That's my tensor, so let's share about what we've done in Linux scheduling algorithm and its optimization. This is the background. So the server in Tansen is million level, so it's heavy assets, how can we make the full use of it, how can we better use it, make sure it's not idle, make sure it's fully functioning. So let's say the CPU usage ratio is only 20%, now we try to boost it to 70%. So actually internally speaking the server in Tansen we're still trying to boost the usage ratio of CPU and GPO and actually we'll try to boost its efficiency that's yielded and safe cost. So with Doctor with containers and other means we try to boost the usage ratio. So we have our internal KPM and also we can also directly run our containers. We'll improve the usage ratio of CPU. So we have different definitions for a CPU and I won't go into great details here. So we cannot use it for latency sensitive part and we can only use it for part that's with lots of offline threads and processing. It's mainly used for offline scheduling. We need to use the KPM internally to make optimization and improvement and some of the solutions are trying to run the containers on raw metal machine. So I'd like to emphasize again for the online service we are basically using it for latency sensitive business and it's highly reliable and so for offline business it's low latency sensitivity and most of them are for computing so the impact on one time latency is pretty minimal for this part of the business. So for online business for example real time game that's latency sensitive they have really low reliance and tolerance for latency and if you are fighting with the other competitors then there's a very high latency it's unbearable actually. And for offline services for example if it's low latency sensitivity then for example if you want to check on the virus at back end or sorting your photos then these are low sensitivity these are the business with low sensitivity for latency so these are offline part it's different. So for video games that's not a story that's highly sensitive for latency. So the CPU situation is the load is not very high. And for the mix deployment a lead to a classical issue. The blue part is online service and we have N units of CPU and for example task B we need to acquire resources from A and from C it's dependent on log and origin is CPU 0 and it's B is occupied by offline tasks Y and that would cause the whole sequence is chaotic and CPU 1 to 4 to 2 it cannot be unlocked and cannot be operated. For example Y and Z so they have different logs it's very complicated landscape in this part chain and go back to the original question for example how to solve this issue currently different categories different enterprises are using this platform to allocate their resources in CPU and for example we have a mix deployment of online offline business and it's uncontrollable and this is a very fair scheduling program and it would not show any preferences to any thread or process. And we have to guarantee all the main thread can be scheduled on the timely manner. So this is shared platform this is like weighted somehow and it cannot solve our problems and for quarter mechanism this mechanism if you're familiar with it C group will provide two mechanisms setting different quarter different function groups and we will have high frequency timer and try to traverse the whole C group tree and it's very heavy it needs heavy operation I need to double check on the quarter and if we set it smaller period and we have a smaller number of offline groups then we can avoid some ineffective overhead for CPU otherwise it will be bad for the system. This is the sheer and pure quarter status and issues we've encountered in the others includes the balance load load balancing for example in this scenario we have 100 online limitation and 1000 offline limitations then we have to separate online offline thread and if we mix them together then that means we add another 1000 offline threads into this 100 online thread then we have to do load balancing that will be panic and the CPU will be migrated to CPU Y that will cause the major impact on the terminal and we have to change the context and in high-level scenarios we have around 200 entries if we are migrating thread then obviously that means lots of consumptions and the load balancing is not calculating these parts we don't have a switch to control these process and for example this load balancing issue we have to strike about you know to solve it we have to strike a balance in mix deployment and introduce a new categories of scheduling this BT we don't have a final name for it we still discuss on that and if it's lower than the set CFS then we have to guarantee that the online service can operate and will not be stripped off the resources by offline parts we have differentiated thread differentiated online from offline parts and the systems we have to guarantee that these two parts online offline are not interaffected by each other this is why offline scheduling is meaningful we have CFS we have CPU scheduling and we have a BT scheduling RT scheduling why because first that means we have to change a lot of codes and that will undermine probably the stability of the whole system so we need to solve this problems with controllable cost the first principle is that we have to prioritize the online computing and if not in the whole designing mechanism we have to guarantee the preemption of online service and we add additional support from our tech side and we add lightweighted low balancing mechanism the logic behind is that we guarantee that the offline has their own load balancing mechanism and online has its own load balancing mechanism as well and we add two new interface one is the generic interface they can control the overall ratio of offline service setting the top to 20% so why do we set this limit it's some of the part want to do their own configuration for each set of the CPU and we cannot allow that by setting the configuration they can control the load for each CPU and if you don't want to do that then you can transfer the control CPU to the mechanism of load balancing and we have three categories one load balancing and limitation for interrupt and we will set the priority for offline offline technologies and offline processing center and so for the limitations of bandwidth we have lightweighted statistics and accounting we use this minor technologies we're not doing heavy accounting like a recorder it's not necessary by our standard for example didn't have to be as precise as like 20% 22% it's not necessary and it's about 20% so you can accept it but yeah this is not very important and it's offline so we need to make sure that we are not at a new interrupt and we have make it compatible with norms so to make sure that the offline when it's six hertz it is compatible so for load balancing it's similar to the one you have heard of but we have this wait time here when we are conducting this offline tasks we need to calculate this wait time for the basis for the load balance instead of the life cycle the balance yes so the function sometimes is closed and sometimes the function lies idle so the option load balancing when we have this online load balancing we won't consider the offline but maybe the offline load balancing may be online so we need to make sure that not to make the offline load balancing into the some CPUs with high level of online load balance this is our some our trip trip and based on this our test result proved to be very good so these two test results so on this line we have this online service a so for per minute the task maybe we focus on the failure success rate one is not mixed with the offline is about 200 but with the mix of the offline then there's an increase of 5 000 so this task yes for the users they cannot accept it and also it's a failure rate it will increase from 200 to 400 but the success rate remains the same and we can make add some lightweight load balance into it for the second scenario it's more about the average time delay so this average time is about 150 million a second but with the addition of the secrets the failure rate is increasing and but why users cannot accept this time is because while there's an increase of about 20 milliseconds then we can't accept it let's go back to this page so for each module there's an increase about 20 milliseconds and this is quite a long time then there is a total of 120 milliseconds then go to this page you can see that the time delay is very long yes that's why the 20 millisecond delay is has a huge impact it's like a time increase in along the whole chain so for this the failure rate is not increased and it's acceptable and for the reliability is also ensured and this is our off balancing effect so these yellow curves we have not classified it although it does not affect the online task but it's unpredictable it means that the offline cpu utilization rate has not reached an acceptable level for the blue curve it means the standard kernel you can see that the fluctuation is not that sharp but it affects the online task and so for offline it's not that smooth for the gray one after we have done the test it does not affect offline and it's also runs very smoothly itself and also it has less sharp increase or decrease we can see that the online can be synchronized with the offline and also there's a typical example we you can see an increase of or for 65% from just 15% before so this is a sharp increase so for the offline task scheduling it's the same to do with the characteristics of the cusp so if it runs very smoothly then the rate is very high so the cpu utilization is not that high and it won't reach a high level so it's too with the characteristics of the online tasks so the conclusion is that the Tencent kernel group we are focusing on the researching how to improve the integration utilization rate of the servers as the server is becoming larger and larger and it is becoming more and more competitive so we have more requirements for the scheduling and network is also very important last year we optimized a lot of servers last year and yes we need to focus a lot of areas why the offline cannot be realized to acceptable level because new model it emerges it brings some problems so btd scheduling algorithm what it is about we need to classify the processes we need to classify the processes to divide them into offline and offline online we need to make sure that to make to make it juggle with different tasks at the same time how to increase the utilization rate of the cpu this is the conclusion from our research so i'm not sure about the patch but i think there's not big change to it so CFS will be changed later or we adopt our thought to classify otherwise the utilization rate cannot be improved this is our development plan the draft plan and finally we finalized the whole report and our with detailed information the T-Linux the Tencent we have released TK T-Linux and you can buy it in the cloud and this is our headquarter cloud headquarter including our open source programs that is T-Linux team yes like the hybrid that the public and the private cloud and we also have input in the nationalization of the device so that's the end of my presentation so yes i'm maybe running a bit faster because i don't go deep dive into these details otherwise it will concern the scheduling of the kernel if you are interested in it you can pay attention to my slides so in general it provides a new thought for our offline task so hello sorry the interpreter cannot hear what he's talking because he does not turn on the microphone yeah i'm from Alibaba we have been working on this hybrid for a long time and it's more about the scheduling of the CPU to ensure that the high operation level of the tasks so the questions we have encountered is more about the memory yes because the hybrid deployment machine is more about the offline offline and but after the mix it will increase the memory and it's a big increase because the utilization rate of the CPU will be increased so it's how there's a problem with management of the memory and also because offline it need to come it need to apply for a lot of the memories then then destroy it again and it applies for it again so the cache will be a lot and there's need to do with recycling so it will post the impact on the host os and it will cause the backlog for the online and some pressure for online tasks so i think we have not dealt with it yet yes this is about the scheduling optimization and we also have done a lot of work on the memory like the recycling of the page yes for each group we have this page recycling for the container and for each group it's far ahead we have these restrictions if it had visited millions of files then we then if we recycle it at the time then it will be too late so so this presentation is about about the city cpu utilization rate hello sorry the interpreter cannot hear what the audience is talking about because he doesn't use a microphone so so for the online tasks suppose you have a 128 mb and to make 100 of them online and 20 of them offline we need to focus on the issue of the integration rate it's too low yes we need to focus on the utilization rate of the machine sorry i cannot hear it i have a question yes about the kernel about the scheduling algorithm for this kernel that changes to it how can you differentiate between the online offline how can you tell whether it's offline or online we mark it on the page it is a higher level scheduling it has this offline scheduler and it marks and provides an interface so you open the interface of the kernel and let it tell you yes the tasks it is in cooperate with the upper level tasks if you just screen this sample i think the offline scheduling is conducted together with yes i mean the upper level of the will give you this information about how to do this scheduling thank you very much


Welcome to Global Connections. I'm your host, Carlos Juarez, and it gives me great pleasure today to welcome two young leaders who are joining us today from Mexico. There are two students, college students who I'll introduce in a moment, and they're gonna help unravel and share some good perspectives on what's happening in US-Mexico relations. Also maybe some foreign perspectives on the US elections as we've been going through this dramatic and historic set of events here these past few weeks. What does it mean from the outside world? So we'll have some informed perspective there. And so joining me today, I'm very happy to welcome two students. First of all, we have Carlos Torres, or maybe formerly he's Carlos Francisco Torres Morales, but we'll just say Carlos. Carlos, thank you for joining us and welcome to Global Connections. I'll introduce, I'll have you say a few words in just a moment. I also wanna welcome our second guest, who is Max Figueroa, and Max is another student, a college student in Mexico. So let me first begin with you, Max. Tell us briefly, where is it you're from? And you're a student in Puebla, but introduce yourself briefly to our audience here. Of course, hello, good afternoon. Thank you for the invitation. My name is Max Figueroa, Max Miliano Figueroa, you can call me Jesus Max. I'm from Puebla, Mexico, and I'm a student of the fifth semester of international relations at UDLAB. Hey, and that's the Universidad de las Américas Puebla. The University of the Américas Puebla is a private university in Puebla, Mexico. A very, I could say, maybe globally connected university. These are two examples of Mexican students, but who obviously have a good knowledge and understanding of global issues, of the English language that allows us to continue this dialogue. Our other joining us today, Carlos, welcome to the show, Carlos. Where are you from? Thank you. It's a pleasure for me to be here with you today. My name is Carlos Torres. I'm from the University of La Meracruz, Mexico, and I'm a student of the fifth semester in the Universidad de las Américas Puebla of international relations too. Well, again, thank both of you for joining me today. And I wanna quickly just turn, we've seen now in these last few weeks a very historic event. The election in the United States held November 3rd, and you are seeing it from the outside as observers, obviously as neighbors to the South of the US as students who are learning about global politics and economics. And needless to say, it's been a roller coaster. It's been confusing, puzzling. Even today, here we are two weeks plus after the election, the loser has not conceded and continues to sort of challenge the outcome. But nonetheless, it is a transition happening, but more than that, let me begin, maybe I just wanna open first on some personal reflections. As you look back, you've been watching this for some time now, like all of us, it culminated in the election, but we are still waiting for the final outcome. Moreover, as even Americans learn every four years, United States has this rather peculiar indirect election of the presidency, right? And maybe just how does all this seem to you from your perspective? Maybe starting with Carlos, give us just some personal thoughts. What does it look like from your vantage point? Well, for me, the American elections is some sort of continuation about democracy and this political system and the founding fathers have implemented since the beginning, and there is something different that we do here in Mexico, that when we vote here in Mexico, basically you vote for the candidate you want in that case, but in the case of the United States, you are telling your delegate which candidate you are telling this person your vote goes to. And in that sense, if you are a voter of the Democratic Party in, let's say, Texas, in that sense, Donald Trump, in this case, that won Texas, the 50% Donald Trump won, in this case, all the delegates go to Donald Trump. So in that sense, for Mexicans, this is something that seems unfair and I can confirm that with some people who I have talked to, but yeah, it has been a roller coaster and the United States is under this polarized system and we thought that Joe Biden was going to win in this huge blue wave and the Joe Biden and the Democratic Party was intended to dominate the elections for the Senate and the House, but it is something curious that the Republican Party won the elections for the Senate and in the case of the House, the Democratic Party even lost seats in that sense. So it is not quite what all people was expecting to be in that sense. Yeah, absolutely. And again, like we did in 2016, the polls in some sense didn't get it right or they predicted some other outcomes that didn't play out. But in general, and you made reference to how voting maybe in a state of Texas or whatever state it is, but I would tell you at the end of the day, when Americans vote, they are assuming that they're voting for, you know, the individual. I think what you're explaining is that really technically what they're voting for is who are going to be their delegates from their state or who is their state going to send to the electoral college? And moreover, it's a process that is still to be determined even the Senate, while it looks likely that the Republicans will keep the possible majority. They have 50 today. There are two seats they're waiting to determine in the state of Georgia. You know, it remains to be seen. It could theoretically still go to the Democrats if they won both, but more likely we anticipate they may not. So let me turn maybe to Max again, some initial quick reflections. And then as we go beyond this, I want us to turn our attention a little bit more to US-Mexico relations. What does it mean? What does this election mean? But Max, some thoughts, what did you see in the elections? What did you find interesting or strange or what are your takeaways? Yeah, just like Carlos said, the election process here in Mexico is very different that in the United States. Here in Mexico, the one that decide the president is the popular vote. Although in the United States are the elected vote. And I don't know, I found this election very interesting, very dramatical, so-so drama in this election because first one state said, oh, Biden is winning, but what's leading now? And I don't know, it was something very interesting and I find it very dramatical the way that the postures of the candidates were, I mean, Trump will never accept that he lost. He's still arguing that there's a fraud, that Biden will never win the election. And that's something that to me, it's still very, I don't know, like I don't know how to say it. I get strange because I saw the, another speeches in the past elections where the loser accept he's losing the winner, but here we're talking about Trump and I know Trump is all a character. It's a very different man that all that we know. Yes. And of course, for that move our attention to basically US-Mexico relations and of course, Donald Trump, a very controversial figure. He comes to office, when he accepted his, or when he made his nomination speech or his acceptance speech to enter the race. He made a famous speech that was very critical of Mexicans sending rapists and criminals and the worst and all that, of course. And he has been pretty tough on Mexico. As a result, Mexicans have pretty tough feelings about him about him. Nevertheless, it's been interesting to see over the years, the relationship between Trump and Mexico's president, Lopez Obrador, you recall a year and a half ago in the summer of last year, there was a lot of pressure given to Lopez Obrador to control the flow of those migrants, the caravans of Central Americans. And in many ways threatening the use of trade war, like tariffs increases, if Mexico did not cooperate. And what I want to get at here is right now we have a very hot and evolving issue in the news right now. Very recently, there was a dramatic arrest in Los Angeles of a former minister of defense, General Sian Puegos, who was the most recent government's defense minister for the full six years, and he was arrested under as I recall, charges of money laundering, basically drug related, but more dramatically, just in the past day, the US government essentially putting pressure on, I guess has effectively released him to Mexico. And we don't have all the full details, but what we know so far is that obviously the US government responding to a request from Mexico to essentially let Mexico take care of it, so to speak. So this individual has been let free of the charges. General Sian Puegos, a very high profile figure, but there's a lot of complexity going on because obviously the US and Mexico have a lot of cooperation that happens in areas, for example, security and, you know, fighting the drug cartels. Very sensitive, very complex issue. And beyond that, it's not common to normal that you have, you know, a former defenseman. This is the first time somebody of such a high level has been arrested and now let go. And I'm just curious, I mean, what is your take on it? What do you understand is going on? Was there some kind of deal made? What do we know so far? And maybe how, how is some of the analysis in Mexico today about this issue and how might this impact relations between the two countries? Either of you. I wish to take it. Maybe God knows any, anything you can add to this? Go ahead, please. Well, here in Mexico, the detention of former defense minister Sian Puegos is one of the other cases that has followed the, during the administration of president Lopez Obrador, because in a, when he was in a, when he made president in his speech, he said, and basically he challenged the establishment and said that corruption was not going to be tolerated in a, from that moment. Therefore, the detention of Sian Puegos follows the tensions. For example, Emile Lozoya Austin and Rosario Robles and all the most important in, in the last year was a former a security minister, a Genaro Garcia Luna. And in that sense, well, for the DEA, the detention of general Sian Puegos was maybe the most important in the VA's history because they, it was a, an investigation of a year, a whole year that the Trump administration was trying to make a try to link the defense minister to the drug cartels and that basically the, the, the cabinet of president Peña Nieto is accused of being colluded with the, of collusion with the drug cartels. Then when general Sian Puegos was, was arrested in Los Angeles, the Mexican government and even president Lopez Obrador outraged and it was furious for president Lopez Obrador and foreign minister Marcelo Brard because the, basically the Mexican government wasn't notified about this and they didn't know anything about this stuff. So Marcelo Brard tried to gather and to talk a bit, a bit with ambassador Christopher Lando and well, in that sense, it was a negotiation and that president Donald Trump made and tried to press attorney general William Barr because they, they say that here in Mexico, Lopez Obrador threatened to block a cooperation with the VA and the United States in that because well, Lopez Obrador was furious and it wasn't made in the, in the framework of bilateral cooperation in security matters. So now the, now we Mexicans fear that general Sian Puegos is it will, it's more likely to be, it's so narrated and that well, this is going to be, I want another case and that Marcelo Brard said that Sian Puegos is a free man. That is what he said in the news and there are some accusations of him being, so he was playing some role in the, in the murder of the 43 normalistas in Guadalajara. Okay. No, well thank you. I mean, I clearly what it underscores, I mean, there's a lot at stake here. This is the highest level government official that has been on one hand arrested in the US, but now suddenly let go. And as you mentioned, obviously it reflects when the arrest was made, Mexico was blindsided. They did not know. And, you know, looking back now, perhaps a more ideal situation would have been for the US government to give them advanced notice and say, Hey, this is about to happen. Now, from the point of view of, let's say the US government, there is probably a reluctance to, to share that information, the intelligence out of fear that it might have, you know, made it difficult to capture him. Anyway, very complex issues, but certainly it is, it's a breach of trust. And so the Mexican government responds very angry, diplomatic letters, et cetera. And now curiously the United States, President Trump and his attorney general, a bar have sort of weighed in to allow the charges to be dropped and allow this, you know, very high ranking official to go back. I am quite sure there are people angry all over the place in Mexico, here in the US, even some government officials in the US who probably feel that he's, he's now got a free ride. He's going back to Mexico, which has more questionable, let's say criminal justice system. And, and he may be free after all. On the other hand, for Mexico, this is going to be an interesting test, you know, we'll open so that I'll be able to deliver. Will there be actual justice? Because I have to guess that if they had a one year investigation and if they made a decision to arrest him, they must have some evidence that I don't think they would do this just, you know, without a sufficient information. Will they share that information with Mexico? Will it be possible? Well, we'll remain to see. Maybe the bigger picture is that we see now a transition in the United States. So from Donald Trump, who even though the next six weeks are going to continue to be uncertain, you know, what's going to happen, but assuming he will be, as I think we can, he will be replaced in January by Joseph Biden. We're going to see a change in the Mexico-US relations. And I wonder maybe from your vantage point, perhaps either Max starting off and, and what do you anticipate? What can happen? Does Mexico see Biden in favorable terms or is it going to be more difficult? What, what are some quick reflections on the future of U.S. and Mexico in the transition to a Biden presidency? No, Max, maybe? Yeah. Yeah. Well, for Mexico, I think that it will be something very good, very beneficial with a lot of changes in a good way. But I think, I also think that it will be hard to establish that relationship between López Obrador, I'm López Obrador and Joe Biden because we know, and we saw the friendship that he established with with Donald Trump saying that they're friends and we have the best treatment of each other. So I don't know how it will be started that, that relation with Joe Biden. I consider that Biden will be more flexible in kinds of, of making the right choose the right things and taking the right decisions. But it will be very interesting how, see how the relation start and then evolve with López Obrador. Because Mexico, I consider that Mexico see with a very good eye that Joe Biden is the new president of the United States. But the relation between Mexico and the United States, I think it will be interesting to see how this date start and how they evolve. Yeah. And I know, like every time you have a change of, there needs to be a personal relationship that develops. And sometimes that takes time. Now, López Obrador, the president of Mexico is not known to be a global traveler. He's only been to the U.S. the only time he left the country. And maybe I'm just getting at this. We're not going to see probably a lot of meetings, but maybe that could change. And nevertheless, those personal ties become important. Beyond that, there's a lot of speculation that in fact under Biden, we're going to see Mexico engaged more, but that is going to be more of a scrutiny. In other words, more accountability for human rights, for the violence and insecurity, maybe for the corruption and so on. Whereas under Trump, more or less Trump was not terribly interested in Mexican domestic politics. As long as the border was closed, as long as Mexico do the dirty work on the southern border, and obviously then renegotiate the NAFTA agreement, the U.S. was not too interested in what's happening. I think that might change. And maybe Carlos, if I can turn to you, I mean, what are your thoughts on again, with the transition to a Biden presidency, how would this might play out in Mexico? What is some of the buzz or maybe thinking that you've, that you've seen? Yeah. And now that we're taking some points that Matt said, this is a big deal that Lopez Obrador, it's very first visit was to Washington to United States. And that he said that Donald Trump and he, he were friends. And at this, at this place during Mexico, Enrique Peña Nieto term, Foreign Minister José Antonio Mead and Peña Nieto himself traveled to some, to some other countries, but Lopez Obrador is not known to be a president or a head of a state that sees out of Mexico. And it is really a big deal that he's, he presented some support to Donald Trump. Now, well, maybe in Mexico, and it is something controversial that he, he's one or he's reluctant to accept and recognize Joe Biden as president-elect. But in this sense, I think that Joe Biden and maybe we'll, and Lopez Obrador must reach an agreement in migration. It is with Donald Trump that Mexico does the dirty work for the United States and Lopez Obrador as we know had an open doors foreign policy towards, towards the, hear this out of the country. But now that Donald Trump basically said to Lopez Obrador, please solve that issue. I don't want people coming in, being big ways, big waves to the United States. And maybe Joe Biden will continue some of these points achieved by Donald Trump and proposed to Mexico, but maybe there will be some human way to solve this crisis and this migration crisis. And Joe Biden, it is something that maybe Joe Biden will take some, some position that seems to be more of a peaceful relations to Mexico. But Lopez Obrador maybe will take some direct, direct standing to Joe Biden. And then that is what we fear here in Mexico. And let me, oh, thank you for sharing that. And let me just add very quickly to some of our viewers and many who will be faced more in the Pacific and Asia region. The Mexico, the current leader on this Monday Lopez Obrador, he's goes by his initials, he is a populist leader like we see several in Brazil, another variation in, you know, perhaps, you know, Donald Trump representing it. And yet he's a populist from the left. He's a left-wing populist who came to power with a pretty significant margin. And yet he also remains in his own way controversial. He's a populist. He shares some traits with Donald Trump. He has a disdain for the media and constantly challenging them. He, you know, he, well, he's, he's got some authoritarian, let's say traits, but more to the point now that they've been in office together, he's been there, I guess, coming up on two years now. They have developed a relationship, even though now it's at a distance, but it's like a, you know, I like to give the analogy, maybe better the devil than you know, than the one you don't. And in the sense that Trump, they've worked out an agreement, okay? You know, we'll take care of that border and just don't bother us anymore. I think that's going to be changing. And on one hand with Biden, as you've suggested too, I think we're going to see more engagement then and maybe the immigration question, for example, it's going to shift from being focused only on the security and maybe the law enforcement perspective of Trump to a more human security. So we're going to see this remain in Mexico policy where the asylum seekers have to stay in Mexico and it's got a lot of attention. The conditions are not very good. That will be gone and they will be able to apply within the U.S. and maybe more attention like AMLO to the socioeconomic conditions, economic, you know, under development, let's say in Central America or in parts of Mexico, a more human security approach versus the, you know, hard power securitization. But it's not going to be easy. And beyond that, we will continue seeing, of course it goes without saying that the Mexico is such an important country for the United States, the large neighbor to the south, but, you know, major, major trading partner, et cetera. And similarly, but in a different way, United States is so powerful and it's so important for Mexico, the leading, you know, economy and a very asymmetrical relationship. We always have to remind us that United States powerful usually is the bully, usually pushes it away. And Mexico, unfortunately, has that weaker position. However, and we can note this, you know, the recent renegotiation of this North American Free Trade Agreement, now the U.S. MCA agreement, it gives Mexico an ability to have a playing field together with Canada to sort of balance some of that, especially on trade and, you know, trade and commercial issues. And, you know, that's the nature of these agreements. They give a maybe more institutional context. However, we will always see the bilateral relations. So the leader of Mexico and the leader of the U.S. will always, you know, connect individually. And this is a, again, it'll be interesting to see once Biden does get into office, I will predict that fairly soon you will have some meeting between them. Maybe it could be at the border and maybe, you know, but somehow it is very typical that a new president in the U.S. or in Mexico, one of the first visits that they make is to say hello and have a formal meeting. We haven't seen that under Trump. Of course, he broke all the norms and traditions. And even Amno, who comes to office two years ago and prides himself in not having, you know, either much knowledge of English, much interest in global affairs. You know, he's interested in fixing the house, let's say, but it has come at a cost. A lot of criticism that he's disconnected or not aware. It'll be interesting to see how this drama that we've talked about, San Fuegos, you know, the crisis there, how it continues because there is a very complex bilateral cooperation between Mexico and the U.S. on issues of, you know, of drug interdiction. There are and have been for now more than 40 years, 45 years, a large presence in Mexico of drug enforcement administration agents, the DEA and others, of course, other, you know, law enforcement, CIA and the like. And they have to operate very carefully because Mexico is very strong and nationalistic and proud of its national integrity and you have to be careful not to, you know, not to give too much attention to a foreign country. But the reality I can tell you, and you should know as young Mexicans, is there are American drug agents floating around Mexico, obviously trying to penetrate and infiltrate these criminal networks. And interesting, many years ago, I lived in South America and Colombia where a similar relationship, of course, of U.S. drug enforcement agents. I can remember years back when the Colombians were arguing that just as the Americans have the right to send their agents into Colombia or Mexico, why, or no, they were arguing that it was necessary for Colombia to have some of their police and officials in the United States because only then could they penetrate the cartels and networks. But the U.S. obviously operates with different rules. You know, we can go there, but you can't come here. So suffice it to say that, you know, while there may be some secret undercover Mexicans, you know, agents in the U.S., they're not there probably with the U.S. approval. They have to operate separately. Instead, the U.S. dominant has this role. Well, let me maybe continue the dialogue here, and of course it remains to be seen, but I wonder if you can answer this question. Now, we've seen a lot of criticism and maybe understandably alarm about Donald Trump in Mexico, as in many parts of the world. And that fuels a negative image of the United States. Indeed, we've seen from a lot of data and analysis that the U.S. has suffered a lot of, you know, a decline in its standing and its image in the world. But I wonder, do you think there's a distinction between looking at the United States as Donald Trump and maybe looking at it more from people to people or popular culture, music, I don't know. You know, many people in Mexico, for example, have family connections or maybe they have traveled or visited the country. And I'm trying to maybe ask is, do you think that some Mexicans can distinguish that, the leader and what he represents and the people, the society, the culture, whatever. What would you say about that? Perhaps Max? Yeah, I would say that with the Biden administration, the Mexican people and not only the Mexican, the immigrant people will really feel that change in the kind of the ideology that Trump and Biden will manage and the people feel identified with the populist things that Trump has said that we are going to send into their home the migrants. We are going to make America right again. But generating a lot of hate to all the cultures, to all the different kind of people. But with the Biden administration, I will consider that they will really feel the change in the perspective of a most humanitarian way. And I don't know, I will think that, yeah, we will be seeing able to see that change. Okay, and maybe here is a final thought. Carlos, some final closing thoughts on that. Do you think there's an ability to distinguish between Donald Trump or, you know, other parts of American culture and society? Go ahead. For me, Donald Trump and it is something curious that even Tungamlo has a good relation to Donald Trump. Mexican people has a low and an image of Donald Trump being a populist and the enemy of Mexico. But maybe the changes in migration and these issues, basically that Mexico has struggled with insecurity in the border and that migrants are the basic receptors of, well, victims of these drug cartels. Maybe we'll see that change for Joe Biden in the Joe Biden administration. But I think that in Mexico, the general public isn't aware of the changes that maybe Joe Biden is proposing in foreign policy and yet. Yeah, absolutely. Well, thank you for those remarks and, you know, it's helped us to just get different perspectives. I appreciate that. And I think at the end of the day, look, you and I, all of us, we're passionate about, you know, global issues. Most people are not, but we need to bring it to them. And this program, this opportunity to share your perspective helps inform our listeners. And I really am grateful to hear these insights. And the United States and Mexico are very important neighbors and very complex relationship. But I'm pleased to see that you, as young Mexican leaders, obviously, you have a good understanding of these issues and, you know, curiosities to learn about it because the fact is, as neighbors, we're never going to go away. We have to work together. And that requires us to, you know, dig deep. So let me thank both of you for this opportunity to share your thoughts about these issues about the U.S. elections, which can be confusing not just to foreigners, but even Americans. Every four years, we have the same problem. But nevertheless, it's a process that affects not just the U.S. but even Mexico. So the outcome of this election is important for you as well. So let me close on that. Thank you again, both of you, for joining me here on Global Connections. I'm your host, Carlos Juarez. And we'll close on that and look forward to the next one. Thank you so much. Aloha.


welcome back everybody we just had some delicious lasagna but it was made with eland eland lasagna that is the favorite meat of uh pretty much all the hunters down here we had the brisket of the elan it was actually the um the elan that ryan had shot a few days ago on the way back in from the red lesh way hunt we found uh some more herds of impalas and i'm going to try to get an impala of ram and possibly even a gim's buck gim's buck on the hill let's walk there boys yeah we got some gim's buck up on this ridge so we're gonna take a gander here we go rob decided the rifle in so we should be good now we're gonna have to use the seven mil on the little bit bigger animals so there's also some impala down here so they're probably gonna see us but the gim's buck are probably gonna run up this hill so should have a good shot with the rifle no way with the bow there's two of them a brief intermission there um if you guys want to check out rob's channel we doubled down on some red lesh ways i never thought that would happen in one day i thought we'd be lucky to see one and uh i i got sort of felt bad when it was my turn to hunt in the morning so i was like dang i don't ride this is like top of rob's list but i'm so glad we both got him good job buddy really awesome so now we're back on the hunt uh four the impala we only have a couple hours left in the day here but that might as well be two days when you're in south africa there's just animals everywhere you see one yeah this one oh there's one on the left too oh they're fricking that's a nice one gonna go on a bit hey don't nothing okay we're just gonna go up a bit there you go you're in focus now that's the long ways out there oh i cannot believe it same day this was just after we got the lesh way rob's lesh way it'd be really sneaky we got so lucky the wind just calmed down right as we came over the hill so they couldn't smell us got lucky go see what the seven millimeter did i think i hit him right the shoulder he jumped he jumped you want to watch yeah i think i did i don't know we think rob got it it's pretty far away i don't know okay so we're gonna go see where we made a shot patrick thinks i might have hit him a little low on the leg but like i've seen all these animals like they're vitals are a little farther up so i think if i hit him where i was hitting him he's going to be just blistered he was having a lot of trouble getting out of there like his leg was kind of doing a windmill so be my first impala ever this is the one animal stuff and he was like you gotta get about it he jumped high he jumped really high anytime an animal jumps that's you see golden it's bad yeah it's bad for them yeah what do they say yeah yeah yeah oh yeah that's when you know anybody sitting at their house right now that doesn't ever hunt you guys see how the blood's going this way that tells you exactly where the animal's going see that that's streaking that way oh dude this is going to be down here very shortly well he's even closer okay thank you patrick awesome beautiful impala nice spot see that's on the money that's through the heart that's how low they're hot so these are these are a lot smaller than a white tail at home and just absolutely gorgeous if you feel their skin their hair it's really fine it's super soft that's a nice impala ram right there and we could tell when he when we made the hit the shot it just his leg was just done so that's where you want to shoot him i guess in africa it's a little different but right in the heart so beautiful shot i love south africa this is the fourth animal of the day between the three of us that came here so pretty amazing there's not many places in the world you can do that okay y'all i can officially say i've got the full south african experience eighth yum yum berries eighth liver of aniola i got crescent by your son ryan with the blood on my first bow kill and now i'm backpacking out hard shot 130 yards put them on my back me and see if this the rest of the way today's been amazing absolutely amazing we've had three fantastic shots on animals me and rob did not think that we were gonna get double the chances at lesh ways got those down and then this is just this is on the list and it's a bonus all in one day we still got a couple days left you do good things with your life i think your wife would be very proud of you there's a nice thumbs up there youtube i want you guys to do that to the like button right there just because youtube will probably demonetize this video just go ahead and give it a a nice comment and a good thumbs up we got more action to come we still got a couple more days down here and rob's up next so channels are linked down below go follow subscribe right here as well we will see you the main thing was that we were hunting it with a crossbow we got pretty close to him but he was lying down and unfortunately when he did see me he came straight for me and decided to charge


okay so in this question it's given that the perimeter of a triangular field right so triangular field and its perimeter is given and it is given to be equal to 450 meters and its sides are in the ratio of 13 is to 12 is to 5 so first of all we'll have to do data mining so if you see this is the data given what is this 450 meters so hence just let's jot down all the you know given information so perimeter is given and perimeter is 450 meters right what else is given side ratios are in 13 is to 12 is to 5 so let's quickly draw our triangle and you know that this is there are three sides to a triangle and let's say this is a this is b and this is c and their ratio a is to b is to c a is to c is given as 13 is to 12 is to 5 okay so we can as you in such cases the moment there are ratios given so what best you can do is let the sides be let the sides be of length 13 x 12 x and 5 x right so if you see they have the same ratio 13 is to 12 is to 5 that means now what you have to find out area right so for area what do you need to do first let's find out the perimeter so very semi perimeter that is so s is a plus b plus c by 2 okay and but before that perimeter is given and so it's also perimeter by 2 perimeter by 2 so hence it is if you see 450 upon 2 is equal to a plus b plus c upon 2 this implies 450 is equal to a plus b plus c so a is 13 x b is 12 x and c is 5 x so it is nothing but if you see this implies 450 is equal to I have dropped the units here just for the calculation sake so it is 13 plus 12 is 25 plus 5 is 30 x so x clearly is 450 upon 30 which is equal to 15 okay now that we know x we can find out the length of the side so a is or was 13 x so hence it is 13 13 time 13 time 13 time 15 13 times 15 that is equal to 195 and the units were in meter I believe so hence it will be in meters and b was 12 x which is nothing but 12 into 15 which is 180 meters and c will be equal to 5 x so hence it is 5 into 15 which is equal to 75 meter right so as we know what was s s was perimeter by 2 so it is 450 by 2 which is 225 now we are trying to find out the area which was a given objective now s is this much s minus a will be equal to 225 minus 195 and this is nothing but 30 meters so let the units be also there s minus b is 225 minus 180 and if you see this is 25 here and 20 there so 45 meters and and now third is s minus c which is 225 minus 75 is equal to 25 plus 100 125 plus 25 150 meters is it it guys so hence now let's find out the area so area is given as under root s s minus a s minus b and s minus c so which is equal to under root s what is s 225 b ready to factorize guys 30 into 45 into 150 is it this means if you just factorize and then think out square root so 25 is nothing but if you know 15 square so it is very easy so 15 will come out and 30 is actually there is no you know square powers on the factors here the 30 can be written as 2 into 3 into 5 45 can be written as 9 into 5 and 150 can be written as 15 times 10 or 25 times 6 better so it is 5 square into 3 into 5 3 into 2 sorry 3 into 2 this one will be 2 so 3 into 2 6 into 25 right so what all can be brought out of 15 can be brought out from here 115 can come out 1 3 can come out and 1 5 can come out and also if you see there are 2 2's so this 2 and this 2 so 1 2 can also come out similarly this 3 and 5 3 and 5 there are 2 3's and 2 5 so 1 3 and 1 5 will come out so this will be the area of the given triangular field and this happens to be 15 into 3 right so we have 3 into 5 and there are 3 into 5 again so 15 was written as 3 into 5 this is 3 into 5 again into 3 into 5 into 2 oh great so that means it's 3 cube into 5 cube into 2 3 cube into 5 cube into 2 and which is equal to if you do the calculation you'll get 6 7 5 0 meter cube 6 7 5 0 meter cube now places where you'll make mistake clearly here when you do the final calculations so be you know alert be very very conscious and you know of your calculation so this is a fair you know simple arithmetic so hence whenever you are doing calculation you should be very very cautious and always when you find the result you go back and check once again so in in such cases in such questions in exam you put a star mark so that you can always go back and check the calculation this is a calculation intensive problem calculation intensive so hence knowing the formula and applying it would not be difficult but you will tend to lose marks because of wrong calculations okay so please bear that in mind


Tom here from Warren systems and true nascor 12 has been released with update version 6 This release was on October 5th of 2021 Which of course I probably loaded it because why not live on the edge load and maintenance update release. Okay It's probably not the most exciting step forward It's not the biggest revision and change once we get to these later like you six where we're at now There are really minor bug fixes and maybe a few slightly major ones But they're not a ton of quality of life improvements on there But the question a lot of people have and well did the upgrade go well And this is October 11th of 2021 and I can say it the systems. I've done all my testing on I had no issues at all It was well just another maintenance release and the update went fine Which is of course what we want to hear because we don't really want too much excitement on our stable storage servers We leave all the excitement still in the true nascale Which by the way another beta was released and go ahead and try the nightlies if you want to get real Exciting but that's a different topic all the other I have videos I'll link to that I've already talked a little about true nascale and yes I'm still excited about it back over here to our friend the stable true nascore and yes It's still stable now before we dive into the details and changes if you'd like to learn more about me and my company Head over to Lawrence systems.com feel like to hire sure project There's a hires button right at the top which of course includes true nasconsulting If you'd like to support this channel other ways There's affiliate links down below to get you deals and discounts on products and services We talked about on channel and yes, we uploaded some of the shirts also to have no branding on them for those you that Asked that no problem. Someone said I really wish you'd do that and I was like well That's an easy request. So we did that if you want to check out our shirts store We're trying to get a few new shirts up there depending on when you're watching this video All right on to the changes and I like how they started out right here true nasc 12.0 u6 was released today and is now the most recommended update for even the most conservative users who are using true nascore Core and true nasc enterprise with this release comes the resolution of approximately 90 issues including user group default quotas have been updated display properly some NF SV for h.a. improvements more extensive smb regression testing shadow copies now This is something of course has been kind of a buggy issue with u5 that they fixed where you couldn't see the shadow copies And then we have the open zfs dedupe better web ui filtering by name as a matter of fact They added specifically here. This is one of them. I thought was cool They added regex to this fix ability to show all snapshots and add regex filtering for snapshot names if you're someone with a lot of snapshots and in larger pools, this can certainly be a problem go over here actually over to snapshots and There's a few pages in here to roll through not too many on this particular server But if you needed to find something quick like my videos You can spell videos right while you're doing there we go now. We filtered it just for LTS videos This is gonna be a nice feature. I think for I dealt with a few clients that have had some Really large pools a lot of snapshots. So I'm surprised that request didn't get fulfilled even sooner honestly But it's good to see that it's in there Zfs dedupe enabled uses Shah 512 to check some algorithm. I may do an upcoming video on dedupe I was looking and realized there's a little bit confusion about it how it works. So I thought maybe that needs to explain a video Let me know in the comments below if you're confused by that But something something maybe I should dive into I have a few other storage videos planned as well And then down here is a list like they said there's 90 bug fixes But hey, sometimes you're simple something like typos and error messages or can't delete data sets based on certain circumstances So lots of great fixes here Also, there are some improvements in here in terms of new feature support and support for Tiger older and Meteor Lake so this is all Some new upcoming Intel stuff that's in there so the support in there is gonna be welcome Now what about the systems themselves that I upgraded? I figured I bring it up because this is my oldest system I was kind of like Taken back sometimes looking at all these other ones I have with a lot of cores that this one's still running It doesn't do anything important anymore I kind of feel like it's a science experiment at this point because yes it is just an Intel i5 4570 with 3.2 gigahertz and The drives running in it one of them in particular well one grouping of them I'll show you how they're set up in a second the 5,000 757,888 hours of on time So they've been powered on for about over six years it's just about when the system was built and this i5 was not the newest thing out six years ago when we built the system But it's amazing it so works do anything we've done to this and yes This is a consumer motherboard in here. So feel free to poke at it. No, it doesn't have VCC So feel free to comment on that as well But yeah compared to these other systems. It is substantially underpowered, but that's what kind of makes it interesting to me is how basic it is and How it has worked for this song now the distance here because I cumulatively have added several discs to it It's got a series of v-debs and I have a video I broke down how unbalanced v-debs work because these drive groupings are groups of two terabyte drives three terabyte drives and Four terabyte drives grouped together each one composing of and actually go to pool status Each one's its own grouping of v-debs on here and it's actually worked really really well Without any trouble obviously for this many years for those of you wondering of how does it work on long-term? Quite a bit This is how we expanded it by adding four more drives at a time starting with the two terabyte drives Then we got a set for three terabyte drives then for Four terabyte drive so this system's actually been surprisingly Trouble-free and we're just gonna keep it running in as long as possible It just is a extra application of all the data we have here at the office But there's one thing that's gonna be done to it I am going to be erasing the drives and rebuilding them because if you notice this right here It is still using the legacy encryption legacy encryption keeps this from being able to Go to true NAS scale so I'm not gonna be able to do it in place upgrade So because it's just a bunch of replicated data, I will destroy it and rebuild it The only thing semi-critical I guess you could say it runs It's got an extra copy of syncing running on here in the jail So maybe I'll make a video about doing the process of backing up jails and putting them back You can't back them up and move them over to scale But you can back them up and put them back when you destroy a data set There's some processes for that and I'll work on a video covering that topic But overall the systems have their replications in place. They're Working perfectly fine. I didn't run any issues after doing the upgrade everything worked before the upgrade and everything continued working Right after the upgrade plus there's a lot of bug fixes So my overall I can't see any reason not to upgrade now for those of you that have been holding back There is a recommendation that you at least get to version 11 U5 prior to going to 12.0 u6 so there are some incremental jumps that's documented over on their page So go ahead and consider that if you were one of those long holdouts and waiting a really long time before you jumped into the 12 series because of stability or compatibility issues that you found worked better in 11 But the good news is if you always take all your backups and do this if you do go forward and something goes completely Arrive or wrong you can river back provided You have all the backups on there and don't upgrade the data set because then once you upgrade to the newer versions ZFS there are features that may not be supported in that pool there for the older version may not work So always take that consideration by doing the upgrade But I give it a thumbs up definitely recommend you move to the latest version And yes I will be doing more updated videos on true nascale as more features and it comes closer to being released time as I'm So excited about that But true nascore still has a long time and a long life ahead of itself of good stable Producible performing system that I will keep using at least for some of our mission critical things I'm gonna stay right there, but of course I love bleeding edge and playing with this I'll be doing more of that to leave your comments and thoughts down below or have a more in-depth discussion our forums and thanks And thank you for making it to the end of this video if you enjoyed this content Please give it a thumbs up you like to see more content from this channel Hit the subscribe button and the bell icon to hire a sure project head over to Lawrence systems calm and click on the Hire us button right at the top to help this channel out in other ways There's a join button here for YouTube and a patreon page where your support is greatly appreciated For deals discounts and offers check out our affiliate links in the descriptions of all of our videos including a link to our shirt store We have a wide variety of shirts and new designs come out. Well randomly. So check back frequently And finally our forums forums that Lawrence systems commas where you can have a more in-depth discussion about this video And other tech topics covered on this channel Thank you again, and we look forward to hearing from you in the meantime check out some of our other videos


Hey everyone, my name is Eric Escobar and today my talk is going to be on detecting the unseen adversary Which is really just wireless blue teaming with a snappy sounding name to it So this talk is gonna be a one-cut take There's gonna be a lot of ums a lot of us a lot of me fumbling with my mouse trying to transition a slide So this is gonna be just as if I were up on stage and the demo gods are just gonna be as much of a problem So without further ado, let's talk about me Um, so I like to kind of pose the the point that I'm the forever noob The best thing about computers and computer security is that no one is ever gonna know everything and the person that says that they do Is just completely lying Um, I started off my pressure my professional career as a civil engineer You know, I got my my degrees in civil engineering to build bridges dams and all these big things that you see out on the highway Um, I got the opportunity to basically be an analyst at a at a company I got a great opportunity there. Um, and we started coming to def con from I believe def con 22 Uh, and from there I was competing the wireless capture the flags We won a couple of times and now I'm one of the village members and uh And yeah, I get to help make the challenges. Um, and my full-time job now is as a pentester for secure works Where I basically just pentest wireless all day. Uh, and this talk is is really one of these talks of You know stuff that isn't crazy super hackery stuff that isn't completely unobtainable It's a lot of simple tactics that I used to get into a lot of really large companies Uh, and really this talk kind of stems from the fact that These are conversations that I have with my clients day in and day out And it'd be really nice to point people in the direction of kind of like my overall summary of this stuff Um, okay, so detecting the unseen adversary. It's like a super marketing title that I'm not in love with obviously Um, but whatever I needed a tagline Um, so one of the things that I've discovered just doing wireless pentests Is that a lot of my clients have robust logging and alerts for all of their internal network security and all their external network security Um, no one to say external. I'm talking about like the public internet So they have firewalls that detect when scans get run, you know They can detect somebody doing some nefarious stuff on their internal environment But they almost all fall down when it comes to detecting anything On their enterprise wireless. So any, you know, wids or whips, which is wireless intrusion prevention Or intrusion detection Um, it's basically, you know back into the 90s, you know, there are not a lot of companies that do it And if they do anything regarding it, it's not um, it's not really that robust and can get knocked over pretty easily Um, so some of the benefits of wireless attacks I don't have to have any internal access to any to any network to any environment Um, you know, I have to sneak in anywhere. I don't have to clone keys badges or do any of this I can typically just post up in a park um with a you know with a long range antenna or um, you know sit in some kind of lobby or common area and You know, I don't need any special access like I would if I were going to try and plug in a device It's way easier for me to stay anonymous and I can stay out of sight and then especially if I'm attacking somebody's external infrastructure There's really not any IP addresses that are going to be logged or anything along those lines that That are going to get me caught or at least create a footprint Um, so that's a lot of the reasons why I like, you know, doing wireless from that kind of standpoint Um, this is kind of an old image, but this kind of goes back to my old kit of what I, you know What was founded out of competing the wireless etf Basically, it's just comprised of a little lithium or a little lipo battery. You know, is that lipo? No, it's a whatever just a little anchor battery Connected to a raspberry pi and the raspberry pi has a usb, you know wireless adapter that I can put in a monitor mode That that's an old tp link network adapter. It's um, you know old compared to today's standards You know, now I use something like a panda that can do 2.4 and 5 gigahertz frequencies um, but at the end of the day that can easily just fit in my pocket fit in a backpack and um, I can then use my phone to connect into that raspberry pi and simply have You know a an airman screen or any of my normal tools that run off of you know Whatever flavor of operating system that you want on that raspberry pi And I can sit there with this device in my pocket pen testing your network, you know Just sitting like, you know any other college student just, you know, leaned up against a wall You know that wouldn't attract a ton of attention.  And then this is something that we've taken on engagements where we've, you know Gone on to a large large site that we have to walk around And really this this is just the black backpack, you know You'd have to look a little bit harder to see that there are actually a bunch of omni and directional antennas Along with, you know, a bunch of just different network adapters all put into this into this backpack Um, and it's one of those things that if you're not looking for it You know, these antennas could easily be placed inside of the backpack But at the end of the day, we've been able to do engagements that cover thousands of acres worth of You know worth of a client's site and you know, there was full on, you know, public people there There were, you know staff there. There were security people there And no one sauce we didn't stick out at all just because we're normal people with normal backpacks And again, it's one of those things that it's easy to remain unseen and still do nefarious things Here's another clip of the backpack. Basically, it's just some larger anchor batteries hooked into multiple raspberry pies And again, you can see on on the right hand side A bunch of omni directional antennas that are kind of just placed, you know And not necessarily covert but in a way that you'd have to really look at that look at that to know what To know what's going on Um, so I think one of the biggest things, uh, the biggest fly on the wall here is rogue access points. Everybody at least I shouldn't say everybody A large amount of my clients are all very concerned with rogue access points, but they really don't they really don't have any Idea what they say or what they mean when they talk about rogue access points And really by definition a rogue access point is just any wireless access point That's not within your control that um, you know, that's in your airspace, you know That your physical airspace that you do control where your access points might be So, I mean really at the end of the day technically any phone or any hotspot could be a rogue access point It could be considered a rogue access point, but that's not really what clients most care about They most care about access points that that are designed to mimic their own access points That then their users will connect to and get tricked into, you know Potentially providing credentials or some other type of data that they shouldn't right? So I'll just give you a couple access points of what rogue access point can do. Um, there's this tool that I use from time to time called uh Wi-Fi Fisher and essentially all that it does is it just stands up Um, you know a hotspot with whatever name I want to give it And it will kick off users by de-authenticating them from their current network with the goal of having them connect to my rogue access point Um, and when they connect to my rogue access point I send them to a captive portal and the captive portal looks like a, you know, just a simple It takes their user agent. So if they're coming from an iPhone, this would be like the iPhone Wi-Fi screen This this example is coming from a, you know, Windows 10 laptop So when they open up their browser, it looks like oh man, I need to type in my wireless network key What most users don't realize and most users, you know, aren't security people or tech wizards that are really gonna, you know Analyze this but if you have a full screen browser window open, um, you'll notice that that that's all just rendered in the browser that that You know, what's asking for your key now if a user types in their key and hits next That will then submit it to me in clear text because I run that web server. That's that's my rogue access point Um, and then it's configured in such a way that the second that they give me a valid credential It will then shut down my rogue access point so that means an attacker can just automatically just say hey, okay Like I'm going to be quiet now. I'm not I'm going to try and draw any more attention to myself As one of those things that like is this a crazy super sophisticated hacker technique? Absolutely not are people in the wireless village going to make fun of me for even probably talking about this Sure, um, but at the end of the day This has gotten me so many credentials that it's kind of sad and this is you know, been the downfall of so many corporate networks that It's it's definitely worth mentioning because people use it and it works as an attack vector and people are tricked by it Because at the end of the day if you're watching this, you're probably a security minded person and you would probably say Oh man, there's no way that I would fall for it but you know, take a take a step back and Think of everybody in your organization that you know that deals with wi-fi that deals with You know just any device that's connected to the internet. Would they fall for it? Well, at the end of the day, I just need a single person to fall for it. And that's it I just need one person to fall for it Um, and then I have your you know in in this case. It's a you know, pre-shared key so wpa to psk network, um, but but there are other attacks such as e-pammer that um, you know, they can they can mimic a A corporate internet, you know, that's that's wpa to enterprise where a user were typing their credentials And then I could get hash credentials clear text credentials if there's you know, gtc downgrade But really at the end of the day this all surrounds You know rogue access points and somebody standing up an access point that mimics your own Um and being able to detect that it's happening because at the end of the day I'd say that that fewer than 10 percent of our clients even know when we stand up a rogue access point That they're even looking for it and even if they're looking for it. They may not even get the alerts I've had plenty of clients that have said like, oh, yeah, we have rogue access point detection and You know after the pentest we went back and looked at our logs and we got all these alerts But you know, they were never configured to go anywhere They were they were never you know configured to to get acted upon really is the is the best case for that I'm and again It seems super silly that this is all that my attack vector is is staying up rogue access point and hoping to fish some credentials But at the end of the day it works And just the fact that it works is scary enough because it's it's a really old style kind of attack really Um, rogue access points like I was talking about they can lead to stolen credentials if you're using say e-pammer to get wpa2 enterprise credentials or In the case of wi-fi fishery you can use that for psk. So just you know shared networking like you probably have at home Um, you know, and that can lead then to a full full internal network compromise. So it can lead to compromise work stations They can also It can also basically lead to Data being exfiltrated, right? So if if an end user connects to to my access point I can exfiltrate data off that system without it going through any of the normal controls or processes that it normally would Um, and then it can also allow users to circumvent corporate policies So a lot of time that um say say your corporate your corporation blocks netflix or facebook or something End users might connect their their laptop or their mobile device that's work provided They might connect it to another rogue access point In hopes that that they can circumvent that and that they can watch netflix that they can do any other Basically types of types of activities that would probably be blocked on any other network So it's one of those things that that end users, you know, may not always get tricked They might willingly connect to other access points To get to you know, whatever stuff that they want to that's being blocked by corporate policies Um, and so this is this is one of these matrices that I kind of like to reference and use it might seem a little bit dense But really at the end of the day rogue access points are kind of summed up in this way So the easiest rogue access point for, you know, corporation detect is an exact match of of whatever the ssid is And ssid is just their wireless name. So So say that's like, you know, home network 123 So you would see then a second home network 123 with a mac address of 0012, you know all the way through 55 That would be the easiest to detect because that is completely different, you know Then your than your normal whatever your your normal mac address would be and that's just a hardware address That that is associated with that that wireless radio The next hardest would be then Basically that exact same ssid with just some some random characters that You know, just randomly a generated mac address hardware address Then as you kind of like go down that difficulty scale or up the difficulty scale You're going to see it's going to be an exact match of that, you know ssid with then a mac address that's similar to the mac addresses of the access points that you run That might be harder for some, you know, for some intrusion prevention detection software to detect is Something that's similar to what would be expected And then if you're talking about a larger client say I go to You know, say they say it's a bank, right? A bank will have multiple branches say I went to one bank and copied a mac address from that site And took it to another branch, you know in the same town or, you know, same vicinity where Wirelessly they won't touch but they but that mac address is at least valid on the network, right? And I stand that up as an access point Well now the intrusion prevention detection system is not going to detect me because it is technically somewhere in the system The controller will just not have any idea of the geography behind that and so that makes it harder to detect You know, and then you keep going and then now you can make say your ssid is is just similar But not an exact match to To what that that Wi-Fi would be with again random mac addresses And then, you know, similar and then going down that same spectrum at the end of the day This is just something that an attacker can use and kind of see like, okay Well, you know, what level of sophistication does your does your monitoring the hardware? You know in detection system. What what does that look like? um, because for example here, uh, say say you were looking for An ssid that matched exactly and it was cloned from a mac address of the same site Well, what happens if there's some weird reflection or attenuation there that that makes your wireless signals bounce from place to place? Well, if you're doing detection on a mac address seen by different access point Now all of a sudden that gets a lot harder and a lot more complicated of a thing to program And it's probably gonna generate a lot of false positives. So it's one of these things that at the end of the day It's easy to say. Oh, man. We need, you know, row access point detection Or row access point detection really is an entire, you know, suite of what is an attacker doing And so it's really important just to kind of break down that nuance and see that, you know You know, some clients might might see an exact match of 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 or maybe even random But similar to known access points or clone from a different site or the same site That's typically not going to get picked up and it allows an attacker like myself Who's already, you know attacking wirelessly and is not going to be seen it allows me to basically not trigger any logs or Trigger any detection, which again, you know, is there some software that can detect that? Absolutely. How many clients actually run it? Not a lot Again, I've probably been detected less than 5 10 percent of the time which is kind of surprising Um, and this kind of brings me into simple is is not the same thing is is easy, right? Like all of these things that I've talked about that they're simple to understand But they may not be that easy to configure, right? And that's an important distinction because just looking for excessive password spraying, you know, you know watching for devices that continually try credentials over and over and over and over again There's been a number of sites where I basically just sprayed an access point with with user credentials That I got off linked in with the attempt of trying to authenticate to their access point And eventually it worked sure it took a long time. I spent all night trying to, you know Associate with with credentials until a pair of them worked But at the end of the day, that's all that it took And if somebody was watching their logs, they would have seen wow 10 000 attempts. That seems a bit strange But again, a lot of people don't look at their logs. And is that is that a simple thing for me to say? Yeah, absolutely. Is it easy? Definitely not And then same thing get alerts from rogue access points a bunch of my clients Will have, you know software or some type of controller available to them that That will actually look for rogue access points. I mean at home. I run ubiquity and it will If I check that box, it will determine, you know, hey, there's a rogue access point detected I'm going to send you a push notification to your phone There's a lot of end users a lot of clients a lot of corporations out there that don't even have that box checked And and even though they're controller, even though whatever software they have Is capable of seeing it. They don't even check the box. So they'll they'll never even get that notification Even though the their software their controller, whatever it may be Has that, you know out of the box as an option And then have a plan to to what to do when you do detect a rogue access point That's one of those things that's like, cool. You detect a rogue access point.  Is it capable of saying, you know This was seen from from this access point or from this location Or is that something you're going to have to deploy is they're going to have to be somebody trained in that A lot of times it's not it's not enough just to Detect them. You have to locate them to see, you know, is this is somebody that was doing this nefariously or is it, you know Some some error in the system Being able to distinguish that and being able to have a game plan for when that happens Will make it less of a panic situation, right? And a lot of that is is having a wireless pen test, right? Like like knowing where your weakness is live before you actually have to You know, rely on your logs and rely on your locating relying on on pretty much everything, right? Um, really log your data. It's one of those things. It's simple It's not easy like to log your data and look at your logs because a lot of the times when I'm when I'm doing something when I'm pen testing Um, all that data is probably logged somewhere or at least can be enabled or there's some logging software or Um, you know, something available to you, but people don't look at their logs, you know Uh, sis admins have a busy job and typically don't Look at their logs or really investigate that stuff or there may not even be a person dedicated to just wireless It might just be the network security team and they don't even bother to ingest, you know Their wireless logs that that are being generated So again, all of these things they're really simple. I feel a little bit sheepish giving to talk about how simple these things are But each and every one of these things, you know, I haven't been done when I've been on a pen test At times and it's allowed me to compromise a full entire organization Um, you know, because any number of these, you know, or combination of these weren't done and again, they're they're simple But they're not easy to enact. Um, and it's just one of those things again These are simple ways that that somebody could get in. Um, that typically aren't covered Um, now, okay, so like kind of switching gears There's a bunch of other information that wireless devices emit and and there's far more than this But I just kind of want to give out the basics of it. Um, but really Devices, you know, they can allow users to be tracked. You can identify the type of the device You can see what devices are connected to what networks. Um, just using a tool like airdump, which again is a super old tool But still works great You can, you know, take a look at the screen and if you're not familiar with the screen, then then oh, well I'll kind of explain it really right now. So if you look at the top left corner There's bss id and that is basically, you know, the access point hardware address And then down below you see the the access point and then devices connected to that access point And if you just take a quick look, you can see power levels will kind of associate roughly with, you know Distance away from that access point the the power level is what you'd be looking at And then if you can see devices that are connected to that access point, well mac addresses are basically handed out Um, or at least ranges of them are handed out to hardware manufacturers And they can be identified by just a couple of octets and so if you were to plug in So if you have a hollow, I'll switch back. Um, if you look at this, uh, you'll see that basically Um, you know that that 18 b4 30 if you're to plug that into google What that gets you is that it says, oh, that's nest and so from that I can say, okay Well, maybe they have a nest camera on this network, you know, should I look for nest cameras? You know, maybe there is a nest thermostat, you know, and and you can basically as an attacker I don't need to know what your username your password is. I don't need to know You know really anything else about your your company organization or wireless networks because I can see all of that in the clear I can see, you know, what the least types of devices are connected And so really it's one of these things. I know I'm going to keep saying it over and over and over and over but it's it's It's simple to detect somebody like me on your network, but it's typically not easy And really I just kind of want this to be one of those wake-up calls that You know, if you are a sysadmin if you do control wireless networks to kind of take a look Kind of take a look at the security policies the monitoring capability that you have Because at the end of the day, you don't want to be scrambling If you do detect something or if you do detect a breach or some some weirdness And again, I think just going back to this last slide and showing, you know Check for password spraying, you know, check for any rogue access points that are in your area Have a plan on how to locate them, you know understand what data somebody like me can see You know know how far your access points, you know broadcast You know log the data that you do collect that you have the capability of collecting and then look at them from time to time And notice if there's anything strange or weird And then maybe build some policies out to alert you if anything funky does look like it's happening Again, I think this is all simple It's not easy always to configure. So Hopefully that was helpful I will be around in the wireless village if anybody wants to send me questions And maybe I'll add some contact information to this on the page after it gets posted But again, I hope it's helpful. I know this may seem like seem like a super one-on-one easy mode talk Um, but each and every one of these aspects is something that you know One of my clients has has potentially not done that has led me to compromise their organization And if and if everybody looked at this and kind of had this in the back of their mind If if your sysadmin that controls networks Or maybe you're not even a sysadmin that controls your wireless networks, but you could bring this to them Um, it would it would go pretty darn far because at the end of the day everybody has logging in place for Their external network infrastructure and for their internal network infrastructure But wireless for some for some reason is the extension of your You know of your internal network beyond your walls Potentially and it can let somebody like me or somebody worse than me somebody who actually is is trying to do some harm to your network Um in and you won't even see them. You won't even know that they're there. They will be uh, you know for your eyes unseen Again, hopefully it's helpful. I know this may seem like like kind of like a one-on-one ish talk, but um Uh, it might be something that you need to hear. So take it forward. It's worth And if you have any questions, um, feel free to contact me and I'll be in discord. All right. Talk to you guys later


Hi guys, this is Jason here from the Nathaniel School of Music and in this bass lesson we are going to talk all about intervals, the building blocks of music as we know it. For a bass player, intervals are extremely helpful because they can allow you to form some great bass riffs which are very unique and creative. It will allow you to decipher and play through chord progressions also to improvise melodically to create some great melodic phrases or great passing phrases as you go along. So before we get started, perhaps you'd want to turn on that subscribe button if you haven't already and maybe turn on the bell icon for notifications. Please do that. Thanks. So let's get started right away. I'm going to use E for pretty much the whole video but intervals are relative. So that means you could use this concept starting with any note of the bass guitar. So I'm going to start with E on the A string. So that's one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, the seventh fret of the A string. So all of our intervals are going to be formed and built around this E and the way the lessons going to flow is I'm going to first cover the intervals which you're going to use very often in your riff making or bass playing and then we'll move into other intervals which are more passing intervals and then we'll move into the growly or the scary or the tension intervals and also look at a few mysterious sounds along the way. Music doesn't have a lot of notes to deal with. It's just 12 notes. So as long as you get that under your radar you can actually try all you then need to do is figure out where to find them and also how to use them which is also important and the instrument the bass or the bass guitar as I'm playing is really, really cool for forming intervals because from anywhere you go or from any point on the guitar or the bass as we call it you can form the same intervals the same way. So you can literally close your eyes and play these intervals. So let's get started right away. You have E again, which you could play and the first interval which I'd like you guys to figure out is the octave. So the octave is from here you could use your pinky, is that clear? I hope so. I hope that's clear. So you go E and E. So the idea is you skip a string, skip two frets, go two frets up and play that. Right. You could work on that. Octaves are very cool for all your bass line. And you can obviously change the chords around or the notes around. It's still going to be E and E's octave which is E, in this case D and D's octave which is D and in this case C and C's octave which is C. So I finished octaves. Now we can look at forming the fifth. Okay. E, B, E, B. So even if you don't know that that note is in fact B, maybe your music theory is a little here and there, you could just find a fifth or a perfect fifth as we call it from anywhere by going up to the next string and going up two frets.  And what you'd also want to consider is also to try and figure out the lower fifth. The lower fifth is super easy. If you want to go lower, you go down the string to the previous string. E, B, E, B. So you see the pitch is the same, right, because they are octaves of each other. So you go E, B, E, B, E, B, E, B. So let's do E, B, E, B, E, B, E, because that's a low E. So you go E, B, E, B, E, B, E, E. Okay. So that's your fifth and octave, very, very important. Another thing you guys could also do, you know, is if you go to E on the 12th fret of the E string, you know, you can actually play it with your pinky and get the same intervals. That's tricky. So I'd advise you to perhaps do the old version and now you can try the other option. So you get E, E, and then B, that's the fifth, E, B, E, B, E. So if you prefer to play it from the pinky position, E, B, E, B, E, root, perfect fifth octave, perfect fifth E, which is back to the root. Okay. For the most part, stick with this position, but just know that you can also start with the pinky finger position. Okay. So you go, I'm coming back to E. Let's revise E, B, E, B, E. Right. If you have your bass, you should ideally play along with me. If you don't know problem, you could follow along. So you go E, B, E, B, E, B, lower B, very important intervals. What we call as resolutions. Another interval, which is called as a resolution or stable, which you're going to use very often is called as the third. Okay. So let's look at the two kinds of thirds. You have the major third. That's root third. How did I form that? I played E ideally. You could now play the E with your middle finger. Skip a string.  Not skip.  So that's E, G sharp, which is its major third or the third in the major scale. E, G sharp, E, G sharp, B, B. That's what we learned earlier, the fifth. E, G sharp, E, B, E, G sharp, E, B, boom, boom, boom, boom. Okay.  However, if your index finger chooses to play E, then your G sharp could be found here or your major third could be found here. Got it? Right? It's a little bit more of a stretch, but depends on the music you play. Depends on the pattern. So you may want to learn this third. So this third is actually on the same string where you skip one, two, three and then play the fourth fret after skipping three frets. Boom, boom, boom. So that's the third. See, it sounds exactly the same. Right? E's third, E's third, which is still D, G sharp, okay? So that's your third interval. And again, if you start from here, you could also form it here, okay? From your pinky. If you like your pinky shape, you could probably play it from the pinky and maybe the middle finger. So that's your major third. And major thirds are generally emotionally very positive and sort of bright sounding compared to the other third, which I'm going to show you, which is called as the minor third. Right? That's the little sadder or a little bit more pensive or a little bit more, what do you say? A little bit more gloomy. Okay? So I have E to form the minor third. What you do is you can first of all go to the next string and then play here. So next string, go down a fret or rather two frets if you count one, one, two. So one minor third, E minor third, which happens to be the note G, by the way. E, G. So you could do something like E, G, E, B. Come back to the fifth. So you're actually building grooves with just pretty much these intervals. That's the minor third. So if you play the minor third this way, I guess you should start with your pinky or your ring or your middle finger. Then you can play the minor third up here or down here with your index.  Then you do index pinky, index pinky, root minor third, root, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. And it's also important to figure out, okay, now that you've got your minor third, also hunt or have a playing field where you also know where your perfect fifth, which we learned earlier, and your octave is, which we also learned earlier. So you do E, G, B. So my fifth is there if I'm in this shape, E, G, B, E, which is the octave. Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, or E, G, E, B. E, G, E, B, if you want to do the lower fifth, right, or if you're here. E, G, E, G, B, E, E, G, E, G, E, or the same thing goes with major thirds. Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, right. If you like playing this major third, you can do a nice slide because anyway, it's tough to get there. So I guess that'll work out in your favor. You've built a nice groove there. So, so far, we've learned the resolutions on the bass or the intervals which are sort of go-to, you know, whenever you're jamming with a song, following a chord pattern, so you take the chord, the chord, if it's a major chord, you could find the major third because a major chord is the root, major third, and the fifth. And of course, the octave you can add as well. If you're looking at a minor chord, it's going to be the root, the minor third, and the fifth. So anytime in your song or in your chord chart, where you would, where you might find a major chord, you could play the root major third, perfect fifth for the major chord, and whenever you find a minor chord, you could find, you could play the root, the minor third, and the perfect fifth. In the next part, we are going to do the anticipations, okay, wherein you're going to color up your fretboard or your fretboard knowledge even more by adding other notes which then tend to pass by or tend to lead to the resolutions which we've already learned today. So let's conclude. We've learned the root. We've learned the perfect fifth. We've learned the octave on the bass. Then we've learned the major third and the minor third which add that strong emotional vibe which you get, right? So I hope you guys found this lesson useful and do make sure to head over to the next lesson as well and also head over to our music theory section of our YouTube channel. And as always, do not forget to subscribe, turn on that bell icon for notifications whenever we do send you new updates to our lessons. And do share our channel like blah, blah, blah, all of those nice things. Yeah, I will see you in the next lesson.


T F N N headline news update Welcome folks. We had the Dow industrial is finished down 102 Nasdaq up 20 S&P's off to that being said folks.  Well last time I looked with 783,000 contracts wants the contract volume folks 805,000 contracts now Bottom line is that this thing was fast furious on the way down This contract wants to get back into the $50 area now This is build that been building calls to actually break 50 going all the way back for six months if you do take a look at the XLE You're gonna see the same type of set up inside the XLE bottom line is that it can't hold price They were at $58 right now the bottom of this consolidation is down at the 55 level and we put bring this back You're gonna see some of the divergences that are out here in the marketplace when we have the S&P at all-time highs and the XLE which is the oil industry for folks that at $58 that's almost that is down 40% from its all-time highs large integrated oil companies pretty amazing when you take a look at it on that aspect Notes and bonds we're gonna the note and bond market folks When hire today, they're gonna need more volume to sustain price. We held price the 10 year was up three ticks 1.1 million contracts bottom line We'll see whether you know tomorrow you'd be looking about 1.8 1.9 million contracts. That's very light contract volume It didn't back off though, but bottom line. It's gonna need a lot more volume to sustain that price as will the 30 year The 30 year was up 18 ticks 194,000 contracts that should be banging out about 234 to almost 300,000 contracts and the differential here. This is what's pretty cool. So check this out The the differential inside the S&P Nasdaq down decels they keep going higher with with volume the bond market flat out folks has been operating as a Supply and demand flat out. You don't have volume. It pulls back. You have volume. It goes top side It's a black-and-white deal inside the bond market Folks have a great night. Have a safe night come join Larry Pezzavento right here tomorrow morning 9 o'clock Outstanding show he kicks us off. Have a great one folks