So for the next talk we have Tim Stoddard from Litchfield Presenting on developing games for the gaming and casino industry So, please all give him a very warm mid-afternoon. Welcome, please Go ahead Tim Yeah, thank you very much God see a nice nice size of a crown there. So a Little bit more info about who I am Let's get back to us There we go so a Little bit more specific about myself. So I'm a see I'm a my official job title is as a C++ games programmer I've been enjoying. I've loved been loving to make a Computer games and a whole lot of games and riding co-op for games Since I was around there 16 or so I even went to university to study it and then I'm getting like a fast first-class degree in it and then I And then I enjoyed joining a company which I currently work for Cyclone games back in 2015 and started off as a junior and in late 20 and as of late 2016 I moved up to a the general C++ games programmer So the game kind of gets I work on Well The game to games on the left and right white king 4 to 5 other games I specifically worked on in the middle Isn't is a game that not I worked on specifically.  This wasn't mine I haven't I haven't to find this on YouTube or some recording from within a lot of books, but as They've seen as an example of What's called a B2 category game? I'll go I'll do like a basic rundown of like I could the legal regulation like a regulatory size but essentially B2 games are the Big paying games which are like 20 to 50 pounds per game you get you get a longer game with more chance of a reward And you can find these in the UK, although if you follow the reason you say there's probably gonna be moved moving out soon, but That's politics for you. So I'm gonna have to say to you soon that a lot of you do work and like this soft like software industries by just a Even if you're not just is seeing interesting rundown a basic rundown of how these games work So it's essentially just it so an individual game is like a kind of like four different people So you have people like me a programmer who writes all the codes for the games and such You are the artist who would provide you all the graphics and the animations you have the mathematician which that's the person who provides all the The logics the chances is of What symbols get appeared what features get picked and they they work where they work at that they work it out And then finally get the tester who is the one who like I Look through a kind of game builds and finds bugs and distributes amounts to the correct people to fix Usually it is the programmer who gets on most of the bugs, but Which is not surprising But then once the all the bugs get sorted out that game gets sent over to distributor who then finds more bugs Eggs eggs for us to fix and then once we fix that we get a finished game simple enough So the kind of unique thing about the gambling games that I work on is a is that so you get different ass You get different as any industry Well, you get different sub areas of the gambling industry so so you get But the free mate for the free main ones that My that my parent that the parent company play tech work on Well, that I work get involved in is like online Mobile and retail retail being the primary one that was like against us So retail specifically means working on big machines like these so these are So these are specifically video about ones which you'll find in like I Betting shops and casinos either in the UK or around you or I'm most Around most of the markets we work on in Europe they have They have a They they have at least two screens, but they can go up to four. Well, you have two different kinds You have the standard definition, which is like 1024 or by 768 and then you have the high definition, which is 1920 by 1080 he and Built that they're built basically like when those when those like machines with their own GDK's inside and We've done a bill games to be like this where you have a We had to account for multiple different Screen sizes so for example So on the very left, you'll see what a standard definition game would look like But and then on the right you could have a and then the rights are high-definition high-definition game, but it's because but more Because they're different kinds of machines means the bot the very bottom and a very top screens are vastly different resolutions and we have to account for that and The UK specifically eat eat those the very bottom screens mainly for input But for if it's first your screen in that gets relegated to the main screen where you see the reels are the other System that we work on is could true serve so true serve is it's a True service almost entirely excluded towards Italy and Norway Italy and Norway and the main difference between video bet and true serve is that Video bet is mostly client-based. There's a platform that handles like multiple scenes at once, but sir with true serve you have Every game aim has an underlying server program that it communicates with the client and Specific and they are almost primarily dual-screen in and And with the same hate with the same different kind of resolutions over but Norway has it's kind of interesting in which it has a Resolution of like 1680 by 1050 which isn't standard, but It's it's a fairly easy one to handle with so So so what's the difference between like working on a video bet and a true so system? So what is there with packaging so with a true so game you have to you have to provide a separate program for the client so and a separate program for the server Which can get which can get pretty awkward when you're trying to build like create like new builds It's also particularly awkward if you want to it also with it Also with true serve games. They had to be uploaded to a server which is a Which is often in a completely different country, which means that you You tend to have the fun experience of Building a game then having it uploaded waiting an hour for it to go live and then realize you have you have a Never mind a bill which require another additional fix Yeah, not fun compare that to say video bet, which is a which Because you only need to build build specifically for the client you only have to really build one package and That package is also simple enough that you can just up that the qa team can just upload directly to the cab without having to do of a deal of a of a service But however Server client does have its advantages one specifically is that Because the server and client are separate that also means that you're that your game logic which would be on the server Has to be separate from what you're more typically on the client, which is your visual presentation because of the so that you can also And the client side this can be mixed unless you build your build your your architecture correctly But if you don't that could lead to risks at risk such as If you're if a certain part of your logic has to be delayed because your presentation takes a while to complete that can be that could lead to some potential risks that a A server cut that having a separate can avoid because the logic is meant because then the logic would happen instantly The presentation can happen as long as it wants Another one is if in the events that you and that you have a player who's playing a game He's doing they're doing a really good run really good run They're gonna look like gonna get high-paid and then suddenly there's a power failure or a network failure and the game shuts off Understandably that player would be very very angry if you turn if he goes to the staff who tell them side There's nothing we can do it. We can't replay the game Both side both systems and have a way of handling this fortunately But for video for video bet there's a flag that gets raised if a system if the system goes down Unexpectedly he said that when the system restart it'll say that flag will basically say hey this game this game failed unexpectedly he He restart exactly on this game. However, the developer is responsible for replaying Basically the game up to that point There's also the there's also the disadvantage in which for the client it's own it's only specific to one machine Alternatively when it goes to true serve The replay system is handled through is handled through the server Basically, all the developer needs to do is just to tell the server. Hey, I'm pressing this button I'm saying this mess. I'm sending this button. I'm sending this message at this point All right, so which the server will collect those and then in the event of a failure it'll When it gets to replaying the server will basically send those messages back to the client and then the client will handle it accordingly also because it's not also because It's being handled on a SERP handle on a central server If you if you're if one machine fails, you can just basically go take your light Take your card and play and replay the game on a separate machine and it will work just as just as you expect so What do you developers need to know and I tend to find this when I when I go out Whenever I talk to people who aren't part of the industry. They always seem to ask us like And how do you make the game? How do you make the game fair? How do you make the game? How do you make the game fair? Are they completely random? and you and you How do you make sure that? People aren't just going to be losing all their money simple answer is we have to we have we have to and because Because a lot of the country because all the countries we work on have quite strict regulations and thanks to our QA team both the QA team and also The testing process is through our distributors. We have to abide by those rules And this can be stuff on the like how long a game has to play a Minimum in time and which for the UK I think it's three seconds for a single spin game and then for the high stakes B2 games like 20 seconds Another but the most important one is a call the RTP or return to player Essentially the most basic way to put this is that it's the ratio between how much gets paid in and how much gets paid out Now if you pay in It's on pays it. It's on pays in over the lifetime Over the lifetime of a game like a hundred pounds It's expected on average that they and the RTP is set to 90% and then it's expected to return You're expected to pay back at least 90 pounds. Although Although with the regulations is a kind of this this value is expected over much much longer periods of times It's usually up to like a million or a billion games games and It's pretty important that we actually meet the We that we try to meet exactly as close to the RTP as possible. We use you to like put Use you to like a hundredth of a percentage because if you go too hot because if you go too high the The best in Charleston casinos aren't gonna be too happy E with you over paying games, but if you go too low, it's potentially breaking the law and you'll get the camp and you'll get the gambling commission coming out to you We also had to also both as a developer when you're dealing with multiple regions you have to deal with a multiple different regions because on unlike the online and web gaming market at Retail market has pretty strict rules when it comes those which differ between countries of country along with It's not as simple as just changing the text to a different language Sometimes some games will have a completely different Some games will have a completely different user interfaces So as you can see in this example the top one is the is fortunate five for the UK game market But below it is what the is what the same game would look like for the Denmark for Denmark and You can also notice with Denmark is that there's complete. There's also an additional features which are which are Which aren't specifically regular He's specific to regulation required for regulations, but it's usually preferred for the market You also have a but he also you also have a regular We're also regulations specifically with what I said before like like minimum game time I How much gets paid out? How how much you get to pay it out over spend a period of time what the RTPs are and sometimes even completely different into Betting amounts which will also require like completely different masks as well So that's what So this is what it's like now for the retail market But it's caused a kind of a question of what's happening in for the future and a lot of this and for play tech This is specifically what's called g-pass or gameplay as a service so Essentially the idea of it is the idea of g-pass is to basically take a game from one system And have it be played almost entirely the same on a come on another system So you can play your game on a retail machine, and then you can play the exact Play play continue playing on your exact same account on a on a website or on a mobile device this is usually done through a HTML 5 which being a C++ developer is kind is kind of Get kind of gets a fun at some times Just trying to deal with a completely different compilers and different errors and In how things work Although it does have an additional benefit in which you do get on Excuse me online developers who mostly work on online and mobile games How to understand how the retail market works and seeing how completely different it is and vice versa Because Because It's particularly what you get. It's particularly fun seeing a online developer a great And working on a working on a retail game for For a market that's non-uk and then getting a whole load of bugs back saying wait you have what we need to do All this is what do you do? What do you need to do when you have to? What do you do as a retail developer when you had to deal with these many regulations and the honest answer is most of the time we usually have a Well, we usually had to build a completely separate bill Because there's too many changes to handle in just one specific bill So That's kind of mostly what I've Had to speak about so Thank you for listening Unfortunately, I wouldn't be able to I don't think I would be allowed to say that on camera I Think I mean although I kind of will say is that a lot of the random inputs is kind of out of my control with my oh Particularly for both video about intrusive. It's mostly handled by Internal machines API in which we don't in which we just get given the random note We just get given the numbers. We don't actually have as we just got a all we had to focus on is there How we actually actually process those random numbers. I Think he comes primarily from audience questions. That's where it comes from random numbers. All right I think that's all the time we have if you have any questions for Tim, please I'm sure he'd be happy to answer them outside. So we we have a pretty tight time frame for our next talk So we'll get started on that one. Thank you very much for your attention. Let's give him another round of applause


Hello welcome back everyone. You might remember a few days ago I put out a video that was talking about this supposed fact check about something that Trump had said and it was done by this national correspondent from the Washington Post. His name is Philip Bump and he looks suspiciously like Andy Richter if you can see here. If you're familiar with Andy Richter from the Conan O'Brien show, at least back when I used to watch it in the late 90s, early 2000s.  And he then proceeded to prove Trump right in this fact check of what Trump had said. And not to rehash the whole thing, you should go back and watch the video if you want to see it. But Trump could have said it better.   But the vast majority of these violent cities are run by Democrats. And actually I'll probably pop up a graphic there so you can see that. It was a graphic that was actually in the piece. So the piece actually put a graph in it that debunked their own fact check. But as I pointed out at the time that this is sort of, I'm starting to see a pattern here and this goes back quite a while. I mean back to the beginning of Trump's presidency.  So we're going to get into all that. I want to show you guys this pattern of fake fact checks that are obviously propaganda. But first just give me 30 seconds to tell you about this special offer from my subscribers from this episode's sponsor, Biotrust Ageless Multicollagen. Let me show you all one of the things that's helping me to look better and feel great. Collagen may be the closest thing that we ever get to a real fountain of youth. And many health experts now agree consuming collagen is as crucial as it gets to renewing and revitalizing how you look and feel. So visit my page at www.healthwithdrotech.com and secure your supply of the best collagen on the market. Great example of this is the Washington Post's their ongoing tally of Trump's bajillion lies. I think it may be up to 16,000 or something right now. But it's this ongoing tally and it always struck me as odd just because it was such a large number. And to me, when I see that, I can tell that they're just going for that headline effect.   Well, it's misleading. It's very misleading because if you look at it, if you actually start to dig into these lies, you'll see that many of them are just like word games or Trump was just wrong about something. I'm not sure how you differentiate being wrong or lying. Or it's just a difference of opinion and the issue is debatable, but Washington Post will take a stance on that. And then they attribute these lies to hundreds of statements, each of them. And so that's how they get this large number. Don't get me wrong, Trump does blatantly lie about things sometimes or just says off the wall weird things like hearing about windmills causing cancer. But that doesn't change the fact that this Washington Post fact check, this tally of lies is pure propaganda. It's pure propaganda meant to hurt Trump, hurt Republicans, help Democrats. Another great example of this, and I'm going to get to the main one. I just wanted to show you guys this pattern and there's tons of other ones, but I just kind of picked these ones because they're great examples. This one's from very early in Trump's president. It actually is before the election. It's in 2015 and you may remember this.  You just got to look at how long this article is for one because it's really long and I just wonder because I already know what's going on here. It's very simple, but it makes me wonder how did the author of this in the media not know? Is it laziness or is it purposeful? So the problem here is let's just look at this graphic here real quick. This is the graphic that they did the fact check on and you'll see that the issue comes here where it says whites killed by blacks 81%. But if you look right above that, it says whites killed by whites 16%. Now that seems really low, right? Anybody looking at that should say, hmm, that sounds really low. So if you just scroll down the list here, you'll see where PolitiFact put in their numbers. And if you look here, they actually show the right numbers. It shows right here. Whites killed by blacks, Trump number 81%, FBI number 15%. But if you scroll up here, whites killed by whites, Trump number 16%, FBI number 82%. That's odd. So yeah, if you just switch those numbers around, it's correct. Whites killed by whites, 81%, whites killed by blacks, 16%. Which is right in line if you look at the crime statistics now, they're about that. But you got this huge long article, fact checking, like what is this? It's all just, they're saying nothing. They're just trying to deflect and distract when it really was just a simple error of two numbers being flipped around. So this seems like a pretty obvious strategy to me that's being played out where they put out these fact checks that aren't really fact checks. It's really just, you know, it's subterfuge is what it really is. Because if you actually read into the article, you find that they're not really debunking what was said, just parsing everything down in such a way that it creates enough subterfuge to deflect from the fact that what was originally said is actually true. So that brings us to this latest example from the USA Today fact check section from a person named DeVon Link. I think that's a female. And the headline of this is fact check, Democrat Party did not found the KKK, did not start the Civil War. That's kind of strange because I'm pretty sure they did. I'm not a historian, but I'm pretty sure they did. If you just read the headline, you're going to go out into the world and brow be anyone who dares suggest that the KKK was a group started and populated by Democrats. And that's really the purpose of these sort of fake fact checks. But if you actually read into the article, you'll find that they're just really just parsing the meaning of Democrat Party to deflect blame from the individuals that just happened to be Democrats. So their argument is that it wasn't the Democrat Party.  Oh, how convenient, right? As if they'd ever, ever extend that sort of spin or just generosity to the Republican Party or conservatives, it would never happen. I mean, you see it right now. The broad generalizations about the Republican Party always trying to attach the Republican Party to the KKK, which is absurd when you look at it. I mean, it was started by Democrats just because at some point the parties may have flipped, which they didn't. And I'll get back to that. Just because that doesn't mean it's suddenly a Republican organization. And the author of the article gives it away. I mean, if you just scroll down a little bit, just read a little bit into it here, you get down to this. Historians agree that although factions of the Democrat Party did majorly contribute to the Civil War start and the KKK's founding, it's inaccurate to say the party is responsible for either. I mean, it's just, it's again, these double standards that I talk a lot about on my channel about how the media and the Democrats, they hold their political opposition to standards that are politically expedient at the moment, but never themselves. Like if the, if the shoes on the other foot at some point, they just change the standards and they're never held to that. And we've seen that many times just recently. And again, we would never see this kind of spin in favor of the Republican Party for members of the media. And in fact, we know that they're constantly accused of being these racist Democrats, the Republicans are claiming that they all left the Democrats and came over to the Republican Party. But that is, that's a myth.  But I'll just say that in truth, only one Democrat senator out of the 21 joined the Republicans after the 1964 Civil Rights Act. And Republicans only got a majority of Southern states, or I'm sorry, majority of Southern seats in 1994. So if this was a switch of parties, it took a damn long time to happen up till 1994. And that's absurd. I don't say anybody could ever believe that. So I think what we're seeing here is really just revisionist history. And it's really similar to other revisionist history that we're seeing right now with the taking down of statues. You know, they're wanting to take down Mount Rushmore now, which I'm going to talk about in another video. But this is just going to keep going until they could just erase the history and replace it with something their version of our history. In regards to that censorship, Newsbusters actually had done a story, a write up on this fake fake fact check from USA Today. And actually, they had done a post about it on Facebook, and it got censored. That's right. A fact check about a fake fact check that actually confirmed that the original statement is correct got censored by Facebook. And I've actually seen this sort of like mind bending censorship from Facebook myself when I've posted pictures when I posted a cartoon of Trump saying that the virus was from China, and they censored that as if the virus came from somewhere other than China, which is just mind bending. I don't understand. Where do they think the virus came from? But the same sort of censorship is happening here. Newsbusters points out that the fact checking network that did this is actually funded by George Soros, none other than he seems to have his hands into everything that is destroying this country. In regards to USA Today and more Facebook fact checks, there's another example of this here when they fact check a meme just from the internet on Facebook saying that in 1964 on the floor of the US Senate, Democrats held the longest filibuster in our nation's history. 75 days, all trying to prevent the passing of one thing, the Civil Rights Act. And of course, Facebook censored that. They don't want people knowing the history of Democrats and slavery and racism, the KKK. They want people thinking that it's all white, it's all white Republicans that were behind that when this is just not the case. So USA Today also fact checked this claim that the Democrats held up the 1964 Civil Rights Act. And their conclusion at the end here, let me get to it, is that it's partly false. They're ruined, saying, it is true that the Democrats hold the record for the longest filibuster. Okay, that's one of the main claims. But there are a couple aspects to that exact claim that are false or misleading. False or misleading, really? Okay, let's see here. It was 75 days long. Oh, oh, it wasn't 75 days long. It only lasted 60 days. Well, that's crucial to this, to this meme, right? I mean, the main point of this meme is that they held, it was the longest filibuster and they were holding up the Civil Rights Act. Those are the two main, the fact that it was 75 days or 60 days is inconsequential. It doesn't matter. So why would that even be there? Because they're reaching. But it continues there. And there should be a distinction made in exactly who was blocking the bill. The majority of Democrats who opposed the 1964 Civil Rights Act were from the Southern states. Some Democrats and non-Sunderstates did support the bill. Okay, and how does that debunk anything that's in that meme? It doesn't. And that's the point, and that's what I'm talking about here. These fact checks are really just a pretty slick, it's a slick strategy for revising history. And it's not surprising why they would want to do that.  And this is how they do it. And I find that very interesting. And you'll see that in these articles that all black Americans decide to start voting for Democrats. Well, I wonder how they got them to do that. Because I think a question needs to be asked, what have the Democrats done for black Americans exactly from the Civil Rights Act? And what has changed? I mean, a lot has changed, in my opinion, as far as like racial relations go. But it seems like a lot of the gripes are still there. They're still the same. And what have Democrats really done? Democrats, it appears to me want to keep them right where they're at, nice and dependent on government, because that secures their power. And in fact, they want as many people as possible, not just black people, but everybody as dependent on them as possible, going to them for the truth and for the science. And like they are, you know, almost like religious scholars to be looked up to and to follow blindly. And it just seems like that's what they're setting up here. And that's why they want to cover all this stuff up, because it really it puts a debt in the narrative that it's Republicans who don't care about black Americans. When I think we do care, but we just realize and we see that the Democrats way of going about things isn't helping anybody. And in the long run, it's just going to tear this country down, which is what we're seeing right now. That's all for this episode. Please hit that like button, share and subscribe. Also want to just remind everybody to come and check me out over at Parler. And if you'd like to support this channel, you can do so on one of these platforms. You can find all those links in the description and pin comment. Thanks for watching. Keep coming back.


Hello everyone, myself Rohini Madhug, working as associate professor in ANTC department at Walshian Institute of Technology, Solapur. Today's topic is Hulse Cut-off Voltage Equation. It is regarding magnetron and magnetron, we are going to derive the equation of cut-off voltage needed and that is derived by HUL, so the name is Hulse Cut-off Voltage Equation. Learning outcomes, at the end of this video you will be able to derive HUL's Cut-off Voltage Equation, you will be able to determine the cut-off magnetic flux density needed to produce oscillations. Now, the question is what is magnetron? Magnetron, it is a self-excited oscillator, it is a cross-fill tube called M-type tube. The direction of electric field that accelerates the electron beam is perpendicular to the axis of magnetic field. Magnetrons are used as radar transmitters and in microwave ovens. Let us revise what is magnetron with its construction and working, let us revise it. Magnetron consists of a cathode at the center, surrounding it are the anode cavities and in this way the electric field will be, electrons will be emitted from cathode moving towards anode and in the perpendicular direction there will be a magnetic field and the oscillations generated inside this cavities are collected using this probe. The same is explained here like when the electric field is applied between anode and cathode without applying the magnetic field, the electron moves a straight path, when small amount of magnetic field is applied which is perpendicular to this electric field, the electron takes the curved path, when the amount of applied magnetic field is increased the electron bends more and if we increase the magnetic field further the electron takes this longer path and this type of electrons will be helpful for oscillations. The electron taking longer path and giving its energy to the RF field and producing oscillations inside the cavities, so magnetron oscillate. So Hull's cutoff voltage equation is regarding this voltage and this magnetic flux density which is needed to produce oscillation. Hull's cutoff voltage equation, what is the Hull's cutoff voltage equation is, this is the voltage VOC provided between anode and cathode, so that electron will just gaze the anode and return towards cathode. The corresponding magnetic flux density is called cutoff magnetic flux density BC. Hull's cutoff voltage equation, so let us start deriving it. Force acting on electron is F is equal to BEV, B is the magnetic flux density, E is the electron charge, V is the velocity, so force can be given by multiplication of these three. In the direction of phi, the force F phi is given as F phi is BEV rho, F phi Y phi because we are interested in the electron which is taking this curvature path, so in the angular path, so in the angular direction the direction is denoted by phi, so it is called as F phi. F phi is force in the angular direction is BEV rho, why V rho? Because rho is the radial direction and the velocity in the radial direction indicates that the electron is taking the path from cathode to anode along the radial direction, so it is V rho. So where B is the applied magnetic flux density is the electron charge, V rho is the velocity in radial direction at a distance rho from center of the cathode cylinder. Torque in phi direction is given as Torque's basic equation is force into distance, when I find torque in phi direction it is rho into F phi, rho into BEV rho, the equation which we have derived just now BEV rho, the same equation is substituted here. So it is rho BEV rho, this is my equation 1. Now rate of change of angular momentum can be given as d by dt of angular velocity into moment of inertia. Angular velocity into moment of inertia is nothing but angular momentum and rate of change is denoted by d by dt. So d by dt into d phi by dt is the angular velocity into moment of inertia is m rho square. So the equation number 2. Rate of change of angular momentum is nothing but the torque in angular direction. These both we have derived, so we can equate these two equation 1 and equation 2. So rho BEV rho is equal to d by dt d phi by dt into m rho square. Now I can integrate this equation with respect to time. So integrating on both side with respect to time, I have written the integral sign here EBV rho into rho dt and when I integrate on this side with respect to time, there is already a differentiation d by dt and I am integrating both cancels each other. So I get d phi by dt into m rho square, C is the constant for integration. So the same equation is written here, only the change is you can see here instead of V rho it is d rho by dt. What does it mean? V rho is the velocity in radial direction. Velocity in radial direction can also be given as rate of change of radial distance or d rho by dt. Now next we can see this dt and this dt get cancelled out. So my equation on the LHS side will be integral EB rho d rho and right hand side will remain same. So I need to integrate this rho d rho or rho with respect to d rho so that my equation will be EB rho square by 2, rho d rho has given me rho square by 2 and right hand side is remain same. This is my equation 3. Now applying boundary condition to this equation 3 at cathode rho is equal to A. A is a cathode radius at cathode rho is A that time the angular velocity d phi by dt is 0. Why it is 0? Because at cathode the electron is just at the verge of emission it has not attained any angular velocity so d phi by dt is 0. Substituting this condition in equation 3 I get C d phi by dt is 0. So I get C is equal to EB instead of rho square it is A square by 2. This is constant C constant of our integration. Now substitute this constant in this equation 3 so I will get this equation. In this you can see this term and the first term are same these two terms are same I can combine these two I can take out the constant as EB by 2 and I can write the further equation like this d phi by dt into M rho square as it is as in the previous equation you can see d phi by dt into M rho square as it is and I am just combining these two. So EB by 2 into rho square minus A square. Now further I want to find d phi by dt so I can take M rho square on this side I will take M below this and rho square I will divide rho by rho square further to this bracket. So I will get EB by 2M 1 minus A square upon rho square because I have divided by rho square here and here. So rho square A square cancels here and A square by rho square this is my equation number 4. According to law of conservation of energy we can say that potential energy is equal to kinetic energy. Potential energy is given as E v0 v0 is the voltage applied between anode and cathode which is equal to one half MV square. This small v is the velocity and capital V is the voltage voltage applied between anode and cathode and this is the velocity attained by the electron. This velocity has two components one is in the radial direction other is in the angular direction. So this v can be written as v rho square plus v phi square. Now I can expand again further this is as it is LHS side as it is RHS is one half M v rho can be written as d rho by dt bracket square but v phi can be written as rho d phi by dt square. Why rho d phi by dt? Because as we have learned in the electromagnetic engineering the cylindrical coordinate system has multipliers as 1 rho 1, 1 is the multiplier with rho, rho is the multiplier with phi and again 1 is the multiplier with z here no question of z so only the multiplier I need to take into consideration with phi. So it is d phi by dt square plus rho d phi by dt square. Now again I apply the boundary condition that rho is equal to b and d rho by dt is 0. How d rho by dt is 0? At rho is equal to b it is at the surface of the anode and radial velocity is reached to 0. At surface of anode radial is reached to 0 so that e v naught is equal to one half M b square d phi by dt bracket square. Substitute this d phi by dt from equation 4. So I can substitute d phi by dt here from equation 4 let us see what is equation 4. This is my equation 4. So this value I can substitute here. So I can substitute one half M b square e b by 2 M 1 minus a square by b square whole bracket square. Instead of rho square I have written b because my boundary condition is rho is equal to b. Here a small mistake is there at anode it should be not at cathode. So I have substituted this and I got this equation this is a substitution part. Now moving further I take e on this side so because I want to find the voltage equation. So instead of writing e v naught I will write v naught and e is taken on this side it is one half M b square as it is a whole bracket square it is e square b square upon 4 M square 1 minus a square by b square whole bracket square. This equation is called as Hull's Cutoff Voltage Equation can be denoted as V OC which is equal to V naught e by 8 M b square b square 1 minus a square upon b square whole bracket square in volts. In this let us see each terminologies a is the cathode radius b is the anode radius e by M this is the ratio will give me some constant because e is the electron charge M is the mass of the electron which are constant so this ratio will give me some value and this value is 1.75 into 10 raise to 11 and this b is applied magnetic flux density it is also called as Cutoff Magnetic Flux Density. Once I found out the Cutoff Voltage Equation I can find out Cutoff Magnetic Flux Density also the corresponding magnetic flux density which is related to this Cutoff Voltage is nothing but the Cutoff Magnetic Flux Density. So I can find out BC by rearranging the terms in this equation BC is 8 V naught M upon e whole bracket rest to 1 half upon b into bracket 1 minus a square upon b square. This is the Cutoff Magnetic Flux Density needed where the electron touches the surface of the anode and returns back V naught capital V naught is the voltage applied between anode and cathode called Cutoff Voltage. We have derived the equation for Cutoff Voltage as well as Cutoff Magnetic Flux Density. These are the references used for preparing this video. Thank you for watching my video.


Meanwhile, the acting Inspector General of Police Osman Baba has ordered the deployment of a regional police operative in crime prevention assets to ensure public safety and strength and security along the Kaduna Abuja Expressway. The IGP gave the directive as a proactive measure to protect communities and travellers in anticipation of increased traffic on Kaduna Abuja Expressway following the disruption of other means of transportation by industrial action in the state. Now this was announced at a statement issued on Monday signed by the force public relations officer CP Frank Mba.


Titans had a stat that shared with us this week about, I think, your league leader over the past few years and tightly contested catches. What does that mean? And how have you been so productive when defenders are kind of all over you, you think? It starts at practice, just the process. It's just looking at the ball all the way in. Just being in football shape, just all the little things that kind of ties into being a good receiver. The strength has to be pretty big, too, to battle so often. For me, I'm a battle regardless. There's just who I am, my makeup, what I do, game in and game out. I just go out there and compete with myself. Every play, just try to do my best every play. It goes through your mind on some of those deep balls and how much faith you have to have of the quarterback to put it there. It seemed like a ball on Seattle. You just kind of sprinted, being a look up into the last minute. Is that just you expecting the ball to be there and what it gets you? Yeah, I was telling Ryan, he was like, man, I ain't know if you was going to look up, but I just tell him I have all the faith in the world and him that the ball was going to be what needed to be. And we connected on it. But for me, when the ball is in the area, it's either our receivers, nobody. So we just try to protect the quarterback as much as possible. Sorry, is that just taking you guys? No, I did just take. You always do that one? Yeah, I always just put tape on my hands. The correlation to it is just when the ball hits my hand in certain areas, that's it. But nothing's wrong with my hands at all. I just put a tape. I can really put it on all of them. I just put it on there. You're talking about the deep ball.  Yeah, definitely. I had to learn that early on. Terry Robitsky, he was one of those things. I'm fast, but you can't look too early.  So just keep your head down, run through 15, 18 yards, and then just find a ball, track it. Have you passed the 13-K receiving 5-12 run? Receiving yards, does that mean anything to you? I've just been playing for a while. That's what it just tells me. I've been playing for a while. It's definitely a great accomplishment, though. Just having longevity, still going out there producing. But for me, man, this is all about my team. My quarterback, my old line, give me the ability to go out there and make plays. My coaches and things like that. And then, along those lines, to help out my Falcons teammate, my Falcons teammate reporter, he wanted me to ask you just about what your favorite catch was from Matt Ryan. Do you remember the play? Do you remember anything in the details about that? For me, every catch is a difficult catch. You can't relax on any catch. I think all the catches, it's just opportunity. It's just trust. When you're going out there, if it's one-on-one, or you double coverage, your quarterback throws you the ball and you make a play. It's just that trust that you have between one another. So it's more so about the trust than the catch. Is there any one that that's not? No, I don't have one catch that's kind of stands out to me. Quite a difference from one week to another for you. Kulia, did you feel more of that connection with Ryan just from week one to week two? Most definitely. And like I said, just me just being out there in a gaming atmosphere with Ryan, with the team, everything. Just week to week, practice, everything else, run smoothly. So for me, just keep stacking days, keep stacking days, putting the work in. Then just going out there and having fun on Sunday. On the deep balls, how much pride do you take this part of your career to still be able to get down the field and split defenders and catch those deep balls? For me, I think I have a lot of just God-given talent, but I also work hard. Just being able to still run, the way I run and different things like that. But like I said, the quarterback just having the faith in me to deliver the ball down the field and believing in me that I can go get the ball and make a play for the team. So out there with one move in after practice, what does it mean to have a guy like that all day around here to talk to you guys? It's great. It's always great. I mean, on this level, we like kids, the inner kid, right? It's like high school, college, things like that. When you got guys to come back and talk to you, you still get that same feel. It's just amazing the guys, the pioneers, the play before you, been here, hall of famers, a lot of things like that. And just coming out here and interacting with them, it just means a lot, especially all of us collectively going around here talking to the quarterback and then me as a receiver, me, AJ, going down there, communicating with him. It just means a lot, just the organization and those guys coming back and having time to come back and just hang out at practice. Kim out, and maybe what was your conversation like with him? Yeah, so well, AJ, we was kind of just standing right here and I was like, hey, let's go down and talk to one. But it was just more of like, we'll appreciate you, appreciate everything you've done for the game. And just being in their presence, that's all. So it was just a respect thing. Did you ever meet Billy White Shoes during your days at Atlanta? Did he ever give you any kind of tips on touchdowns or a break? No, I know Billy, but no. I don't know, I might have to. We'll talk about that later. We'll talk about that later. I don't know how much it feels to run in and shoot is, but how fun, much fun, do you think it would have been to play in an offense like that with Lawrence Lane? I don't know, I mean, right now it's fun. I'm enjoying myself right now, so it's good.


All right, and I think I think we're live. All right, you want me to start with this? Yeah, global health impacts of nanotechnology law. Hey, so please introduce, introduce yourself. It's a mysterious world. Yes, I'm Dr. Elise Spitzans and I'm very, very pleased and honored that this is my 10th time presenting at the annual conference of nanotechnology here in the University of Aristotle in Greece. And it's been a wonderful, wonderful decade because there's been so much growth in the field. It's been very exciting to be part of this story. So I have just a few souvenirs here from the many years. I have the first abstract book from 2012 and already the conference was nine years old the first time I came. And I just introduced a little taste of the idea that there's law impacting nanotechnology. And nanotechnology, they said, well, what's that going to do with the law? And actually I ended up writing an entire doctorate on the question of what does that have to do with the law. I wrote for the Geneva School of Diplomacy, but somehow magically got an award from the University of Ozan, a university-wide award for the best research in social medicine and prevention. For the first doctorate looking at the legal issues in nanotechnology. And I want to credit Sturios and his team because they let me bring the ideas here and discuss them with scientists and get feedback on what made sense and what didn't. You have books also, right? I have books also, yes. So the most recent book is the French version of global health impacts of nanotechnology law. And this book is nanotechnology pour tous, la révolution scientifique de notre époque. It's a slight update from the first book because so much happened in 2018. And I want to thank my partner and spouse, Dominique Shawla, who wrote the back and discusses the importance of looking at nanotechnology law as a sort of rules of the road of how to proceed. And you can see that even the simple cover from 2012 until a few years later, we've already got more complexity at nanotechnology and more going on. And the thicker book to the point that the book is so big now, we just put it on the back. What is an abstract book? What is that about? Oh, it's a marvelous document.  And so it describes what each speech is going to be about to help you decide which days you're going to see. It takes a lot of work to compile this. It does. It does. They have an entire organizing committee. And I think part of the hard work is the fact that you have people from all over the world in different languages, different universities, different institutions sending their work from different fields. You want to get them in there in time so they fit this. And the schedule is very, very full. And even now the schedule is very, very full. And I spoke about legal implications of nanomedicine in public health right there in 2012. And I was the only lawyer at the time and I still am. We still don't have lawyers coming to nanotechnology. And that's something we have to work on because as Stereos pointed out in his plenary session yesterday, the social impacts of nanotechnology. Now that we have the long list of disciplines that work together to create nanotechnology and we've always been looking a little bit at what that means in terms of society, equity, bioethics and the law. Now the time has come to really start looking at those impacts. And I propose that we need a workshop protecting posterity and looking at what it is that nanotechnology is doing in society. So I would call that proposed workshop protecting posterity, nanotechnology saving the world. And we could look at the disciplines but also we should look at what theologians have to say about nanotechnology. Is this advancing some of the religious views? Is it a tool for making the world much more the way the divine plan they believe in that existed? And I think it's possible. For example, Lady Gaga did that marvelous concert in the middle of COVID-19 where she brought together 60 million people from 100 countries. This is bringing the world together in ways that technology is doing that nobody could have done before. And that she could have Paul McCartney singing in his kitchen at the same time as the Rolling Stones air drumming and those guys don't even get along. And everybody in the world had the opportunity for free to participate in that concert. That's a gift of technology. But a theologian might think that this is something that's really bringing the world towards unity. So we need to look at that. We need to look at, of course, the laws. And I will talk more about the law in a second. Is there a lot of regulation or not yet in this field? Yes, a lot of regulation not yet. First of all, there's always the fundamental norms of society. And one of the things that I discovered in working on the book Global Health Impact of Nanotechnology Law is that the concept of universality in international law is a very big player here. That there are common needs and basic human needs all around the world addressed throughout the world in different jurisdictions. And those rules were always there. Scientists like to call that the precautionary principles, which is a consensus idea. But very few countries have actually codified the precautionary principles. What they do instead is they operationalize precautionary principles. They make them happen by having laws that protect people and do things. But actually in some countries, like my home country, there's a tendency not to regulate nanotechnology. And yet in my country of adopted citizenship, my inherited brick citizenship, the EU is massively and proactively writing many, many rules. And there are exciting rules about nanostructures and food and rules about how to use nanotechnology safely while looking at the environment and consistently promoting innovation. So yes, there is no nanotechnology law in some places. And yes, there is nanotechnology law growing like mushrooms in a whole bunch of other places. So it's not like a car bar country where people can just do whatever they want and nobody's checking? Well, people like to think that. But that's not how the law really works. What it really works is that it's a sort of a box. And in that box you can do what you want.  But we're beginning to see a much more focused and sharper focus on what the law wants nanotechnology to do. It's important to remember also that if we didn't have fundamental laws permitting the research and development, we wouldn't have the joyous, cool toys that nanotechnology gives us today. In the 1990s, President Clinton had the National National Nanotechnology Initiative started. And their report in 1999 gave birth to a bunch of legislation. And in the EU, there's funding for all kinds of wonderful projects. Those are laws that make that happen. So in order to even do the basic research, there's laws that have to answer. It's always true that if you don't want to obey the law, you can try to get away with it. But it's becoming less and less true that you will be able to do so. Because some of the stuff these guys are talking about here can change the world and make a huge impact. But you need to have the funding and the regulation and everything just helping to push it along and make it happen sooner. Absolutely. Absolutely. So the talk I gave yesterday was about 3D printing. And at the time that nanotechnology was starting, people were talking about 3D printing. Would it happen or not? And what we discovered during the COVID-19 pandemic was that people were 3D printing masks and ventilator parts and some of the organic parts that they needed for people in hospitals or in points of care. An easy example is if you had a dentist who needed to do implants and the lines of supplies were frozen during the pandemic, during the height of the pandemic, we're still in the pandemic, but we're in a much quieter phase now. And at that height, it wasn't possible to get supplies so they could 3D print the teeth that they wanted to implant. Well, that sounds lovely. It's a beautiful promise. It's a beautiful promise. We have everything that that patient needs to try and get them well. But here's the problem. When you do that, you push aside a lot of pre-existing structures. You push aside all the quality control and inspection that happens in the manufacturing plant, in the packaging, in the transportation. If it crosses a border, then the customs people look at it very carefully. Maybe there's medical device law, food and drug law, or just plain customs law.  The same magic that gives it to the patient also very anarchistically takes away our understanding of who does something if something goes wrong. Is it just because the patient was so close to death that they died? Or is it because something was wrong in that 3D printing? How would you ever know and how would you ever be able to do something about it? So we're at a very important crossroads because the law does have the ability to answer these questions. There's always been law about what you give the patients and when they're in an emergency, if you can do things for them without their informed consent, their permission. And if you do and you do it wrong, what are the consequences? That's always existed. But we as a society have to start making choices about what it is that we want to allow and what we want to be very strict about and not care about at all with impunity. Because there are some huge challenges in the world and maybe nanotechnology has a role in all of it. Nanotechnology is capable of saving just about all of it. But it's a question of choices. The easy one, the one that we're going to look at at the European Scientific Institute in November of 22 is about food. Because nanotechnology and food is something that not many people think about or know and it affects everybody, every day. Everybody needs to eat. And nanotechnology has been involved in creating what's called nanopesticides that you can actually grow on a plant, a pesticide that you remove in a harvest and nanostructures in pesticide that make stronger and more efficient use of the pesticide so you use less toxic material and less destruction to the land. And then of course the way we transport food if you have silver lining in the trucks, the refrigerators and the things like that that protects the food. You have packaging that's stronger. When I was a kid plastic meant something was cheap and easy to break. And now if I try to break the plastic on the cover of this book it's not easily done. That's because carbon nanotubes are reinforcing that plastic. So we have better packaging. What does that mean? It means it's lighter to ship the food, we can take longer to ship the food, we can store it and that means the insurance cost goes down. Well those are all really cool benefits but those benefits each one of those is a trade off. Each one of those has a cost to society that we need to think about. And my mission, my passion for this is that there is a sense of justice and equity that people will look at these health issues and have the opportunity as stakeholders to participate in how we're going to do this for the next generation or 100 years. These are very important questions that are impacting daily life. Thanks to nanotechnology we have MRNA. Some people don't want a vaccine but for those that do the vaccine exists. Thanks to nanotechnology we can feed everybody and we can have supply lines for distribution but is that what we want as a society? And if we do that, what are we trading off? Maybe we'll have only four types of ice cream instead of the thousands of flavors because we'll have an efficient way of feeding everybody. Or maybe we'll have thousands more flavors we never dreamed about. When we talk about 3D printing I focused yesterday on medical devices but in fact we 3D print food already in the industrial companies and many people believe that 3D printers for food will soon be as commonplace as your laptop. And what kind of choices do we want to make about that? We can feed everybody. We need to think about how we want to feed everybody. What we want to feed them. Do we want that food to be the conduit for bringing them their medicine? Do we want that to be a pleasure? A comfort food as we call it? Do we want it only to be nutritious? We can make gluten free food for one person and then high carb for the guy that's running and we can do all of this through nanotechnology. We can print the exact portion that's perfect and healthy and customized for every person. Yes, we can. And delicious. Yes, and delicious. And the people that use it in 3D printing they say it's delicious. What I believe is whether or not it's delicious that it's already been creeping into the pre-packaged food economy and industrial, commercial food the food factories, if you will. And if that's the case then that part of the question is solved. The question is what do we want to do with that? Do we want everyone to have customized food? Do we want the cultural diversity of having different foods from different countries or different ways of eating? Do we want everyone to meet at a certain nutritional level? Or do we want to say to some people maybe they don't need to meet that they can do something else. And what will happen to fresh food? Will there be fresh food? Will we want fresh food? Maybe it's undesirable. These are societal choices. My mission is to try and give people the tools around this to look first of all at the law without becoming aware. Law impacts our daily life. Law has to do with if you have electricity in the law electricity is allowed to travel and whether it's protected in all kinds of ways or just random static electricity. Law is everywhere and the science of nanotechnology has given us beautiful products now for almost two decades and we have these products and we use them but people don't really have access to the time and the information to try and sort it out for themselves. So in my writing I take on these very complicated areas like food there isn't a country that doesn't regulate food. Even a country that doesn't believe health is a human right or that there's a human right to food will nonetheless regulate food its quality its content its subsidies its import and its export. These are things that we regulate all the time as humans. Things like food that's also at the same time very mundane very ordinary very essential for everyone. In my opinion what people need is access to information that provides a basic idea about the law and a basic idea of the nanotechnology and synthesizes that with the health concerns and the economic concerns and then you can have a conversation about what is it you want to do in society. I guess there must be a lot of big organizations big companies or universities or startups they do all kinds of new ideas new research new visions and then if they wait until later to figure out if it's legal. But in France they have changed that the new approach you know the French when they eat the traditional meal they take a little pause and they digest it and then they go on to the next this is traditional pre-COVID pre-fast food where you run to the restaurant before your time runs out that you're allowed to be on the street but the traditional meal of taking a very long time and preparing it very carefully and consistent with that paradigm the French have put into their research grant process what's called lab to market and you have to think carefully about how you propose to use the commercialization of the nanomaterial in order to get the grant to do research now this is a very important difference because as you say we invent these really cool things we don't know where they'll plug into society once they exist they take on a life of their own but in fact we use them in a bunch of places without having thought through the consequences and the consequences don't have to be big catastrophic consequences they can be little things if you have titanium dioxide making toothpaste fluffier and whiter so that people are more willing to brush their teeth which is a social good then the next thing is what isn't in that titanium dioxide is there something that should be limited in quantity when you have titanium dioxide in donut or in whipped cream and it's not up to the maker of the toothpaste it's up to the person that's putting together all those uses at the same time the individual or the planner if it's a person that's in a setting where people are planning things for you so we have to ask a lot more questions but I think these are really cool toys I don't think it needs, we don't do it I think we need to take the time to do it rationally and then we'll have some marvelous results what about China, India Italy everybody has their own big pile of laws and stuff right? and maybe some of them wants to be more liberal about some of the ideas than others that's where people might go or do you have to coordinate everything from an international organization that somehow spreads out the regulation globally fortunately we don't yet have an international nanotechnology organization because there would be nothing outside of its jurisdiction all the pretty equipment that you're using is nano-enabled the fact that we can talk on the web with people of the world is using telecommunications that are nano-enabled and this is very very important so fortunately we don't have a massive nanotechnology governance but what I've discovered in my research is that we have lots and lots of laws all over the place we probably even though people tend not to know that there's law and nanotechnology we probably have more law than we need actually because we have so many laws in so many places and we have to start sorting out which are the laws that work for which purpose and which are the laws that we want to have ruled and this is very different than your traditional what's called conflict laws analysis in law because conflict of laws is usually very specific to a circumstance and in conflict of laws it's just what people read it's not that one law is better than the other but we actually have several parallel models where we need to start thinking about choosing which model we like better and we need harmonization because if you don't harmonize if you don't bring together the laws then trade becomes impossible I have a really cool food that people need in a country that's at war and I could get it to them using nanotechnology but the law is so inconsistent that in one country they say this food is possible to eat and in another country they say you can't eat it well you have that then you have a conflict of law that is resolved that nanotechnology spotlights that that problem may have existed elsewhere but that's a conflict of law and it's easier to have in the United States of America the food drug and drug administration where my wonderful tax dollars pay we have something called the generally recognized as safe we have the grass list and on that list is titanium dioxide which is used in toothpaste cream donuts and a whole variety of household things cleaners skin creams it makes things white and fluffy and attractive and consumers like it and according to the grass list if it's less than 1% of the components of the thing that you're looking at then in fact you don't need to worry about the presence of the nano scale because it's generally recognized as safe and yet the European Food Safety Authority which is a very well respected body has said even though we don't have the power to ban things and that's a very nice legal question why they don't have the power should they have the power what would they do if they had that power well EFSA European Food Safety Authority has said that at the nano scale titanium dioxide is dangerous and should be banned but they don't have the authority to ban it so if somebody needs food somewhere do they accept the generally recognized as safe food with the titanium dioxide or do they worry the way EU is saying you ought to worry this is a very important conflict it's not about sovereignty that one country has the right to tell people what to do and the other doesn't it's a scientific question that has very important legal economic and health implications and citizens need to become sufficiently informed to participate in that debate without getting into anything controversial the last couple years has shown that scientists don't necessarily agree they don't have to agree there's no monolith the question isn't whether they agree the question is whether you can understand what they're saying if you understand what they're saying then you know what to do with that information when they send out confusing information on a top down way I'm the scientist I know listen to me this is very bad even if they're right not only that it sort of deprives the individual of choices and because they're being told what to do in places where they might have autonomy and vaccines but more importantly it deprives the individual and the society of the ability to really make that subtle analysis because maybe it's great most of the time and then there's one or two times when it's really a very bad idea and the individual has to have enough information to make that decision properly all the good times can be erased by two or three really bad decisions so just saying well we've done it a million times and it's fine isn't an answer the scientists need to behave more responsibly they need to be giving information in a manner that not only respects the intelligence of the recipients but actually makes it useful in more than one context so that they can see what happens next when that information is out there and lawyers are just as bad as anything to we tell people oh there's no constitutional basis for this case but we don't tell people read the constitution here are the lines of the constitution we're talking about the constitution in this country is different than that country and how does that play together when somebody goes across borders do they still have the same rights etc so the fault is not that the information is bad or good the information is neutral the fault is that it's packaged cruel it's presented in a way that's definitive and you must accept it without allowing for the nuances that are the parts of everyday life and that my goal is to make people want to have access to that and to try to make some of those complicated ideas more accessible there are some things that remain complex but there are some things where if you think about it carefully you can distill it to a few important concepts and then individuals can make choices and have really intelligent responses without feeling that something is taken away from them you know a lot of the people that don't want to be vaccinated feel that their right to say no has been taken away from them well maybe if they have specific information they may make that whole analysis very different instead of that emotional response that this is my right not to do this maybe they would think about it as a different body of rights when you think of nanotechnology the word is it kind of like branding or marketing is it the what you're talking about is relevant for all the chemistry and medicine has been going on for centuries so it is the nanotechnology has been going on for hundreds of years well when I started in this field and it's a really marvelous piece of good luck that I was invited to this field by Dr. John Howard who is the head of the National Institute of Occupational Safety in the United States when I was invited to this field nanotechnology was much less prevalent but it was still quite prevalent and if you just I spent a great deal of time defining what is nanotechnology so one thing that it is is if you took this one strand of my hair can you see one strand of my hair here? I'm trying to focus this one strand has a diameter that is 100,000 nanometers that's how small we're talking about we're not talking about the molecular level nanomaterials maybe 50 or 60 molecules we're not talking about the atomic level and we're not talking about ultra fine because that's too big but we're talking about the nanoscale in a way that's really fascinating first of all from the point of view of the science it was called the revolution right away because matter behaves differently at the nanoscale compared to how matter behaves in what we now call both the carbon nanotubes that are wrapping this book if they were just carbon you could have them in a pencil you could have them in emissions that you're trying to capture but at the nanoscale they behave very differently carbon in particular was fascinating because carbon has always been very recognized as safe when I was a child there were sheets of carbon and if you wanted to make a copy of something you put the sheet of paper of carbon between two other sheets of paper and you wrote and the carbon came out on the second sheet it was safe everybody did it so there was no law regulating the use of carbon at the nanoscale which we now know it does marvelous things but also may migrate into the skin or lungs and cause cancers we don't know yet how much when why or how but we know this possibility exists and we know that we have to start regulating how to use carbon and in fact when reach was written the European law on protecting people from chemical hazards in 2011 it did not mention carbon but by 2020 it had a separate protocol just for carbon so things that were safe were in this odd limbo because they behaved so differently gold the only thing dangerous about this gold ring is that it makes me marry to somebody and whatever that means but gold at the nanoscale explodes and we use it to make the communications rapidly with lots of information so first you had this change in the science that we were rewriting the textbook of matter and how science understands how things behave that's the revolution in science that gave rise to these really cool things that we want to use the ability to have a vaccine that can end COVID the ability to send information around the world rapidly the ability to feed the world then the law says well wait a minute we regulate the atomic scale a lot there every country of the world has something about atomic energy atomic weapons every country no exceptions has law around that whether they have the weapons or not and whether they've learned to use the energy or not and of course in the bulk scale we regulate everything and there was this little empty space what the law calls a lecuna and in this lecuna people said well there must be no law obviously there's no law it's not atomic it's not bulk obviously nothing's governing that was wrong for two reasons first of all you have the fundamental laws of society human rights universality laws of trade laws of customs to get products in and out of countries those don't go away if you want to kill somebody you better have a really good reason for that in just about every country so those laws continue to exist vibrantly but also we have natural nanomaterials that have existed is at the nanoscale and we have seen throughout history how those nanomaterials behave so even as lawyers we had precedent even as lawyers we could look at things about nanomaterials we just didn't know them we didn't know the name of it now that big hole is being filled by lots of regulation as I said now reach is nanomaterials it has a separate protocol for carbon so nano has changed how we look at the law and then the circumstances of the world like covid have changed how the law behaves in the nano context alright we are having a lot of interesting conversations here at the show I have wonderful conversations it helps me grow my biggest problem really is that the scientists are resistant to the idea that laws is important they don't understand that after they do really good research if a court cites them if a product is advertised on television or used on the web that takes on a life of its own that is not related to what they were doing in their research when they thought they were creating it and the law is very very important in harnessing that you can have the greatest invention that's going to help people around the world and with nano we have seen this whether it's the concert that makes people feel better so they're not isolated during covid or it's the vaccine that enables some people to go out and not have covid or the food that we can give everybody whatever that nano enabled thing the telehealth of speaking on the communication system to your doctor without actually having to be there when everybody's in lockdown and there's not enough staff to help everybody who's sick all these wonderful nano enabled gifts at the same time they have to be used in a context where it's understood and it's healthy and the choices the societal choices pesticides is a great example nano pesticides will reduce the amount of pesticide we use it will save fields that are destroyed by too much toxic waste it will reduce risk of exposure to workers for distributing that pesticide on the crops but what does that mean it means it's a much more potent pesticide it's a much there we want the nano to kill things we want it to kill the bugs or bacteria that were after we want it to kill so we have to think very carefully about the tradeoffs that are involved yes it will bring us these wonderful wonderful benefits using less pesticide is a great idea so we're going to use a more potent pesticide and we have to think carefully about what that means if that pesticide is out of context if somebody says I can use this product I have a secondary use I have a tertiary market and is that what we want but those are societal choices that is not the science itself that is not the fault of the science that is about the information that is packaged with the science that goes to the consumer the general public the regulator the policy maker and the next generation of scientists cool so thanks a lot for this presentation for this conversation well I hope you like it I hope you will please join us at the European Scientific Institute in November maybe we'll even find a way to get some of it live streamed we'll be looking at nanotechnology feeding the world we're going to have five groups and they'll be working groups of students but they'll be across disciplines we're going to have lawyers of course finance people nanoscientists bioethicists medical people and I've persuaded at least one theologian to join us and we're going to have teams it's in the European Scientific Institute in Archon France which is just the suburbs of Geneva it's literally at the border I can walk to the Swiss border and get a bus to Geneva no problem the Geneva bus runs right there in November and we're going to each group is going to be assigned a specific task to really strategize what we're talking about TIO2, titanium dioxide in food at the nano scale how are we going to reconcile that in one place it's recognized as safe and the other one's to ban it those may have political components in those decisions but there's some science there somewhere and then the law has to do something about it because the mission of both of those agencies EPSA and FDA is to protect people and protect their food so that will be one group there will be a group looking at food security from the standpoint of theology and divine plan or whatever where does the ability to feed everybody fit into a theological context and then we'll have another group looking at packaging and whether any of this stuff actually migrates from the food into our bodies or our lakes and rivers and streams and we will have another group looking at food distribution where nano technology is a major player in preserving the food and keeping it fresh and available I mean there are companies that put expiration dates years ahead of when the food was harvested years well that's because of a bunch of nano-enabled stuff and we will have people looking at new foods and nano pesticides and just to mention also you sound like you're American right but you're also Greek I'm also Greek so it's nice to be here in the US and FDA to come together because I don't know what to eat anymore alright cool and you have my contact information I welcome everybody we'll put this under the video people can find information about your event in November make sure that you have my contact information ILF at georgetown.edu cool alright thanks a lot so I have to write the speech for tomorrow tomorrow's only about food you have presentations going on here yes tomorrow at noon is the food one and then I do two hours all the long concepts that I want the science to know you can show some of your old badges yes here you are in all the places I've wandered thanks to nanotechnology this several years back yes and people can just google you yes they can google me they can look for the global health law program at georgetown university and they can look for the work health and survival project which is in the USA and Europe and they can find me and that and there's this unshapered collection of videos of me talking at different conferences which maybe I'll have to hire you to help me how many? oh there are hundreds of conferences I've spoken you've spoken a lot well it's two things here of course we speak that's one of the things we do but when I was writing the thesis it was very important to go to conferences with scientists and speak and if they were angry about something I said how can you say the law should do this or whatever that really helped me clarify the issues that I think are important to write about and my husband's French he doesn't speak English so it forced me to speak in a simple language speak to non-native speakers in that sense very different most Americans speak in a bunch of idioms about baseball, football and you know how things work in America and I'm not caught up in that because I'm forever translating myself to non-English speakers and I think that makes for clearer writing I think that the most important thing about writing is to listen to other people before I write and my great sadness is that everybody is writing and not enough people are reading and if you want to write you really need to read and to listen to other people so if I had any message about writing because I have eight books and literally hundreds of articles it's that you really have to listen to other people to write well cool, alright thanks a lot see you later very, very fun alright in the chat I'll put you in a break for a second so please introduce yourself so my name is Kristina Buffer and I'm working at the Francine Institute of Applied Polymer Research which is located in Potsdam Goym close to Berlin in the southwest of Berlin and we are concerned with all many types of polymers from bio polymers up to electrical electrical conducting polymers and so I am personally in the division of functional polymers and devices and we are working on organic electronic device development and also deep material development at the front of IAP and for example behind you I see something to do with quantum dots organic light emitting diodes, OLEDs and what would you like to talk about first as I already mentioned in the introduction we are working on organic electronics in general and we have been busy in this field since 25 years starting this OLED research so we are working on development of OLED materials and OLED device stacks and this is a field that we are still working on about 12 years ago we started to work on quantum dot development so we are focusing on the development of platinum free quantum dots so called eco friendly platinum quantum dots and our focus is on materials based on indium phosphide for red and green emission and on zinc salinite for blue emission we have some examples here on the in the poster so you can see here devices that were made from red and green indium phosphide and the blue zinc salinite which was stopped with tellurium and the second focus that we have besides the material development is the development of processing technologies so one of the focus is setting up instrumentations and process technologies that are able to make processes for the manufacturing of organic electronic devices and this this is a combination of methods which are suitable to do large area processing such as slothide coating for lab scaches also spring coating or plate coating and we also are using digital processes and our focus is on inkjet printing and EHD jet printing the inkjet printing limits is limited with respect to the ink formulations to low viscosity inks and resolution I would say down to 20 to 40 micrometers EHD jet has the advantage to be able to print a resolution for instance here you see an example where we have a dot size of about 10 micrometer and also the same as here and the advantage of the EHD jet is that the viscosity range that is accessible is larger than the inkjet so we have a viscosity range that is carrying 4 orders of magnitude and so in this case here we have been printed fun to plot materials into a bench structure which were resolved in resin and these structures have a height of a micrometer and we can even make them thicker if we have the right bench structure to print these are examples that may be used later on as color filters for instance for micro LEDs so front hover is famous for developing inventing a whole bunch of crucial stuff that's just being used by billions of people every day and it could be in audio and displays and a lot of stuff is happening in the nano technology world that's true I may show just goes through some examples for instance here we have been active in a binational project with a company in France and a company in Germany for developing processes for ambient solution processing of OLEDs in order to address by inkjet printing customized applications that could be could be used for also small scale and cheap or low cost production of OLEDs another example is shown here where we did high resolution printing using the AEG jet this is an active matrix OLED and we printed one layer by AEG jet pixel defining layer of this type of active matrix backplane and then finished the display the display has been putting in this place and what you see is the local of this AU project and this system has 24000 single pixels that need to be printed and our goal is to make such a process scalable that it may be used to production later on this is all fascinating stuff and you when you develop this stuff you have prototypes but then you work in collaboration with all the companies that want to mass produce this that's true there's one example shown here this was a collaboration with different companies where pilot line has been developed in this project to do mass production of these types of barcodes and our goal in this project was to develop the printing processes by AEG jet in a way that it can be scalable and can be set into mass production so the requirement here was to achieve a print print process that allows printing of a substrate of 400 times 500 millimeters within 2 minutes and so do the whole processing and printing, drying steps with this type of repetition rate alright and we just at one poster you have another one the other poster shows the capabilities that we have in our institute so what you see here this is a view in our clean room facility of about 300 square meters and this clean room is equipped with all the equipment that you need for the processing of organic electronic devices so you see here a picture of our pilot line it's 50 meters long and we have the different deposition processes set into the pilot line we have the engine printing we have the PVE deposition we have the germination and we also have an atomic layer deposition for the encapsulation and we are carrying out different projects in the moment to use the AE for ASA encapsulation of organic electronic devices that we need barrier performance properties of 10 to the minus 6 gram per square meter in day and we are also working on the deposition of the global metals for instance for applications of membranes for selecting for instance for filtering for instance the equipment that we have in different places like inkjet printers printers that we are using this is the AE jet printer the equipment for the characterization like profilometry, bending test AFM 4 point probe and one of the center pictures what you see here is the need the requirements necessary to develop inks the combination of requirements that are needed in order to get at the end an optimized printing result and the instrumentation that we have together with the characterization enables us to do the ink development for customers who are interested in also upscaling production of this inkjet printing or other printing techniques so you have the cutting edge best printed electronics like research facility I think I mean it's always nice to have something more but we have facilities for doing all the processes that are necessary to produce this type of electronic devices and also the characterization facilities for those and for us these are the cutting edge facilities yes nice what kind of discussions do you have here at the nanotechnology conference people want to work with you and all kinds of stuff I have to think the moment before I talk into the camera to come to nanotechnology for us it's important to meet people from the same area as we are working on for instance we had a long cooperation with the nanotechnology lab here in Kessaloniki and there is a close exchange of information that's an important task we have but it's also important to meet project partners that we already have or maybe future project partners in the field of printing but also in the field of material development all right and to get to the next exciting projects yes we are looking forward to that thanks a lot I'm not a good photographer I'll put people on the break for a second so please introduce yourself welcome to cat market company here my name is John Valdas I'm the founder co-founder and CEO of cat market German company that has the ambition to create a technology marketplace digital technology marketplace so what we do is we have a digital platform where you practically as a research institute can file and promote your technology your innovation service should I already speak no it's good I tried to get Mario this is like a loop presentation about the company ideally we start with the first screen with this screen we can start the official recording okay it's actually going exactly 11 minutes yeah so what do we see here in the presentation so in the presentation you actually see a little overview about the company the cat market company is aiming at to help smaller medium enterprises with their product development and the main issue that the smaller medium enterprises have is that they need to find access to research institutes that they need support in financing funding and for building the supply chain and with our services we can help them to be really fast starting their development up to 50% and we do this in a way that we introduce a digital platform I will show this in a minute a digital system where people can file their technology or course whereas we can find the right technology for their product where we also include technical and scientific information on these particular technology and find opportunities for funding and actually we combine these with the service which is a I would say rather traditional service we call it single entry point for research services so the company and SME can come to us but actually ask us to organize the whole development of their product from the idea to the final product like if you want to have this smart watch as a recyclable thing then you can come to cat market and we will organize for you with the research institutes in the background we will organize for you in the whole program that is a very very short introduction about the cat market company to the first step especially for research institutes is to actually submit the technology offer to the cat market marketplace you will find it here on hpttpscatmarket.com or that.eu sorry not .com.eu and here you will see a list of services that is already included actually promote through our marketplace and that can be directly accessed here an example from ONET from Fraunhofer in Germany and the clicker in this offer you actually have the opportunity to see some details of the technology and to actually request a quote and we help you to get this technology done and we do it in the future that's looking for the upcoming future that you will be able to do this in Greek language in French language or locally and we will make it really a European multilingual database yeah that's is your vision all technology? our vision is we start with nano technology so all nano technologies put it into our platform and the vision is to make this the largest technology marketplace in the world yes that's our vision for five years from now because nano technology is a wide potential segment the good thing about nano technology is you will find it actually in every application in almost every application from medicine to buildings to packaging to food you will find nano technology almost everywhere and so it is starting point onto the starting point based on the technical knowledge that we have as founders of the company so that's the starting point when we go for biotechnologies in future as well as soon as we have grown to a certain level to a certain size is it a vision to accelerate time to market or is it also a vision to enable new business for people who have technology they want to sell and both it's actually both yeah so the main reason why we do it is to help especially European SME to accelerate their time to market by 50% so that's really something that we can achieve to say we cut your time to market by half because of our project management of our knowledge about all technologies we know actually before you start the first experiments we know actually which technology could be or is majorly best for you and the second thing is of course if you have a new technology you can talk to us and we will promote it to the market and we'll bring the right customers for you how do you have all the customers coming there all the suppliers coming there and you match actually the platform is a matching tool for customers and technologies so the first step is that we if you bring in your technology you file it you submit it to the platform and then people are able to find it and in addition to that we will do active promotion with people actually going there and going to conferences talking to customers understanding the customers needs and making the best fit between the customer and the right technology nice so you have a lot of discussions here at the nanotech technology conference yeah actually I had some very very interesting discussions here with new companies we got up on biomaterials also with machine makers and of course with the local companies here with OET and at the university where we really see potential for the marketing for the transfer of the technology to products and to the marketing can you say something about the business model or the price or how does it work actually if a customer comes and buys a technology service from us we will keep a certain surcharge for our services and our project management from the project that we create and that we build the platform the majority of the functionality of the platform is free to use so you can go there and submit the technology and don't need to pay anything however if you want to go for the knowledge base if you want to go for deep technical detailed scientific information and also some AI based tools to get the right information it will be a monthly subscription and since when have you been doing this platform and how big is the company and how big is it going to be actually we just started so it's not impressive to say that we started with seven shareholders and three operational people working on the business so that's not impressive yet but as we have just started we want to be the largest technology in a few years so I expect the rapid growth end of this year will be 4 to 5 people next year I expect 10 to 20 people and all Chinese suppliers can join? actually Chinese suppliers can join but we have some political mission as well that the majority of the value creation of the value proposition should be in Europe so that is our ambition to actually support the political objective of the European Commission to re-industrialize Europe and to bring production back here so that's why it's great to be right here in Tessaloniki is the coolest conference right now in Europe for nanotechnology for sure right now it is, actually it is also something else it is the first conference for nanotechnology that is held in person after the corona crisis so let's see how it develops and we'll definitely come back next year as well thanks a lot I'll put you in a break for a second it's kind of like the launch break time so it's a little bit hard for me to find the next interview right now so I'm going to do like yesterday I'm going to do a launch break I'm going to stop the video and start again in like an hour and a half for the afternoon Wednesday afternoon live stream back in an hour and a half for the live stream thanks for watching