If you look at this map of Rockston in 1768, you can see there are many roads west from the village, which link to an extensive open field system. This field system had been established in the 13th century by the Augustinian Priory. That lasted until it was privatised by Henry VIII, and parceled out to his friends in the 16th century. Locally, that was the Pope family, who in turn gave the land to found Oxford's Trinity College and sold the remains of the Priory to the barons of Guildford to be their country estate. During enclosure, which took place around 1800, these open fields, along with the common land on which people subsisted, were enclosed with hedges, creating the landscape we see today. Taking away the common land took away many people's means of survival, and it would have been forced to move from the land into the growing urban centres, like Birmingham, where this medieval road ultimately runs to. Locally, with their livelihood taken away, the enclosure of the local parish has swelled the ranks of the landless poor. This led to the swing routes of the 1830s, and to the establishment of the new, larger union workhouse on this road into Bambry, which, more than anything else, created the boundaries of what today the local tourist lobby called Bambresher. Along with that enclosure of the land, around the same time we see the creation of the first national road system since the Roman era, the Turnpike roads. These roads are better than medieval roads, they had a compacted stone surface to support the cart and carriage wheels. The big difference was that the Turnpike truss, created by Parliament to maintain them, charged a fee for their use. In effect, Parliament created private corporate monopolies, and people had to pay the price. The first Turnpike road to Bambry from London arrived in 1743. It followed the route of Roman Watling Street to Buckingham, and then along the Roman Salt Road to Bambry. From there it followed the medieval ridge road towards Warwick. Due to the way Parliament and local government operated, Turnpikes ran to and from the county border. Birmingham was then in Warwickshire. For this reason, in 1750, the Birmingham Turnpike ran to the Warwickshire border at Edge Hill, but could go no further. Rather than use the medieval route, as often was the case of new Turnpikes, they cut an engineered track up the escarpment at Sunrising Hill, which forms the route of the modern road today. In 1753, the Drayton Lane Turnpike connected these routes together, running past the Rockstone Fingerpost. Then finally, making the ancient Jurassic Way obsolete, the Bambry, Chippie Norton and Berford Turnpike opened in 1770. Rather like modern motorways, the coming of the Turnpikes would completely change how people moved around the landscape. In ancient times, local trackways had linked Lincolnshire in the wash to the Cotswolds and the Wessex Downs, reflecting the movement of people crossing the North Sea from Europe. The coming of the Romans led to the creation of an occupied administration, centred on a few major towns such as London and York. Their roads network reflected the dominance of these administrative centres. In early medieval times, with the country fractured into different kingdoms, there was no central authority. Roads went by the most direct route, following minor and regional Roman roads. Even the Norman invasion didn't really redraw the roads map of Britain. With the coming of the Turnpikes though, Britain became London centric, with both roads and the carriage services which ran along them, all focused on the growing political power of London and the South East. This is also the time in which the modern, highly centralised British state established itself and its dominance over first the peoples of the British Isles and then the Empire. Today's modern road network, created in its current form between 1919 and 1936, still echoes these ancient routes. The A42 into Bambry roughly follows that medieval road, going through Buckingham to join Roman Watting Street, the modern A5, near Milton Keynes. The A41 still follows the mainly Roman roads towards London, though these days its importance has been demoted by the arrival of the M40. And the A361, running into Chippin Merton, follows the route of that prehistoric road, from the Leicestershire border down to Avebury. Generations of my family have lived in this area. That makes it easier for me to see these relationships, because when I was growing up, these geographical boundaries were part of my life. Is this what it means to be indigenous? To know the story of the local landscape? To know how that deep creation story of a small area is intertwined with your own creation story. Bambry is not unique. Other places have their stories to find too. If you regularly walk to get to know the land, especially if you peer into its strange and unusual features, the history of why the land is as it is will fall into your lap.  In today's mobile world, first created in that Georgian revolution of land enclosure and new roads, people are severed from the land, and thus they are severed from their own natural history. Finding that history, and if possible finding that identity within the landscape, or at least a small part of it, can allow you to find your own place in this complex web of historic political and economic change.