Good morning. Welcome to this session of OER 22. I hope you've all had a lovely morning. It's very early for our presenters here, 3 a.m. Jacob says, so they win the award for most dedicated presenters for getting up this early. And they'll be sharing with us today scaling success, inspiring change, reflections on launching the California Alliance for Open Education. So I'd love to welcome Jacob, Jamie, Thomas, or Tom, as you probably prefer, to OER this morning. Lovely to have you all. Thank you so much for getting up this early. We're looking forward to your presentation. And I will hand over to you all now. Thank you very much. So as she said, I'm Tom Clovis, and I'm presenting today with Jacob Jenkins, who is an Associate Professor of Communications. Jamie Hannins, who is an Associate Professor of Nursing. And then our other two team members who are here but not presenting are Janet Pinkley, a Librarian, and Alicia Virtue, our Dean of the Library. So what we're going to do today is we're going to give you some background that led to us establishing the California Open Education Alliance, and then how we developed it, and then just reflections on where we are right now. So the California State University system established the Affordable Learning Solutions, which was a system-wide effort to reduce course resource costs for students. Out of that, our University, California State University Channel Islands, established OpenCI in the 2016-2017 academic year. And our first coordinators were the one and only Jamie Hannins and Jacob Jenkins. We were the first university in the 23 Campus California State University system to establish Z majors. We had a communications major, a early childhood studies major, and a health sciences major, where all the courses within the major students can take without purchasing any course materials. In addition, we have a Z track in nursing and a Z credential in special education. You can see that we fostered a climate of open education resources for our students. And in that very first year, we saved our students over $259,000. That nearly doubled the next year, and we saw rapid growth after that, as you can see on these slides. For this current academic year, we have saved our students over $3 million. And that is for a whopping total of $73,305. So you can see that this effort by our faculty has really paid off and benefited our students significantly. In addition to direct efforts to reduce textbook costs and course resource costs for our students, OpenCI took a couple other initiatives. So we've impacted over 70,000 student enrollments during the six years that we've been working on this effort. We also OpenCI funded an OER textbook in introduction to U.S. healthcare systems. That has been edited by me with collaborating with 20 authors across the United States, and will be published this August. That aligns with one of our Z majors, health sciences, and will further reduce the cost because that was one of our foundational core courses that several of the faculty were still using some traditional textbooks, and they've committed to using this textbook once it's available. And then a multidisciplinary group of faculty conducted a campus-wide survey to evaluate the impact of course materials on students. It was published in a special issue of the Journal of Interactive Media and Education, and it offered the first known empirical evidence of textbook affordability as a social justice issue because students from undergraduate groups were less likely to purchase course material at all, less likely to have course material, required course materials on the first day of the class, and rated stress and anxiety as being caused by needing to spend so much money on their course materials. This article that was co-authored by Jacob and Jamie and others received the Open Research Award from the Open Education Global Organization, and now I'm going to turn it over to my colleague, Jacob Jenkins. Thanks, Tom. And can you hear me? I assume. So, Tom asked, offered a little bit of background about, you know, like why we even began the California Alliance for Open Education, sort of how we got here. So, my part was to offer a little bit of detail about the development, and I think our thought process here was that if you're chiming in for the presentation, you might be interested in how we did it, right? And you might be wanting to start something similar yourself somewhere else or, you know, something complementary. So, to give you a little bit of background, you know, the idea in a lot of ways had been floating around for a while in our minds, I think, in the sense of trying to break down some of those silos between all the different institutions of higher education in California, which we'll get to in a moment, the idea of scaling out and sort of sharing out some of the success that we'd had on our campus that Tom was just telling you about, specifically the Z major development that he mentioned that was the first in the entire CSU. So, from that, you could also trace it as we listed here as being the first thing back to a SPARC grant through the Mickelson 20 million Mines Foundation. So, that's really where the idea sort of, you know, met some traction and started moving forward. The SPARC grant initiative is just like it sounds, it's supposed to spark an idea. So, it's a $25,000 grant that you can see that's not usually enough to maybe make something completely sustainable or to get it, you know, completely fleshed out, but to spark the process. And so, that's exactly what it did. It got, like I said, the idea that had been floating around for a little while, some thoughts we've been thinking to really get us to move it forward. And as we shared it back with the CSU, if you remember, Tom mentioned the Affordable Learning Solutions Initiative is out of the entire California State University system. So, as we shared this initiative idea back with the CSU, they also even offered matching funds, as you can see on the screen there, of an additional $25,000. And then a third major component that we're listing here that I think was kind of, you know, the starting point to get this going was the professional web design. So, just seeing a moment, one of the major components of the initiative is our web presence. Being in the world, we're in these days. We don't necessarily need a full building and things like this. We're wanting to especially collaborate with people at other institutions online even works, you know, better in that way. So, we are not web designers ourselves. So, again, if you're wanting to start something similar or something like that, and if you're wondering how to get started, we really could have hired out of web designer. I think that's how we were originally going to do it. But we were fortunate enough through the CSU that they have in-house web designers. And that's who we ended up working with. So, if you put those three components together with the funding for our fellows, we'll talk about in a moment, and fellows for the behind and funding for the behind the scenes work, you know, through the matching funds and the Spark grant, and then the professional web design. If you go to the next slide, Tom, and the mission of the California Alliance for Open Education, as you can see on the screen, is to equip leaders across California's higher education system with the collaborative training, guidance, and resources needed to reduce course material costs and increase student success. And a few things there to emphasize would be maybe at the very beginning there just the idea of campus leaders across California's higher education system. So, if you could maybe go to the next slide, perhaps, Tom, that to maybe give a little bit of context or understanding with that, that in California, being a state in the United States, if not everybody on this call realizes this, there are three major systems with the community college system, the California State University system, which Channel Islands is part of, there's 23 campuses in total, and the University of California system, as you can see, they all have a different flavor to them, sort of a different approach, maybe a different stakeholder group. And a lot of campuses within these systems were doing great things. I would especially point toward the California Community College system that was just doing great things. And, you know, naturally just being human, we're oftentimes in silos, though, and we're not, you know, working together on these things. And so one of the major aspects or one of the major hopes of the California Alliance was to break down those silos. That's what the beginning of the mission statement about across the entire education system. And then to share the training resources and whatnot that maybe brings us to the next slide, Tom, if you could advance, is, oh, it's a different slide that I'm seeing on my end. Could you go to the next one? Maybe you can come back to that one, is what's to develop a website so that we could share out the resources that we had developed, for example, in developing RZ majors so that then once we, you know, increase that collaboration across the different systems that we could also use that as a hub to share out resources that other campuses have developed. And the website is broken down into, you know, there's like an about and there's a contact, but then there's resources as one of the major components of it. And then the other is projects. And within resources, that's what I was just alluding to about sharing back some of those things that we developed broken down into Z major development specifically, campus promotion and then community outreach. And so just seeing how you could go and see the resources about maybe how other campuses had spread the news among your faculty, maybe how they collaborated with student organizations or student governments, maybe how they had developed projects that worked externally with community stakeholders, these ideas so that you could so we go learn from each other, right? So there's a mission, you know, we developed the website, which is really a major component thanks to those matching funds and to that in-house web designer at the CSU. Another major thing through the development, if you can go back maybe one time to the just go back to now maybe with the fellows was we launched the inaugural fellows program with the idea of getting four fellows from across this entire system. So we opened it up to the UC, the California system, the CSU, the California Community College System, I mean the CSU, to try to get four fellows to work on a research project together, some sort of project that had some deliverable. We left it really wide open the very first time doing this that we wanted to see what creativity, what ideas they brought to the table. And so that would again increase this collaboration, break down the silos, but then hopefully something would actually come out of it that would be able to go on the website under those resources and is one of those projects that we're working on. And currently just for record they're coming up with a roadmap, maybe you could say like a resource guide, two of them, one focus for faculty, one focus for administration that has nodes, this is a term we've been using, that as you go through the map of just detailed information for different points in the process of what step one would be, step two would be, step three would be, and they're trying to make it visual, interactive, and some things like this. So just to give you some taste of an idea. But that's been great for a number of reasons that I don't want to step on Jamie's toes. In fact, if she's going to reflect on some of the the positive of that interaction and the collaboration, but just the fact that we get representation from community colleges from the CSU here, and we're working together, meeting monthly on this project. So that alone has been a positive aspect of it. So we started the website, the fellows program, maybe skipped forward twice time to go past that. Then another aspect that through the development was the idea of a steering committee. This slide I'm particularly excited about, I think we're all proud of it for lack of a better term. People on a call like this probably would recognize several of the names on here. We wanted to gather the steering committee to give us some guidance, a sounding board, right? We can meet with periodically, quarterly, semesterly, to get direction, flesh out ideas, future directions, things like this. And I mean, honestly, I think we kind of started at the top, you know, who we think of that we would love to work with that would really bring some great energy and great ideas, get some different representation from different parts of the community college system or the higher education system, including the community colleges, CSU and whatnot. And so we're very proud of this because we reached out and everyone was so willing and so excited about it. So you can see, you know, from the president of Compton College, James, you know, as a close friend of ours has been doing great work over at College of the Canyons with Z-Degrees and Cable Green at Creative Commons. And you can read the names for yourself. So we gathered the steering committee together, you know, reached out individually to them. And that was part of the development. And maybe go forward. Is there one more, Tom, in my part? Yeah, which would bring us then to moving forward. You know, this is all very much in process. We just launched the website just a month or two ago, as you saw in the slide or two ago, if you noticed during Open Education Week, we still considered somewhat, you know, a beta version of the website in the sense that it's not fully fleshed out yet with those resources from other institutions quite yet. You know, some of the information that's already outdated at this point, even as we add new steering committees, because it's, you know, changing so fast at this point. So we were still updating that. But as we move forward and things get settled in, some other potential future directions we would like to explore would be the possibility of Z-certifications, as you can see, as other programs start to, you know, reproduce some of the things that we've done at their own institutions, perhaps some awards programs. And again, you can read yourself, but the, you know, the possibility is just sort of endless. And we're excited about where it could go, depending on what our steering committee, how they guide us, and maybe even some feedback we get today from you all. So that's a little bit about how we, how we did it. Hopefully that's helpful. If anyone, again, had some questions about that, and then we can answer specific questions later. And otherwise, I'll pass it to Jamie Hannins, who's just going to tell you about some reflections about lessons learned and things like that. Thank you, Jacob. So really on this Reflections piece, I think this whole process from the initiation of OpenCI and really Jacob and I, as faculty getting involved in this initiative, you know, we're both from different disciplines with Jacob in Communication. I'm a nursing and Tom, of course, in Health Science. Really, there was a huge learning curve, I think for us initially, getting involved. Some of you that maybe have been involved in OER for a long time, and really been publishing OER and been part of the initial kind of growth. We know that with COVID, of course, that growth has kind of been pushed forward in many ways because of the need to transition courses online to really rethink what kind of materials we're using that are accessible to students that may not be traditionally in the classroom. But that really, you know, into our sixth year, there's a lot of reflections, I think we could both add to in the sense of where we started and how we've grown, as well as really pushing forward the, I think, culture of campus to really think about student needs and think about how students may be, especially on our campus as a Hispanic-serving institution and a huge number of students that are either needing financial aid support or having to choose between, let's say, basic needs and textbook costs, how important that is to their success in advancing their education. And some of the unexpected barriers, specifically with now this kind of sixth year, but also first year of launching the California Open Education Alliance, is really looking at, we've done this on our campus, we have spaces where we connect with other CSU campuses and talk about the great work that they're doing. We do have relationships and conversations across the other systems, but instead of really recreating the wheel and individually working on course-by-course or program-by-program, how can we a little bit more intentionally share? And why it's listed as an unexpected barrier is really because that ability to share cost systems is challenging. And thinking about how to connect, you know, conferences such as this one are great ways to connect, but how do we go from our two or three day conference time here to staying connected to be able to share the details? And so that website development was really, I think, important in thinking about how could we share across the systems, how could we not have individuals doing the work alone, and we are thinking about how to really make that less isolated. And so I'm not sure if others have those same kind of situations where you know other campuses have similar courses, have faculty that are working on this, and can share back so people are launching and taking steps together instead of starting from the beginning. But it's still a challenge and we, as Jacob said in March, just launched the website. We're still looking for people to share, we're still trying to figure out how to scale that website as a resource and somewhere where individuals or campuses or leaders can go online and submit materials so that it's not just about Channel Island sharing back what we've done, but we know there's lots of other great work being done out there that could have impact and stir other ideas. We don't want it to replace repositories such as Cool for Ed or any of the other great resources that are out there, but we want to find ways to connect people that might have similar approaches to things such as getting students involved, how to work through your Senate or other committees, how to get your leadership supportive, and really thinking about that in an intentional way to grow OER. So Tom has been involved in working on publishing and open text, and so even things like sharing out the resources that are there or the process that goes into that, rather than just the context of the new open textbook or open stacks or pieces of what's available, also how that happened. I think the future sustainability is a challenge that probably many campuses have. Many people have worked on OER efforts, I think, without funding from the beginning, and so I think that's always a challenge in figuring out where to get the funding, where to make it sustainable, how to make it sustainable, how to make sure you have leaders on your campus that can push it forward. We really feel like our Dean in the Library, Ella Shiverchua, has really helped us take the next steps in looking at a more sustainable effort, specifically with OpenCI and having that be kind of a core component of our campus, but then where does that stand? And one of the barriers or challenges that we're looking at solving in the future is really, how do we sustain the California Open Education Alliance to continue to be this place where we can connect? And through the California systems, which are large systems, being able to use that as leverage to move things forward. And then, Tom, if you want to go to the second to last slide, many benefits, some of which I've started to mention, but we did not expect the ALS team, and they've always been a huge support of our campus, but we did not expect them to match funds, which was wonderful because it really helped us be able to launch and think about things into next year. This summer, we're going to be working on efforts to look at our general education courses really closely and ask some questions about how we use, we have a, it's called a CID code, so it's a course identification code that indicates courses across the system are similar and maybe have similar learning outcomes and so how to make those connections across the systems. And if our GE courses are already on a Z pathway, then how we can leverage that information as well. We really, as I mentioned, had this administrative engagement and alignment to our campus and wider California state initiatives that created a place for support to continue to grow this effort. The project development from multiple stakeholders really is important, I think, for us to think about as a team. We have, you know, a vision or an angle from the library and how the library can partner and push initiatives forward and how we can work with the library to find resources that are available to students through the library access as an option as well as, you know, from the faculty angle as well as from a administrative vision or perspective on how do we keep moving the initiatives forward and tie to those campus priorities as well as using the campus data to support where we've come from, how far we've gone and using that to leverage maybe future support. And then lastly, the leadership team that we have been able to recruit for our planning moving forward has been phenomenal. We really don't think that we are the only voice with oh, we are leadership and really feel like we are kind of on the baby step aspects of that in some ways or at least in California and maybe don't have the larger international perspective. And I think it's really important that we keep the vision and the maybe conversations that these key OER leaders are having in the efforts to move forward because they may have ideas that can push us in a different direction of something we didn't think of. So we're really grateful for that steering committee membership. And that's all I have. So I want to leave the last five minutes for questions, conversation, maybe what's been done on other campuses, things we perhaps haven't thought of yet. And of course, our contact information to reach out and Tom and Jacob, feel free to add anything else as well. So does anybody in the, oh, okay, we have a question here that I mentioned there was a shift in the campus culture to be more focused on student needs. You'd love to hear more about that process. I really think as Jacob always says, we started with the low hanging fruit and really getting faculty engaged on our campus at the very beginning who were already either using low or no cost resources or really had a pulse on student needs. We did an initial call to see if faculty were interested in redesigning their courses for low or no cost. And that was in our first year in 2016. Because of the rapid growth that you saw back on a few slides ago, there was really this, I think, embracement of faculty engagement. And we did a lot of marketing at faculty really like swag, cups, t shirts, stickers, I mean, things that kind of made it fun and made us have a name to our effort. And then I think more faculty got engaged and really started thinking about the impact of students, followed by the research really getting an assessment of our students and our campus. There's about 7,000 or a little over 7,000 students on our campus. So we are one of the smaller CSUs. But I do think that that data and sharing that data out also made a big impact. I don't know if Tom or Jacob, you want to add anything to that that I missed? Well, I was thinking of the basic needs initiative because just I agree with everything you just said just to add maybe a different angle if that's how the question was being asked. And that within the CSU around the time that this was all beginning, I suppose, a basic needs initiative really got traction and took off that Rashida Crutchfield, which was one of our steering committee members, right, was a big proponent of that and that they did a CSU wide survey of students and found that what about 10% of CSU students reported experiencing homelessness in the past six months and what about 50% there's a 40% maybe food insecurity during that same time period. And so across all the CSU campuses, there's really an initiative about student needs in a more holistic way about housing, emergency grants and things like that. And so I think that was part of that idea of the shifting the campus culture through to student needs as well as we really see the textbook affordability as being a what do you call the non tuition costs. So it's one of those things that really adds an extra burden to specific student populations. So I think that was part of the shift as well though about raising this campus culture for student needs was the basic needs. And then maybe while I'm talking and then you all can take back over with the next question I see coming in about what I'm seeing is that uniform across the state, this idea of the awareness or was it more clusters. And I guess my initial reaction was yes and no, in the sense that I do think California is on the cutting edge in the States, as far as awareness of OER and development. And again, I really point to the community colleges, if I didn't do that well enough during my segment before, because they have been developing Z degrees for a while now, they've really come together to collaborating wonderfully, we're trying to learn from them and stand on their shoulders in some ways. And so on one hand, you have that. And on the other hand, yeah, it's definitely clusters though, right. And so within the systems, we have different clusters and then even on campuses, we just have clusters of activity. I think just in a natural way, not that anyone's doing anything bad or wrong, but that's part of what we were trying to increase in collaboration to where we could really learn from each other. You know, even on our campus, we just have found over the past years that there's always things going on that we don't even know what's going on, right, a building over, you know, we didn't know that someone had developed an entire class or a number of, you know, sections have been replaced with a no cost text. So I'd say that there is awareness, but there is still clusters. So a little bit of both going on. Yeah, and specifically as recognition, we have done tried to do some campus centered acknowledgement and recognition to also grow that effort and kind of it goes back to that campus culture and even getting administration involved in acknowledging faculty that he have either maybe made a change that had a big impact in total savings or had a big impact on students and trying to recognize that. And then I think in our wider affordable learning solutions meetings, we do try to collaborate and yes, Robert has the next comment of my sense is California has a more joined up coordinator approach the most places. I think we do in some ways. I do think we still have work to do, but the affordable learning solutions has been central to having the CSU campuses, the 23 campuses meet the court, there's a coordinator for each campus and we meet each year if you want to apply for the grant funding for the next year. It is $15,000 for the year typically. And so it's not tremendous to really sustain all efforts, but it is it's a great amount to really still have a campus coordinator and have someone pushing forward and have a point of connection between the campuses. But as Jacob said, the California Community Colleges have also have also done a lot of collaboration that we look to. Thank you so much Tom, Jacob and Jamie for your presentation. It's been fantastic. And thank you for joining us so so early in the US as well. We really appreciate you being here with us. It looks like there's no more questions. So thank you everyone for joining us. We have got a short lunch break now until one o'clock and then join us again for our next session then. Thank you. Thank you.


It's never too late to learn something new. Adventures in lifelong learning is back in Bemidji with eight free presentations for its spring semester. The program was started by a Bemidji State University alum to encourage the pursuit of knowledge throughout the community, no matter the age. Topics for the sessions range from local history discussions to talk about art and social studies. This week attendees learned about the Concordia Language Village. We learned how we began over 60 years ago. How this summer is pretty important because we're celebrating 50 years of credit programs, high school credit programs in the villages. I just talked about my journey, my voyage, of free life as both an academic, getting my degrees in comparative literature and in comparative languages, and then taking that further to go abroad and do research. The classes are held every Tuesday up alternative electric cooperative at 10 in the morning. Anyone is welcome to attend. Just show up, sign up, and you'll get on our mailing list. No cost, we have free coffee and cookies and certainly do accept free will donations because that's the way we keep moving ahead. Now for a list of upcoming topics, check out the story on our website at lptv.org slash news. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Nice, a very good evening to you guys.  We appreciate each and every one of you. Welcome to Entertainment Thursday, right here on Y254 TV. My name is Feline. You can find me across all social media platforms at Felinejin. The hashtag to get on is hashtag Y254 updates. And of course, at Y254 channel, that is on Facebook and Twitter. And if you miss any of our shows, catch us on YouTube at Y254 channel as well.  I called him my co-host for today. I'll start with our very own, what, nice to meet you. Mr. Halfuliu, what's up? Yes, I'm here. Call me the only general of Felinebook and this is how we start our show. Come on, we're Entertainment Thursday. Right. All right. After Halfuliu, we have a very beautiful lady. What's up? Thank you, I'm Harit Moru. You can find me at Moru Harit on Instagram. Nice. And then after that, we have Dennis. But he'll introduce himself. Yeah, yeah. My name is Dennis and you can call me Bob. So, yeah, yeah, it's 8th Thursday here. All right. My cousin is Bob Colimo, but that sounds like a story for another day. No. I love you. I love you. And then we have a very own superstar right here. It's a classic. You are one, people. This is a boy, a boy, it's music. A.K.A. Mr. President. What's the number one you've achieved? Hey, okay. So, so. I have a lot of friends who are from Mambau and are from Germany, yeah? All right. So, my name is Kenyan and I'm from Chinazaco. All right. I'm from Musa Lingodete, I'm from Coast, I'm from Mambasa. But Joho, what did we say? I'm a dancer. Yes. And I'm Vice President of Saraf Entertainment. Okay. Joho and Joho. Joho and Joho are from Mambasa. Ah, ah. For Saraf Entertainment. Oh, yeah. So, you're from Saraf Entertainment. So, you're from Saraf Entertainment. You're from Saraf Entertainment. So, you're from Saraf Entertainment. So, I'm going to pick you up from the water and put you on the water side. All right. So, show me your little particle off here. Oh, everywhere. All right. So, so, now let's go into our first story, Rington, presents to Super there. Are you ready, guys? Now, it is funny. Now, Contra Vashu Gorspo, singer, Rington is once again on Will Paul's case following the release of his latest song, Hallelujah, featuring Tanzanian song by 90, which Rington has termed as a phonication song. Rington now says he will sue the two singers for disrespecting the Christian faith. Now, so, was it Rington? I don't even know where to start, you know what I'm saying? Go straight back. I know. Let's have a few at a con fair. So, I think that's like a vote she's there. He's the gospel singer. As well. So, what's happening in the gospel industry? What will you do? I was wearing a costume. I'm in a costume. My mind's on the fly. She is on the fly. And I'm a douche.    It's funny as I was wearing a costume. And I am very angry when you were wearing it. I was very sad when I was looking at you. I am not in a position to post a review and to post a reality I mean I'm not doing that Hallelujah? I'm not doing that I am taking part of the boy who is only doing hip-hop I'm not saying Hallelujah I'm not saying it because I'm a boy I'm saying it because you and Willie fall We agree, we agree Hallelujah Queen Bee Over I'm going to talk to you What's your name? Atasy Chill, much appreciated I have two respects to religion, at least to the children I wish you a good day No, this is for young people I wish you a good day, I will go to the backlash If you have any comments, you can't use the hallelujah I wish you a good day, I wish you a secular day You know, when you ask that man about religion He says you can't use the hallelujah Why don't you try to use the hallelujah? I don't know how to use the hallelujah I will explain it to you Lesson 2 How do youcus create a link with the form? I will explain it We're going to say, now I'm going to say it in the Bible. It's the same as the Bible. Wow. One more time. A few of you will go back. By the way, I'm going to say it in the Bible, brother. Keep it. Now, I'm going to read an offer to show the world that Teva and Fanya are on the Christian faith. Of course, but this is the problem here. I'm going to post it on my Instagram.  I'm going to tell them outside. What are you doing? Yeah, I'm going to tell them outside. but we're learning to worry, Rinton and I, with Bobil Pol you could create an appellate Exactly because I think he's over, that won't do him anything Discoversy, that won't do anything Controversy will solution the appellate No way, Rinton is already doing good, by сама He doesn't've anything at all That doesn't work We say it as a concern, we learn how to take care of diseases and in my opinion I'm proud of them community You don't push for it, nothing's fun It's a film that we are calling. I don't know why I'm writing, I'm calling from the side of the road. You can find a bro, come to clean in the side of the road. I'm not going to play music. At least, to the side of the road. I don't know why you don't know. You don't know how to look. I don't know what to do. Hallelujah! All right, so now, still on that, the guys at home can help us. They just give the hashtag, wait for updates. And of course, I wait for a channel that's on Facebook and Twitter. All right.  Niles in the post-morning rapper Nipsey Hussle was shot, who was shot on Sunday rather, say that blacks in the US are fighting like they are in Africa. Octopiso told Niles to visit any of the African countries and see how we are living. Instead of believing everything the Western media has painted Africa to be. We had entertainment Thursday, however, with Nipsey's family and we pray he rests in peace. So, you all know Nipsey was shot dead on Sunday, may he rest in peace. Now, so Niles, see what it means to Niles, at least most of us. Like he was a rapper, big time, back in the day, not right now. But like I said, Nipsey is an American. Black Americans watch their behavior when they come out of Africa. I don't want to behave like my brothers come out of Africa when they come out of Africa. So Octopiso is like, no, I don't want to behave like that. The Western media doesn't want to paint Africa to be a buyer. But Africa to be a buyer, we live in peace, we live in harmony. If you want to know Africa, you can go to Africa. What is the story of the same, as brother Africa is killing each other, as Americans watch it. Do you agree with Octopiso or are you with Niles? I don't know. Okay, first things, I think, I don't respect the Octopiso because he is clean. I don't like him. I don't like that guy like respecters. But at the same time, I also feel there is need for us to keep... If we want to be like that, we can't do that. We can't do that. So he can be a buyer, let alone a buyer. So Octopiso is like, no, I don't want to behave like that. What is the point of being like that, if you don't want to behave like that, and you don't want to see Africa to be a buyer? It's okay to stand up for ourselves, but at some point, what are you going to do? I don't want to behave like that. I don't want to say that I don't want to behave like that. I don't want to be like that. I don't want to be like that. Africa is good in corruption. I don't want to be like that. I don't want to be like that. I don't want to be like that. I don't want to be like that. What was the right or was Niles being like that? Actually, I was right. I was like, I don't want to come to Kenya, but if there is a requirement, live at a теперь, at any place I could even send a live message. I don't want to live like that I want to see Africa, but Isaama still feels uncomfortable so I don't want to live there. These days, Africa is aunintelligible He's my elder brother and he won't get help. He doesn't need help from a building. He's not a floodganger. He was asking for his help when he was a farmer. We would come here to make a crop, and we would take every crop we had by now. Its very pleasant. He's a good guy. I would know how to cook it. We don't have to worry about it. Do you have any advice? I'm veryrai and I just want to give you some advice. I here in Manara, The people live there. They are the only documentaries on the street. They are people who are eating, and they are here to help. And the people who are here are also helping. They are the ones who have supported. They are the only people who are here to support. Who are you? You are the only one who is here. I don't have a camera. Who are you? I'm the one who is here. offered to treat Tanzanian funny man Pierre Liquidi to a free trip to England. Pierre could not believe his eyes when whenever I say that he wanted him in England. Musician Omidine Pauls will work on getting the funny man at the travel visa to England. Now, sit on your Konki fire. You want to know that guy? He's very funny. There he is He's wearing a Konki fire. I don't know why he's wearing a Konki fire. Alright. Ever since that video went out, he's been famous now. He's been going out to make appearances. He's in charge of so many brands that I'm going to call out. And he even had a media tour in Kenya, just a few. I think last month he had a media tour. So when I met him in Majuba, they just let that, just because he's funny. I love his country, he has also paid for him. I think the Prime Minister paid for him a full paid trip to Africa. And I did quite a few games out there, just like that. Manifest, we see two lights, none of you. Just don't worry. For being funny, what are you doing with your life? I think we're sitting at Mali. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. Are you happy for him? Yeah, he's lucky by the way. But it's funny too, that same hour they see it, they say in Kenya, it's funny too. You're laughing. You're laughing. What happened to the women?  That's the best agenda. I don't know where he is right now. Actually, that's my main worry when all this is happening because now I'm very hopeful that they will not do the same It's simple too It's a joke It's a famous joke What do you think? Do you like it? Yes, I like it You like it?   Now, the Kenyan National Environment Management Authority, NEMA, recently banned the use of non-woven bags and you now risk going to prison for two years or a fine of two million Kenya shillings if caught. NEMA issued new alternative bags to use though most Kenyans are angry at their choice. However, today the High Court has suspended the ban on non-woven bags giving consumers and importers a sigh of relief. First of all, I want you to know the people are suffering from the same. The society has a crisis. The number two is the cap. I am an immigrant. I was born in Biasara, and I am a immigrant who had a tax-check. I am a taxi driver. If you're not scared to press the button of your paper bag, you'll be a good boy Oh no Ok, you're going to throw the paper bags at me What doesn't make sense is that they banned plastic bags Now they're authorizing plastic papers Now they're authorizing plastic or carrying bags These are called E-miles But I can't feel it You can't even feel it No, I'm not feeling it Don't you think it's not a joke?  But platinum was quick to congratulate him among other celebrities We have the video right back and check it out My husband was a famous singer He said yes, he was a famous singer He's a famous singer How does he know he's a famous singer? When does the show start?  Oh my God! Yeah? Yeah you're right ... She's not the type to get into trouble. She should be the kind to hit her. She won't hit her. Sure you should hit her. You're married to a girl. I'm not married to a girl. I'm just a couple. She wasn't married? Just like you do. You're just a couple and not married. You're just a couple and not married. I'm just a couple and not married. She's the kind. Hey, why are you laughing? Like Father Lexhan, why are you laughing? Hey, what are you laughing at? Are you happy for her? Yes, I'm happy for her, but first... Your love is not clear, right? Yes, it's not clear, if you want to know what you are thinking, you have to ask the teacher before you go and propose to her. Yes, I'm happy for her, but first...  Do you think it's a good story? No, it's not a good story, if it's a good one, I'm going to tell you this. Now, Kenyans have been allowed to register up to five spouses in the National Integrated Managed Mestizze, names commonly known as the Houduma number, and most Kenyan men cannot contain their happiness. Names is a mass biometric registration system introduced by the government to create, manage, and store Kenyan's population data. Now, the president has already missed claims that Houduma number is evil, and asked Kenyans to be open-minded. We have, all right, now we have the Houduma numbers. Before you celebrate, Houduma has allowed men to marry up to one female husband. Women can marry five husbands if you want. They say it's spouses. They never said men or women.  Oh, so you were going to declare what you're done. If you were a woman, you'd be a man. You won't know what you're doing. And if that is going to be the way, in the story you are going to be, you'll know. It's going to be a big mistake. So, the president has said that there is a story of the Houduma number. This is a robber This is a robber This is a robber Now you have a problem because most Kenyans don't know how to register They are saying it's the Illuminati That's what we said How true is that heart yet? It's me I'm just used to it I'm used to it It comes anyway It doesn't go at all It's me and me alone Finish How do you know how to life without being involved in society? You don't know how to survive You don't know how to be simple We're not part of society No we're not I really want to know what you have to say You made me understand You made me understand Who you are I can't help it Don't worry work easier. To talk with you after this show I know I can watch it and all of our guests we have like 30 seconds each. We will be able to say what's up with your last comments as you wind up because you're out of time unfortunately. So, Tanzanarewa, thank you. Oh, about my comments, how many would you tell me Lisa? Ah, I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. What about you? I don't know what you're talking about. I don't know what you're talking about. So, who would you marry? Tell me about your트� bright and blue.  Sit down I'm not crying It's ok I'm upset You are the superstar The superstar I'm the superstar My name is Nihong Gospab I think the entertainment is very important I have a friend who is a huge fan of my brother Bro, you are my brother I am your brother No, no, no I have a friend who is a huge fan of my brother He is a YouTuber of K-pop Music He is my subscriber I have a lot of social media and he is a big fan of K-pop I will see you Thank you so much for coming I would like to say thank you to Karli, but she is the number one girl in my family You don't get 5 chances to choose from That's not a 2, yes, yes, yes, yes, thank you very much And that's for her signature Alright, thank you So, I'm Harit We are following Harit IG Everywhere Facebook, Nimburu Let's dance, Kaksalimia will say home Let's watch Alright I love the noise maker of the group Yes, what's my camera? What's the noise maker? Call me Yes, call me the only general of Fulu in Boko Social media in Fulu, Fulu, Fulu, Evium, Baka, WhatsApp And next, a bridge And I want to say thank you to all of you You are the number one girl in my family Until next time, thank you very much Thank you I'm the number one girl in my family Alright Now, that's all the time we had for you guys Thank you so much for staying with us If you have more stories, you can send them to us And then we'll definitely welcome them For next week, my name is Filene We have unfinished coming up With Karin Jisai and my guitar He stayed tuned But thank you so much for everyone Who made the show a success We shall have two leaves Like I see you, she's on the camera We have so many more guys in the studio I have Roars, I have Hamston Thank you so much guys I can't mention everybody But thank you so much for being here We appreciate you See you again next week


Hello, everybody, and welcome. We're delighted to have you here. We have an extraordinary panel. And we look forward to a great conversation and solving the problem of moderate slavery in the next 45 minutes, so we want to get started and not lose any time. Let me first just introduce the panel who are some extraordinary figures here. Not extraordinary is me. I'm Nicholas Christof from The New York Times. I've written a lot about the issue. To my immediate left, Kailash Satyarti, who has just worked heroically on the issue of child labor, especially in India, and has not just battled this issue, but has made real progress in ways that are truly inspiring. Arnie Sorensen runs the Marriott Corporation and has been a leader in the business world on addressing this issue, particularly sex trafficking and of things as it relates to the hotel business. Sharon Burrow is the head of the ITUC, which has been leader in addressing forced labor around the world and has just had a success that I want to talk about in just a moment. Bill Swing runs the IOM, which is working in every corner of the globe and helping victims of trafficking, of forced labor, of moderate slavery all over. And Bill has some numbers and data, which we're going to go to in just a moment. But I also just want to note that this is kind of an extraordinary moment.  And this is our second panel just today on this issue. And it really does feel as if this issue is getting more attraction and getting more attention. And what has enabled it to be so persistent, and as we'll see, to have 40 million people suffering under modern slavery, is that by and large, it's been ignored. And it's been seen as hopeless. And I think that that is changing. And the fact that, indeed, we're having a second panel just today, just at Davos, underscores that degree to which, some might, the best disinfectant, is arising on this issue. One of the first times I wrote about this issue was in 1996 in Cambodia in a town called Svai Pak, where there were very young girls who'd been trafficked, who were being openly auctioned off. And at that time, the only help that eight groups were providing was twice a week they were sending a doctor in to treat the STDs of these very young girls. And that was seen as kind of the only thing that happened. And nobody really thought of maybe a better idea, which is to actually close those brothels and help those girls and stop the trade. And in fact, since then, that has happened. Imperfectly, unsuccessfully, we still need a lot more work. But there has been this change. And it does seem to me that until, if you look back at traditional slavery as a model, then until about 1780, it was, dujeuriery slavery was accepted. And there were a few Quakers who were jumping up and down about nobody else. And then when it got attention and people began to understand what it was, then in a few years, in Britain, a coalition of evangelicals, even rights activists, set in motion what would eventually become the end of slavery around the world. And it took time and it's obviously incomplete, which is why we're having that panel today. But it feels to me that something similar is happening in recent years with these modern forms of slavery. And now to give us a sense of what those numbers are, what the picture is like in 2018, I'd like to invite Bill Swing and shout out also to Randy Sargent who is back there who has helped put together this presentation that we're about to see. Bill. Thank you. Good morning. It's a great honor to be with you. We're delighted at the show of interest in this important issue. I obviously come, I don't come from the digital era, so you're taking a great chance with me this morning trying to do something I've never done before, speak to data on a map. These maps are based on human trafficking data from a recently launched, a new effort we're making called the Counter-Trafficking Data Collaborative CTDC. And each of the references you see here refers to the country in which the victims were exploited. Now the data set, let's be fair, it's only 80,000. These are the 80,000 cases of victims of trafficking whom IOM has helped around the world in the 480 places, 170 countries in which we work. Obviously 40 million, 80,000 is not a lot, but it gives us at least a good glimpse. These are actual people whom we've gotten the data from, obtained directly from them, but we've also been assisted by two NGOs, one is Polaris, which is the United States national human trafficking hotline that they run, and an Asian group called Liberty Asia that has its own data collection system to help NGOs inside Asia. Now there are many forms of exploitation, we're only gonna deal with two today. I've counted 10, now quickly go through them, forced labor, debt bondage, sexual exploitation, forced child labor, forced begging, trafficking for organ removal, forced marriage, forced domestic work, and exploitation in the fishing industry which is rampant and particularly in Southeast Asia, and then finally child soldiers with whom we've had a lot to do also, including in Columbia right now. So we're confining ourselves today to sexual exploitation in human trafficking for forced labor and to see how these trends have somewhat changed over the years. Our data, we have data on the other forms, but we're only gonna talk about these two. The trends are interesting because in the past, victims' trafficking were always associated with the sex trade, they were the main ones identified, but the proportion of victims' traffic for forced labor is now, and I know Sharon, you can confirm this better than I, has steadily risen to become the most significant category of victims assisted today. These are often young males going from Southeast Asia into other countries with a promise that they'll be fine and that their salary's taken away from them and they really become slaves. Past years you can see almost equal proportion of cases of forced labor and sexual exploitation, but the higher proportion of exploitation cases in the last two years reflects data contributed by Polaris from the US where most of the victims continue in the US to be female. So it's somewhat of an exception. Now over time, the percentage of male victims of trafficking has increased significantly.  Acknowledgement now that men and boys are also vulnerable to human trafficking as they have to a much higher percentage of males now identified. And in the US again, you can see more red circles also in the past years due to the higher number of females identified and the majority of whom were trafficked for labor exploitation. Now, children and adults, most of the victims identified are adults, but there's a constant proportion of child victims for most of the countries and regions and globally at least a quarter of all those identified in trafficking have been children. Now what the data does not tell us, that's the very significant part because this is a work in progress. I hope we can bring something like this back to Davos every year because it will grow significantly. Information on the map is not meant to quantify the number of victims of human trafficking. It cannot tell us the real number of victims of human trafficking. We right now are doing number of lives lost at sea and in the Sahara. We don't know how many bodies are buried under the sands or the bottom of the sea. We know how many we've counted, which was 5,000 last year. Same thing with this data. We don't know exactly. So we're talking about estimates of human trafficking and it's the data on identified victims and people who've been assisted. Now, what are the improvements in the visualization of human trafficking data? This is just an initial version of a map with global primary data on victims of human trafficking to show some of the trends over time and country level. This will become much more valuable as we perfect it and get more data. Significant potential to improve our understanding of the profile of the victims and human trafficking flows by using this sort of these types of data sets. Most of the human trafficking data at global level has not yet been put on a map. We hope that won't be too far off. Let me see, Nicholas, if I had anything more. I think that I just maybe, let me just say, whether this data actually offers estimates in terms of victims of human trafficking globally. No, it does not. So I think I'll just leave it with that. Give you a general idea of a work in progress. I hope we'll have something more significant to show you next year. Thank you. Well, thanks so much for that. And the numbers truly are just staggering on a global basis. Kailash, you have worked on this for decades at the grassroots. Can you tell us what this does look like at the grassroots from your perspective working on the child labor issues? And also what you have found is most successful strategies to actually register progress. And which is something you've done. I mean, one of the things I mired most about you is you're not just jumping up and down, calling attention to the problem, but you're actually registering progress. Yeah, so Nick, you are asking me to give the full speech of the problems and solutions. Anyway, let me underline one thing here is that slavery is not only the total denial of human rights and human dignity, it's an assault on humanity. Humanity is on stake if we continue slavery. These numbers are important. Me, every number has a breathing heart, eyes, face, name. Eyes, face, name. I was with a group of children in a remote village in Ivory Coast. These children were producing cocoa beans, the ingredient of chocolate. Out of curiosity, I asked to the boys and girls, how do you like chocolate? They looked at each other. What chocolate is? I said, chocolate is a tasty, delicious, sweet thing. They said, we never taste it. We have never heard. We have never touched chocolate. The whole world is using chocolate, but these children who are producing at wealth at the cost of their childhood and freedom, they had no idea. I was sitting with a group of young girls in Pakistan who were stitching football some years ago. I saw... Translation, soccer balls. Soccer balls, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. I think that all of them are not Americans, some of them should be Europeans and Indians, yeah. So I saw that the youngest one, seven-year-old, maybe eight-months-old, she was sucking blood when she made some mistake and the needles entered into her fingers. And I asked, now I am here, I will make sure that you would be freed from here and I will ensure your education through my friends in Pakistan. What is your aspiration for the future? What is your dream? She looked here and there and asked, what dream is? What dream is? I tried to explain. Then she said, if I am given a chance, I would like to hit with a real football on the ground. This is slavery. I freed a group of children very recently. People thought that after my Nobel Peace Prize, I am not going to conduct the rescue operation or undercover operation. I still do sometimes because it gives me energy. So right in Delhi, when I rescued the group of children, I found that many of them could not walk properly and could not see the sunlight. For three years, they were confined, they were all trafficked victims, they were all enslaved child laborers, eight, nine, 10-year-old and forced to work in a jeans factory, which is for a foreign company, in an underground factory. They could not see the sunlight. The darkness in their life is slavery. The denial of deans is slavery. No test of things they produce is slavery.  And when I come here, I tell you that I feel the same and sometimes I feel angry. I am angry because I refuse to accept that the world with so much power, you have power. I was rubbing shoulders with number of prime ministers and presidents and would not. The big, big, big business leaders, tycoons of business. And if all of us cannot wipe out the dark plot, the dark blot on the face of humankind, who else will do? I refuse to accept that we don't do it. We can't do it. We can do it. What we need is compassion. So can I ask about how we channel that anger? Because I guess one of the things that I worry about is that people will hear the story and they'll think, oh, I never want to touch chocolate again, which isn't going to help those kids. Or you mentioned the soccer ball, the footballs in Pakistan and Ziyalkat. And I, I mean, there was an agreement, a famous agreement in Pakistan to help deal with the issue of child labor in those soccer balls. And it helped in some respects, but I also have misgivings about the effect of that agreement and that conservative families who didn't want the wives to leave the home ended up then not participating and becoming more impoverished. And their kids less likely to access school. I mean, it certainly helped in many ways, but it reminds me that it's very, it's much more than good intentions. And I think there's a risk that, especially outsiders march in with good intentions and say, okay, here's what we're gonna do without a lot of listening. So how do we actually register that progress? I see the positive aspect. Of course, we have the mixed results in Pakistan and Bangladesh and in many parts of the world. But when we rescue a child from child labor or slavery, we are creating a new job for an adult and that adult could be the very mother or father of that child. Globally speaking, we have 152 million children are in full-time jobs and 210 million adults jobless. And in most cases, these children, child laborers and child slaves are none but the very children of those jobless adults. So we have to see it. In Pakistan, I have seen that many of the children were pushed back to different industries like this surgical instrument, manufacturers and so on. I have been working in Pakistan for many years, so I know. But until a large extent, children were able to access education. They have been able to go to education. So let me also complete one, your first question. One is that we need laws, strong laws, which we lack in many countries. Laws have to be enforced with utmost political will and urgency. Like in this figure, if we look into the data, 600,000 to 800,000 victims of trafficking. According to the G.T.P report, less than 15,000 prosecutions were made. Less than 9,000 or almost 9,000 convictions were made. Only 66,000 trafficking victims were identified according to the latest report of G.T.P. So it means we are failing in enforcement of laws. So legal deterrent is one thing. The second thing is in education. If you are able to ensure good quality, free, child-friendly education for all children in their primary and secondary classes, I'm quite confident that we will be able to find preventive solutions to slavery and child labor. That requires, that is not a big deal. We need only 40 billion additional dollars annually to ensure education for all children in the world. And what is this 40 billion dollars? It is less than a weak global military expenditure. Who is our priority? Teachers are priority or soldiers' priority? Bullets and guns are our priority or the books and pencils are our priority? We have to set it here. Why we are coming in doubles? We have to put it, very strong message to the world leaders and everyone here that our children, their schools, their teachers, their books, their pencils are our priority. We have to go with that kind of. We have to convert that anger into positive action, constructive action. I would also call upon at this stage, if you like me too, that there is a serious need of setting up an agency under United Nations which deals with, which is empowered to act extraterritorial and cross-border jurisdiction.  But also more than Interpol, it should have a tribunal power that can also help in putting fines against the companies or traffickers and so on, but also help in rehabilitation of trafficking and slavery victims. So that agency is needed, otherwise we will keep on having this blot on humanity. And that is also needed that the various agencies dealing with trafficking, refugee crisis, migration, labor, et cetera, they should coordinate. We are talking of fragmented world today, but sometimes I see the United Nations agencies are also very compartmentalized and fragmented. Why not IOM, UNCRC, ILO, UNODC come together because the issues of trafficking, migration, refugee crisis are so intermingled because one is jumping into another domain. It is so intermingled. So we have to go for that. And finally I would say that there is a serious need of global registry of traffickers, sex offenders and the companies who are using child labor in their supply chain for naming and saving. On your point about global military expenditures versus the needs for education, I hope that a certain leader who will be speaking here by Dennis Preparation see your comments and be influenced by them. Arnie, one of the part of the answer to this problem is indeed the business community stepping up. And to some extent it has, there's still a lot more work to be done. This is an area where you and Mariette have been a leader. Can you talk about what the hotel industry needs to do and what kind of progress there has been? Yeah, thank you. Good to be with you all this morning. Let me start by thanking my fellow panelists. I'm humbled by your work. It's extraordinary service and I'm sure many in the room are very much engaged in the same process. It is a heart-wrenching set of stories that we're confronted with and the commitment you've made to dealing with those, preventing those stories, I guess making them heartwarming stories instead is really commendable and impressive. One other sort of preparatory comment. I think as we think about our business, there are two kinds of stories we want to be told over and over again. We want one story to be about the extraordinary special aspects of travel. It's a time where we go someplace, hopefully gather a great memory, take it home from wherever we come from, meet people, create bonds across cultures, learn new places, all of those sorts of things. That's sort of the aspiration of what certainly Marriott, but I think many in the travel and tourism industry are directed against. I think the second set of stories which is really important and part of our legacy at Marriott is the story of human opportunity and human integrity. We have about 700,000 people who wear our name badge every day and many of those markets, the jobs are transformative. Virtually every hotel you can go, certainly in a city, looks like the United Nations. Even in the United States, many of the big hotels in big cities will have 50 nationalities represented and they are a collection of stories of people who are migrating and moving to pursue opportunities and if we can be engaged in that, that's an absolutely extraordinary thing. Human trafficking, on the other hand, is a blight against those two aspirations. Again, the glory of travel and the human potential and human opportunity. And we recognize we're not a police force. Our fundamental job is not to cross-examine everybody when they're checking into a hotel, but instead to welcome people to our hotels. And we are seeing people from all over the world and we're seeing multi-generational groups check in. We're seeing men and women check in. So we have to make sure we find a way to be welcoming but also to do everything we can to identify the bad stories that might be taking place. And so what we've done is really focus on training in the first instance. We've trained 225,000 people last year in human trafficking. That is not 100% yet, but we're gonna get to 100%. Of course, we've started with the markets where the risk we think is the highest.  But we want our associates not to be police but to have their eyes open and to be able to say, what am I seeing here in this guest room or with this party that is checking in? How does that work in practice? Is that sort of awkward for a hotel? I mean, there's a middle-aged man who checks in with a young girl. Do they call the police? Do they ask what they do? The training in the first instance is gonna cause them to think about the possibility that there's human trafficking. And human judgment's a powerful thing. It's not necessarily the case that we can say from a headquarters environment, for example, look for precisely X, Y, or Z when somebody's checking in. But if we say, be aware that there may be human trafficking occurring and be aware of the dynamic between the people that you see. Two stories last year, we had a 13-year-old boy that was observed with adults and the team basically said this does not appear right to us. And police were called in and in fact it was a case of human trafficking. Another instance with a girl. And these are very sort of concrete stories and they're not dealing with six or 800,000. They're dealing with one story at a time. But if we can have the team really thinking about, okay, what am I observing and what am I seeing? And then raise it to their supervisors and watch it maybe a little bit more closely. But if there's a doubt, then reach out to the experts and the authorities. Sharon, you've registered a real success lately with Qatar. Can you talk about that? Sure. And to what degree it can be a model for other countries? Certainly. And what I can say is that Kailash is absolutely right. When you sit with, walk amongst the slave labor camps when you see domestic workers who've been rescued, you cannot understand why there is so much cruelty from one human being to another. And so we also have a job to do in terms of talking about what our humanity really means. What's our shared humanity? But on Qatar in particular, when I took over this role that I now have in the end of 2010, like any good business should, and of course we're a trade union, but we did do diligence on the world. I wanted to understand the world of labor. I came from Australia, I'd run the Australian labor movement. And where were the risks for safe work, decent work, et cetera. And when I looked at the Gulf States in particular, we already had the data on traditional impact of slavery and that was an issue. Kailash does much more than anybody, but there's a lot of people who've supported his work and others in the child labor field. I've always been the one. Yeah, but you know, we have not, we had not looked at what this risk was. All of the Gulf States had adopted this model called kafala. It's a system of modern slavery. In fact, when we first said modern slavery, people kept saying, but they're not in chains. I'll say come with me.  You were forced to pay illegal fees for the sake of getting a job because we failed the development model totally with a model of globalization that's not to live in jobs everywhere. No one wants to leave their country to go into slavery.  You're liable to actually earn half of what was promised. You are basically courted in deplorable conditions. If you walk those labor camps, which they're now cleaning up in Qatar, but they're just deplorable conditions. And anybody you take there, journalists, senior officials, anyone would just say nobody would want to live here. And then of course you didn't have a court system that was just, could take two years, all sorts of languages. You had to file papers in Arabic. I mean, the whole thing was set up no minimum wage even. It was depending on the country.  So I just said this is appalling, not only is it a risk to a model of decent work, but we can't. If we aren't standing against slavery, who is? If the workers of the world aren't standing up for their brothers and sisters, who is? So of course I did become probably the Qatari's worth nightmare. And I mean, we're campaigners, so we're opportunists. And when I looked at all these countries and I went, when you campaign, you have to have leverage. It can be name and shame. It can be law, I wish. The rule of law is often easier. But somebody called FIFA, which in the process we've managed to help clean up with others as well, or it's on the way, awarded the World Cup to Qatar. And we said, that's it. This will bring the world's attention. So five years, but more than five years actually. And we didn't do anything for two years. We walked, because I'm a teacher by trade. I wanted to be able to give first, but you know, prime witness account. So our team walked the camps. Gemma who's here with me, more often than not, you know, I'd say we're going back, you know, and she'd say, okay. And we documented workers' stories. And they're friends now. Ben, a guy who we helped rescue. In fact, we threatened the government that we would take the television cameras if they didn't give back his passport. This was an employer, by the way, it was a state. And that we'd pay the fines. He's now in a good job. And, but you know, what we've done with Qatar, finally. And the blockade helped. But, you know, and the Qatari government, I think are genuine when they say, being freed of the GCC allowed them to go further, allowed them to explore whether there was a settlement. So what have we done? Two million migrant workers within, by the end of April, there will be no exit visa.  If you, you will in fact have a new compliant system. And it'll be monitored by the opening of an ILO office in the country. Because we use the ILO to get a three year agreement. There will be a process where a minimum wage will be determined for every worker. So the apartheid system of wage is gone on the basis of evidence. And already they've sealed the floor. It's not enough, but they've put a floor with accommodation costs and no one can pay less than that. And there will be workplace representation. Not quite full freedom of association yet. But there are agreements with our global unions with companies as well. So we're tacking that from two ends. But it will mean a system of dignity, of decent work, of human rights. And while not quite at the 87, the freedom of association point, in fact, we organize. We've organized for six years underground. You can go to union meetings in Qatar, their communities. And we will build those workplace representation. It's a huge task. But along the way, a couple of things have happened. Because when you're a trade union, you make trouble, that's our job, if something's unjust. But once you sign an agreement, you're a partner on the team. So now we're assisting with the ILO, implement those agreements. And that's a model that we now want Saudi and the UAE to follow because they're our next targets. You cannot give up on this stuff. The other thing that I'm thinking of a woman called Aisha, who very brave expats and a couple of migrant workers rescued from a domestic servitude environment, beaten, tortured, burnt, raped, and almost at death point. And you look at that and it's Kailash's point. Why? Why would that happen? Well, you know, one of the expats who helped rescue Aisha actually got charged herself. She's a senior human manager, resources manager, she was okay. She got charged, not the victim. So we're moving past that. And I'm proud to now be a partner with Qatar. We've done some other things. We've set up a mega sports centre, a sports rights centre with FIFA, with the IOC, the ILO, the UN Human Rights, Office of the Human Rights Commissioner, and indeed key sponsors from the business world, ourselves and the sports representatives as well as the construction unions. And that sports rights centre will work to see that never again will in fact mega sports be awarded to a country where they don't actually have law and practice around human and labour rights. So some good things have come out of this at the architectural level, but now we'll implement this, but we're putting every country on notice. The final thing I'd say is it's not enough to just end the kafala system. We have to make sure that governments live up to their responsibilities because the ILO protocol on forced labour is actually, you know, a responsibility of governments to ratify, to put it into their law, and indeed business to do their due diligence. And I'm delighted to sit here with a business leader who is actively taking responsibility himself. No one's actually convinced him he had to, but that's responsibility. It will take all of us. And the due diligence required by UN guiding principles for business and human rights says you must examine when you've got supply chains, a slavery in your supply chains, must have grievance procedures and must be able to affect remedy. Now, if we did these things together, I'm with Kailash and Keith and you, we can clean this up. Nobody should be allowed to have the capacity to enslave another human being. You're here. You know, on your point about how is it that people do these things to other human beings, it seems to me that it's some combination of complete impunity and potential for profit, that it's in people's self-interest. And in particular, I spent a lot of time over the years getting to know and interviewing a brothel owner in Cambodia who had a, her business model was kidnapping rural girls and selling their virginity and then locking them up in their brothel. And it, from her point of view as a business woman, this was just how she could best use this building that she had and make the most money. And then part, because of attention from NGOs, from journalists, from outsiders, there began to be more pressure and, so the police didn't close her brothel, but they began to demand more in bribes to keep it open. And so now she was paying about $5 a day in bribes. And this disrupted her business model. And so she ended up figuring that she could actually make more money as a grocery store. And so she closed the brothel and opened a grocery store. And it was sort of a reminder that people, they are following their incentives and one can change those incentives by some combination of ending impunity and reducing their ability to monetize other people. How about tearing up the culture of silence? I mean, it's the same with violence against women. It's the same with, whether you put children into servitude or train them as child laborers, or even while on the edge of enslavement, even in Cambodia, that traditional model of women selling beer for our major companies with their bodies wearing the uniform of the beer company. Now we have contracts with them. It's not quite as bad, but it's still not terrific. So we have to say, what is good, what is acceptable business models? And frankly, if we aren't prepared to speak out together, because I don't believe that decent businesses want this on their reputational risk, but as human beings, they don't want it. It's the same with the supply chain depravity. We have to end extortion, speak out about it because otherwise, not just the low paid, unsafe, insecure work that's in our supply chains now for which no business takes responsibility, then we've also got to acknowledge that slavery and informal work, predominantly the face of women, except in the fishing industry, is actually appearing in our supply chains. So what's the model of acceptable business is the question, and let's tear up the culture of silence. Bill, let me ask you about that culture of silence, and because I think Tern's absolutely right, that's what allows this to fester. And it's, on the one hand, I'm delighted that we're all having this panel here, but it is kind of striking that at a world economic forum at which 21% of the representatives are women, this room is about 80% women. And indeed, discussions of this issue do often tend to be conversations, people preaching to the choir, talking to people who already agree, and I think it's the challenge becomes how we expand the choir, how we break that culture of silence more broadly.  How do we get traction on building more of a global consciousness? One of the most immediate things we can do is to bring in the media more. I cannot recall in my long experience an incident in which one story brought us all together around this issue as well as the CNN story on the slave trade in Libya. Now, we've been working in Libya for just 2006, and I have 200 people on the ground. We've been working in these detention centers trying to convince the government of President Saraj that let's at least separate the men and the women, put the women at least in an open reception center, and then use that as a model, get rid of detention centers altogether. Well, all of a sudden, and we had already evacuated 13,000 people from the detention center last year when the story broke. And then it brought the African Union, the European Union, the Saraj government, IOM, UNHCR, and everybody together saying this is horrible. Let's do something about it. So I got a mandate on the 28th of November to increase even more, and we took another 8,000 out before the end of the year. We'll take another 10,000 out before the end of February, and we're gonna empty those detention centers, but the story was great because it really broke things loose, but if we cannot break the smugglers' business model, they'll simply refill them again because it's all about making money. And if you can get 5,000 ahead, even 2,000 to cross the Mediterranean on a boat that's not gonna get you there, and then if you see people coming, you just push them overboard. Light means nothing to these smugglers. And we set up waste stations along, all the way from Senegal to Cameroon, the biggest one being in Agadez and Niger, where we do three things. One, we warn them about smugglers. Two, if there's one, we think there's a refugee, we turn them over to UNHCR. And those who are weary from the journey or think they've made a mistake setting out, we take them home with money and dignity to get life started again. And it's not about pushing them back, it's about saving life. And that's the main thing because otherwise they're gonna become slaves. Irregular migrants are one of the greatest sources of slavery. They're totally vulnerable. They have no papers. They can't go home again. They've used all their family's money to get as far as they got. So we're gonna continue to do this until we can empty those. And we're getting great cooperation from everyone, AU, EU, Libyan government, et cetera. I'll be back there a couple of weeks again. See how we're doing. We're just about out of time, but 30 seconds please. Yeah, so this is very important. Challenging and breaking the culture of silence. And that requires a mass movement. We organized the long march, global march against child labor back in 1998 for the first time to challenge child labor, child trafficking, and ITUC was the integral part and co-founder of the global movement. We went across 103 countries, covered 80,000 kilometers distance, 15 million people joined the march. And finally we succeeded collectively in the new international law, ILO convention on the worst forms of child labor that includes slavery, trafficking, et cetera. Mass mobilization has helped in changing mindset also and created a culture of coalitions. Recently in India, we organized a rather challenging mass movement and that is the Bharatiya Trour, India march against child sexual abuse combined with trafficking against trafficking. For the first time of this kind anywhere in the world to challenge the social taboo and the old age mindset of fear and silence. And it was participated by 1.2 million people in India alone and it was massive effect. So children started speaking and that has helped in immediate policy changes by several governments. And finally, in a second I'll tell you that we have launched a campaign for 100 million for 100 million because we have already mobilized 30 million, 20 million, 40 million. Now using technology and other things, 100 million young people are victims of violence, slavery, trafficking, child labor, denial of education, defusing crisis. On the other hand, hundreds of millions of young people are ready to do something good for the society. They have element of idealism beside enthusiasm and energy. So why not these two diversely, not just parallel, diversely going constituencies of youth should be brought closer because if they're going like that, the haps nots and haps and the well of children in school, college, universities, students, they want to do something. So 100 million for 100 million campaign is aiming at at least 100 million well of young people to become the voices, spokesperson, champions and change makers for 100 million left out brothers and sisters of them. And that I call globalization of compassion. We have globalized everything. Now we have to globalize compassion. Here, here. Bravo. Well, we're just about out of time. Let me just briefly recap some of the points made. I mean, one of the, I think one of the key points is that, although we clearly need laws to address this issue, it has to go way beyond that. Kailash talked about education. You know, if you think about ways to inoculate a population to reduce the risk, then education is something that is cheap. We know how to do it. For 17 cents a day, you can offer a school feeding program for 17 cents per child per day that is going to get more kids to go to school, make them less vulnerable later on. And in education, it's still something that is dramatically underfunded. The global partnership of education is missing $2 billion a year from commitments on that. We also need, and it's maybe so pertinent to say that here at Davos, the business community to become more engaged. Arnie is a model here of what the business community can do. We need that coming not just from the C-suite, but translated down to actions at the grassroots, because that vigilance is so critical there. And we need that kind of pressure on the cutters of the world. And Brava, and may you go after next, indeed, as you say, UAE and Saudi Arabia to try to interrupt these and to remind us all that your point about how there may not be a visible chain there. May not be somebody who is actually, or minds and eyes as though slavery, somebody's chained to a radiator somewhere. That's not what typically slavery looks like in 2018. It's more subtle than that. We need to, I think, make that point in. And the point that Bill made about interrupting the business models, which we have had some success doing, which we can do, but that is gonna happen only if we can break this culture of silence and spread this beyond the choir and reach a broader audience. That's partly what this panel has done here. Please join me in giving them a big hand. Thanks so much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you, lovely. Thank you.