Hello everyone welcome back to another session in dentistry ammo So we have the most important part of FPD there is a fixed partial denture the principles of tool preparations very very important question So it's been asked every two year as a essay question or you might get a Single principle as a short note. So you just cannot skip this chapter for your exam preparation So tooth preparation has basically five principle. They are preservation of tooth structure the retention and resistance form The structural durability the marginal integrity and preservation of the pedodontia Or we can classify a requirement of a tooth preparation into these three broad categories that is biological mechanical and aesthetic in Biological we need to think about the pulp vitality maintenance and The adjacent teeth and the soft tissues and we need to conserve the tooth structure in mechanical we have the resistance and retention form in aesthetic it includes a minimal display of metal and and The adequate thickness of porcelain and proper shade matching so when all these three factors combined to Produce the best tooth preparation. So we have the five principles of tooth preparation. So we'll start with the first one that is Preservation of the tooth structure So as per definition the tooth preparation is a process of removal of deceased and Or healthy enamel dentine anisement to shape a tooth to receive a restoration Okay, so the first principle preservation of tooth structure Where we need to Preserve the tooth structure that is a remaining tooth structure with some guidelines So the guidelines will change when the tooth we prepare is partial veneer or complete Restoration for the guideline changes according to the restoration we are planning or the crown we are planning and also it Changes with respect to the finish line that is supra gengeval and subgengeval Subgengeval has more chances of Disturbing the paradigm So the preparation of teeth with the minimal practical Convergence angle should be made that is between the axial walls. So it should be having minimal convergence of axial walls Then regarding the occlusion reduction we should make the anatomic planes with respect to the Reduction protocol. We just cannot reduce the surface as such We need to follow the occlusion plane then only there will be good preservation of tooth structure We should not destroy the tooth structure unnecessarily. You should just follow the curse and all the tooth Anatomy In order to receive the restoration. So that is our next point occlusion reduction We should follow the anatomic plane the first one was minimal axial wall convergence and it should change Based on the type of restoration and based on the type of Gengeval finish line And if suppose the axial surface is not in a proper angulation We need to Reposition it authentically the axial wall should be parallel to each other. So if necessary We need to go for authentic repositioning Okay, so that was about the preservation of tooth structure principle Next we have the retention and resistance form that is a second principle So retention and resistance They differs in the tooth anatomy based on the tooth anatomy and The forces being applied on the restoration So retention which prevents a removal of the restoration along the path of insertion or long axis of the tooth preparation as you see here It is along the Long axis of the tooth or the path of insertion whereas a resistance This picture It is a prevention of Dislourishment of the restoration by forces directed in an apical or oblique direction not the On the long axis it is on the apical or oblique direction and prevents any movement of the restoration under occlusion forces. So retention is basically on the forces which act on the long axis of tooth or Path of insertion Okay, whereas a resistance which the forces when act on apical or Oblique direction that is a basic difference between retention and resistance form So retention form we have many things to be considered. They are The dislodging forces and the geometry of the tooth preparation. So we are talking about the Retention form. Okay retention So the third one is the roughness of the fitting surface of the restoration Then the material being cemented then the looting agent being used. So these factors Affect the retention form of the restoration. So first one is a dislodging force The dislodging force. So forces that tend to remove a cemented restoration or a crown along its path of withdrawal Okay, so if we have a tooth and a restoration, so this is along the path of withdrawal So FPD which is subjected to dislodging forces. So those forces it can be a sticky food or application of flows we apply Flows under the connector for cleaning the cervical area So those things can dislodge the restoration. So they are the dislodging forces Second one is a geometry of tooth preparation. Okay, so in geometry we have many factors so they are the taper or Total Occlusional Convergence They're coming all under geometry of tooth preparation. Then Taper or TOC then the substitution of internal features then the path of insertion the freedom of Displacement then the length and surface area Then the stress Concentration and type of preparation all comes under the second factor in the retention form. Okay, I don't get confused So we're talking about the five principles of tooth preparation. So first one we finished that was the preserving the tooth structure the second one was retention form and resistance form in the second principle So this is a second principle So in that we are studying now is a retention form. It has got five features So among that the second feature geometry of tooth preparation has again many factors So that is taper and all these So we'll look into that one by one The first one is taper or total occlusional Convergence, okay taper. It's very important. That is nothing but the inclination That is a relationship of one wall of preparation to the long axis of the preparation. So how the Anculation of the axial wall with respect to the long axis can see the picture here. So usually it is two to three degree is Permissible that is a three degree. So when opposing surface both three degree combined to form a six degree Taper, okay, so six degree taper is the most Accepted one. So if we have the external walls if a preparation is receiving Arrestration or a retainer where the external walls should be converging whereas the Restoration or a preparation which is receiving a inlay or something like that the internal walls So the internal axial walls should diverge. Okay, so this is converging that is External wall should be converging whereas the internal walls should be Diverging, okay, you can see the picture. This is convergence. This is the divergence So as per theory the parallel axial walls provide maximum retention. Okay, so how do we make? Now visualize the taper of the preparation. So we need to Properly visualize it Proper visualization will prevent formation of any undercuts And as I said the ideal taper is six degree. So as per this Graph can see the retention form on the y-axis and the degree of taper on the x-axis You can see as the degree of taper increases the retention decreases So you can see the retention is highest at between the five and ten degree that is around six degree We get the highest retention And it decreases as we increase the taper. So you get the idea if we increase the taper will lose the retention, okay? So as I said Two to six degrees permissible Now we have the third one or the second one. Sorry second one the substitution of internal features Substitution of internal features in geometry of tooth preparation if the opposing walls are not available, okay? So basically we should provide opposing axial walls with minimal taper But if what if we don't have proper axial wall because of destroyed Wall because of severe attrition or if you are providing a partial veneer restoration So in such cases we need to Give the internal features for retention such as grooves box and pinholes, okay? So like this how we need to provide additional retention features Next is a path of insertion So path of insertion is nothing but an imaginary line along which the restoration will be placed onto and remote from the preparation this is the path of Insertion so path of all FPD about months must be parallel each other, okay? So it should be parallel each other do not get locked inside So we need to Have a visual survey to ensure the preparation is not having undercuts or over tapered just like this picture We need to have a visual survey So while doing visual survey the center of the occlusal surface of the preparation is viewed from 30 centimeter distance or 12 inch distance with just one eye, okay? Not a binocular vision just one night because binocular vision if we look at the preparation with two eyes This undercut preparation can appear to have an acceptable taper So never use both eyes to have the visual survey on the prepared tooth only use one eye And keep a distance of 12 inch or 30 centimeter So in patients mouth we can use a mouth mirror which can be held at an angle approximately half inch above the preparation, okay? so We can also keep a firm finger rest, okay? so firm finger rest can be established for the visual survey So this firm finger rest is nothing but the mirror which is manoeuvered until one preparation is entered So we place the mirror If we have to preparation We just keep the mirror where the one prepared tooth is at the center of the mirror Okay, then the mirror moved by pivoting on the finger rest without change In angulation till the second preparation is centered That is how we can make sure that it has having no undercuts or no Overtapering there is a firm finger rest the mirror Manoeuvering Manoeuvered until one preparation is entered then the mirror moved by Pivoting of the finger rest without changing the angulation. We should not change the angulation we keep the mirror in one position so that the prepared tooth is at its center then just change the Pivoting just pivot move by pivoting the finger rest without change its angulation Till the second preparation is entered just move it without changing the angulation and see the second preparation so that both the Prepared tooth is having or we can make sure that having the common Path of insertion so that is a process you can see the picture here So the path of insertion is considered in two-dimension that is a mesiodisctally and faciolinguli Mesiodisctal inclination should be parallel to the contact areas of adjacent teeth Okay, so it should be parallel to the contact area of adjacent teeth. Otherwise, it will be locked out We will not get the path of insertion So that was the mesiodisctally inclination whereas a faciolinguli inclination Which affects basically the aesthetics of metal ceramic and partial veneer crown. Okay, so for full veneer crown we need to have parallel Should be on the long axis parallel to the long axis of the tooth that is a facial and lingual orientation should be Parallel to long axis of the tooth whereas the facially inclined path of insertion Should be for the partial veneer crown or it should keep a facial Facial prominent facial occlusion line angle or Ovo contouring or opaque show-through for the partial veneer crown. Okay Whereas for full veneer crown we need to have the parallel long axis That is a facial angle orientation For posterior 3-4 count it should be parallel to the long axis of the tooth and anterior 3-4 count It should be parallel to the incisal one half of the labial surface Now we have the freedom of displacement freedom of displacement the number of paths Along which a restoration can be removed from the tooth preparation. That is a freedom of displacement only one path Will provide maximum retention? Okay, so that is a freedom of displacement now only one part should be there Now we have the length and surface area So the longer preparation there will be more surface area and it provides more retention and the length Length must be great enough to interfere with the arc of casting Pivoting about a point on margin on opposite side of restoration. Okay, so it should be Great enough to interfere with the arc of the casting pivoting Okay, about a point on the margin on opposite side of restoration And if there is short preparation the inclination will be on a critical site For smaller tooth it will be having a short Rotation radius so we need to provide grooves in the axial wall so it will reduce the rotation radius So if we don't have any Grooves it will be a bigger one so in order to reduce the rotation radius we provide grooves in the axial wall So that was a length and surface area now we have the stress concentration So stress concentration though it will be around the junction of axial and occlusal surface So we need to round the internal line angles to reduce a stress concentration And lastly the type of preparation which is coming under geometry of true preparation So complete crown there will be the type of preparation that is more preparation needed for the complete crown Compared to the partial crowns So we can provide more grooves boxes which will give better retention, okay so that was about the geometry of tooth preparation now we have the Roughness of the fitting surface of restoration. So roughening or grooving the restoration will improve the Retention, okay Which can be done by air abrasion that is using 50 micrometer alumina which will improve the Surface energy or the surface area which will increase the retention Whereas a roughening of the tooth preparation is not basically Recommended so roughening or grooving the restoration is recommended not the Tooth preparation, okay only the roughness of the fitting surface of the restoration will improve the retention not the prepared tooth Now the material being cemented so retention affected both by the casting alloy and the core buildup material So the more reactive the alloy is the more adhesion There will be with the certain looting agents such as type 1 and type 2 gold alloys for intra-coronal restoration and Type 3 and type 4 gold alloys for crown and FPD. So the type 1 and 2 gold for intra-coronal Whereas type 3 and 4 gold alloy for crowns and FPD, but as a nickel chromium for long span FPD There is a material being cemented Whereas a looting agent being used I just see cements are most retentive. There is a film thickness of looting agent There is a significantly an effect on the retention. So I just see resin can Put it like this I just see resin Then comes the GIC then comes Zinc phosphate Which is almost equal to polycarboxylate? Polycarboxylate and lastly the zinc oxide It is based on the retention. I just see resin GIC Zinc phosphate or polycarboxylate and lastly the zinc oxide Usional that is about the looting agent being used Whereas in resistance form we have Three factors basically one is the dislodging forces then looting agent being used and geometry of the tooth preparation So this Is after our retention form So the first one is dislodging forces. So mastication and para functional activity They are the substantial Horizontal or oblique forces. So resistance. Hope you remember the concept Retention is through the path of insertion or long access of the tooth, but the resistance Is at apical or oblique direction, okay? So the dislodging forces such as mastication and para functional activity But it should be on the horizontal or oblique directions So these lateral forces displays a restoration by causing rotation around the ginger well Margin next is a looting agent being used. So The resistance to deformation affected by compressive strength and modulus of elasticity so I do see resin then Just like our retention I do see resin then the glass and on a cement Then the zinc phosphate Then zinc polycarboxylate Polycarboxylate Finally the zinc oxide So this is the Resistance gradient Now we have the geometry of tooth preparation. It has got few features So the factors are type of preparation freedom of displacement in the occlusio Servical or incisor dimensions and the ratio of the Occlusio servical and facial angle dimension and finally the subconferential form of the prepared tooth So it all comes under the geometry of the tooth preparation So regarding the resistance form and type of preparation if it is a partial coverage restoration It was having less resistance than the complete crown because there is no buckle resistance area and partial coverage So we can give grooves or boxes to increase the resistance because it is greatest if walls are perpendicular in the direction of the force So that was about the Preparation type of preparation regarding the partial and complete if it is partial we can provide boxes with grooves now we The freedom of displacement So in freedom of displacement the lingual wall should be perpendicular to the reaction of force and In the proximal side the buckle and lingual wall must meet the pulpal wall at 90 degree There should not be any oblique ankle now. We have the occlusio incisor or incisor Servical dimension So the minimal occlusio servical dimension and t-rate is 3 mm premolars. It is 3 mm molars. It is 4 mm and The ratio with respect to the occlusio servical to facial lingual dimension So this is not actually facial lingual. This is incisor servical So ratio occlusio servical to facial lingual it should be 0.4 or higher for all teeth So if the total occlusio convosions is less than 6 degree it will be 0.1 Then less than 12 it is 0.2 less than 18.3 and less than 24 it is 0.4 Now we have the Circumferential form of preparatory so it should possess a circumferential irregularity that is a maxillary molars It should be in rhomboidal shape Mandupler molars, it should be rectangular Premolars and antires it should be oval. We should preserve corners of tooth preparation. There should not be Any axial grooves boxes should be provided in corners. Okay Because the chewing and para-functional habits can cause dislodging forces largely on the facial lingual aspect So grooves and boxes should be on the proximal surface So that was about the resistance form. Now we have a structural durability In structural durability Arrestration must contain a minimum bulk of material which is adequate to withstand the force of occlusion So bulk should be confined to the space created by the tooth preparation So to provide this adequate bulk we need to have proper occlusional reduction then there should be proper axial reduction and Also, we need to have proper functional cusp Bevel All are very important So in occlusion reduction for full metal restoration. We need to have 1.5 mm on the functional cusp Functional cusp and just one mm on non-functional cusp That is for Full metal restoration. Okay full metal crown for metal ceramic That is metal fused to ceramic in those cases. It is 1.5 to 2 mm for functional and Just 1 to 1.5 mm for non-functional Because it has a coping inside so we need to have more preparation Whereas for all ceramic crown, okay For all ceramic crown The reduction is 2 mm irrespective of the cusp that is both for functional and non-functional We need to have 2 mm reduction. That was about occlusional reduction Now regarding the functional cusp bevel So white bevel on the lingual inclines we should provide white bevel on lingual inclines on maxillary lingual cusp Okay for maxillary lingual cusp. We need to provide white bevel. That is a lingual incline of maxillary lingual cusp and the buckle inclines of Mantibular buckle cusp. Okay, so we need to provide white bevel. That is the lingual incline on the maxillary lingual cusp and the buckle incline of the mantibular buckle cusp should provide white bevel and There should be adequate bulk of metal in areas of heavy occlusional contact So if there is lack of functional cusp bevel, what happens is there will be fracture It happens in cases such as over inclination or over contouring or thin area in casting all will result in lack of proper functional cusp bevel and Ultimately the fracture of the restoration Now the axial reduction so we discussed about the Occlusional reduction and functional cusp bevel and finally the axial reduction. Okay, which all comes under structural durability so axial reduction the thin walls of casting which can Result in subject to distortion and over contouring which can also disastrous effect on the period on show So there will be adequate removal of the axial wall. Okay, so if there is no adequate removal it can result into distortion of the Retainer or the restoration or it can affect the period on show that is over contouring or under contouring That was the third principle structural durability. Now we have the fourth principle marginal integrity Marginal integrity is a closely adapted margins so these finish lines of the preparation which can Determine the aesthetics and the effect of period on shim So it also Depends on the survival of the restoration in the oral environment. So the configuration of finish line which Desides a shape and bulk of the metal at the margins it affects our marginal marginal effects a marginal adaptation and Degree of seating So all is different depends on the marginal integrity and we need to learn about various finish lines. So I'll be Taking finish lines as a separate session So that can be another execution or short essay the types of finish line So I'll be taking that in a separate video So this was the fourth principle marginal integrity So the many finish lines chamfer heavy chamfer shoulder Then the sloped shoulder radial shoulder shoulder with a bevel knife-witched and all those things and The last principle was fifth principle the preservation of period on shim So this was a fifth principle of to preparation. So It has a few factors The main thing is margin placement. So margin placement Will affect the period on shim So direct effect it has on the Success of the restoration so margin should be as smooth as possible and it should be placed in areas that can be finished Well by the dentist and kept clean by the patient so both factors should be considered that is It can be well finished by the dentist as well as It can be kept clean by the patient and it should be placed in enamel wherever possible And it should be supra gengeval whenever possible. Okay, it should be on Enamel and supra gengeval in order to preserve the period on shim if it is going deeper and deeper To have a better aesthetics. We might have problems in the period on shim so supra gengeval margins if we can have supra gengeval and Subgengeval margins So in supra gengeval margins there are less potential for the soft tissue damage and it can be easily prepared and finished More easily can be cleaned impressions can be more easily made Restorations easily evaluated at recall a point. So subgengeval margins Is Becoming a problematic if there is carries if there is so regular ocean or restoration which is extending subgengevaly And if proximal contact area extend to the gengeval crest we might Give the subgengeval margins Additional attention is needed for subgengeval margins and The margin of a metal ceramic crown is to be hidden behind the labio gengeval crest for the aesthetics Root sensitivity might be there Because of the subgengeval preparation A finish line should not be closer than 2 millimeter to the alveolar crest Okay placement in this area can pro and can result in gengeval inflammation pocket formation or loss of alveolar crest height. So That was all about the Principles That is a fifth principle that is preservation of around shim and Along with that, how do we prevent the damage? During tooth preparation. So we can prevent using various strategies One is prevention of adjacent teeth by using a metal matrix band leave a slight Lip or fin of proximal enamel there and Protection of soft tissue by careful retraction of lips and cheeks care to protect tongue when lingual surface of the mandible amolus are prepared and Pulp we need to think about the temperature Being created and the chemical action of the Simmons being applied and the chances of micro leakage So if the rise in temperature Without coolant you can see here 1 millimeter depth the rise in temperature without calling days point 54 degree 2 mm depth is 1 degree and 3 mm depth is 1.84. Okay with coolant It is comparatively low is point four zero point eight two and one point one three respectively So that was all about various principles of tooth preparation. So we discussed about five main principles And the second principle that is retention and resistance was a bit long. It has got many additional Factors so the five principles where The preservation of tooth structure retention and resistance from structural durability marginal integrity and preservation of the predominant ship so in that the retention and resistance form has Many other features such as dislodging force geometry of tooth preparation roughness of the fitting surface of the restoration material being cemented and looting agent being cemented in that The second one geometry of tooth preparation include lots of factors such as taper path of insertion freedom of displacement length and surface area stress concentration type of preparation and all that So this is very very very important for the exam is very commonly asked essay question principles of tooth preparation or each principle Can be asked as a short essay or short note. So never ever miss this question for your exam. So next I'll be coming with Finish lines which comes under actually marginal integrity. So we need to discuss in detail So I'll come up with that topic in my next video. So hope you understood make sure that you learn this For your final exam. Thank you


There's nothing pervy here There's nothing pervy here. There's nothing pervy here.  She never seems able or prepared at all to answer even the most basic questions to the American Rescue Plan Which only Democrats voted for that Republicans did not and it led to This this economic boom that the historic economic boom that we're seeing jobs No, that is not that is that is that is not that that is not that is that is not That is that is not that So I have two questions on baby formula. So first, what is the White House? What is the latest update the White House has received on the current info formula situation across the country? Yeah, let me see if I have anything new for you on that I think it's been a couple of days since we have asked to ask that question It's settled from now on. She has cringe on Pierre How could she not be ready for that question? They even gave her an answer to read out Literally something anyone who can read could do but she has no idea where it even is Now this right here is exactly how all Democrats react in the media when they get even the most basically scrutinizing question because they're just so used to the media and usually carrying their water for them Just look at how she reacts to a very basic question in the safest space for her in the media Does the president have the stamina physically and mentally do you think to continue on even after 2024 don't you're asking me this question? Oh my gosh, he's the president of the United States. You know, he I can't even keep up with it. That is I that is it's an oddly mesmerizing display a spot of limbering up Accompanied by a weird and we see call from deep in his throat I That is not a question that we should be even asking excuse me We shouldn't even be asking these questions. She says her job is literally to answer questions from the press But I guess from her perspective the media is supposed to be a tool of her administration Thus shouldn't be asking these questions that could potentially lower binds approval numbers even lower than they already are It shows real desperation that she's worried about even asking the question when the real problem is buying themself any time He gets in front of a camera that is I that is not a question that we should be even asking just look at the work that he does And look what he's how he's delivering for the American public. Excuse me Once bragged about the stock market hitting record after record after record on my watch. How about now? The stock market all the games from President Biden's time in office have been wiped out So just look at the work that he does and look what he's how he's delivering for the American public It is Quinnipiac poll found the president's approval rating has fallen to 33% and the poll Also found that President Biden's handling of the economy and inflation are still top concerns for every American Kel just mentioned inflation prices and now new data shows you are spending an extra $460 a month right now look what he's how he's delivering for the American public You see he'll ask that question, but then there's absolutely no pushback or follow-up on that disastrous response I think lemon's just trying to save his job because the new owners are gonna be culling all the partisan reporters So he'll ask the question, but then the complete lack of follow-up shows that it's all just subterfuge Alright folks, that's all I have for that one. If you want to support this channel, please check out patreon or subscribe star You can find all those links in the description or pin comment You can also hit that like button share and subscribe then leave a comment to let us all know what you think. Thanks a lot


And thought about who would be the expert to provide an overview on this, and it did not take us long to settle on an invitation to Paul Nolette. Paul is an associate professor in the political science department at Marquette. He holds a remarkably interesting and I think challenging dual set of graduate degrees, a JD from Georgetown and a PhD in political science public law from Boston College. That's something you just whip through in a couple of years. Quite an endurance test and one that you put to good standing. And the author among many important publications of a really intriguing book called Federalism on Trial, State Attorneys General and National Policymaking in Contemporary America published in 2015, which is a really, really penetrating look into this evolving institution of State Attorneys General. We asked Paul to come to visit today and give a talk that revisits some aspects of his book, but is particularly mindful of the current and evolving context in state houses such as Lansing, state capitals around the country, but also thinking about that changing relationship. And so he offers a title, State Attorneys General and the Trump administration, Rising Intergovernmental Conflict, but with that interesting follow up and perhaps some cooperation. Please join me in welcoming our speaker Paul Nolette. Well, thanks so much, Professor Raeben. And thanks to all of you for coming here today as well. And the rest of the series, the speaker series sounds great. Actually, it kind of makes me want to cross the lake again and come back over here and attend these. So yeah, my topic today is on State Attorneys General. And I think it's fair to say that that State AGs just so far in the early Trump administration have been some of President Trump's strongest adversaries bringing numerous lawsuits against the Trump administration and already frustrating much of the policy coming from Washington. And I mean, a couple of the prominent examples, certainly, if he will show up here, we shall see, is a bunch of things just is New York's AG Eric Schneiderman, who's been very active on numerous fronts against the Trump administration. And even this sort of got caught under the radar a little bit, especially with the the hurricanes. I'm getting much of the media attention, but him joining up with Bob Mueller recently on investigating the Trump administration, particularly some money laundering in Trump organization and Trump owned properties is actually quite interesting, very interesting story that maybe you can talk more about in Q&A. But in addition, you have people like California's AG Javier Becerra, who actually gave up a pretty high level political position in the House to take the vacated AG seat in California when Camila Harris became a US Senator. And from day one or even before day one, really, before Trump was even inaugurated said, I'm going to be one of Trump's worst nightmares or something along those lines. I'm going to really put his feet to the fire. And this sort of thing from these Democratic AGs, including these two and several others, follows in the footsteps of many Republican AGs who frustrated much of President Obama's agenda throughout his time in office, and particularly in the latter half of his administration. And that includes a former Oklahoma AG current EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt for one. Another one is former Texas AG Greg Abbott, who is now the governor of Texas, who somewhat infamously said when he was asked by a reporter, so what's your typical day like? He says, I get up, I sue Obama and I go home. And it wasn't too far from the truth. And then also another one, West Virginia AG current US Senate candidate Patrick Morrissey as well was very active against the Obama administration. So the point of all this is to say that AGs, I think, have really entered the national conversation and the national policy and politics arena very dramatically over the last few years. And so what I'd like to do in this talk is discuss a bit and give a sense of how and when AGs really did get onto the national stage, and talk a bit about what they have been doing lately in the early parts of the Trump administration and going back to the last couple years of the Obama administration, and also point out a few recent trends and things to look out for moving forward that I think are very interesting. So I will say that I'm going to start with a little bit of a history of AGs and their elevation to the national stage. And then I have kind of four main points that I want to make, but I'm, in a sense, raising all sorts of issues all over the place. When I was putting together this talk, there's like five million things I could talk about. How am I going to narrow this down? And I don't know if I completely succeeded in narrowing it down, but at least I'm raising a few issues that we can discuss as well in Q&A. So for a long time, AGs were mainly focused on state-level politics. And you can imagine things like, you know, a funeral home ripped somebody off and the AG sues the funeral home for that, a very local sort of issue, or defending the state against lawsuits brought against the state. And this sort of stuff is still a lot of what AGs do, but the nature of the office has changed dramatically in recent years. And I think things really started to shift in the 1970s and 80s in particular. That's where you start seeing the first shift, which was concurrent with the rise of what Lawrence Freeman calls total justice in the 1960s and 1970s, which was this idea that, hey, if there's a problem, government should solve it. The government should do more in order to achieve justice in a whole range of areas, whether it's civil rights or consumer protection, environmental policy, and so forth. And as that sort of sense seeped more and more into society, you had various political players reacting to that. And AGs were certainly one. But another player that I think was really important in helping to explain the AG's ultimate rise is Congress. And this next slide here, I think, breaks all of the PowerPoint rules about too much text on the screen. But I did that on purpose, actually, to emphasize that Congress has done a lot to really empower AGs and to say, hey, state-level players, state-level litigators, we want you to do more to not only enforce state-level laws, but also federal laws. So you see at the top one of the most important ones, the Hart-Scott Rodino Antitrust Improvement Act, really launched AGs in a more serious way into antitrust enforcement, so parallel to the Department of Justice. The Crime Control Act providing grants for state antitrust enforcement as well. Medicare and Medicaid antifraud and abuse amendments gave tons of money to the states to try to root out fraud in the Medicaid program. And obviously, I'm not going to go through all of these, but the whole idea is that piece by piece, Congress empowered AGs to get more involved, not just on the state level, but on the national stage as well. And in addition, many AGs were taking the initiative to respond to this rise in total justice by really re-shifting or shifting the nature of their offices themselves, I mean, creating new consumer protection departments, for instance, within the AG's office, and taking a more aggressive stance. And these two, Lewis Lefkowitz from New York, who was a moderate Republican, kind of a Rockefeller Republican, was a leader in this area, as well as Frank Kelly from here in Michigan, who was the longest serving AG for quite some time, who played a big role in changing the nature of what the AG's office was about. So they and several other AGs really were pushing this idea that the AG should not just be defender of the state, but should be the people's lawyer and should represent the people and consumer protection and in environmental litigation and similar issues like that. So we have this sort of stuff going on. I mean, Congress was really starting to empower AGs in the 70s. AGs were taking the initiative to do more on the state level as well. And you see increasing activity in the 1980s and into the 1990s, but really the thing that really launched AGs onto the national stage, kind of what I call the big bang of AG activism, was the tobacco litigation of the 1990s, which ended in this massive settlement, which still today, even not adjusted for inflation, is the largest civil settlement in American history, $246 billion in one settlement, with all of the major manufacturers of tobacco and cigarettes. And these AGs, in the course of that settlement, not only brought a lot of money back to the states under this theory that tobacco companies had lied about or misled the public about the safety of cigarettes and that had all sorts of impacts on state budgets, especially Medicaid budgets, not only brought that money back, but also restructured the entire industry in a way that placed all sorts of new restrictions on how tobacco companies could sell their products, market their products and that relationship between the tobacco companies and the tobacco consumers where fundamentally changed after that. So this was a huge deal and it happened without the action of Congress. And in fact, Congress had been debating doing something about the tobacco industry, but actually decided not to, partially because of pressure from tobacco producing states, but didn't do anything. And the AGs really came in and said, well, if you're not going to do anything, we're going to essentially make national policy through the settlement with the tobacco companies. And ever since that time, that's really when AGs said, whoa, we expressed a lot of power right here by restructuring the tobacco industry and really addressing an issue that was really big at the time. Why can't we just use this strategy elsewhere as well? And maybe we should think about our offices in a different way and get involved more and more on the national stage and that's exactly what they did. So I think it's helpful to pause before I get to those four big points that I want to make in this talk. I think it's helpful to break down in some ways three basic types of AG litigation. So this is something that I talk about in the book. Three basic types of AG litigation that I'm happy to talk more about at some length in Q&A as well. But if we're going to try to boil down what AGs have been doing, I think two types of litigation that have been important are what I call policy blocking and policy forcing litigation. And this is the litigation that tends to get the most press, most media attention. These are lawsuits that typically target either the president or federal agencies and are aimed at either stopping blocking policy or telling the agencies you must act, you must do something. So policy blocking, I mean there were lots of these at the end of the Obama administration and really throughout the Obama administration that dealt with the Affordable Care Act, Obama's environmental policies, regulations dealing with the rights of transgender people and so forth. So lots of attempts to block policy from going into effect. The other side of that same coin in many ways I call policy forcing litigation where the states are actually saying, hey federal agencies you're not doing enough to either protect the environment, protect consumers and you need to act. You need to do something. I think the most famous example of this and a case that featured prominently at the earlier panel today if you were able to attend with the three general councils of the EPA was Massachusetts VEPA Supreme Court case in 2007 which I think is fair to say is the most important environmental case of all time. At least I'd make that argument. And that was led by Massachusetts and a number of other AGs who said that the Bush administration was not doing enough under the Clean Air Act to deal with greenhouse gases and so they were calling on the EPA to do more. So that policy forcing litigation has been a prominent part of what AGs are doing too. But one that's gone a bit more under the radar and features a whole heck of a lot of multi-state collaboration is what I call policy creating litigation. And this type of litigation unlike the former two typically targets private corporations, usually big international or interstate corporations. And instead of being resolved by court judgments tend to be resolved by legal settlements. So again the tobacco settlement I think is the classic example of something like this. And the importance of this is that especially since the tobacco settlement AGs have used this method to not only get pretty substantial amounts of money to the states and to consumers from companies under theories of alleged fraud or consumer violations, but have used these settlements as almost kind of quasi-regulation to put all sorts of new requirements, regulatory requirements on companies that will then be monitored by, in many cases, the AGs themselves. So they'll say, well, you're not complying with your standards under this settlement. You read these settlements, which I mean, when I was doing research for this I looked at settlement after settlement and your eyes kind of get all screwed up when you're reading all these settlements over and over again. But some of them go on dozens and dozens, hundreds of pages, and it reads like something an agency would promulgate. But it's a legal settlement. So that's been a really prominent part of what AGs have done. I'd say probably the biggest area after tobacco has been pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical companies have been the main target of this type of litigation. So with that, I wanted to get to those four main points of the talk. And the first one is that AGs in the Obama administration and so far in the first few months of the Trump administration have really continued to expand their role in national policy and politics, including employing new strategies for policy influence. So this has been a big trend. So I did want to show you a few kind of big line graphs that helped to show this increase over time. I mean, one thing that I did for the book and have done since is collect all this data about what AGs are doing and how they're collaborating on a coordinated multi-state basis, bringing lawsuits, settling with corporations. And I'll show you some of those now. So this first one shows the increase in multi-state settlements with private corporations every year. And you can see pretty clearly that thick red line that starting in the late 1980s, early 90s, there was some increase of AGs collaborating together to settle with corporations. And that's really been increasing ever since through today, where nowadays you typically in a standard year get something like 40 major national settlements with big corporations that are signed on to by usually 30 or more AGs, sometimes all 50. And I should say as well that in addition to the quantitative increase, a lot of these settlements have gotten bigger in terms of the money involved and also the strictness of those regulatory requirements that are included in a lot of these settlements. So you have a pretty dramatic increase over time with this. And if you look at multi-state cases against the federal government, this is the trend line here. You see some, there were some multi-state cases against the Reagan administration. And then it really dipped, interestingly enough, through much of the Clinton administration. But you can see W. Bush administration and then the last couple of years in particular is just totally shot up. So these are just counting the numbers of multi-state cases that go after federal agencies or target the president himself. You can see a pretty dramatic increase in the number of those cases as well. And I think when you, so let me pause and say, so that's one big thing. I mean, you just have a heck of a lot more multi-state litigation. So AGs working together across state lines to go after private corporations to go after the federal government and usually on highly salient things, healthcare, immigration, the environment, similar types of issues. A few other points about this expansion of multi-state activism. Again, I mean, AGs have continued in the last few years to use these three types of litigation to really have a substantial impact on national politics and policy. But a few other kind of interesting trends, I think, that are worth highlighting here. One is that forum shopping has become a much more prominent strategy amongst AGs. The idea of going to a court that will be the most favorable for the AGs claims in some ways becomes a lot easier when you're talking about multiple AGs. So if you say, well, it's not going to be that great to sue in Texas, but heck, sue in California is going to work out for us, that's what they're going to do. And this has actually been true in many ways in both or all three forms of litigation. So Republican AGs used this strategy quite a bit, especially in 2015, 2016 and the tail end of the Obama administration. For instance, the new rules that were collectively known as the transgender bathroom policy, for instance, were challenged by Republican AGs. But they did so not just in one big suit, but in three different suits. So one contained 11 AGs, another one had 10, and another one had five. And they were all Republicans. And they figured, well, we're going to pick and choose which courts we're suing in if we sue in three different courts, we're going to have more chances of actually winning on one of these. And more recently, actually just this past week, you may have seen that Javier Becerra, the California AG, led a four state coalition in pushing back against Trump's announcement that he's going to rescind DACA, Obama's immigration policy. And that follows on the footsteps of 16 other AGs, also all Democratic, who brought suit in the Eastern District of New York, a different court than where these four had sued. And the idea, again, is to get more possibility of winning. So that's actually been one of the big trends in this area as well. They've become increasingly vocal. AGs have been increasingly vocal about threats of litigation as well. So threatening litigation almost immediately after something is announced. I mean, and this to me has been one of the big features of AG activism in the last, at the tail end of Obama and the beginning of Trump administration. The administration will announce something or rumors will get out that something is going to be announced. AGs immediately will issue a press release like five minutes after saying, we are going to challenge this in court by any means necessary. And this is well before they've thought out all the legal strategies. They just say, we're going to find something, we're going to challenge this. And so this has been kind of an interesting development as well. It's like rapid fire litigation. They frequently submit letters and comments to federal agencies as well, sort of another way to try to lobby the federal government. This has become quite common both to lobby the federal government, but also to stake out a claim about where they stand and to make it clear. Hey everybody, by the way, me, Democratic Massachusetts AG has joined with 18 of my fellow AGs to really push back on what the EPA is doing and Scott Pruitt is ruining the environment and everything. So we want to push back on them. And that sort of activity has happened much more commonly as well. And this is actually a really key point and gets to that intergovernmental conflict that was part of the title of this talk, is that AGs have been increasingly willing to clash with fellow AGs both in terms of electoral politics and also in their litigation strategies. So just earlier this year, or let me back up and say for a long time, AGs had worked together in the National Association of Attorneys General, which by the way a lot of businesses referred to as nag, like nagging us. But they had worked together and that was formed in, I believe, 1917. So it's a long-standing organization. But just more recently, right after the tobacco settlement, Republican AGs and Democratic AGs created their own Republican AG Association and Democratic AG Association. And since that time, this was around 1999, 2002, they've become much more prominent in both fundraising for AGs and as kind of a location of strategizing about what to do. So very much on a partisan basis. But one thing, even after the creation of Daga and Raga, they had agreed, kind of this informal agreement like, okay, you can target open seats. So if somebody retires, then you can promote your Republican or Democratic candidate for that seat. But you don't go after incumbents. You know, we're not going to go after incumbent AGs because we all get along, right? Well, that went by the wayside at the beginning of this year. In January, both organizations said, you know what, we're going after incumbents. We're going to be spending heavily on defeating Republican or Democratic incumbents. So that rule is totally wiped away now. They're just going after the other side. But then also in their litigation strategies, I'll just give one example of a really interesting ongoing investigation, which is one that was spearheaded by the New York and Massachusetts AGs, both Democrats, investigating ExxonMobil for allegedly hiding climate risks. So saying that they essentially knew that climate change was a big risk to the environment and to the United States, but they hid this purposely from their investors and from the public. And so they... Eric Schneiderman, who is one of the spearheadings of this effort, essentially subpoenaed all these documents from ExxonMobil and it was a huge, basically subpoenaing everything. Give us everything. And ExxonMobil really said, no, we're not going to give you this huge amount of stuff, and they were fighting in court. Well, as this was going on, about a dozen Republican AGs actually appeared on the side of ExxonMobil against their fellow AGs investigation, saying these two AGs are overstepping their bounds, they're violating the free speech rights of ExxonMobil, and they took the position, specifically against their fellow AGs investigating under their own state laws. And then you had Congress step in and issue subpoenas to these state AGs saying we want to know more about why you're harassing ExxonMobil. In your own state investigations. So, I mean, this is something that was, when this first happened, I was like, well, I'm not totally surprised that New York and Massachusetts are engaging in this investigation, but then when that happened, pushing back so explicitly on their fellow AGs investigation, that was kind of a big moment, I think, and highlights where we are now in terms of intergovernmental conflict. And the last thing here, I just wanted to mention this briefly, because I find it very interesting, that one emerging realm of AG activity in the last year, really, or last few months, has been review of private class action settlements. So, remember back to that PowerPoint where there was like 5 million words on the screen? Well, one of the things, one of the empowerment statutes was actually the Class Action Fairness Act, which was meant to try to divert a lot of class actions into federal court away from state courts in an effort to try to cut down on private class actions, essentially. But one of the things that it did to empower state AGs is give them more ability to, when there is a class action settlement, state AGs get notification of that settlement themselves. And then they can decide whether to review it or not. And so, one thing that AGs have done, increasingly, is that they'll get notified of a class action settlement and then they'll say, well, why haven't we brought a multi-state litigation on the same issue against the same company? And then use essentially the same issues again, suing again against the company for some consumer violation or something. But another thing that they've done under the Class Action Fairness Act is review private settlements in ways that are increasingly political. So one example, this summer, a coalition of several Democratic AGs announced that they were reviewing a class action settlement against Remington rifles and actually submitted legal briefs saying this class action settlement doesn't do enough to require Remington to put new safety features on their rifles. So this was a class action suit that had to deal with basically like a product defect of Remington rifles. And they said, this settlement doesn't go far enough. It should put a lot more regulatory requirements on Remington to make safer guns. And interestingly enough, as soon as they did that a couple months later, a coalition of Republican AGs filed a brief in the same case saying, no, this should be accepted by the court. This settlement should be approved. And what these Democrats are doing is just trying to get some like a backhanded gun control through their review of private class action settlements. I mean, it's kind of a weird thing and something that in many ways was unintended when the class action fairness act was first passed, but nevertheless is just another area in which there's been additional partisan conflict among AGs. One other line graph I think is coming next that I'll show you is based on data that I collected from the Supreme Court. So I was looking at all of the briefs, especially amicus briefs or merits briefs in the Supreme Court on a lot of salient issues. And I looked in particular to see what party the AGs were who were filing these briefs. And I was especially attentive to briefs that were especially partisan in nature. So that contained almost all Democrats or Republicans on the briefs. And as you can see, I guess that wasn't the next slide. Let me get to that. The big point here, the second point that I wanted to make, I've already kind of introduced that AG activism has become far more partisan in recent years mirroring the broader polarization in American politics. And we see this in a few different ways. I'll just give you one example of the travel ban challenges that a number of states have brought. I mean, here's the coalition against the Trump administration. There are all the AGs. And here's the coalition that intervened defending the Trump administration. Look at that. It's all Democrats versus all Republicans. And this sort of coalition has become far more common where even in the same case, you'll have AGs clashing with one another on a completely or almost completely partisan basis. So the travel ban is one example there. And I think this next one is the line graph that you've all been waiting for at this point. Which is... Okay, there's... Let me just give you some examples of AG challenges. These weren't to the Obama administration. And the reason why I just put a lot of these on the... Listed a lot of these is to give you a sense that they increasingly, especially as the Obama administration proceeded, were on not just a lot of issues that in the past had gotten a lot of partisan conflict, especially environmental policy, but really ran the gamut of everything from the Affordable Care Act to the Department of Labor's Persuader Rule to transgender bathroom policy, to shifting trusteeship of the Internet to an international body. I mean, essentially, it was like, well, it's just every regulation coming out of the Obama administration we're just gonna sue. Sue, sue, sue. And Democrats have taken that up in the Trump administration as well. And then there's Obama's executive order on immigration as well. And Trump, again, already, just in these early months of the Trump administration, the executive order on immigration, energy efficiency standards for appliances, the emoluments clause, something I'd never thought that I would say in public, has actually been the legal basis of a lawsuit by the Maryland and D.C. attorneys general that is specifically going against Trump, saying that Trump, by inviting all the political leaders from around the world to the Trump hotels in D.C., are actually essentially accepting money in violation of the emoluments clause of the Constitution. Who knew? Well, this is another kind of arrow being shot at the Trump administration. The Department of Education, fuel efficiency standards, and then the rescission of DACA all on the table right now, and subject to litigation by AGs. Ah, here's the line graph that I've promised multiple times now and fail to give you. Showing those briefs in the Supreme Court that have a partisan nature to them. So, again, all or almost all Republican or Democratic briefs. And you can see there were some early on in the 80s, the 90s, and it really kind of escalated to some degree during the Bush administration, but it's been mostly recently in the Obama administration has just taken off. So, the AGs are organizing on an increasingly partisan basis in filing these briefs, these lawsuits, and engaging in policy on the national level in that way. I included this graph just to show you that at least one of the general context that's going on here is that Republican AGs which had long-trailed Democrats in holding state offices, the AGs' offices around the country have been much more successfully gaining these offices. And as you can see from my note here is the 2014 elections actually that resulted in a Republican AG majority of the AGs for the first time in the post-World War II period. So, I mean, this was a state office that Democrats had dominated for a long time but that domination is now over and it's much more closely contested between Republicans and Democrats on this level. The third thing, so the last two points are actually quite a bit briefer here so I'll be able to sum them up pretty quickly at the end of the talk here. A lot of, in some ways, thrown a lot of stuff out there and a lot of stuff that might be kind of depressing in some ways, I don't know. But I do want to emphasize and this is actually really important that as crucial as it is that AGs have in fact become much more partisan on the national level as they've gotten more and more engaged in national politics and policy there's still a number of areas in which AGs are working together on a bipartisan cooperative basis. And these areas I think are quite important and often surround big news items or things that are seen as big crises that require big action and from the AG's perspectives bipartisan action. So just to give a couple of examples, I mean, you've heard about this probably at this point or at least I'm notifying you or you'd better check your credit reports at this point. So just last week, last Thursday I think the announcement came down that one of the big credit reporting agencies had a data breach that spilled out about 143 million Americans' credit data social security numbers, all that stuff into the hackers' hands here and AGs almost immediately said we're going to look into this and announced we've started investigations this is on a multi-state basis this is on a bipartisan basis and we're going to do something about this and whether this means bringing lawsuits trying to settle with the credit reporting agencies we're going to take decisive action on this to force the company to reform its practices and this actually follows a bipartisan settlement last year with the three major credit reporting agencies that led to some reforms apparently not enough but some reforms within the industry especially dealing with transparency of how they're using the consumer data so that's one example just a very recent example of some bipartisan cooperation but the big one right now is dealing with the opioid crisis and you have numerous AGs across the country it's at least a couple dozen if not three dozen at this point maybe even more that have ongoing investigations and even lawsuits against major pharmaceutical manufacturers essentially alleging that these drug companies had tried to persuade doctors through deceptive means to over prescribe opioids and now that has contributed to the opioid crisis in America and this has very much been a bipartisan effort where the states are piggybacking on each other it might be a Republican AG one day like Mike DeWine or it might be a Democrat the next day and Jim Hood one of the few remaining statewide Democrats in the Deep South from Mississippi has actually taken a leading role here but many Republicans have as well so this has been a really important area and one that just be on the lookout for this because a lot of this investigation has proceeded under the radar but I think that this has potential of being perhaps the most important single action that any institution either on the federal level or the state level is taking to address the opioid crisis so whether this ends up being something like another tobacco settlement we'll see but it's going to be very important again one that's proceeded on a bipartisan basis really the last thing that I'll say here and the fourth big point is that I think it's clear at this point that AG activism has become a more institutionalized part of American democracy like AGs are here to stay at this point and to the point where I think it's increasingly difficult to talk about policy both on the state level and the federal level but at some point talking about AGs on almost everything at least on many major issues from healthcare to immigration to the environment to civil rights and many others and that institutionalization has meant and allowed AGs to take very quick action as I alluded to before where they're ready to go immediately whereas in the past AGs were more reactive to see what the national government is doing and then if they don't like it they'd review their options and then they'd put together a legal case decide whether it was good enough to go forward and then a few months after actually bring a lawsuit potentially but now it's just like five minutes after you have AGs on Twitter tweeting about how they're going to sue what are the arguments I don't know but I'm going to sue so it's become much more institutionalized as part of the policy process so those are the four main points I guess I have maybe four minutes left and I had throwing all these kind of like threads and ideas out there and I'm curious which ones you think or which ones you'd like to talk about a bit more in Q&A but I did have just a couple other things to think about and I'll briefly talk about these well actually one other thing on the institutionalized part that you did want to mention so this goes back to some line graphs which I love but that one line graph that showed the increase in partisanship in briefs filed in the Supreme Court this comes from the same data and just to indicate what's going on about the institutionalization of this activity as you can see partisan briefs filed by Democratic AGs has bounced around from year to year but Democratic AGs have largely been there for quite some time even in the 1980s but notice if we break it down just on Republican AGs I mean during the Clinton administration Republican AGs were basically not present I mean they were on a few issues here and there but mostly it was governors that were pushing back against Clinton administration initiatives AGs were just like look I got a fraudulent funeral home to deal with these national issues but nowadays that's totally different so both Democrats and Republicans are very much involved in the policy process so very much institutionalized so very briefly for additional concluding points I think it's important to ask number one can we really speak of the states in litigation when they've become so much more polarized and I say this because if you look at a lot of federal court cases Supreme Court cases they'll mention oh the states said this but increasingly it's the states that are on both sides of the issue and totally on a partisan basis so it's hard to say what state interests or what the interests of the states are in litigation because of this sharpening polarization the AGs litigation monopoly has become increasingly contested I won't say much about this now but it's interesting that especially in states that have governors and AGs of opposite parties you have the governor saying look why are we ceding litigation to the AG who I think is taking the state on a bad course like I'm going to interject myself into the litigation so many of the much of the litigation against the Obama administration Jim Hood that Mississippi Democrat AG who's kind of in a tough electoral position I think in a very red state he was declining to enter a lot of these lawsuits so the Republican Mississippi governor said I'm going to do it I want to get myself on these briefs and then this litigation so that's been contested I do think that AG activism is another illustration of the nationalization of state politics how a lot of state politics has run more along the lines that you would expect from party platforms and tracking a lot of the national issues that are going on this certainly is not to say that there's not an area of state politics that is separate from what's going on the national level but nevertheless I think the AGs show that state actors are much more attuned to what's going on the national level and doing something about it and then finally in an area of frequently divided government and I mean we're not technically in divided government now unless you don't count Trump as a Republican and some sort of independent or something but control of the presidency control of Congress is bounced back and forth and there's divided government very frequently in American politics and I think under those circumstances AG's litigation can be especially prominent and powerful because whether they're blocking policy or creating policy through settlements you know stepping in where federal agencies won't they're able to act and then the federal government is whether you want to call it powerless or unable in some way to react to the AG's the AG's policies often stand whether through settlements or through court decisions favoring their side so I think with that I will stop and go to some Q&A


My name's Sydney Constable Ben Harman and I'm the police beat officer at Jindali and also the adopter cop here at Jindali State School I've been the adopter cop here at Jindali for about nine years So my main role is to enhance the relationship between local police and the school community. I do a number of things through the year We run a cyber safety program with the kids We also run a bicycle safety program with the year fours And we also do a walking bus or a walk to school program trying to get more kids actively traveling to school We come to the school here and any police that come up find the kids are really friendly They're not scared of police anymore They come up and talk to police and share their stories with us And that's the biggest part of the program is just teaching kids that Police are one of the people that they can trust and they can turn to if they're ever in trouble or need help Police are one of those people that can help them


card number 10 look at this look at this who's that scumbag in the middle who's that scumbag in the middle the great heroine coup the great heroine coup who are those two other guys oh trafficante that was the name of the card number 10 trafficante nixon gerini trafficante nixon trafficante nixon and gerini when Richard Nixon became president in 1969 the heroin trade was dominated by the Corsican mob which had been led by the gerini brothers until factionalism put the Francisce friend Francisce Venturi gang in power the new world division of this empire was headed by Auguste record a former Gestapo collaborator who operated from Paraguay but before Nixon left office the Corsicans had been sub supplanted by the Sicilian mafia this coup was achieved through Nixon's selective war on drugs by working to extradite record from Paraguay by securing Turkey's commitment to halt opium cultivation and by encouraging Francis cracked on on the Francisce Francisce Venturi gang Nixon helped destroy the Corsicans while leaving the Sicilian network intact Southeast Asia replaced Turkey as the main source of heroin and Santo trafficante junior unseated Richard a record as the Western hemispheres top drug lord from his Teamster Hall headquarters in Tampa Florida trafficante influence trafficante is influence spread widely in the landscape generated banks of southern Florida his fortunes were laundered alongside KMT drug money from Southeast Asia and CIA funds for secret wars against Castro the Tory Tory Torios government in Panama and the Nicaraguan Sandinistas trafficante even had connections in the White House when Watergate burst it was learned that four of Nixon's plumbers had worked for more controlled casinos and Batista's Cuba Nixon's drug war also employed CIA trained Bay of Pig veterans linked to trafficante's drug operations with heroin supplied by Hong Kong's KMT linked syndicates and with friends in high places trafficante had had by 1973 built the most powerful narcotics organization in the world in the world trafficante great heroin coup


They can't function without it When they block you, they will assume that you are suffering without them They will assume that you are unable to move on They will block you when they feel like they no longer have a use for you When they feel like you're no longer susceptible to them in relation But what they're actually doing is they're just putting you on the shelf Because they may need you again at a later date Which is why they will often come back to hoover you When the narcissist blocks you, it really has nothing to do with you as a person So please don't take it personally Don't see it as though there is something wrong with you Everything they do is the result of their own insecurities They block you because they feel insecure and They're trying to regain their control.  If you found this video helpful Please give it a thumbs up share your thoughts in the comment section Hit the subscribe button to receive the notifications if you would like to support the channel You can donate at paypal.me slash nark survivor You can book a one-on-one with me on my website It's narksurvivor.co.uk Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


Good afternoon, everybody. I am Paige Jarvie. I am Global Marketing Assistant, sitting in for Ms. Paula Selbin. And I'd like to welcome you to today's presentation and webinar on brand protection and product traceability. Over the next hour you will listen to findings of the report by author Donna Ritzen with DDR communications where she will discuss what's new, or excuse me, what's now what's new and what's changing. President of DDR Communications, Donna, has founded the company 25 years ago. DDR's business is based on a direct response methodology that delivers market research, market, excuse me, business development, strategic alliance, and marketing intelligence to companies in virtually every business to business industry. DDR's experience is backed by over 25 years in marketing communication. A few housekeeping notes before I hand it on over to Donna. Everybody has entered the webinar muted. And if you have any questions throughout the presentation, please feel free to use the bottom left chat box. And you will be able to type your questions in there, and we will go ahead and have those answered by Donna at the end of the presentation. The presentation will last about 45 to 50 minutes. And again, Donna will be able to answer any questions at the end. So at this time I would like to hand the webinar over to Donna. Thank you so much, Paige. And thank you everyone for joining the PMMI webinar series today. As Paige had indicated, this is a presentation on brand protection and product traceability. We undertook this project a couple of months ago, and one of the significant outcomes of this conversation that we had is that the war against fraudulent products is certainly going to be conquered if possible, but certainly fought with technology. And if we look at everything that's occurring in manufacturing today, integration and robotics, optics, data interpretation, these all play a very significant role in marking and coding and tracking products throughout the entire supply chain. So that's what I'll focus on this morning is certainly what's happening with recalls, counterfeiting products, fraud, tampering that's going on, diversion, which is leading products into the gray market. And as Paige had indicated, if you do have any questions as we go along, type them in and we can discuss them at the end. So as we all look at the news, it's significant. And I pulled this information from just a couple of weeks of news that was passing across my desk. And it's really amazing. It's theft is occurring with cargo theft. Recalls are absolutely significant and continuing to increase. If there's contamination or impurities in the products, it's causing recalls, mislabeling is causing recalls. And really the FDA has come out and said that it's certainly one of the most challenging things that they're being faced with in the history of the FDA is really providing a framework and the regulatory depth needed to really attack these problems. So it's something that we're seeing every day in our news. We are the consumers of a lot of these products. So it's certainly affecting us both from a standpoint of professionally and from the standpoint of personally being the consumers that are involved in these recalls and the different problems that are happening in the marketplace. So this morning I'll really talk about three different sections. What impact does this have on our global economy? What advances are taking place in the technology to be able to track products through the entire supply chain? And which of those technologies will really endure and last and which ones are emerging and being adapted? And then what equipment needs are behind this? What are companies still looking for? What help are they looking for from their suppliers? Certainly counterfeiting is becoming a worldwide epidemic and it's really affecting the production and foods and beverages and medicines and tracking these products up the supply chain and then all the way through the supply chain is what this research project undertook. So we'll look at that aspect completely. If we look first at how is this impacting the global economy? You would think that counterfeiting, when we think of counterfeiting or we think of fraud, it really was more in the personal products of handbags or shoes or different types of products that were easily counterfeited. But now it's really entering into producing fake foods and beverages and pharmaceuticals even to the point where packaging looks authentic. There's coding and marking on the product so it's really becoming much more difficult to determine an authentic product from a counterfeit product. And it's three to seven percent of the world trade is counterfeit products. And it's costing the economy one and a half trillion dollars in terms of the cost which involves many different costs of absconding these products, getting rid of these products, regulating these products, monitoring these products, tracking the products, coding the products. It's an enormous cost that's occurring. And it's growing at a rate two to three times faster than food beverage or pharmaceutical markets are even growing. It's moving at a kagar of 12 to 16 percent. And the reason there's such a big range there is because it's very difficult to get arms around this problem. Reporting from different ports is not always accurate. Sometimes it's not even occurring. So it's such a vast problem right now that it's very difficult for even experts predicting this to understand how big is the problem. And we are the greatest consumers of food and pharmaceuticals in the world. So 50 percent of the total growth in this market is really coming from North America. So we did study, as I've been saying, food, beverage, and pharmaceuticals. And since those markets are so completely different, let's just take a look here first at food and beverage and what's really happening in this market. And while it's really not intuitive to think of food and beverages being counterfeit or fraudulent, it really is a growing problem. 7 percent of the products in our grocery stores contain fraudulent ingredients. And it's a $10 to $15 billion industry in food fraud right now. And if you look at cargo theft, where is the majority of cargo theft coming? In fact, this was surprising finding the statistic. 24 percent of cargo theft is for food and beverages. And then after that it's electronics and home and garden products, which certainly seem more easy to counterfeit and then a whole host of other things that are attributed to cargo theft. But product recalls in this area, they're growing fourfold in the last four years. And as consumers, as I said earlier, we're seeing this significantly in our news, in our nightly news, the number of products that are being recalled. And 72 percent, 3 out of 4 recalls are related to food ingredients. And the cost of food recalls, what it's costing a company if they have a recall, is $10 million and that's probably low depending on the severity and the widespread recall that could be occurring. And 58 percent of the companies that we spoke with had been affected by a recall. And we recently gave this presentation at the PMMI annual meeting last week. And we asked the audience how many had been involved in a recall in terms of how many of their customers had either been involved in a recall or a victim of counterfeit or fraud. And it was over 90 percent of the audience that was listening in on this presentation. So the problem is certainly growing and escalating at an exponential rate. And if we look specifically now at pharma, which is a bit different in terms of how it's counterfeited and getting into the gray market, but it's counterfeiting and diversion is rampant in this industry. 40 percent of the drugs that we take are imported. 80 percent of the active ingredients that we take in our drugs in this country come from an offshore location. And this widening supply chain is what's causing the problems in terms of opening the opportunities for the whole counterfeit market. And it's certainly an opportunity for criminals to get into this market. And a lot of the sale of fraudulent medicines coming from Africa and South Pacific, it's at a tune of $5 billion and $75 billion revenue that's being derived from the counterfeit market. So the gray market is when it's an actual product that has been manufactured, and it goes out into the supply chain. So for instance, a pill could be manufactured in one country and then end up being shipped to a second country. And then it could end up being packaged maybe in Mexico and then end up in our pharmacies here in the U.S. so it transfers many different hands. And that's where product can be diverted and moved out of the market and disappear into the gray market. And then oftentimes those drugs are sold at a much higher rate. But with the serialization occurring by the late 2018, which is just two years from now, 75% of the world's prescription medications will be regulated and traveling through a supply chain that is regulated and tracked. So when we look at what's really driving some of this, certainly as I'd mentioned already, the globalization is really creating an increasingly complex supply chain. The cold supply chain is growing. We have regulations now, and I'm sure you're all familiar with FISMA that's driving the food and beverage towards more track and trace. I won't get into the details here, but PMMI did release a report earlier this year specifically addressing FISMA and the changing regulations and what's in place now. And then certainly serialization, which is also a regulation that's growing in the pharma industry and the medical device industry with their unique device identification. It will become more uniform. Tracking will become more serialized, both for pharma and medical device. And there's a PMMI has a report right now being undertaken in the pharma industry that is getting into this subject much more specifically in terms of serialization as well and finding out where companies are at in the process. So if we take a look now at who participated in the research report that these findings are being presented for, we talked, had 75 direct conversations and about 100 references and resources that are throughout this report that help substantiate the findings that we heard during our conversations. And we talked to the entire supply chain. We talked to suppliers of ingredients and materials and how are they tracking those products coming into a manufacturing plant. We talked to processing and packaging and transport as a product moves through the manufacturing process. How do they maintain that tracking integrity? And then when they ship it out to the warehouse and it goes to a retailer, what kind of coding and marking is taking place at each of those locations and where some of the weak links are? And we talked to a very good representation, obviously larger companies with the bigger majority, they're leading the way in a lot of the regulations of fisma and serialization, but also had a very good representation from medium-sized companies and small companies to find out what they're dealing with and what they're challenged with. And as I had said, we've talked, this was a report on food, beverage, and pharma. So if we look at the entire supply chain, it definitely requires checks and balances along the whole entire supply chain. So what companies are looking for is a fully integrated solution. It's got to have layers of sophistication in terms of being able to track the product. It has to be fully integrated, so all of the marking, coding, printing, reading, technologies all have to integrate into the manufacturing process. And it's got to be flexible to certainly adapt to different types of products, different types of materials, different sizes. And it's got to have a centralized system to track this information that's certainly something that within their own organization is being tracked, but in a broader sense, tracking it through the entire supply chain so that at every stage, as the product transfers from one stage to the next, whoever takes ownership next of that product is able to continue on with the tracking pedigree of that product. In the event of a recall, that information has to be immediately retrievable. There's no longer a grace period of you have a week to retrieve and recall that information. Everything must be immediately available to companies so that they can recall those products off the shelf as soon as any incident is discovered. And it was a bit surprising when we talked about how many companies are performing mock recalls to assure that their process is working and they can recall information instantaneously. 92%, which I found that to be a very comforting high level of companies that do feel they are very prepared for this. Certainly, it's not 100% in terms of all the different stages of the supply chain, and we'll take a look at that here in the next slide. So in the full report, each one of these sections or moving through the supply chain is looked at very carefully in terms of what are they using, how are they marking in it, what types of marking are they using. But here I've given you just a bit of an overview. Otherwise, we'd be here on the phone for quite a long time to go through each stage of the supply chain. But as I said, that is in detail in the full report. So if we look at this, in terms of there's two weak links that are occurring, and it's occurring when a product or an ingredient or a material is moving into the manufacturing process. So being able to verify the authenticity of those ingredients that there's been no contamination that's been occurring, that they're actually getting the product. This is something that the industry continues to work on. 1D barcodes are being used consistently throughout the entire supply chain. But there's also 2D barcode is significantly growing. It can hold more information. It can move the product through with a greater level of verification and authenticating a product. QR codes and smart labeling is certainly growing. Temperature sensors, as the cold chain expands even in our own country, but also offshore, temperature sensors are needed to make sure that those products are moving through and are staying at a consistent temperature. But if we look again at the end of the supply chain, so as products move out of the manufacturing process, then they're exposed again to having counterfeit fraud or even contamination entering into the process. So in the warehouse level, there's that link. Certainly the warehouse takes over with a lot of warehouse management systems. But communicating that information along the supply chain is the goal of the whole track and trace process. In the warehouse and in the retail chain now, wearable scanning devices is certainly growing and automated picking is growing to help eliminate some of the mistakes that could be made in terms of moving products through the supply chain as well. So it's really a very complex subject to look at. I've tried to simplify it here, but as I said, there's definitely more detail in the full report. So if we look at talking about what types of technology will be prevailing the years ahead, certainly barcodes will continue to anchor this technology. Smart technology will continue to grow. In fact, our smartphones will be something that we will rely on even more. Certainly with QR codes, we're able to authenticate a product, get more information on a product, and this would be with food and pharmaceuticals. So encrypted technologies will certainly be the leader in moving products through the supply chain for track and trace. 3D is emerging, which is really just a color-coded barcode or a color-coded matrix of a 2D code. And we did hear about invisible barcode technology or even more miniature barcoding, certainly as clear packaging grows in popularity and clean labeling growing in terms of having less ingredients in the product, but certainly more on a label. The need for smaller or invisible barcoding is a technology that we'll possibly see continue to grow. Smart labeling and tags is growing, particularly on perishable foods predicted in the next five years. That's going to grow at a pretty significant rate of 17% Kegar, very high growth. And the use of RFID, we studied RFID probably 20 years ago, and at that time it was predicted to grow significantly and it never really took off. In the next 10 years or in the past 10 years, it has found some niches in terms of being used for internal tracking assets, being used in the cold chain. Inc. now, the development of Smart Inc. is growing and embedding RFID with those Smart Inc. with an antenna. So RFID will continue to grow, not certainly as fast. In the next few years it's predicted to grow at about 5%. But we did hear that general use, both pharma food and beverage, all said that they predict it will have some kind of growth, but it's certainly not predicted to continue to grow at the rate that it has been predicted in the past. So if we look at what is being used in terms of the type of marking systems, Incjet prevails. It's been around for a long time. Laser though, we heard a significant amount of laser growing in this market just because of the technology that it offers. It certainly has the ability to be put on many different types of materials and thermal transfer as well. So if we look at which one will be more popular, that's a difficult prediction to make, because it depends on the material, the product, where is it going, how far is it being tracked, what's the value of the product, how much tracking does it actually need. And certainly human readable codes will always be around. We, as the consumers, will need to know what the expiration date is, where was it manufactured, if there's any type of coding on that that identifies that product, if it were in a recall, we would need to be able to read that information. So human readable is certainly going to continue. If we look at some of the new technologies, again I mentioned our smartphones, they're going to significantly play a role in some of these markings as we go forward. So we did some research in terms of what new technology is out there, what innovation is occurring. And covert or invisible watermarks, while none of these technologies are being overwhelmingly adopted, they are out there for a product that has high value and definitely needs to have more... Thank you. Please stand by.


Hello and welcome to the session on communication using UDP. At the end of this session, students will be able to introduce client server communication using connectionless iterative service offered by UDP. Unix Socket Programming Sockets are communication points on the same or different computers to send and receive data. Unix are supported by Unix, Windows or Mac OS and many other operating systems. What is a socket? Sockets allow communication between two different processes on the same or different machines. For more likely, it's a way to talk to other computers using standard Unix file descriptors. In Unix, every IO action is done by writing or reading a file descriptor. A file descriptor is just an integer associated with an open file and it can be a network connection, a text file, a terminal or something else. To a programmer, a socket looks and behaves much like a low-level file descriptor. This is because commands such as read and write work with sockets in the same way they do with the files and pipes. The sockets feature is now available with most current Unix system releases. A Unix socket is used in a client server application framework. A server is a process that performs some functions on request from a client. Most of the applications' level protocols like FTP, SMTP and POP3 make uses of the socket to establish connection between client server and then exchanging data. Address classes. IP addresses are managed and created by the Internet Authority of Assigning Names and Numbers i.e. ICANN. There are five different address classes. You can determine which class of IP is in by examining the first four bits of the IP addresses. Class A address begins with the 1 to 126 decimal, Class B address begins with 128 to 191 decimal, Class C address begins with 192 to 223 decimals, Class D address begins with 224 to 239 decimals, Class C address begins with 240 to 254 decimal client server model. Most of the net applications use the client server architecture which refers to two processes or two applications that communicate with each other to exchange some information. One of the two processes acts as a client process and another process acts as a server process, the client process. So this is the process which typically makes a request for information. After getting the response, this process may terminate or may do some other processing. For example, Internet Browser works as a client application which sends a request to the web browser to get one HTML page, the server process. So this is the process which takes a request from the client after getting a request from the client. This process will perform the required processing. It gather requested information and send it to the requester client. Once doing this, it becomes ready to serve another client, server processes are always alert and ready to serve incoming requests. For example, web server keeps waiting for requests from internet browsers and as soon as it gets any request from a browser, it picks up a requested HTML page and send it back to that browser. The systems calls for establishing a connection are somewhat different for the client and the server. But both involve the basic construct of a socket. Both the processes establish their own sockets. So here are some steps involved in establishing a socket. On the client side, create a socket with the socket system call. Connect the socket to the address of the server using the connect system call. Then send to and receive from data, there are number of ways to do this. But the simplest way is to use the send to and receive from functions. How to make server? So here are some steps involved in establishing a socket on the server side. First create a socket with socket system call. Then bind the socket to an address using the bind system call. For a server socket on the internet, an address consists of a port number on the host machine. Listen for connection with the listen system call. Then accept a connection with the accept system call. This call typically blocks the connection until a client connects with the server. At the end, send and receive data using read and write system calls or send to and receive functions. So here the figure shows the flow diagram for communication using UDP. The server process. The server process starts first. The server process calls the socket function to create a socket. Then it calls the bind function to bind the socket to its well-known port and then IP address to the computer on which the server process is running. The server then calls the receive from function which blocks until a datagram arrives. When the datagram arrives, the receive from function unblocks and extracts the client socket address and address link from the received datagram and returns them to the process. The process saves these two pieces of information and calls a procedure to handle the request. When the result is ready, the server process calls the send to function and use saved information to send to the result to the client that requested it as shown in the figure. The server uses an infinite loop to respond to the request coming from the same client or on different clients. The client process. The client process is simple. The client calls the socket function to create a socket. Then it calls the send to function to pass the socket address of the server and the location of the buffer from which the UDP can get data. The client then calls the receive from function calls that blocks until the reply arrives from the server. When the reply arrives, the UDP delivers the data to the client process which makes the receive function to unblock and delivers the data received to the client process. Here you can assume that the client message is so small so that it can fit into a single datagram. If the client message is too large, then we have to need two function calls send to and receive from. The server is not aware of multi-datagram communication. It handles each request. So the variables use in the client process and the variables use in the server process. Here you can see the program for Ecoserver. Here you can see in line 14 creates a socket. At line 16 to 19, create the local socket address. The remote socket address will be created in line 24. Line 20 binds the socket to the local socket address. Line 22 to 26 receive and send datagrams. It can be from many clients. When the server receives a datagram from a client, the client socket address and the length of the socket address are returned to the server. Here you can see the client program and ECO client process. Here we assume that the client send only one datagram to the ECODE by this. Here line 12 creates a socket. Lines 14 to 17 show how to create the server socket address and there is no need for create the client socket address here. Lines 19 to 25 read a string from the keyboard and send it to the server and receives it back. Line 23 adds a null character to the received string to make it visible in line 25. In line 27 we are going to close the socket. Here pause the video think and answer. The answer is A that is sent to. Here are my references. Thank you.