What's up, it's Dylan Tooby of Progressive Soccer. As some of you know, I've been going through some personal stuff, trying to get my whole life sorted out. But I just wanted to throw out a little video and get some momentum going so we can get back on this YouTube thing. Here are a few examples of some ways you can practice at home. If you're new to this channel, subscribe right now and hit that bell notification so you never miss a video. If you're one of my longtime subscribers, thank you so much. Please remember to like and share on social media. The drills in this video are not demanding. They're not high intensity. And I want you to get in the habit of when you're at home, just playing with the ball, just getting more touches. If you're just chilling, you're just hanging out, maybe the TV's on in the background. Why wouldn't you have the ball at your feet? You're not burning yourself out. It's not high intensity. You're getting repetitions.  And the only way you're going to do that is by getting in the habit of training at home. When you practice with your teammates, it's great. When you play in games, that's essential for your development. But when you're at home by yourself, you can take the time to get thousands, hopefully millions of touches over time and become an absolute master with the ball. So don't worry about high intensity, burning yourself out. There are times to do those things. What you want to do at home is you want to set up an environment that's always encouraging you to get touches on the ball.  You can do dribbling, you can juggle, just play with the ball, caress it, move it in different ways, play passes. I like to play passes and work on my shooting technique against a couch or a wall.  So as I said in this video, I just wanted to throw something out there, get the momentum going, more videos coming in the future. But please get in the habit of training at home, getting more touches, just having fun with the ball while you're just hanging out, doing what you usually do. If you want to change yourself, change your environment.  Is it encouraging you to get more touches to be more ambitious? Your environment can also be the people that are around you. Are these people motivating you, encouraging you?  I want you to analyze your environment on all different levels. Think about your lifestyle. Think about the people that you hang out around with. Think about the things you do every day. Is it setting you up to become a better player or is it holding you back? Thank you so much for checking out this video. Please remember to give it a like and share on social media. Subscribe if you haven't already hit that bell notification and come back tomorrow. I just want to throw this video out there. Thank you for all the support over this hard time in my life. You guys are the best. I love you. Let's move forward. It's only the beginning.


Last week, the highest number of COVID-19 cases were reported so far in the pandemic, said the chief of the World Health Organization regarding the first week of the new year. In the same period, India witnessed a six-fold rise in the COVID-19 cases compared to the previous week. The steep rise in cases was primarily due to the case surge in urban centres. Chennai recorded more than 17,000 infections in one week. It is a 350% increase compared to the previous week. The city recorded more than 6,000 fresh cases on January 9. The number was only around 850 a week ago on January 3. This 50% of what Tamil Nadu loved. In the same period, the fresh case count shot up from over 1,700 to nearly 12,900 in the state. Simultaneously, the active cases in the state rose from more than 10,300 to over 51,300. While the test positivity rate rose from 1.4 to 7.9 in a matter of 7 days. The R0 or the average number of people every COVID positive person infects is 4 in India. Experts say that for the daily infections and fresh cases to come down, the effective R must go below 1. All this data points to only one thing, an enormous speed in the spread of COVID-19 infection. Former Tamil Nadu Director of Public Health, Dr. Kolandya Swami, explained about the spread of the disease at the present stage. During the first wave and during the second wave, we have seen the time duration. There is a gap between the waves in one country and another country. So it all happened in China, then subsequently we have seen in Europe, UK and America. So then followed by it happened in Maharashtra, Delhi and Tamil Nadu, Kerala. Then the same way, the second wave. So now also the same wave. So what is happening in America in Europe for the past one or two months is now happening in India. So the epidemic, the third wave is in different phases in different parts of the world. And even if we take India, it is in different phases. In Tamil Nadu, usually the Chennai and then other major cities like Coimbatore, Madurai, Tirumalveli. This way the pandemic progresses from one place to other places. So now here the current reason for the third wave. So the Omicron which is a variant of these SARS-CoV-2, that is the COVID-19 virus. The infectivity of this particular variant is very high, 5 to 10 times higher than the other variants of the COVID-19. So the reason is it multiplies more in the upper respiratory tract and including the throat. So the viral load and the virus which is usually in cough or talking or speaking. So the virus, the quantity of virus which is spreading through the air and all reason why the amplitude is very high. So and also the infection, the people who had been infected by COVID-19 earlier and those people who had been vaccinated with the two doses. So the reinfection and breakthrough infection occurs in these people. But among these people, the Omicron is very, it appears to be very, very mild. And at the same time, the people who have not been immunized or partially immunized, they received the first dose, not received the second dose, received, not at all immunized with at least one dose. So these category of the people and particularly 50 plus and with the comorbid conditions, severe comorbid conditions, they are at a particular risk. Such people will be the most affected people during the third wave when compared to the other category of the people. The numbers we can divide into two categories. So one is the severe category and mild category. As we have already explained, the milder form will be among the vaccinated people and the COVID-19 recovered people. The severe form will be 50 plus comorbid conditions. So the hospital will be full of such kind of people. So that proportion of the people will be suffering more. That is the main thing. So then recovery rate also will be because of their comorbid conditions at age. Recovery rate also may be the mortality rate from 1%. So now it may, if we include those category of the people, then mortality rate may go up when compared to the first wave and second wave. So that is the real challenge that we will be facing during the third wave. There is much discussion about the Omicron variant being a mild one with limited symptoms. But is it mild for everyone? Can we afford to be wary of its spread? Moreover, amidst the third wave, what does that take for the much spoken about booster dose? In Singapore, people did a study analysis about the immunity status of the people who had been infected with SARS-CoV-1. But earlier it got to be known as SARS. Now it is being named as SARS-CoV-1 and this COVID-19 is named as SARS-CoV-2. Even after almost nearly about two decades after the infection with the SARS-CoV-1 in 2002, these people are still having the cell-mediated immunity. They are having robust immunity against the SARS-CoV-1. Here in the case of the COVID-19, the immunity developed by the natural infection and the immunity developed by the vaccines is long-lasting. Antibodies are not the only tool to measure the immunity level. So there is another component of the cell-mediated immunity where the cells remember the foreign antigen. So the moment a new infection occurs with the same virus, the body responds in a better way to overcome the infection. So that is why the Omicron is mild among the people who had been infected by the Omicron variant. But it is already people are seeing it is very severe among the people who are unvaccinated and partially vaccinated. Immunologist Satyajit Rath further explains the repercussions of an unvaccinated or partially vaccinated population while simultaneously having a population that is highly immune to the virus. Whether we have the drive or not is almost rendered irrelevant by the apparent fact that we don't seem to have a special focused set of policies to address the problem of the unvaccinated. All of us should remember that the unvaccinated are not simply random individuals distributed in communities. The unvaccinated tend to cluster as communities, as communities of the marginalized, as communities of the underprivileged in places like the United States, the communities of the irrational conservatives, the irrational conservative radicals, whatever you call them. All of these are communities in which the, in which virus populations can grow enormously, both in terms of rapidity, as well as in terms of generating potential virus variants for future selection, and so on and so forth. So focusing on the unvaccinated and completing their second dose vaccination and where necessary first and second dose vaccination is going to take specifically design policies. Whether we have the drive or not, we don't seem to have developed policies or at least they're not heard of in the public domain. This is one major issue that I think across the world and particularly in India we are deficient. The second issue connects to this point about communities remaining unvaccinated. And when communities remain unvaccinated, what we are doing by allowing communities on the one hand to remain unvaccinated and on the other hand creating hyper immune communities. These living cheek by job with booster doses is allowing a growing virus population with all the potential variants included in it to be repeatedly tested against the hyper immune population so that future true immune escape variants. acquire the likelihood of emerging in all these, however, in all these terms therefore inclusive approaches are absolutely essential. And what that means in vaccine terms is that we should not be in a situation where we are thinking about vaccinating on the ratings, vaccinating with additional doses, those at high risk such as healthcare professionals, and completing the basic vaccination should not be either or situations, our vaccine manufacture, our vaccine supply, our vaccine distribution and our vaccination implementation systems need to be geared to deliver all of these simultaneously. This is a context where it's important to underline Cuba. Everybody talks about not having enough vaccines, not having enough resources, not having this not having that. Cuba has fully vaccinated more than 80% of its population, including children with homegrown vaccines and the major major distinction is not that vaccines were invented or designed in public sector research organizations that is true the world over. The major differences that Cuba provided public sector manufacturing seamlessly connected to vaccine development to make deliver and implement vaccination campaigns on scale.


You know, I've been with the Public Defender's Office for 12 years now. And before that, I was actually a prosecutor for six years in both Pike County and Fayette County. So I'm excited to get back to a new challenge and be a prosecutor again. Being a prosecutor in the past made me a better public defender. So I'm sure being a public defender is now gonna make me a better prosecutor. I can argue both sides of the board and I think this is the experience will make me, as a public defender, will make me assess cases as a prosecutor better. I also served for a couple of years as a special assistant attorney general. And I was employed solely on the Commonwealth of Kentucky versus Purdue Pharmaceuticals case. I think the Attorney General experience will certainly be helpful, although that was a civil case. But I think maybe the most important thing is all the interaction with the people in the county. I've known Ms. Goodman and Mr. Smith for quite a while now. And they are both excellent attorneys. He and Ms. Goodman both will be a great asset to the Commonwealth Attorney's office and I look forward to working with both of them. Both of them are just excellent people. I have no doubt that they're gonna do very well for the Commonwealth. But the good thing is, they're gonna be here for the next six months getting up to speed, learning our techniques first of all, and just getting really familiar with the criminal system from the prosecution side. So when Bill comes in January the 1st, I think it'll be seamless. He can probably stay at home the first week or two and they'll be able to carry everything and show him what to do. So I'm really excited about it, really excited.


A very good evening aspirants, welcome to Hindu Newspaper Analysis brought to you by Shankar IA's Academy for the date 20th of March 2023. Displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. Without any delay, let's get into the articles straight away. Punjab Polis have launched a major crackdown against the pro-Kalistani elements. The Punjab Polis launched a statewide cordon and search exercise operation against Mr. Amrit Palsing and his supporters and this is about the news article given here. In this context, in our discussion today, we will see about the Kalistani movement. See the Kalistan movement is a subject of great importance and controversy in the history of India. The Kalistan movement is a Sikh separatist movement. It emerged in the late 1970s. The movement's major demand was the creation of a separate Sikh state called Kalistan in the Punjab region of India. See the roots of the Kalistan movement can be traced back to the partition of India in 1947. As we all know, the partition of India led to the creation of two nations India and Pakistan. And also know that the partition divided the Sikh community which was spread across two nations. The Sikhs in India felt a sense of betrayal. This is because they fought for an independent India but their demands for a separate Sikh state were not addressed. So the resentment among the Sikhs grew in the following decades and the Kalistan movement was born. The Kalistan movement gained momentum in 1980s when Sikh militant groups launched a violent campaign against the Indian government demanding the creation of Kalistan. See the movement led to a prolonged period of violence and unrest in Punjab with numerous terrorist attacks, bombings and assassinations. For this, Indian government responded with a heavy-handed crackdown. See the Indian government launched a military operation in 1984 to flush out the militants from Golden Temple under the code name Operation Blue Star. The military operation led to the deaths of militants and civilians. The operation also damaged the shrine. Then things started to cool down a bit. Finally in 1995, Indian government signed a peace agreement with the militants which led to the end of the armed struggle. Till now, we saw about the origin of Kalistan movement and the major cause of events. Now moving forward, we'll see about the impacts of the movement. See Kalistan movement had a profound impact on Sikh identity and culture. It created a sense of unity and pride among the Sikh community. This is because Sikhs earlier felt that they were marginalized and discriminated in the mainstream Indian society and this Kalistan movement gave them a sense of unity, pride, identity and culture. However, the movement also had negative consequences also because it led to the loss of innocent lives and it damaged the social fabric of Punjab. Now what is the present status of the movement? Today, the Kalistan movement is no longer as active as it was earlier but its legacy lives on. It reminds a sensitive issue in India and the demand for Kalistan is still being raised by some Sikh separatist groups. However, it is essential to recognize that violence and extremism are not the solutions to the problems faced by any community. The best way forward is through dialogue, understanding and peaceful coexistence. Now in what essence we are discussing about this article and this movement? See, we learnt about the Kalistan movement which was a significant chapter in the history of India. The movement had a profound impact on Sikh identity and the country's social fabric. But looking at the course and the end of the movement, we can safely say that violence and extremism are never the answer. And it is crucial to seek solutions through peaceful means. So you can use these points in your mains answer. Now that's all regarding this news article discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the origin of Kalistan movement, their demands and the effects of Kalistan movement both positive and negative effects. And finally, we ended our discussion by seeing the way forward to any problem faced by any community. Now with these points, let us move on to the next article discussion. Now have a look at this snippet displayed here. The news is that Indonesia's Mount Marapi which is one of the world's most active volcanoes erupted last Friday. The article further says that the volcano continued to emit hot ash and other volcanic material on Saturday. And this is the crux of the snippet given here. In this context, let's learn about the causes of volcanic eruption and about the effects of volcanic eruption. First of all, know that volcanoes or vents are opening in Earth's crust. They release ash, gases, steam and hot liquid rock. Now what causes volcanic eruption? See, if we go down inside the Earth, there is a gradual increase in temperature. This extreme heat down inside the Earth can cause liquefaction of huge rocks. See, this means the rocks will get melted and they become thick liquid substance because of increased temperature. And this thick liquid substance is only called as magma. See, because of its liquid state, the magma is less in weight or less dense when compared with the surrounding rocks. This phenomenon forces magma to move upwards. The upward moving magma is collected in a magma chamber. Know that a magma chamber is a partially or totally molten body located in the crust. See, the chamber is supplied with magma deeper from the Earth. So we can say that magma chamber acts as a reservoir for magma that is coming from deep inside the Earth. Now coming back, after some point of time, the magma chamber gets filled with magma and there is no space to hold continuous magma upflow. This creates accumulation of pressure in the magma chamber, right? So the excess of magma tries to come up through grooves and outlets within the Earth's crust. As a result of this pressure, a volcanic eruption takes place. See, the volcanic eruption releases gases, steam, magma and even ash. See, the erupted magma is only known as lava. This lava cools and hardens and they form into a cone shaped mountain and this is only the cause of volcanic eruption. Now with this information, let us see what are all the effects of volcanic eruption. First of all, know that volcanic eruption leads to pyroclastic flow. See, pyroclastic flow is nothing but the fast moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash and hot gases down the slope of volcano. The pyroclastic flows are generated during the volcanic eruption. Note one difference here, pyroclastic flows are not lava flows. A lava flow consists of only molten rock that has erupted from the vent or fissure of the volcano. Whereas a pyroclastic flow, it consists of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash and hot gases. And also know that lava moves very slowly when compared to a pyroclastic flow. Now what are all the effects of this pyroclastic flow? As I said now, the pyroclastic flow is the fast moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash and hot gases. So the fast moving pyroclastic flow can destroy cities, livelihoods, plants and animals that are living nearby the volcano. And this is the effect of pyroclastic flow. Now coming back to the effects of volcanic eruption. See, apart from this pyroclastic flow, a large magnitude of explosive volcanic eruptions can produce giant ash clouds. See, the diameter of ash clouds may range from hundreds to thousands of kilometers. And these ash or dust clouds can spoil the environment. This is because the ash clouds can deteriorate the rainfall and it affects the water quality in the surrounding areas. It even causes damage to the crops. Now apart from these physical threats, volcanic eruptions can also help issues like respiratory problems, burns, infectious diseases etc. Now these are all the effects of volcanic eruption. Now with this we have come to the end of this particular article discussion. In this discussion we saw what is volcano and the causes of volcano and its effects. Under the effects of volcano we saw about pyroclastic flow. We saw about volcanic ash clouds and the health issues of volcanic eruptions. Now with these points, let us move on to the next article discussion. Now let us look at this article from yesterday's newspaper. It talks about the misery of victims who have taken loan from various Chinese digital loan apps. Know that the ED is the premier organization in India which conducts investigation tracing the assets derived from proceeds of crime. As a part of its investigation towards the Chinese loan apps, ED found that these apps used morphed photos of the borrowers to make them repay the money. These photos were shared to contacts of the borrowers. Also note that these apps charged a huge processing fee which nearly constituted 30-40% of the loan amount itself. Taking cognizance of the seriousness of the issue, RBI had issued the digital lending guidelines in the month of September 2022. These guidelines were made mandatory to be followed by digital lending platforms operating in India. So in our discussion today, let's try to learn about this newly introduced digital lending guidelines. First of all, let us see the different processes included in a life cycle of a loan. See, life cycle of a loan includes customer acquisition, credit assessment, loan approval, disbursement, recovery and associated customer service. Digital lending guidelines needs to be followed by lending companies even if some of the above set processes are done in a digital medium. In this case, RBI has clarified that even if some physical interface with customer is present, the lending will still fall under the definition of digital lending only. This is being done to not let digital lending platforms get away with shifting off some of the process included in the loan cycle to a physical medium. See, loan lending companies may say that one of the processes in the loan life cycle includes physical interface so it does not come under digital lending. So in this scenario only, RBI has carefully formulated this definition. Even if one of the process involves digital medium, then the lending will fall under the definition of digital lending only. Secondly, information regarding late and penal charges should mandatory be conveyed to the borrowers by the lending companies before the loan is given. So let us say you are taking loan from a digital lending platform and they should inform you about late charges and penalty charges and all before you get the loan and this is made mandatory for the digital loan lending companies. And thirdly, annual percentage rate which is nothing but the interest rate of the loan should be previously informed to the borrower before the grant of the loan. And no increases allowed in this interest rate once the loan is given out. This is fairly self-explanatory, right? So the person who takes the loan should be informed about the interest rate of the loan and it should not be increased after the loan is received by the borrower. Fourthly, a key fact sheet should be provided to the borrower by the lending companies and it should contain details of annual percentage rate, the recovery mechanism, details of grievance retrosal officer designated specifically to deal with the digital lending. So the fourth requirement is maintenance of fact sheet and it should be provided to the borrower. Fifthly, details of lending service providers needs to be given out to the customers before the grant of loan by the lending company. Here the term lending service providers refers to the specialized agencies which are tasked with the recovery process by the lending companies when the loan becomes delinquent. Suppose let us say person A received a loan from digital lending company and due to some circumstances he is not able to repay the loan. Now the lending service providers will come to the borrower and they will recover the loan in any form like by seizing assets, properties or something like that, okay? And this is the task of lending service providers and this should be informed to the borrower before the grant of loan by the lending company. And this is the fifth requirement. Sixthly, the borrowers should be granted a cooling off period by the loan providers. In this period the borrowers should be given explicit option to exit the digital loan by paying the principal and proportionate annual percentage rate without any penalty. The cooling off period so determined shall not be less than three days for loans having tenure of seven days or more. And the cooling off period shall not be less than one day for loans having tenure of less than seven days. So basically if the tenure of the loan is more than seven days then the cooling off period should not be less than three days. And if the tenure of the loan is less than seven days the cooling off period should not be less than one day. And using this cooling off period the borrower can pay the principal and proportionate interest rate without any penalty. Finally explicit consent should be sought by the digital lending app before acquiring any data from the user's phone. The guidelines makes it mandatory for the digital lending apps to stop from accessing mobile phone resources like files and media, contact list, call logs etc. And these are the important points mentioned in the guidelines released by RBI relating to digital lending in India. The first point is the definition of digital lending even if one process of a life cycle of a loan includes digital medium then it comes under digital lending only. The second one is late charges, penalty charges should be informed to the borrowers before dispersing the loan. Thirdly annual percentage rate that is interest rate should be previously informed to the borrower and it should not be increased after the borrower received the loan. Fourthly a key fact sheet should be maintained and it should be given to the borrower. It should contain details like interest rate, recovery mechanism, grievance redressal, officers details etc. Fifthly the details of lending service providers should be informed to the borrower. Here lending service providers are nothing but service providers who recover the loan on behalf of the lending companies. The sixth point is cooling off period should be given to the borrower. In this cooling off period they can repay the principal and proportionate interest rate without any penalty. And the final point is consent that too explicit consent should be received from the borrower for acquiring any data from the borrower's phone. Now remember these points it will be useful for you also in your personal life and it is very useful for your examination also. Now with this let's move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this editorial article the author of this article says that our understanding of universal health coverage is not comprehensive. The concept is biased and it allows only certain types of treatments for certain categories of population. Therefore he insists on adopting the new universal health coverage concept and this is the cracks of the news article given here. So in our discussion today we'll try to understand the declarations mentioned in the article and about the concepts associated with them. And then we'll try to see why these concepts are outdated. But before that the syllabus relevant to the article is highlighted here for your reference please go through it. See before getting into the declarations you have to first understand what is primary, secondary and tertiary health care. See primary health care includes care for mother, child, family planning, immunization, prevention of locally endemic diseases and treatment for other common diseases. It also includes provision of essential facilities, health education, provision of food and nutrition and adequate supply of safe drinking water. In India primary health care is provided through a network of sub centers and primary health centers in rural areas. Now the secondary health care it refers to the second tier of the health system. Here the patients are referred to the specialists in higher hospitals for treatment. In India health centers for secondary health care include district hospitals and community health care at block level. And finally the tertiary health care it refers to a third level of health system. Here specialized consultative care is provided and it is usually based on the referral from primary and secondary medical care. See the key features of tertiary health care include specialized intensive care units, advanced diagnostic support services and specialized medical personnel. In India tertiary care service is provided by medical colleges and advanced medical research institutes. So in short know that tertiary is highly specialized area and secondary is when you get an advanced intervention but less specialized than tertiary. And then primary health care includes very basic health care services. Here you should also understand about the concept of universal health coverage. See universal health coverage is about ensuring that people have access to health care without suffering financial hardship. See it does not mean free health care. It means finance should not be a problem for someone who is seeking medical care. So with this understanding now let us understand the Alma Ata declaration. See the Alma Ata declaration emerged in 1978 through the international conference on primary health care. It was a major milestone for the 20th century in the field of public health. This is because it provided for the concept of health for all by the year 2000. It basically said that primary health care is the key to attain the goal of health for all. Fair enough right? But there is a problem here. But as I told you earlier the conference itself was named as international conference on primary health care. I hope you understand what the problem here is. See it speaks about health care for all. But it only concentrates on primary health care and this is the problem here. The declaration urged the governments and other international organizations and the world community to support the national commitment to primary health care. So this led to the conception that primary health care is the responsibility of the government. But secondary and tertiary care should be taken care of by the private sector. Here the basic facilities in secondary and tertiary care are ensured by the government. See we are talking about health for all. But we are only taking partial responsibility through this concept of universal health coverage. See many non-communicable diseases, chronic diseases like mental illness and its treatment they were almost excluded from primary health care. And because of this individuals have to seek either secondary or tertiary treatments from the private sector by paying from their own pockets. And also there are not enough government run institutions for the poor who cannot afford expensive private care. So the author says that the Alma Ata declaration of primary health care should be left behind as an outdated concept. And we should move forward with the newer concept of universal health care. And this new universal health care should be a concept which encompasses primary, secondary and tertiary care for all who need it at affordable cost without any discrimination. Now in this aspect the author also talks about the Astana declaration. This is another global conference on primary health care which was held in Astana, Kazakhstan in October 2018. This declaration again emphasised the critical role of primary health care around the world. Now this conference called for partnership with the private sector. This is despite the fact that commercial private sector contributed to many ill effects in the society such as alcohol, tobacco and industrial pollution. Now this is about the information of declarations regarding universal health care. Now in this article the author also mentions some positive steps in this regard. See the National Rural Health Mission has set comprehensive primary health care as one of its goals. This resulted in primary health care centres version 2 which were operationalised from 2013. Later the Aishman Bharat or the Healthy India Initiative was launched as per the recommendation of National Health Policy 2017. There were two components under Aishman Bharat. The first one is Health and Wellness Centre and the other one is PMJAY which is nothing but the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana. See the Government of India announced the creation of 1,50,000 health and wellness centres. These centres are created by transforming the existing sub-centres and primary health centres. That is primary health centres in rural and urban areas would also be converted to Health and Wellness Centre. These centres would deliver comprehensive primary health care. This would help in bringing health care closer to the homes of the people and it covers both maternal and childcare health services and non-communicable diseases also. It also includes free essential drugs and diagnostic services. Besides this there is also another component right. We saw about Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana. Under this component the mission aims to provide financial protection for secondary and tertiary care to about 40% of India's households. Now finally before concluding the author says that we need a reconceptualisation of the term universal health care because the old declarations only focus on primary health care right. See it is a discrimination against people who seek secondary and tertiary health care and that is exactly why the author is recommending reconceptualisation of universal health care. Now with this we have come to the end of this particular article discussion. In this discussion we saw about different types of health care primary, secondary and tertiary and we understood the concept universal health coverage and after that we saw declarations regarding universal health coverage. We saw about Alma Ata declaration and Astana declaration and after that we saw about National Rural Health Mission and Aishman Bharat Mission and finally we ended our discussion by seeing the way forward suggested by the author. Now with these points let us move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this editorial here. This editorial is talking about the issues with India-China border. The author says that India and China are moving towards a new arrangement to maintain peace and tranquility along the disputed India-China border. Now what is the need for new arrangements? See in June 2022 a clash happened between Indian troops and Chinese troops at Galwan Valley. This has led to the death of 20 Indian and 4 Chinese soldiers. Then in December 2022 another Sino-Indian clash happened at Yangtze. It is situated in the northeast of Tawang. So the recent clashes suggest that new measures should be needed across the India-China border to maintain peace and this is the background of the editorial given here. Now in this discussion today we will understand the points provided in the news article but before that the syllabus relevant to the article is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. Now let's start with the India-China border. According to the sources from Ministry of Home Affairs India shares 3488 kilometres of border with China. The border runs along the states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arnachal Pradesh and the Union Territory of Ladakh. Know that the border between India and China is not fully demarcated. We have some arrangement called LAC which is known as the Line of Actual Control. See the LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian controlled territory from Chinese controlled territory. The process of clarifying and conforming the Line of Actual Control is still in process and this is the reason why frequent clashes happen between Indian troops and Chinese troops along the border areas. See this is the information about India-China border. Now let's move on to see about the attempts that have been made so far to ease the tensions along India-China border. During the past India-China have entered into several legal treaties that are aimed at ensuring clarity on the border dispute. See the legal treaties have been signed because of the frequent border clashes and their impact on India-China relations. Some of the important legal treaties include Tranquility Agreement of 1993, Agreement on Confidence Building Measures of 1996, Agreement on Establishing a Working Mechanism on Border Affairs of 2012 and the Agreement on Border Defence Cooperation of 2013. See all these legal treaties were aimed at providing clarity on India-China border disputes. Now in addition to these legal instruments the two nations have conducted several informal summits in the recent years. For example, we can take the informal summits that have taken place in Wuhan-China and in Marmalaburam-India. These summits primarily aimed to establish an understanding of the border dispute. So the summit advocated for principle-based approaches to tackling border issues and it seeks to re-invoke existing treaty laws on border issues. Apart from this, in the last three years a series of negotiations were conducted between high-level Indian and Chinese military officials. These negotiations were conducted after a violent clash at Galwan Valley in 2020. As an outcome of these negotiations, India and China have managed to disengage in four out of six critical border points. Those four points include Galwan, Pangongso, Gaogra Post and the point near Jianan Pass which is known as PP-15. But two key areas remain unsettled. They are the Debsang Bulge and the Charding Ninglung Junction in Demchok area in Ladakh. See for these remaining two unsettled points both China and India have affirmed that the proposals for disengagement in the remaining areas would be discussed in an open and constructive manner. Thereby this could create conditions for the restoration of normalcy in bilateral relations between India and China. Now this is about the attempts that are taken so far to ease the tensions along India-China border. First we saw legal treaties and then we saw informal summits and then we saw negotiations between the high-level Indian and Chinese military officials. Now what do you think is the likely proposal to disengage in disputed border area? According to the article, the most likely proposal is to convert the other parts of LAC also into similar no-patrol zones which are existing in eastern Ladakh regions. Now what is no-patrol zone? See if a particular area is declared as a no-patrol zone jointly by the two countries then both the countries are not allowed to patrol in such area. If we take the case of India and China, the no-patrol zones are confined to the places where India and China have overlapping claims. Till 2020 both Indian and Chinese troops have patrolled till the limit of these overlapping claims. See there is this one protocol. The protocol is that if two patrols meet, they would stop and need to display the banners to ask the other side to go back to their area. And this is the protocol. Apart from this, earlier the issue in patrolling was dealt through meetings at the designated border points. This is the earlier situation before the Galwan Valley clash. So before the Galwan Valley clash, both the countries were patrolling their overlapping claims. But there is this one protocol. If they both meet, they would stop and ask the other side to go back to their area. But after the 2020 Galwan Valley clashes, the situation has changed. See after the clash, India and China had increased their troops in no-patrol zone areas. As we saw earlier, through a series of negotiations, India and China have managed to disengage in 4 out of 6 critical border points including Galwan Valley. So in such 4 border points, no-patrol zone was brought back. But the issues remain unsettled in the two key areas namely Debsang Baljan, Chading Ninglung Junction in Demchok area of Ladakh. So converting these areas also into no-patrol zones will immediately help to settle the disputes in such areas. Apart from this, the discussions are also going on to upgrade the existing border management mechanisms. See both India and China are aiming to replace the working mechanism for consultation and coordination on India-China border FS with the mechanism that will have both military and civilian officers. Simply they are aiming to replace the WOMCC with the mechanism that will have both military and civilian officers. Know that the WOMCC was established in the year 2012. This is an instrumental mechanism for consultation and coordination for management of India-China border areas. WOMCC provides a platform to exchange views on strengthening communication and cooperation between the border security personnel of two sides. See this WOMCC consists only of military officials. So now the discussions are going on between India and China to replace the WOMCC with the mechanism that will have both military and civilian officers. Now this is all about the attempts that have been made so far to ease the tensions along India and China border. Now before concluding our discussion, let us see some solutions to address the India-China border dispute. Firstly, India and China should try to restore the Panchsheel Agreement. Know that Panchsheel Agreement was signed on April 29, 1954 by India and China. It refers to the five principles of coexistence to govern the relations between India and China. The five principles include mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, peaceful coexistence. See these five principles under the Panchsheel Agreement have lost its significance due to change in political power of both the countries. Therefore, both India and China should restore this agreement to maintain peace between both the countries. Secondly, both India and China should need to reinvoke existing peace and border settlement treaties to provide clarity on border issues. Thirdly, both countries should need to conduct high-level meetings with the participation of both military and civil officials for early settlement of border disputes. And finally, more informal summits should be arranged between the heads of Indian and Chinese governments to discuss each other's concern and to arrive at a possible solution. Now that's all for this article discussion. In this discussion, we saw about India-China border, the disputes related to it and the attempts that have been made so far to ease the tensions along India-China border and some solutions to address it. Now with these points, let us move on to the next article discussion. Now according to this news article, the debate over net neutrality has recently been reignited as a result of a demand made by the Cellular Operators Association of India. See this association represents the three major telecom operators in India, namely Bharati Airtel, Vodafone India and Reliance Jio. The demand is that platforms like YouTube and WhatsApp should pay a share of revenue as network costs to the service providers. And this is the crux of the news article given here. Now in this context, let us understand few facts about what is this net neutrality. First of all, I'll explain it to you with an example so that it will be easy for you to understand. Consider you are using internet from an internet service provider A. And this internet service provider A should allow you to access any platform that you wish to access without any discrimination. Here, A cannot put some data in fast lanes and block the other data. In other words, these companies shouldn't be able to block you from accessing a service like Skype or slow down Netflix in order to encourage you to keep your cable package or buy a different video streaming service. Obviously that's what we'll do, right? If a particular service provider slows down the Netflix, we will move on to Prime Video or something like that. But the service provider cannot do this. He cannot discriminate by placing some data in fast lane and some other data in slow lane. This principle in which all electronic communication passing through a network is treated equally is called as net neutrality. See the term net neutrality was coined by Professor Tim Wu. He had observed that network neutrality is best defined as network design principle since it allows the network to carry every form of information and support every kind of application. Now what are all the benefits of net neutrality? Firstly, it protects the small entrepreneurs. It protects small entrepreneurs from unfair competition with big internet tech giants. See, net neutrality is extremely important for small business owners and startups who can launch their businesses online and advertise the products and sell them openly without any discrimination. Secondly, it will ensure open and free internet accessible to all. It has enabled countless of online services including e-commerce. Thirdly, it is a step that promotes equality of consumer and it also encourages free and open internet access. They ensure that the tariffs remain low and the internet remains affordable in India. See, affordable tariffs will enable internet penetration including in rural areas. This has also facilitated access to public services as well. And finally, net neutrality has proven to be crucial in fostering digital economy. Digital economy has given rise to tremendous opportunities to both big tech companies and numerous tech-based startups. It has also encouraged gig economy which has supported livelihood opportunities in the informal sector. Now that's all for this article discussion. In this discussion, we saw about what is net neutrality and what are all the benefits of it. Now with these points, let us move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this news article here. It talks about the background radiation levels that are emitted from natural sources like rocks, sand and mountains in parts of Kerala especially in Colom. See, the high radiation levels in Colom are mainly due to the presence of monazite sands that are high in thorium. However, a recent study by the Baba Atomic Research Centre found that despite the high radiation levels there is no increased risk to human health. And this is the background of the article given here. So in this context, let us quickly go through information about monazite sands and its distribution in India. See, monazite is a reddish brown phosphate material and it is one of the beach sand minerals that contain rare earth elements like lanthanum, cerium, presiodimium, neodymium, etc. See, monazite usually occurs in small isolated crystals or grains and they are resistant to weathering and they become concentrated in soils. See, monazite is an important ore of thorium and hence it is radioactive in nature. Now for us, thorium is very important because it has the potential to become the next generation fuel for nuclear power plants. It is even used for the third stage of India's nuclear power program. Now this is about the monazite sand. Now coming to the question, what are these rare earth minerals? See, rare earth minerals or materials are a group of 17 elements. They start with lanthanum in the period table of elements and include scandium and yttrium. As the names are just, they are actually not rare element. They are moderately abundant in the earth's crust but they are not concentrated enough to make them economically exploitative. And since they are rarely found in concentrations which are high enough to be economically extracted, mining these materials are extremely difficult. And that is exactly why they are called as rare earth materials or minerals. See among these rare earth minerals, thorium and lutetium are the two rare earth elements with the lowest abundance. Serium, yttrium, lanthanum and neodymium are the most plentiful rare earth elements. Now you can see these 17 rare earth materials in the periodic table displayed here. Now coming to India specific information. See major rare earth minerals found in India are ilmenite, cilmenite, garnet, zircon, monazite and rutile. These minerals are collectively known as beach sand minerals shortly known as BSM. See the fifth largest reserves of rare earth minerals are found in India. Due to the radioactivity of monazite sands, Indian rare earths limited as the sole producer of rare earth compounds under department of atomic energy. Now displayed here are some of these sites where monazite is present in India. Now just go through it, be aware of the sites given in this list here. You might expect the prelims question in this topic. If you just make an observation you can find that all of these are coastal areas. So just have that in mind and with this we have come to the end of this particular article discussion. In this discussion we saw about monazite sands. We saw about its characteristics and after that we saw some basics about rare earth minerals. And finally we ended our discussion by seeing India specific information about the rare earth minerals. Now with these points let us move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this article from yesterday's newspaper. It says that India-Bangladesh friendship pipeline was inaugurated by prime ministers of both the countries. This pipeline will carry diesel from Azam's Numaliga refineries marketing depot in Silugri to Parbatipur in northern Bangladesh. In this discussion we will see some key points about India-Bangladesh ties. We all know that India was the first country to recognize Bangladesh as a separate and independent state after its independence in December 1971. We have established diplomatic ties with Bangladesh from then on. Now in what context Bangladesh is significant to India? We will see that now. Firstly, India sees Bangladesh as the closest partner in ensuring security in its northeast states. We know that our northeast states have a geographically disadvantaged position. Also, Bangladesh has taken significant steps in dealing with insurgent organizations in India. It helped us in terms of intelligent sharing to deal with the security ties. It helped us in the terms of intelligence sharing to deal with the security issues. And then we need Bangladesh as close ally to deal with the China factor. See, China is the major defense equipment supplier to Bangladesh. China has also replaced India as its largest trading partner in the last decade. See, such co-operations with China may weaken India's position in the Indo-Pacific. So, it is in India's utmost interest that it maintains close relationship with Dhaka, that is Bangladesh. Now, before concluding our discussion, let us see some of the important projects signed between the two countries. First is Maitri Power Plant. It is located at Rampal in Bagarget district of Bangladesh. This coal-fired power plant is being developed under India's concessional financing scheme. It will add 1320 megawatts to Bangladesh's national grid. And then there is the Rushpa Rail Bridge. See, the 5.13-kilometre Rushpa Rail Bridge is key part of the 64.7-kilometre Kulna-Mongolaport single-track, broad-gauge rail project. And this Rushpa Rail Bridge connects Mongolaport with Kulna by rail and central and northern Bangladesh and also to Indian border at West Bengal. And then the India-Bangladesh friendship pipeline which was inaugurated recently is also an important project between the two countries. This cross-border pipeline will bring the oil from Azam's Numaligarh Refinery to Siligree in West Bengal. And from there on, the pipeline will run to Parbatipur in northern Bangladesh. See, this will reduce petrol prices and road congestion. And this is all about this news article discussion. In this discussion, we saw why Bangladesh is significant to India and the important projects signed between the two countries. Now, with these points, let us move on to the next article discussion. Now, this tiny article here talks about the 6.8 magnitude strong earthquake that shook southern Ecuador and northern Peru on Saturday. See, at least 15 people were killed and others were trapped under rubble. So, in this context, let us understand some important institutional measures to prevent and mitigate the earthquake loss. But before that, look at these maps here. Here, you can see that Peru and Ecuador are present adjacent to each other. Most importantly, they are located in the Ring of Fire. See, Ring of Fire is home to more than 450 active and dormant vulcanos forming a semi-circle or horseshoe around the rim of Pacific Ocean. See, most of the active vulcanos in the Ring of Fire are found on its western edge from Russia to New Zealand, while the eastern edge is known for their seismic activity. Over 90% of earthquakes occur along its path including the planet's most violent and dramatic seismic events. Since both Ecuador and Peru is located on the subducting zone of Nazca Plate, there is no wonder earthquakes occurred there. See, the Nazca Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate in the southeastern Pacific Ocean of the west coast of South America. It is currently subducting beneath the South American Plate and that's the reason for the recent earthquake. See, earthquakes they are unavoidable. But we have to make some important institutional measures to prevent and mitigate the earthquake loss. Now, let us see them one by one. Firstly, in India, there is this National Centre for Seismology for India's earthquake preparedness. It is the Nodal Agency of the Government of India for monitoring earthquake activity in the country. Secondly, the National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project lays down policies on disaster management and it approves the national plan. Thirdly, we have National Building Code for India's earthquake preparedness. It is a national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building construction activities across the country. It serves as a model code for adoption by all agencies involved in building construction works be it public works department or other government construction departments, local bodies and even private construction agencies. They have to stick to this national building code. Fourthly, building materials and Technology Promotion Council carries out initiatives for lifeline structure to raise awareness among the public and various governmental organizations. Fifthly, initiatives are taken by ministry of Panjayati Raj like making available money from Backward Regions Grant Fund. This is to fill important infrastructure gap and other developmental needs. Sixthly, we have National Retrofit Program for India's earthquake preparedness. Seventhly, the government has launched two mobile labs for India's earthquake preparedness. And finally, we have National Disaster Response Force and the National Disaster Management Authority. And even we have an Indian Seismic Zoning Map. It guides in identifying the lowest, moderate as well as the highest hazardous or earthquake prone areas in India. And these are all the preventive and mitigative measures taken by India in order to reduce the loss or damage created by earthquakes. That's all for this article discussion. In this discussion, we saw about Pacific Ring of Fire and why earthquake happened in Peru and Ecuador. And finally, we saw some measures taken by India to prevent and mitigate the earthquake loss. Now with these questions, let us move on to the next part of the discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion. Today we have six prelims questions. I'll solve five of them and one of them is a quiz question for you. Now let us take this first question. It is a previous prelims question which was asked in the year 2021. The question says, in the context of colonial India, Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehegal and Guru Baksh Singh Dhillon are remembered as leaders of Swadeshi and Boycott movement, members of the interim government in 1946, members of the drafting committee in the Constituent Assembly and officers of Indian National Army. The correct answer here is option D, officers of the Indian National Army. See Prem Kumar Sehegal, Shah Nawaz Khan and Guru Baksh Singh Dhillon were the officers of Indian National Army whose trial were held in 1945 at Red Fort in Delhi. This was the first trial of INA, Prisoners of War. They were sentenced to death but instead they had to be released following the widespread protests and unrest in India. Leaders like Javakalal Nehru, Bula Bhai Desai and Tej Bahadur Sapru, they argued in favour of INA's Prisoners of War during the INA trials. Now moving on to the next question, see this question is also a previous question which was asked in the year 2018. The question says, Baran Island volcano is an active volcano located in Indian Territory. This statement is correct. See Baran Island is the only active volcano in India. Statement 2, Baran Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicarbar. See this statement is not correct. It is located 140 km to the east of Port Blair and is in South Andaman. Now moving on to the third statement the last time the Baran Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then. This statement is also incorrect. This is because see Baran Island volcano it had been lying dormant for more than 150 years but it saw a major eruption in 1991 after that the volcano has shown intermittent activity and it erupted in 1995 2005 and 2017. So the correct answer here is option A11 leave. Now moving on to the next question, consider the following statements with reference to net neutrality. Statement 1, restriction of net neutrality allows the internet access service provider to block, degrade, slow down or grant speed to particular content. See this statement is a bit tricky. See net neutrality it does not allow the service provider to block, degrade, slow down or grant speed to a particular content. But restriction of net neutrality allows all of these. So this statement is correct. Statement 2 says that restriction of net neutrality could result in discrimination against specific services or websites by internet access service providers. This statement is also correct. Net neutrality only will avoid discrimination. But restriction of net neutrality will result in discrimination. So both the statements are correct. So the correct answer to this question is option C both 1 and 2. Now moving on to the next question. See this question is also a previous question which was asked in the year 2022. Very recently. Okay. The question says with reference to India consider the following statements. Statement 1 monocyte is a source of rare earth. This is true. Monocyte contains thorium. This is also true. Monocyte occurs naturally in the entire Indian coastal sands in India. See this statement is incorrect. We know that Indian coastal sands contain monocyte. But it does not occur in the entire coastline of India. They are absent in some coastal states like Karnataka. So this statement is incorrect. Statement 4 in India government bodies only can process or export monocyte. See this also we saw in the discussion itself. Since monocyte contains radioactive constituents only the state run IREL in India has the license to produce and export monocyte. So this statement is also correct. So the correct answer to this question is option B 2 and 4 only. Now moving on to the next question Which of the following Indian states have border with Bangladesh? Assam, West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura. Now look at this map here. Bangladesh is here. What all states have border with Bangladesh? West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura. So what are all the states that do not have border with Bangladesh? It includes Jharkhand, Bigar, Sikkim, Arachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Manipur. So remember the states which have border with Bangladesh. Don't get confused here. So the correct answer to this question is option D 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Now moving on to the next question. See aspirins this is only the quiz question for you. Pause the video read the question think about it carefully and post your answer in the comment section. For aspirins I have displayed here the main question for your practice. So if you are interested write it and post your answer in the comment section. If you have any doubts related to the articles that we discussed today post that also in the comment section. With this we have come to the end. If you find the video useful like share and comment and do subscribe to Shankar Iyer's Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards and I am ripping one box of 2022 Panini select UFC hobby and five father's day packs for Richard B. So good luck Richard. See what we got. Got Kevin Durant and Wanda Franco rookie. There you go. Nice Wanda. Bobby Whit Jr. rookie and Spencer Torkelson rookie. I don't know why I like hesitated on that one. Sorry. Got Kenny Pickett rookie and Luca. That is 68 of 199. Nice one there. Mavs. Congrats Richard. Nice numbered Luca. I don't know. I'm not 100% sure if they have. I have to imagine probably not. Ronald Acunha and Scotty Barnes rookie. Yeah understandable for sure. We got Mike Trout and Lamar. There you go. So that's the father's day packs. Now 2022 select UFC hobby.  Nice Jamal Hill. Gilbert Burns octagon side. Got rookie.  There you go. Oh here it looks like an auto. Dominic Cruz. We've got Jack Hermansen blue auto to 49 49 of 49 octagon action signatures. And same guy rookie. Try color. Solid one there. Makachev got Adrian Yanez octagon side rookie and silver Kamaro Usman Nunez McGregor silver Brandon Moreno global icons and silver Conor McGregor. Nice one there. Should deplace. Yeah Dustin Poirier and Steve Miochic on the try color. Nice one there. Chuck Liddell Jorge Mazvedal got Sean Brady bronze rookie to 175. Nice Sean Brady. Patty Pimlet try colored rookie. Nice one there. Congrats on the Patty the Patty. That's awesome man. Nice Patty rookie. Tom Aspinall Tom Aspinall again. Silver Panpanik Kinzad silver rookie got Charles or Charles Oliver blue octagon action signatures. Nice hit there Richard. That's so sick. 29 of 49. Congrats buddy. What a hit. We'll mag that one for you. And how about a red Brock Lesnar right behind that 89 of 99. Nice hits there. Let's go. Maru Usman. Silver again. Steve Miochic. Very solid box for sure. Patty Kinzad there until Cyril Gane got Devenson figure figure where to tie die 12 of 25. Nice one there tie die fighter worn material and Darren Till silver on the back and last pack here Richard. Valentina Shepchenko. There you go. Scope. Nice one there. That'll do it for your break. Congrats on all the hits there Richard. We'll get those right out to you. Thanks again man.


Hi, and I just want to say thank you to the conference organisers for keeping this conference running in the current circumstances. In my presentation, I'm going to talk about treaty withdrawal. First, I want to sketch a general problem that international law has had with treaty withdrawal, and I should clarify that I mean unilateral withdrawal as opposed to withdrawal by agreement. Second, I want to make some observations on the solutions arrived at in the 1969 Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties, and third to propose a way of understanding how the principle of good faith supplements the regulation of treaty withdrawal. In relation to this, I want to make three broad points. The first is that treaty withdrawal creates two problems of systemic trust in the practice of treaty making. Allowing withdrawal undermines the integrity of practice and savannah prohibiting withdrawal undermines the practical practical authority of practice and savannah. Secondly, I want to point out that the bestiality provisions see to enlarge you do find the right balance. They're neither too prohibitive nor too commissive, but they don't solve the problems entirely. Thirdly, I want to argue that good faith can and already does assist in interpreting the provisions in the VCLT or specific withdrawal provisions in particular treaties and in applying them to the facts of the case. And I won't say the way in which it does so is by providing a degree of flexibility in interpretation and application that enables international law to balance the competing problems of integrity and authority as they arise in circumstances. The background to this talk is obviously the fact that there have been a number of high profile treaty withdrawals in recent years, but I'm not going to talk about specific cases. These may create problems for specific regimes, but I want to talk about the problems created international law in general by the phenomenon of treaty withdrawal, the problems it creates for the practice of treaty making. The question of treaty withdrawal raises two different problems, both of which concerned with systemic trust and treaty making. The first problem is that a practice of unilateral withdrawal might sort of trust in the binding force of treaties because compliance with one's treaty obligations becomes voluntary. Paterson, Savannah is based on the idea that states are free to determine whether to consent to treaty based legal rules, but once that consent is given, they're bound to comply with their obligations as a matter of law. And the ability of state to release itself from its obligations unilaterally would appear to undermine the obligatory force of Paterson, Savannah, or as the authors of the Harvard Draft and the Law of Treaties put it, leave Paterson, Savannah with little or no meaning. So what's the fear? It's that treaty withdrawal will destroy respect for international law and the result is that people who have this fear argue against the permissibility of withdrawal. The problem with this absolutist view on the sanctity of treaties is that it undermines their effectiveness or practical authority. Recalcitrant states, by which I mean states who have decided not to comply with their obligations, will end up breaching a treaty if they cannot withdraw from it. So by producing a situation which tends towards the flouting of the law, an absolutist approach also undermines trust in international law by making it binding in name only. It is better or so the opponents of the absolutist view argue, therefore to allow for withdrawal. And both of these views were held and debated over the first half of the 20th century, and they were debated within the International Law Commission in the drafting of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The VCLT, however, was intended to fix rules precisely in order to settle these questions. I won't go into the rules in depth, but as I'm sure everyone is aware, the VCLT allows for limited rights of withdrawal in the rules set out in articles 54 to 63 of the convention. The VCLT covers default procedures for withdrawal in article 65 to 68, and the effects of withdrawal on a state's obligations in articles 70 to 72. The VCLT rules are sort of goldilocks solution. And in my view, they strike a sensible balance. And in practice, states go on further and often include rights of unilateral withdrawal within their treaties. And so you might think that the problems are over. The provision of treaty withdrawal by international law just requires looking up the VCLT rules or express provisions in a treaty and mechanistically applying them to the facts of the case. And for the most part, I think that's true. Certain points are very clearly settled by the VCLT. For instance, material breach is in, necessity is not, but certain other points are not. And so the provisions and withdrawal provisions of particular treaties still need to be interpreted and applied, often in quite messy factual situations. One sort of a problem that's arisen in the context of recent withdrawals is how to approach domestic constitutional requirements withdrawal. And so equivalent to article 46 for treaty withdrawal. So how does that work? Or another problem is how far to the VCLT rules actually filling gaps in express withdrawal provisions, which is a problem that arose in the Whiteman case before the Court of Justice BU. So this is where I argue that good faith comes in to help regulate or more properly guide the regulation of the withdrawal process. So the first point about good faith is that it already plays this role. You can see it invoked in the WHO and Egypt's advisory opinion before the International Court of Justice, for example. Secondly, what I want to argue is that it achieves what it achieves in guiding the regulation of the withdrawal process, which is one of its main functions here, is in balancing the competing considerations of integrity and authority. I'll finish in the time I have briefly by illustrating this in the case of the Gab Chicovo Najmora project case, before the International Court of Justice. I assume that most people are familiar with the basic facts of the case, but as a quick recap, it's pretty much this. There was a treaty between Hungary and Czechoslovakia to build a dam. Hungary abandoned the project that Slovakia had become, decided to go ahead and build a different dam. Hungary complained about this and withdrew from the treaty. Then they both went off to the ICJ to sort out the rights and wrongs of it. One of the main issues was whether Hungary was entitled to withdraw, and there are two issues of good faith that arise here. There's a clean hands point on material breach. Hungary had abandoned the project first, causing the circumstances in which Slovakia breached the treaty. And so the court held that it was not therefore entitled to invoke Slovakia's breach to justify its own withdrawal. But more significantly, for my purposes, the court rejected an argument that both parties had by their conduct effectively abandoned the treaty. In doing so, it was expressly guided by the fact that such an argument would undermine the integrity of practice and savannah. However, the court was also faced with a problem of the futility of requiring the parties to actually comply with the terms of the original treaty, given the factual situation that had arisen as a result of the breaches. It was just no longer realistic to enforce the original plan as it be written. The principle of good faith to hold good faith, and I quote, implies that in this case, it is the purpose of the treaty and the intentions of the parties in concluding it, which prevail over its literal application. The principle of good faith bludges the parties to apply it in a reasonable way, and in such a manner that its purpose can be realized, end of quote. And what this entailed was negotiations between parties as to the future application of the treaty. This I would suggest is an attempt by the court to balance its decision on the continued force of the treaty with the issue of authority in the face of recalcitrance. So to conclude, good faith provides an existing mechanism for resolving issues of systemic trust and treaty withdrawal. I'm not saying it's a panacea, but it can help to guide the withdrawal process in a way that balances problems of integrity and authority.


Welcome to Toffy TV, there's the mat reacts in Chelsea, six Everton nil, a painful night in West London for Everton and it pushes Everton closer to the relegations zone, I'm afraid to say, even though nothing didn't move anywhere but having six goals chugged off, our goal difference is an absolute hammer blow to the football club. The manager went with Beto o front in place of the injured Dominic Calvert-Lewin, am y dyw o'n rhaenna, was in midfield alongside James Garnan, Oedrish Garnangei, unfortuny for Everton tonight in the court, he was just off Beto, and Chelsea came off the blocks really quickly tonight, got Arlesy immediately, but Everton had a couple of moments themselves in the opening 10 minutes, I mean a ball into the box with three kicks, Tarkovsky knocked down, was cleared away and then a decent little move. We've got Seamus Coleman in, and if he'd have rolled it across, I think Beto taps him for 111, but he doesn't, he fires it across and Beto throws a leg out and it kind of hits him on the knee and goes over the bar, and sadly that's as close as Everton got to putting Chelsea under any real pressure tonight, and once Cole Palmer danced round Branthwaite like he wasn't there, and then Tarkovsky decided not to close him down, Everton moved on down, and it was a long knife from there on in. Chelsea took the lead, made a two-nil rather, another good little move, too easy to get into our box, a shot which Jordan Pickford parried back out and Cole Palmer headed it in, and the night continued like that, Pickford then decided to kick the ball straight through Cole Palmer who knocked it in for three-nil, and then Nicholas Jackson was allowed to turn with under no pressure from me the centre back and make it four-nil before the break-in. It would have been difficult, I imagine, I think Sean Dyche could have took anyone off in the first half, probably Bar Beto, who wasn't great, but ran around and really tried to leave everything out there. I think there was a lot of other players having a really, really below parry, and the two centre backs were really potolite, and I haven't been able to say that on too many occasions this season, but they were all over the show and just charging out from the positions at centre back. There were really even huge gaps in, not getting tight on the edge of the box, and it was an awful night. It became five when the referee awarded a penalty for Adelaide Acore, catching the back of Cole Palmer's Achilles, and not for the challenge by Tarkovsky on my dweici. Paul Taney was awful all night, he gave Everton very little all night, but clearly not the reason why Everton were beating here. Cole Palmer stepped up, scored, I didn't expect anything else from him, he knocked it in to get his fourth of the night. Everton battled away through till almost the final whistle before he could see that the sixth goal picked for me the good stuff, and Chilwell, who was again just allowed to jog into Everton's penalty area, hit a shot, picked for me the good save, and it was tapped in because Adelaide Acore turned his back on a ball, which again, which is unbelievable from a professional footballer, but there was a lot of unbelievable things tonight. I think we're in a real mess, we are in massive, massive trouble, worse than we were under Lampard, and worse trouble than we were under Dytlaseason, because there is nothing there, there's no game plan, and there is absolutely nothing in that team when they go behind. No-one looks like they're fighting for each other, they look like, I don't know whether they believe in what they're being told from the side, I'm not sure, I don't know, I'm not an addressing them, I wouldn't have a clue, but watching it there, they are all over the place. You know, let's be honest, we got a point up at Newcastle, but Newcastle should have put the game to bed themselves before Calvert-Lewin equalised in the penalty spot, and we each doubted a win against Burnley with a four-two at his goal last week, and we've had nine days to prepare for this since the Burnley game, and we've come out and been absolutely hammered by Chelsea, you took the foot off that, as you would, took the foot massively off the gas in the second half. The manager made three changes at half-time, brought on Andre Gomes, Fraunana, brought on Jack Harrison and brought on Nathan Patterson as well, and nothing really, you know, Gomes to me was probably the only one who got on the ball a little bit in the second half, and tried to slow it down, tried to get everything playing, a little bit of football, better battled and soiled away all night. I don't understand why Timothy wasn't given more minutes, they had the perfect opportunity, the game's dead and buried, but the manager obviously ended up having to bring on Michael Keane, because Jared Branthwaite got himself injured and had to bring on Nathan Patterson because he did the same, so I guess he was, you know, they can't moan in the second half for not making the changes because they were two enforced ones, but I'd have put Timothy on it, I don't understand why he's not given a bit more time, but hey-ho, it is what it is, we go on to the next game, it is forced at the weekend, I really have no inkling how that one's going to go. I think it looks a mess, it's on fire, we still don't have a decision over 777 there, loan agreement with MSPs being extended, so that means that it's another few weeks before that's done, and there's just no clarity anywhere in the football club, we've lost Branthwaite, will he be available for the weekend? He looked, he didn't look happy when he left the pitch, don't know whether it's a groin injury or whatever, I haven't heard what the manager said after the game, so I'm not sure on that one, Patterson, I know he doesn't play, but it's still a squad player, he looks like he probably won't be available at the weekend. I don't know where he's gone, he might have just been dragged off because he didn't get near Chelsea's midfield in the first 45, who knows, Dominic Calderloon wasn't in the squad tonight, will he be available? Listen, Gothersham Park is going to have to be bumped in on Sunday, but just watching that is really worrying, it's really, really worrying, I don't see the team playing for a manager, I don't see a team playing for the fans, the Evertonians who've gone down there tonight, all the way down to London on Monday night, the other way game was Newcastle, a few days before that was Bournemouth and they've seen us get one point out of those three games and they turned up again tonight and they just watched our team get absolutely well up to 6-0, it just isn't good enough and there's players jogging around a pitch and I'm sorry, but running, doing sprints for 20 seconds and then not being involved in the game for the rest of the half doesn't mean you're putting everything in for the shit, you have to close everybody down, you have to work, the very best teams work to the end, I've just finished watching the Manchester City doc on Netflix watching if you're interested in football documentaries, they're the best of the best and you can hear how much they demand that they're screaming at each other to do the work, whether they're falling it up or 3-0 down, they do the work and I'm not putting Everton in the same breathers then, but if a team who's the very best at what they do can demand from each other every last drop is left out on that pitch, get out getting people's faces, I refuse to accept that this team isn't better than what it's showing at the moment, I absolutely refuse to accept that, I'm not saying that a team that should be in Europe and nothing like that, nothing crazy, but are they better than what they've shown? Yes, absolutely they are, why aren't they performing then? Is it the manager and the coaching staff? Is it just them? What is it? It can't be the ownership thing, so what is it? It can't be the support from the fans cos that's unquestionable, so what is it? Because that's just totally unacceptable to be bound 6-0 when you are in the Maya, it's beyond belief really and Everton are going to have to get the best lawyers money can buy in that appeal and try and get some more points back because they're going to need every single point this season because you know what? Looting will battle and scrap for everything and they won't give anyone an easy game and we better be ready to do exactly the same or this only ends one way and it won't be what's happened in the last couple of seasons and that is a terrifying thought considering where our football club is right now financially, it's a disgrace it's being allowed to get this far if I'm being honest to the book. There you go, we're going after Bamps Back Sunday, it's going to need every Evertonian to scream the roof off a goodness on Sunday and then players better be up for it, they better be up for it because they've just made their job 10 times harder tonight, they've just given a huge boost to Looting and a massive boost to not even Forrest, cos I don't see Forrest getting done 6 anyway, very worry, man of the match better cos he didn't stop running, was he great now but he never stopped running? There you go, see you later.


Hello, Developers! My name is Matt Raebel, and today I'd like to show you how to GraphQL in Java. Let's get started. This screencast is based on a blog post that we published on the OctaDeveloper blog back in January. Everything's still up to date. Everything works like expected. So if you want to get a more in-depth overview of GraphQL and how to do everything, please read the blog post. So at the bottom of this blog post, it links to a GitHub repo. And in this repo, I have a demo.adoc that I created that has all the demo steps for live coding. And so if you want more detailed information, please read the blog post. I'm just going to write a bunch of code and get stuff done here. So you'll see we need Java 11, HTTPI installed, and an OctaDeveloper account. But we'll go ahead and create that as part of this. So we'll create a GraphQL API with Spring Boot and Java. We'll run it. We'll test it with JUnit 5, and then we'll secure it. Since this is ASCII Doctor, I'm going to use my handy-dandy ASCII Doctor plugin. So it looks pretty good. So we'll start by creating a new project on start.spring.io with Web, Spring Data, Spring Data West, and H2. So if we use that link, you'll see it actually populates everything for us. The blog post uses 232, but 233 should work just fine. And then we'll click Generate. And then expand the downloaded package here. And we'll open that up in IntelliJ. Go into Downloads, GraphQL Demo, and Idea, Palm.xml. And then in the Palm.xml, we'll add a dependency on GraphQL Speaker. So that's GraphQL Schema Publisher and Query Resolver as a dependency. So we'll do that right here. Yes, I want to edit this now. So Dependency, then Artifact ID is GraphQL, SPQR. And then the Group ID, grab that right here. And then the version is 0.0.4. So let's make sure that's imported. And then we'll create a food entity class that we can query and update and all that. So call it food. And then I'm going to use one of my live templates. GraphQL food is the name of it. And you'll see it's just a regular JPA entity, except it uses these GraphQL annotations. So you can query by ID or you can query by name. And that's all you really need to do. So we're still using JPA, but it allows us to use GraphQL as well. If you want to look at my live templates, you can actually go to this GitHub URL, MRABLE Idea live templates. And in here, there's all the live templates that I've used in this demo. So if you wanted to import them into your Intel JN since you could use them as well. So we will create a food repository next. And this uses repository rest resource. But we actually don't need it. We just need repository. There we go. Okay. And now a food service to read, save and delete our entities. And we'll use GraphQL service. So you can save this uses GraphQL API annotation there. And then it allows you to query foods. Go ahead and read by ID. Create one with save food, delete food, and is good calculated property. So the cool thing about this is you're actually using GraphQL and returning a calculated property as an is good property. And it just looks and says, hey, avocado or spam. If those aren't in there, then it's good. The person that wrote this didn't like avocado or spam apparently. Now we'll create a beam to initialize the app with sample data. So we can do that right here. There we are. And so it uses an application runner and basically it goes and puts in pizza, spam, eggs and avocado and save those. So there's some sample data to start with. And then we'll enable the web UI to test the GraphQL API by adding this property in our application dot properties. And then we can run it. So you can do it from the command line. Let's try that using mbnw spring boot run. And if you type spring boot run all day and you kind of want to stop doing that in the build section, you can actually define a default goal and then make that spring boot run. And then all you have to type is mbn or mbnw depending on if you're using the wrapper or not. And so now we can open our browser to 8080. And you see this is a playground here. And we can run a sample query for the foods, right? And run it. And you'll see we get all the foods back, right? Pizza's good. Spam is not good. Eggs is good. Avocado's not. Kind of like avocado. And you can also specify a specific food by ID if you use this query. I didn't like it. Oh, we're missing that initial bracket. There we go. And now we just get back pizza, right? And that's all we get is just the name.  And then you get that back. So you just get what you want. And you're also able to manipulate this response, right? You know, the ID is not in there. If you want it to be in there, you could add it. And then now you get it. So you can create a new food by running a mutation. So save food. We give it the name. So it saved it. And now if we wanted to go back to what our last one was, undo. And now we see that pasta is in there. So cool. Everything's working. Now let's test it. In this IntelliJ project, there's a GraphQL test. So not much in here. Let's go ahead and place the foods. You'll see we use auto configure mock MVC. It's a little bit different from the default. And then we basically expect this response, right? All of those default data that we're putting in. So we're making a request to default data. We're passing in that. We're giving it the proper media types. And we expect that to be returned. Now we can stop this and we can run MVN test. There we go. Built success. Test passed. Nice. So there's Octa's Maven plugin to create an Octa account and configure a Spring Boot app to work with it. So you'll see it already has an existing one in there. So I'm going to override it. I have to type yes all caps. My name is Matt. So it creates a new account for you. It creates a new Octa organization. And when you run Spring Boot as part of this shortly after, it'll actually register your app on Octa and create a Spring Boot app. And it'll integrate those Octa settings into your app. We have to check our email for a verification code. Okay. So now it's all set up. We can open this link to reset our password. And pick a nice image. Now we're in. We're in our organization, but we don't really need to do anything in there yet. We need to create or run this command. So it doesn't need any input from us. It just automatically goes ahead and creates one. And so now if we go here and look at our applications, you'll see it created one. It took that artifact ID that it had and made all that work. And then if we look at general, you'll see it put in the proper login redirect URI for Spring Security and the Octa Spring Boot starter. And if we were to look in our application.properties, you can see it added those properties as well. So now we can create a MyAccessTokenController that displays the access token. So let's do that. You'll see what this does is it basically grabs Spring Security's OAuth client. Oh, this didn't work because as part of it, it also added the Spring Boot starter for Octa. So that is right down here. And we haven't updated Maven, right? To know about that. So now it's got the authorized client service here. And MyAccessToken basically goes and gets that using Spring Security's API. And it gets authorized registration ID. It gets the name. And then it's able to load the authorized client and get the access token and value from that. So now we can restart our app. Once that's up, we can hit the MyAccessToken. And since we logged in over here, we're still logged in and therefore this returned an access token. So now, if you go to the web UI, you can actually go to where is it? HTTP headers here. Well, let's use HTTP. So we can copy curl right here. See what that looks like. Nope, it's just our access token. Well, let's just define the access token. And then we can use HTTP.py. HTTP.Post. HTTP.Local.host.88. And then you'll see we got a 302. So that authorization token is not working. There we go. So something about setting that variable. I wasn't doing it right. Put it in there raw. Works just fine, right? So that's everything. And you can see that everything's secure now. And you have a fully secure GraphQL API. So if we were to run MVN test, our tests are going to fail because they haven't done anything for those to make them work. So MVN test. You can see that fails with the 403 because access does it tonight. Let's go ahead and fix that. So we can start by opening up palm.xml. Add a dependency on spring security test. Update mock MVC perform to add with the security mock post processors JWT. So right here in this perform, just add a new line. And then go ahead and import that. Oh, import it. Come on, baby, you can do it. Oh, we have an updated Maven. So IntelliJ used to have an automatic update Maven thing, but I'll now try it. Now automatically imported that. So we're good to go. And you could also do a static import. And you're going to make this even easier, right? If we were to just delete it. And you can do the static import. And it looks a lot better. So now let's see if that works. So it's just mocking out the JWT for us. So you can see now that passes. And we can add a few more tests too. So you see these ones, we've got a bunch of them. We've got an order annotation we need to import here from Jupyter. So we're going to add and remove food. And then we're going to post that. Import the static method there from GoMox or HTTP request. Oh, I must have done the wrong one. So static method. Let's do request builders. And then with resolves, yep. And that, so list foods and expect new foods not to be there. You add the new food right with this mutation. And then it should be there. And then you expect again when you list them and then you do a mutation to delete it. And then you list foods and expect new food not to be there. All right. Run add and remove. So you can see that test passed too. So you've developed a GraphQL API with Java and secured it with OAuth as a resource server. And everything works. And even the tests are pretty easy thanks to Spring Security and its ability to mock out JWT. So you can find all the code at octadeveloper octagraphql Java example. And of course the blog post is linked to it from that repo as well. So if you want to read the blog post a little more in depth in this video but hopefully this has been a good experience for you. If you want to follow my team we're on Octadev on Twitter. When we publish new tutorials or videos that's where we tell everyone about it. I'm on Twitter at mrable and we have a YouTube channel which you're probably watching this on. So Octadev on YouTube please subscribe and enjoy more of our videos as we publish them. Thanks for watching. Have a nice day.