Hi guys, this is Rich here on behalf of Rich TV Live. We are counting down to cannabis This is the Toronto Star Countdown the largest newspaper in Canada 32 days 15 hours 26 minutes and 30 seconds away from history in Canada it's true recreational cannabis will be legalized in Canada it is true and So far the markets are green So Why are the markets green? What is causing this? huge momentum in the cannabis sector that your boy Rich has been predicting all Year, and remember I predicted that we would hit 1000 we are at 800 and 18 we got so close we went all the way to 900 We were touching 900 and then we went all the way back down to 700 yesterday the shoulders came out But today they are backing the green. We are showing strength. This is exciting times for cannabis investors Now the news I want to talk about is Aurora cannabis now everybody knows that I love Aurora cannabis I think this is a ridiculously good price for Aurora cannabis if you want to enter in this could be a great entry Now remember rich TV live is strictly for education and entertainment purposes. We are free. We do not want your money We're not charging anybody for anything here. We're strictly for education entertainment purposes always do your due diligence always do your research Invest in the company because you love it not because you heard it here on rich TV live Obviously, you're gonna hear it here first. We bring you all the winners first We bring you all the news all the updates first now take a look about this news Aurora cannabis spin-out Australia's capital to begin trading on CSE on September 19th. I Say pardon that's next week So if you hold Aurora cannabis stock like your boy rich does and you love Aurora like your boy rich You're getting some free shares. It's true Free shares Aurora cannabis provides update on Astralis capital public listing as Stroll is expected to commence trading and Distribution of units the units. We're waiting for people to Aurora shareholders on September 19th 2018 Aurora cannabis Inc Aurora or the company TSX ACB OTCQB ACB FF Frankfurt 2 1 P WKN A1 C4 WM and Astralis Capital Inc Astralis today announced the common shares and warrants together the units of Astralis are expected to commence trading on the Canadian Securities Exchange the CSE under the following trading symbol a You as a I like that at the opening of trading on September 19 2018 immediately following the completion of The distribution of units by Aurora to its shareholders. Thank you, Aurora Congratulations to everybody that got in on this Free shares for all the shareholders. I've been waiting for my shares. Thank you, Aurora cannabis And what are you thinking about the new stock? AUSA is it going to be a winner if you think it's gonna be a winner smash the like button share this video Everywhere, this is only going to make Aurora bigger Better To date the medical use of cannabis is legally in 31 states the district of Columbia and the territories of Guam and Puerto Rico 9 states plus the district of Columbia have proceeded with consumer legalization While momentum continues to build at the state level cannabis remains a Schedule 1 controlled substance at the under the federally governed controlled substance act Consequently the US cannabis market is fragmented in nature and includes many high quality operations and technology Innovators with limited access to capital this can create a compelling opportunity for well-capitalized Canadian companies to invest in US assets. This is what I've been saying guys The opportunity is going to be in America a market 10 times larger than Canada especially considering anticipated market growth with over 50% of the US population Currently living in states with legal access Recent changes in US federal positioning with respect to cannabis have positively impacted the perception of risk to invest in US cannabis assets This has further incentivized capital market participants to seek opportunities to fund US based Operations don't say your boy didn't tell you that the opportunity America for cannabis stocks is going to be huge Let's learn about Australia's capital Australia synthesizes Decades of relevant expertise its strong historical relationship with Aurora cannabis and other strategic relationships and capital investment Execution to build value in the cannabis value chain in the United States The United States listen to our focus here. Who else focused on the United States till ray? Which is broken a hundred targeting investments in cannabis and associated real estate opportunities love it Cannabis and real estate go hand in hand. It's perfect Australia's is well-positioned for early-stage access to attractively priced opportunities following it following an oversubscribed non broker private placement raising gross proceeds of 17 million Astralis is aggressively identifying high quality investment opportunities with strong growth potential Astralis has assembled a management team with significant US capital markets operating and regulatory compliance experience governed by an industry best board of directors and Deeply rooted cannabis investment advisory committee. So they've got a strong team With only 32 days 15 hours 20 minutes and four seconds away from history. What do you think is going to happen here with? Astralis Let's learn about the management. What are they saying with Astralis? We've brought together an impressive management team and board with vast capital markets and cannabis industry backgrounds to elevate and pursue investments in the highly fragmented and Opportunity-rich US cannabis market said Terry Booth CEO of Aurora a Very very very smart man who is hugely successful. Terry We'd love to speak to you here much to be live Reach out to your boy upon completion of the distribution Astralis's independent opportunity team will leverage their combined experience while applying the Aurora standard to assessing and executing on a Creditive Opportunities that will drive long-term shareholder value. You're speaking my language Mr. You are speaking my language Mr. Booth Our team has wasted no time in Evaluating a number of potential investment opportunities across the US cannabis industry and Excited to initiate our investment strategy upon completion of the distribution Says Scott Dowdy CEO of Astralis We've we are entering the market at the right time to capitalize on these transactions and generate shareholder value I look forward to providing regular updates as we complete these investments and further define growth Vectors to what will be a disciplined reflective and aggressive mandate Now this is what I wanted to really update for us because we want to know about our shares Update on distribution of Astralis units to Aurora shareholders Following completion of Astralis public listing Aurora and Astralis expect the previously announced distribution of shares and warrants the distribution Will be completed and the Astralis shares and warrants will commence trading on the CSE on September 19 2018 under the symbol a Which is next week, which is in five days in accordance with the terms of the distribution Eligible Aurora shareholders will be paid one unit of every Astralis for every 34 Aurora shares outstanding as of August 24th 2018 the record date each unit each unit will consist of one common share and one share purchase warrant of Astralis each warrant will be entitled the holder thereof to acquire one share at a price of 25 cents per Astralis share on or prior to 4 p.m Eastern time on the date that is one year after the distribution interesting very interesting So you will have each unit will consist of one common share and one share purchase warrant of Astralis Each warrant will entitle the holder thereof to acquire one share at an exercise price of 25 cents See, this is genius what they're doing. They're giving the opportunity to buy a warrant at a Price of 25 cents, which means that's going to put money into Astralis's bank account This is genius and if the price of Astralis is higher than 25 cents, we can buy this knowing already What we're going to be gating back. So it's pretty genius. I like this This is a smart company the way they're structuring this and this is going to put money into the company's Bank account which is going to build their balance sheet and that's the number one thing That's the modus operandi for every single CEO is to build shareholder value build the balance sheet Okay, build shareholder equity in accordance with applicable security laws only Canadian Beneficial shareholders can participate in the distribution. So only Canadians can participate in this Canadian beneficial shareholders or their broker representatives are required to confirm Canadian residency By no later than September 14th 2018 Otherwise, they will be deemed to be non-resident shareholders and will receive the net cat proceeds from the sale of their units Canadian Shareholders who hold their shares in Aurora through a brokerage or other account are therefore urged to contact their brokers to Ensure that their brokers have confirmed Canadian residency in the manner to be provided by CDS or DTCC as applicable Wow Today's the date today is the deadline guys if you haven't contacted your broker. I haven't contacted my broker I didn't know about this. I'm gonna contact them after this video contact your broker Make sure that they qualify and verify your Canadian citizen. Make sure that they give you your shares Okay about Aurora Headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada with funding capacity and access of 500,000 kilograms per year That's right 500,000 kilograms per year and sales and operations in 18 countries across five Continents Aurora is one of the world's largest and leading cannabis companies Aurora is vertically integrated and horizontally diversified across every key segment of the value chain from facility engineering and design to cannabis breeding and genetics research Cannabis and hemp production derivatives high-value ad product development home cultivation Wholesale and retail Distribution that pretty much covers everything highly differentiated from its peers Aurora has established a uniquely advanced consistent and efficient production strategy based on purpose built Facilities that integrate leading edge technologies across all processes Wow defined by extensive automation and customization Resulting in massive scale production of high quality product at ultra low costs. This is why I predicted it would double and Tented to be reclable and scalable Globally these production facilities are designed to produce cannabis at significant scale with high quality industry leading yields Did you hear that? industry-leading yields at a high quality and ultra low per gram production Costs which will keep their costs down the profits up, which is vital long-term Each of Aurora's facilities is built to meet European Union EU GMP standards and both of its production facilities and its wholly owned European medical cannabis distributor Pedanios have achieved this level of certification You gotta love Aurora cannabis huge In addition to the company's rapid organic growth and strong execution on strategic M&A Which to date includes 15 companies? Here you go. You ready for this? Medrelief, which is a monster trading at over $30 before they acquired them with an all-stock deal canvas Rx Polodon pharmaceutical Pedanios H2 H2 biopharma urban cultivator BC northern lights huge name by the way Larson greenhouses can emit therapeutics another $30 stock that was trading before they acquired them in an all-stock deal and Nadia Labs hot house consulting agro pro Borrelia and pending acquisition of ICC labs another 290 million dollar acquisition, which is an all-stock deal, which is brilliant You're putting a revenue-generating asset on your balance sheet and you're using stock That's why you go public Aurora is brilliant They are the Berkshire Hathaway the Google of cannabis stocks. You heard it here first Aurora is going to explode your boy rich is all in on Aurora. I love this company Aurora is distinguished by its reputation as a partner of choice an employer of choice in the global cannabis sector having invested in and established strategic partnerships with a range of leading innovators including the green Organic Dutchman holdings which they own 17.5% and I tell you guys all the time Radiant technologies RTI, which I tell you guys about all the time Hemco food and fiber in which they own 52 percent. Hey Charles Holmes. How you doing? We would know we know Charles very very closely here rich TV live Yeah, they own 52 percent of hemp to by the way, Hemco food and fiber great company Can group limited ASX in Australia CAN? Micron waste technologies MWM on the CSE Chum holdings one of my top stocks under $2 CHOO Made me some money. Love me some true Namaste technologies, don't we love us some namaste over here. Yeah, they work with Aurora to EVO beauty group a private company Wagner Dimas another private company CTT pharmaceuticals on the OTC under symbol CTT H and Alcana ink on the TSX C L IQ would you think that that's a few Relationships Yeah, I feel like that's a few relationships. Let's just learn a little bit about Astralis Astralis capital identifies and invests in the cannabis industry Predominantly in the United States. I love this if you want to buy Astralis Let me know comment down below share this video everywhere like this video I'm interested in this company a highly regulated fragmented fast-growing and evolving industry I'm telling you these guys are focused on the US like till right Investments may include and are not limited to equity debt or other securities of both public and private companies financing in exchange for royalties or other distribution streams and Controls stake acquisitions love all of it Astralis capital adheres to You know, it's funny Investments may include and are not limited to equity debt or other securities of both public and private companies So they're just going after all the companies to acquire everybody financing in exchanges for royalties so financing so they can own a piece of revenue genius and other distribution streams and control stake acquisitions. So they're looking for controlling interests in Other players they're just going to acquire their growth Astralis capital adheres to stringent investment criteria and will focus on significant near and midterm high quality Opportunities with strong return potentials while maintaining a steadfast commitment to governance and community. I love it This sounds like rich TV. They're following the same guidelines. We follow Astralis's board Capital board management and advisory committee members have material experience with and knowledge of the cannabis space in the United States extensive background in highly regulated industries adherence to stringent regulatory compliance public company and operational expertise for more information visit their website at www.a Us a cap Dot-com and you can go to rich TV live.com hover over stocks all the tools you need are right there 24 hours a day seven days a week.  You can find all the tools you need right there It's true. What do you think about this news? What do you think about Aurora cannabis? I think it's going to explode I think it's going up from here. The market is green on a Friday for the third Friday in a row What do you think? Do you think this is going to be a winner? Will you buy this stock? I want to know your opinion comment down below This is your boy rich Aurora cannabis spin out Astralis capital to begin trading on the cse on september 19th. That's in five days Sunday, monday, tuesday, wednesday Thursday Saturday, sunday, monday, tuesday, wednesday. They will be live and trading on wednesday It's true, and we are 32 days 15 hours six minutes and 30 seconds away from history Recreational cannabis will be legalized in canada. It's true If you're not winning you're not watching This is your boy rich And i'm out peace


This is Dr. Shomali Kosh and I am going to talk on Solitary Pulmonary No-Jewel. We start off with the definition. It is a poorly defined or well-defined approximately rounded structure surrounded by lung patterned chimera measuring less than 3 cm in size in the absence of adenopathy and pleural disease. Now 90% of these SPNs are incidental findings. Why is it important? Because it is a possible alert signal for lung cancer. Extra pickup rate is 0.09% to 2%. CT scan pickup rate is obviously higher. It is 8 to 51%. And the frequency of the pickup rate will depend on, number one, endemicity of granulomatous disease, which means that it is more frequent in areas where tuberculosis is common. And whether we are looking at an at-risk population. This at-risk population means it is a population where smoking is more common, elderly is more common and whether people have got previous history of cancer, whether people have got asbestos exposure. And we are going to discuss about at-risk population in more details later on. Let us look at the nodule measurement and technical parameters of imaging. Images must be in full inspiration. Nodules are viewed and measured in thin slices less than 1.5 mm using high spatial frequency algorithm in order to avoid partial volume averaging and to detect any fat or calcification. Measurements are usually done in the axial plane and the accuracy of measurement is more in lung window. Now anything less than 3 mm are called micro nodules. These need not be measured at all. 3 to 10 mm nodules are measured for risk estimation. It is the average of short and long axis diameter rounded to the nearest whole millimeter, which means in this case the long axis is 0.77, the short axis is 0.61. You add the two, divide by two and it comes to 6.9. Now you rounded off to the nearest whole millimeter and this nodule measures 7 mm. Any nodule which is more than 10 mm should be measured in both the axes. So both the measurements need to be given. So once you see a SPN, what is the first thing that you need to do? It is important to secure the old film to see whether a nodule is new, old, stable or growing over time. Then we look for definitely benign features. If there are benign features, there is nothing to worry. If there is it, then we have to assess for the risk of malignancy. And we follow it up accordingly. So what are these definitely benign features? One is calcification. Two is nodule with macroscopic fat. Three is peripheral nodules. Four is nodules with long term stability. Five is small nodules in young patients. So there is a pattern of calcification which we can call definitely benign. It should be either diffuse like this, central, laminated or popcorn like. These kinds of calcifications are definitely benign. So that is diffuse calcification, laminated calcification, central calcification and of course the popcorn calcification of haematoma. So what is the second feature to call it benign? A nodule with macroscopic fat. We are looking at a haematoma. Third is the peripheral nodules. Peripheral nodules are definitely benign. What are they? They are homogeneous, smooth, solid, lentiform and triangular shaped nodule either within 1 centimeter of fissure or pleural surface and measuring less than 10 millimeters. So these are the typical peripheral nodules. Why? This is lentiform or triangular. This is atypical, may not be so lentiform or triangular but they are still very small, less than 1 centimeter. And these are the non-PFNs. They are unlikely to be peripheral nodules. Why? Because they are roundish in structure or speculated and they are larger in size. So here is a typical PFN and here is a non-PFN. Nodules with long-term stability. Solid nodules if they are stable for 2 years we call them benign. Sub-solid nodules if they are stable for 3 years and nowadays they say for 5 years then we can call it benign. Small nodules in young patients. How small? Less than 8 millimeters. And how young? Less than 35 years. So if we see a nodule which is less than 8 millimeters in a patient less than 35 years we can call it benign. So once we have called a nodule benign we have got nothing to worry. If not then we have to assess for the risk of malignancy. Let us look at the history for risk factors. Firstly, age. The probability of malignancy increases with age. 35 to 39 years is 3 percent. 40 to 49 years 15 percent. 50 to 59 years 43 percent. And more than 60 years 50 percent. Secondly, female sex. More prone to have malignant nodules. Smokers 10 times more in smokers. Past history of any malignancy asbestos exposure. Patients having emphysema or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. So all these patients were at risk of having malignancy. Now let us look at the radiological predictors of malignancy. Size, the larger the size the more the chances of it to be malignant. A nodule with spiculated margin or lobulated margin, upper lobe location if the calcification is asymmetric, cavitation and sub-solid appearance. Let us see why size is important. Anything less than 4 millimeter 0 percent chance, 4 to 7 millimeters 1 percent, 8 to 20 millimeters 15 percent and anything more than 20 millimeter 80 percent chance of malignancy. A nodule with spiculated margins definitely malignant. Upper lobe location, more chances of malignancy. Cavitation, anything less than 7 millimeters wall thickness likely to be benign. Anything more than 24 millimeters likely to be malignant. This was all in a recent study but there is actually no definite measurement which we can call it benign or malignant. We have discussed about benign calcification now look at the malignant calcification eccentric calcification like this in adenocarcinoma or carcinoid speckle calcification in adenocarcinomas. So these are malignant calcifications. Sub-solid nodules. Nodule having some ground glass opacities we are going to discuss about this in more details later. Far more chances for these kind of nodules to be malignant than the solid nodules. So now we know what the at-risk group was. And we follow up the solid nodules accordingly. We follow the Fleschner Society guidelines. So the low-risk group if it is less than 6 millimeter no follow up is required. For 6 to 8 millimeters CT at 6 to 12 months needs to be done. For the high-risk group less than 6 millimeter you can do a CT after 12 months. For 6 to 8 millimeters CT at 6 to 12 months and then follow it up at 1.5 to 2 years. Any nodule which is more than 8 millimeter cancer risk is 9.7 percent. If it is low-risk surveillance at 3 months is required. If it is high-risk then you go for PET CT immediately followed by CT guided biopsy or excision biopsy. So far we have been discussing about solid nodules. But there is another group which is called the sub-solid nodules. Sub-solid nodules are again of two types. One is part-solid nodule. Another is pure ground glass nodules. Why are sub-solid nodules important? Because the risk of malignancy is much more in sub-solid nodules. Look at that solid nodules 7 percent, part-solid nodules 63 percent and ground glass nodules 70 percent. So here is an example of a pure ground glass nodule. This is a part-solid nodule with a small solid component which cannot be picked up on the medistinal window and here is a nodule with a larger solid component which can be well seen in the medistinal window. There are quite a few different shields for a sub-solid nodules. One is hemorrhage, infection, organizing pneumonia, focal fibrosis. They all have the appearance of a sub-solid nodule. So adenocarcinomas of lung, which is 30 to 35 percent of primary lung tumors and the subset bronchoalveolar carcinoma commonly present as sub-solid nodules. The term bronchoalveolar carcinoma is now replaced by its histologic subtypes which has characteristic CT findings. So let us look at the histological subtypes. AAH, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia. What do we get in CT? Ground glass opacity which is less than equal to 0.5 centimeter. AIS or adenocarcinoma in C2. When we get a ground glass nodule which is more than 5 millimeter in diameter we are probably looking at adenocarcinoma in C2. There may be a small solid component along with it. MIA or minimally invasive adenocarcinoma. CT findings would be part solid nodule that is ground glass with less than 5 millimeter of solid component. And finally, invasive adenocarcinoma, non-mucinous or mucinous type where we get a part solid nodule which would be more than or equal to 5 millimeters or we get a solid nodule. So once we get these sub-solid nodules, what do we do with it? Freshness society again has certain recommendations. Recommendation one, a GGN which is less than 6 millimeters no follow-up is required. GGN which is more than 6 millimeters follow-up after 3 months then yearly follow-up every year for 5 years. And recommendation three for part solid nodules that consider malignant if it remains stable at 3 months and if it increases in size. If solid component is less than 6 millimeter likely to be AIS or MIA follow recommendation two which means we follow it up every year for 5 years. If solid component is more than 6 millimeter biopsy if not a surgical candidate. So what we need to know about nodules are majority of pulmonary nodules resolves at 3 months. Small and squamous cell carcinomas have faster growth rate than adenocarcinomas. And that is why the slow growing adenocarcinomas which presents as sub-solid nodules need to be followed up for 5 years. And finally the rationale for recommendation for serial follow-up studies is that some of them will turn out to be cancers and that early intervention will provide opportunities to cure. Thank you.


And so it begins, the old Kootz van conversion. Hola, people, Paul Croson here, old Kootz. In my other life, I'm known as a small workshop guy. So the two of us, the old Kootz and the small workshop guy, are going to do primarily most of the work to convert this brand new Mercedes Sprinter van. It's a 144 wheelbase, a short wheelbase, because I'm the only one traveling most of the time. So I'm going to design it primarily for me. Well I picked it up on August 1st, 2021, over in San Jose, California. I got lucky when I looked at another model Sprinter van 3500, because I thought that was the only one on the lot, and I was anxious to get started. And lo and behold, after we talked about that one quite a bit, I said, well I guess I'm just going to have to order the appropriate one, which is the 2500, and then wait for eight months until it can get built and delivered. He says, well, why do you want to do that? He says, I've got two of them right back there, and he pointed back on the lot. And I said, oh my God. And one of the big things I didn't like was white. You know, 99% of all the cargo vans that you're going to get that are designed for business are white. I don't know why. I guess it keeps it cooler and makes it cheaper to paint them all at one time. But anyway, this one is Iridium Silver, which is really what I would have ordered. I had also convinced myself that I wanted the shorter wheelbase. I actually have on order, and I'm trying to cancel it and get my deposit back, a Ford Transit with the extended wheelbase, meaning the long wheelbase plus the extra extension. But I realized that, or thought about the fact, I'm going to use this probably 80% in town at my home as my one and only vehicle, at least as a certain time in the future.   I got kind of an entry level with a few things on it, air conditioning and some storage and some other things, and this floor was in there already, and these side panels. But probably the floor may or may not work. I like it. I'm going to try to make it work, but I got to get insulation under it. Anyway, the only point of this video is to say that the process has started. So here's the way it's going to work. I've got my primary YouTube channel, and that's called Small Workshop Guy. And I'm going to have a playlist on that channel, which is the Old Coot RV Adventures. Let me take that back. It's going to be the Old Coot Van Adventures, not RV. The reason I say not RV is I'm not going to stay in many RV parks. I'm going to be mostly in Bureau of Land Management places. I'm going to be in National Forest. I'm going to be in Boondockers' Welcome. I'm going to be at Harvest Host. I'm not going to be in regular RV parks very often because they're crowded. They're hard to reserve. They're expensive, and they're crowded. Did I say that already, particularly now? So I don't want to be in that. I want to get out and see nature. I want to photograph nature and so forth. So I will have a playlist, which is all about the van conversion, and I probably will have a playlist as well about my travel logs and so forth. One of the things I'm going to do in traveling is visit workshops of friends that I've made through both YouTube, Facebook groups, Makers Mob, and small woodworking community, which I started in August of 2019, which is now 100,000 members. So I've met a lot of really, really cool people through that who have been generous and helped each other, and I'm going to go out there and meet those people and shoot videos of their workshops. And that will be on my regular channel, my Small Workshop Guide channel. Even though I'm not going to do a second YouTube channel, but rather have a playlist, I am going to have a second web page. I've got a web page now called Small Workshop Guide.com, and over there I've got links to all the videos. I've got links to a tool store for all the things that I've bought and that you might want to consider, Amazon affiliate link, and I've got links over there to some plans for my sauce dyons and my pop-up work bitch. So in that old, cute van adventures, that's going to be more for the people who are interested in RVs and Class B vans, and they'll get to follow my adventures of both doing the conversion and then later when I hit the road. So that's the concept. Sign up, subscribe, and we look forward to seeing you as we start working on this van. It's August the 3rd, or maybe 4th, I don't know, 2021. We'll see if we can get this done by August the 1st, 2022. Small Workshop Guide and Old Coot signing off.


Hey folks, we're in the midst of stepping through a variety of approaches at looking at temperature variation over the past 140 years or so. In the last episode, we generated a plot that's called the global temperature index plot. Basically, shows you the deviation in average temperature relative to the average temperature between 1951 and 1980. We drew that as a line plot and we fit a line through that curve, trying to replicate something that was shown on NASA's website. Well, in today's episode, I want to replicate another plot that's actually very similar to what we did in the last episode. In this episode, we're going to generate this plot, which is a bar plot showing, again, the same information that was in that line plot, but showing it as a bar. And each bar then is represented with a different fill color corresponding to that deviation from that average temperature between 1951 and 1980. What we're looking at here comes from a website called showyourstripes.info. I think they actually use a different standardization approach than what we're getting from the NASA GIS data set. We're going to roll with what we've got, but I'll try to make the styling look like this approach. Again, on this website, they've got the warming stripes that we'll get to it maybe the next episode, but we've got the bars and they also have bars with scale. Yeah, sure enough, they use 1971 to 2000. But I want to look at the bars without the scale, because I like this minimalist look. And there's the question of, well, how do we get rid of the axes? And how do we put the dates at either end of that x axis? And how do we line it at zero? So we'll figure that out in today's episode as we head over to our studio. I have a new R script created called temperaturebarplot.r. As always, we seeded it with library tidyverse. If you want to get the code and the data that we're working with down below in the description, there's a link to a blog post that can help you get set up and away we go. Alright, so we'll start with read CSV, reading in data, the data directory, we want that glb.tsblabla.csv file. As we saw in the last episode, it has a header line. So we need to do skip equals one. And it's got a special NA character, which is an NA or a blank, but three stars. So we'll go ahead and load that. And I actually forgot to load tidyverse. So we'll go ahead and do that. And so we have a table of 143 years worth of data going back to 1880, all the way to current, we have 12 months worth of data shown across the screen here. But also, there is the J through D, J hyphen D, so January through December, December through November, January, January, February, and so forth, right. And so what I want to look at is this J through D getting us the calendar year for those 143 years. So we'll go ahead and do a select on year. And I also want that J hyphen D. I don't want these names, though, because they're capitalized and they're formatted funky. So I'll do year equals year. And then T diff equals that. And so this gets us our two column data frame, which we are now ready to plot. So let's go ahead and feed this into ggplot on AES, our x will be the year, the y will be T diff. And we'll of course do a geom call. So geom bar generates a bar plot, which has a summary function built into it. We don't want that we want geom call, which takes the values as they are and plots that on the y axis. And so we get something that hopefully looks a little bit like what we have over on the website, we've got a long ways to go, we'll get there. So something I want to take care of that I forgot to do in the last episode was this warning message of removing one row containing missing values. So that's not a big deal, we can come in here after the select, we can do drop underscore na, and that will remove any rows that have missing data, run that, and now we see that that error message goes away. Excellent, we're in good shape. I now want to use a new theme, which we theme void. And so theme void as we see strips away all of the theming and gives us just the bars. And so I think that looks pretty slick. The next thing I want to do is go ahead and think about how we can add the 1880 and the 2021 onto the plot. Do that, I'm going to modify my code a bit. And so up here I'll put t underscore data as the basically the data that we are generated from reading it in selecting and removing the na values. I could then take t data and then pipe that in to build the plot that we already have. But I want to do this because I want to algorithmically or programmatically get those first and last dates. And so to do that, we could take t data and we could do slice. So slice gets us rows and I can give it two numbers. So I can say one and n colon the end function. And what this will give me is the first and last row of the data frame. Of course, this assumes that data are in the right order. I guess if I was a little bit worried, I could always do a range year. And then pipe that into the slice and we get the same result, right? Okay, so now we have our years. So I'm going to modify that t diff column by using mutate. And I'll do t diff. And I'm going to set it equal to zero. So all the values of these two dates will be zero because I don't want the year positioned at the t diff value. I want it right at that, you know, y axis equals zero point. Okay. And so here I will call this data frame annotation. And again, if we look at annotation, we should see that it's got the two years and the two differences. So those positions, right? And so in here I can then do geome text. And on the, I'll say data equals annotation. And then AES, I will say label equals year. How to plus. And so now what we see is we have the years on either end, right at the zero point on the y axis. I now want to bump those off to the left and right a bit. But before I do that, I'm going to go ahead and output this to the file format and size that I want, because as I start moving things around, things are going to get messy. Okay, so we'll go ahead and say gg save temperature, temperature bar plot.png. And I want this to go into my figures directory. And I'll do a width of seven and a height of four. Very good. So this I see now instead of a white background, it actually has a gray background. I think it's actually transparent. So we'll want to change that background to be black to match the color that we have in the web version. And like I said, we want to bump those dates off to the left and right a little bit. So I'm going to come back up to my annotation. And I'm going to make a new column that I'll call x. And so that will be a year. And I'm going to add to the year column a vector. And so I can give it two values. So I can give it say like minus five and plus five. And that should then bump things off left and right a smidge. And then down in here, I'm also going to then say x equals x. And I now have those dates on either side of the plot. And I think that looks pretty good. I'm now going to flip the color. I'm going to make the background black. And I'm going to make that text white. So while I'm here in GM text, I'll go ahead and do color equals white. And then I'm going to add a theme function. And I will then do plot dot background. And I'll do element rect. And I'll do fill equals black. And so now I've got my nice black background. I've got my two years at either end of the plot. And it looks good. Now what we need to do is to modify those bars to be colored by the temperature difference. And what we could do is again, we can change our AES to insert fill equals t underscore diff. And so this gives us a gradient going from dark blue to a lighter blue. I don't want that because I want my scale to indicate that if it's right around zero, that at zero, right? And so I would like the zero or the things close to zero to be white. And the things that are below that to be dark blue and the things that are above that to be a dark red. To achieve that, we are going to add a scale. So we'll do scale fill gradient. And we can then give it a low value. And I will go ahead and put in here dark blue. And then my mid will be white. And my high will be dark red. And we'll then also go ahead and do midpoint equals zero. So I want the midpoint to be at zero. And I gave it the wrong scale fill gradient. What I actually want is scale fill gradient two. So scale fill gradient is a monotonic gradient, right? Going from one value to another. Scale fill gradient two allows you to have basically two gradients, right? So we're going to have from a low value to zero, from zero to a higher value. So we do want scale fill gradient two. So sure enough, we see the blues below the axis and the darker reds above the axis. I'm noticing that the blue isn't as dark as I would have expected it to be. I think that's because this is negative half. And this is one and a half. And so this is basically three times of red. This is as blue. So one thing I want to try is going ahead and adding in here limits. And we'll do C minus 0.5 to 1.5. And that doesn't really get us anywhere. If you're curious what's going on on our legend, what we could do in there would be to say legend dot text, element text, color equals white. So we can't see it because the default color is black. And so it's fading into the background. And so sure enough, we now see that yep, our zero does cross at the white. If I hadn't included that midpoint, then I think, you know, we'd get something wildly different, which we don't want. Ultimately, we're going to remove this legend because our figure doesn't have that legend. All right, we're going to have to use another function called scale fill gradient n. So I'm going to go ahead and comment this out for now. So we can have something to look back to to kind of compare how these functions relate to each other. So we'll do scale fill gradient n. And then we'll give it colors. And it's gonna be a vector of colors. And so I'm going to give it again dark blue, white, dark red. And then we're going to give it the values. So we're going to rescale the values. So it's basically going from negative one to zero to one. But of course, then it'll rescale things back out to negative a half to one and a half. So we get the negative a half being the same level of blueness that one and a half is of redness. Hopefully this makes sense. If not, we'll see it here soon enough. And so we'll do is rescale is the function we'll use. So we're going to give it a vector of values. And so I'll do min on t underscore data dollar sign t diff. And then comma zero comma max t underscore data dollar sign t diff. All right, then I need to give it limits so that it knows what colors go on each end. And so we'll then go see as a vector. And I'm going to grab the contents of this vector up here that had the min and max t diff value, but I don't want the zero in the middle. And then we can then add this into the rest of our ggplot pipeline. And so that looks pretty good, right? We see that we've got the darker blues at the bottom. And that as kind of, you know, we kind of become more and more positive. We get to the darker reds. One thing I noticed looking back at their figure is that I don't get the sense that it's really a continuous gradual change in color. I think they've actually got bins of colors. And so there's a way to do that with another scale gradient fill or scale fill gradient function. And so that's going to be instead of scale fill gradient, which I'll copy here. Again, so we have it. And so the alternative to scale fill gradient n is scale fill steps n. And so what you can see is that this basically defines steps, right? It looks at the extreme values. And it makes bins that kind of fit nice compartments, right? And so by default here, it's putting it into four different bins. I can define more breaks in the data, kind of like you would if you're building a histogram, right? And so I'll add that argument of n dot breaks. And let's try something like seven. And so here, again, you can see the scale, I'll remove this eventually, but you can kind of see, you know, the scale being broken down into these different groups. Let's see what happens if we go up to like something like nine. And that gets us a little bit more definition on those negative values. Again, if you go back to this version of the plot, my eye is telling me that that's what they're doing, that they're basically stepping through the color gradient rather than having a true continuous gradient. Again, I'm going to leave the code in here if you want to come back and check it out later. You're more than welcome to do that, of course. And let's just kind of cleaning up the code here because that's what I do. All right, the final thing that I want to do is that this version of the figure has a title, right? Global temperatures have increased by over 1.2 degrees Celsius. So we need to put in our own title, right? To add that title, I'm going to add another geome text. And I will say x equals 1880 because that's on the left side of the time series. I'll do y equals one. And I'll then do label equals, let me grab that text again, which was global temperatures, yeah, by over 1.2 C since 1880. And let's add that. Also, I know we're going to want color equals white because otherwise it's going to fade into the background. Unfortunately, it is centered at that position, right? So we want to justify it to the left. So how do we do that? Well, let's clean up our code a little bit here. We can do h just equals zero. And so that's a horizontal justification. So that'll be left justified at that position 1880 and one. So let's go ahead and insert the degree sign. To insert the degree sign, we can use Unicode. If I Google for Unicode degree symbol R, I can kind of quickly get to a result. And it tells me that down here, I can try temperature and then it's backslash U00B0. So the that is the Unicode part, right? And so you can Google for any type of Unicode symbol that you might want. Google is your friend, because these are things that I just have no business memorizing, right? And so we can plug that Unicode symbol in there. And sure enough, we now have our degree symbol looks pretty nice, right? One final thing that just bugs me a little bit is that these were the numbers. So 1.2 and 1880 that I think they actually used 1850 that they used for their plot with their data. I don't know that this is actually true with my data, right? So I'm going to use the glue package to again programmatically insert the actual values with my data. So again, we'll come back up here. And I need to get the maximum increase in temperature as well as the last year. And I'm going to use glue to insert all that, right? So I'll go ahead in here, I'll do library glue. And then down here, I can use the glue function wrapped around my current title, right? So I'll do glue on that, put a closing parentheses there. And then for my year, what I can use, perhaps, is this was the min. So in curly braces, I'll do min t data dollar sign year. And close parentheses and close curly brace. We'll also then change this to be the max. So we'll do max t underscore data dollar sign t diff. Close parentheses, close curly brace. And sure enough, we now have our temperature inserted in there, right? And so we've got 1.02. Maybe we only want it to go to be 1.0. So let's quickly think about how we can do that here. And so I don't want to do all that in here. And so what I'm going to do is go ahead and save this or design this as max t diff. And so now I need to make that variable, right? And so now I'll do that as my max t diff, right? So I've assigned the variable here, and now I'm going to insert it down here. But I want to round it to one significant digits to the right of the decimal point, right? So I'll do round on that to one, right? And so if I look at this, I get back to value one. And so one is what's going to get inserted. So because it was actually 1.0, it truncates off the zero. To get that zero back, I can wrap all of this in the format function. And to that, I can then say n small equals one. And now if I look at this, I now get that trailing decimal point. And sure enough, we now see global temperatures have increased by over one degree since 1880. And that all looks pretty good. One final thing is that we have this legend cell that doesn't belong. So let's go ahead and get rid of that legend, of course. And so we can then do geom call show dot legend equals false. So that legend of course goes away. I think we've done a really nice job of mimicking what was on the web version. I'm pretty happy with the way this looks. It is a little bit removed, I feel like from the actual data in some ways, if I had to give a critique, I think it tells the story. So clearly after some point, temperatures have been increasing every year. Year on year, they seem to be going up. What's challenging about this visual though is, well, I don't know what year that is, because I don't have a grid line linking to a date on the y axis. I also don't really know how much temperatures have gone up. I guess I have that in the title here, right? So like, these bars that are at like one degree Celsius, I guess you could say, well, maybe this should be the one that's at the temperature we're reporting there, right? But again, it just gets a bit confusing. So the lack of context again, for the year, or for the amount of change. And again, we don't know, I guess we kind of know what things are here, like they look like they're about, I don't know, half of what they are up here. It's hard to say, right? And so again, I think that's where that other version that we found on the website that has the scales, might be a bit more friendly to use for our audience. But, you know, I think this is compelling. It does tell a story, albeit without that information that might just make it just a little bit more helpful. Anyway, encourage you to play around with us. I don't typically use bar plots, when depicting time series data like this. And so that's a little bit different than what we saw before against the same data presented in a slightly different way. Let me know what you think down below in the comments between these two versions. Do you like this version or the line version better? In the next episode, we're going to take on another day of visualization. So you don't miss that episode, please make sure you're subscribed. You've clicked the bell icon and you've given me a thumbs up. As always, please tell your friends about what we're doing here, run through this on your own. And we'll see you next time for another episode of Code Club.