For all of us, we tend to, as AJ had mentioned, and you so eloquently put in the book, that we tend to overestimate how we view other people and what they're thinking, and we really don't have an idea of how we feel in our own mind. And I think a lot of this can be seen. I mean, if you take one of these personality tests, my answers one day will vary from another time and taking that test. And of course, the result is going to be completely different. I'm sure everyone here has taken several Myers-Briggs tests, and I'm sure there's a default where those things set, and that's how you think you're going to be feeling, and you can predict that.  And the analogy you used in the book that I thought I painted a good picture of this was the long held myth of the iceberg, right? That we have this 10% and there's this 90% that we're not using or they're not in control of. And in the book, you mentioned why that appears to be wrong and what you, how you would like to, the analogy that you would like to use. Would you share that with our audience, please? So this is in the chapter on introspection, where we're talking about how well people can know what's going on in our own minds. And the common sort of the illusion that goes back to Freud is that we only use 10% of our brains. Of course, we're using 100% of our brains. There's no portion of our brain that's not being used. But the mistake that we sometimes make is that we do think we have access to the way our minds are working in ways that we don't really have. So one thing that psychologists have learned, this goes back, well, this goes back to the early 1900s, the very dawn of our field, but was really documented most clearly in the 1970s or so, is that the people are pretty good at saying what they're thinking or feeling. So, you know, if I'm asking, if I want to know if you're happy today, I ask you if you're happy. How are you feeling right now? And you can say that. You can report that. What we're not so good at is psychoanalyzing ourselves. That is looking inward and identifying what's causing what, how our neurons are firing, figuring out exactly why we're feeling that way. We're kind of telling stories. And those stories are not giving us direct access to the workings of our mind. They're inferences we make about ourselves, right? John, you might think you're feeling great today because you got this bright red shirt on and that just lifts your mood. It may have nothing to do with that, right? It might be that that you got to control the thermostat today. So the room's just the right temperature. Well, I'm in Florida and it's hot in this sheer shirt. It's just right for you.  And you brought up Freud and perfect example of somebody when we think of psychoanalysts, we think of Freud. But if you start reading his literature, you're just like, this guy was on way too many drugs and he's, and he's, it is a lot of psycho babble in what he had produced. And so if you're going to hold him up as the grandfather of psychoanalogy, well, we can generally see just how wrong and how much we just don't know. But the, the iceberg analogy, which I love about this, and I think this is why people have held on to it and it's burned into their mind because everyone, everyone thinks of it as, well, if this is me using 10% of my brain and I'm pretty awesome, imagine when I tap into that other 90%. I'm going to be crushing it. The analogy that I used instead of the iceberg, which I think, which I think, which I think represents conscious experience and the brain a little better is more like a house, right? Where there are parts of it you can look around and see.  You could, you could tell me what's all there, right? But what you can't do is tell me how it got there. Like what, you know, what do the carpenters do to get these walls up and what was it like before then? And, and why is the wall this way and not that way? And why is that room there? And is this a load bearing wall or not? Right? You can't, you can't look beyond what's immediately visible to you to introspect on why things necessarily are as they are.  You're going to be able to say what's up there. But you're not going to really be able to say what, why is the projector able to do that? Like, you're just not going to be able to work through or be able to see all of those causal processes in our brains are kind of like that, which is we've got access to the mental contents, right? What's projected on the screen, what we can see when we're inside a house looking around. What we don't have such access to is exactly the causal processes that are guiding it underneath. But we often think we do. That doesn't mean that Freud was right to propose that he could, through careful introspection, create all these amazing motivations underlying it. A lot of that's nonsense. But at least he did get one part right, which was, you know, our brains working ways were not necessarily aware of it. At least that part was right.


This is my first bio experience since joining Spalding Decon. I got a call from the GM saying, hey, we just got a bio job. We have permission for you to film and make an episode. And this is my first bio experience and everything like that. I really don't have any frame of reference for what I'm getting into. I'm just going to keep an open mind and just be professional about it. I get there and I park next to the box truck and you can smell it. And the thing about bio smell and everything is that like, it's not that it's the worst smell imaginable and everything. I have some of the worst things. It's just that it's strong. Overpowers your senses, basically. With that said, we filmed the job and everything. The technicians did a fantastic job of removing the bio, making sure the scene was safe and sanitary for the next people to come in. But it was a fascinating experience and everything. The actual cleanups and the gore and everything like that stuff really doesn't bother me and everything.  You know, for me, that's a bit more striking.


Session 11 of our course on Quality Control and Improvement using Minitab, I am Professor Indrajit Mukherjee from Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management, IIT Bombay. So, previous session what we have seen is basically control charts, we are discussing about control charts. So, we have talked about X bar R and X bar A type of control chart to monitor CTQs and figure out where whether there is some assignable cause because of which the mean is shifting or variation is shifting to abnormal scenarios like that. So, in this section what we will do is that we will talk about one more control chart and then we will move towards attribute type of charts which is also very relevant and frequently used in controlling the quality. So, one of the charts that come to our mind which is very prominent is you see I cannot sometimes in scenario is that I cannot collect multiple observations of subgroups at a given time point like that and sometimes it is irrelevant also to take samples when the readings will not differ much like that in chemical process viscosity. So, if I go at a certain instance and there is a chemical liquid that is being manufactured and at the time point if I take 5 samples like that, all samples will be more or less very very close like that readings will be very close, there will be not much difference over here.  So, whenever a manufacturing process happens, so in that case hardness treatment was done and in that case products are coming out of that. So, everywhere we expect the hardness to be more or less same. So, one sample is sufficient because we want to save the cost and in that case we do not need multiple samples like that. So, single sample observation is there and in that case what is to be done what type of control chart I should implement and try to figure out whether the process is going out of control or is in control like that. So, this kind of scenarios, but in this kind of scenarios also you have to remember that the data may be first observation with the second time point T2 observation there can be some correlation which can exist between the data or auto correlation we talk about. So, there can be scenarios where these two data may be interrelated like that. So, readings of initial observation T1 and second observation may be somewhat related with each other. So, such kind of scenarios so when we have, so in that case we may use different types of charts. So, one of the options that is available is individual moving range chart. So, here you can see 20 observations are taken in a given process at different time points T1 to T20 let us say and only one observation was selected over here and we want to monitor the mean and variance of this. So, we can calculate the overall mean if you see this one I can always calculate so what is the overall average over here. So, this can be calculated like that and these are the individual observations that you see over here. So, x bar observations can be collected which is shown over here and then upper control limit line and these are calculated based on some measures which is r bar over here and this r bar is basically calculated based on moving range like that. So, how moving range is calculated over here 36.3 over here minus 28.6 that is the second observation moving. So, this is the moving range what you are seeing so observations from moving range 2 like that. So, second observation it will start and let us say there are k observations k moving average we are having like that. So, formula says from 2 to k like that all moving average if you take the average of that and we will get and this will be k minus 1 because one observation will be not there and the other observation we can we can calculate moving range over here and average of moving range will be treated as r bar over here and moving range means range means maximum minus minimum. So, next observation with the previous observation absolute difference between these two is the range of this. So, otherwise maximum minus minimum also you can think of as the range over here moving range basically. So, average of moving range is calculated over here and then with this average which is treated as r bar over here I can calculate the limit lines for individual chart and which is x bar minus 3 r bar by d 2 where d 2 will be defined like previous one x bar r chart the d 2 value will be will be influenced by the value of n equals to 2 over here. So, corresponding to n equals to 2 I will figure out because every 2 observation we are calculating the moving range. So, this subgroup size will be treated as 2 over here. So, in this case what will be happening is that x plus 3 r bar by d 2 and x minus of this as the lower control limit line and this will be upper control limit line will be x bar plus 3 r bar by d 2 where d 2 will be defined by n equals to 2. Similarly, here also you will find d 3 r bar and d 4 r bar like x bar r chart similar to that. So, because d 3 is 0 over here for n equals to 2. So, in this case this becomes 0 and this is d 4 m r bar which is the average of moving range basically which we are calculating over here. So, overall average x bar of the individual observation we can get and then we can define the upper control limit line lower control limit line and similarly moving range average will be done we we can calculate over here. So, moving range can be calculated over here and and this is the expression for moving range x i minus x i minus 1. So, previous observation absolute value of that. So, in this case this will give me moving range and average of this moving range we are just monitoring over here.  So, average of this or r will be the average of this, this is the central line what you see over here. So, Minidive does it automatically for you and in that case we will try to demonstrate how the Minidive gives the output when we are just defining that one. So, I am opening a file where this information is already there like that. So, I am just opening that one. So, in this case what we can do is that we just this is the data C2 column is having the data over here and we can go to stat and then control chart and then variable chart for individuals over here I am a chart option is going to come over here. So, I am a chart when you click and then identify the variable that we are in the hardness we want to monitor over here and I am a option will be also test that one point goes outside or not remains same everything remains same over here and then I click ok like that and immediately what will happen is that you will get an output in Minidive and in that case you will try to figure out that these observations are shown in this on the top it is individual values and the moving range is shown over here. So, moving range is happening in limit over here and also individual chart is having upper control limit line and the calculation even same formula that I have shown it will be same like this. So, this formula is used over here to calculate the upper control limit upper control limit lower control limit line like that ok. So, all points are within the control limit line. So, there is no problem and the process is under statistical control and if this is a stable process we can we can just define like that ok. And although this charting techniques is quite robust, but we have to remember that charts also are built based on certain assumption like plus plus or minus 3 standard deviation what we are considering over here and that can be violated also. So, in this case we need to cross check that whether the data of hardness over here follows normal distribution or not. So, how do we check that there are ways different ways of checking that one probability plot papers are there. So, otherwise statistical tests are also there which confirms that this data set is non-normal like that or normal data set like that. So, for that knowledge of hypothesis testing is required which we will discuss because experimentation design of experimentation requires that knowledge like that and so we will give brief about that afterwards. But if the data is non-normal although it is it can handle moderate deviation from normality over here IMR chart like that. But if scenario comes that it is skewed in that case there are options that we we can change this data set that you are seeing complete data set into a different variable. So, if we are saying this is the CTQ which we can define as y, we can change this data set or convert this data set by some transformation over here. So, which can be y dash over here. So, we will use some transformation like let us say y dash equals to square root of y or y dash equals to square of y like that. So, when you convert this data over here and in that case what happens is that the data the converted data will become normally distributed like that. Then what we do is that this can be implemented in x bar R also because if the data is non-normal in that case we have to we need to do something on the data. So, there are many ways of doing this and we will discuss it is afterwards like that. But at present you you can I can assure you that there are checks which ensures that whether the data coming from normal distribution or not it is possible to check. So, in this case what happened is that I have checked the data initially and I saw that there is some it is deviating from normality over here. So, some transformation was used over here. So, I am writing that as trans hardness over here. Some transformation was done over here and the data seems to follow normal after I have done some transformation. So, 36.3 let us say some transformation was done over here with some expression and that is the standard way we do transformation of the dataset. Then what we do is that on the transform data when it is normal then we plot the transform data and try to figure out whether that is following and that is under control or not. So, what we do is that first we check the data normality like that if it is normal we plot it in IMR chart. But if it is non-normal in certain scenarios what we will do is that we will try out some tricks and we do the transformation of the data it can be linear or non-linear transformation of the data. And when we transform the data into some other variables and then we try to monitor the and that follows normal distribution then what we do is that on the transform data we will apply our control chart techniques. So, IMR chart will be used over here now I will use transform data hardness. So, then I will again click ok and try to see whether that is following within the control limit line or not. So, first so, this is only done when there is a high amount of skewness and we want to but moderate deviations can be handled by IMR chart. So, that you have to remember and in this case also after transformation also what we see is that data is within the control limit line in individual and also in range over here. So, we can assure that the process is in statistical control. So, this is a stable process like that. So, whenever you find that there is some deviation you can always ensure that whether I can do transformation on the data set which will convert the which will assure the normality assumptions like that and then I can apply the charting techniques what we are using over here IMR like that. So, everywhere it is true. So, certain scenarios we need to transform it is non-normal scenarios because everything is based on assumption of plus minus 3 standard deviation that assumptions of building the upper limit and lower limit which differentiates between control and out of control. So, in that case what happens is that we try to ensure that one. So, second case also is like that. So, I have taken another example over here. So, this was taken by Amitabh Umitra's book this was taken from that book and next example also we have which talks about IMR implementation like that. So, here hours between failure was monitored over here. So, monitoring the occurrence of failure over here. So, number of hours between failures. So, how many hours are passed before it fails like that. So, this observation was collected over here and there are 20 observations sample 20 samples observation and this is also a single observation that we are having at any given time point like that. So, this is T1, this is T2 like this and here also with the original data set we can try IMR chart and because the data was seen to be not normal in that case we have also transformed the data. Here one transformation was used which is known as which is square root of the original values like that. So, if you 286 if you square root that it will be 16.91 like that it was also not following normal distribution. So, we will do that afterwards and try to figure out that how to check normalities because we need to understand hypothesis and then only we can understand the statistical test which confirms whether it is normal or non-normal like that scenario. So, here what we are assuming that this moderately it is deviating from normalities over here and then we have applied control chart. So, IMR chart we will apply first and let us try to see that whether everything is in control. So, when we do that we see some amount of observation which is going outside the control limit line for time between failure over here and after transformation let us try to see then what happens. So, here it is reflecting that without transformation some variables are going outside and but after transformation let us try to see this data set when I have used a square root type of transformation on Y what happens to the data set. So, here you can see that after I have done the transformation something extraordinary happened over here. So, in this case what is happening is that all the data points are falling within the control limit line you see. Initially without transformation we are seeing that abnormal scenarios and there is a there are observations which is going outside, but when I have converted the data into and it follows normal distribution what happened is that I saw and I plotted the IMR chart then everything is in control. So, if you have taken the action based on the assuming that is normal and in that case we may have over adjusted the process because process has not gone outside, but because the data is non-normality showing outside of the control limit line, but when I when I convert the data and converted data is plotted in IMR chart what happens is that everything is fine. So, I do not need to adjust the process like that ok. So, that is one observation quick observation what we can make out of this is that first we have to see the assumptions of normality is everything is fine no problem and if it is not there let us convert the data into some so that it is normal normal some transformation we will apply over here linear or non-linear transformation or log transformation whatever transformation is required and that we will understand what are the different types of transformation that can help in this regard and whenever I have done that and then plot the IMR or any any types of control chart and then we will see that whether actually we need to take any action or we do not need to take any actions like that ok. So, we have applied such kind of method. So, this is an observation and you will find in any books that they will refer that you can convert the data into normal so that it follows normality and then you apply the control limits or apply the control chart techniques like that on the converted data like that ok. So, these are the main charts which are generally used in manufacturing any other processes. So, in that case and the magnitude of shift is quite large and in that case we prefer to use this one, but if the magnitude of shift is less we have other types of control chart to monitor that one. So, those things those I will not discuss over here like to some chart exponentially weighted moving average chart. So, some charts are available even they are robust against failure of normality assumptions like that. So, their researchers have proved that they are quite efficient like that, but this that will not be our topic of discussion over here. So, we will stop over for the variable type of control chart we have only discussed x bar R, x bar S what scenario we will apply, then individual moving range when I have single observations and then how to deal with that and then we will discuss about another types of control chart which is attribute control chart which is attribute control chart and that will be our discussion topic now onwards. So, IMR chart and now we will discuss about attribute control chart. So, what is attribute control chart? Here generally what we do is that this is the initial phase of analysis when we implement preventive measures like that what we do is that in a process we try to figure out or in assembly lines how many defects are coming in the process like that. So, out of 100 assemblies that is inspected and within that how many defects or defective items is coming in the process like that. So, defects arrival of the defects. So, if you have done statistical course you know that arrival of defects follows Poisson distribution and this chart is approximation of Poisson distribution and based on that plus or minus 3 standard deviation was implemented and the formula is given over here to calculate the upper limit line and lower limit line. So, this data set what you are seeing is that 100 pinterest circuit board was at a given time point we are taking 100 pinterest circuit board and within the circuit board how many defects was observed like that. So, you understand this term you have to know this is for defects only. These are the defects and not defectives over here. So, when it is defects it follows a Poisson distribution. So, it will follow Poisson distribution and arrival of the defects is basically Poisson that is the underlying assumption and then what we do is that we try to build a control charts for that and and this is the rate of defect arrivals like that. So, this is C bar or average of defects that you count over here. So, summation of this and summation of this and divided by total number of observation that is 26 that will give me C bar over here and plus 3 standard deviation of this process Poisson process. So, that is also mean and you understand that mean and variance is same say mean and variance of the Poisson distribution is same. So, in that case those are same. So, this is C bar plus 3 standard deviation and this C bar can be calculated easily. So, here there is no need of putting any n n over here. So, because n is constant over here. So, we do not need to take care of that. So, over here every time I have taken 26 successive samples over here of 100 pinterest circuit board. So, this is the sample size n that we are taking at a given time point like that. So, at t 1 time point 100 was inspected out of that 21 was defective. Then again 100 was inspected at time point t 2 and what has come out is 24 defects over here. Then average of the defects will give me C bar observation over here. So, summation of this plus this will give me C bar observation. So, we will get C bar observation over here and then I can calculate the upper control limit line and this will be the central line over here C bar will be the central line. So, C bar is the central line upper control limit line and lower control limit line that will give me some idea that whether the defects had shoot out in certain scenarios like that. Here you can see that when we plotted the data in control charts, one has gone outside the upper control limit line and one has gone below the lower control limit line over here. Now, if it goes below the lower control limit line, you see number of defects has gone down drastically over here. So, in this case what happens is that I can take this as an opportunity. So, this is an opportunity. So, I need to understand why defects has gone down over here. So, sometimes what happens operator may not be able to differentiate between defects. So, if that is the scenario then the way we are measuring defects is something is going wrong. So, we need to correct that one, but otherwise if the process everything is fine, same inspector, same same personnel is doing the inspection over here and it has gone down. So, what was the scenario in the process at the time point? So, what is the process condition at the time point? That can be taken as an opportunity and that may be the optimal scenario what we will try to implement in every time we start the process like that. So, this is not an abnormal situation for me until unless the there is evidence that the reading that was taken was quite incorrect like that. So, then we need to correct that one otherwise this gives me an opportunity to develop the standard operating practice like that which may be the optimal one and to arrive at the optimal scenarios like that. But if this is shooting out over here and defects are very high over here and in that case this is a reasonable cause this is a reasonable cause and we need to correct this one what has happened over here we need to cross check and try to see that one. So, this data I have in Minitab and that we will try to plot and see charting of that. So, here you try to understand that here n is not used to calculate upper limit line lower limit line n is not required because this is constant and because we are using Poisson assumption in that case n is not required it will be required at certain other instances like that ok. So, I will go to the Minitab option. So, this we have shown so this is not required now and then we go to another file where we have c charts observations that is already given there and we will try to illustrate c over here. So, in this case 21 defects. So, let me go back to the is it the same example here 26 observations are there and we have over here 26 observations. So, this is the data set that we have taken over here and this is taken from Montgomery's book and then we try to see whether it is under control or there is some abnormalities in the process. So, I go to stat and we have seen that one. So, then what we do is that control charts I go to control chart attribute chart and then there are options of c at the bottom over here you will find. So, when I click c over here it will ask which is the variable I will say defect is the what I want to monitor and c chart option again test will be one point going outside. So, other things you can just explore. So, I am just showing that only I am interested in defects. So, and in this case defects follows Poisson and that is the based on that control limits will be developed I click ok and what will happen is that I will get a chart like this. So, same chart what we have generated and shown in the power point the same. So, one point has gone outside over here and over here over here. So, two points have gone outside over here ok. So, if you have to implement that you want to build the natural limit lines like that and give it to the process for next. So, what we will do is that we will eliminate this point we will eliminate this point and re-evaluate whether all the points are within the control limit line like that. So, if that is so, then those are the limit lines we will use. So, because of this point this limit line is changing over here. So, if I eliminate this one limit line will automatically change again. So, then again I will see whether all the points are I will remove this point and this point over here I want to capture the natural variation to build up the control limit line and that will be used in actual manufacturing and that I will hand over to the process personnel who is monitoring or owner of the process basically. So, in that case what we will do is that we will eliminate and recalculate. So, that was the trial control limit line concept that we have used. Over here two points are going outside that we have noted down over here and n is fixed over here. So, n is not changing over here. So, in this case similarly defects and sample in textile this was another example. So, maybe so, this is the second observation over here and also here also you see 25 samples and there are every time I have number of occurrence of foreign particles are recorded 25 samples each is 100 meter square selected. So, this is the units that we are selecting over here 100 meter square like that. So, in this case also we are counting the defects only and units remain same n remain same. So, in this case textile we can again draw this. So, what I have done is the control chart attribute control chart and I go to C type of control chart because then defect textile over here and options remain same. So, I am not changing the options over here and I click ok and I click ok like that and what I get is that one point is only falling outside the limit line. So, that is an abnormal scenario. So, we need to take care of that and try to figure out what has gone wrong. So, in this case and always you see these lines are joined over here that does not mean that this is a continuous over here just for your we can visualization of this all are discrete points over here because in control chart what we do is that we do not continuously monitor the process like that. We take some observation and then what we do is that we try to go to the process again after 30 minutes 25 minutes or 15 minutes based on the frequency what is decided and that depends on the number of samples to be taken and the total production lot that is happening and based on that these are all discrete time points we are making an observation and just noting that one. But for visual impacts what we are doing we are joining the points to see any trend is appearing or not like that. There are different trends like cyclic behavior is there or not or continuous increasing trend of defects is happening or not and all these things also indicates some abnormalities. There are different trends that can be trend analysis also can be done on this control charts and that can be seen also whether there any any other different types of abnormalities there or not even if it is within the control limit line we do those analysis like that ok. So, this is C type of control chart when we are talking about defects when we are talking about defects we use C type of control chart like that and the N is fixed also N is fixed over here. The scenario can be the defects number of defects may not be fixed like that what we are seeing over here. Every time I go to the process and in that case what will happen is that sample size can also change like that. What you see over here is fixed that is sample size, but this can always change see this sample size can always change like that. Here it is 50 that you can see it is non-confirmities over here is given like that. So, sometimes somebody may be interested that I want to plot that per unit with respect to this is the sample number over here I am checking. So, how many per unit? So, in this case 2 by 50 like this this is 3 by 50 like this. So, I will get some UI measures over here. So, then what I can do is that I will I will monitor this because that makes more sense per unit sometimes what happens that gives more impression. So, sometimes somebody also prefers to use per unit like that. So, in that case it is not much difficult formula remains same. So, in this case only n comes in picture. So, in this case number of observations as an unit what I am taking over here that will that will be counted over here. So, average per unit will be counted over here. So, this is the formulation that you see for u chart which is known as u chart, but mostly used when the sample size changes whenever sample size changes like this example what you see over here this example what I am just demonstrating there 20 samples are taken and every time sample size is changing over here you see every time sample size is changing over here and in this type of scenarios the formulation that you have seen. So, here it will be UI. So, every time the upper control limit line and the lower control limit line will keep on changing over here. So, what will happen is that we will have u bar as the central line over here, but upper control limit line because n i is changing over here. So, n i is this one. So, n i is changing every time. So, every time point when you go this is the first point and the observation is this is the upper limit line this is the lower limit line like that. So, then this is the point over here this is the upper control limit line and this is the lower control limit line. So, limit position is changing basically earlier it was this like this for the first point second point it is from here to this point like that ok. So, this is the this is the area where we are we need to concentrate and see whether the point is going outside or not. Here you see the limit line is somewhere below over here a point has gone outside. So, this is a variable control limit line that can be generated and we can see this generation when we are seeing using Minitab same data points what we want to use over here and maybe u chart that data set may be over here with variable sample size like that. And this is the sample that is C 5 to C 7 it is it is that well sample size changes and I am monitoring non-confirmities and that is defects let us say. So, in this case stat if I go and quality tools and I go to this control chart and I go to attribute chart and you go to u charts like that one option is there and then you mention that variable is non-confirmities and subgroup size is given in sample size carpets like that. So, if you give this one and options over here I am doing the testing of one point going outside. So, that is the only condition I am taking and when I click ok over here what you see that this is the same graph what I have just plotted like that. So, every time the control limit lines are changing and because of the NI is changing over here and we have different control limit lines but operator does not prefer to do like that way because every time they have to change the control limits and check that one. So, sometimes what happens is that we take average of this control limits that you are seeing. So, some average line will be plotted over here. So, one straight line may be plotted. So, if I go to this one sometimes what operator does for their benefit or something like that even the personal quality personal can what they can do is that they can take a average line over here. Similarly, they can take a average line over here based on the data and information so that it is easy for the operators to see also. So, there will be mistakes for this, but sometimes they have or maybe the maximum of this points maybe that will be the upper limit over here and this is the lower limit I will follow like that. So, there are we can implement those types of otherwise the best one is to have variable control limit lines like that variable control limit lines ok. So, limit lines and calculation of this is given by this one. So, this will be ui over here and ui over here. So, this will be central line. So, this is taken as overall average over here and this will be this will change based on ni conditions like that sorry ni conditions will be there. So, in this case u average. So, we will have different upper limit line and lower limit line for this. So, this type of u charts is generally used like in software industries lines of codes and number of defects that comes like that at different phases like that. So, I have different phases and each phases we have this many lines of codes and out of that how many defects like that. So, it will have variable number of lines of codes and accordingly how many errors that is appearing like that. So, we want to represent that one in control chart. So, they use generally prefer to use u type of control chart in their quality control divisions like that. So, they prefer to use u because sample size changes or the unit changes basically unit of inspection changes like that ok. So, that is why they uses this type of control charts like that. So, we will continue from here attribute type of chart. So, we have done with defects kinds of chart when there is defects it follows poison and and we have if it is constant defect number of samples is constant or in an unit unit if fixed like that in that case we use c type of control chart and in case the sample size is varying mostly we prefer to use u type of control charts like that. So, we will continue from here and we will start with other types of attribute control chart like p chart, n p charts like that which are also very prominent and used in many scenarios like that. So, we will discuss that in our next session. Thank you for listening.


I'll just like to start by thanking my colleagues that are listed here, Zoe, Elsa, Elsa's in the audience actually, and a few others. The work I'm going to talk about today is in collaboration with my fantastic colleagues. There's no doubt that academic research has helped to improve policing over the last 30 or 40 years. Susan and Jean have both described the new collaborative, innovative research centres that we work with. We've worked really closely with practitioners, but in the past there has been a gap between the way that academics work and the way that practitioners work. That gap is starting to close now, thankfully, and there's a huge amount that we can learn from each other. So, as academics, what can we bring to this relationship? There's been a lot of talk lately about evidence-based policing. What does that actually mean? The police deal with evidence every day. Surely, they're already evidence-based practitioners. When we talk about being evidence-based, what we mean is the questions that we ask of evidence. So, the way you evaluate evidence, the fact that you never stop asking questions of the evidence and you never take anything at face value. So, it's what we spend our time as academics, as researchers, as teachers drumming into our students. We don't necessarily ask where is the evidence. You can find evidence everywhere. We're surrounded by evidence. You can usually find evidence to fit any story you like. We ask, what is the evidence? It usually comes from multiple sources. What is it based on? How good is that evidence? For us, there is no proof. There is only evidence. If we're lucky, we can get a large body of evidence which might suggest that one thing is slightly more accurate than another. So, these questions are so important because we're surrounded by evidence, as I said earlier, and a lot of it is absolute nonsense. Here we go. So, I found this. Ice cream consumption leads to murder. So, I've solved crime on the third slide. All we need to do is get rid of, stop people from eating ice cream and then one reduced the murder rate. So, not only have I solved crime, I thought I'll go the whole hog and I'd solve global warming at the same time. So, a pirate shortage caused global warming. You can never have too many pirates, that's what I say. So, we can laugh at this and think it's ridiculous, but what we mustn't do is evidence-based researchers and practitioners is dismiss it out of hand completely. I know that it's unlikely that the information in these graphs is inaccurate because I can understand statistics, I understand research methods, and I know that just because there's a rise in one thing and it doesn't cause a rise in another thing, things can just be related without one causing a change in another. So, issues like this and this way of thinking is one of the big things that we can bring to our relationship with police and practitioners. It's not about teaching the police how to deal with forensic evidence at the scene of a crime. They know how to do that, they're trained in that, but it's about becoming evidence-based, open, critical thinkers. Okay, so as well as that, we can also provide evidence about issues that are important to police. Okay, quite a lot of the time we research things that interest us, but they're not necessarily important for police and practitioners. The rest of my talk is going to be focused on some of this research that we've been doing as part of our policing collaboration that Jean mentioned earlier. The police approached us and said they were worried about issues concerning social media and could we investigate it, so we've started to do that now. We're looking at a number of different things, the role of the citizen, the way that the police engage with social media, and we're using a broad range of evidence. We're doing surveys with public and police, we're looking at in-depth analysis and we're using experiments. Unfortunately, I can't talk about the results today because we don't quite have them yet, but I'm going to talk about the issues and what we're doing. Okay, so social media has had a huge impact on policing. They now have access to huge amounts of information, amounts of intelligence, they can monitor posts, they can analyse language on Twitter. You can look at connections and influences, look at friends, photographs, video. It's quite often put on Facebook with a time tag, a place tag, other people are tagged in it, and it can give insights into behaviour and crime. So it can help to solve crime. Also, as Karen was talking earlier about prevention, this type of information may help to predict and prevent crime. Not in a huge way, I'm not saying it's the answer, but it may. So this type of information is available to everyone. It's available to the police, but it's also available to us. So what are we doing with this information? So, a question for you. If you were at a party and you got home and realised that someone has stolen your phone, what would you do? Okay, hopefully you'll find police. But would you do anything else? This is becoming increasingly common. People are starting to conduct their own investigation on social media. So they go home, search for the person, perhaps search for a party or an event, search for photos of the party, look for friends of friends, look at profile photos, and they sit and try and piece together their memory of what happened where they were at a particular time when they thought their phone was stolen when you saw certain people. What's happening is that people are doing this. They're turning up at the police station with information, with Facebook information, with photographs, and they're saying to the officer on the desk, I have my bag still on this last week. This is the person that stole it. So the issue for the police when they spoke to us is what do we do with that information? Is it reliable? Will it impact on formal investigation? So, in response to these issues, and to this increase in citizen investigation, the Association of Chief Police Officers published guidelines in July of 2014. And this is for Facebook IDs. Now, when I looked at them, I thought they're really detailed on procedures in terms of how to document the procedure, how to document the way the evidence was obtained. So I've got questions here like what was shown on the screen which allowed the ID to be made. Was there any prompting? Was there anyone else there? How long was that screen viewed before the ID was made? This is just a few of them. There's a big, huge long list.  There are issues. Now, the obvious one here is if you look at some of these questions, they rely on memory, don't they? If I asked you an hour ago, you were looking at your phone, and how long did you look at a particular screen for? How many screens did you look at? It's relying on memory, and we know that's fallible. There's also an assumption here, in this part of the guideline, that a social media ID is no different to any other type of informal identification. So it says it's comparing it here with an accidental sighting, a street ID, seeing a picture on crime watch, or by any other method. Now, the issue for me as a psychologist with expertise in face recognition, I look at this and think, oh, okay. Actually, in some circumstances, it might be. It might be the same, it might be similar. In some circumstances, you may know the suspect. You may go home, you may look at Facebook, grab a few photos of the event, show that that person was there, grab some information, take it to the police. That's fine. If you know the person, that makes a robust, reliable identification. The issue comes if you don't know the person, and you only met them that night at that event. Okay, we know that we're really, really bad at recognising people that we've only seen once before. So out of all the issues that I've listed at the bottom, familiarity is the biggest one. If people are searching through dozens and dozens, sometimes photographs, it's also going to contaminate memory. So what do I mean by familiarity? I'm just going to give a little example here. Are these the same or different people? Different, it's easy, isn't it? You don't know them personally, but they're famous. It's an easy task. What about this one? Are these the same or different people? Same but different age. That's really interesting. Okay, they are the same person. I thought this was a tricky one. You're too good. But the photographs were taken at the same time. Okay, they're not different ages. So quite often what we find is two photographs of the same person can look more different than two photographs of different people. And we're really, really poor. There's a whole wealth of evidence to show that if we haven't seen the person, we're very poor at matching. Images like this is about 30% error rate. And if you think about that in a criminal investigation, 30% of the time you're going to get the wrong person. So it's just not really good enough, is it? How about verifying identity from different photos? So you might come across photos of an event that you were at, and you're trying to compare those photos with somebody's Facebook profile. These images, for people that don't know the person, which is actually three images of me, believe it or not, I thought I'd be brave. My passport, my terrible driving licence photo, and a Facebook photo. Okay, it would be really difficult to verify that this is the same person in these three photographs. And that's exactly what people will be doing on Facebook. So there are huge issues around this. So at best, what we think at the moment is that a Facebook identification could render a formal identification redundant. So if that person is then asked to go and do a video line-up or any form of formal ID, they'll more likely be accurate and pick the wrong person. Okay, at worst, this kind of ID could result in unsafe evidence. So the guidelines are as good as they can be at the moment, and they're quite detailed in some aspects, but there is a huge lack of research on identification on social media. So this is where we come in, this is what we're looking at now. So we're currently investigating different forms of identification on social media by using mock Facebook procedures. We can't use Facebook unfortunately, but we can set up experiments that look very similar with different profile photos and lots of different event pages. So that's one of the things that we're currently working on. Okay, so citizens are engaging with social media. They're trying to solve crime, they're trying to be helpful. Karen's talked about solving crime isn't just about the police, it's what we can do as citizens. People are trying to help you, but there are issues. We don't really understand the full impact of what they're doing yet on formal procedure. So citizens are engaging with Facebook, but the police are also engaging with Facebook. Ever since 2008, there's been a real interest in engaging with the community. Back in 2010, the National Police Improvement Agency published a document called Engage, and it was about procedures to do with using social media, Facebook, Twitter, etc. And it contains some nice information. There's some nice case studies in there. But it tends to be focused primarily on given information. So given safety information, given community information, given crime updates, rather than engagement as we would view engagement. If you look at the research as well, that kind of idea of given information is borne out and a lot of the research around that time as well. So I've got a nice little example here. Greater Manchester Police in 2010 decided to tweet every incident over a 24-hour period. So over 3,000 tweets. Their Twitter followers increased from 3,000 to 17,000. And the chief constable said, well, our aim of engaging the public and informing the public has been achieved. Has it? Have they really engaged with the public? So engagement was seen very much as given information. And this type of engagement is seen all around the world. Just about every police force around the world has an online social media presence now. And it seems to work very much as a way of delivering messages. But it can be used for proper engagement. There are avenues to build relationships with the community, to communicate directly with the public. And there's some nice research coming from Canada where O'Connor looked at not just the amount of tweets and how people were interacting with tweets but what was in them. And he came up with two themes, the informational information, giving out the safety messages, giving out the crime updates. But there are also interactive ones where there was a real effort to try and engage with the public. So the police were asking for responses, asking people to attend events. And they not only did that, but they were trying to engage in a meaningful conversation. So they were responding to messages that other people have posted. And when they did that, they often mentioned others. So there is research showing that it can be used in a really meaningful way. But social media opens up the possibility for engagement, but also public scrutiny. The fact that the police have a Twitter presence, have a Facebook presence, shows that they've really opened though to this public scrutiny in a way that they haven't been in the past, which is really good. But there are risks. There's negative publicity, there's criticism, sometimes criticism comes from anonymous sources as well on Twitter. But there are also benefits. And we need to think about whether there's risks outweith the benefits. So it's a couple of nice examples, which I think of as benefits, is that social media can put a human face on the police. It can put a human face on a huge organisation that's often seen as faceless. So the first little image here I've got is back from 2012, and this is when the New York officer bought some new boots for a homeless man he encountered in Times Square. This was tweeted and retweeted hundreds of times, and it endeared him to the whole population. This recent one, a very recent one, which I've absolutely loved, partly because I've never seen Scottish Police describe this fun-loving before. And that was by the Daily Record. It's the Running Man challenge. If you haven't seen it, go home and have a look on YouTube. It's hilarious. But our Scottish police force took on the challenge with full force, if you like. But these are nice public interest stories. It shows the police are human, and they are taking their message directly to the public, bypassing the media, and bypassing all the interest that the media have. OK, so I'm 1-0, but I'm on my last slide. OK, so I'm just going to finish it again about what we're doing now and how we're engaging with the police. I've talked about some of the issues, and these are really under-researched issues. One of the things we're doing is we're doing surveys, looking at all aspects of social media, and we're surveying police forces in our consortium and also the public. We're also doing in-depth analysis of Facebook posts of some of our consortium members, some of our police forces. What we want to do is really go beyond pre-research and consider how information and how identity is constructed on Facebook. So as a memory researcher, I know that every time I tell a story, it changes. And my memory of what happened to me originally is different because I've told the story. And the way I've told the story and who I've told it to will impact on how that changes. So that same change occurs when you talk online, when you write stuff. Your memory changes. So, we want to look at this in terms of how the police construct their identity, how they construct their story, and how that's interacted with the people that are responding. So, big questions here to ask. What does social media do? Does it help to construct identity? Does it build multiple identities? And now I think this is an ideal time for police Scotland to think about issues like this. All the forces have come together, they've formed into a single force. So, does that mean it's going to be a single identity? A collection of identities? And what should the narrative be for police Scotland? How will it be constructed? And what role does social media play? There we go. Thank you very much.


Courtney Cox might enjoy Hollywood events once in a while, but she much perverse spending time at her stunning Malibu estate with her daughter Coco and their dogs. The actress set it herself in 2017. This is a house I'll never move from. It really is so special to me. I found the perfect home and perfect it is. She bought her beachfront mansion in 2007 and it boasts two acres of land, multiple bedrooms, a chef grade kitchen, a sleek and modern pool, and much more. In these videos we don't reveal any addresses and even though I've done a house tour of my own place, please do not show up at any private residences because it's not safe for anyone. Courtney Cox is an actress, director, and producer who gained fame starring as Monica Geller on the hit NBC sitcom Friends which aired from 1994 to 2004. Not to mention she gained further recognition for her role as Gale Weathers in the horror film franchise Scream from 1996 till present day. At the time of this recording, Courtney has amassed an estimated net worth of 150 million dollars. While a famous purple apartment her character Monica lived in on Friends may have inspired decades of interior design, it turns out that her home in Malibu is just as, if not more stylish. If that's not enough for you, the actress recently revealed her Hollywood starter home was actually haunted with a mysterious past, so we're going to check out that home too. Hey guys, it's Kara, the Vampire Slayer, back with another exclusive house tour here in Famous Entertainment in this one looking at where Courtney Cox calls home. Don't forget to like, subscribe, and hit me up on Instagram to chat. Now let's get into this video. Courtney never wants to part with her Malibu beach house. Purchased in 2007 for an undisclosed amount, her stunning home is located on two acres of land in the exclusive Paradise Cove neighborhood and offers Florida ceiling windows with views of the ocean. Her ocean view abode boasts several bedrooms and baths along with a chef-grade modern kitchen, living areas, and plenty of spaces to entertain her friends and family. While outside, there is a ton of open-air living space as well to soak up the surroundings like a gorgeous patio overlooking the water. There's also guest cottages in the property, a movie theater, and even a tennis court with its own bonus house. When Courtney purchased the home, she worked with architect Michael Kovacs and interior designer Trip Hanish to transform the place into her dream estates. The actress revealed, if it was up to me, everything would have been one color. Monochromatic, very simple. When I got this house, my designer was able to bring in the pops of color and the interesting pieces I wouldn't have necessarily gone for. We had a fantastic time doing it. She wanted to make her home warm and inviting, so she added some darker and moodier colors to the scheme. Courtney said, because this is my primary home, I wanted it to be cozy, so I just painted some of the rooms darker and made it a little more just posier. However, there are still plenty of very bright and open areas of her abode, including her amazing kitchen. It's very beach-like and decked out in white lacquer with an airy vibe. Their cabinets and countertops all match, and of course, the chef-style space also has top-of-the-line stainless steel appliances. Much like her clean, freak-friends character, Monica, Courtney's kitchen is super neat, even when she's busy giving tutorials on how to clean a blender. We can see her spotless countertops, open shelving, holding a collection of plates, bowls, and leafy plants as well. In some common rooms, vaulted ceilings and lighting make Courtney's home ideally cozy. The living room offers a unique wooden coffee table and a brick fireplace, not to mention a TV above it. There's also a wall of large windows to take advantage of the malibu views. Another room is furnished with cream-colored couches and chocolate-toned cushions while a third lounge area boasts all gray furniture. One of Courtney's big beige couches is perfect for when the actress snuggles with her pups. Nearby, the area is decorated with artwork and plenty of flower arrangement. When speaking about her aesthetic, back in 2017, Courtney said, Before, I was kind of into organic with modern, and now I'm into really old, mixed with cleaner stuff. I'm not really changing everything, just a shift. Why not? On the opposite side of one of her living rooms, the star has a grand piano with a gaming area behind it, also with a pool table. Modern art adorns the wall of this open-air space. She often hosts her friends here for games nights, and some of these get-togethers include her famous pals like Jennifer Aniston. Courtney previously gave a peek of the view from where she watches movies and TV in her screening room. There are chic, yet comfy chairs and tables here, and a movie theater vibe. In one of her bathrooms, which seems to be attached to her master suite, the actress also has a bright vanity where she gets glammed up and the space also boasts a glass walk-in shower. There's a marble unit complete with built-in drawers. She also got a peek inside of her private bedroom here, which seems to be painted in a black shade with a TV on the wall, a wooden sideboard, and more. Outside the amenities keep coming. Courtney has shown fans her modern pool, which is only one of the features. Next to the pool and spa, there's a lounge area with sofas and chairs, making for the perfect sunbathing situation. There's also an impressive outdoor kitchen and a pergola-covered terrace for alfresco dining. Elsewhere, there's even a tennis court. A handful of years ago, Courtney also let go of a Beverly Hills home she once shared with her ex-husband's David Arquettes. The former couple sold this architectural-style estate, located in Beverly Hills, for about 18 million dollars, after being listed at 19.5 million. The wall, a surrogate state, is tucked away in the private and high-priced gated community of Truesdale Estates, and Courtney and David purchased the home when they were happily married in 2004 for 5.45 million dollars. They went on to have the single-story home completely restored and renovated during their ownership by architect Corey Buckner in 2006. Designed by modernist architect A Quincy Jones and built in 1959, the museum-like trophy home sits on almost an acre of land and inside spans about 5,500 square feet of space. There are also 45 bedrooms, plus at least one staff bedroom, 5.5 baths, and bonuses like a stylish detached office and a service entrance. Features of the main living area include a center hall, an updated kitchen with breakfast nook, a den, and a new alarm system. Outside there was a sprawling lawn as well as a unique and gorgeous circular swimming pool attached to a fountain. The property also boasted undisturbed views of the city. After Courtney and David separated, the modernist state spent two years unofficially on the market as a pocket listing, but with no takers, it hit the official market in September 2013 for 19.5 million. However, Vatibode wasn't the one which Courtney recently shared a scary experience about. Nope, even before this property and before her days playing Monica on Friends, Courtney's starter home was located in the Laurel Canyon area of the Hollywood Hills LA, and once belonged to music legend Carol King, who had bought it in the late 1960s. In a recent interview with Jimmy Kimmel, Courtney explained that she once saw a ghost in her former Laurel Canyon pad. She even had the previous owner, Carol King, over to partake in a seance with her as they attempted to remove the spirit. Courtney said, So Carol King came over to my house and she said that there had been a divorce that was really ugly. And there was a ghost in the house. And I was like, yeah, whatever. But other people who had stayed there with me, like friends of mine, said that they had an encounter with a woman who was sitting on the edge of the bed. However, the scariest moment for the actress came later on when a delivery man came by to drop something off and Courtney continued the story. It was a UPS guy or something and I opened the door and he said, Do you know this house is haunted? And I go, yeah, why? Why do you think that? He goes, because there is someone standing behind you. And I was like, let's sell. Well, long after the actress packed up her house and moved out. There are no pictures online of the haunted home's interiors, but it appears to be on the charming and more humble side. And from exterior views, I honestly quite like the design. Some years after Courtney moved out, the 1920s French Normandy home hit the market again for $1.54 million. And it was set to span 3,832 square feet of space inside with a lot spending over 10,000 square feet. There are also five bedrooms and 4.5 baths throughout as well as plenty of other luxuries. Built in 1926, the historic home boasted two far places, a formal dining room, a library office, and outside a heated swimming pool with a cabana. Alright guys, now that wraps up our Courtney Cox house tour. We got to view her beautiful home base in Malibu, which she says she's staying put at for good, as well as a couple of alley homes she used to live at. We also got to hear her story about her haunted starter home in Hollywood. Regardless of the house's past, it actually looks really cool from the exterior, I have to admit. But would you guys ever live there in a haunted house? Be sure to let me know what you thought of Courtney's home in the comment section below. Thanks for tuning in, follow me on Instagram to chat, and I'll catch you all in the next video. Bye!


Scarlet and Violet are the latest instalment in the Pokemon video game franchise. Releasing very soon here are 12 things you need to know before embarking on your new adventure in the 9th generation title. But before we get into today's video please subscribe to the channel, remember you can always unsubscribe later. Unlike previous Pokemon games where gameplay has been very linear, Scarlet and Violet now offer trainers a full open world experience. Unlike Pokemon Legends RCS which had an open world feel to it, Scarlet and Violet will be totally open world in one map where no loading screens exist meaning you will have complete freedom to roam the paled air region shortly after starting the games. There will also be three separate story modes that you will embark on through your journey in Scarlet and Violet and like the open world concept these three stories are something you can choose to engage with at any point in your journey. There is the victory road quest, this is like your traditional gym quest where you will take on the gym leaders of the paled air region in the hope of becoming the champion. Gym leaders are said that you can take them on in any order but be aware there is no level scaling in these games so taking your level 5 star to pokemon to one of the higher level gyms might not always be the best way to start your journey. The path of legends is the next quest all about tackling the titan pokemon of the paled air region and discovering the mysteries behind the rare item herbomistica. Starfall street is the final quest which is your journey on taking down the new bad guy team in Scarlet and Violet team star. These quests can be taken on in any order which gives you a huge amount of freedom and diversity to how you as an individual can approach playing these games. Like every pokemon title Scarlet and Violet are no different in offering up three new star to pokemon as you embark on your adventure through the paled air region you will be given the choice of one of these three new star to pokemon. Spigotito is the grass cat looking pokemon, Fiococo is the fire crocodile kind of looking pokemon and Quaxley the water duck pokemon. As your starter will accompany you throughout the entire game it's a good thing to think about prior to starting your playthrough which one you want to join you throughout the paled air region. Another difference from previous pokemon games is Scarlet and Violet will allow you to get one of the legendary pokemon right at the beginning of the game. If you have pokemon Scarlet you will get access to Corridon and if you get pokemon Violet you will get access to Mariahdon. These legendary pokemon though don't appear to be pokemon you can battle with but they do seem to be your ride on pokemon to help you get around the paled air region. Yep no more bikes or HM slaves are needed to get around you the tricky terrains of this region as these legendaries can run, fly, swim and scale any obstacles that stand before you in this open world experience. Scarlet and Violet also offer co-op play for the first time you will be able to join friends online to play through the game and adventure the new region. We don't have full details on the extent of what you will be able to do in this multiplayer mode but the idea of being able to play with your friends online while you battle gyms, defeat team star or fight off titan pokemon is pretty exciting. In Sword and Shield we had Dynamax pokemon while staying true to the recent generations. Pokemon Scarlet and Violet have a brand new battle mechanic as well and it's called Terracilization. Each pokemon will have its own terra type and through this new mechanic you will be able to change the pokemon type in battle depending on what this terra type is. Each pokemon has said they can have one of 18 different terra types meaning the possibilities for building teams and creating your own unique pokemon is endless. And talking about terracilization another new feature in these games is the terra raids where you can team up with three other NPC characters or friends online to take on a terra boss. Essentially these will be stronger pokemon who are said to have rarer terra types. Terra raids aren't turn based like Dynamax raids in Sword and Shield so working as a team alongside your other trainers is key to overcoming these strong terra bosses. And like in Pokemon Sword and Shield and Legends Arceus pokemon will now spawn in the overworld as you're just walking around or adventuring through the paladier region. You can also use the new let's go command to have your party pokemon auto battle wild pokemon to save engaging in a battle every time you come across a new pokemon and this helps with collecting items and also gaining easier experience points. And you shiny hunters will be happy as it's also being confirmed that shiny pokemon will now be seen in the overworld as well so unlike previous games like Sword and Shield where you had to encounter a pokemon go into the battle to see if it was shiny or not in Scarlet and Violet just like Pokemon Legends Arceus you'll be able to see the shiny rare pokemon just wandering around the paladier region if you're lucky enough of course. Trainer battles in Pokemon Scarlet and Violet will no longer be mandatory you will now have the choice to engage in trainer battles whenever you want. This is a really nice feature to allow players just to get on with actually playing the games and not have unwanted interruptions like in previous generations. TMs or technical machines will be making a return in Pokemon Scarlet and Violet and they do look like they have a one use only. TMs will now also be a crafted item from a combination of what looks like league points you collect from beating trainers and wild pokemon as well as items picked up from defeating pokemon in the wild. Not much is known about the crafting side of the game yet but hopefully these are easy commodities to acquire and not something that takes too much grinding away from the actual story mods. Picnics are also a new feature within Scarlet and Violet where you'll be able to make sandwiches for your own pokemon as well as play games and interact with your party. It's also been shown that this new feature is also a way for you to obtain pokemon eggs. How this works is still unknown but it's a new fun feature which could potentially see away with the daycare centers of the past. It does raise questions though if this is the case how breeding mechanics would work especially with a party of six pokemon. It's worth mentioning that picnics can also be played in co-op mod where up to three friends can join you to your picnic together which adds even more depth to this new feature. And of course we can't forget about the version exclusives. Like all past pokemon games there will be slight differences between the pokemon that can be contained in each different version of the game. I've done a whole video on this so if you'd like to know what differences and version exclusives there are in pokemon scarlet and pokemon violet click this video right here and you'll be able to get all of that information right now. Scarlet and Violet are really looking like they're going to be one of the best games in the pokemon franchise. Let me know down below what you are looking forward to most about playing these new titles. Thanks so much for watching and I'll see you all in the next one.


firms can also hatch their interest rates risk to matching their liabilities with the corresponding assets. How firms can do this activity? Let's see an example. We have a market based balance sheet of a bank who has assets of worth 1000 million dollars and liabilities worth 900 million dollars. So the market value of equity of this bank is 100 million dollars. Now we see that there is a zero duration on overnight money on the asset site and checking and saving accounts on the liabilities side of the bank. Both have zero duration because the interest rate paid interest paid on these two types of instruments adjust immediately to changing interest rates in the economy. Now banks management is worrying on the interest rates because they are unknown about the movement of directions of the movement in the interest rates. So they think that bank is vulnerable to the changing interest rates in the economy. Now they have got a consultant opinion on hedging. The consultant head, this consultant has determined duration of this bank in terms of his assets and its liabilities. And both these two items have equal duration of 2.56 years. So according to the consultant's opinion, the bank is immune to the interest rate risk because the duration of bank's assets is equal to the duration of the bank's liabilities. But banks management is not satisfied with this particular computation and the opinion set by the consultant. So they have sought and other consultants on this issue. Now the second consultant has some different opinion. This consultant says that the duration of 2.56 years is incorrect because the bank's assets are more than its liabilities. This means that as long as the bank's assets are greater than the bank's liabilities, so the price movement, price changes in the assets should also be higher than the price changes in the liabilities. But for the interest rate risk immunity, the duration of assets should be equal to the duration of liabilities. So according to the opinion of this second consultant, to be immunized against the risk of interest rate movements, some model should be there as a truth. This means that the duration of assets in terms of its market value should be equal to the duration of liabilities with reference to the market value of the liabilities. Now he has an advice for the bank that don't equate the duration of liabilities with the duration of assets, rather it is better to match the duration of liabilities to the duration of assets. He has suggested two ways to achieve this target. The first is to increase the duration of liabilities without changing the duration of assets or the second is decrease the duration of assets without changing the duration of liabilities. Now how this can happen? The first case is that the increase of duration of liabilities without changing the duration of assets. According to this second consultant, the bank should increase the duration of liabilities to 2.84 years. In this way the bank can be immunized if the duration of assets with reference to the duration of liabilities in terms of 2.56 into 1 million dollars should be equal to the duration of liabilities with reference to the market value of the liabilities. Now the duration of liabilities is 2.84. If we multiply this duration with the market value of the liabilities, then the both of the sides of the balance sheet will be having equal amount of duration. The second suggestion of the consultant is to decrease the duration of assets without changing the duration of liabilities. And according to the opinion in this regard, the bank should try to decrease the duration of liabilities to 2. sorry the bank should decrease the duration of the assets to 2.23 years. In this way the duration of the assets of the bank will be equal to the duration of the liabilities of the bank and both will be matching with each other. But there is a question that if there is any mismatch between the duration of assets and duration of liabilities, then any quicker change in the market interest rate will have slightly reduction in the amount of liabilities of the bank. But it may completely wipe out the equity of the bank in terms of its market value. So it may have directly a negative bearing on the market value of the bank's equity.