to be told the difference between, no, we will all be told the difference between an impact model and a climate model and we're going to be told this difference by Kala Berind. There you go. Thank you. Hello and welcome everyone. I would like to see my slides. Are these slides? Ah, okay. Nice. So welcome everyone to my talk about climate modeling and the science behind climate reports. First of all, I will shortly introduce myself and what I do. I work at the U of Z. That's the Hammer Center for Environmental Research in Leipzig and I work for the ESM project which is short for Advanced Earth System Modeling Capacity. I'm also a PhD student at the University of Potsdam and I'm part of the developer team for the Misescale Hydro-Lotic Model which is an impact model and I'm also a scientist for future and an artist. So what this talk is about, this talk is partitioned into three sections mainly. First is the introduction where I will introduce some nomenclature like what is weather, what is climate and what we can say about predictions, for example, why we can tell the weather in three years but we can say something about the climate and what are climate models. Then the second part will be the longest. The science behind warming graphs, I will show you a graph that's typically shown when people tell you about climate change and I will explain that graph in detail and what is behind it. The third part would be installing an impact model to your local PC if there's time, if there's no time I will skip that and in the end there's as always a summary and conclusion. So starting with the introduction, weather is defined as the physical state of the atmosphere at a given time whilst climate is average weather. Most of the time period of 30 years is taken for that averaging but also other time periods could be taken. So while the main question was while we are not able to predict weather at a specific date and a decade, for example, let's say the 27th of December in 50 years or so, why does it still make sense to propose general trends for the climate? That is a question that often arises and I'll answer that. So first of all it is about average. Average cloud coverage gives us information on average reflection and average reflection has an impact on the warmth on the earth and the same is true for another scenario, for example, average precipitation meaning rain or snow and temperature has an impact on vegetation and vegetation influences the carbon cycle and that again influences the warming or cooling and that has an influence on the ice coverage and that again on the reflection. So there are lots of processes that are connected to each other and if we know something about the average of some of this physical state of the atmosphere we can say something about the climate trends. So the question is what is a climate model? And the AR-5 defines a climate model as a numerical representation of the climate system. The AR-5 is a source I will cite quite often, so I have one slide with the whole citation. It's the fifth IPCC report. IPCC is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the fifth assessment report is, so AR-5 is the abbreviation for fifth assessment report. By coming back to a climate model, so a climate model could for example be a GCM, a general circulation model, which is a global climate model that usually consists of an ocean and atmosphere circulation. And the fifth assessment ocean and atmosphere circulation. An RCM is not a GCM but it's a regional climate model, meaning a climate model at a limited area and mainly it has a higher resolution and for it is at a limited area that usually means that there is some input and output going in because it's not a closed system. And an impact model again has usually a higher resolution in time and space and it's not a climate model but it's for simulating extreme weather events like floods. So if you want to build a dam or a dyke and you want to know how high this dyke or dam should be, then you would usually run an impact model that gives you information about water heights over decades or longer or so and then you would decide on the height. So this is the use for impact models. So that's for the introduction part. Now I come to the main part and I will start with a question. Is it proven or with the climate graph? As said, I will show you a graph, a typical image people would show you when they address climate change. This graph has an x-axis with a time scale and you see it's reaching far into the future and it also has three or four regions and the first region is only in the past. And the y-axis is the global surface temperature change meaning how much degrees and Celsius or in Kelvin if it's different it's the same. We will have in future or we had already. And then you see several lines in different colors and with the names RCP something and I will explain all the numbers and everything about this graph because it's a pretty important graph. So first of all I will tell you something about the numbers and uncertainties. The uncertainties are the transparent colors behind the lines. I will tell you something about the representative concentration pathways which is short RCP and so it's reflecting the colors of the lines. I will tell you something about the source of the graphs so where does this graph actually come from so I will tell you something about the assessment report and first of all I will answer the question is it proven or is there scientific evidence that we will face that climate change. So you will see that graph quite often. First of all I took a definition for proof for scientific evidence from Wikipedia. The strength of scientific evidence is generally based on the results of statistical analysis and the strength of scientific controls meaning you make an experiment over and over again and you change basically some influences on the experience where you want to know that these does not influence the output so you can narrow it down and know what is the source of your results and so you can prove a physical law or something. Yeah I took this comic from XKCD because it's a nice it's somehow connected so there's a person who pulls a trigger and then got thrown by a bolt or something. Something bad happens for example climate change and then yeah there are two scenarios for example a person usually would decide okay okay I would not pull the lever again but scientists usually or more often would say okay maybe does that happen every time if I do so because yeah that's basically how you prove something or that's experiments but in case of climate change even scientists say you shouldn't although it's pretty interesting for us from a scientific perspective but the problem is we only have one earth we cannot do this experiment very often except we had a time machine then we could go back but we haven't so we shouldn't do that experiment and that's something a scientist before long ago in 1957 said already human beings are now carrying out a large-scale geophysical experiment of a kind that could not have happened in the past nor be reproduced reproduced in the future so another question is yeah if you ask this question if it is proven or that it probably is not happening or so to climate bias they usually would tell you okay maybe it's not happening and the other side would take the position and ask you okay if you stand in front of a road and you want to cross the road and there is a car approaching very fast would you cross that road because it could happen that the car stops or makes a new turn or something but well usually it doesn't and sadly we know lots about this this experiment because it's done very often before we know something about traffic and that is pretty dangerous so let's change the factors a little so that we don't know so much about that situation let's say a cube approaches us with a high velocity on something that is maybe not a road would you still cross the something and the answer is you still probably wouldn't and why wouldn't you do so although you know nothing about this situation well you do know something you know you know conservation of the momentum which is a physical law you know about so you have a situation you know not so much about you have never had an experience before but you still are able to make some assumptions because you know the physical laws behind it and that's basically the same we do with in fact in the context of climate so we have let's say just an earth and the sun and the sun yeah has some radiation and that comes to the earth and gets partially reflected and the earth radiates itself because it has some temperature we know something about this sun we know the solar installation and we know parts of the light is reflected and the factor that is reflected is usually called albedo so the reflected energy is albedo times the solar insulation and albedo is something about 30% and we know then that the light that is observed must be all the remaining energy so the energy of the surface is one minus albedo times the solar insulation then knowing Stefan Boltzmann law for energy emissions where the temperature goes into the power of 4 and with Stefan Boltzmann constant we can actually find out the surface temperature which then is derived to minus 19.5 degree Celsius well we know probably we know that the earth is much warmer and that's because our model in this case which is maybe a climate model is far too simple so we change something about that we add atmosphere and atmosphere has some interesting thing impact so atmosphere consists has some trace greenhouse gases for example CO2 but also H2O ozone methane O2 and nitrous oxide and these greenhouse gases reflect the radiation of earth back to earth partially meaning the atmosphere has a transparency and this transparency we call T is something between 15% and 30% so it's not fixed and that's another interesting fact the atmosphere emits energy which we call J-atmos and that goes goes out in space and to earth and the energy that goes into the atmosphere is one minus the transparency times the energy so we know two equations the first is the energy that goes into the atmosphere also goes out of the atmosphere the second is that the surface temperature the surface energy of the earth is the term we had before one minus albedo times the solar insulation plus the energy the one part of the energy that is reflected by the atmosphere and so we have two formulas two equations with two unknown and with a Stefan Boltzmann law from before we can divide the surface temperature which is 15 degrees of Celsius and that actually is not so far from what it actually is in 2000 in 2000 it was measured that the surface temperature is 14.5 degrees so I did this for a specific T which is 22.5% but when we changed that T a little to for example 20% so we add more CO2 because for example we would add a factory that would do carbon emissions then the transparency goes down and the temperature rises to for example 16.6 degree in case of 20%. This is also a very old knowledge so this is maybe a little much on a slide but it's still very interesting because it's copied directly from a paper that was published from Svante Ahenius in 1896 already and it's on the influence of carbon acid and the air upon the temperature of the ground and carbon acid is the old term for carbon dioxide so if we have a look to the percentage so he investigated what if we change carbon dioxide so what is the impact of our behavior let's say carbon dioxide would the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere would double so that would increase by a factor of two then the average temperature rise in Leipzig in December so Leipzig I choose the region for Leipzig would be 6.1 degree well that's probably a little high but what we can see is already that Ahenius back then already knew that there is seasonal impact on climate that is climate change is seasonal and also spatial so it is not just one not the average temperature is the only interesting knowledge we get so Ahenius said something like the temperature in case of carbon acid doubled would be around 4 to 6 degrees and the current models predict something like an increase for 2 to 4 degrees for that scenario so there's maybe a overlap already with that simple model from back then so then I come to the question a climate model represents physical laws that's what we learned where do the uncertainties come from so if we know all the physical laws and we would just calculate everything with these physical laws why are there even uncertainties and there are some reasons for that for example the initial conditions is one main source of uncertainties meaning how is the current state of the climate system now how fast does something move where are the clouds exactly and so on we don't know these precise initial conditions and therefore from arrows here second would be the resolution and of a model so the temporal and spatial step length meaning we can't so we always represent our climate system with differential equations and we approximate everything we have not the movement of every molecule but we have some average on cells and if we increase the resolution then usually the uncertainties go down but sometimes they even don't for some question for some questions it's better to have a lower resolution but mostly it's better to have a higher then truncation so there we have computation the limits and lack of understanding for example clouds clouds are not understood pretty well and when I read the fifth assessment report I found the sentence I found a little amusing climate model clouds and climate models usually tend to rain too early yeah so but if you know all these sources of uncertainty why is there no such thing as the one best climate model meaning why can't we go to the highest resolution and to the best the the best computer we get and do everything just in the best way and then we would have our best climate model and there are some reasons for that for example the so-called dynamic core including the method for differential equations or something like grids for example if we have a triangular grid or a rectangular grid on rectangular grids we usually can be can calculate faster but on triangular grids we could for example increase the resolution locally that might be differences and both have advantages and disadvantages also the parameterization parameters and our last slides were for example the t and the albedo which will probably be not the final parameters because they are derived from other parameters but physical laws or something are often represented by rules with parameters and these parameters can be estimated and they can be calibrated with different error measures and there this is another reason for uncertainties and differences in climate models and then there are schemes for example there are different formulations of physical processes for example again clouds and last the truncation again we can also decide how we limit due to our lack of computational power so yeah what do we do we investigate all the models we have so there are different climate models that are representing our climate and we take all the models that match certain conditions I come to that later and we average the output and then we get a climate projection and also that uncertainty band you see so what climate models do we investigate they are so-called coordinated GCMs or that are so climate models are compared in so-called coupled model intercomparison projects in different phases these coupled model intercomparison projects are showed CMIP 4, 5 and 6 so there might have been for early ones but currently for the AR6 so for the six assessment report CMIP 6 is investigated and for I showed you on the map the research centers which took part in CMIP 6 so which take part in the six assessment report these research centers are mainly specialized research centers university and a meteorological offices but in January it's open for any institution to participate as long as they follow a protocol for their contribution where there's some rules so you cannot just do anything these institutions need to produce variables for a set of defined experiments and a historical simulation from 1850 to present this blue part is a link so if you go to my slides afterwards you can see these variables you need to reproduce and then you can do something like this so we have a graph here again on the x-axis we see again a timescale that reaches from 1850 to today and on the y-axis we again see the temperature anomaly or the temperature difference between so the exactly the temperature difference so how much the earth has warmed up we see CMIP 3 and CMIP 5 compared which were the models that were investigated for the AR5 um so we see a band um so this uncertainty with the yellow and bluish in the background and then we see these two lines the blue and the red one from CMIP 3 and CMIP 5 and then we see the black one and that is what actually was observed and we see that this differs quite a lot and that's due to there was only investigated the natural forcings meaning excluded what the human did and if we also put the human forcing into it then it's quite matching and that is the best kind of proof we can get and again I said we investigate the physical laws um and the physical laws were actually results of scientific experiments and so yeah there's this kind of proof and yeah um so maybe a little addition um there are also other coordinated model entire comparison projects uh then so outside of the IPCC uh and uh so as all one are inside the APCC where the scientific focus is on uh subtopic uh on something like land surface for example and that's what uh I do uh and um there are also uh there's also published work outside from IPCC so back to the graph we talked about the part is it proven and I hope I convinced you that this it is and um now I will talk about the sources of the graph so I talked a lot about the IPCC um the IPCC uh the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change um published uh reports so the fifth um for example the fifth assessment report and what you see here is part of the cover but um there have been four ones before as the name fifth um suggests um the first assessment report FAR was published in 1990 uh the second SAR in 1995 uh then there was the TAR and then for the first fourth assessment report they changed the name scheme for some reason to AR4 and then there was AR5 which I'm talking about the IPCC consists of several working groups including uh working group one to three uh providing the assessment reports and I mainly focus on the assessment report from a working group one um which investigates the scientific aspects of the climate system and climate change but there's also a working group uh and investigating on vulnerability vulnerability uh and economic impact and the third one on the options of limiting greenhouse gas emissions and others so I shortly show you a history of um the climate models for in something the mid uh 70s uh climate models were investigated where there was just an atmosphere the sun rain clouds were missing and CO2 emissions and uh I hope you believe that the sun is behind the atmosphere and not in this atmosphere um for in the mid 80s there was uh prescribed ice added and already clouds and land surface and yeah you see a nice mountain but actually in that time um the resolution was so low that uh the alps only had one or two um grid cells meaning there was not so much about land surface but it was added and for the first uh first assessment report uh there was a swamp ocean added meaning an ocean was added but it was had no depth um for the second assessment report uh the ocean got some depth so it was a normal ocean with surface uh circulation and there was added volcano activity and sulfates for the third assessment report that was added so um this is all about um which kind of processes were um they are on um climate models there that were investigated in this uh assessment reports meaning there were climate models before that already those uh processes uh included but they were not investigated under assessment reports so this is a history of which climate models or which processes and climate models were investigated in assessment reports and the third assessment report there was uh another circulation added for the ocean the overturning circulations and there were rivers added which is interesting because I do something with rivers uh and um there were aerosols added and um a carbon cycle meaning that the carbon that goes into the atmosphere also goes out but yeah not everything or the half the half time is not so good uh for the ar-5 uh four uh there was uh chemistry added in the atmosphere and interactive vegetation and for the ar-5 there was ozone added and biomass burning emissions and uh there's a history of processes but there's also a history of computer modeling that might be really interesting it started more or less in 1904 uh with uh Wilhelm Diakens who um found equations that could be solved to obtain future states of the atmosphere and he thought about that um yeah maybe these equations are really hard to solve and that task should be split and distributed to many people so he basically imagined a human computer and then Louis Fry Richardson came in 1922 and did actually calculate all this did a six hour forecast solving the equations by hand alone and 42 days user time meaning he himself calculated 42 days on it but that 42 days were distributed over two years in total um so he was a little behind the weather only to find out that it didn't give the correct answer that was long forgotten um but uh and people said yeah that's not quite practical we cannot do that but then computers came in uh 1950 the first successful weather model was run on a computer called ENYAC and in 1950 weather predictions were run twice a day on an IBM 701 nowadays we use supercomputers much larger and yeah there there's a whole list in the rank and I will shortly introduce Jules to you uh the Jülich wizard for European leadership science that's a supercomputer in Jülich and I would have shown you a picture but you are not allowed usually you are not simply allowed to take pictures pictures on that campus uh but since supercomputers are fancy shiny cupboards anyway I thought this is okay um so we have these cupboards that look yeah like shiny cupboards and in these cupboards there are blades and each blade uh is called a standard node and consists of in case of Jules 2 times 24 cores uh with 2.7 Gigahertz uh and it's hyper threaded meaning you can actually run uh 96 threads or processes on one of these nodes and these nodes have 12 times 8 gigabyte of run uh memory um and that's not quite uh much if you want to run a climate model but I will come to that a little later and in fact in case of Jules you have um like three rows of five of these cupboards or something and uh so they are in total 2,271 standard nodes uh 240 large memory nodes and 56 accelerated nodes consistent having something like GPUs um and I tell you about Jules not because it's the fastest actually it's maybe the 30th uh not even because it's the fastest in Germany it was when it was built but that's a while ago um but I told you about that because uh Jules provides actually computing budget for the ESM project the advanced earth system modeling capacity and so they're actually um a system model's run on that machine um so what I told you before there's not so much uh memory on each node so what you need to do is you need to cut down your problem and distribute it about the over the nodes and then there needs to be some communication so usually you if the task is so simple you can uh cut down your grid and put a number of grid cells to each node and then there's communication between the nodes on the boundaries to solve the differential equations um talking about grids um I would talk about the resolution also again a history of resolution of the climate models for the first assessment report the region resolution was 500 kilometers times 500 kilometers and as I said before you see these um two yellow yellowish um cells in the middle that are the alps um for the second assessment report the resolution already doubled or half depends on how you want to phrase it for the tar it was 180 kilometers and for ar4 it was 120 kilometers uh for the ar5 it's a little bit a different section I show you uh and also um I show you two resolutions there is the resolution for the higher um models which is um 87 for example 87.5 kilometers and for the real uh very high resolution uh with 30 kilometers and that's because um climate models are not just one model but there are different kinds of model that are coupled and uh each model has its own resolution um so it's more less like something like this uh so we have a model for ice we have a model for atmosphere for ocean and for a terrestrial uh and this is coupled so they all sent their data to a coupler or something and that's set as an input to the other model um so this is more or less like um how climate models look and each of the models again has several layers for example the terrestrial layer um has a groundwater part and the atmosphere and um so there's some input from the atmosphere to um the soil and plant system and then there's some water that is sinking into the groundwater and then coming out to the rivers um and uh yeah so then we have the runoff so meaning rivers get um water and then if you have a look to rivers and want to parallelize rivers then it's not so easy because um the um we have a source somewhere and the water has to go from the source or something that happens at the source has an impact to the sink meaning um this has to communicate all the way along uh to the sink and uh that's where I come in I actually do um um so I show you uh the genube which you probably know better with the name Donau um at a resolution of five kilometers um and uh basically cut down the genube into sub river domains um and we need if we parallelize these we need to calculate uh the uh sub river domains that are farther away from the sink first and uh you see that in the first um a graph a little so the grayish areas are calculated first and then it goes down um farther to uh the sink so just to tell you what I do um the now we come back to the my question so we answered where the sources of uh where the graphs come from now we uh under the question what is uh a representative concentration pathway um meaning what we all did before was more or less telling how we get to that black line in the first section and now we concentrate on the color part where we have more graphs than one uh the so um the working group one of the IPCC generally tests a selection of couple more climate models that is what I told you before uh matching specific conditions and investigates the output assuming different emission scenarios meaning we have uh couple climate models that are somehow different for example in their um grid and then we have input data the input scenarios would be for example the first one um where we just do business as usual and don't reduce uh carbon emissions the second would be we um start with our way we do it today but we will slowly change to uh renewable energy and the third one would be a scenario where we do it spontaneously now or so and that is an input scenario that we put into the systems uh and then we get out uh a model output that says something about the future so there's a black line that says okay this uh was uh our history until today and from that on uh we have three scenarios and uh they represented upper to lower so uh the upper upper and right uh line represent the um the way where we do nothing or so uh and uh yeah so this is basically what we do with uh scenarios and uh the rcps are scenarios the rcp with the synthesis consultation pathways are scenarios that include time series of emissions and concentrations of the full suite of greenhouse gases and aerosols and chemical active gases as well as land use and land cover um so that is another graph from the ar uh five and it shows again uh in the x axis the years it's the same time scale as before but on the y axis we now have the radiative rate of forcing uh that is basically having this impact on uh our climate and so each of the rcp scenarios has uh some kind of equivalent equivalent and uh radiative forcing and uh the uh uh yeah so we have four four of these scenarios um the data for the rcp scenarios is coordinated coordinated by again the input form MIPS input database for model and comparison projects that I told you before and most of it is freely available and I gave you the link so uh if you want to run your own climate model and uh tested with these input uh you can find it there and now I will explain the last part uh the numbers and uncertainties so first of all again to the graph from before the numbers beside the rcp refer to the radiative forcing at the end of the modeling clearing of 2100 meaning if you follow one of these lines for example the red run uh to where it crosses the um 2100 uh line then the number there is 8.5 so rcp 8.5 represent is uh the name for this um rcp scenario then um the numbers in this uh different sections are the numbers of models used for this scenario in the in this time period um yes uh so uh as I said there are lots of models intercompared uh compared and uh we even have different uh models um for the different time periods so uh until 200 and 100 they're own there are 39 uh models for the rcp 8.5 and for the uh all the rest uh there are 12 and you see this little gap um this uh with this line break uh at 200 and 100 uh 2100 and that is caused by the change of numbers of uh models that took place uh that took part in this project and uh another interesting thing that we see here and maybe the most important is um we have quite uh quite huge model uncertainties so if we compare all the models there's a huge band um when we can't exactly say okay it's like this or that but this band is still um about human uncertainties are uh more important uh than this model uncertainties we see tiny overlap but mainly we can say uh how the human behave derives our future and um that there will be this climate change we were talking about so that was the main part about these three parts and it's also um it is also the um most important part now I could probably uh show you uh how you can and sell an impact model to your local pc but probably I will uh I have um maybe something like three minutes left and we'll switch to the conclusion um and uh yeah maybe if it's arising as a question I can do it um so what have we learned um whether is the physical state of the atmosphere at a given time while climate is average weather it is over 30 years a climate model is a numerical representation of the climate system um and we learned that the main uncertainty uh is the way we solve uh differential equations I would probably have told you what a differential equation is uh in particular about that would have taken maybe another lecture climate change is not proven throughout repeating one real experiment over and over again so that it is only one earth as said but models simulate our past climate pretty well based on physical laws that were proven in real experiments and then maybe the most important message human behavior is the primary source of climate change therefore we talk about projections and not predictions meaning if we wanted to um predict the climate then we needed to simulate all human minds and what we will decide in future but we don't that would be another talk again um we um take what human will decide in future as an input scenario and with this input scenarios we create different output scenarios so with different input scenarios we create this different output scenarios where we can tell okay when we behave like that this is the output and human behavior scenarios dominate model uncertainties meaning the question is what do we want and um if you go to an demonstration the answer is usually climate justice and I think that is a good answer thank you


Welcome to All Hands Update. This is your week in Navy history. On August 1, 1946, President Harry S. Truman approved legislation establishing the Office of Naval Research. The pioneers of naval research, significant milestones include the launch of the first U.S. Intel Satellite and GPS Satellite. On August 3, 1958, USS Nautilus became the first submerged ship to reach the North Pole. Nautilus continued 1,830 miles under the ice toward Greenland and then Portland, England. On August 5, 1864, during the Battle of Mobile Bay, Imo David G. Farragut successfully navigated through a deadly torpedo field laid by Confederates. Farragut defeated Confederate Navy Admiral Franklin Buchanan Squadron. It was during this battle that Farragut delivered his famous quote, damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead. To learn more about the Navy's history, visit the Naval History and Heritage Command website.


It's time for the Lawn Jean Chronoscope, a television journal of the important issues of the hour brought to you every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, a presentation of the Lawn Jean Wettner Watch Company, maker of Lawn Jean, the world's most honored watch, and Wettner, distinguished companion to the world-honored Lawn Jean. Good evening. This is Frank Knight. May I introduce our co-editors for this edition of the Lawn Jean Chronoscope? From the CBS television news staff, Larry Lesser and George Herman. Our distinguished guest for this evening is Harvey V. Higley, administrator of Veterans Affairs. Now, even in these days when wars and the threats of wars jump at us from every headline, an unfortunate irony holds true.  And it's also a fact that after he's been back for a few years, his former hero worshipers, many of them regard him as just another tax burden. Now, the Veterans Administrator not only has a vast administrative problem, but he also has to do a public relations job between Congress and the Veteran. Now, Mr. Higley, when you took over your job, you were given four billion dollars by Congress to do it. Now, has that been enough money? Yes. Mr. Lesser, if you take into consideration that we were given 200 millions as a supplemental contribution in this last session of Congress. You mean to pay the bills that you couldn't pay the previous year? Those are the contractual obligations to those men who have pensions or compensation coming. It's the contract between the government and those men, and of course, it has to be paid. Well, Mr. Higley, you entered the Veterans Post during a period when Congress was very economy-minded. Have you been able to save money or have they been just as generous with you as they were with the previous Veterans Administrator? I can't answer about the previous Administrators. They have been very fair with us. At the present time, we could use some more money. It's true. But I do think they try to give us the money that we need to do our job. Well, that brings up another question talking about your job. If you have the money and you're doing it, how about the veterans? How do they feel now? For instance, in Korea, I noticed that a great many of the GIs, they were very bitter. They felt that they were forgotten men.  Well, Mr. Herman, I'm frank to say that I haven't seen any evidences of that bitterness since they came back. Now, I would venture to guess, however, that when they do come home and are out of service, and they're given these opportunities in education, own a home, and the other benefits that may be involved, particularly if they are disabled or in trouble in some respect to physical trouble, that would certainly make them feel much more kindly if they did in the past have a feeling that they were forgotten men over in Korea. Mr. Higley, tomorrow I think is going to be the 10th anniversary of the GI Bill of Rights. Now, do you think that bill has been a success or has a lot of money been wasted? I think it has been a great success. I rather glad you asked that question. I'd like to answer it in this way. Any law that's put on the books is written to take care of the greatest number of men, in this case, veterans. And as far as words go, they do the best job they can to make it fit. However, I don't believe there's a law on the books today that doesn't have at its two extremes either those that do not seem to benefit properly or at the other end perhaps those who seem to get a benefit to which they're not entitled. So on the local level, whether it's a matter of education or benefits, pensions, compensation, whatever it may be, hospitalization, we do have the feeling on the part of some people that perhaps veterans are getting a free ride. Because they know somebody down the street or somebody they're acquainted with who is apparently not entitled as far as they know to what he's getting. I think everyone should realize that laws play the average. I will say that for the average, the GI Bill of Rights has been of inestimable value to a very large number of veterans and that this country has gained materially because they had a GI Bill of Rights. Well, now you have a new law which is a sort of an offspring of the Bill of Rights. That is the law dealing with it's a sort of Bill of Rights for Korean veterans. Is that a same law or is that a new improved law which states in the account? That is virtually the same law except that in some instances it works out a little differently. The way it operates is a little bit different but the men substantially get all of the same benefits. Is it more efficient, more streamlined? Better from an administrative standpoint. Particularly of course under selective service now about a half a million men are entering the army every year or entering the armed forces. Now this means that as far as we can foresee into the future under the present international situation we're going to have a nation of an increasing number of veterans. Moreover they are now thinking about a universal military training law which would take every boy in after the age of 18 for a long period of service. Can we actually afford to go on with the benefits that we are giving our veterans? If the number of veterans increase it's going to cost more money to take care of them. Of course you'll understand that as far as the veterans administration is concerned we're only interested in veterans and only war time veterans. Peace time veterans. If for instance the Korea War or whatever it is... The Korean War is a war isn't it? There's still no peace in Korea so everyone who is inducted now becomes a war veteran. He is a Korean veteran. As far as we're concerned the Korean War is going on and as long as that's true all of the men who are now serving will be entitled these benefits. If the Korean War is over tomorrow or someday the President I presume would decree or Congress that the war shall be considered at an end then from anybody who went into the service beyond that date would be a peace time veteran. You think that the communists are trying to break this country by refusing to sign a peace treaty in Korea so everyone is a war veteran? Well I think they have a lot of ways of trying to break this. That may be one of them. Well how does the war of the war period? Is there a cut off or does the war period run indefinitely and if there should be an armistice certified so that we would declare that the war in Korea or whatever you want to call it is over? Does that mean that after a certain length of time all benefits will cease? Not all benefits but benefits like your education and training and your loan guarantee and that type. But of course the matter of pensions and compensation and hospitalization have to do with the man or woman that person's situation at any given time and he does not lose any of his rights if it's something that develops in later years he's still a veteran he's still entitled to consideration. Mr. Higley, we've heard it said that there are a lot of veterans hospitals being built since the end of the last war and everyone knows that at the conclusion of a war politicians do go in and ask for hospitals to be built among their constituents. Now I understand a lot of hospitals are built but you haven't got the money or the personnel to man them. Is this actually the case? No, that isn't quite right Mr. Lassour. The hospitals which we are now activating were started as a program immediately after World War II and in fact we're practically at the end of that program and we'll end up with 174 hospitals. I won't say anything about politicians. I might venture to say however that unfortunately hospitals were put in poor locations by some hooker crook and we're finding it extremely difficult to staff them at those hospitals. And in fact they are also located where you do not have the veterans, where the veteran load does not exist. Why are you having this difficulty in staffing these hospitals because you don't pay the medical officers whom you would like to get enough to go into a veterans hospital? Well there are two reasons where we are short of certain types of medical assistance as for instance psychiatrists. There just are not enough psychiatrists in the country and it doesn't matter much how much you pay. You can't hire them, you can't find them. Now the doctors are paid somewhat on a scale like your civil service. It is not the same scale but it works in the public law of 293 set up how they are to pay also nurses. And of course that's all we can pay. And that's all right. That's all right because we've got to take potluck along with everybody else. You know we cannot be in a position where we can take more than our just share. There's got to be competition in it. So all needs for hospital care. Speaking of mental cases Mr. Higley, are there more mental cases among veterans than there are among the rest of the population? No I'm told by those who really should know that within the same age group the number of mental cases among non-veterans is just as great as veterans. I'd like to ask you another question about those of veterans who served in the, or were actually exposed to communist brainwashing in the prisoner of war camps in North Korea and communist China. Now are you doing anything specially for those chaps? That is under discussion. I don't believe that those men are veterans at the present time. Now they may be but until the army or navy or marines or air force discharge them they are not veterans so that we would have nothing to do with them. There is a considerable discussion among those who might enter that picture to be sure that the job is very well done and we have frankly made the suggestion that we be permitted to take that on as our job so that because we probably will have more contact with them than many others. I just have a few seconds to ask you a question. Has modern war like the Korean war in which my colleague George Herman was active so long, has modern war resulted in more people becoming completely disabled so that they are forced to be supported by the government? I would say yes for the reason that as Mr. Herman pointed out when we were talking before we came in here about his service over there, so many of these men were saved by helicopter service, getting them back from the front lines and all that. They were saved but unfortunately they will not be able to take their rightful place in society or work and so they may be those that we will have to take care of for a long time. Well that's sad news but thank you very much for coming here and telling us Mr. Higley. The opinions expressed on the Launcine Chronoscope were those of the speakers. The editorial board for this edition of the Launcine Chronoscope was Larry Lesser and George Herman. Our distinguished guest was Harvey V. Higley, administrator of Veterans Affairs. A Launcine watch makes the most distinguished gift. For a Launcine watch is not alone. One of the very finest watches made anywhere in all the world but equally important it's the watch of highest prestige. 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When looking at his passing offense, I think that Emmanuel Sanders is one of the best receivers in the Slates. Potentially the best when you consider salaries. I think that Hill is in that discussion as well. But Manny in the games, where he and Kittle have been active this year, 20% of the overall targets, 33% of the deep targets. The reason he did nothing last week is because they ran 97 times. He had three targets or two targets in the first five plays and then had none the rest of the game. So when they were scripted plays, Emmanuel Sanders got targets. And for $5,500, I think that's valuable. So I like Manny quite a bit. I am okay using him in the line-ups where I assume that the 49ers role, whereas I am not okay using Debo in that scenario. What are your thoughts overall on this passing offense? Even though the volume hasn't been great, it's at least concentrated, which hasn't always been the case throughout the season until they got Manny and kind of really whittled things down. But I think Sanders, if you take a step back and you're trying to build your favorite line-ups, I think Sanders is like a default number one type of play just because he's so cheap and has such a good role on an offense that's favored and should be able to move the ball. Yeah, I think that if I have one lineup, I mentioned I'm locking in Damian. I think that Manny Sanders is the second guy putting to that lineup.


House everybody don't welcome back to my channel this week. We got a special guest. Maybe you've seen some of his videos Maybe you already subscribed to his channel, but if you haven't go ahead and go subscribe He has a lot of great videos great content a lot of information So I'ma let him choose and I'ma let I'ma let him introduce. I'ma let him introduce himself So what is up everybody? My name is Justin and I am the creator of Justin It's a YouTube channel We pretty much talk about all things that are character related and I kind of bring you along on my journey It's worth getting a full body suit as you guys can see I have some amazing work done And I plan to have a full body done of this kind of caliber work And you know this journey with this whole channel has been amazing it started out Obviously as me just you know showing the world my amazing work what you can do with tattoos and what you know The kind of destroy that misconception tattoos once had and how they can actually be a work of art now But as this channel has went on it's become more in terms of helping other people out You know sharing my kind of experience opinions and certain things You know in terms of aftercare or some other type of thing with somebody that's new to this But most importantly now it's become is some type of motivational and inspirational kind of aspect to a lot of people out there Because I know I get a lot of people messaging me saying how much I've you know inspired them or motivated them to go Get their first tattoo or rekindle that flame that they once had to start their journey again So that means the world to me and that's what this channel now has mostly become about it's still about you know The tattoos and the journey towards getting that full body suit in that angle But now it's become so much more and I'm so happy to be here on this video to talk to you about from like a canvases perspective So the purpose of this video is that I'm gonna be asking some questions He's gonna answer it from a client's perspective as an artist Sometimes we forget what it feels like to be a client So this is a great way to reconnect with the client and understand what they're feeling and understand what they're thinking And if you're thinking about getting your first tattoo, this is that video for you So with that being said the first question is gonna be if you're thinking about getting your first tattoo What should you expect and how to prepare now? This is a great first question just because a lot of us going to get our first tattoo We have a lot of feelings and mixed emotions. We feel scared. We feel nervous. We feel excited We feel like maybe we shouldn't go through with it now I've been getting tattoos for my whole life so far and I still feel all those when I go and get my next one So they're totally normal to feel but in terms of how you prepare yourself in terms of going for your next Tattoo or your first tattoo is first off go ahead and watch a lot of the videos that I post I talked a lot about you know The pain of certain areas how to prepare and pack for a tattoo and the kind of mental state You should kind of put yourself in before going into one now What I also like to do is I like to moisturize that area say if I'm getting on the bicep form or anywhere on the leg I like to make sure that area is moisturized about a week before going into getting that tattoo No artist wants to work with dry cracked wrinkly or any kind of skin like that They want to work with the best kind of skin that they can have So I like to make sure that it is like in its best condition for when I go to the appointment now What I also like to do and this is kind of not recommended But this is what I do is I make sure that I shave that area before going I like to go the night before I just shave it with an electric razor where there's still a little bit of hair left over So it's not causing any razor burn or irritation Just because it makes his life a little easier in terms of shaving that area with that kind of shitty razor that they All have it's like a one-bladed razor and just barely gets any hair and I'm a hairy guy So I just like to make it kind of the appointment a little easier for the artist in terms of that kind of process and taking the hair off Leading up to the appointment and diet before the day of you definitely want to make sure you are getting a good Night's rest before the tattoo and then depending on what time your tattoo is during the day if it's in the morning or afternoon You want to get a good meal in you just because you want to make sure that you are you know You're while we're planning. She got all those kind of sugars in you. It will carbohydrate. She's got your energy going It just helps in terms of a long run, especially for a longer tattoo You just want your body to have all those nutrients in it So the next question that I have for you is you got your first tattoo. You got some instructions from your artist About how to take care of your tattoo. You got some information already So now you go home, but you're still a little bit confused and a little bit concerned about The process of how to take care of a tattoo and what to expect How would you explain it to someone that's still feeling confused? So the healing process of a tattoo can be a bitch and it can be very confusing now I say this just because every artist has their own little way of healing a tattoo if you ask one artist This is how they're gonna heal it one way ask that artist This is how they're gonna do it some offer literally totally different kind of variations you go and you watch my videos I'm gonna say how to do it this way you go watch somebody else's video They're gonna say I do it that way so there's really no good answer to this type of question Now what I do and how I feel my tattoos heal they feel great doing these methods and I'm gonna let you know how I do that now I go ahead and I wash my tattoos three times a day for the first day up to about day four day five until it starts flaking now I make sure to wash it with unscented soap and then I usually apply some type of healing ointment after that when it's dry And then after about the day four or five mark when it starts to flake I switched to about washing it once or twice a day about morning and afternoon or night And then I also now apply moisturizer and what I like to do with moisturizer is some people say and what I've said before is to Once or twice a day I like to go by ear now and kind of go by sight in terms of how are my feeling about the tattoo if it's really cracked And feel really dry feel really itchy and then I go ahead and apply it I don't really go on a number anymore I go on the fact on how my body is feeling and that's how you should too But there have also been other things now that have come into play in terms of healing for tattoo Now I've used a lot of sanded them in my tattoos and they heal the tattoo great There are some limitations to them in certain areas, but what I feel it does for in terms of the whole aftercare of a tattoo It just makes it so much easier You don't have to worry about anything anymore pretty much You slap it on and then you wait seven days and then you take it off and then you're pretty much done Most of the healing you take a week out of that kind of healing stage and it works great It just takes a lot of that worry out and usually it heals the tattoo better than the traditional method now The pet peeves that I have in terms of the aftercare There's quite a bit and that is one you're not allowed to go in the shower for long periods of time because of the steam and because your pores Might open you're not allowed to go swimming because of the same reason ink might seep out You're not allowed to be in the sun because that area is super sensitive So you're gonna be kind of you're gonna be out of the sun for quite a bit of time after a new tattoo It's gonna hurt you can't go you can't really play sports You really got to watch out you can't go ahead and rub up against something because you might scratch it You might scar it so there's a lot of things that you got to watch out for not to mention the swelling that comes along with it in The first couple days in the pain afterwards So there's a lot in terms of healing of an aftercare of the tattoo But it is crucial and it is the most important part of the tattoo like I always tell my clients That tattoo is not done until it's fully healed because you spend so much money on your tattoo And for you not to take care of it It's kind of like a waste of money almost you know what I mean the more tattoos you get the better You understand your skin and what's the best thing for you? I got a lot of requests from clients that are looking to book at two days back to back so they can start a huge project Now from your perspective as a client at home somebody who got a tattoo for 26 hours straight Can you explain what are the pros and cons about getting tattooed for a long period of time? Now the pros and cons to getting a long tattoo are kind of balanced now I am nothing new to kind of getting a long tattoo I've gotten anywhere from like six hours all the way up to sitting up to 16 hours in one session So I kind of know how to get through a long session and I know the pros and cons to each now the pros are One you're just getting it done in one shot You don't really have to go back and get it done again You don't have to waste time traveling and you're not wasting the artist's time in terms of also equipment as well getting more Needles so there's a pro in that term of that in terms of getting it banging on a one shot The next one is the confidence that you get from doing a long tattoo I know a lot of people out there doing like a six hour plus tattoo They feel better about themselves especially if you were something that thought you couldn't do before so doing these long tattoo sessions Really helps out me now my confidence through the roof knowing that I was able to do a 16 hour session and get through that It's still think I could have done longer So I've really kind of you know up my confidence and now I believe I can definitely get through it more and more Dealing with more and more pain now the cons are obviously pain as time goes on pains gonna increase So you're gonna feel a lot more pain through a long session compared to a short session And then the last one I really have to this all is that you're gonna feel Uncomfortable in the positions that you say if you're sitting on your ass, it's gonna go numb if you're sitting on your side It's gonna be super painful and the one tip I have to all that is bring a pillow That is one that I feel is something that I always bring out to a session just because it helps so much in Terms of you know relieving some of that pain on certain areas of the body and but the positions that you kind of Lay in or sit in I think this is a really important question to ask and I'm curious to see how you're gonna answer this I really like the way I wrote the question down on my notes I'm already off my notes and he says as a client What do you want as artists to know or consider to make the client feel more comfortable and make their experience better? and I'm curious to know from a client perspective because We I don't think we ask that question very often So I feel like this is gonna help a lot of artists out there and kind of Have a better understanding about how our clients feel and what they want Now this is a great question just because I feel I do have a couple tips So the artists out there in terms of making for an overall better experience of a tattoo session to make your client And your canvas feel more comfortable The first one I got is really try to seem excited show some happiness Show some enthusiasm about the piece that you're gonna do on them Even if it's a piece that you've done maybe 20 times already before and you're maybe not as excited to do it anymore Just try to show some of that excitement just because we read and we can get a vibe off you right away On terms of you if you want to do this piece or not And if it feels like you want to do this piece of you're excited for this piece One it's gonna make for a better session overall because we're not gonna be overthinking about it on ourselves But two it's gonna make for a better tattoo in the end because we're gonna just love it even more knowing that you loved it Too there's no better feeling when we finish a tattoo and when I've seen a tattoo done and that artist is just in love with it He's happy. He's super excited about it There's no better feeling than that and just makes for a better tattoo in the overall kind of experience of it The next one I have for you guys is make sure to kind of you know reassure the customer that it's gonna be okay that this is normal The pain is normal and everything you're experiencing is gonna be okay The last one I got for you guys is you know try to be on time for your appointments I've seen too many times where I'll be in the shop and a customer is literally waiting 20 30 40 minutes for their artists to show up and they're nowhere to be found And I feel like this is just a sign of respect because we the clients are showing your respect by being on time for the team The appointment and you should do the same. I know you're an artist I know we you kind of have all the power in your hands But please try to show up on time just to show us the same respect that we show you It just makes us feel a little bit better and again a better overall session and a better overall tattoo experience Thank you for answering that question honestly It feels really good to be able to hear your point of view as a client Because I feel like we don't ask that question a lot and as an artist We gotta be more considerate about what our clients feel and what they think at the end of the day They're also paying for the service. So the next question that I have is pretty simple What made you want to get tattooed? Do they have a meaning or do you just love art now? This is probably my favorite question out of all and that is you know tattoos for me I've always wanted tattoos ever since I could ever remember I was always looking at tattoos I was always saving tattoos saving those ideas because I would want them down the future now The reason why I really want to get tattoos is just because it's such a great form of expressing oneself in terms of art In terms of stuff on you can say so much without saying anything to somebody with the type of tattoos that you have now in terms of Meaning and then the are kind of balance it kind of started out with more meaning once getting my tattoos I got them to kind of commemorate family members that have passed away or you know other things in my life or just like You know my beliefs but as time went on the tattoos that I started to get Start to become less and less about the meaning and more and more about the art now I'm strictly in it for the art for the art purposes of these kind of wow factors these wow pieces But they still do hold some type of meaning a little way and those aren't like you know Like kind of religious reading meanings or anything like that It's just more like what I kind of like because I do feel like you have to get a tattoo to have some Type of meaning because it needs to be on you right? So you got to have some type of like you know, I like it for some reason I got it for this type of reason But if you're to ask me now I definitely am getting tattoos more for the artistic side of it and just the wow factor of it and just you know The form of expressing one and having this type of art on my body that I can walk around for the rest of my life with It is such an amazing feeling to have work on you That is really good and of high quality like yours the ones that you do and the cover-ups that you do And it's just you know It's something that you just feel more confident about yourself and you can walk with your head a little bit higher As a client you have the idea you know what you want to get and you know the placement now The question is how do you look for the right artist? Now searching for the right artist is probably the biggest part of any tattoo I always say that this is the part that either make or break your tattoo Right off the start and I say that just because every artist is gonna have a specific style and a specific kind of Like look that they have to them and you're gonna want to find somebody that kind of fits that look and style that you Want now finding an artist for the right job I say is like finding a diamond in the rubble you really got to look for one and you really got to be patient now I have videos out there where I talk about how to go ahead and find an artist that way I do it and I also have a video out there that kind of has people that just go ahead and comment their Artists from their area and the style that they do and that can definitely help you out in terms of finding it But what I found is you know today's diamond age you got the internet you got Instagram They are gonna be your biggest help You can go ahead and search on the internet at a shop near you and it'll have a list of their kind of artists that they have And you can go ahead and look them up and doing that way or what I like to do is Instagram is probably your best bet You go ahead you find somebody that you like you follow a lot of tattoo pages They'll have the tattoo artist link But then when you find an artist that you'd like go ahead and go into their following and then see who they follow Because a lot of artists will follow artists of the same kind of caliber and the same kind of style that they do and you Will be able to go through all of them Now this is something that you got to be patient about and going through every single one But you might get lucky and you might find somebody that is around or nearly near you And you can go about in terms of asking them to get a tattoo done That's a great trick that I've used and it works great. This is a great video I honestly feel like it's such an amazing video and to share so much knowledge and you sharing your knowledge with Everybody out there I think it's gonna help a lot of people and I appreciate you for wanting to be in this channel And thank you for having me in your video as well So if you want to go ahead and check that video out, I give my opinion from an artist perspective So thank you for having me in your channel and thank you for joining me in this channel And I hope to make more videos with you now I just want to say thank you so much for having me This means so much to me in terms to be on your channel And I really hope that I'm able to help kind of you know inform some other artists out there that maybe have been Wondering from a client's perspective But I'm also hoping that I can help other clients out there and canvases out there in terms of you know Some of the stuff that I was able to resonate with and maybe help you well go to my channel and check out all the stuff I have I really try to talk from a client's perspective, but I also always try to think about the artist as well So it's kind of like you know a middle ground for everybody, but thank you so much for having me on the channel I really appreciate and I hope to be back very soon And this is the end of this video, but stay tuned because next week it's gonna be insane The video that I'm dropping is gonna be crazy I'm gonna post a little sneak peek and close this video So if you are tattoo artist, I hope you learned something from this video and if you're tattoo enthusiast I hope you were entertained. Thank you guys for watching. I'll see you guys next week. Peace. My client is coming in She's getting her first tattoo and what we're gonna be doing. She's getting a full outer sleeve I'm really nervous, but I'm excited


This is the VOA Special English Agriculture Report. Onions come in different sizes, shapes, colors, and flavors, from mild and sweet to hot and strong. A full-grown onion plant has roots, bulbs, and leaves. The leaves are long, thin, and hollow. They stand straight up and thicken at the bottom to form a bulb. Onions are biennials. Their life cycle is two years long. But they are usually picked during their first year before flowers form and the bulbs stop growing. Onions grow best in loose, fertile soil. They can grow in many different climates. In cooler climates, onions may need 14 to 15 hours of daylight to start forming bulbs. In warmer climates, onions can begin developing bulbs with fewer hours of sun. Barbara Thick is an agriculture expert with Oregon State University. She says a faster way to grow onions is to plant what are called sets. She says onion sets are actually small plants, so growing them does not take as long. Organic material, like compost or leaf mulch, can help onions grow in heavy soil. The bulbs can be pulled from the ground once their tops have dried and fallen over. Onions can be stored for months, but Barbara Thick says stored onions need to be cured first. Curing is a way of making sure those leaves on the outside are nice and dry, she says. Here are some directions from the National Gardening Association. First, dry the onions in the sun for a day or so. Then, bring them out of direct sun for two to three weeks. Spread them out in any warm airy place that is covered. Or cover the onions securely with a light cotton sheet. The sheet will keep the sun from burning the bulbs. Do not worry about rain and do not use a plastic or canvas sheet. Heavy coverings will trap moisture and keep the onions from drying fully. Turn the bulbs a couple of times to help them dry evenly. After curing the onions, you can hang them indoors in mesh bags to dry even more. There should be no wet spots on the onions when they are put in storage. The National Gardening Association says the longer onions are cured, the better they will keep. Some people cut off the top leaves before curing onions. If you do that, do not cut the leaves any closer than two and a half centimeters from the bulb. That will keep the top of the onion from drying out and spoiling in storage. For more about gardening, go to voaspecialenglish.com. For VOA Special English, I'm Laurel Bowman.


Thanks for checking this video out. Your mountaintop news video is coming up in just a minute.  Why isn't your ad here? Call me. In hopes of assisting Appalachian community growth, the Appalachian Solar Finance Fund will be providing nonprofit organizations, public entities, and local businesses a chance at solar powered assistance with panel installation. Amid the funds webinar on Thursday, we spoke with project manager Autumn Long about the fund and how your business may be able to get involved. We're really hoping to catalyze solar projects in coal impacted communities throughout central Appalachia, projects that are otherwise viable, but that might need a little help getting off the ground or have a gap in financing or funding that would be filled by the Solar Finance Fund support and that would help move those projects forward and deploy more solar energy in our communities throughout the region. With funds from the Appalachian Regional Commission and others, the program hopes to enable local anchors expand their reach with renewable energy. Long says having solar is a great way to cut electricity costs. In addition to those direct cost benefits through savings, solar is a great local job creator. It's a very fast growing industry. There are more and more people employed in the solar sector every day. And it's a great way to create new good long term jobs in our local communities to promote economic development, business growth, and growth and tax revenue in our local communities as well. So solar is increasingly becoming central to the way electricity is produced and consumed in the United States today. And we want to make sure that Appalachia doesn't get left behind. To see how the Solar Finance Fund works or to apply, you can visit solarfinancefund.org. For Mountain Top News, I'm Joel Chorjol.


A few weeks ago I started a little serious called the spiritual warfare where I talked about the serpent, the fiery serpent. The main idea was the complaining does to the devil what worship is to God. Then after that I shared a little bit about the spiritual strategies for spiritual warfare. How Satan uses evil days to make us into evil people. A few weeks before I left I shared also about the spiritual missile. What we mentioned that prayer is a weapon and our mind is the battle. I think I mentioned at that time that that was my last message in the series and I gently lied. Well I didn't lie but I have something that I want to share today and I believe that God is going to minister today to us in Jesus name. I will give credit first of all to late Derek Prince for the contents not just of this message but the impact he has made upon the Christianity and our church in the terms of deliverance. And I'm saying that because I received few remarks where some people say that I copied a phrase from Derek Prince and I said it's not a phrase it's his whole teachings concerning deliverance. And they said why don't you give him credit? If I would give him credit after age statement I would be mentioning his name more than Jesus. So I said I stopped giving him credit long time ago. But I'll just mention it once I do encourage every person to read his books on spiritual warfare and listen to the message called witchcraft which actually I'm going to share today in portion. I want to speak today about shades of witchcraft. Now I understand you came here on the Pentecost day you're like I'm not really excited here about witchcraft. And you may think witchcraft is something that is so far away from your zip code and somewhere in Africa or India but I'm going to bring it down home. It's a lot more near to us than we imagine or we think. First of all the definition of witchcraft and again Derek Prince mentioned this. It's the attempt to control the person and make them do what you want by the use of any other spirit than the Holy Spirit. It's controlling people. That's what it is. In witchcraft world a woman is called a witch and a male is called a wizard of people who control other people. In the Bible there is so much that is said about witchcraft. First of all we know it's forbidden and it's denounced. It was practiced by Egyptians, it was practiced by magicians, by Balaam, by Jezebel, by Ninevites, by Babylonians, by Simon the Sorcerer, by Bart Jesus, the one that Paul made blind because he was distracting others from the name of Jesus Christ. It was practiced by a girl at Philippi who was filled with spirit of divination. It was practiced by false prophets. We know that this witchcraft in the Bible was also and there's a scripture where it's mentioned that it was practiced by people taking body parts or the parts of animals and chanting over it to create kind of spells over people. They would take bones, they would take rods, they would take certain objects by which they would exercise these demonic enchantsment and witchcraft. We know that the biggest one that happened was the king Saul when he went to a witch to see a witch and after that he died and it's interesting that after his death it says he died because he consulted a witch. He did a lot of nasty things in his life but it's not why he died. He died after he consulted a witch. We know an apostle Paul brought revival to the city of Ephesus. He asked people to burn witchcraft books, books that have to do with witchcraft, with magic. And we know also that in the last days there will be a huge witchcraft and sorcery in the world that the Antichrist will use to help him bring people under his subjection. People are not going to blindly just worship a man unless he will use some kind of a power to entice them and he will use that power in the last days. And so it's the power that is at work today and what Derek Prince said which was powerful, he said that witchcraft is the religion of the fallen humanity. If you have your Bible let's go with me to Galatians chapter 5 and verse 19. Now the works of the flesh are evident, which are idolatry, fornication, uncleanness, ludeness, verse 20, idolatry and I want you to underline this, sorcery. Some translation says divination and others say witchcraft. Works of the flesh are and we see the works of the flesh, it mentions the drinking, it mentions the hatred, it mentions the idolatry, idolatry, fornication and it's interesting that one of the works of the flesh is witchcraft. And so the three shades of witchcraft, number one is witchcraft as a work of the flesh. Meaning it's not something demonic, it's something fleshly. Where witchcraft in the core of sorcery or witchcraft is being able to control another person. And witchcraft as fleshly or as work of the flesh manifests itself in three different ways. One is manipulation, intimidation and domination. And these three are works of the flesh and they are evident everywhere in the life today. In every sphere of the world whether it's in politics, sometimes even in church, sometimes in the household especially. Manipulation, women know how to do this really good. Kids are experts at manipulation. When a kid is very young it manipulates the parents. They know it comes with the mother's milk. Why? Because witchcraft is the religion of the fallen humanity. It's the work of the flesh where we manipulate other people. Sometimes women do it with their tears. Sometimes children they do it with crying also uncontrollably. Just to be able to twist the arm of the parent, twist the arm of the husband to do whatever they want. Husbands are really good at intimidation. Many times that's done in the government, many times that's done in the company. It could be even done in the church where one particular person who is very controlling. It's not a personality, it's the work of the flesh and behind that is demonic forces that are at work. No marriage can succeed if witchcraft is in the center. No church will succeed if pastors control their people or if there is someone who has a gift from God and uses that gift as a way to get their agenda pushed through the pastor and control the pastor. That's witchcraft. No business will succeed if the employees or the employer will look to control another person because that is not a blessing and that is not a gift or a skill. It doesn't give you a right because you have more degrees than a speedometer to control another person. It's just simply demonic and that is the work of the flesh. Amen? Many people that use that in relationships and they use that in church where they will look whatever they can to control another person and we have to understand as Christians today that that is not from God. Amen? God called us to honor other people's will, honor other people's choice even if that hurts us or hurts them. Imagine how respectful God is to our choice.  Anything that violates your free choice, anything that subdues that controls that is from the devil it is not from the Holy Spirit. Amen? And that is one side of this spiritual thing called witchcraft. Number two, the shade of witchcraft which is a spiritual force. This is demonic. It's people who practice, who are witch doctors, sorcerers, people who cause spells, people who send dark forces and who want to control other people's lives through the act of sorcery and through the act of the dark spirits and through the act of all of these ungodly things. And these things exist everywhere. We were in Seattle just a week and a half ago and right in the center, right before the space needle on the corner, a little place where you can come and you can have your future being read. You can come and you can cast spells. And today, and that's very popular in our movies, most selling movies in America today, almost every weekend some kind of a movie comes out that really hits high has to do with witchcraft and magic. And I know that those are movies but what it does is it causes our culture to be okay with the terminology and ideology of casting spells in witchcraft. And then when people hear speaking in tongues, they have a heart attack. Somebody falls on the floor and their blood pressure rises. Demon speaks to somebody, ah, that's from the devil. Really? And you can watch six Harry Potter movies in a row and that's normal.  And that is the work of the devil. So the enemy wants to desensitize our culture, to cause it to be okay with the darkness. But hate the light. Amen? And I'm gonna bring you down to the work of the devil forces, the witchcraft. The first one is witchcraft, which is a spiritual power that operates by spells and curses. And this is very clearly evident in Balaam when Balaam was hired by Balak to curse Israelites so that he can defeat them and battle. These guys knew spiritual world better than sometimes a lot of preachers today. Instead of going to battle, they first hire a sorcerer. And for those of us, we have to understand Balaam was one of those guys that sometimes he was open to the Holy Spirit. But because of his greed and because of his not having been born again, he was open to the demonic spirits. And he would cast spells as a sorcerer upon certain countries and then his king would go and defeat those countries. And that's exactly how it happened with Israel. Balak hired him and says, we'll give you money. If you cast some spells, you can pronounce some curses. And then Balaam was not let go by God. And then eventually he, you know, maneuvered his way and decided to go. And when he went there, it's interesting that God didn't let him curse Israel. Israel was sleeping. They didn't even know. There's some kind of a guy on the mountain trying to curse them. Israel had problems to their throats. Yet when Balaam stood to curse them, he says, I see no iniquity in Jacob. Because God in the spiritual world pulled the curtain and said, Balaam, you're only going to see what I show you. And what I show you, they're righteous. You can't curse them. I already blessed them. This gives me a lot of comfort. There can be witches, wizards, warlocks and witch doctors and everybody. They can fast and pray and do all kinds of herbs and all kinds of smells. But I can sleep like a baby because during the night God, the spirit, puts a curtain over my life. I might not even know it and protects you and protects me. Amen. I remember I was reading once a story about he came to set the captives free. Rebecca Brown discouraged every one of you from reading that book. But because it's very intense about the spiritual battle. And so after I finished reading the book, I read it in a setting, in one setting. It was three in the morning. I felt I was living at the time I had my own room. I was living with my parents. And I felt like every witch in the world was lurking at the window of my house. Because your senses, you become so aware of the spiritual world that you literally become to be afraid. And so I was about 17 or 19 years of age. I was really, really intimidated. And at that time I went to sleep and I said, Jesus, you've got to help me out because it's kind of embarrassing. I'm a youth pastor. Go to my parents and ask my parents to sleep with me. Plus I know the Bible. I know your authority and your power. But I'm scared because I read this book about spiritual warfare. And at that time I remember the verse with the Bible says, the Lord is my shepherd. I shall not walk. I shall not want. And it says that his staff, it comforts me. And his rod, it comforts me. And being young person, I didn't put too much theological preferences on it. I only imagined this. Jesus is a shepherd and his stick is to beat the wolves. So in my mind, I drew a mental picture that as I'm going to sleep, I see Jesus standing with a rod and any witch that will come into my room, he will beat them out of my room. And that's the image I planted in my mind. And that's what that image I fall asleep. And no, it might not be theologically correct, but honestly, spiritually applicable. When you sleep during the night, you have to understand is that there are spiritual forces. They seek to curse. Even right now there are spiritual forces that are surrounding so that our president will be assassinated. There are prayers being gathered by witches to bring him down. There are prayers that will be gathered even against your family, against the pastors in our city to bring them down. The spiritual people who know the spiritual world will do that. But we take comfort, not in the fact that we pray more or fast more, but in the fact that when we rest and not even aware of who's trying to cast something on us, there is the God and he covers us with his precious blood. Come on, somebody, come on.  We know that God is on our side. Can somebody say amen? And this lady, she was describing in this book how one time she was writing a book about someone that she was delivering from demons who happened to be the wife of Satan. It's a whole deep story. I'm not going to go into it. But they used one episode where during the night, these witches, they decided to attack the house of a Christian, this house that had a lot of children, very wonderful family. They decided to gather up the witches. They came out of their bodies and they tried to go into the spiritual world and come and attack the house of these Christians, cause some kind of a fight, some kind of a stir. And as they came out of their body, they got all prayed up and worked up and everything. As they were going out, they came to their house really late at night. Lo and behold, they saw a wall of giant figures surrounding them. And both of these figures had swords on both ends. And they surrounded the house, literally like some invisible bodyguard. And they tried to cast their spells on these forces, on these giant figures. The more spells they cast, the weaker they came. Until they got so weak, they quickly ran into their body. In the spiritual world, they came back to their body and the next day, demons were punishing them for being defeated. And this lady who was serving Satan, she describes, she says, she was explaining to demons that we can't defeat them. Why are you punishing us? You should give us more power. He says, that's how the money kingdom works. One, they can defeat you. And number two, they get punished for not defeating you. Why do you think demons don't want to leave people? Why do you think they hold on to every bit of him? Because that demon, every demon that leaves a person will face a judgment by Satan first himself. Because he let them go. And that's one of the reasons we have to stand our ground and understand we are on the Lord's side. God is on our side. We may not be perfect. We will never be. Israel wasn't perfect. But in the eyes of the enemy, God closes the curtain and only lets the enemy see the blood of Jesus Christ. And we are protected. Because somebody shout, hallelujah! The second part under the spiritual force of witchcraft is divination. Divination is pretty much similar to that. We see a girl being possessed with a spirit of divination in Book of Acts 1616. And this girl, she was there in the city of Philippi. And the demon that came out of her, in some of our Bibles, it says actually in original, it says spirit, not of divination, but spirit of python. Spirit of python. It's very interesting. I've read something that the spirit of python was a python serpent. The Greek mythology believed that python serpent guarded the oracle of Delphi until Apollo slew it and then took the name python. The word was later applied to diviners, soothsayers inspired by Apollo. We have to understand one thing. Everything about Greek mythology, it's not mythology, it's demonology. When I was younger, I just thought like, my goodness, people just came up with cool names and cool stories, zoos, and lightning and everything. And then when you watch the deliverances, and we watched the deliverance, first I saw that is with Bob Larson. And I've realized that actually all of them are demon names. All the fights, the war that's going on in the Greek mythology, it's actually demonology. It's actually what happens in the demon world. And those things are not naive. They're not just cute ideas about the past. These are demonic. These people didn't worship zoos. They worship Satan. They didn't worship, you know, these Diana and so many other goddesses. These were demons. They were tormenting people's lives. And it's clearly evident this girl, she had a demonic spirit, python, who, you know, just these were the people who practiced sorcery in that day. And that demonic spirit, I want you to see something. How witchcraft is dangerous because this girl, she was not saying anything wrong. What she was saying was true, but it wasn't the truth. What she was saying was true, but it was provocative. And we see the Paul was provoked in his spirit. She was saying, these are the servants of most high God. They're here to declare the word of God. That's not false. That was true. But this is where the trick is about the spirit of divination and the snake is that sometimes people get it right. Sometimes people get people who have this kind of demonic spirit in their life. They're more likely to get dreams, visions and even prophetic or some kind of a words. And they sometimes get them right. And if you are not a person who lives in the word of God, you will get quickly fooled by that stuff and then controlled by this stuff. I had this happen to me numerous of times. At first I was very immature and I fell prey to it. Or somebody gave a word that totally messed up my life for that first few months. Completely disoriented me and then what it did is that person gained authority over my life because now everything they say, I have to rearrange my life to it. And then the word of God takes the back seat of what I knew. It was divination. And just because somebody put some spiritual words behind it that doesn't mean anything. When I was a little bit older, similar happened again. This time people had visions for me. And these visions were very bad. And people like that, they had their visions come true all the time and those are the most dangerous. When they come and they gave you a resume like everything I see happens. Let me tell you what I see about you. No.   And so what I would do is I would take that, I would say thank you. And then I would just pray about it I don't feel right, I put the way back. And some of those people that would give those words, later on they would be delivered in the conferences we would have and you would be shocked what spirit would come out of them. Spirit of python.  Be very careful because this stuff especially we are church that is open to the words of God visions and dreams and everything. Be very careful on who you follow on Facebook just because somebody puts a prophet before their name that doesn't make them a prophet. We have our church today who is very open today on Facebook there is more prophets than users. Everybody is a prophet and I respect, we respect the prophets.  You know how python kills its victims? Not by venom, by surrounding it and squeezing life out of them. What the first thing the enemy will do he will use those kind of people to squeeze your trust in the basic truth of the Bible. And you will be fishing for the latest and the greatest prophecy and you will no longer be living by this but you will be twisted and moved by all kinds of doctrine. And that stuff is dangerous church. That's why we have to stand on what God says, we welcome prophecies, we welcome words of knowledge, we welcome visions, dreams and we sort that out, we pray the truth but we stand on the word of God. What God says it settles it in Jesus name. The third thing is sorcery. So witchcraft, divination and sorcery. And sorcery is what works by objects, charms, music and drugs. The New Testament Greek word translated sorcery is pharamakia, which is a source of our English word for pharmacy. In Poles day word, this word was primarily meant dealing with poison or drug use. And it was applied to divination and spell casting because sorcerers often use drugs along with their incantations. So what happened is that do you see this in the church many times or in Africa where people would say native doctors or they would say these doctors they would people go in who used medicine and witchcraft in combination. And so that's what happens with sorcery. It's interesting that in Revelations 9 verse 21 it says that in the last days the people who practice sorcery will be destroyed the word sorcery in that word is actually drugs. I don't really believe yet drugs you know has become legal in our state. I want you to know this it's a legal open door to demonic. I want you to read something to you from Bob Larson's blog. In Hinduism Marihuana which is in their language called Ganga has been used to worship the demon of death and destruction for thousands of years. Bob Larson said I have confronted possessed people who never practiced eastern religions by God Shiva and other Hindu demons like Kali Jezebel by taking a joint. Chinese tausum has a long believed that inhaling Marihuana is a way to communicate with spirits and tell fortunes. In pagan Norse organism part has been used to pray which is another form of Jezebel a demon that Bob says he often dealt with when ministering to those Scandinavian descent. Pot was important to Celtic Druids when practicing witchcraft. Tentic Buddhism employs pot as well as Sikhism. In many religions of the world where witchcraft is implied, weed is involved. It's legal to open door to demonic. I understand some of you may be here today this is not to judge and to guilt chip anybody. It's for those of us who've been delivered to know what we got delivered from. You didn't just get delivered from smoking grass you got delivered from the demonic oppression. That's why Mark your life see the moment weed came in so did the poverty lower grades bad relationships, immorality and so many other things it's not just marijuana that brought that there was other spiritual forces that came in one out of six people that drinks the smokes weed gets introduced to heavier drugs I've had friends that I knew that I lost them to death because of weed started with weed they convinced themselves it will never go further it went into heavier drugs and their life got destroyed. First they lost their mind they lost everything they heard everyone around them and then the enemy took their life I do believe that the chief way that Satan gets into people's lives in America and specially in our city is through drugs yeah we may not be practicing white and black magic but through this stuff you may say but I don't feel demon possessed. Now Satan is a thief thief is only as successful as his ability to penetrate your life being anonymous do you think Satan will come to you after you smoke a joint and says I'm a devil I came to get you of course not it will make him dumb and he's not dumb he is crafty and he is sneaky and he is crazy and so I know that some people maybe have to take you may say well but it's for medicine purposes get a hike for medicine purposes get some sleep for medicine purposes go to prayer line if you have such a depression that you need to smoke it out not at the expense of relieving one problem to create another problem Satan gives with one hand and with another hand he takes what your life depends on and so yes it's legal in our state but it's a legal door in a spiritual world against the possibilities and forces of darkness and for those of us who got delivered from that stuff we are glad that Jesus Christ delivered us from that spirit in Jesus name can somebody say amen and if you are here today and you are addicted to that and you may say you know what after service today we are going to pray but afterwards you will be able to come and we will have pastors here we will be able to minister to you minister this freedom if you want to be free Jesus will set you free if you don't want to be free Jesus will never be able to set you free because Jesus will only set you free from enemies not your friends if you make drugs your friends he can set you free they are yours for life you know have fun and get high but if you want if you are tired of it and you say I cannot be free on my own I just need help from God God will help you church will help you in Jesus name can somebody say amen and the last thing the last shade is the witchcraft in the church witchcraft in the church Galatians chapter 3 come to a close after the re-description Galatians chapter 3 verse 1 2 & 3 of foolish Galatians who has bewitched you bewitched you that you should not obey the truth before whose eyes Christ Jesus was clearly portrayed among you as crucified this only thing I want to learn from you did you receive the spirit by works of the law or by hearing of faith bewitched in Greek it means an evil eye when there was an obscured revelation or obscured vision now of Jesus crucified it's when Satan does his best to remove from the upfront of our vision Jesus and his cross Jesus and his cross for one reason for three reasons why Satan this is called witchcraft where Satan wants to remove and put all self-help anything that could replace the power of the cross cross is not cute we have made it romantic in the 21st century you wear a little crucifix but imagine carrying electric chair on your chain it's brutal we had a chance to go see one of the places where they believe that Jesus was crucified for me is when they pulled out history and they said Romans didn't crucify people on hills they crucified them on intersections on the busiest highways so that the most people can see the crucifixion and the people will be terrified to rebel against the Roman regime by looking at these victims and never ever to oppose Roman Empire the fact that they put the writing over Jesus' head indicates he wasn't crucified on some distant hill as we see in the Passion of the Christ and they show us the place where most likely yes, everything there in Israel is a hill but most likely it was in a place that there was a huge traffic and Jesus stood there bleeding Isaiah says unrecognizable as a human thick thorns were driven into his skull and nails everywhere and that wasn't romantic that was shameful and that got used to crush the kingdom of darkness that got used to become the message of Christianity that's what Paul says to Greeks it's foolishness to a Jews they're saying it's nonsense but he's just to us it's the power of God no, we don't see the crucifixions today and we don't have to be concerned of the gruesome of that event but we remind it of the benefit of that event the cross is the way to heaven the cross is the heaven's way to us the cross is the license for my healing the cross is the license for my joy and not only to get saved but to live a saved life as a pastor, as a church member as a stay home mom as a politician, as a police officer as an unemployed person the cross is my only source of victory because somebody say amen all the benefits come through the cross cross is the means of Satan's total defeat cross is the only source for our living some of you heard my unfortunate story before going to Israel I was very careful to check my wife's passport make sure it's not expired but of course I wouldn't check mine because mine never gets expired until I got to the airport and I realized that they told me I can't go to Israel and I said why?