We're so glad you joined us. We're going to be talking about feminism. There'll be no bra burning, though. Kissing and fighting. And that's just some of the topics. It's all sisters all the time. Sister to sister, so glad that you're with us today. I'm Kathy, our sisters. Corey, Roxanne, Flo, and Amy. We tackle the tough questions, real questions, from a biblical perspective. So you're going to love this. Girls, you ready? We're ready. We were born ready. You are born ready, Miss Amy. Listen to this question. Because I think you all are going to have something great for us. Feminism, Flo alluded to that. But does that devalue motherhood? Has the feminist movement. Duh. I really think that there is common ground with the feminist and the Christian, especially in Peter, when it says that women and men are equal heirs to the grace of God. And his spirit has been poured out on all flesh. And there is a part of parenting that's called attachment parenting that biology and psychology has embraced, which says that the female body was made. The biology supports the fact that child bearing and the psychology supports the fact of bonding with the child early in infancy. I think in the end the truth will prevail in triumph. What's interesting, have you ever heard feminism and Christianity put together like that? I haven't. Oh, absolutely. That's good. I think somewhere along the line equal rights turned into sameness. And I don't think that's what it's about. I think that we can have equal rights but still have very different roles as men and women. Are there crossovers? Yes, but I do think feminism has devalued motherhood. I do. For the very, I mean, just the very fact that women are getting married later and our bodies are only made to make babies for a certain amount of time. So that's why we're having so many fertility issues and women are having to fight their instinct, not all of them, but to want to be mothers because they have these careers and climb the ladder and fight equality. I just, I think it has devalued motherhood. Who's the movie star that wrote, I'm looking for my prince charming, every woman needs a prince. Okay, well, she's a big time. Yeah.  You can do anything, anything that you put your hand to is going to prosper. And so to have that down deep on the inside of you and then to grow up and be like, well, you can only be a stay-at-home mom saying that that's only success or just going into business's success. Why can't we be a great mom and a great business girl? Why can't we be whatever God has called us uniquely designed to be? But Amy, one group, one group honestly fights with the other group. It's terrible. When I, and I'm sure at home, you've experienced this or maybe you're identifying with what we're talking about. When I was the shop and save lady and I was in a grocery store at one time and a little girl was doing some homework on the bench and I said, oh, let me see what you're doing. And then the mother said, oh, I wouldn't think you would even know about homework because you're on TV. No, really. So I believe that women that stay home deserve the out of boy and deserve to be raised up and women that work go for it. You know, I think that a lot depends on you.  And so depending on what your perception and understanding about feminism is, it's going to be how you process it and how you walk it out. And so I really like how God just used Roxanne to bring some insight into it. I never thought of that. Yeah. And seeing how the two can coincide. But I also believe that my other sisters bought up some valid points and so I really think the perception of it is key because that's going to, it'll manifest in your walk. And it's important that, as the word says, this you ought to have done and not leave the other undone. And so we do need to not allow the spirit of oppression to come on us as women and define who we are according to the world standards. But we do need to not allow the world to dictate to us who we are. And I really feel that as women, that's a gift that we have. And we don't want that smothered out by the world. No. I was thinking about my daughter when she was like three years old and she was playing in her little house outside and she was serving us food and we said, oh, thank you. What a great waitress. She was, I'm not the waitress. I'm the girl that owns this place. That's right.  But it's also in her to be a great mom. I have a picture. I have a picture of my daughter playing office. Now she did play house, but she loved to play office. Where'd she get that from? We play teacher. We play teacher, but I didn't want to be a teacher in no way. But what I would like to teach our children is to not use such foul language. What in the world is going on? The foul language on television that's permitted. That's the terrible, terrible part. So how do you think this has had an impact on our world right now? I think there's no question that we have been thoroughly desensitized. Oh, it's awesome. You know. And whether you do it in your home or not, it's penetrating their eargate via the media so many different ways. Television, music, all of that.  I love that. That's the wisdom of flow. Yeah. Nice, nice. The flow zone.  You will resort or retreat to that manner of conversation. And it's certainly not becoming of us as Christians. And the Bible says, bad company corrupts good morals. That's right. So if you are exposing yourself to bad language, what is going to come into play? It's inescapable. It's in the movies. It's in the movies. It's on the TV. It's like on our normal family TV channel. It is. What they're allowed to say now that they didn't say when our parents were, and I was little, it's big difference, big difference. Life and death are in the power of the tongue. And they're really, they're designing their world with their words and these words of hate. And I think about my little son, Judah, he's six. He said, mom, I said five cuss words this week. I said the S word. And I said, what is the S word?  I was like, I was like, what are you doing? Those bastard's kids. Those bastard's kids.  But not really, but kind of, you know, in this weird way. Oh, and you have to be so proud. You have to be so proud. I'm so proud of my children, too, but what do you do when your children move in together? What if you have a son and they move in together? And what do you do? The world is saying that it's okay. How old is too old to spank? I'm going to step in the middle of that as much as I can, because that's just a path that's probably not the healthiest path for them. But look at what's happened in the world. God talks about Jesus. The God says to us in Isaiah, come let us reason together. There's a point in your child's life where you do have to use a fair amount of reasoning with them. And I read an article at Christchurch, and it says, the American sociological review, which some people live together don't want to read. Disillusion rates of those who cohabit prior to marriage are nearly 80% higher than those who do not. We have to show them the facts, the statistics about what they're setting themselves up for. Failure? They feel like they have to live together to get to know each other. Right. We have to show them the facts, the statistics about what they're setting themselves up for. Failure? They feel like they have to live together to get to know each other, sleep together before they get married. Right. That mindset. I believe the world has prioritized things differently. And so even though we have the word, see we're committed, we've given our lives to the Lord and we are allowing the Lord the opportunity to work in us. We're yielded. But your children are still shaping. Their wills are still being shaped. Their spirit is still developing. They are influenced by the world a little more. Right. But they're seeing how they need to know each other before they get married. The thing people do not realize today, I think, is that we're all imperfect. There are going to be problems. Right. That's why the divorce rate is so high. As soon as a problem comes in, it's like, oh, we're not compatible. Do you want to agree with that? Does the audience agree? This is why. With applause. This is why. Thank you. This is why the divorce rate is so cuckoo. Out of way. The second man runs out. The seventh commandment. Do not commit adultery. Right. I like what Julie Smire said. She said, living together, sleeping together before marriage takes the wow out of the marriage. I like that. I like that. That's true. But I'll have another question for you. Marriage is a wow. Oh, Blake, this is our wow girl. Everything is a wow. What does it mean? This is a really good question too. Because to be in the world, but not of the world. I think about the verse in the Bible that talks about us being salt. Salt and to be a seasoning. Salt doesn't have to become the food. It is seasoning. You add the salt and it changes the food, not the salt. So that's what we're called to be. Cory, did you write that? I did. I love it. Yeah. Write that down. Write. Wait, they're going to applaud again. I thought of that in the car. I thought of that in the car. No, seriously. I just think that we can be, we are in the world. We can't hide. We're in it. And good flavor. But we are a good flavor. We are the flavor that God gave us. And we're all a little different flavor. Yeah. This old hymn or old gospel song I sang when I was little. Like, this world is not my home. No, no, no. Let's hear it. I can't remember it. Yes, you can. This old world is my home. Like, we're so journeying to get to our ultimate home. And while we're here, we're going to make a huge difference for Christ. And we're going to be His hands and feet on earth until we get to our ultimate destination, which is home in heaven. And we're not going to hide ourselves from the world.  He gave His life for the world. So we're going to be in that world. But we're not going to let the culture penetrate us that it changes us in a negative way. Right. And I just want to be what Jesus is for. Not so much what Jesus is against. Right. And I know I've said that to us before. And yet, as Christians, we have a challenge. Flow. Well, I believe that we are ambassadors passing through. And I think an ambassador represents well where they come from. Right. And I agree with everything that has been said. I really believe that we cannot afford to lose our flavor. No. We cannot allow for our oil to go low and our light to go dim. That's right. Good. I like that too. Audience loves it. Audience loves it. I hope that you like what you've been hearing here on Sister to Sister. And don't go anywhere because we have some more great questions for you with great answers. Women, real from a biblical perspective. So stay right there. We'll be right back. Good to see you. Good to see you. Good to see you. Good to see you. Good to see you. Thank you for the studio audience today. They are fantastic. Yes. Love this next question. And I'm going to read the whole thing because I want you to understand it. Okay. Now this is about kissing before marriage. Flo alluded to that one too. Everyone knows the Duggar family, right? Okay. They're famous for their reality TV show. They have 19 kids and counting and they have great Christian faith. In a recent article, here's what they said. This is their dating rules. Okay. This is really tough. No kissing till marriage. Texting is okay, but you have to include your parents in on the text. Dear, dear, dear. And is this realistic? Is this realistic? What are your ground rules for your children dating and what is the best dating advice that you can give to anyone that is watching us today? I'm going to take those for my dating. For my kids. For your kids. My glorious chapter at all times include me in that group text. You and your boyfriend. When I looked at that article, it wasn't so much that the parents espoused that the children adopted it. And the parents permitted them to adopt it themselves, which I think is counterculture to what's going on. I do have a scripture for you guys. First, Timothy 5-2. Men treat older women as mothers and younger women as sisters with absolute purity. I love it. I'm putting it on my kids wall. Somebody tell Jimmy more about that. About the older women. Right, right. What is she? I think there is scriptural grounds for them to have this counterculture of what they believe in. And we as Christians can be supportive of what they are espousing because the girls themselves have adopted this. They're dating with a purpose. The purpose for marriage, not the purpose of performing sexual acts or appeasing their own desires. We're all saying good and right, but I just wonder what you're thinking at home. Because this is a situation, you're saying a counterculture. What is it realistic? Is this a question? When I was in high school, there was this book that was really popular in our youth group. It was called I Kissed Dating Goodbye.  Our audience knows that book. Do you guys know that book? Okay, so I hated it, but now that I have kids, I'm all like, give me the book. Give me the duggers' rules. All right, we're on that. Yeah, but come on. Didn't you like kissing? Yes. I liked kissing. I thought it was ridiculous. If I was a teenager, I would think these rules were ridiculous. I did too. But now I'm like, they're awesome. Some women whose bodies have been exploited or permitted their bodies to be exploited really need that confidence that a man is not after them for their own sexual desires. Well, all girls need that. Right. You know what? I don't think this is a debate as much as it is a discussion. And the thing of it is, is that we as believers, and that's what this real life, we're all Christians here. And of course, we want the best for our children and we want to give them the biblical principles and boundaries. And I believe that that's what the Duggars are attempting to do. I also, we also have to understand that, again, people have a free will. And so as a parent, my job is to help train my child and to train their will. I want them to be willing to be willing. You know what I'm saying? Right. And so I think, you know, we can set rules and boundaries and I think everybody, every decent parent does. We try. We try. But how to implement them, the children, the child has to be a willing participant. And I think you want the child understanding the value. Even some women don't understand the value of themselves. Right. And it's, my saying is always, if I'm a good thing, God's not going to give me an anything. And I don't have to settle. That's another. That's another. That's another. That's another. I love that. I love that. Even if you don't understand that, you become a bait for anything.  Now I'm not saying that, you know, I'm 100% in agreement with not kissing, but I understand the principle behind it is what I'm trying to get across. I'm kind of in love with the musical Oklahoma and Ado Annie saying a song. I'm just a girl who can't say no. Kisses is my favorite sport. And that's good. But when you're married. But when you're married. You just practice it. I say it's possible. Wait, your first kiss was like on the altar. You got married? Yes. Really? She told me that. I agree. With my own husband. How did it go? Oh wait a minute, wait a minute. That is a big, big applause for that. That's really good. But you know what? You just kissed me on the phone. I say, if you pay for the cell phone then you should be in on the text. That's all I have to say. Oh yeah. Okay now, what is the best parenting advice that has been given to you? Or that you would like to give to you? The best advice that I ever got was, I remember thinking, oh my family is too strict, they're too this or too that. At 18 I can move out and I can remember my grandmother looking at me and going, just remember you can always come back. Trust me, about two years later I was right back. But you know, I think that's really important, that they are shown we bear the ministry of reconciliation because they're going to mess up. I'm being tapped to stop so the other sisters can talk. First of all, that is my little secret. Oh sorry. I say this, children learn more from what we do than what we say. That's right. That's right. And I mean I have to bring a Bible verse in. I have to, Proverbs 27. Love it. I'm sorry, Proverbs 22.6 I'm cheating. Train up a child in the way should go and when he's old he won't depart from it. Amen to that. That's a good question because it's it's my secret tap. I am, I'm going to do more than tap. Next time.  AYS adulteress. Oh my God. I love my sister so much. It was a love, it was a love tap. Love, love. It's going to be a love punch. Here's what I want to talk about because it is so in the news and so important. It's about the recent school violence. We experienced this in a big way. Your school district, Cory. Okay, so what do you tell your child if they're being bullied and do you fight back? Should you tell your child to fight back? I think this is such a hard question. It's a hard question because we've got to turn the other cheek verse but then you know my husband I've talked about this we're not, I don't think our kids are meant to be punching bags either you know and I don't know I want to know I need to know I don't think you teach your child to fight but you should teach them how and what I mean by that is all fighting all fighting is not physical right so and we're living in a day and it used to be you know it used to be in my time that you know if you fought somebody on the playground or whatever whoever got the best of whoever and that was it you were done now they're taking lives they have and words they have done away with that and so when that happens now you really need to get authorities involved whether it's the school principal whether it's the counselor maybe you can maybe you can sit down with a reasonable parent if you can find one I love what my son did and he came home he said hey mom I was saying who are you sitting by at lunch and he said who are you being bullied and so I was like how about we raise the kids that are going out to sit by the bullied kids and that's actually what the bullying programs in schools they teach the children now to support the person being bullied telling them that you can help someone else and children have to be careful parents need to know what their school policies say because it's a physical violence what's interesting and what I want the studio audience to know and our audience at home is Roxanne is an attorney but she is also on the school board of her local school but before we before we get out of here and get home you at home I want our girls to tell you what is the best gift that you've ever received and I think hanging around with pastors kids would be a great gift what do you think what do you have a superstar producer if I could share this poem my best gift was a poem from my husband for my valentine this is from Alan you left your home for sook your dreams you even changed your name but through the years I am the one who's never been the same you showed me how to laugh and cry you helped me learn to share and opened up a world of joy I never knew was there love must be blind it has been said for faults it should ignore and love me all the more. If my heart could reflect your soul as a mirror does a face, the world would marvel at the sight of beauty, truth and grace. Oh God, how I remain amazed that I should have this life for only I am blessed to claim Roxanne to be my wife. Oh my gosh. Oh my gosh. That is unbelievable. That is unbelievable. Beautiful. And so that's my favorite. That is amazing. I don't think that anyone could really top that particular gift. So I'm going to say we're going to be right back because Roxanne is coming again. Sister, sister, stay right there. Much for being with us here today on Sister to Sister and we never end without a scripture from Amy. Because the word is the most important thing, Romans 12 to in the voice that says, do not allow this world to mold you in its own image but instead be transformed from the inside out by the renewing of your mind. And as a result, you will be able to discern what God's will and whatever God finds good, pleasing and complete. I love that. Did you love that? I did. I love that. I hope you enjoy what we do here on Sister to Sister. And if you would like to contact us, it's very easy. S2S at ctvn.org. Facebook us, we're on Twitter, we're all about it. We have another saying here. It goes like this, as iron sharpens iron, so does the countenance of one woman sharpen the other. See you next time on Sister to Sister.


Hi everyone, I'm Dr. Vanti Gulhane. I specialize in cardiovascular imaging and this is an exhaustive tutorial on the role of cardiac MR in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. I have divided it into two parts. In the first part I'm going to discuss how a CMR study can be used to perform morphologic and functional assessment, as well as tissue characterization for identification and quantification of myocardial fibrosis in these patients of HCM. Further, there are several prognostic markers that can be established using CMR in these patients and I'm going to throw some light on it. Before we begin I just want to say I hope everyone back home is staying safe in this rather unfortunate time of the COVID pandemic and I also hope that you enjoy today's presentation. Thank you. The term hypertrophic cardiomyopathy implies an autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by mutations in the cardiac sarcoma protein genes. These patients have a higher prevalence of family history of HCM and sudden cardiac death. Hence, imaging is imperative in this condition and in an adult HCM is defined by a wall thickness more than 15 mm in one or more left ventricle myocardial segments as measured by any imaging technique or more than 30 mm in patients with a family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that is not explained solely by loading conditions. In children, the diagnosis of HCM requires an LV wall thickness of more than two standard deviations greater than the predicted mean that is a Z score of more than two. It is important to note however that virtually any LV wall thickness even when within normal limits can be consistent with the presence of an HCM causing mutant gene. Here in this short axis CMR image the myocardial hypertrophy is clearly visible and the wall thickness measured was 45 mm. In this part one tutorial I'm going to review how cardiac MR is useful to understand various features of HCM and also review various prognostic factors of HCM that can be established on cardiac MR. Second part of the tutorial will focus on identifying differentials of myocardial hypertrophy such as infiltrative disorders, physiologic hypertrophy, hypertensive hypertrophy, mitochondrial disorders. First and foremost is morphological assessment of the cardiac for pattern of LV hypertrophy, popular remosal abnormalities, the mitral valve abnormalities and the left atrial dilatation. Various patterns of myocardial hypertrophy can be seen in HCM. The most common phenotype of HCM is asymmetric septal hypertrophy. As in this image we see that the basal intraceptal segment is grossly hypertrophied as compared to the anterior or the lateral wall. Other patterns include midventricular, apical, concentric, mass like hypertrophy. These are the examples. The first image on the upper left shows a concentric LV hypertrophy in the two chamber view. The upper right shows apical hypertrophy on the fourth chamber view. Lower images show on a fourth chamber view a mass forming hypertrophy involving the septum on the left image and a mass forming hypertrophy involving the lateral wall on the right image. Abnormalities are also common in the mitral valve and the subvalvular apparatus in patients with HCM. It has been reported that the mitral valve leaflet lens are longer in HCM patients as compared to the normal. Let us look at few examples. Image A is of an elderly man with an extraordinarily long anterior mitral leaflet measuring 33 mm. The posterior mitral leaflet is of normal length. Image F is of a 57-year-old man who had a preclinical HCM, had a genetic mutation, but a normal LV wall thickness of 9 mm and on careful examination are greatly elongated anterior mitral leaflet of 25 mm. The posterior mitral leaflet is of normal length. Again, it is not a rule that mitral valve would always be elongated in HCM. Here is an example of a 31-year-old woman who is showing a massive septal hypertrophy but a normal anterior mitral leaflet length. Then the subvalvular apparatus consists of the papillary muscles and cordy tendinge. A number of papillary muscle abnormalities can be noted in patients with HCM such as papillary muscle hypertrophy, accessory apical basal muscle bundle, antropycl papillary muscle displacement, double bipid morphology, hypermobile muscles. Papillary muscle hypertrophy is defined on CMR as a papillary muscle thickness of more than 11 mm or greater than the LV free wall thickness and the papillary muscle mass cut off of more than 7 grams per meter square has been proposed. Now the image labeled A shows the severe hypertrophy of the left ventricular septum and the hypertrophy of the papillary muscles. Image B is of another patient showing three papillary muscles which are hypertrophied. Now papillary muscle hypertrophy can also be present in systemic hypertension and is not unique to HCM. However, it is important to know that more often the hypertrophy of papillary muscle in hypertension is proportionate for the concentric LV hypertrophy as which is seen in this image here. Other anomalies of the subvalvular paratars are illustrated in this slide. The figure A shows an apical displacement of the papillary muscle resulting in leaflet slack and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction during systole. Image besides it shows an anomalous insertion of the cordy of the papillary muscle in the mid portion of the anterior mitral leaflet. The image on the lower right shows double bipid papillary muscles as an illustration and a CMR image. Further, the image on the left shows an anomalous direct insertion of the antrilateral papillary muscle to the anterior mitral leaflet without an intervening cordy tendinine in a patient with HCM. Image on the upper right shows an antropiical displacement of a papillary muscle which had a double bipid morphology. Myocardial crypts and hypertrabiculations are considered as sudden markers of the genetic disease in HCM. The image A is an echo as well as an illustration of a myocardial crypt. The image B shows a myocardial crypt at the arrowhead on this four-chamber CMR. Hypertrabiculations are when the trabeculian recess occupy either more than 50 percent of the LV cavity or more than 50 percent of the endocardial perimeter. So this completes the morphological assessment on CMR in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Once the morphological assessment is done, functional assessment is the next step on CMR. LV systolic function can be accurately assessed on CMR using semi-automated functional assessment software. HCM is known to notoriously cause hyperdynamic systolic function in the early course of the disease but progress to systolic dysfunction later on. Other functional parameters of HCM includes the systolic anterior motion of the mitral leaflet, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, cavity obliteration and mitral regurgitation. Let's look at it one by one. He is an example of three different patients with hyperdynamic as well as hypokinetic LV functions in patients with myocardial hypertrophy. First two patients had HCM, the last patient turned out to have an entirely different diagnosis. I will disclose this in the second part of my tutorial. Next here is this sine loop of a systolic anterior motion of mitral leaflet along with basal septal hypertrophy causing dynamic LVOT obstruction in a patient with HCM. Sometimes overt systolic anterior motion of the mitral leaflet may not be established but a bright signal of flow acceleration may be noted in LVOT on CMR as in this patient four chamber view on the right this can point to HCM. Then LVOT obstruction leads to secondary functional mitral regurgitation. On CMR the visualized regurgitan jet can be quantified by subtracting the forward aortic flow derived from phase contrast sequence from the LV stroke volume measured on the sine images. Left atrial dilatation is also common due to the restrictive physiology and mitral regurgitation. Left atrial size more than 45 mm is a consistent predictor for atrial fibrillation and stroke in patients with HCM. Then cavity obliteration is a specific sign of HCM and it is not seen in other conditions such as hypertension or athlete's heart. The three chamber cavity obliteration due to midwall hypertrophy in HCM. Patients with HCM also develop diastolic dysfunction which is usually defined on echocardiography. Diastolic dysfunction can also be assessed on CMR with various parameters. Simplest would be to look at the mitral inflow velocities and pulmonary vein flow which can be derived from phase contrast CMR. We can also calculate the pulmonary blood volume index on the first pass perfusion CMR which can differentiate between stages of diastolic dysfunction in patients with heart failure. Pulmonary blood volume index is also considered as a quantitative biomarker of hemodynamic congestion in HCM. Here is a method to evaluate the pulmonary transit time and pulmonary blood volume index on the first pass perfusion CMR. Two region of interest are drawn, one in the RV and the LV cavity. Signal intensity by time curves are plotted. Pulmonary transit time is defined by the time interval between the peaks of the two signal intensity by time curves for RV and LV respectively. The pulmonary blood volume index can be obtained by the product between the pulmonary transit time and the RV stroke volume index normalized by the RR interval. This method has been well described in the recent publication in the European Heart Journal and subscribers are encouraged to read through this part. I'm happy to share this with you in case you have trouble accessing it online. This completes the functional assessment of HCM on CMR. A very important application of CMR in HCM is tissue characterization for the presence of myocardial fibrosis, late gadolinium enhancement sequences obtained to identify myocardial fibrosis. In our study of about 100 HCM patients, various patterns of late gadolinium enhancement were found. The image A with RV insertion point enhancement, image B shows a diffuse myocardial enhancement, image C shows a mid-myocardial LV wall enhancement, image D shows a transmural enhancement in the interior wall, image E showing a mixed subendocardial mid-myocardial LV enhancement, image F showing the papillary muscle enhancement. Several studies are found that up to 65% have myocardial fibrosis and show late gadolinium enhancement. In case of diffuse myocardial fibrosis, supplementing T1 mapping is useful as in this case where late gadolinium enhancement could identify only superior and inferior RV insertion point fibrosis. Mid-myocardial fibrosis in the septum in this patient was identified on T1 mapping shown in image B and C as elevated native T1 time on the 1.5T scanner. Studies have shown that the extra cellular volume calculated by T1 mapping technique can be used to differentiate HCM from the athlete's remodelling. T2 mapping also shows promise. Presents of hyperintensity on T2 weighted CMR may represent advanced disease and higher T2 values of up to 61 milliseconds have been reportedly related to syncope in cases of asymmetric HCM when compared to the reference normal myocardial T2 value less than 50 milliseconds. Next, how do we establish prognosis in HCM using cardiac MR? Several clinical features that comprise high risk for sudden cardiac death in HCM includes a young age. Presents of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Maximum LV wall thickness of more than or equals to 30 mm. Family history of sudden cardiac death at a young age. Left atrial diameter of more than 45 mm. Presents of LVOD obstruction and a presence of abnormal exercise blood pressure response. Quantification of myocardial fibrosis is possible on CMR and myocardial fibrosis more than 50% of the LV mass on CMR has been shown to be associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of sudden cardiac death. This myocardial fibrosis serves as a prognostic feature on cardiac MR. Let me highlight issues with this. Different methods can be employed to quantify myocardial fibrosis on CMR such as manual contouring, two, three, five or six standard deviation techniques or full width at half maximum technique. However, quantification varies substantially with each of these techniques. For example, in this patient, manual quantification that is manually marking areas of fibrosis showed a calculated value of 22%. Using six standard deviation, myocardial fibrosis is found to be 29%. Using full width at half maximum technique, myocardial fibrosis was found to be 5% in the same patient. The six standard deviation work the best in our case. This is supported by studies that report six standard deviation techniques superior to other techniques to identify fibrosis in HCM patients, although this has not been histopathologically validated yet. To conclude, quantification of myocardial fibrosis can be done on CMR and the presence of more than 15% myocardial fibrosis on six standard deviation should be reported as it suggests a poor prognosis. Further, recently RV and LV long axis strain have been extensively studied on CMR as prognostic indicators. The study by Yang et al describes a simple method to calculate myocardial strain on the Cine images as the percentage change in the length between the epicardial board of LV apex and the midpoint of a line connecting the mitral and tricuspid annulus at endastelian and systeli respectively. The figure illustrates the contouring part. In the study published in the international journal of cardiology, the RV long axis strain was noted to be an independent predictor of adverse prognosis in HCM in addition to the RV ejection fraction. I have highlighted the increased strain measurements which were noted in both RV and LV in this study. Finally, it is possible to perform genotype phenotype analysis of HCM on CMR and patients with any genetic mutation are likely to demonstrate reverse curve HCM in comparison to sigmoidal HCM. The example on the left is of patient with MYPBC3 mutation showing reverse curvature HCM. Second patient also had a mutation or PKP2 mutation which maps to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy showing sigmoid curvature. Thus to conclude, CMR is a comprehensive assessment tool in patients with known or suspected HCM. CMR derived morphological and functional parameters as well as tissue characterization allows ascertaining the diagnosis also provides significant prognostic information and risk prediction for sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This concludes the discussion on the role of CMR in HCM, the part 1. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on avanti.gulane at penmedicine.upen.edu. Do follow me on Twitter. Also, do like this video, share and subscribe to our channel on youtubeindianradiologists.com. Thank you.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here So we're gonna talk about a few things here related to Jeepers Creepers in this video today So when it comes to Jeepers Creepers, we know that we just got Jeepers Creepers 4 trash abysmal throw it away Burn it piss on it get it out of here And now of course, there's just not anything in sight as far as anything being confirmed But I want to go over something related to Jonathan Breck from a few years ago when he did an interview from IGN before Jeepers Creepers 3 was being released. So Jonathan Breck actually did reveal. So this is just me touching on the origins Jonathan Breck Actually apparently knows what the creeper is Because when asked by IGN during this interview, he said wait, so you actually know the real answer Yeah, he's much older much older. He's been around a lot longer than anybody can imagine Let's leave it at that. I think that's also why he taps into things that are so hard to define because there's a universe universe Universality to that that is kind of deep in our bones So like when before that He said he said that he's been like I guess prior to everything is transpired. He would collaborate With Victor to kind of protect this secret and he says he thinks of the idea is to really let the audience in little by little More detail at about who it is where he comes from that's something that we're intentionally rolling out slowly We both put our heads together and Victor shared where he thought it came from and I layered on top of that So there's something that they kind of have worked together, but they're not sharing it because it's a secret So obviously this is from 2017 things could change going forward, but at the end of the day Me personally, I'd rather you just not share it I would I honestly would rather find out from Him via like a convention or something post serious conclusions So that way even if he reveals it when you watch the series You still don't have an answer in context with the series. You got it after the fact So if it's an answer that's dissatisfied now, you can at least watch the series and pretend like okay That answer didn't exist because they never gave it to you It was something that was still left ambiguous something that was left up to your interpretation That's just my two cents there as much as they've teased it and hyped it up. I Don't think I want to know I know in the cathedral script We were supposed to find out it was a Phoenix demon and stuff like that It was gonna be its own original thing because I don't think a Phoenix demon is actually anything that actually exists in any type of demonology if I'm wrong you can correct me but Going forward from that. He also talked about the cathedral script and what happened to it now I've talked about this in another video. I'm talking about this again because there's something I want to discuss related to a friend of mine So when asked about the cathedral script Jonathan Breck said he was actually asked about a script for the fourth movie. He said yeah, if we're lucky to have it happen I don't know that there's a script written yet for four. We know that salvo wrote his own four I don't see that happening. I know that we had a script for a long time for three He says you're probably familiar with the name Cathedral Cathedral got broken up into a TV series So he rewrote three to be what you're going to see on screen on Tuesday night But he still has cathedral which is written out into the first season of a TV show and it's amazing So that's already written and ready to go and there's a good possibility That a TV will be spawned from this movie But beyond that he's already working on the script for four and that's really going to get interesting because we have to Go a whole new direction and deal with a whole new 23 days, right? So we're either going to go forward or we're going to go back or we're going to go some combination of both So again the information there is related to the status of what happened to Cathedral This is something we already knew it's been broken down into a TV series I've been coming on here recently and telling you that some of the rumors that I've been hearing From someone who had already told me about the court case prior to anything even appearing online Is that they are trying to get a TV series going the rumor that I'm told is that they hope that it will be dealt with dealt with by sci-fi or some other major network I've also been told that they might not be wanting to do this if Victor Salva is involved That's understandable Just as how many other people would probably start to invest if they hear that Victor Salva is not involved Similarly how horror hound got invested in the fourth movie even though that had no business being made According to the alleged lawsuit that these people landed themselves with because of their malpractice So the TV series from what I'm told could be scouting locations in New Mexico The interesting thing about New Mexico is that a very long time ago There was a blog up by the series creator where he highlighted that they were actually scouting locations for New Mexico for Jeepers Creepers Cathedral I think this is where they were hoping to shoot that prologue set in the old West where we were going to see the creeper have a bar fight and learn How he got his hat his signature hat that he wears But again why I'm sharing this is because recently a friend of mine Shout out to you Nick or treat and I'll leave a link to your YouTube channel actually down in the description You met Jonathan Breck at the scarefest that happened this past weekend or so a couple weekends now And you have forgotten to reach out to me but you reached out to me this past Thursday and You said that you got Breck's autograph, which is awesome. You asked if he'd ever play the creeper game He obviously said yes He said no question in your words and then you asked about the TV series that I was telling you about Potentially being development when asked about the TV series or anything creeper related involving Breck He just smiled and that was it. What's interesting there? Obviously, that's not an outright confirmation What I'm what I've also been told is that Breck is aware of the series And that's why I went to my friend when I found out they were going to be going to scarefest Because that was a chance to at least see what kind of reaction you could get out of Jonathan Breck If Breck is aware of the TV series and under some type of a contract there Restricts him from talking about it and all he did was smile That's a sign to me that again the rumors that I'm being told might have some weight under them in the fact that we could be Close to a TV series after this is settled meaning the court case I've also been told something about the court case There hasn't been anything updated with this as it pertains to last this past month not past month But past couple of months in July nothing's been updated. That was the last time they had an appearance and well That was the last time they had something documented the last time They actually had an appearance was in September like a day after the film the fourth film had its fathom of it So I'm being told that what they're trying to do there is work on a payout outside of the courtroom That payout probably again will go toward myriad pictures since these people are in the wrong for producing this movie and What I'm also being told is that again when considering the fact that this film is owned or the IP is Owned some part by American Zotro Francis Fort Cobalus company could be coming back to be involved in it from what I know and what I've been able to research It looks like his children oversee this this a company these days So maybe he won't be directly involved with it But as long as Victor is away I myself am someone who thinks that there is something that can be done with this IP if you're someone who thinks This should be we did I get that I can respect that I just think that again when so much talent comes together and I get that everybody has their interpretation of what might be going on with the Character I think there are ways for us to evolve it and go away from that though without Victor being involved The TV series really could be coming true. It could happen very soon Let me know what you think about this down in the comments section below if you haven't already of course make sure you subscribe Turn on post notifications at the numbers of video in the description I'll have links on my social media accounts on Facebook Twitter and Instagram You can message me there of course There's any movies news or views you'd like me to cover in the future and with all that in mind guys I will see you in the next video. I do want to end this by again saying this is not a confirmation of anything These are all still just rumors and my friend was able to talk to Breck and it was interesting that he smiled about the discussion of a TV series


Welcome to our K-12 online conference presentation using iOS app affordances to foster literacy learning in the classroom. I'm Richard Beach, University of Minnesota, and I'll be presenting with Jill Kasich, Portland State University. In this presentation, we'll be discussing how students can use iOS app affordances to engage in different kinds of literacy learning. By app affordances, we mean how apps can be used as tools to help students.


We were discussing earlier about the stability of floating bodies and we will continue with that. So if you recall this sketch which we were discussing in the previous class, we identified a point known as meta center and the motivation behind identifying this point is that when it is a floating body and it gets displaced and its submerged portion within the water changes its configuration, the center of buoyancy does not remain fixed at its own position. So referring to a fixed center of buoyancy might not work as a stability criterion. Now we will try to find out as what we have done for the case of totally submerged bodies that how we can find out a stability criterion for floating bodies. As you can see the presence of or the existence of this meta center is something which is equivalent to the presence or existence of the center of buoyancy for a case when the center of buoyancy remains at its own position. So the meta center somehow reflects the location of the center of buoyancy with respect to the axis of symmetry of the body. So it has some relationship with the center of buoyancy definitely but by specifying the meta center or by specifying the center of buoyancy just as their absolute locations it is not just possible to talk about the stability criterion. So we have to look into more details. To look into more details we will set up some coordinate axis. Say we have x axis like this, say we have z axis like this and the y axis is perpendicular to the plane of the figure. So the y axis is this dotted line which represents an axis in the other view. Now if we consider that how we calculate the submerged volume, the volume of the solid which is there within the fluid. Let us say that at a distance of x we take a small element of width dx and this element has a depth of z. So this element if you look into the other view will be like this which is basically located at a distance x from the y axis. Let us say that this shaded area is da. So you can say that z into da is a representation of the elemental volume of this shaded portion. Now when it is tilted, even when it is tilted we fix the x and z axis with respect to the body and we keep them as same. So we still have this as the x axis and maybe this as the z axis. These are fix relative to the body. So although the body has tilted we are using a body fitted set of axis so to say. Now let us say that the angle of tilt is theta. If the angle of tilt is theta then what happens? We can find out that what is now the displaced volume. So if you consider again say at a distance x from here some strip of width dx. Now if you consider the displaced volume, the displaced volume is of course corresponding to this part. This part is like z same as this one because it is the same axis that has got tilted. So if this is z, this displaced part is also z. But you have the additional displaced part which maybe let us mark with a different color. So this is an additional displaced volume. So this additional displaced part will correspond to a particular length along the z axis and what is this? Consider that if this angle is theta then the angle of tilt of the x axis with respect to the horizontal is also theta. So what is this dimension? You know that this is x. So that is x tan theta. So if we calculate what is the displacement in centroid of the displaced volume? That is what is the difference between the x coordinate of say the original center of buoyancy. Let us give it a name that there was an original center of buoyancy say CB and now the new center of buoyancy CB prime. So the difference in x coordinate of CB prime and CB that is what we are interested to find out. What is that? Center of buoyancy you can calculate by utilizing the formula for centroid of a volume which is here the displaced volume. So this will be integral of x dv. So x is this x. What is dv? So you have this total height as x tan theta plus z dA is the other area in the other view. So the depth times the dA is the volume. So this divided by the volume of the immersed part because of the symmetry the volume of the total immersed volume does not change. Whatever comes down the same volume goes up above the water. So the total displaced volume does not change. Minus what was the original one integral of xz dA divided by v. It may be easier if we mark the original CB and the displaced CB here. So there has been a displacement from CB to CB prime. The location of the center of buoyancy has got shifted. So this is nothing but equal to CB, CB prime that is the length that we are talking about and this is equal to integral of x square tan theta dA divided by v. Theta being like a constant parameter tan theta you can take out of the integral and this area integral is carried out over the shaded area dA. So what does it represent if you take tan theta out of the integral? Second moment of area with respect to which axis? No with respect to you see it is you refer to now this plan view integral of x square dA is the second moment of area with respect to the y axis. Now it is tan theta into Iyy by v where what is Iyy it is integral of x square dA. Now referring to this figure you can say that for a small angle theta CB, CB prime this particular small distance is a small arc of maybe a circle. So you can write this as approximately CB m into theta for small theta.  Now for the same smallness tan theta will be approximately equal to theta of course you are expressing theta in radian that is understood implicitly. So then if you equate the 2 parts what you will get CB m is equal to Iyy by v. Now look into this figure in this figure you see that m is above g when m is above g the couple moment created by the forces is trying to restore the body to its original configuration. If g was above m it would have been just the opposite case that you can clearly visualize. So what is important here is the location of m relative to g just like for a totally submerged body it was location of b relative to or the center of buoyancy relative to g. So what we are interested to find out is what is the height gm. So gm you can write it as CB m-Cbg. So Iyy by v-Cbg see why we have written the formula in this way in the right hand side you have terms which are independent of the deformed configuration or deflected configuration. So if you see here Iyy v these can be calculated based on what is the original configuration and CB is the location of the original center of buoyancy relative to the body g is the location of the center of gravity relative to the body and the distance between those 2 that does not change with deflection. So we are able to express something which should be a function of deflection in terms of certain things which are not functions of deflection. Therefore this is also not a function of deflection and m remains sort of fixed but you have to keep in mind that there are certain assumptions that go behind this. What are the important assumptions? Theta is small. So this analysis is valid only when you are having a small theta not only that we have implicitly assumed that the z axis is an axis of symmetry for calculating or for coming up with this expression. So we are essentially dealing with a simplified case with symmetric bodies that we have to also keep in mind. Let us look into an example where we illustrate the use of this expression for finding out the stability criterion. So what is the stability criterion here? Let us summarize if m is above g it is stable. If m is below g it is unstable and obviously if m coincides with g it is neutral. So you can clearly understand that m plays the role of equivalent role of center of buoyancy in this case but it is not exactly the center of buoyancy. We consider a very simple example and we will illustrate the use of this through that example. Let us say that you have a body of this shape rectangular parallel pipette shape and you can give dimension say let us say a maybe this is b and let us say this is c. Say this is partially immersed in a fluid. So it is like a floating body. Now let us try to see that how we can apply this stability criterion here and what are the important issues. First important issue is that when you apply this criterion what should be the y axis with respect to which you are considering the second moment of area. If you look into this problem very critically you will see that there are certain non-trivial issues like you can consider maybe this as one of the frontal surfaces you might consider this as one of the frontal surfaces and even the third one. So accordingly it is not very straightforward to say so when we drew the picture of the boat see it could be this front part it could be this side part both are exposed to the water I mean both are within the water. So if you could say that what should be the corresponding axis that you need to consider or thus the choice of the axis change if you shift your attention from the frontal area to the side area. At the end what you are bothered with you are bothered with the plan view. So when you have the plan view which is like the top view of this one what is the plan view it is the intersection of the body with the free water surface or free fluid surface. So that particular view it boils down to the same when you consider the this surface or this surface. But again when you look from the side and when you look from this one maybe in one case you are considering this as the y axis in another case you are considering this as the y axis both axis are relative to the top view. So question is with respect to which axis you should evaluate this. See this is what this is like evaluation of a safety criteria that it will be stable. So when you want that it should be stable what should be the guideline the guideline should be that like you want this to be positive right. That means this height is greater than this height then like m is above g. So this the way in which this is written the right hand side has to be positive. So more positive means so to say it is like it is more stable so to say. So if we take the least of this one least possible value of this one and still find that the right hand side is positive then for all other cases it should be positive. So it is like a safety design. So you look into the most adverse condition make sure that it is positive even for that. So for better conditions it would always be better. So out of these two axis for one axis it will be what will be the i it will be b a cube by 12 another will be a b cube by 12. So you take the smaller one that means if b is smaller than a as an example you take this one. So then when you substitute that in this expression and still you calculate this as positive you are assured that it is safe because with respect to other axis when you calculate the metacentric height it will definitely be greater. This is known as metacentric height and really when you calculate different metacentric heights based on different views these represent different types of angular motions like rolling, pitching these are different technical names based on with respect to what type of axis it is tilting. So but just for design simple design you can consider the smaller one and you divide it by the volume the volume not the total volume but the volume of the submerged part. So that you can easily calculate based on what part is submerged. Let us say that d is the submerged depth it is easy to calculate this because you can use the equilibrium that for equilibrium the buoyancy force must be equal to the weight. So from that if you know the density of the fluid and density of the solid body you can come up with what should be the equilibrium d just by very simple equating of the two forces. So you can calculate what is the volume which is immersed in the fluid center of buoyancy location you can get from the centroid of the displaced volume center of gravity also has a fixed position with respect to the body. So you can clearly substitute these dimensions and find out what is the metacentric height. So this effectively requires only the calculation of the immersed volume the calculation of the second moment of area with respect to these axis and specification of the locations of the center of buoyancy and center of gravity with respect to the axis fixed on the body. So that is a sufficient information to calculate the metacentric height. So what we can clearly see is that if m is above g that makes it stable that means lower the location of the center of gravity it is having a greater chance that it will be stable because then it is a greater chance that m is above g lower the location of g. So location of g if it goes higher and higher it might make a previously stable system or convert it into an unstable one. Let us look into an animated example to consider this case. So in this animated example what we will see? We will see that how the stability may be disturbed because of the shifting of the distribution of weight of the body. So just look into it carefully. So there is a body which is given a slight displacement and you will see that for small displacement it oscillates like a pendulum. We will easily derive what is the time period of that. Now you see that the distribution of the weight is being altered. So the center of gravity is being shifted higher and higher by putting the load more and more towards the top and you see that it topples. So obviously this is clear illustration of this concept that we have learnt in this example that if you have metacenter above the center of gravity it makes it more stable and otherwise it is not so. So now for small oscillations you could see that for small deflection you could see that it oscillates like a pendulum. So when it oscillates like a pendulum it has a time period and that may be calculated by calculating the moment of the resultant force with respect to the axis. So if you have a tilted axis like this and if you have force Fb which is the buoyancy force this force has a moment with respect to the axis of the body. So what is the moment of this force with respect to the axis of the body you can just find out the perpendicular distance of this force from the axis of the body okay. So it will be just what will be the perpendicular distance of this buoyancy force line of action of the buoyancy force I mean you can see that it eventually passes through the axis of the body right. So it is not this force individually which is important it is the couple moment that you are having the so called the restoring couple. So you have also the w and it is basically the couple moment of this forces that you need to consider. So the perpendicular distance between these two in terms of the metacentric height could you express this. So if you have this as the metacenter m so we are interested about this distance. So it is possible to express it in terms of the metacentric height. So this angle being theta it is what is this perpendicular distance gm sin theta. So the moment of this force is w gm sin theta and the resultant moment of all the forces is nothing but if it is like rotation of a rigid body with respect to a fixed axis. It is a restoring moment so you should have a minus sign associated with one that means whatever is the chosen positive direction of theta dot theta double dot this has a direction opposite to that to bring it to its original configuration. So you can write this as so I is what now I is the mass moment of inertia it is not the same I that we were talking about it is the real mass moment of inertia with respect to the axis of the body relative to which it is tilting. So this plus for small theta again this is approximately equal to theta that is equal to 0. So it is just like equation of a spring mass system mx double dot plus kx equal to 0. So what is the natural frequency of oscillation of the system root over equivalent stiffness by equivalent mass. So w into gm divided by i that is the natural frequency of oscillation of the system it is an angular oscillation not a linear one. So you can clearly see that greater the meta centric height greater will be the frequency of oscillation. So if it is a ship it will be more uncomfortable to the passenger. So these are two conflicting designs. See greater the meta centric height you expect it to be a safe in terms of stability but it will have more oscillation within that stability regime that means for a passenger it may be quite uncomfortable. At the same time if it is for a used for a particular say critical purpose like warfare and so on. So their stability of the ship is more important than the comfort of the crew and there obviously it is the stability that should be the driving factor for design. So when a ship is design you have two conflicting things one is the comfort another is the stability and comfort factor comes from this high frequency of oscillation and the stability comes from the meta centric height or location of the meta centre relative to the centre of gravity. Now that we have seen this stability criterion so on we will come to our final topic in fluid statics which ironically is not fluid statics but fluid with rigid body motion. And as we discussed earlier that we are going to address this issue within the purview of fluid statics for a very simple reason that when you have fluid under rigid body motion it is still fluid element without any shear. So when it is without any shear it is just the normal force which is acting on the surface. So the distribution of force in terms of pressure on the surface remains unaltered no matter whether it is at rest or under rigid body motion. When the fluid elements are deforming then only you have the shear. So let us take a simple example for fluid under rigid body motion to begin with. Let us say that we have a tank partly filled up with water and the tank is accelerating towards the right with an acceleration of a x along x fixed acceleration and neglect the deformation of the water that is there in the tank. In reality that deformation is there. So whatever analysis that we are presenting here is not perfectly correct because in reality there will be shear and deformation and so on but just as an idealization. Just like many times we discussed about frictionless surfaces not that they are there but through this idealization we learn certain concepts. So let us say that there is no deformation so the water which is there within the tank just get deflected in its configuration in terms of the free surface like a rigid body. So how we calculate that what should be the location new location of the free surface because of this acceleration that is what we want to see. Say initially the height of water in the tank was h0. Maybe let us specify the breadth of the tank as b and maybe the width perpendicular to the plane of the board as w. Let us say that means it is a rectangular tank. Now recall that we derived certain expressions with regard to distribution of pressure in presence of body force. So far as I remember this is the expression that we derived sometime back when we were actually starting with our discussion on fluid statics. So we will try to use this expression here. So along x we have minus because there is no body force acting along x. Let us say that the y direction so we have x and y as our chosen directions. Let us say that the y direction is the direction opposite to the acceleration due to gravity. So for y direction what you can write? So what is ay? Ay is 0. It is accelerating along x. So ay is 0. What is by-g? So you can get-rho g. Now when you have a free surface the free surface is characterized by what? The free surface has the same pressure throughout because it is exposed to the atmosphere which has same pressure throughout. So there is a pressure equilibrium between that and the atmosphere. So for the free surface you must have dp equal to 0. That should be the governing parameter for locating the free surface. So when you have dp equal to 0 remember that now p is a function of both x and y. So you can write dp as this one okay. So you can substitute in place of the partial derivative with respect to x as-rho ax dx and this one is-rho g dy is equal to 0. That means what is dy dx? That is equal to-ax by g. What does this dy dx represent? It represents the slope of the free surface. So can you tell now whether the slope of this surface will be like this or like this? 1 or 2? 1 because you can clearly see that this will represent a kind of tilt like this. So this will become the new free surface and the angle that you are considering for the slope is basically this one because this is negative ax is positive and g is positive. So this is negative so it must be an obtuse angle. So in the direction in which the tank is accelerating the liquid will be more down and in the other direction it will be more up. And if you specify this angle as say theta then that theta is nothing but 180 degree-this slope angle.  So you can find out that what is the extent to which the water level will rise on one side and may be fall on the other side. Let us say that this rise is delta H on one side because of symmetry it will be a fall of equivalent delta H on the other side. So it will be as if swiveling with respect to the center. So we can calculate what is delta H. So if you calculate delta H what will be that? It is nothing but delta H divided by b by 2 is tan theta that is ax by g. So from here you can calculate what is delta H ax by g into b by 2. Now let us come to a critical condition. If we are happy with this sometimes we are deceived. How? Let us say that the total height of the tank is H. If it so happens that let us say for from calculation we get delta H plus H0 it is greater than H. Practically that is not possible right because the liquid cannot occupy a height which is which is greater than that is provided by the tank. So what this will mean? This will mean some water has spilled out. So this is a condition from which you can say that it has actually spilled out. When it has spilled out it is no more this configuration. So when it has spilled out what will happen? What type of configuration you expect? So before spilling out it tried its best to climb up to the topmost level and then it spilled out. So this will be one end of the surface and maybe the other end is like this somewhere. So with spill out maybe this is the so this is with spill out. Irrespective of whether it has spilled out or not you still have this expression applicable. So now this will be the angle theta. You can find out that what should be this length let us say B1. What should be this length B1 because you can say capital H by B1 equal to tan theta which is Ax by g capital H being the height of the tank known. So from there you can find out what is B1 and therefore you can calculate what is the volume which is there now within the tank and the difference between the original volume and that volume will give you what is the volume that has got spilled. So you see that it is not just like your solution should not be driven by a magic formula but based on the numerical data given you have to come to a decision whether the water is there inside or it has got spilled and so on. Let us take a variant of this example. So the variant of the example is that now we have the tank located on an inclined plane with an angle of inclination alpha. The tank is there on the plane and it is accelerating say downwards with an acceleration of A which is a uniform acceleration may be because of a resultant force which acts along that direction. So in this case it may be more convenient if you fix up your coordinate axis relative to the inclined plane say x and y. So the similar equations will be applied and let us just do it very quickly because it is very straight forward. So you will have minus partial derivative of p with respect to x plus what will be Bx now? Bx is g sin theta. So plus rho g sin theta is equal to rho here it is not theta we have given a name alpha. So rho g sin alpha is equal to rho Ax is A. What about y? So minus this so y will be minus g cos theta. So minus rho g cos alpha is equal to 0. So from here you can find out when you have dp equal to 0 that means you can substitute the expression. So it will be let us write it at the top. The expression now becomes in place of partial derivative with respect to x you can substitute rho g sin alpha minus rho A dx plus minus rho g cos alpha dy equal to 0. So dy dx will be g sin alpha minus A divided by g cos alpha. And this is now equal to the tan theta where theta is the angle relative to the original location of the free surface or like the assumed x direction. So you can see now that there is depending on the magnitude of A this may be positive or negative. So you may have a case when g sin alpha is greater than A or g sin alpha less than A. So here you cannot trivially say that whether it is 1 or 2 case 1 or case 2. Again you see that it is not a magic formula that should drive your decision. It depends on what is the physical situation that is prevailing. Let us consider a third example. Yes surface should always be normal on the resultant. See here what we are doing? Here we are implicitly applying the same condition. It is you see that we are having one very important assumption. The assumption is that you do not have an oscillation in the surface. So sometimes because of this displacement the surface oscillates. It becomes like a wavy situation and that is known as sloshing of tanks. So we are not going into that details. So we are assuming that the surface remains flat and when the surface remains flat and under these conditions when you have dp equal to 0 that is exactly the same condition. See vector analysis is not it is also mathematics. When you say that when you are dealing with mathematical analysis at film this is too mathematical. I mean I do not see any difference. Like I mean if you have vector analysis this is also vector analysis just do dealing with scalar components. So it is better to be habituated with these because again I am telling you there are situations when it will not be as straight forward as these. So you have to use these fundamental equations. So whenever you are solving a problem try to adhere to the fundamental situations. I am getting your point why you are telling this because you have been habituated in solving problems in that way through your entrance exams. But we will be encountering more challenging problems than what you have solved earlier through that type of magic situation and we will try to avoid that. So our basic intention will be that we have this basic equation. This should solely guide us for solving whatever complicated problems that we are having of this type. Let us consider another one say example 3. Now let us say you have a closed tank. Close tank partially filled with water this is closed. Again you are doing the same thing accelerating it along x. What will happen to the free surface? Now there cannot be any spilling. So when there cannot be any spilling there is even a chance that the free surface is like this. So the symmetry with respect to the central line which was there for the previous case without spilling is now broken. That symmetry is not guaranteed because it may try to escape and since it is not finding an escape route it will break the symmetry and get distributed in what way in such a way that the volume of the liquid now is conserved because it cannot go out of the tank. So if you say that this dimension is say y1 and this is x1 then you have y1 by x1 as tan theta and that is equal to ax by g and you can calculate y1 and x1 by considering that the volume which was there originally is same as the volume of water after this tilting of the interface. So this is the new interface. So this will give you another relationship involving x1 and y1 and you can solve for x1 y1. Now let us say that we are interested to find out what is the total force acting on the top surface or the lead of the container. How will you find it out? So you let us say this point is c. So you have to keep in mind that only up to ac it is in contact with the fluid and you can use this one. So you can find out the pressure distribution as a function of x from a to c. Take a small element at a distance x from a of width dx. So the force acting on that is p into dx into the third dimension. Integrate it from a to c and ac you can find out from these geometrical considerations. So that will give you the total force. Let us consider maybe a fourth variant which I will not solve but just tell you that such a variant is also possible. Say you have a tank, now it is completely filled with water and it is closed. Which p will be p0? You can you assume any one of the point say a as a reference pressure say p some reference p because always when you have pressure it is relative to some point. And so you can express the pressure distribution in terms of the pressure at the point a and then integrate it over the element. So next example is you have this tank accelerating towards the right but completely filled with water but closed. So water cannot escape. So if I tell you find out the total force on the lead AB. How will you do it? I will not do it myself leave it on you as an exercise. And I can only tell you that this is the simplest of all the cases that we have considered. But you have to keep in mind that same consideration as this also should work. So that will give you a natural pressure distribution from a to b. And similar to this you can just integrate from a to b to find out. Here you do not have the botheration of finding out what is the portion that is exposed with the liquid because since it is completely filled it should be completely exposed. Now when we consider the rigid body motion it is not always just translation it may also be rotation. So let us consider a rigid body rotation example. This type of example you have seen earlier that you have a tank filled up with water to some height h0. It is a cylindrical tank of radius r. So we are using a rz coordinate system axis symmetric coordinate system. So this is r coordinate and along this there is z coordinate. So this tank is rotated with respect to its axis with an angular velocity omega. So when it is rotated you already know it that it will come to its free surface will come to a deformed or deflected shape like this which is a parabola of revolution. Let us quickly see that how we can derive that it should be a parabola of revolution from these fundamental principles not from any magic formula okay. So let us see you start with here. So there are 2 directions r and z. So you have dp dr-that plus what is the body force along r-omega square r. See these we are writing in the original form of the Newton's second law of motion not with respect to an accelerating reference frame. So no question of centrifugal okay. So you have now you tell when it is no question of centrifugal whether the body force is there or not yes or no. You have say you are standing on a platform and you are looking into it from an inertial reference frame. This is not an external force that is applied that you can see only when you have a rotating reference frame that is attached to the platform that is having angular motion. So obviously there will be no br that you have to keep in mind. This is the form of the Newton's second law in an inertial reference frame. With a non-inertial reference frame you have to use a pseudo force for the inertia force but that then you do not write equation of dynamics but equivalent to equation of static equilibrium. You convert that into an equivalent static equation through D'Alembert's principle. But here we are not talking about that. We are talking about the proper acceleration. So you have no body force but you have acceleration. What is the acceleration? This is nothing but a centripetal acceleration. So minus rho omega square r. See if you had considered it in a rotating reference frame the right hand side would be 0 because you are writing static equilibrium. This would be represented by the pseudo force. So the final equation would eventually be the same. It is just a matter of the reference frame with respect to which you are writing but this is written with respect to the inertial reference frame. Then when you come to the z direction-dpdz then let us say this is the acceleration due to gravity direction-rho g is equal to there is no acceleration it is not vertically moving. Again like whenever it is vertically moving and so on you can substitute. So start with this basic equation depending on whatever information is given in the problem you try to use it. So for the free surface you have dp equal to 0. So when you have dp equal to 0 you have this equal to 0. So this is rho omega square r. This is minus rho g. So you have dz dr is equal to omega square r by g. You can now integrate this with respect to r. So on integration what follows? Let us just complete that integrating it follows g equal to omega square r square by 2g plus a constant of integration z0. You can set up the constant of integration z0 by choosing a reference such that when r equal to 0, g equal to 0. So if we choose this as our origin of the coordinate. So this is r and this is g. So if you have at small r equal to 0, g equal to 0 then g0 equal to 0. So g will be omega square r square by 2g. This formula you have encountered earlier. So we can clearly see that it is a equation like of a parabola. So it is a paraboloid of revolution. It is a 3 dimensional situation. And you can calculate the other things just similar to what we did in the previous case with an understanding of what that again if it does not spill whatever was the volume that should be conserved. So how can you calculate the volume? So initial volume you can calculate. Final volume is pi capital R square into H0. What is the final volume? Final volume is whatever is the depression say delta H plus the volume of the shaded parabola of revolution. And I leave it on you as an exercise. If you calculate this shaded volume you will see that it will just be half of the volume of the circumscribing cylinder. That means if this height is H1 then the shaded volume will be half of pi R square H1. By simple integration you can find out this volume. So by equating the initial and the final volume you can find out totally the deflected configuration. Again you may have to check that H1 plus delta H if it becomes greater than the height of the original tank then it will spill. And spilling again may have 2 different cases. You may have in one case the cylinder is rotating in such a way that you have spilling but still it is having an interface shape like this. Again it may so happen that is rotating so fast that is spilling but only the part of the parabola of revolution is within the cylinder. So then it is an imaginary parabola of revolution even outside that you have to consider to find out what is the volume that is there inside. So it all depends on the rotational speed given dimensions and so on. So it is not just like a fixed formula but you know what is the basic principle. We have discussed enough numbers of examples to see that what is the basic principle and that basic principle should guide you to find out that what is the case. Now if it is totally closed cylinder as a final example say we have a cylinder that is totally closed and filled up with liquid and rotated with respect to its axis. What is the total force on the top lead AB? Again the basic principle is the same. You just use this dp dr formula to find out how pressure varies with r. Of course with a reference say at r equal to 0 p equal to p0 with a reference because pressure you always calculate with a reference. So you know how p varies with r by integrating this with respect to r. When you integrate with respect to r g is fixed. So then you can find out the total force by taking an element. Here an element will be 2 pi r dr. So integrating over that you can find out the total force on the top surface. Total force on the bottom surface will be that plus the weight of the fluid which is there. So we will close this discussion by seeing just one example where we will see that how this type of vortex motion is generated in practice. You see that this type of a vortex motion that is there. I mean it is not exactly a parabola of revolution but it is by rotating the fluid in a container. Why it is not exactly a parabola of revolution is because we have neglected here the viscous effects. The shear between various fluid layers. We have assumed that the fluid rotates like a rigid body. In reality that is not the case and we will look into these situations more emphatically whenever we are discussing with viscous flows. So we close our discussion on fluid statics with this. Thank you very much.


Landon McArthur with SecureAge in Marketing again bringing you an insurance marketing show that we do a weekly. We appreciate you guys joining us again I really really am excited about search engine optimization for a couple reasons I know that there's a shift coming in the market Right now digital marketing is taking a lot of market share from traditional media in general in the insurance industry I know this because we spend a million dollars a month on digital marketing whether it be Google YouTube Facebook Instagram, you know what landing page is whatever just in the insurance space alone And so I am seeing a shift go massively towards social media Well, what's happening is is because this massive shift is going towards social media There's actually a opportunity because everybody's focus of digital marketing is now social Which is driving up costs. It's diluting the lead quality. There's some issues going on with that So on the flip side what we try to do is try to kind of go in a different direction as the crowd And we've kind of figured that figured that out a little bit It's a little bit of a waltz not to say that social media isn't where we're going not to say that We're not doing that like the rest of us, but there's opportunity that is Other places as well besides social media and that is in my opinion search engine optimization What is search engine optimization? Obviously, it's getting your website found on Google to get an organic Ranking to get passive lead flow Into your business to we don't have to pay per lead, but you're getting passive lead flows throughout the month Also, what's happening is is the industry is shifting to less face-to-face less walking into the insurance office and more telephone sales doing the multi-stake and your license in multi-states So what happens is is you're kind of fighting the What's if you're face-to-face with somebody you have an opportunity to impress them You have an opportunity to show up sharp to basically, you know show up in a nice car whatever that is and then but with digital and with phone sales you kind of have to like Really exude that that presence as much as possible and a lot of people what's happening is they're googling the company that you're with They're googling the carrier talking about they're googling you as a person And if you don't have that brand figured out and if they Google, you know, John Jacobs Springfield, Missouri, and you're not on the list with a website.  I promise so what I want to do today It's been a little bit of time one I'm gonna go through about 10 to 15 things that is search engine optimization All of these things you could probably Google and find mountains of information Just as a quick plug. I'm gonna be doing a masterclass December 4th. There's a link in the description below For you to be able to check out that masterclass where I'm gonna teach this stuff for two hours I'm gonna go through the tools. I'm gonna get everything Where I'm gonna teach you how to do this as opposed to just talking about it right now but there's a lot of you guys that are interested in kind of hearing some of this stuff and Probably a lot of you guys that are doing some of it, but not all of it So I just kind of want to walk through those specific points So the first thing that I want to talk about with search engine optimization that is an important factor It's what I would call premium hosting or like your hosting environment your site speed You got to make sure that you're you know Google will ding you for having slow site speeds slow mobile Site speeds and the way that you set up your premium hosting is actually important if you just go for like the cheapest You know a website that you pay 49.99 a month or whatever and they stand up a website I guarantee you that hosting package that you're on is poop and you're gonna Google's gonna basically Ding you for not having a good hosting environment over all see we know we've set up our stuff in WP engine and some other hosting environments that are you know topped here We don't do the cheapest hosting environment possible, right? And that's something that does matter to Google because they're the ones that are sending traffic to your Website and one of the first things they check is who is this hosted with what are the credentials? And that leads into the next thing which is SSL certification So there used to be sort of a myth that only SSL certification Mattered for e-commerce specifically, so it's not necessarily true anymore You need what will happen is on the left bar of the search of the where the URL is it'll say not secure That's just like a I mean just think about the perception that that brings that if you're going to the website And says not secure You know you're gonna have this perception that oh this guy who is this guy? He's not secure. You know what's going on and a lot of our clients are older people and if they see Not secure it kind of has a tendency to kind of freak some people out Even though they don't know what that even means and they for sure don't want to put their credit card in but if they're putting their Email address and trying to go through our lead forms through gated content or reach out to us directly by calling the number on The deal and they see not secure that's gonna hurt you Google knows that so they count that against you as well So with any good SEO strategy the next thing that you want to make sure that you do is anybody can You know shoot an arrow at the wall walk up to where the arrow landed and draw bullseye around it, right? That's not what we're trying to do a search in an organization We're trying to do keyword research to make sure that we know the target that we're trying to shoot at You may think keywords Just kind of come to you and what you would Google yourself You need to really do some keyword research to figure out where the actual search volume is on Google So there's lots of tools out there I'm gonna go through some tools on on my masterclass that we use that are free To do all the keyword research So you want to make sure that you first understand which keywords you're going after on a search engine optimization strategy Because if you don't know where you're going you don't know what you know create content about you don't know how to Structure your website. It's not it's not the ideal situation for sure So, you know, that's an important thing is that keyword research So the next thing you got to make sure you do is, you know, Google ranks websites Predominantly, I wouldn't say predominantly but well, yeah, I would say predominantly based on the amount of content So I don't care how good your SEO is on a five page website a 20 page website on the same topic is that structured correctly with SEO is always going to outrank the five page website Just think about it. If you're a user Google wants to send their users to good educational websites If Google identifies this website as having five pages of content on a particular keyword and this website of having 20 pages of content On a particular keyword, which one has more domain authority. Do you think obviously the one that has more content? So you need a good content strategy. A lot of people don't really understand like how to structure that though A lot of people think that that means just building a website and then putting a blog feed and just creating all these blog content That's not how you do it either. There's all kinds of ways to screw this thing up That's that's the main thing is to have some sort of a content strategy Then you got to make sure that you're doing something all the work that you're doing you got to have a way to track it So you want to have an independent? Source that tracks leads clicks bounce rates content Captures which blog posts are your popular ones so you can create more content around that Different markets different areas have different hotspots for different keywords So if you are able to create a big library of blog posts You can actually see which of your blog posts are getting more traffic more attention and driving those leads into your overall website that way So in order to track that you have to have Google analytics setup. Okay, Google analytics is free to set up It's not rocket science What is a little more difficult though is setting up the goal conversions in the lead form captures and all that stuff But just getting analytics on your site is not that hard and it's free You just have to have a log in set it up. It's not it's not rocket science So the next thing while you're doing analytics is a tool called Google webmaster tools Google webmaster tools is basically the interface that Google gives us as Owners of a website to look at how Google is seeing our website. That's where errors come up. That's where Google gives you your sort of Information to say this is what's wrong. This is what's right. This is what you're doing good This is what you're doing bad Also, that's where you submit your site map and you basically are able to with Google webmaster tools That's the interface that we have to tell Google how to crawl our website if you don't use Google webmaster tools You're just waiting for the search engine robots to crawl your site and just kind of do a lot of guess work Which is not how you want to approach in this digital age. You want to make sure that you have a good foundation set So that I already touched on the site map as well Now the next thing you got to do is if you have your content structure figured out You've got to make sure that your on-page SEO is is fixed what that means is is you got to have your page titles your Meta descriptions your h1s your copy you got to look at your keyword research You got to make sure all of your meta data is set up correctly on the existing pages and all these blog posts that you're creating You got to make sure that you're adding the right keywords and structuring that correctly with the site map That was talked about etc But you know the main thing is is your page title Is if you were able to go up to the tab on Chrome and hover your mouse over the tab that you're on a little rectangle Will drop down and it'll give you the keywords that you're focused on if you don't put those into Google Specifically then Google will guess for you I can't tell you how many times I go to a website and the page title is home and we're an insurance agent You know why would we want home as our number one keyword that we're going for on our home page? That's silly right the reason is because no one went in and set it up So you're never going to get ranked ever no matter what you do if you don't have their correct correct metadata built out The next thing that you got to do is go through and make sure that you have all these directory listings sorted out So every mention of you or your business on the internet needs to align with the phone number Description address etc if there starts to be a bunch of different versions of your address a bunch different versions of your name A bunch different versions of all these different You know mentions of your business that are saying it's here. No, it's there No, it's here's the phone number. No, there's the phone number. They do this know they do that Google sees that as inconsistent and they actually ding that against you on the flip side if you have it all set up correctly Not only does that bring you inbound links it also gives you authority with Google as well because it's all consistent It's more trusted basically So that brings me into a sort of link building link building is still a thing with with search engine optimization It's not near as important as it once was link building used to be the actual SEO strategy that we all use Which was called the link wheel so you had your you know your main website and you had your different websites that you would link to And Google would look at all the links to a website and give domain authority based on that final site That was being linked to because well a lot of people are linking to it then that site must be You know the most authoritative on this particular keyword Well Google realized that people started to gain that system and so they links are still important What's not as important as it used to be but you still want to try and get some organic links if you can whether it be through PR releases there's plenty of press release, you know Systems that you can submit a press release with your link and they'll give you a link and there's social links you can do But the directory listing also will give you those links as well The only thing I don't love about link building is it's hard to like the Google is getting more and more They don't want you to buy links in any way And so if you have any system that's sort of selling links to you if you can actually get in trouble by buying links big time I've had to have clients, you know Google has like a naughty corner that if they catch you doing things It's called black hat SEO. They'll put you in the naughty corner and they'll take you off their search engine all together So the last thing that I want to kind of go through is some sort of ongoing review system Google does look at reviews and the star rating of those reviews embedded in your website as a indication of performance It's weird how they do it. It didn't used to be a thing But Google realizes that consumers use review star ratings and reviews and amount of reviews as a point of authority as a point of Basically a website that has 50 reviews on it means that it had 50 customers Come in and pay attention enough to leave the review So Google actually does look at that stuff. You've got to set it up correctly But it is it is important to look at And then you really just at the end of day if it's it may seem overwhelming But it's all a project that you can kind of work on and move towards There's always the next level to get to a search engine optimization. There's always the next level to actually arrive and what you'll find it with a good social search engine optimization strategy is that over time you will get increased traffic You'll start to get lead flows I can't tell you how many customers customers I've helped where they've had paid ads and search engine optimization So they get your paid ads driving the leads and then you've got your search engine optimization Finally, they catch up and then cut the paid all together. That's happened. I mean more times than I can count I've done millions of dollars of search engine optimization over my seven years of digital marketing And that's like our biggest win is when we can basically say, you know what? We just have to pay 10 bucks a click just to get you know X amount of clicks It would cost us X amount of dollars now we're getting that amount of clicks organically Let's cut the paid all together Just focus on sort of lead development over here, but not usually use Google paid tools any any further But on the flip side by the way Google does use AdWords data conversion rates, etc to give you authority on your website as well So one way to get a boot up bump on your search engine or Optimization rankings is to have an AdWords campaign with decent conversion rates driving traffic to your site because Google does look at that Information as well because they'll say wow, you know, they're paying $10 per click You know, they have a 10% conversion rate on this particular landing page They must be an authority on this particular keyword and they do bump up your domain authority by doing that So guys, I would love to kind of teach you more about this with actionable steps of how to execute this yourself It's not rocket science. I can get you you can even do this with your own wicks and in Squarespace site You don't even need a WordPress site to do some of this stuff So what I would love to do is invite you guys to our masterclass. That's going to be happening December Fourth and you will see the link in the description below and we would love to see you guys there I'm gonna teach you all this stuff. It's gonna be a two hour. I'm gonna record it Um, if you sign up for it, I'm gonna give you the recording And everything is gonna be sort of laid out a little bit more simply and steps We're gonna take more time to unpack each of these things and walk through all of them together So thank you so much for your time. It's really not as mystifying as people think It's really just a matter of work ethic and executing and creating content strategies and but but most importantly Making sure it's structured the right way so that you're building authority towards the keywords that matter That's that's what SEO is basically So thanks for joining us. I look forward to seeing on the masterclass Also, you can reach out with the link below start here If you want me to a site audit and look at your actual search is an optimization of your site If you're interested in working with an insurance professional To help you with your search is an optimization think about this guys if content marketing and content that means writing custom content You want an insurance professional an insurance only person that is only insurance marketing to be writing the content for your insurance website Trust me. It's it will help So anyways, thank you guys for joining us. We will talk to you on the next time