I hope that you will get the resources that are available to you from Prophecy Files. You can go online at paceassembly.org, paceassembly.org and get more resources concerning last day Bible prophecy teaching and I believe it will be a blessing to you. Now let me talk to you about the fig tree generation. One of the signs to this generation found in Matthew 24 is what is identified as the parable of the fig tree that Jesus spoke of. In the Olivet Discourse there in Matthew 24 Jesus reveals to his disciples the end of the age. Now follow Matthew 24. It says in verse 32, Now learn a parable of the fig tree, which his branch is yet tender and puteth forth leaves. You know that summer is nigh. So likewise ye, when ye shall see all these things, know that it is near even at the doors. Verily I say unto you that this generation shall not pass till all these things be fulfilled. Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away. Verse 36 says, But of that day and hour, knoweth no man, know not the angels of heaven, but my Father only. There's four things that I want to draw your attention to in this passage of Scripture. An event will be signaled as imminent by the budding of the fig tree in verse 32 and 33. And then a generation shall not pass before all these things are fulfilled. Thirdly, we can be sure that Jesus Christ will return as he promised according to verse 35 in that passage. And then in verse 36, we can't know exactly or the hour or the day when Jesus will return that's held in the mind of God. Now with those things in mind, let me share with you a little bit of background concerning the fig tree. We find the very first reference of the fig tree found where Adam and Eve used fig leaves to cover their nakedness after the sin in the book of Genesis chapter 2 and chapter 3. In Mark chapter 11 in the New Testament, it wasn't the time for the figs at this particular occasion when Jesus was passing by and cursed the fig tree. While some will reveal that in Israel there is the time in the spring and the time in the fall when figs will come out, they'll come out in their smaller form in the earlier time, but there was nothing there, no fruit when Jesus came by. Many believe that this is without a doubt when Jesus cursed the tree, He was cursing the nation of Israel because of their unbelief, no fruitfulness there. In Matthew 21, the Bible speaks of an area called Bethfigae. It is literally the house of figs just outside of the city of Jerusalem on the Mount of Olives. The Bible says that they were hungry, Jesus and the disciples were, and when Jesus saw the fig tree and it was not producing the figs like He wanted it to be, He cursed it and it withered away. When they passed back by, Peter spoke up and was an amazement to see that the fig tree had literally lost its leaves and its limbs. And because of that, Jesus takes that opportunity to teach them a lesson about faith. They were amazed at it and Jesus said to them, Verily I say unto you, if you have faith and doubt not, you shall not only do this which has been done to the fig tree, but also you shall say to this mountain, Be thou removed and be thou cast into the sea and it shall be done. The amazing thing is that they are standing on the Mount of Olives right there in the very location where an earthquake will open up in the book of Revelation 19 and the water from the Mediterranean will flow 1300 feet below sea level down to the dead sea and make it come alive again. He's literally saying that these things are going to come to pass. Now with that in mind, we're talking about the fig tree generation. The re-establishment of the nation of Israel is the foremost sign to our generation that Christ's return is imminent. In fact, from the parable of Jesus, the fig tree is the key to the understanding of which generation will witness the return of the Lord and throughout all the nation of Israel, God has given to us this sign of the nation of Israel, the re-establishment of Israel that we cannot ignore. In fact, many people choose to do such, to ignore it completely. But since Jesus' generation has passed and no other generation in history has produced all the signs that Jesus spoke of in Matthew 24, then he must be speaking about that generation that would see the re-establishment of the nation of Israel and the signs that would follow. Some people, of course, would make reference to the olive tree being representative of the nation of Israel and certainly we would agree and the fig tree has made reference throughout the Word of God to the nation of Israel. Specifically in this place, you don't see Israel attached to it, but it's certain that the budding of a fig tree, letting us know that summer is nigh, is an indicator of last day events and if Israel certainly is the fig tree, then we must pay close attention to it. Jesus is saying then that the first seasonal move that takes place is the budding of the fig tree and then opening up the door that summer would be then close by. The fig tree is one of the last trees to bud in the spring, so when it brings forth its leaves, people know that summer is right around the corner. If Israel is the fig tree represented in Matthew 24 and Israel becomes a nation again and it has, as a sign of the seasonal changes, then we are that generation that will see the coming of the Lord. Some don't believe that Israel represents the fig tree, but many scriptures support it. In Hosea, he compares the people of Israel to figs. He says in chapter 9 verse 10, I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness, and I saw your fathers as the first fruits on the fig tree in its first season. Isaiah compares it to the plants and the vineyards, and Isaiah 5 and 7, for the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel, and the men of Judah are his pleasant plant. In Joel chapter 1 verse 6 and 7, the Bible says, This for a nation has come up against my land strong and without number. His teeth are the teeth of a lion. He has the fangs of a fierce lion and has laid waste my vine, talking about Israel, and ruined my fig tree. He has stripped it bare, thrown it away. Its branches are made white. Amos also predicts that God would plant his people again in their land. These prophecies show that Israel would become a nation again, which found its fulfillment in 1948. And all these passages and more point to the nation of Israel being that fig tree. Some say that these passages about the fig tree are just analogies to show that people who see the signs will know the return of Jesus is near, and they're correct. But in that, the increasing of the signs show us the nearness of Christ's return. And we cannot discount that Israel is represented here by the fig tree. Now, the sign of the fig tree is the beginning of the last generation according to the Scripture. The budding of that fig tree gives us an indication that Jesus is about to return. Now, when you speak of that passage of Scripture that Jesus talked about, he said this generation would not pass away. So the question comes, what is a generation? Well, there's varying degrees and opinions concerning a generation throughout the Word of God. But let me just take you through a few things to consider about generations and what has happened in each one of these particular generations. In 1897, the year of the very first Zionist Congress to 2017 is 120 years. In 1917, the year of the Balfour Declaration, that was 100 years ago to 2017. That's another indicator in the Scripture of a particular generation. In 1947 and 1948, the year that Israel was reborn as a nation, that's 70 years to this very celebration that just took place. That's another generational indicator. And then in 1967, when the city of Jerusalem was retaken by Israel, that's a 50-year mark, a Jubilee year, another generational mark to 2017. And in 1977, 78, in the year that Israel actually reached a mature level at the 40-year mark, this was a time of testing that they'd been in and brings us to the year of 2017-2018. So my friends, you can see that we are that fig tree generation that has seen the budding of the nation of Israel as an indicator that Jesus is about to return. So how much time does the fig tree generation have left? Well, I've used this passage of Scripture at many occasions, especially at the funerals of individuals who've gone on to be with the Lord. And the Scripture in Psalm 90, verse number 10, is a powerful one. The days of our years are three-score years and ten. And if by reason of strength they are four-score years, yet is their strength, labor, and sorrow, for it is soon cut off and we fly away. We need to understand and realize when the fig tree generation is occurring. And the rebirth of the state of Israel 1948 is the marking, I believe, of the fig tree generation, which is a 70-year mark. In this passage of Scripture in Psalm 90, it talks about the 70 years, three-score and ten, that's 70. And perhaps even 10 more, 80 years before there is this sorrow, labor, and we are cut off and fly away. What's the point? The point is, we are at that 70-year mark. Could it be that even now, as we've witnessed the rebirth of Israel, the establishment of the capital now, even by the United States and many other countries of Israel being Jerusalem, and the signs are all around us indicating that we are that fig tree generation. Of course, we can't know, according to the Scripture, the day nor the hour, but we can know the season. And there is an indicator from the parable of the fig tree found in the song of Solomon. This is what it says in chapter 2, verse 8. The voice of my beloved, behold, he comes leaping upon the mountains, skipping upon the hills. My beloved is like a row or a young heart. Behold, he standeth behind the wall and looketh forth at the window showing himself through the lattice. Now listen to verse 10. My beloved spake and said to me, Rise up, my love, my fair one, and come away. He says in verse 13, the fig tree puteth forth her green figs. That's early. And the vines with the tender grapes give a good smell. And then he says again, arise, my love, my fair one, and come away. Two times right here, the bridegroom is saying arise. I believe the first will be the dead in Christ that rise first. The second is that we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together. The Bible is very clear, my friends, as we're watching the budding and the maturing of the nation of Israel as an indicator of the return of Jesus Christ. While we may not know the day nor the hour, we certainly can know the seasons, and the Bible gives us this admonition in 1 Thessalonians 5.  But ye, brethren, you're not in darkness, that that day should overtake you as a thief. You're all children of the light that are born again, and the children of the day were not of the night nor of the darkness. Therefore, don't sleep as others, but let us watch and be sober. The Bible tells us that we are not appointed under wrath in verse number 9 of that same chapter, but to obtain salvation to live together with Him. We're admonished to comfort one another with these words. How important that it is that as we see it happening as the fig tree of Israel is budding, we can know that we are that generation that will see the coming of the Lord. I want to encourage you to stay ready and watching because Jesus Christ could come at any time. Till the next time we get together, remember Jesus Christ is coming soon.


Γεια σας και ευχαριστώ για έναν τελευταίο τελευταίο βίντεο σήμερα. Δεν υπάρχει τελευταία, δεν υπάρχει τελευταία. Εγώ θα δημιουργήσω ένα οικονομιουργείο. Είμαι ακόμα στο πρόεδρο της δημιουργήτητας μου. Και θα θέλω να δημιουργήσω κάτι που έχει να κάνει με φορές που είναι πολύ δημιουργείο στην εξογραφία. Είμαι θέα να κάνω τρία από αυτά. Έτσι έχω ένα τρίο στον κόσμο. Έτσι θα σημαίνω σήμερα το πρώτο. Και αν έχετε αρκετά και εξογραφή, δημιουργήσω στον κόσμο όπως μπορώ να σημαίνω τα next two projects that I have planned. Τα τελευταία που θα παίρνω είναι τα Οριαντα λίκες. Αυτό είναι σε ένα τελευταίο. Θα φύγουμε τα κομμάτια, όπως και δύο τελευταίες που κομμάσουν τα πέτα σου. One for cutting out the stem. And one dye that cuts out three leaves. Αυτό είναι ένα τελευταίο που κομμάσει τρία. These flowers are very easy to put together. Although this is one of the realistic flower collections. By spellbinders and some can be really intricate. And take lots of time to put together. This one is the easiest of them all. So all you have to do is to dye cut those petals. Just once to create one flower. Then you can dye cut the stem and dye. And you can cut out everything from white cardstock like I'm doing here. And then you can color everything with your markers.   And then you can color everything with your markers.  And since I'm going to run my platform through the dye cutting machine. I better get as many dye cuts as I can. I will show you step by step how I put together this flower. And I'm starting by adding a touch of pale pink at the center of the petals. I'm starting from the center and adding some brush strokes. Making sure that they don't cover up completely the whole petal. I want that to mainly stay white. Now in the Spellbinders YouTube channel you will find videos on how you can put all those three dimensional flowers that are designed by Susan. They are step by step videos very easy to follow. I made sure to check them out. But of course you can be creative and add your very own touch. Now I'm going to bring another marker. A pale orange or dark yellow. I'm going to add a little bit at the center. I'm not covering up as much area as I did with the pink one. And this is going to kind of oversaturate the center of the petals. The project I'm making today is great for home decor which is exactly what I'm going to use it for. As well as for a gift. And you can definitely put those flowers on top of a card if you like. But it is going to turn out quite dimensional. Now I'm using a Prismacolor pencil that I have sharpened into a very fine tip. And I'm going to use that to add some dots on my petals. Now since this is a project that is going up on my wall I want to be quite detailed. I'm taking my time enjoying the process. After all this is a project that I will be looking at every day. The exact name of the Prismacolor pencil that I'm using here is Crimson Lake that's PC925 but it really doesn't matter all you need is a dark red pencil. And I will repeat the same process on the other die cut. Now I will be working with my tool in one and the different nips that you get from the ultimate set so that I can add some dimension and actually sculpt all those petals. First of all I'm adding a stroke at the center of all these leaves. I'm going to fold them back and then bring in my Prismacolor pencil again so that I can add a line at that crease. If you go online and look for color variations for oriental lilies you will find a ton of them. And here's a photo of one similar to what I'm trying to create here.  I will use my reversible tweezers and my tool in one with the ball nib at the end so that I can add a little bit of dimension at the tip of each of the petals. If you go to the Spellbinders website and look for the collection which is called Susan's Garden you will find an amazing collection of three dimensional flowers. Other of them take more time to put together. This is one of the easiest ones since it only has six petals but they are all so much fun. They make gorgeous flowers that you can not only use for home decor or for your card making. You can also use them for gift decoration purposes so you can stick one of those wonderful flowers at the top of a box or on a gift bag. And here is how it looks all finished. Just stick one inside the other just beautiful. Now I'm going to work on the stemmen and I will show you how easy it is to use glitter. I'm just going to add some color and I'm following the photo so the main part is going to be green and the tips are going to be orange. For adding color I'm just using my alcohol markers and at the tips of these dies you can either leave them as they are you can stick a little bit of flock if you like which is something that Susan does and they turn just gorgeous. I didn't have any in my stash so now I'm going to hold that die from the side at the bottom I'm going to add the line of glue and then I'm going to wrap it around the tip of my tweezers hold it for a few seconds until the glue is set then I'm going to fluff it up and it's ready to go at the center of my flower. Now here is where I decided that I wanted to add a little bit of shine at the center so I'm just going to dip it in glue and stick it inside my jar of glitter then dip the bottom on glue and stick it at the center just hold it there for a few seconds until the glue is set now I repeated this process to create two more identical flowers and now let's move on to the leaves and let's see what I did for them they are really easy to put together and add some dimension again I'm going to use my tooling one one of the tools at the tip to draw a line at the center of the leaves all the way from the top to the bottom then you can use your fingers and fold them in half making sure that the good side is at the top so I have a mountain there and if you find that these leaves are quite small for your hands to fold them in half just use your tweezers now I'm going to use very light green Distress Oxide ink and I know that Distress Oxide ink stays nicely on top of dark cardstock so I'm just going to swipe at that peak at the top of the mountain then I'm folding that leaf back up and now I can use the ball tip to add some dimension at the tip if I want to now Susan in her videos is using pan pastels for that lighter green line but if you have Distress Oxide ink it does the same job if you find creating those dimensional flowers really satisfying and fun then I would definitely recommend to get the ultimate kit for Susan's garden collection so you will get the tool in one with lots and lots of nibs there are some for creating indentations on the leaves and the flowers there are others with ball tips all making paper sculpting really easy so here is what comes in that ultimate kit along with the tool in one and the nibs you will get tweezers, reversible tweezers all with very fine tips a pair of scissors and then you get mats that you can work on a non-stick one for coloring a white one for creating indentations and the foamy one for creating all that dimension and they all come in a lovely zipper bag nicely organized absolutely in love with this kit anyway now I am going to work on the boots for that I just die cut them twice out of light yellow cardstock as they are they look quite flat so I need to add some shadows to turn them kind of dimensional and more realistic after all I do have very dimensional flowers to go with those so I am just playing here with my Distress Oxide ink shadows and trying to decide how it's going to look better I do have two sets because I am planning to cut out the bottom from one of the sets of the boots and stick them on top of the other this is going to give it some dimension and at the same time you will be able to see a different color at the bottom there is also an indentation when you cut out those boots so I know exactly where I am supposed to cut out after playing with the Distress Oxide ink I decided that I wanted the bottom part to be dark brown so when I place it there it's going to look like that and then for the top boots the ones that you are actually going to see I am going to use my Distress Oxide and I believe that was Wild Honey and I am going to add some shadows just by using my Barely Art Glue at the back I am going to stick one on top of the other this is going to make it sturdier thicker and it's going to look absolutely stunning I think at this stage the only thing that is missing is some shine of those boots you cannot do that by glazing all over the boots or if you want you can do what I did I am just going to go over them with my VersaMark ink make sure that it is all nice and wet and then I am going to apply on top clear embossing powder I am making sure that my boots everywhere is completely covered with my clear embossing powder and then I am bringing in my heat gun and make sure that everything is melted and sometimes just one extra step on an element really brings it to life that shine on those boots really made them come to life now I am going to walk on my background for that I decided to stay quite simple to mix with the background here so all I did was just spray with light blue Distress Oxide ink I am also adding some splashes I do add more water to help that ink move around and I am just going to dry it completely now to keep everything quite subtle but at the same time add some interest at the background I am doing some stamping I am using the same color of Distress Oxide ink that I used for spraying my background and I am just dumping here and there in different areas it is very subtle but still it is there it adds a touch of visual texture now the wooden frames that I like to use are about 8x8 in size the inside area is slightly smaller I did measure the watercolor paper before I went and sprayed on top but it fits perfectly inside now all I have to do is to put the whole thing together and I did add a foam tape at the back of those boots so to keep them kind of dimensional in a curve by the way those wooden frames are coming a bulk and I get them from Amazon they are in a great price if you want to check them out I will leave a link below but there are many brands of them I like them because you can create easily shadowboxes like shadowbooks that have a glass on top although it keeps your project protected from dust I don't like that glare so I prefer having it like that now as you can see I already have my flowers down I am going to embellish them with leaves all around and of course if you have more sets of flower dies from Susan's garden you can even mix and match flowers and leaves to make it look fuller or if you don't you can use the same dies to create identical flowers but in different colors now I always like to have a motivational quote in my art that's why I went with one of the teamholes stickers this one says there is beauty in simplicity and I think it is perfect for this project I had so much fun creating this project it's going straight on my wall and I do have plans for creating two more I have already chosen the flowers I am going to link down below to the whole collection by Susan's I am sure you will have lots of fun checking them out and you will probably find your favorite flower so I hope that you had fun today that you got inspired don't forget to leave me a comment and like the video if you did and also leave me a comment down below and let me know if you want to see the two extra projects that I am planning to do for a full trio on my wall thank you all for watching and I'll see you all next time


Hi, Sophie. Good morning, my beautiful internet friends. Welcome back to a very snowy day here in Colorado. Temperatures have plummeted and we just got like seven inches of snow last night. So with that being said, I'm staying home. So is Brian. Our puppies are loving it.  I'm wearing blue eyeshadow, which I never have in my life. I feel like I belong in the 80s when everyone wore bright blue eyeshadow, but I'm rocking it today. We're liking it. If you watched my last video, you will know that I am not wearing my prosthetic leg much these days this week. My knee is still not feeling great, but because I've been a good patient and I've been taking it easy. I haven't made it worse. I've been icing my knee and it's gotten a little bit better. So I'm gonna wear my prosthetic for a little bit today, just hanging out here at home, see how it feels, kind of mark any spots that I think really don't feel well so that I can bring it into my prosthetic guide tomorrow because I have an appointment and we can address those things. But I realized I've never actually walked in the snow with my prosthetic leg and today is the day to do it. I'm known by my friends not to be a particularly graceful person when it comes to walking. Very clumsy and off balance. So I'm not sure if walking in the snow is necessarily the brightest idea, but I think it'd be a lot of fun. Plus it's pretty outside and I'd like to get some sunshine. It'll be an experiment. Let's adventure, come along with me. Somebody's very upset that she's not outside right now. Are you so sad, Sophie?  Oh, good girl. And she's content to stay inside with my heating pad right here. And Sadie's just along for, I mean, literally whatever. You're such a good dog. What is this? What are you doing? What is this? She lost her tennis ball underneath the TV stand. Are you very sad, Sophie? Good morning, sunshine. Endless dog hair as far as the eye can see. I bet you anything, there's someone's waiting for me. Oh, hi there. By the way, about a week ago, I went out with a friend of mine and I wore like tall boots, right? That kind of cover all the portions of my leg that could possibly be showing. And it was so, it's so interesting to be out in public, walking around, because I was just using one crutch at that point before my knee got bad. And like how people perceive me is not the biggest thing, but it definitely is an aspect of all of this, of like adjusting to life as an amputee and wearing a prosthetic leg and all of that. It was interesting to kind of experiment around with people not knowing that I was an amputee, right? Like unless I told them or come up in conversation, I could just be normal, normal's a dumb word, but be normal if I wanted to. And I haven't had that ability or that capability for over a year. I am conspicuous wherever I go, no matter what. And now it's getting to a place where I may have days where I have options where I can be like, you know what, I don't want this to be a conversation point. I don't wanna talk about it. And so I can wear tall boots or jeans or whatever where it's not gonna be obvious. And that's, it's cool to have that option. What do you think the over under is on the sitting and falling outside? I think it's solid 50-50. We're gonna find out now, aren't we? Yeah. Oh, look at us. Walk in. Oh yeah.  Look at that. Mm-mm-mm. Come on now. Ooh, yes. So he's very excited about this. I like what's happening here. It's kinda nice cause it's like a soft landing on my foot. It's like kind of padded. Terrible idea. Probably. Probably. Actually, yeah, I'd say yeah. Easy to walk in snow. Well, we're all very impressed with you. You don't sound impressed. Now let me film you. No, I don't film well. We're really using that crutch as a crutch. Metaphorically and physically. Oh, the obstacle. Uh-oh. Can I have it? She's no. Nope. Can I have it? Oh, look at the shimmery. I'd call this a success. It is a success. Now you should stay out here for a little while. It was real cold. So, uh... I mean, look at me. Look what I'm wearing. This one's sexy, isn't it? Yes, there we go. Look at that outfit, guys. Clothing choice on point. Mm-mm-mm. So keeping in mind that my bar or my threshold is pretty darn low, what should the next thing that I do with a leg feet? And also, when do we think of the blue eye shadow? Let me know in the comment section down below. Thank you guys so much for watching a very silly and fairly pointless video, but hey, it's snowing outside and it's little things. Sometimes light-hearted and easy is just light-hearted and easy. Look at them. They're lazy bums. They don't even work. You're good girls. I love you guys. I'm picking a view and I'll see you in the next video. Bye, guys.


My name is Muhammad Sharif. I'm the director of the Afro-American Republic Party. Our mission is to serve the best interest of the black population, the black American population of America so that they're able to determine their own future. And there's no better way for one to determine his own future independent of self-governance. And as we know, aligned with American values, we believe in freedom for all. We believe in freedom and liberty for all. And so if that is really true, and if that is not something that is reserved only for particular races, then I think it is something that white America can also be a part of. And by this, I mean that it is something that is as American as patriotism. While we live as black people in America, within a powerful nation, under subtle colonial rule, it is clear that our current reality falls short of what we deserve. We face poverty, lack political representation, and experience constant abuse from governmental forces and legal institutions. I think we can all understand what that looks like. To bring about the change we seek, we need to deliberately summon a revolution which is also a value of America. America believes in revolutions. We need to bring forth a revolution for the future generation. So what does this change look like for black Americans concerning self-governance? Firstly, I want to clarify that we can, we are capable of governing ourselves. And this has to be said because for the longest times, especially based on how history unfolded, we were brainwashed and conditioned into thinking that we cannot govern ourselves, that we were physically and spiritually inferior simply because of our skin color. And this is obviously, as we know today, false. It is not real. It is not true. Nobody is inferior to another based on their skin color. If a white person can do something, a black person can do that thing. If a black person can do something, a white person can do it too. This is the reality of this world. So when it comes to capacity, of course black people in America can govern themselves. And the reason why they need to govern themselves is because America is not treating them the way that it treats other American citizens. So like any groups of people, we need to recognize that we are a nation already. Not in the physical form of one, but definitely in the non-physical form. And this is true in any situation where you have a group of people. They have a shared history, a shared language, and usually have been mistreated. And so this is what a nation is. And what happens is after these individuals recognize that they deserve better, they establish themselves and they become a collective. And so this is the birth of a political organization. And from that point on, what happens is that these individuals are able to define their physical, geographical location, their territory. And the most challenging part comes from the point which they have an organization, a political organization, and a defined territory.  And this is the most challenging, lengthy part of this process of building a nation, confronting your colonial rule. However, as we have seen in history, it is possible to confront them even if you are in a disadvantageous position. It is possible. It is all about your willingness to attain true liberty in all of the meaning of that word. If we are truly people who believe in American values, then we have to understand that that should not exclude black Americans. We deserve as well the American quote unquote dream. So we feel the need to govern ourselves for those reasons. We own what? 5% of the wealth being 14%. We have 65% being Europeans who own 80% of the wealth. Already you already see there, I don't even need to get into more statistics for one to understand that there is clear racial discrimination happening in America, but in a subtle covert way so that others will not notice. But when you read the numbers which is produced by the US Census, the government, it is very evident that America is indeed still very much a racist nation. So once these people collectively create a political front and they have defined their location, and just for reference, the South has approximately 20 million black Americans. And it is the only place in America that has the highest population of black people in close proximity. There's nowhere else in America that has that type of situation. We are 40 million. About 20 million of us live in the South. That is a good start. And so this is possible.  Many black leaders have talked about this, but they were not in a position in which they can attain that thing. Because of course they had other challenges. They were too busy fighting for simpler rights. Obviously we couldn't even attend the same restaurants as white people. So of course they had to address that issue before they talked about self-governance. They got us here. The only reason why we are where we are today and we have all the rights that we have today as black Americans is because our leaders have fought for it. We had organizations who fought for it to take us to where we are today. And they did not bring us here in this position so that we can stall and be politically inactive in the sense of going to the next level and producing a better quality of life for the coming generation. They have not brought us here to just stall. They have brought us here so that we can continue on fighting so that we can get our children to a better quality of life than we had. We can't be comparing ourselves to our past generations. Of course they realized that what was going on around them was not what they wanted their kids to grow up in. So they died. They fought. They went through so much so that they can get us to where we are. And we owe it to our children to do the same thing. And there's no better way for us to determine our own destiny than having self-governance. There is no better way. There's nothing better than that. And that is just the truth. So what does this mean from the point in which we apply this to reality? Well, this is just a matter of our willingness to achieve true liberty. In all the meaning of that word, if we're willing to really achieve and we're actually serious about liberty, because we throw this word around, black liberty, black power, very loosely, and we also throw around the word revolution. But do we really know what a revolution is? Do we really know what black power is? Because we have not seen a revolution here in America for black people, of course. We have not seen black power in America. Not true black power. We have not seen it. All these things that we throw around loosely, but we're not willing to fight for.  You can never gain liberty in a non-assertive manner.  We know this to be true. We know this to be true. It does not take you that much research for you to understand that America is one of the most violent nations on this earth, even to date today. This is the truth. It is not my opinion. Go pick up an article about geopolitics. It is not that hard for you to confirm this reality. So what does this mean for us? What is the next step? We have to support this idea of bringing black America together under one umbrella. It's not very clear what this looks like, because for the longest time, we had America, the U.S. government, fighting against our unity. We had the FBI, we had the CIA, especially notably in the 60s. They have worked and killed our leaders. They have undermined, villainized, and did everything in their power to prevent us from what we deserve. And do you really think that that same institution will just hand you your rights?  If you want true liberty as a black American, then you must be willing to die for it, because that is the true value, the true price of liberty. And so I invite everybody to join this political organization so that we can sit at a table and talk about what liberty looks like. I don't believe that I have all of the answers, but what I do know is that unity needs to exist within the black American population. Let's sit at a table and talk and discuss our future. Everybody else sits at a table and talks about their future. Why are we not sitting at a table and talking about our future? Because if you don't sit at a table and talk about your future, that doesn't mean that you're not going to have a future. It just means that you're going to be a subservient component of somebody else's future. And that is exactly what is happening today. Black people, their art, their talents, it's being exploited. And who is it benefiting? Not us. It's not benefiting us. It's benefiting other people because we haven't sat at a table and defined our future and what we expect. So I'm inviting black America to sit at a table and talk about their future. That is simply what I'm doing. Come and sit at the same table, these black leaders need to come. We have black leaders today. They need to come and sit at the same table and discuss their future. And of course, we have individuals who are not black who support human rights. We have black Americans and also white Americans and everybody in between who supports human rights and liberty and justice.   If you are for freedom and justice, as you say you are for everybody, then you must be able to also support black people's efforts for freedom and justice. You have to. It is your moral obligation to do so. So we invite everybody to join us in the Afro-American Republic Party to help us form black self-determination, black liberty, black self-governance. And you can help us by reaching out to contact Afro-AmericanRepublicatgmail.com. We also have social media platforms that people can reach out to. And we also have a digital sign-up sheet for people to be able to sign up to join the political organization. And anybody else who wants to support us can attend our conference. They can attend our social gatherings and they can promote our efforts in both physical form as well as social media form because we live in a day and age in which social media is very prominent. So of course you can help us in the sense of social media as well. And so everybody is welcome to join this effort in one capacity or another. Of course this is an African-American Republic Party, so it is an African-American Republic Party. But everybody else who is not an African-American can certainly support us from the outside. Thank you guys for joining me.


Welcome to this brief introduction to StringApp Enrichment Analysis. I've already covered in an earlier presentation how Cytoscape StringApp allows you to bring StringNetworks into the Cytoscape platform. However, the StringApp also provides Genset Enrichment Analysis functionality. If you're not familiar with Enrichment Analysis, I strongly recommend that you go watch my introduction to the core concepts before continuing. StringApp allows you to do functional enrichment for a wide range of Gensets. This includes genontology terms, pathways from numerous databases, protein domains, uniprot keywords, subcellular localization, tissue expression and associated diseases. All of these enrichment results are then shown in the StringEnrichment table, which looks like this. It shows all the enriched terms together with their false discovery rates, categories and much more. Similarly, StringApp allows you to find enriched publications. In this case, we've used text mining to turn the vast literature into Gensets so that each publication is a Genset. By doing Enrichment Analysis, we produce the StringPublication table that lists publications that are enriched for genes from your network. This table includes linkouts to PubMed. A key aspect of doing Enrichment Analysis is to choose the right background. All the results I've shown you so far were done with a genome-wide background, but that often leads to many irrelevant but significant terms. If, for example, you've done a proteomics study and you've taken all the regulated proteins and produced a network like this, you will want to use the observed proton as background. To do this, you load in the observed proton as a second network in cytoscape and use that as your custom background. That way, you find out what's special about those proteins that are regulated compared to everything that was observed in your sample. A similar approach can be used to annotate clusters. If you have your network of regulated proteins from before and you run a clustering algorithm on it to break it into functional modules, you'll have a network that looks like this. You can now select a cluster and run Enrichment Analysis using the selection as foreground and the whole network as background. That way, you find out what's special about the cluster, which can suggest which label you should put on it. When you do Enrichment Analysis, filtering and visualization is important. The reason is that even with a custom background, you often find too many significant terms. You can then filter them either by term category or set a redundancy cutoff that eliminates terms that are too redundant in the sense that they cover the same genes. Once you are happy with your selection of terms, you can visualize them on the network showing the top-end terms either in a pie visualization or a doughnut visualization like this. You can see in this case that two Enriched terms are shown as the two halves of the circles around each node. You can customize this visualization by choosing the number of terms or selecting the specific terms you want as well as customize the colors. You can also send the Enrichment Results to Enrichment Map, which is another cytoscape app for visualizing Enrichment Results. Finally, you can export the Enrichment Results and use it in other software. That's all I have to say about StringApp today. If you want to learn about other parts of it, take a look at this presentation. Thanks for your attention.


Hey y'all, what's up? Welcome back to my channel. My name is Sonali. If you guys are new here, today's Wednesday, we are in the middle of the week and I wanted to pick up my vlogging camera because number one, we're doing some more house hunting tonight. So I thought I would share that with you guys because I had so much fun sharing it with you guys in the last vlog. Number two, we are getting our haircut today. It is just getting so long and I honestly don't mind it being so long, but it's looking a little dead and crispy at the end. This past week and I was in Florida and I didn't really style it at all and so it looked way more concerning than it does right now because yesterday I actually took the time to blow it out and I feel like when you actually use products and really take the time to style your hair, it doesn't look so dead and crispy at the ends.  It's like peeking out a lot and I definitely wanna get another gloss on top. So we're gonna go to Spoken Wheel, visit Caitlin and Tim. Caitlin's the colorist and Tim cuts my hair and so I'm gonna feel like a brand new lady when I'm touring houses today, but I've been looking forward to touring these houses for a while now because since I was in Florida, I couldn't really tour any over the weekend.  I am back and here's the new hair. It's a little bit more layered, obviously darker at the ends and it's just like a nice little refresh going into the fall season. I came home and knocked out a brand deal so I'm happy I got that done. I put on this really cute workout set from Ella. It's like a skirt and top situation but we are heading out to tour some houses.  I think we're touring like four, maybe. I'm not sure if she was able to get in and get scheduled for all of them today, but definitely two. Another day, another house to look at. We're so excited though. I think we're actually starting on one of the houses that we really, really liked. Got our Lacroix's to hydrate. I think I remember all of these being kind of fixer uppers. I mean, for the most part, they're definitely like livable and nowhere near as, you know, necessary to fix up as the first one that we put an offer on. I would probably want to fix it up to our liking. So we're going to see it in not the best light today. It is like a little bit cloudy. But I guess, but I guess not every day is like super sunny, you know? There's going to be cloudy days. So, I mean, it's literally so sunny right now. We're just being so dramatic because we haven't seen cloudy days in like 40 days. The outside of this house is really cute, actually. I like it. There's a vine growing on the wall and that's like a requirement for my dream house. First house of the day, I was so disappointed because it seemed to be so bright in here on the photos online. But of course, they brightened the F out of them. The whole back area was pretty lit, but like in the pictures, the living room was so bright and beautiful. And I just thought this back area was honestly very unique.  I feel like any house I look at, I want all the floors to be changed because I really like that light wood look. And I also just don't love carpets. So if he always has accidents on the carpet, and I'm very much looking forward to the day that I don't have to clean pee off the carpets. This house did have a two car garage, which was amazing. Moving on to the next house, my dad requested that we see this one. It was facing east and he's super adamant about that. It also had this really cool sunroof. And the best thing about this house is that it had a shed in the back that you could turn into an office, a gym, literally anything. And it was very like interesting, like the ceiling was cool, but it didn't have AC. The bathrooms were really small.  Moving on to house number three. I think this was definitely my favorite of the day because of this primary bedroom with the vaulted ceilings and all this light coming through.  And this is the kitchen and living room area. Again, with those vaulted ceilings, I'm obsessed with those. And I feel like we could maybe put some skylights in here to make it a little bit brighter. The kitchen was really nice and big. And then they had the garage turned into a room, which honestly we would probably prefer to have a garage because Ryan really wants a place to park his car and not have it on the driveway. The backyard was huge and they have this massive deck. House number four and the last one of the day definitely had the most light coming through. This was a huge house to you guys. All the houses are livable, but there's always something that I'm probably gonna want to change, like painting these cabinets, but look how big this kitchen is. They have this pantry and laundry room section.  When I saw this closet, I was like, wow. Like, when does it end? It was so big and the primary bathroom had a window in it, which I feel like isn't very common. I liked it because it, you know, obviously brought in a lot more natural light. Hey y'all, it is Thursday morning. It's the next morning and I worked out this morning because I wanted to wash my hair. I was just like so eager to style it. So I'm really excited. I just want to like let it dry a little bit because it's like something wet right now. Thought I would take the time to make some breakfast. And I wanted to use these peaches that I got at Trader Joe's, like literally at the start of summer, I haven't even touched them yet. So I was like, okay, today I'm going to use these. They're yellow peach halves and white grape juice. And then I'm gonna put them on top of my lactate conch cheese. I actually really like this stuff and I keep forgetting that I have it. Luckily it hasn't gone bad just yet, but I'm gonna use this. So yesterday's houses, let's do a little recap. I think like just like three of them were so dark. And the last one was definitely our favorite. It was massive. Like it was probably over 2,000 square feet, which is very unheard of kind of in the Austin market, especially like in our budget right now. And so most of the houses are like under 1,500 square feet. So we were like, oh my goodness, but it also made us very overwhelmed with how much stuff there is to do and like renovate for the space. I feel like if it was like 1,500 square feet, it wouldn't be that overwhelming. But the kitchen is so nice.  There's a little breakfast nook. I mean, just in general though, I don't think we loved the area that we were in last night. Who the heck? My mom's calling me, we'll talk to her later. But I didn't love the area, just gonna be honest. I don't think we've even seen houses there. I mean, we only went to see houses like two other times, but I don't know, just didn't love it. So I think we're gonna still keep looking but have that one kind of in the back of our minds. I used to work at a pie shop. I probably say this like about five times a year in my vlogs, but that was my first ever job out of high school. And I learned cause we baked cherry pies. I learned if you're having a hard time like getting the lid off of like jars like this, you just like kind of smack the top like so easy. I don't know if that's a very well-known thing, but I was mind blown. The top of my hair is pretty dry. So I thought I would start styling my hair. I'm gonna use like the Dyson air wrap and not the air wrap part, probably just like the round brush and maybe throw in a couple of those roller things. So we'll see how it turns out. The bangs look a lot shorter cause they're like curled a little bit or like wavy. Cause yesterday Tim styled my hair straight. I think I'm really like it. The bangs just really finish it off. I love doing my bangs like that. I really don't style my hair that often and I need to, especially now that I have these really pretty layers, you can like see them more when it's styled. I think I had like two minutes to pick out an outfit and I think this is the cutest outfit I've worn in a really long time. I'm very proud of myself, but it's literally all the basic stuff that I always wear when I do not know what to wear. So we have my skims tank. I wear this on the daily like you could literally go back on my TikTok and see that all the TikToks are filmed in this in gray or black. And then I have my Stradivarius skirt on. It's just like so easy, so breezy too. This little cardigan is from lovers and friends. So cute. I just added it for an accessory in case the coffee shop's cold cause I'm meeting up with my friend at a coffee shop. I have the Steve Madden sandals on. I got it from Nordstrom Rack and then my sunglasses. So I think they're from Amazon too. The layers are giving right now. I really don't know why I put on this sweater. I think I forgot that it was 100 degrees outside, but it's so cute. It makes the outfit, so I'm keeping it on. Hopefully we'll sit inside, but we'll see. Because this place has a really nice outdoor patio. I just pulled up to Foxtrot in South First. Foxtrot like randomly exploded here in Austin. I believe it's a Chicago thing. I think that's where it started. I could be wrong, but I swear they put up three Foxtrot's within like two months. First was on Burnett. The second was South First, and now they have one downtown. And so basically I've walked about it before I'm pretty sure. My friend Eleanor just got here. She's also a photographer here in Austin. She does more product photography. Her work is actually insane. She shoots for Jay Shetty sometimes and I think it's so cool. Anyways, back to Foxtrot. It's a market. It's like a cafe. Like they sell food. They have like a wine bar. And I also have like grocery stuff, like healthy snacks and other fun drinks. So I'm excited to be back. I think I've only been to this location maybe once or twice, but it's been a while. I got a tie. Guys, this place is popping right now. There's like no seats. And everyone's on their computer. It's kind of insane. Like I've actually been doing some workouts at home. I have been going to a cheer fusion and I don't know, something about it is just kind of reminding me of orange theory in the way that it's like getting a little boring to me, even though there's so much to choose from. And I go to different classes, but it's still getting kind of like monotonous. So I kind of wanted to take a pause. I didn't actually sign on to do the full thing. I'm still in my trial period. So I just kind of wanted to try to work out on my own again and see if I like that better. Right now I do. So I think we'll just continue to do that. So since I can do it on my own time, I wake up a little bit later and I haven't been feeling so fatigued, which I've been kind of struggling with in the past few weeks that I've been doing the true fusion classes because I just feel so freaking tired by like two, three that I like physically am incapable of like doing work, which is annoying to feel so unproductive, which luckily it's my slow season. So, and honestly, maybe that's why I feel like so fatigued because I'm like, okay, well, I don't really have like to do something. I don't have to be anywhere. I work well under pressure. So when I have things to do, like I get more things done. So I'm honestly kind of struggling a little bit the slow season, but it's okay. We're trying to take it all in and appreciate the slowness. But anyways, I don't know why I got on that rant. All that to say, I literally just woke up and felt like a bus hit me. It's like six something and I accidentally took a nap and I literally was like so out of it. So that's lovely.  Ryan's already playing golf though. We bought this really good steak earlier in the week and so I wanted to reheat it, but I am being a good girl and I'm not taking like the easy route to heat it up in the microwave because I know that just like ruined steak. So I put it in the oven at like 250 and I think it's been about like 17 minutes. So I think I'm just going to take it out and sear it on the stove. Funny story, I was doing a UGC campaign for North Italia, which is this Italian dinner restaurant. I think it's a chain pretty much everywhere. One of their appetizers is called grilled bread and good olive oil. And I was like, Ryan, that's so funny because on my grocery list, I literally have it written out good olive oil because you know, like olive oil that I cook with and olive oil that you want to like dip bread in. It's just not really the same, but I just thought that was really funny because it didn't know like other people called it good olive oil, I guess. I should probably use tongs. I also need to get more tongs because that is a kitchen utensil that I use very often. I just really think I would use very often. Okay, anyways, we'll just use a fork. All right. Google said to sear it on the stove for a little bit after it's been like warmed up in the oven just to get that crispy outside again. So we're gonna do that. And then I don't know if I'm gonna just like eat the steak alone or what I'm gonna do with it. Originally I was thinking maybe we could do fajitas and all cut up red onions and bell peppers, but honestly, the steak just looks really good. So maybe I'll just have that on its own. All right, this is dinner.  So we have red onions, steak and a la croix. Good morning, happy Friday. Guys, look at my hair. It is like wild that it stayed like so voluminous and like the curls at the ends. This morning we are starting off at 7.50 a.m. I have a headshot session pretty close to the Capitol. I have like the best view of the Capitol right now. After that, I'm not sure if I'll be able to squeeze in a workout, but I have my workout off on just in case. But at 10.30, I'm going to film with Shireen for her podcast. We already filmed a podcast, but apparently the mics were doing something funky and she was like, it's not even worth like putting it out. So that definitely sucks because I feel like that was such a good podcast episode, but hopefully this one will be even better. This is Moody Amphitheater. And this is where I saw Tate McCrae, like literally right underneath here is the concert platform. It's a really cool little area, but I like to do my headshot sessions here. I was not even out there for like 20 minutes, guys. And I'm like sweating. It's so humid in the mornings. And I usually always shoot in the mornings. Like just so gross. I totally forgot that I need to go to UPS. I've been literally procrastinating this for so long. I basically bought a yoga mat that wouldn't slip when I was doing the heated workouts. But then I found my hot works mat in college. I used to do these like heated workouts. They were in sauna. There was a TV in there and they would play a workout and then you would do it in this like kind of really small sauna. So we needed kind of like a non-slip mat back then, but I swear I got rid of it. I guess I didn't. So I'm going to go return that now. It's kind of perfect cause I just pulled up and they just opened. My hair and makeup is done for the podcast recording. I ended up not working out today. I didn't really have much time, but this is my outfit. I have a... Oh, I got this top from Dish. And then the skirt is from Amazon and it's so cute. Very versatile. And I just had some like house slippers on. I'm going to go walk over to Shareen's apartment. I'm with Shareen and we're about to record for the podcast. Come in, come in the video. Sorry, so chatty. Anytime somebody comes in. So cute. He has to make his presence known. She got new mics so now we don't have to hold it which is going to be cool. And it looks so official. Let me show you guys. Yeah, just show them. And the sun's coming in really nicely cause the last time we filmed, I think it was afternoon, right? I think it was two or something? Okay, yeah, I think so. The light is out. It looks so good. Perfect. Yeah. Yay. We just got done. And how long did we record for? 47 minutes. And the last time I think we did like an hour and 30 minutes. Wow. Because something like that. So definitely made it a little bit more short and sweet. Yeah. Still got all the things we wanted to talk about. But just like a lot of good stuff. Oh, we got a lot of good stuff. Yes, social media guru here. It's later in the day and we just made a really last minute reservation at one of my favorite restaurants here in Austin. We're going to the Peacock and then we're actually going to a comedy show later tonight. I have been just wanting to go to a comedy show. I feel like the last time we went was a very long time ago and it's just fun to laugh.  So we are going to fallout theater. We went there last time and they honestly put on such a great show. So I'm very excited to go back and also just eat my favorite freaking food ever. I'll probably vlog on my iPhone just so I won't have to carry around this big thing. Cause our reservation, we could only go like really early. So it's at 5.45 and we'll probably just like stay out until our comedy show. Cause it's really late. It's at 9.30. So I don't want to have to hold too much. I'm going to go and like sandals and be able to like walk if we need to. Just wearing the same outfit that I was wearing earlier. Even the nicest restaurants here in Austin, like they rarely have dress codes. Join us for a date night in Austin. I feel like we have been such homebodies lately that even on Friday and Saturday nights we do not mind staying at home. You know, sometimes I feel so lame for not being out on a Friday night.  We did dinner drinks and a show. Starting with one of my favorite restaurants in Austin, the Peacock at the proper hotel. Ryan really liked his espresso martini and this is the dip we always start with. It's toasted almond mohammara. I believe it's a roasted red pepper dip. The pita bread here is so fluffy and delicious. Okay, this is another app you have to get. It's the Monte Dumblings.  Also off the messe, I ordered the octopus. I love the sauce that it comes with. And of course you gotta squeeze some lemon. I never leave without getting this dessert because it's one of my favorites here in Austin. It's the warm sticky toffee date pudding. If you don't like dates, I swear you can't even taste it. There's no chunks or anything. It's like blended up and it adds the perfect amount of sweetness. We had some time to kill before our show so we ended up walking to this bar that we've been dying to check out. This is an eight seat cocktail bar and it's called in plain sight. When you drive by it, this whole window fogs up at certain angles. We went around 7 p.m. and we were able to get a seat right away and there is some standing room in the back. I'm a tequila girl so I got the a la vista. We hung out here for an hour and then headed to fallout theater. We've been here once before and we had so much fun. So we came back. We got here a little bit early but they have these arcade games that are actually free. I was so confused. I did not know how my boyfriend even knew how to play this game. There was like no direction. Then we put on some Frogger and I used to love this as a kid. This is the show we went to and we bought our tickets online. A bachelor at party was sitting in the front row. I thought that was such a unique idea. The comedy show was a 10 out of 10 just like the state night.


Hello everybody, and thank you for joining us today on the Virtual Vertica BDC 2020. Today's breakout session is entitled, A Technical Overview of the Vertica Architecture. I'm Paige Roberts, Open Source Relations Manager at Vertica, and I'll be your host for this webinar. Now joining me is Ryan Roelke. Did I say that right? He's a Vertica senior software engineer. So it's Roelke. Roelke. Okay, I got it. Alright. Ryan Roelke. And before we begin, I want to be sure and encourage you guys to submit your questions or your comments during the virtual session while Ryan is talking as you think of them as you go along. You don't have to wait until the end. Just type in your question or your comment in the question box below the slides and click submit. There will be a Q&A at the end of the presentation and we'll answer as many questions as we're able to during that time. Any questions that we don't address, we'll do our best to get back to you offline. Now alternatively, you can visit the Vertica forums to post your questions there after the session as well. Our engineering team is planning to join the forums to keep the conversation going so you can have a chat afterwards with the engineer just like any other conference. Now also a reminder, you can maximize your screen by clicking the double arrow button in the lower right corner of the slides. And before you ask, yes, this virtual session is being recorded and it will be available to view on demand this week. We'll send you a notification as soon as it's ready. Now let's get started over to you Ryan. Thanks Paige. Good afternoon everybody. My name is Ryan and I'm a senior software engineer on Vertica's development team. I primarily work on improving Vertica's query execution engine so usually in the space of making things faster. Today I'm here to talk about something that's more general than that so we're going to go through a technical overview of the Vertica architecture. So the intent of this talk essentially is to just explain some of the basic aspects of how Vertica works and what makes it such a great database software. And to explain what makes the query execute so fast in Vertica, we'll provide some background to explain why other databases don't keep up. And we'll use that as a starting point to discuss an academic database that paved the way for Vertica. And then we'll explain how Vertica design builds upon that academic database to be the great software that it is today. I want to start by sharing somebody's approximation of an internet minute at some point in 2019. All of the data on this slide is generated by thousands or even millions of users. And that's a huge amount of activity. Most of the applications depicted here are backed by one or more databases. Most of this activity will eventually result in changes to those databases. For the most part we can categorize the way these databases are used into one of two paradigms. First up we have online transaction processing or OLTP. OLTP workloads usually operate on single entries in a database so an update to a retail inventory or a change in a bank account balance are both great examples of OLTP operations. Updates to these datasets must be visible immediately and there could be many transactions occurring concurrently from many different users. OLTP queries are usually key value queries. The key uniquely identifies a single entry in a database for reading or writing. Early databases and applications were probably designed for OLTP workloads. This example on the slide is typical of an OLTP workload. We have a table account such as for a bank which tracks information for each of the bank's clients. An update query like the one depicted here might be run whenever a user deposits $10 into their bank account. Our second category is online analytical processing or OLAP which is more about using your data for decision making. If you have a hardware device which periodically records how it's doing you could analyze trends of all your devices over time to observe what data patterns are likely to lead to failure. Or if you're Google you might log user search activity to identify which links help your users find the answer. Analytical processing has always been around but with the advent of the Internet it happened at scales that were unimaginable even just 20 years ago. This SQL example is something you might see in an OLAP workload. We have a table searches logging user activity. We will eventually see one row in this table for each query submitted by users. If we want to find out what time of day our users are most active then we could write a query like this one on the slide which counts the number of unique users running searches for each hour of the day. So now let's rewind to 2005. We don't have a picture of an Internet minute in 2005. We don't have the data for that. We also don't have the data for a lot of other things. The term big data is not quite yet on anyone's radar and the cloud is also not quite there or it's just starting to be. So if you have a database serving your application it's probably optimized for OLTP workloads. OLAP workloads just aren't mainstream yet and database engineers probably don't have them in mind. So let's innovate. It's still 2005 and we want to try something new with our database. Let's take a look at what happens when we do run an analytic workload in 2005. Let's use as a motivating example the table of stock prices over time. In our table the symbol column identifies the stock that's being traded. That was traded. The price column identifies the new price and the timestamp column indicates when the price changed. We have several other columns which we should know that they're there but we're not going to use them in any example queries. This table is designed for analytic queries. We are probably not going to make any updates or look at individual rows since we're logging historical data and want to analyze changes in stock price over time. Our database system is built to serve OLTP use cases. So it's probably going to store this table on disk in a single file like this one. Notice that each row contains all of the columns of our data in row major order. There's probably an index somewhere in the memory of this system which will help us do point lookups. Maybe our system expects that we will use the stock symbol and the trade time as lookup keys. So an index will provide quick lookups for those columns to the position of the whole row in the file. If we did have an update to a single row then this representation would work great. We would seek to the row that we're interested in finding it would probably be very fast using the index in memory index and then we would update the file in place with our new value. On the other hand if we ran an analytic query like we want to the data access pattern is very different. The index is not helpful because we're looking up a whole range of rows not just a single row. As a result the only way to find the rows that we actually need for this query is to scan the entire file. We're going to end up scanning a lot of data that we don't need and that won't just be the rows that we don't need. There are many other columns in this table. Maybe information about who made the transaction. We'll also be scanning through those columns for every single row in this table. That could be a very serious problem once we consider the scale of this file. Stocks change a lot. We probably have thousands or millions or maybe even billions of rows that are going to be stored in this file and we're going to scan all of these extra columns for every single row. If we tried out our stocks use case behind the desk of a Fortune 500 company then we're probably going to be pretty disappointed. Our queries will eventually finish but it might take so long that we don't even care about the answer anymore by the time that they do. Our database is not built for the task we want to use it for. Around the same time a team of researchers in the Northeast have become aware of this problem and they decided to dedicate their time and research to it. These researchers weren't just anybody. The fruits of their labor which we now like to call the Sea Store Paper was published by eventual Touring Award winner Mike Stonebreaker along with several other researchers from elite universities. This paper presents the design of a read-optimized relational that contrasts sharply with most current systems which are right optimized. That sounds exactly like what we want for our stocks use case. Reasoning about what makes our queries execution so slow brought our researchers to the memory hierarchy which essentially is a visualization of the relative speeds of different parts of a computer. At the top of the hierarchy we have the fastest data units which are of course also the most expensive to produce. As we move down the hierarchy components get slower but also much cheaper and thus you can have more of them. Our OLTP databases data is stored in a file on the hard disk. We scanned the entirety of this file even though we didn't need most of the data and now it turns out that is just about the slowest thing that our query could possibly be doing by over two orders of magnitude. It should be clear based on that that the best thing we can do to optimize our query execution is to avoid reading unnecessary data from the disk. And that's what the C-store researchers decided to look at. The key innovation of the C-store paper does exactly that. Instead of storing data in a row major order in a large file on disk they transposed the data and stored each column in its own file. Now if we run the same select query we read only the relevant columns. The unnamed columns don't factor into the table scan at all since we don't even open the files. Zooming out to an internet scale size data set we can appreciate the savings here a lot more. But we still have to read a lot of data that we don't need to answer this particular query. Remember we had two predicates one on the symbol column and one on the timestamp column. Our query is only interested in Apple stock but we're still reading rows for all of the other stops so what can we do to optimize our disk reads even more. Let's first partition our data set into different files based on the timestamp date. This means that we will keep separate files for each state. When we query the stock table the database knows all of the files we have to open. If we have a simple predicate on the timestamp column as our sample query does then the database can use it to figure out which files we don't have to look at at all. So now all of our disk reads that we have to do to answer our query will produce rows that pass the timestamp predicate. This eliminates a lot of wasteful disk reads but not all of them. We do have another predicate on the symbol column where symbol equals Apple. We'd like to avoid disk reads of rows that don't satisfy that predicate either. And we can avoid those disk reads by clustering all the rows that match the symbol predicate together. If all of the Apple rows are adjacent then as soon as we see something different we can stop reading the file. We won't see any more rows that can pass the predicate. Then we can use the positions of the rows we did find to identify which pieces of the other columns we need to read. One technique that we can use to cluster the rows is sorting. So we'll use the symbol column as a sort key for all of the columns that in that way we can reconstruct a whole row by seeking to the same row position in each file. It turns out having sorted all of the rows we can do a bit more. We don't have any more wasted disk reads but we can still be more efficient with how we're using the disk. We've clustered all of the rows with the same symbol together. So we don't really need to bother repeating the symbol so many times in the same file. Let's just write the value once and say how many rows we have. This run length encoding technique can compress large numbers of rows into a small amount of space. In this example we de-duplicate just a few rows but you can imagine de-duplicating many thousands of rows instead. This encoding is great for reducing the amounts of disk we need to read at query time but it also has the additional benefit of reducing the total size of our stored data. Now our query requires substantially fewer disk reads than it did when we started. Let's recap what the CSTORP paper did to achieve that. First, we transposed our data to store each column in its own file. Now queries only have to read the columns used in the query. Second, we partitioned the data into multiple file sets so that all rows in a file have the same value for the partition column. Now a predicate on the partition column can skip non-matching file sets entirely. Third, we selected a column of our data to use as a sort key. Now rows with the same value for that column are clustered together which allows our query to stop reading data once it finds non-matching rows. Finally, sorting the data this way enables high compression ratios using run length encoding which minimizes the size of the data stored on the disk. The CSTORP system combined each of these innovative ideas to produce an academically significant result. And if you used it behind the desk of a Fortune 500 company in 2005, you probably would have been pretty pleased. But it's not 2005 anymore and the requirements of a modern database system are much stricter. So let's take a look at how CSTORP fares in 2020. First of all, we have designed the storage layer of our database to optimize a single query in a single application. Our design optimizes the heck out of that query and probably some similar ones. But if we want to do anything else with our data, we might be in a bit of trouble. What if we just decide we want to ask a different question? For example, in our stocks example, what if we want to plot all the trades made by a single user over a large window of time? How do our optimizations for the previous query measure up here? Well, our data is partitioned on the trade date. That could still be useful depending on our new query. If we want to look at a trader's activity over a long period of time, we would have to open a lot of files. But if we're still interested in just a day's worth of data, then this optimization is still an optimization. Within each file, our data is ordered on the stock symbol. That's probably not too useful anymore. The rows for a single trader aren't going to be clustered together. So we will have to scan all of the rows in order to figure out which ones match. You could imagine a worse design, but if it becomes crucial to optimize this new type of query, then we might have to go as far as reconfiguring the whole database. The next problem is one of scale. One server is probably not good enough to serve a database in 2020. CSTOR, as described, runs on a single server and stores lots of files. What if the data overwhelms this small system? We could imagine exhausting the file system's I-NOS limit with lots of small files due to our partitioning scheme, or we could imagine something simpler, just filling up the disk with huge volumes of data. But there's an even simpler problem than that. What if something goes wrong and CSTOR crashes? Then our data is no longer available to us until the single server is brought back up. A third concern, another one of scalability, is that one deployment does not really suit all possible use cases we could imagine. We haven't really said anything about being flexible. A contemporary database system has to integrate with many other applications, which might themselves have pretty restrictive deployment options. Or the demands imposed by our workloads have changed and the setup you had before doesn't suit what you need now. CSTOR doesn't do anything to address these concerns. What the CSTOR paper did do was lead very quickly to the founding of Vertica. Vertica's architecture and design are essentially all about bringing the CSTOR designs into an enterprise software system. The CSTOR paper was just an academic exercise, so it didn't really need to address any of the hard problems that we just talked about. But Vertica, the first commercial database built upon the ideas of the CSTOR paper would definitely have to. This brings us back to the present, to look at how an analytic query runs in 2020 on the Vertica analytic database. Vertica takes the key idea from the paper, can we significantly improve query performance by changing the way our data is stored, and gives its users the tools to customize their storage layer in order to heavily optimize really important for commonly run queries. On top of that, Vertica is a distributed system, which allows it to scale up to Internet-sized datasets, as well as have better reliability and uptime. We'll now take a brief look at what Vertica does to address the three inadequacies of the CSTOR system that we mentioned. To avoid locking into a single database design, Vertica provides tools for the database user to customize the way their data is stored. To address the shortcomings of a single node system, Vertica coordinates processing among multiple nodes. To acknowledge the large variety of desirable deployments, Vertica does not require any specialized hardware and has many features which smoothly integrate it with a cloud computing environment. First, we'll look at the database design problem. We're a SQL database, so our users are writing SQL and describing their data in SQL way to create table statement. Create table is a logical description of what your data looks like, but it doesn't specify of the way that it has to be stored. For a single create table, there's a lot of different storage layouts. Vertica adds some extensions to SQL so that users can go even further than create table and describe the way that they want the data to be stored. Using terminology from the CSTOR paper, we provide the create projection statement. Create projection specifies how table data should be laid out, including column encoding and sort order. A table can have multiple projections, each of which could be ordered on different columns. When you query a table, Vertica will answer the query using the projection which it determines to be the best match. Referring back to our stocks example, here's a sample create table and create projection statement. Let's focus on our heavily optimized example query which had predicates on the stock symbol and date. We specify that the table data is to be partitioned by date. The create projection statement here is excellent for this query. We specify using the order by clause that the data should be ordered according to our predicates. We'll use the timestamp as a secondary stored key. Each projection stores a copy of the table data. If you don't expect to need a particular column in a projection, then you can leave it out. Our average price query didn't care about who did the trading, so maybe our projection designed for this query can leave the trader column out entirely. If the question we want to ask ever does change, maybe we already have a suitable projection. But if we don't, then we can create another one. This example shows another projection which would be much better at identifying trends of traders rather than identifying trends for a particular stock. Next, let's take a look at our second problem. How should you decide what design is best for your queries? Well, you could spend a lot of time figuring it out on your own, or you could use Vertica's database designer tool, which will help you by automatically analyzing your queries and spitting out a design which it thinks is going to work really well. If you want to learn more about the database designer tool, then you should attend the session Vertica Database Designer today and tomorrow, which will tell you a lot about what the database designer does and some recent improvements that we have made. Okay, now we'll move to our next problem, the challenge that one server does not fit all. In 2020, we have several orders of magnitude more data than we had in 2005, and you need a lot more hardware to crunch it. It's not tractable to keep multiple petabytes of data in a system with a single server. So, Vertica doesn't try. Vertica is a distributed system, so we'll deploy multiple servers which work together to maintain such a high data volume. In a traditional Vertica deployment, each node keeps some of the data in its own locally attached storage. Data is replicated so that there is a redundant copy somewhere else in the system. If any one node goes down, then the data that it served is still available on a different node. We'll also set have it so that in the system there's no special node with extra duties. All nodes are created equal. This ensures that there is no single point of failure. Rather than replicate all of your data, Vertica divvies it up amongst all of the nodes in your system. We call this segmentation. The way data is segmented is another parameter of storage customization, and it can definitely have an impact upon Clary performance. A common way to segment data is by using a hash expression which essentially randomizes the node that a row of data belongs to, but with a guarantee that the same data will always end up in the same place. Describing the data the way data is segmented is another part of the create projection statement as seen in this example. Here we segment on the hash of the symbol column, so all rows with the same symbol will end up on the same node. For each row that we load into the system we'll apply our segmentation expression. The result determines which segment the row belongs to, and then we'll send the row to each node which holds a copy of that segment. In this example our projection is marked K-Safe 1, so we will keep one redundant copy of each segment. When we load a row we might find that its segment has copies on node 1 and node 3, so we'll send a copy of the row to each of those nodes. If node 1 is temporarily disconnected from the network, then node 3 can serve the other copy of the segment so that the whole system remains available. The last challenge we brought up from the Seastore design was that one deployment does not fit all. The Seastore design neatly addressed many of our concerns here. Our use of segmentation to distribute data means that a Vertica system can scale to any size of deployment. And since we lack any special hardware or nodes with special purposes, Vertica servers can run anywhere, on-premise or in the cloud. But let's suppose you need to scale out your cluster to rise to the demands of a higher workload. Suppose you want to add another node. This changes the division of the segmentation space. We'll have to re-segment every row in the database to find its new home, and then we'll have to move around any data that belongs to a different segment. This is a very expensive operation, not something you want to be doing all that often. Traditional Vertica doesn't solve that problem especially well, but Vertica Eon Mode definitely does. Vertica's Eon Mode is a large set of features which are designed with a cloud computing environment in mind. One feature of this design is elastic throughput scaling which is the idea that you can smoothly change your cluster size without having to pay the expenses of shuffling your entire database. Vertica Eon Mode had an entire session dedicated to it this morning. I won't say any more about it here, but maybe you already attended that session. Or if you haven't, then I definitely encourage you to listen to the recording. If you'd like to learn more about the Vertica architecture, then you'll find on this slide links to several of the academic conference publications. The CSTOR paper is here as well as the Vertica 7 Years Later paper which describes some of the Vertica designs 7 years after the founding. And also the paper about the innovations of Eon Mode. And of course, the Vertica documentation is an excellent resource for learning more about what's going on in a Vertica system. I hope you enjoyed learning about the Vertica architecture. I would be very happy to take all of your questions now. Thank you for attending this session.