Save 10% with my code Bobby10 on raw, organic, grass-fed and grass-finished, freeze-dried organ meats from grassland nutrition. Link in the description box. All right guys, welcome back to the channel. If you're new, my name is Bobby. Guys, today we're going to react to mind-blowing prophecies of Prophet Muhammad by many prophets. One message. To be completely honest, in this whole journey reacting to Islamic videos, watching videos about Prophet Muhammad is the most rewarding to me personally because I know very little about him. The only information that I got so far about Prophet Muhammad was from known anti-Islamic YouTubers. I talked about this previously as well. It is really important for me to understand who Muhammad is because even if you look at the Shahada, for example, Muhammad, the messenger is 50% of that declaration, the first pillar of faith, so to speak. Therefore, when we're talking about Islam, we're not only talking about Tawhid, we're not only talking about pure monotheism. This is only one side of the argument. When we accept Islam, we of course accept the oneness of God, but at the same time we have to accept Prophet Muhammad as a prophet, as the messenger of God. This is why I'm looking forward to find out more about him in today's video. Let's have a look. Arab Bedouins Prophecy From millennium past, there were two types of Arabs, city dwellers and Bedouins. Bedouins are nomads. They travel through the vast deserts and are constantly on the move. Even during the golden age of Islam, when Arabs were the richest and most learned people on earth, Bedouins remained in virtually the same state that they had been for thousands of years.  Yet Muhammad, peace be upon him, foretold that these Arab Bedouins of his region would one day compete with one another in the construction of tall buildings. The Prophet replied that you see the barefoot, unclothed Bedouins competing in the construction of tall buildings. Today we find in the Arabian Peninsula the Bedouins who used to be impoverished herders of camels and sheep are now not only competing with one another, but also the entire world to construct the world's tallest buildings. How did one of the poorest people on earth, who literally wore rags, become the wealthiest nations on earth? One thing that made this rapid change possible was the discovery of oil, the seemingly empty deserts of the Bedouins had it in abundance. They went from camels to Cadillacs in a single generation. The construction of tall buildings among the Arab Bedouins has even reached Mecca, Muhammad's city of birth. The last few decades have seen a massive surge. This is something I was very surprised by when I started looking into Islam, looking into Mecca, all of those tall buildings around Mecca. I wouldn't have expected such buildings around the Kaaba. I thought the Kaaba would be excluded. I still find it strange. Origin building construction in Mecca The famous Mecca clock tower is currently the third tallest building in the world. In order for such construction to be possible, many of Mecca's ancient mountains had to be demolished in order to make room for the tall buildings that had sprung up. Yeah, I don't like this to be totally honest, man. Instead of leaving God's creation, leaving the mountains, you're going to build a man-made tower. Amazingly, this is also something that Muhammad had foretold. He said, The hour will not be established until the mountains are moved from their places. This tremendous feat of demolishing entire mountains has only been made possible in the 20th century, with the advent of technologies such as explosives. It's important to point out that Muhammad himself was a simple man and wanted other Muslims to maintain that simplicity. It did not like Muslims to be extravagant. So if he wanted to will this prophecy to become true, he would have to encourage the Arabs to build tall buildings. Yet he never did. To play devil's advocate here, maybe it is a self-fulfilling prophecy.  Yep. Muhammad, peace be upon him, revealed that the day of judgment would not take place until sexual immorality had become so prevalent and normalized that it would begin to be carried out even in public places. That's so disgusting, man. The hour will not be established until people fornicate with each other in the road, just as donkeys fornicate. Yep. And I've seen this, by the way, in Germany during Karneval. This is a huge celebration in February where everybody gets super drunk in Nordrhein-Westfalen. It's the northwestern part of Germany. It is a traditional around there. Everybody gets drunk. Everybody is on the streets. And yes, I've seen people actually fornicating on the streets. Today we live in a world where we are being constantly bombarded with explicit sexual imagery. All the time, man, I can't scroll through Instagram without seeing a chick shaking her butt in my face yet again. I didn't ask for this. And with the advent of the internet, pornography has now become readily available at any time and place. It's repulsive. We are finding more and more stories in the news of people being arrested for having sex in public. Sure. An interesting side note is that the prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, described what will be the consequences of such widespread sexual immorality. Disease. He said, never does sexual perversion become widespread and publicly known in certain people without them being overtaken by disease that never happened to their ancestors who came before them. Wow. Okay, clear prophecy, man. Honestly. At this point, I cannot deny this. Increase of sexual immorality has seen the emergence of previously unheard of diseases such as AIDS. Yes, and those diseases only stem from sexual immorality. If you know what I mean. Just as the prophet Muhammad had forewarned. A world steeped in interest. Whose fault is that? Muhammad, peace be upon him, claimed that the practice of interest would one day become so dominant that even those who try to avoid it will still feel its impact. Yeah. He said, a time will come upon mankind when they will consume interest. Whoever does not take from it will be afflicted by its dust. This clearly describes the state of the world economy. It's interesting, especially if you're into crypto, you will actually see that if you have little remaining crypto, this is even called dust today. In the modern world, it is almost impossible to avoid dealing with, or at the very least being impacted by interest. Just think about how many people have interest-bearing bank accounts. Sure. Buy things using credit cards. Even if one somehow manages to avoid dealing and interest directly, almost every aspect of our lives is impacted by it. Of course. Central banks influence the purchasing power of our money, and virtually every country in the world. Yeah, and central banks influence the wars in the Middle East. Even those considered to be wealthy are drowning in interest-based debt. The financial system even suffered a global collapse in 2008, a disaster which had plunged the world into economic turmoil. That wasn't planned, of course. The consequences of which will be felt for generations to come. What makes this prediction amazing is that the financial state of the world over the last century is unique in history. At the time of Muhammad, finance was based on commodities with intrinsic value, such as gold and silver coins. Yep, but the gold standard has been removed thanks to the Federal Reserve. Over have been used as the most common form of currency throughout history. The use of paper money with no intrinsic value, along with the massive debt and interest that it has resulted in, is a phenomenon of modern finance, and not something that could have been easily guessed by Muhammad over 1400 years ago. No chance. The defeat of Rome in the conquest of Persia. During the Battle of the Trench, where Muhammad, peace be upon him, and his followers were under siege by their enemy. I love those ornaments. Guys, I'm not saying this to promote psychedelics. I'm simply sharing my perspective, hence the channel's name, Bobby's perspective. But when I was using s**t banks, mushrooms, s**t SD, and ayaka, I saw those exact ornaments within my spiritual experiences. It is very, very interesting to see that they've been drawn by Muslims. Being outnumbered three to one and staring in the face of certain defeat, the Prophet made some bold predictions. He said, God is most great. I have been given the keys of Syria. By God, I can see its red palaces at the moment. God is most great. I have been given Persia. God is most great. I have been given the keys of Yemen. At that moment, Muhammad had made the astonishing claim that the Muslims would not only take the lands of Yemen and Syria, much of which was under the occupation of the Roman Empire, but that they would also defeat the mighty Persian Empire. Historically, Muhammad's companions saw this prophecy fulfilled before their very eyes as they went on to... That is absolutely insane because the Persian Empire was so extremely powerful to even assume that you will do that. If nothing else, it shows the character of Prophet Muhammad. It shows that he was a man of conviction. Defeat the Romans and conquer Persia. Wow. What are the odds that the Muslims, who lacked economic and military strength, could topple the superpowers of the world in such a short span of time? Exactly. The astonishing way that the Muslims defeated the superpowers captured the world by surprise. As historian Barnaby Rogerson explains, you have to remember that the two great superpowers were the Byzantine Empire, i.e. the Eastern Roman Empire, and Sassanid Persia. That is the area of my home country basically. So northern Macedonia, be it Serbia, be it Greece, all of this was under the Byzantine Empire, which were the Greeks. At that point the Greeks didn't even identify as Greeks, but as Eastern Romans. They were the dominant superpowers. If you're putting it in a modern parlance, it's a bit like the Eskimos taking on the United States of America and Russia.  Exactly. The sentiment is echoed by historians who cannot explain how Islam became such a dominant force so quickly. Professor of Byzantine studies, Andrew Louth wrote, the speed with which the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire succumbed to the Arabs remains to be explained by historians. That's fascinating. Prevalence of writing. Many of us take for granted the ability to read and write, and the abundance of books that are available in the modern age. However, for the people of the past illiteracy was the norm, and books were very scarce. Muhammad, peace be upon him, was born into a society in which very few people could read or write. It is estimated that the number of people who were literate in his locality of western Saudi Arabia did not exceed 17. Muhammad himself could not read or write. Against this backdrop, the Prophet Muhammad made the prediction that writing will one day become widespread among mankind. He said, ahead of the hour the pen will prevail. The Arabic word used for pen here is qalam, which also carries the wider meaning of writing. This perfectly describes our world today. And again, I'm not an Islamic scholar, so I'm just giving you my perspective, my thoughts, but in the end the writing will prevail. Of course, this could mean as well that the writing of the Quran, the written down Quran, will prevail. Correct me if I'm wrong. This perfectly describes our world today, in which it is the norm for people to read and write. And there is an abundance of books, newspapers, and magazines. This has only been made possible thanks to 15th century technological advances, such as printing that took place over 800 years after Muhammad's prophecy. And with the advent of the internet, writing is spreading even more. Anybody with a computer or smartphone now has access to millions of books with just the click of a finger. It's quite powerful that Muhammad, who could neither read nor write, prophesized the spread of reading and writing. Powerful indeed, bro. The greening of Arabia's deserts. Yeah, that's crazy. The Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. I heard about this. It would be a bold prediction about the future state of Arabia. He said, The hour will not begin until the land of the Arabs once again become meadows and rivers. This narration anticipated the greening of Arabia's extensive dry desert environment. As recently as 1986, there was little to no farming in the region. However, over the last 30 years, these deserts have been transformed to grow grains, fruits, and vegetables. Wow, man. Thanks to techniques such as center pivot irrigation. Yep. This is a process that pumps water to the surface from deep underground reserves. It's wild. Some of which date back to the last ice age, 20,000 years ago. Crazy. Crazy. Now put yourself in the position of a person living in 7th century Arabia. This region hosts some of the most extensive sand and gravel deserts in the world, with very little rainfall. Could anyone inhabiting such a harsh environment ever rationally conceive of the possibility that one day there would be a plentiful supply of water and abundant crops? No, obviously not. It doesn't make any sense. This prophecy also makes a claim about the ancient past. Note the words of Muhammad, the lands of the Arabs once again become meadows and rivers. By saying once again, he is implying that at one stage in their history, the deserts were lush with vegetation and life, and that they will be returning to this former state. Geologists now know that the Arabian Peninsula was, indeed, once filled with meadows and rivers in ancient times. Modern archaeological discoveries have uncovered a number of fossils, and conclude that once upon a time, the Arabian Peninsula was much greener and wetter, just as Muhammad had revealed. Africa in general, too. The rapid spread of Islam and the decline of the Muslims. That is interesting to me. Peace be upon him predicted that the Islamic civilization would reach both east and west. He said, God folded the earth for me, and I saw its east and west, and the dominion of my nation will reach as far as the earth was folded for me. The earth was folded. This will definitely trigger the flat earthers. Guys, let me know in the comment section what you think about this particular subject. History bears witness to the fact that Islam spread rapidly, both east and west, just as Muhammad boldly had foretold. At the time, this was a geographic expansion the likes of which the world had never witnessed. The Islamic Empire was the largest the world had ever seen. That's so crazy. And this is before the Ottoman Empire. Then it kept on spreading. Look at this. It actually stopped at Turkey. So the Turks, the Ottomans, they continue the spread. And essentially, if you really think about it, Islam conquered most of the world. Muhammad not only informed us about the spectacular rise of Muslims, he also foretold their decline. He said, The nations will call each other and set upon you, just as diners set upon food. Someone then asked, Will it be because of our small number that day? The Prophet Muhammad replied, Rather, on that day you will be many, but you will be like foam, like the foam on the river. Here we can see that Muhammad prophesied the dire circumstances in which the Muslims would find themselves. Like nothing, basically. He explained that a day would come in which the Muslims would be large in number, but in such a state of weakness that other nations would invite one another to set upon them. The analogy of Muslims being eaten as a meal was given, which emphasizes just how helpless they would become. Yeah, eating as a meal, or you could say, is simulated, essentially assimilated in the West, into the pop culture, the liberalism of the West, being eaten alive. Prediction accurately describes the radical turn of events that took place in the Muslim world in the 19th and 20th century. Prior to this, the Muslim lands had grown to become some of the most powerful in the world. From the time of the death of Muhammad into the 19th century, the Muslims were economically, politically, militarily, and technologically far ahead of most of the world. And then America happened. Then the unthinkable happened. Nearly all the Muslim world was occupied, colonized, and militarily defeated by non-Muslim nations. Russia had annexed the Caucasus. France controlled Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Great Britain occupied Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Palestine, and India. And the Dutch controlled Malaysia and Indonesia. Of the 50 Muslim countries that exist today, only a few survived occupation. And the ones that did were still subject to colonial masters. All of this is just as the Prophet Muhammad This is really the side that we from the West really do not understand. The National Socialist narrative is simply, ah, the Muslims want to take over Europe, but they do not see this side of the coin. That predicted. At the time, there was an estimated 200 million Muslims, representing 12.5% of the world's population. But their considerable numbers could do nothing to prevent the defeat by their rivals. They were weak like the foam on a river. Again, just as Muhammad had foretold. If we reflect on this prediction, it is quite counter-intuitive. If this prediction was guesswork, then it would have made more sense to state that the Muslims would be diminished in number, and that would be the cause of their weakness. Yet Muhammad predicted the exact opposite. A paradoxical situation of the Muslims being vast in number but very weak. And it came true. Historically speaking, when religions lose their influence on the world's stage in such a way, it is usually followed by a stagnation or decline in the number of their followers. Yet Muhammad foretold the exact opposite with regards to the religion of Islam. He said that it would continue to grow in terms of the number of followers, to the extent that it would eventually enter every household. He said this matter will certainly reach every place touched by night and day. God will not leave a house or residence, except that God will cause this religion to enter it. Today we are witnessing this prophecy unfold before our very eyes. Islam is currently the fastest growing religion in the world, with nearly one in four people on earth being a Muslim. And is forecasted to be the world's largest religion by the year 2070. This is despite Islam being constantly attacked by the media, the colonization of Muslim lands, and the many wars that have been waged in the Muslim world. It depends. I wouldn't say that the media is only attacking Islam. To be totally honest, the media does what it does best.  On the one hand, sure, they will attack here, they will speak about terrorism. Then on the other hand, they will say that diversity is our strength and that we need more immigrants in the West. So essentially it is just confusion and destruction. It doesn't clearly attack Islam or it's pro-Islam. It is both and nothing. Even the name Muhammad has prophetic implications. It's an Arabic word that means the praised one. The Quran states how Muhammad's remembrance will be raised. We elevated your mention for you. Since this verse was revealed over 1400 years ago, the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him has been the most praised person in history. Today, not a second goes by without a minute somewhere in the world publicly proclaiming the time for prayer and saying, I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God. I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God. Moreover, the name Muhammad is consistently the most popular name given to newborns across the globe. This is despite the fact that Muhammad never encouraged Muslims to adopt his name. In fact, he said that the best names are Abdullah and Abdul Rahman. Honestly, this makes perfect sense to me and shows the humility of Muhammad because if he would say, yeah, name them after me, this would be very arrogant and very boastful. Quite the opposite. He says the best of all names are Abdullah, which means servant of Allah, servant of God, or Abdul Rahman, which means servant of the most merciful, aka, again, servant of God. So this yet again is a beautiful presentation of the character of Prophet Muhammad. I like it. Now we've analyzed the number of the Prophet Muhammad's prophecies, which were made over 1400 years ago and have seen how he has accurately foretold many things. Purely from the standpoint of basic probability, for someone to accurately guess about such future events, which spanned across multiple nations in different time periods, many of which were outside the sphere of Muslim influence, to give so many predictions without making a single mistake is utterly impossible. Today, millions of people believe in false prophets and false systems for guidance in life. And Baba Vanga. As human beings, we're going to follow false prophets, man-made systems, and baseless superstitions, but why don't we accept the real guidance when it comes from God? God empowered the Prophet Muhammad with accurate prophecies as a way for us to distinguish the true prophets from the false. Truth has now arrived and falsehood perished, for falsehood is, by its nature, bound to perish. All right, that's it for today's video. Man, I really enjoyed the tranquility of this video. I have to say, this was the best video that I watched so far, hands down. But it was a long one, so I'm going to cut it off here, guys.  If you haven't subscribed already, guys, please do so. If you want to support this channel via Patreon, all the links are in the description box below. All right, guys, but that's it for today's video. As always, may God bless you all. Much love and peace.


We have GDD. Dally, dally, disorder. This prevents us from getting out of bed, going to work, and finishing a project. Now, you're probably saying to yourself, damn, I think I have DDD too. Well, you probably do. Life can be hard, and this time of year is tough. It's cold, there's no sun, it rains constantly, and the days are short. We're sending you a hug. Wait, we found the answer to curb DDD. And it's not coffee. Everything on this wheel will be completed. You're probably thinking, seriously, a game show wheel? Yeah, and whatever it lands on, we have to do. You're saying, this is going to cure my dilly-dally disorder? Apparently, that's what the box said. Well then, cure the theme song! Oh no, that's going to hurt. Here, I do look. Oh, am I ready? Gotta get it done. This wheel is one fun way to get all of our work done. We're going to have a lot of work on our heads this week, and there's no way out of it. Woo! The task I've been avoiding, and you'll understand why when I get started here. There's always a silver lining. It's kind of ironic, I'm really enjoying this. It's kind of satisfying. All right, we're making good time, everyone.  And if we don't finish everything on this wheel, this wheel is going to become 10 times larger. And our DDD is going to get worse. We have to do it. Bath and plumbing! When we did the walls in this room, why we just left this beautiful? Well, that's because 98% people, 98%. You may be wondering, what do we mean by 98%? One major sign that you may be suffering from dilly-dally disorder is you never quite get around to completing a task. You get 98% done and never complete the project before moving on to the next thing. And the cycle continues indefinitely. Yo, we gotta shut the water up, we're gonna have a flood. That's good, not much money on the lens. Got everything we need for the job. Oh, we're gonna need a bucket. We don't want what happened last time. Cut it all, right? Oh no, cut it all, ready? Flood, just lost the tool. If you missed that, I just dropped our tool in between a shower and the wall into an abyss. Not a good start. The Jasmine's here. Let's see what she's got. Got extras. This is gonna take forever. Millimeter by millimeter. Nothing's happening. So I can't only go as far as this, unless you wanna cut this out. Method number two. Bulls too big, hopefully this bull is just right. And I think towels are gonna be our best friends in this. Watching nothing happen, so prepared this time. After surviving the scariest part of plumbing, a chance of flooding, it's time to put our evolving plumbing skills to the test. From cutting, applying putty, fitting connections, and putting holes through the walls, we grow nearer to the completion of our indoor bathroom. And before we know it. Ta-da. We officially have two shower heads. Love it. One for showering, obviously. One for the dogs. Okay, the water's going on. No leaks. Izzy, wanna have a bath? I'm so happy we got this done. I haven't been thinking about it for so long. Every time I look at the wall and I look at the shower, I've been thinking about this extra shower head that we've had since we installed the first one. And it feels so good to have it done, finally. This wheel is a really good thing. Okay, it's time to spin the wheel. Doot, doot, doot, doot, doot, doot. We should not be in charge of this song. Cue the song now. I'm so stoked. My fingers were crossed for that. I think everyone else is okay. Oh, I'm so excited. This is gonna be a great one. Ready. They were calling for it and it came. Snow. It snows just as quickly as it melts here in Nova Scotia. Literally. I don't understand the winter here. And it's so bizarre. Inside this truck, we have something that's gonna allow us to brush our teeth inside the cabin. Don't flip.  So we wanted to keep it in here until we were ready to do it. And now's the time. Oh my God. I got the door. Don't worry. No worries, no worries. How much does the earth wave this counter ways? This much. Oh no, oh no. I got it. I actually don't have it because you're a hero. You're just trying to be a hero. I am a hero. I don't need to be a hero. Oh my goodness gracious. Welcome home. After you. I'd say we're upgrading. Out with the ply. And in with the court. I'm gonna put it on right away. Yeah, I'm ready. Beautiful. Damn, that's nothing. That's beautiful. As we admire the looks of our brand new countertop, we forgot one important step before installing it. We have to remove this wall and ship lap it. And in an instant, DDD sets in. The second that we have to look at this wall and put ship lap on it. DDD sets in and we don't wanna do it at all, to be honest. I have no energy. Why? It's been said that dilly-dally disorder gets worse in the winter months. You're like lifting my arms right now. It's such a hard work. What is going on? Stocks are too lazy to take or peel the ship lap down. Is this the weather thing? Like that, you know the seasonal thing? Give it all you got. Help. We didn't know we need in here. Now we do. Yeah, that's how it happens when you're an amateur builder. Amateur builders. Can they do it? Maybe they can. You know, potentially if we get this wall off and if we get the new wall on and get this counter in, there's only a few more things than this bathroom is a bathroom and it's gonna be completed potentially by the end of the week. And that is awesome, so that should motivate us. Let's do it. After eating a snack and realizing how close we were to completion, we pulled together and tackled procrastination head on. Can you just appreciate that all the walls are done in here? It's pretty nice. I can't believe what the countertops did. Okay, so as I run this down this way, it's actually overhanging more on this end. Give it a little. No, no, no, do not do that. Do not put your boots on my counter. We're building a house, girl. Yeah, we are. We're almost done in Horeum. It feels surreal to be even at this stage right now in the cabin built from brushing our teeth on the porch and washing our dishes. I can't say washing dishes. Dishes. And washing our dishes with a hose in our French drain. I know this isn't the kitchen sink, but it is the first sink to be ever in our cabin. I'm so happy with the vibe. Everything is coming together so beautifully. It's exactly what we envisioned and it's coming true. We went with a light maple vanity, a white concrete sink, and the counter is quartz. And it's beautiful. There's not even water pouring out of the faucet, but it is gorgeous. All right, quick little outfit change because I am a dope plumber. You good? We're only missing one piece out of this whole job. Oh, either reason we have it. Do we have the stuff for that? I don't know. So this is a p-trap. However, you need a p-trap adapter to go to your drain. However, we lived in a van for the last four years. So we're crafty and we're used to gray water. So look what we've done. Bam, five gallon bucket. Just until we go to the hardware store, I want to use it right now. Exactly. As we finalize the connections for our first sink in the cabin, we are reminded how much this means to us. For over a year, we have been without running water and an indoor sink. This will change everything. Oh, wow. You definitely have dilly-dally disorder. Sometimes it's hard to find motivation, but we remember that motivation is just an emotion. We have realized that through action, we can remotivate ourselves and that the most important thing for us is to just start. Once we start, we get excited again and we remember why we started. It feels so good to have the bathroom completed and have this fresh space for both of us. Woo! I can keep going. This is motivation.  Look what's back. Security. Let's get to it. All of you have been telling us to do this from day one and we're finally doing it. Let's keep going. I want to go deep in the woods. How is right here?  These are our new trailcams. There is a lot of animal activity out here. We just haven't been able to share it. We need to find the perfect locations to capture them. This is a pretty open area. Seems like a good spot. And we all know there has been suspicious activity at the cabin lately, whether that's humans, yes, Talon Mads, that's you. And we've been hearing a lot of noises lately. Now that it's winter, it's so much more quiet here, literally along the woods out here. And I cannot wait to capture all the sounds. We're in a photo booth. It literally feels like we're in one of those photo booths, you know? What face do you want to get? In the woods on a trail cam. Kissing because we're in high school. Photo booth. We just put some trailcams behind the cabin. Now we're going to come up towards the front. It's a good place to get them. But yesterday morning, we went for our daily walk and we saw Coyote's scat right here. Guess what's going on? I love owning 15 acres. You can spy on the whole world out there. Welcome to the river and the lake. Where we watch deer drink all the time. And my mom actually saw a deer swim across the lake. And I need to see that. And so do all of you. So we're going to capture it. All right, on to the last camera. And we're planting these down by the water because that's where the animals come to drink. And a lot of you, actually, so many of you asked about bears out here. There are certainly bears out here. We've heard all about them, especially from Porter. But we've never seen them, but we're gonna. Oh yeah. Oh, four cameras are up. Oh, we're going to get them. Oh, we are going to catch them all. We're going to catch Pokemon out here. Catch the deer. And the bear. I can't believe it. And the fishers. I hope we get some rabbits and foxes and everything. Yep, we're ready. It's important in life to take breaks. We get to be couch potatoes for 20 minutes. That's the best one we ever put on. Woo! You got to do what the wheel says. Don't mind if I do. Timer starts now. Vibrating. Open up. Rig that? No. Oh, that's what you wanted to do. I know. Should we draw it out? And paper because it doesn't understand my vision and won't let me go with my vision. I'm gonna stop rapping now. Welcome to the battery house. We constructed this entire room solely for our off-grid electrical system. This is going to give our cabin, our greenhouse, the shed and future building's power at all times. When all these batteries are connected, it will be 28,000 amp hours of lithium battery, which is very serious. It's basically, one time when I was working on the van's electrical system, I dropped a wrench on the shunt, which houses all of the negative cables, and it was very scary. So this is, I don't even know how many more times, a lot of times, math, math, math, a lot of times bigger than our van system, so we really need to protect it. In just a few weeks, we will begin connecting our electrical system, and we'll finally have a sustainable power source. We're creating a simple house to protect us from the hardware, and we are one step closer to our goal. We're so happy the wheel is making us do this. Plexiglas, we'll go on top of our cabinet. Obviously the Plexiglas is wet, and that is an element we do not want in the battery house, but if you can imagine a cupboard with Plexiglas, you can still see your beautiful blue batteries, that's what it will be like. But we still need to connect them, so there's, at least we're ready for the electrician now. Cue the theme song! DUN DUN DUN! Time to move gravel on the moonlight, baby. How romantic. We have been putting this off. The wheel is holding us accountable. There's no if, ands, or buts. When the wheel says to do something, you do it. The wheel owns us. The wheel is our boss. As we work under the moonlight, we finally feel like we are no longer dilly-dallying. By the third day with the wheel, we were jumping out of bed just to promptly brush our teeth, hair, and get dressed, because we were excited to get spinning. I don't even know if I need this today. I'm feeling motivated already. Who doesn't want to start the day with breakfast pizza? It's time to make the dough and the toppings and stoke the fire. Oh my gosh, Crystal just came in. Everyone put your head down. She just stings her whole hair. I didn't even notice. You know what's funny? I came in the cabin and I was like, what smells in here? That's why I was like, is this stove on? Oh my God. Ew, it smells. I didn't even know. I love your hair. A pre-chores, baby. That's Crystal's line. I like it. Woo! One pizza, a little well done. A little well done. This doesn't seem much of a task, girls. But to be honest, it really is. Because I find when winter comes around, we stop doing the things that bring us the most joy in life simply because of the weather. And I think that can affect your motivation. Well, it definitely affects my motivation and Crystal's motivation. Maybe if we just incorporate summer things into our lives, we might stay a little bit more motivated. And that's why this is on the wheel because it really is a chore. Because when's the last time we sat on the deck and ate dinner? When is the last time pizza ever tasted this good? Good morning, everyone.  With our bellies full and just a few burnt hairs, we keep the momentum going and land the best spin yet. Oh! Love this one! We landed on tell your pack you love them. We love you, Papi. Couldn't do any of the things we do without you all tuning in every Sunday. So literally from the bottom of our hearts, we thank you all so much. We never imagined that from our first video we would ever be here. So thank you all for your support and showing up every week it means the world to us. Literally. We love you. So much. You know what? No, I'm feeling motivated. I don't even know if I need this wheel anymore. You ready to do it? Let's do it. And we're not getting much anymore. I think it served its purpose. Okay, clearly the wheel has served its purpose because we are feeling so good today, so energized. So thank you to that wheel for making chores fun. If anyone is not feeling motivated or feel like doing anything, I'm gonna actually just send you that wheel. We're gonna literally send you that wheel with a nice message on it from us. So write in the comments why you think you need the wheel and then we'll email you and then we're gonna give you the wheel. I'm gonna give some of the wheel. All right, I know there's a thing called spring cleaning, but this place can't even wait for a spring. It can't. Dun dun dun. He's right. What are we gonna do in here? Okay, project, project, project, project, project, project, project, projects. The point of this chore isn't that we necessarily finished it, but the more important part is that we had the motivation to start it. As we wrap up the remaining tasks, we remind ourselves why we started. As with every small task completed on the wheel, we're one step closer to a sustainable off-grid homestead. You couldn't get from the front to the back. And now you can't. Proud of us. We have a lot of projects ahead of us in here. Oh, I know. It's gonna be some busy girls. For me, I say it's a task complete. Remember, no matter how big your to-do list is, we can all slow down and enjoy these little moments. Woo hoo! Come on, Crystal! That wheel made every single task so much more fun this week. I'm so proud of us for just trying our best, whatever that looked like. Good job, honey. Good job! Now for the most challenging task yet. Pull it up! This winter season has really shown us that it's healthy to slow down and rest. That it's okay to not always be productive and that there's always something on the to-do list and that's okay. And that we get to define what success means to us. And for us, it looks like being kinder to ourselves, taking care of our mental health and our wellbeing as well as just enjoying every small detail on this journey in building our homestead. Maybe we all don't have dilly-dally disorder, but rather it's a reminder for all of us to give ourselves time to truly rest. We're all doing our best in this big, wild world. Woo hoo!


So yesterday, we introduced mobile IP. It's a protocol. It's really an add-on feature to the internet protocol. So some extra functionality that allows a computer to be mobile in the internet. And mobile in the internet means changing IP subnets. That's the important thing. Not just mobile within one subnet. That's not so hard. So mobility within SIT is not so hard. I can walk around with my laptop and still get access. It's when I need to change my IP address, which is an issue. So that is when I move from one subnet to another. If I change my IP address, that means our applications must stop and then start again. That's some disruption. For example, if I'm streaming from YouTube and I change my IP address, that stream will stop. And I have to start that stream again. And that incurs some delay which the users may not tolerate. If I don't change my IP address, then when the correspondent node sends us data, it will not get to me. Because if I move to a new subnet, then the correspondent node sends data to my old subnet. That's a problem. So the solution is mobile IP where our mobile hosts run some extra software, mobile IP. So do some of the routers. They have this functionality called a home agent and or a foreign agent. And what happens is as our mobile host moves into a new subnet, a foreign subnet, it tells its home agent where it is. It tells its home agent I've left my home network and I'm now in this foreign network. And then when someone sends data to that mobile node, the home agent receives that data via normal routing and then forwards the data onto the foreign agent and eventually to the mobile node in the foreign network. So that's the basics of mobile IP. We introduced some terminology and components. Today what we need to do to finish, because there's not much more, we just need to look at the details of how that works. And the two main details are when you move into a foreign network, how do you tell the home agent that you're there? That's one thing. And the other detail is how do we send the data or in particular when the data is sent to the home agent, how does that forward it onto the foreign agent? So we'll look at that as well. And a few other minor features. So we've been through the components. We spoke about forwarding at least the general concept in that from the correspondent node's perspective, it's just sending to the mobile node. It doesn't know that that mobile node is in fact mobile. It just knows its IP address, which is, in our case, it was x.b. And just keep sending to x.b, which eventually goes to the home agent, which then knows that x.b has actually moved. So forwards it onto their new foreign network. In the opposite direction, x.b is sending to z.a, and it sends just in the normal manner. It creates an IP datagram and sends it to the first router, which then sends it through the internet to the router for the correspondent node. So we don't have to go via the home agent in that case, which is a good thing in that going via the home agent increases the delay in many cases. You can see what is the shortest path. Although it's not clear in this side, this cloud. But I think you may be able to see that between correspondent node and the mobile node, the optimal path is the red one, or the shortest path. Whereas if you have to go via some other home agent, you may get a suboptimal path, not the shortest path, which means lower performance in some cases. So we'd like to avoid going via the home agent, but we need to do that, at least in this direction. Otherwise we will not get the data at the mobile node. So some issues that we need to deal with. When we enter a foreign network, so my laptop, my SIT laptop, I move into another network. I visit, walk across to Toshiba into the Toshiba factory next door, and I have access to their network. If I'm using mobile IP, when I enter their network and want to use mobile IP, then I must inform my home agent that I've moved. That's one thing. So there's a registration procedure. As I enter a foreign network, tell my home agent I'm in a foreign network. It's called mobile IP registration. In fact, before I can even register, because I need to register both with my home agent and with a foreign agent. So before I can register, I must actually find out what is the IP address of the foreign agent. I must discover the foreign agent. So there's some agent discovery process. Once I've registered, and I'm OK in a new foreign network, there's this process of forwarding the data. So we're going to look at how that's done, and we'll see the concept of tunneling. We'll cover that. Another issue is that I'm in a foreign network, I'm moving around, and I move to a new foreign network. Then again, I must hand over from one network to another. And it really involves a registration again. I register again to my home agent that I'm in a new foreign network. So there's some procedures to make that fast. Because every time I change networks, I want to quickly tell my home agent that I'm in a new network and cut down the time to do that. So there's a handover procedure. We were not going to do many details of that. We'll see some of these procedures take time. And what happens is, as I'm moving, when I move from one network to another, I have to exchange some packets. Before I can use the new network, the longer that takes, the larger the delay incurred from my application. I want to cut that time down. So there are some extra techniques to try to minimize the delay, some performance enhancements, route optimization, and handover smoothing. We were not touched upon them. We will mainly focus on the registration and the tunneling. Registration. So this is the process. If I go back to this slide, my x.b, mobile node, has entered a foreign network. I need to tell the home agent that I've entered this foreign network. That's the registration procedure. In fact, I also need to tell the foreign agent something about my node. Because the foreign agent has the role of forwarding the data that comes from the home agent. So let's look at the registration procedure. For example, my laptop moves into a foreign network, or I turn on the power of my laptop when I'm in a foreign network, assuming I know the address of a foreign agent, then what happens is that my mobile node sends a special message called a registration request to the foreign agent. So from mobile node to foreign agent, I send a registration request. And it tells the foreign agent what my home IP address is. And I'm sending to the foreign agent. It's a registration request because I want to register, in fact, back to my home agent. The registration request contains the IP address of the home agent. So what I do is I send a message to the foreign agent saying, I want to register to my home agent. The foreign agent makes note of the mobile node's home IP address. So it records in some data structure. And everything's OK, assuming security and so on. There's no problems. That is, the foreign network will allow this mobile node to enter it. Then it allocates a care of address. Remember, our mobile node has two addresses, home and care of address. The home address is always the same. The care of address is specific to the foreign network. So we send a registration request, foreign agent, if everything's OK, allocates a care of address. And then sends the registration request to the home agent. And included inside that registration request is the care of address. So the idea here is that the home agent is, when it receives this request, knows where the mobile node is. The home agent records this information and records information saying mobile node x dot b is currently in foreign network y. And it has care of address y dot m. Records that information. Assuming everything's OK, sends back some reply to the foreign agent saying everything's OK. And the foreign agent maintains a visitor's list, a list of mobile nodes that are visiting its network. And then sends the reply back to the mobile node. And once the mobile node receives that reply, if everything was successful, it can start sending and receiving data, or continue sending and receiving data inside the foreign network. So this is the procedure from when this blue node enters this network. It sends a message to the foreign agent, a registration request, which then sends it to the home agent. This records, the home agent records where that mobile node is, including the foreign agent address and the care of address, sends back a reply and then a reply. So now when that's finished, foreign agent has a visitor in its visitor's list. And the home agent has the knowledge of where that mobile node is. And then later, when data arrives at the home agent, it will know where to forward to. Because it will see in its list of, in its data structure to forward in this direction. So registration is important procedure. It happens when the node enters a foreign network. It takes some time, because you can think from when we enter the network, until we can start receiving and sending data, we must do the registration. So we need to send a request and then receive a reply. And then we can start sending and receiving real data in this foreign network. So the longer this procedure takes, the more disruption it is to the mobile node. We'd like to reduce the time for disruptions. How long does it take? Well, it depends really upon where the home agent is. For example, my home agent is in SIT for my laptop. And I move to, I walk across to Toshiba and enter their network. And I find a foreign agent there in Toshiba's network. And I send a registration request to their foreign agent, their router. They send it to SIT's router via the internet. And then a response comes back. And then my mobile node receives a response. So not a large delay. It's the delay involved of sending a packet from one node to another in the internet. It depends upon where the home agent is with respect to your foreign network. Mobile IP is intended to provide global mobility. So if I turn on my laptop and I'm in some network in the US, then the idea is I say I'm visiting some university in the US. I turn on my laptop. I register to the foreign agent in the US network. And then that foreign agent sends a message, a registration request, to the SIT foreign agent. And then here in Thailand. And then a reply comes back to the US. And my mobile node has access inside that foreign network somewhere in the United States. In that case, there's some significant delay from when I send the request, because it needs to go all the way from the US back here to Thailand and then back. So there's some round trip time there. And during that time, effectively, I don't have access to send and receive data. I must wait. So depending upon where you are, it impacts upon the delay there. Why would you want to do that? Still your address in that case, let's say your address is known, my home address is known and fixed, and say we use it as an identifier for a voice application.  So everyone knows my home IP address. So when someone wants to call me via the internet, there's a name that maps to my home IP address. Of course, when I'm in SIT, they call me and it goes to my home IP address. But when I move to Toshiba, for example, the caller doesn't know I've moved to Toshiba. So we're using mobile IP, the data will be redirected to my laptop when I'm in Toshiba. And similar if I'm in another country. That's one of the ideas there. So the idea is that if you use IP addresses to identify the users, the computers, and you use just a single IP address, then for others to contact you, if they know your IP address, then if you move, you want to use the same IP address. That's one of the ideas. And that's why these concepts are useful in mobile phone networks. Your mobile phone has an IP address.  That's your home IP. No matter where you move, people can contact you via that IP address. That's a desirable goal. In mobile phone networks, they use mobile IPv6, version 6, but similar concepts. There are other ways to handle such mobility. What happens? So we're talking about registration, request, and reply. We'll go through another example a bit later. Let's look at the other features, and then we'll go through the example in the handout. In fact, before I register, I must know about the foreign agent. So my mobile node moves into this network. What is the IP address of this foreign agent? Well, when I turn on my device, how do I learn its IP address? Because I need its IP address because I need to send the registration request to it. So there's this process called agent discovery. Discover the foreign agent. Then register. So we went through registration, but in fact, before that, there must be some way from my mobile node to discover this foreign agent. There are different ways to do it. And the techniques or the concepts are similar to how you discover an access point. Completely different protocol, but remember how my laptop discovers the presence of an access point? We had two ways, active and passive. In active, I send a probe request. I broadcast a probe request. If an access point is present, it will respond with a probe response. I actively discover that access point. The other way is that the access point periodically broadcasts beacons. Therefore, if I'm within range, I receive a beacon and I've discovered the access point. That's how in Wi-Fi, we discover access points. In mobile IP, we're not trying to discover access points. We're trying to discover a foreign agent. So I walk into Toshiba's network. I need to know the IP address of their foreign agent. So I need to discover the foreign agent. Two basic approaches. We'll see a third also at the end. First one is that that foreign agent periodically broadcasts special messages called agent advertisements. So back to our diagram here. This foreign agent is always sending, let's say once per second, sending a broadcast message on this subnet saying, I am a foreign agent. That's the idea. It broadcasts an advertisement telling anyone who receives it that it is a foreign agent. Therefore, if my laptop enters this network, within some time it should receive an advertisement and learn about the IP address of this foreign agent. That's similar to the beaconing approach. Access point periodically sends beacons. Here, the router periodically sends agent advertisements saying it's a foreign agent. That's the advertisement approach. The packets that are sent, in fact, ICMP packets, a special type of an ICMP packet called a router advertisement, advertising the presence of a router. For example, they're sent once per second. The other approach is an active approach, where my mobile node, when it enters a new network, broadcasts a solicitation message in search for a router, in search for a foreign agent. This is similar to the probe request. In wireless LAN, one approach is I can broadcast a probe request in search for an access point. If the access point receives it, it responds. This is the same concept. Mobile node broadcasts a solicitation message called a router solicitation. When a foreign agent receives it, it can respond with an advertisement message saying I am a foreign agent. So we have two types of messages, router advertisements sent by the foreign agent and router solicitations sent by the mobile node. And we can combine the approaches. For example, we could send advertisements once per second, but when my mobile node starts, when it boots up, maybe it could send immediately a router solicitation. With the goal is that we discover the IP address of the foreign agent. There are some other ways that is you can use the wireless LAN layer, the Layer 2 technology, Wi-Fi or maybe 3G or a mobile phone network. So make use, for example, of beacons and include some extra information inside them. But that's not so common. I think we will not touch upon the other Layer 2 supporter techniques. I think for simplicity, let's focus on the first two, which are the same concepts of discovery and wireless LAN. Different protocols are just the same concepts. Let's go through, there's a couple more things to cover, but let's go through our example that we have in the handout and see the discovery and the registration work, and then we'll come back to the other features.  I'll show some pictures on the screen. We'll do some things on the board. This is our example network topology, same as yesterday. We have our mobile node initially attached to access point one. So 111100 is its IP address, and it's going to move into the subnet operated by router F. These are routers, A, B, C, D, E, F, and our correspondent node. So assume my mobile node and correspondent node are exchanging packets. And the idea is my mobile node will move, and we want to keep exchanging packets without disrupting the application, and we'll go through the steps of discovery and registration and eventually forwarding. The first step, and in fact this is not related to mobile IP, let's say we're using wireless LAN access points here. Inside, it's ignore mobile IP for a moment. Inside SIT, there are many access points. Which one does your laptop associate with? The closest one. So your laptop has a tape measure, and it measures the distance to the access point. OK, most likely based upon signal strength, which is usually proportional to distance. So the closest is normally the case, but sometimes obstructions means it may not be the closest. So one way for choosing an access point is your mobile node measures the signal strength from different access points and choose the access point with a stronger signal. That's a common technique. We can see, you can actually scan and see the signal strength from different access points. Let's try. So the wireless LAN card in my laptop, I'm currently in fact associated with one access point. But what the wireless LAN device often does is scans and checks the presence of other access points. And it will associate with the best one. The best one is normally the one with the strongest signal strength, but it may be other ways. Let's scan. Yeah, if you click on the icon, you're correct. If you click on the icon here, it will give a list of different ESS IDs. Usually, it will not give specific access points, because within WSIT, there are multiple access points. So if I click here, I can see in my case, I'm currently associated with WSIT. That's the ESS ID. There may be multiple access points with the same ID. And there are some other networks around. True home Wi-Fi, open WRT, and cyberpoint. Let's see some more details about them. There's a program IW list. I want to list some characteristics of my wireless LAN interface. And I want to scan. So what I'm going to do is get my wireless device to scan and listen across all channels and see which access points are sending beacons on each channel, or available on each channel. OK, now we need to scroll through, because we see there are, in fact, 10 different access points that responded. Scroll up a bit. So what happened is when I ran that command, IWList, WLAN0, my wireless LAN interface, I told it to scan. It quickly switched from channel one to channel two, channel three. And on each channel, it either receives a beacon or sends out a probe request with the hope of getting a response as a result discovering an access point. And when it does receive something from an access point, it can report the information. This information is included in the beacons or the probe response. For example, access point one or cell one has some address using channel 11, ESSIDWSIIT, the characteristics, the bit rates it supports, some measure of signal quality and signal strength, some relative measure 70 out of 70. So that's very good, the best we can get, and some measure of the power level of the signal strength. And then because it scans through multiple channels, it may receive responses from multiple different access points. There's another one, cell two, channel one, a different channel. It's also WSIT, so there's two access points with the same ESSID, in this case, WSIT. And what do we see? The quality is much lower here. So most likely maybe that access point is downstairs. I can receive the signal, but the quality is much lower. The signal strength is much lower for that signal. And others, a third one with WSIT on channel one. And in fact, in this case, there were 10. A fourth for WSIT, a fifth on channel one. Again, low quality. Some other open WRT, cell seven WSIT, channel six. Another nine on SIT's network. So multiple access points are within range of my laptop, in this case. So one way for my laptop to choose which one to associate with, because I only associate with one, would be based upon signal quality. Choose the one with the strongest signal. But note the signal quality may change over time. If I'd run it again, it may be different. It's hard to compare, but if you run it again, in this case, I've only found from nine different access points. So it varies over time. What your laptop may do also is, OK, there were nine or eight or nine access points with WSIT. If I'm moving, let's say I start walking out the door, again, the signal quality will change over time. So my laptop most likely has an algorithm that says, if the signal quality of my current access point drops, gets too low, then let's switch to another one. So it would be nice if I switch to a better one when a better access point becomes available. And signal quality is one way to do that. Another way we could measure the best access point would be based upon packet loss rate. If I start to lose packets using one access point, switch to another one, hopefully a better one. That's just about wireless LAN and switching between them, at least discovery. The same back to our example from mobile IP. So my mobile note is currently in this position. Let's assume it had a good signal quality with AP1 and has the address 111100. But it's moving. Someone's moving, they're walking, or they're in a car, whatever, they're moving. The signal quality is getting lower with access point one. And if the mobile device does a scan, then it can detect, ah, there's a presence of another access point, access point two. And if the signal quality for access point two is measured to be higher, significantly larger than access point one, we find the access point, the signal access point one, the signal quality is getting lower and lower and lower. Whereas AP2 is getting higher, then at some point, my laptop may make the decision, let's hand over. Let's switch from one to another. Now, how does it make that decision depends on the wireless device and also on the operating system and drivers. So it may be different between devices. Let's assume it makes that decision. We're going to start from the signal quality for AP1 got two week, AP2 is strong. So it disassociates with AP1 and associates with AP2. It's received beacons from AP2. It performs an authentication request, authentication reply, association request, association reply, and it's now associated with AP2. What does it do next? Mobile node has now associated with access point two. Again? Yeah? Correct? So agent discovery. This process of associating with the access point is just at the layer two level. It's just within the wireless LAN. Mobile IP, we say, is at layer three, the IP layer. And that's about discovering routers, because normally it's the router that runs the agent, the foreign or home agent. I haven't said or maybe I said yesterday, but the home agent for our mobile node is router A. And a foreign agent will be F. So the procedure that our mobile node must do now is discover the presence of the foreign agent. I've just associated with the access point. I don't know the address of the foreign agent. So the agent discovery is about finding that. Do we have a picture that shows that? So one way, an active approach. This was the process of I was using access point one. I eventually received a beacon from access point two. And it told me the signal quality with access point two is much better. And therefore, at this point, my mobile node made the decision, let's swap from AP one to AP two. So I authenticate, a wireless LAN authenticate, associate, and now I need to discover the presence of the agent, the foreign agent. How do we perform active discovery in mobile IP? What do I do? Solicitation, I solicit an agent in search for. I've got a picture somewhere. I'll draw this one on the board so we don't have to flick back so much. This is a router solicitation packet. Actually, we won't draw it. I think the diagram I'm about to come up with is on the slides here, but we'll draw it as we go. Solicitation. I broadcast my laptop, broadcast a router solicitation message on that IP subnet. And that's the structure of that router solicitation. It's an IP datagram, has an IP header, and inside it's an ICMP packet. The ICMP packet has a number of fields. This is just showing the summary that in the IP header, the two addresses are the source and destination. You don't have to draw this again. So I can refer back to it. So my mobile node has just entered a new network. Well, it has its home IP address, but it cannot use that in the new network because it doesn't make sense in a different subnet. So what it does, in search for a foreign agent, it broadcasts this solicitation message. It sets a source address to this very special case of all zeros, which really means I'm sending this, but I don't have an IP address yet. And the destination is another special address, meaning send to everyone a broadcast, which means everyone in this subnet should receive a copy. There may be multiple nodes in here that's trying to show that my mobile node sends to everyone in the IP subnet. Let's say attached to the access point, there are other nodes, other nodes 7773, 7774, and so on. My mobile node sends this solicitation, and it goes to all of those nodes, including Router F. It's broadcast. So one of the nodes which should receive this solicitation is F. I shall draw it here. Others will receive it as well. When the Router F receives it, because the Router is a foreign agent, it will reply. What does it reply with? So broadcast, F receives the Router solicitation. What does F do? What does Router F, which is a foreign agent, do? It sends an advertisement. We see what I'm about to come up with on the board is this diagram. In fact, we may not even draw it. Mobile node broadcasts a Router solicitation, foreign agent, which is our Router F receives a copy, and therefore replies and broadcasts a Router advertisement. That's the diagram on the screen. That's the structure of the Router advertisement. Source address is that of the Router, or the one that sent it. Destination, it's broadcast. So everyone receives it. In fact, inside the ICMP packet, it contains the actual Router address. You can have a special case where it's a different node. The one that sends it is different from the Router. The normal case, it would be the same. So when the mobile node receives this Router advertisement, it knows the IP address of the foreign agent. It knows it's 7771. And that's what we're trying to do. The mobile node is trying to discover the IP address of the foreign agent. Any questions so far? That was the easy part. Just send a solicitation to everyone, and the foreign agent should reply with an agent advertisement. And hence, the mobile node has learned the IP address of the foreign agent. This is the packet that the mobile node receives, correct. This was sent by the foreign agent, the Router in our network, F in your network diagram. The foreign agent often, almost always, a foreign agent is a Router, or is run on a Router. In theory, it doesn't have to be, but normally it is. And it's broadcast, so everyone receives it. Mobile node doesn't yet have an IP address, so we cannot send to it. Yes, so let's draw it a bit better. It's broadcast, so simply this Router sends to everyone in the subnet. So everyone else also receives it. Which is not a problem. They've just learned about the foreign agent. Because it's only not very often that we send these messages, it doesn't create much of an overhead. It doesn't cause many problems with other devices. Broadcast is not a problem. So now we've done agent discovery. Our mobile node has discovered that the agent has addressed 7771, and now does the registration. And here's the procedure. Mobile node sends the registration request to the foreign agent. We're assuming everything works OK. There may be cases where the presence of the mobile node is rejected. For security reasons, they may not be authenticated. That is, you can't just walk into any network and expect to use their network. There's also some authentication procedures. Either there's some data that's already been configured in the foreign agent and home agent to say that you're allowed to use the network. In practice, there are some other protocols for security for authenticating. But we're not going to go through how that works. We'll assume that the mobile node is allowed to use the network. Send a registration request. Foreign agent will process that. And everything's OK. Send it to the home agent. Home agent will reply. It will record some data. We'll see what in a moment. Reply, and eventually we'll get the reply back. Let's find my packets. Here's the registration request from who? From the mobile node. It's an IP packet. Source address is the mobile node's home IP address. Destination is the foreign agent. How do we know 7771 from the agent advertisement? That's why we know this address. So this is coming from my mobile node, this request packet. And it, in fact, carries a UDP datagram. And a special registration request is the type of data inside. And it contains a number of things. The most important things are the addresses. It indicates the home address of the mobile node. It's original 111100. The mobile node tells the foreign agent its address of its home agent, which is 1111. Why have I done this in this example? I thought I had a different example. In this example, we're using the case that the care of address is going to be the same as the foreign agent's address. You see, the care of address, COA, is set also to 7771. It doesn't have to be the same. Maybe a better example would do a different one. But let's continue because I have the pictures. The care of address will be the same as the foreign agent in this case. So we set the care of address in here. We'll see how that works in a moment. That is sent to the foreign agent. If the foreign agent accepts, it sends it on to the home agent because it knows the home agent's address here. So it will create a new IP datagram and set the destination to be 1111. Source will be 7771. Let's go back. That's this message. Foreign agent receives it and effectively sends the same message but with different source and destination address to the home agent. When the home agent receives that registration request, it has now learned that its mobile node is visiting a foreign network. And it's going to send back a reply saying everything's OK. But before it does that, the home agent records in some database the details about that mobile node. It's called a mobility binding table. Let's look at it. Skip through. That's the registration request. That's going to arrive at the home agent except the addresses here will be different. That's the reply. Here's our mobility binding table. This is stored at the home agent, at the home agent. It's just some database. And the simple view is that the home agent stores the home IP address of the mobile node and the care of address. It's going to use this later when it starts receiving data because if the home agent receives data and the destination is 111100, from this table, the home agent will know that this mobile node is no longer home. It's visiting some foreign network. And I need to forward the traffic to its care of address 7771. So every time our mobile node visits a foreign network, it tells the home agent and the home agent updates its mobility binding table, which simply is a mapping from home IP to care of address. There may be some other details in it as well, but they're the main things. So this database or this data structure is stored at the home agent. Let's record it. Actually, we won't need it today. We'll run out of time. Let's go back. That was at step five. We received the registration request. So we update the mobility binding table and we send back a reply saying everything's OK. When the foreign agent receives the reply and knows that everything's OK from the home agent's perspective, it updates its visitors list. So it has its own data structure. This is the visitors list the database stored at the foreign agent. It keeps track of the nodes visiting its network. The home IP 111100 hits home agent and the MAC address of the mobile node are the main things needed there. In our case, the care of address is the same as the foreign agent address. It's not needed to be stored here. The reason we store the MAC address, whatever it was, in this case, I made up a value. So that's the MAC address of the mobile node. That's fixed. That doesn't change. Because when the foreign agent receives things and receives packets and the destination is 111100, even though that's not an address which is on its current subnet, it knows that from the visitors list to send direct to this MAC address. Remember, the foreign agent is a router. When it receives datagrams, it looks at the destination address and determines where to send it. And using this table, it determines if the destination is 111100, send it to this device, the mobile node. See what we've missed. We've missed the registration reply. Home address is the mobile node's original address. HA is the home agent. Home agent. Yeah, it's the router in the home network. So if we go back to our original diagram, router A is the home agent for our mobile node. <IP_ADDRESS>. That's our home agent. In this example, our foreign agent is F with IP address 7771. And our mobile node has a home address. So don't be confused between a home address and a home agent. A home agent is a router in this case. Home address is the address of the mobile node. So our idea is that the mobile node tells the home agent that it's now visiting network 7. And the registration reply comes back, confirming everything's OK. And the foreign agent F updates its visitors list, keeping track that this node is now officially visiting its foreign network. AP3, let's say, I'm not sure what your question is where you think that AP3 is. Attached to here or attached somewhere else? You say, if it visits AP, if there's another subnet here, for example, with another access point and the mobile node keeps moving and enters this foreign network, effectively, the same procedure must happen. We must register back to our home agent saying, now I've entered a new foreign network, this will update its mobility binding table, send back a reply, this new foreign agent will update its visitors list. And then it's entered the new network. What happens to the old one? Well, what usually happens is over time, they delete information from their visitors list. If no one's communicated in the last one minute or the last five minutes, remove them from the visitors list. So this one maintains a visitors list. If it hasn't seen any packets in the last five minutes, remove them from the visitors list. Did that answer your question? What have we missed? Registration reply. This is the message that comes from the home agent source 1111 goes to the foreign agent 7771, and it's the reply. And there's a mistake here. This should be registration reply, not reg request. This is a typo, should be reply. And it includes the home address and the home agent address. Foreign agent updates its visitors list and forwards the reply onto the mobile node. Once the reply is received by the mobile node, everything's finished in terms of the registration, and we can start sending and receiving data. So we've gone through the two procedures of, first, an active discovery of the agent, the active discovery of the foreign agent, where we sent a router solicitation, we broadcasted a router solicitation, and the foreign agent replied. And then once we knew the foreign agent, we did a registration. And registration is always mobile node to foreign agent to home agent, and then a reply back. And if it's successful, the home agent updates its mobility binding table, and the foreign agent updates its visitors list. They keep track of who's visiting and where the nodes are. Then we can start sending and receiving data. We're not going to attempt to describe that. We need a bit longer to describe that. We'll do it next week. Any questions on the agent discovery and registration procedure? It may look complex, but in fact, the idea is not to remember the structure of the headers and so on, but to understand at least the different ways to discover agents. And, sorry, you should understand that the registration goes via mobile node, foreign agent, home agent, and back. The nodes involved. We still have to go through, well, what happens now when we send data? Because we need some extra techniques to handle the sending and receiving of data. We will not try to explain that this afternoon. Here, so in this case, let's see, let's draw it. The reply, the request went to the foreign agent. We also had a home agent out here. The request went to the foreign agent. The foreign agent sends a new request. So it's a different IP packet. Effectively, the same contents to the home agent. Then a reply, and then the final reply. From the home agent, the reply, the source is, of course, the home agent's address. It's coming from one, one, one, one. And the destination, all it knows is the care of address in this case. The care of address and the foreign agent address are the same. So it's sending to the foreign agent 7771. When the foreign agent receives this reply, it sets the source to be 7771 and sends it to the home IP address, which is one, one, one, one hundred. So if I drew these, the reply, the source here is on the screen, which is, and the destination is the 7771. And here, from foreign agent to mobile node, source is the 7771, destination is a home address. So in fact, they're two different IP datagrams. So the addresses change. Same with the request. The request, if we go back here, from mobile node to foreign agent is this one, but from foreign agent to home agent, source will be 7771, destination will be one, one, one, one. That's from here to here. Any other questions? We will go through how data transfer works next week. That's enough details for today. Again, in the handout, there's some description of those steps. So read through that. We'll get some more details next week. What I want to do in the last 10 minutes is just a quick demo for the assignment. Let's go to that. Okay, quickly on the assignment, you are now experts in using the access point. You should be able to capture packets. You will learn very fast if you can. This assignment or parts of it have been done over the past two or three years. So if we get the same, I get the same questions and provide the same comments. So there are many links here, not all are relevant because things change over the years, but it's worth reading through some of the past emails on the email list. So all these links to links go to the email list. In fact, when you click on them, you'll need to provide your username and password for the email list. Not many people remember that. If you go to the email list homepage, you'll find somewhere you can reset your password. It will send the password to your email address. So if you want to access them, you can automatically get a reset for the password. But there are just some emails from me to the students in the past years explaining different parts of the software. Some will be more relevant than others. Phase two, so deadline is in two weeks for phase two and phase three. And then phase four will happen after. Phase two, capture some packets. Capture the main wireless LAN frames, which is the discovery, association, some data transfer. You don't have to transfer much data, but you need to try and capture all of them. Capture, draw, and send me the capture file. You need to use TCP dump. I think most of you have used it, TCP dump and Wireshark. If not, come and talk to me. I think all of you probably have used Wireshark. You don't, in fact, you don't have to use TCP dump. Wireshark can capture packets as well. So you can directly use Wireshark. I've taught some of you using TCP dump. Now the main thing is that if I capture packets now on my computer, I will not capture the wireless LAN frames. I will just capture the data frames. You need to put your wireless LAN interface into a special mode to capture the details. That's the hardest thing here. The way to test if it works, when you capture and open in Wireshark and you look in the details of the packets, you should see something like the radio tap header. If you see that, then it should be working okay. But if you just see Ethernet 2 header, then it's not capturing the wireless LAN frames. So be careful there. In particular, beacons, authentication, association, data, ACK frames. So you should see those in your Wireshark. Yeah, I don't think so. I don't think Windows can capture in. I'm not sure now. Maybe recent versions, it can. A Mac OS can for sure. It depends on the operating system and the wireless card. Most Mac computers will work fine. There are some links in the previous section. Where? There are some links in the previous section that talk about that. So follow those instructions. There's some instructions from Ubuntu in Mac OS. There's some instructions I've linked to about how to do it. So you can do it. On Windows, I don't think so, okay? Yes, it's on here. My instructions, you'll find a description of how to put it into monitor mode there. Easy. Just follow the instructions and it will work. That's not what I wanna talk about today. Phase three, a quick demo. Use Iperf to test the performance. Iperf is a program that generates traffic. So what happens? We wanna test the throughput from one computer to another. One way to do that is to transfer a file, a 10 megabyte file and time it. And just divide the amount of bytes we received divided by the time and we get the throughput. Iperf does a similar thing but it allows you to control how much we send and how fast we send and it will automatically time for you. So you need to run it on two, on the source and destination, on the client and server. Let's run it and just show quickly how it works. I'm gonna use my laptop as the client. I'm gonna use another computer as the server. I'm gonna test the throughput. The other computer I'm gonna log into, it's my computer in my office. You don't have to log into it remotely because you'll be sitting at it but see if it works. So the bottom screen is, I'm executing on my computer in my office and here's my laptop. So what we do is we start assuming Iperf is installed on say my server or the receiver, I start Iperf and it takes different options. I'll just quickly show some of the options here. I need to start it in server mode. That is the receiver minus S option. We can use either TCP or UDP to transfer data. In this phase of the assignment, you're using just UDP, minus U for UDP. Not needed but I'm gonna do it because it's the way my computer is set up. I can specify the port number of my server. Minus P, choose a port number. Is that it? Server is running. So the Iperf server is running on my computer in the office. It does nothing. It just reports some information and it waits for a client to connect. So now I'll start the client. So say it's listening on this port number 50124. It's gonna receive some UDP packets. Let's start the client. Still we need to specify to use UDP. I'll set the port number. Need to be the same and the client. It's not the server, so minus C client. And I need to tell it the IP address of the server. So connect. Send data using UDP to server 10101184 on port 50124 and press enter. And it starts sending packets. And by default it will run a test for 10 seconds. And at the end report the performance. In fact reports both on the client and the server. Just quickly the main thing in fact at the client we see the report from the server. So we don't have to look at the bottom one because it is sent from the server to the client. Bandwidth here means throughput. The throughput for that 10 seconds of data transfer just random data, 1.05 megabits per second. That's the main thing we're gonna focus on because your task here is to measure the throughput. There's some other statistics as well. What happened is from zero to 10 seconds we transferred 1.25 megabytes of data and simply size divided by time gives us the throughput of 1.05 megabits per second. With UDP we must tell the client how fast to send. We use the minus B option. Let's send it two megabits per second and see what throughput we get. So another test, the server's still running because the server will just keep accepting connections. I only have to start the client again. Connect using IPERF to my server sending it, sorry, two megabits per second. We sent a two megabits per second and I had a throughput of two megabits per second. Let's send that 10 megabits per second. Sorry, that's the previous command. There was no minus B. By default it sends it one megabit per second. So if you don't specify an option it will use a default value. And yeah, the default was one megabit per second. Let's send it 10 megabits per second. So I'm sending data 10 megabits per second from my laptop to the server. And the server's recording how fast it receives the data. 10 megabits per second, fine. 30 megabits per second. Now sending it 30 megabits per second. Throughput 20.8 megabits per second. So now we start to see something useful. I'm sending 30 megabits per second but my network limits how much is delivered to the destination. In this case it limited to 20.8 megabits per second. Why was it limited? Why do we get 20.8? Why not 30? That's what your assignment is about. It's because I'm using the wireless LAN. So it's some measure of the wireless LAN throughput. That's as fast as I could send across my network. Because in fact I'm connected from the wireless LAN and then via a wired LAN. Out of time, that's a very quick demonstration of iPerf and you need to perform similar tests in using your laptop to your access point and then via a wired link to another laptop or another computer where you'd send one laptop to another using different sending rates and see what throughput you can get. Your aim is to discover what's the maximum throughput you can get and what impacts upon that throughput. So maybe you can change things to get a higher throughput. So that's just a quick demo to show you how iPerf works. Start it on a server and then start it on the client and it will do a quick performance test for you. Enough for today. Who's not here? Anyone? One, two. Two, three, four, and... Everyone but one, I think. Okay. Again? Well, this is it. Oh, the other things would depend upon your IP address, your computer. Here, I want to measure what throughput I can get across the wireless LAN, okay? So if I send 100 megabits per second, do you think you're gonna get 100 megabits per second throughput? Well, no, you know your wireless LAN is limited to 54 megabits per second. But in fact, there are other overheads with your router. So find out what's the maximum you can achieve. If I send less than the maximum throughput, then that's not a useful test. When I send it two megabits per second, I should get a throughput of two megabits per second. So one way to test is just to step by step increase the sending rate. And the throughput will keep increasing and then it will flatten out. And that will give you the main results. That's a start anyway. There, I got 22 megabits per second. It will vary a little bit. Okay, let's continue next week, finish on mobile IP and maybe some more questions about the assignment.


Do you remember why? Yeah, like now. Especially when I'm looking at the other screen.  Go figure. Right, so that goes, yeah, that's the sound. The sound thinking. It's thinking on the other side. Okay, jokes aside.


PF Blocker NG is a really popular tool inside of PF Sense for DNS blocking. I'll leave a link to the full video I've done on this in the description, but I want to do a short video on just how to add something to the whitelist. Our goal today is to whitelist the Twitter analytics. So we go over here, scroll down to the DNS pale whitelist, we'll scroll down to the bottom and we're going to add analytics.twitter.com and we're going to click save. Now, the mistake many people make is thinking this by putting that in there, that if we look this up again, it's going to get a different result and work, but it doesn't. It still is sink hold, but what we need to do to make this work, and this is the part a lot of people miss, is any change you make in PF Blocker has to be reloaded. So we're going to hit run, reload this and once DNS resolver reloads here, we can switch back over and do another lookup and see that it's resolving. As I said, I have a full video on PF Blocker down in the description below and thanks.


It's leaking yours is leaking big time. I've got a good noise, okay? Okay from the top from the here we go Zach like let's hello My name is Jimmy his name is Jake and this is the weekly dumb and we're all fired up at John boy media here Because it's baseball week opening day is on Thursday, but first Jake the basketball. What happened Jim? We're in the elite eight. They're still playing games Monday Tuesday night, so that's a little different than normal Jim UCLA Akla was the big game yesterday. They beat Bama Slash Bama beat themselves 11 of 25 from the free throw line Tim. That's 44 percent Uncontested shots you're they're free you're supposed to get free throw You think you could do better than 11 for 25 if we got you a hoop and a ball right away for sure It'd be tight I don't think I could the other top-seated Michigan beat Florida State says here on my sheet Yeah, I don't really care and the other the other thing that people Gonzaga. They're undefeated the Zags They think they're America's darling. Mm-hmm. They're not man. They're like annoying Yeah, I don't think anyone from that region of the US could ever be America's darling Was specifically Washington and Oregon the two states there. Let's go ducks. Oh, yeah. No. Yeah, besides the Oregon ducks It's just kind of a Gonzaga thing. No one likes you that much. Sorry Zags You're everyone's like second favorite team because they can just name you baseball's back and it's better than ever Hey now, hey now Baseball's back. That's a good shot. I hit the lens perfectly Tim this week in almost a breakdown We're going to the wide world of golf your guy Wesley Brian. You're always talking about him I like him and what he does out there. He hit a ball into the swamp lands of Jersey Bruce Springsteen Wrecking ball great song. Anyway, he had a ball into the mud and instead of just like taking the strokes and dropping He got down to a skivvies and he he tied his shirt up like a little how like you make like a bikini out of your shirt I seen you do that a ton a ton almost like out of almost like your natural reaction to put your shirt like that He does that and then he kind of like duff's the first shot and has to another shot And I think tie up the shirt which again in hindsight that seems like was it necessary went a little far Well, here's whenever I do that. I've gone a little far. It was just being cute And when you break that first shot, it's over Do you shoot your teeth? I think I shot directly my front teeth that just sprayed that was what I was nervous about That was my tongue that was your tongue and it just I got some it's just a hard backboard. I guess it's a shooter Yeah, one to ten the name Wesley Brian three two one zero. Yeah, I knew you're gonna be bad. That's not that's a bad name You just set me up to be a jerk. Yes. Okay. Cool. All right I think I'll have myself over here more sports speaking of jerks and NFL ref. What happened an NFL ref Tim Peel his name one to ten three two one seven.  That wasn't much. I don't know they fired him I'd love to see the group chat between all the NHL raps like sorry Timmy Obviously, we all been there, but we can't publicly defend you because it's an unwritten rule of reffing if there's like three Half-owls and none of them have been called Then you got to call the next half-owl. So that's kind of what this guy did I'm just very much caught up in the head of the NHL referees being an old Yosemite Sam type Get out of here Tim Peel Let's move on to not sports Jake Environmental scientist has issued a warning that says penises are shrinking because of pollution now Scientist Shanna Swan Says babies are being one out of ten Shanna Swan three two one four Okay Shanna Swan babies are being born with smaller penises due to rising pollution levels In her new book called countdown Dr. Swan writes that every member of humanity faces an existential crisis because of plummeting fertility rates. So Shanna Swan show me the data is there.   Have we been measuring baby penises for decades for her to compare and contrast? I don't think so nice to meet you Tim Peel.  I got a book idea. I'm gonna write about the declining size of baby penises You're arrested Shanna I try to do that. I'm in a lot of trouble, man.  She does not have data. They have not been measuring baby penises For years, but they are dude. You think so. Yeah, like they do a study in Asia. Oh congrats on your baby Well, you're thinking like they're small, right? I'm assuming so like the differences in size here.   Oh, you were Jamming that down extra three inches just from the fatness of the foopa area. All right. Anyway lock Shanna Swan up It's the employee of the week. It's the employee of the week Giving it to Trevor Plouf because he's leaving California and he's coming to New York for opening day and You know one of the softest men on the planet leaving one of the softest states and we applaud him for that Those are gonna come back to bite you a lot softness Yeah, so in this episode I ripped on Washington, Oregon, California Shanna Swan Trevor Plouf Wesley Brian's name and Trevor Plouf Tim Peele's boss is no one safe That was a weekly


Good morning, everybody. I welcome Members to the 10th meeting of the Delegation Powers and Law Reform Committee. Agenda item 1 is consideration of instruments subject to affirmative procedure, draft Crown Estates Scotland interim management orders 2017. Our legal advisers sought clarification from the Scottish Government of the policy intentions to the minimum number of members of Crown Estates Scotland interim management. The minimum number of members of County State Scotland interim management in relation to the drafting of article 5.1. Scottish Government has clarified that the intention is that the body should be capable of having a minimum of two members, i.e. the chair plus one other member, rather than one. There is a doubt as to whether article 5.1 is sufficiently clear in that respect. One states that the Crown State interim management is to consist of a member appointed by the Scottish ministers to chair it and b up to eight other members appointed by the Scottish ministers. Scottish Government contends that the division into sub-paragraphs a and b means that the provision cannot be read as meaning that the Scottish ministers are capable of determining that no other members are appointed apart from the chair. However, article 5.1 could simply have expressed that the ministers must appoint a minimum of or at least two members to the body, including the chair. Does the committee therefore agree to draw the order of the attention of Parliament on the reporting ground H, as the meaning of article 5.1 could be clearer? No points have been raised by our legal advisers on the following instrument, the draft Aberdeen harbour revision order 2016, so is the committee content with this instrument? Contents. Thank you very much. That takes us to agenda item 2, and agenda item 2 is consideration of instruments subject to negative procedure. Again, no points have been raised by our legal advisers on the following instruments. The Justices of the Peace, Training and Appraisal, Scotland Order 2016, SSI 2016, 329, or the Upper Tribunals for Scotland, Rules of Procedure, Amendment Regulations 2016, SSI 2016, 333, or a tenant information packs, Assured Tenancies, Scotland, Amendment Order 2016, SSI 2016, 334. Is the committee content with these instruments? Contents. Agenda item 3 is consideration of instruments not subject to any parliamentary procedure. No points have been raised by our legal advisers on the following instruments. The Water Resources, Scotland Act 2013, commencement number 4, order 2016, SSI 2016, 327. Is the committee content with this instrument? Contents. Thank you, and you are pleased to know that that concludes the committee's business for today.


Hello, I'm Omar Fernandez, Director of Strategy and Operations at GitLab and today I am here with Chris. Chris, can you tell me a little bit about what you do and how you first came across GitLab? My name is Chris Evans. I'm a principal DevOps engineer. When I first started, I saw, I was kind of learning the environment and in terms of tooling was a little disjointed. There was a headless SVN server. Systems were kind of segmented into smaller groups, one of which had some like continuous integration processes using like a standalone tool and it was really not homogenous at all. Code reviews were just like, hey, can you hop on this meeting call and I'll share my screen. Like there was no like interactive code review with a tool where you can just leave comments asynchronously. And that was one of the first things that I brought up. So all right, we need to, we need to migrate, you know, in our own time our repositories to Git so we can have tooling that supports modern software development.  And we ended up going with GitLab. That's sort of where we are now. We're running GitLab, all of our codes are 100% migrated. We've got build configurations going good and we're very happy with the product and looking to move forward. What were the ways in which you saw your team or you personally benefitting from just being 100% on GitLab and using GitLab for your DevOps cycle? There's a single source of truth. There's a big thing. Like, you know, we know everything we need all the time is in GitLab. GitLab's open handbook is an absolute godsend every day and I work in my job. It seems like anytime I have a question, I'm like, you know, what's the, what's the best way I should be doing this thing, especially when it's like procedurally policy wise? Like, you know, what's the best way to go about this is like, I bet GitLab has it in their handbook and nine times out of ten it does. What do you feel when you're working in GitLab? Joy, I guess is the, the simplest word, the openness of GitLab. It's a very performant tool. It's well documented. It's just a pleasure to use the user experience is great. The UI is great. I can tell there's a lot of love that goes into the tool. Like, it really seems like the, the team that builds the tool really embraces and takes pride in it and it shows in the product. How would you say GitLab has benefited you and your career? I think it's benefited me tremendously. I previously came from a position, started off as a network engineer. I ended up taking on some like sysadmin related roles, but I was never really exposed to the software development life cycle just by the nature of the company I worked for, but just through taking that leap into choosing GitLab as like a project management platform, I was exposed to so many of the tools of the trade for these other industries, software engineering, and I was able to almost learn those in a way, not directly having to use them. Anything else that comes to mind that you want to share with us about your experience with GitLab and your GitLab journey? I hate the old like trope of best of breed, best of suite, but if I already use that trope, GitLab is absolutely a best of suite. It does everything I want it to do. And for the most part, I think it does a wonderful job at all those things, and it just makes my life as a DevOps engineer way easier than it was before. Awesome. Well, thank you so much. I really, really appreciate it, Chris.