We are talking about jet engines of a different kind. We have been talking about ramjets pulse jets and we will be talking about scramjets which is a variant of ramjets. Now, as we see the jet engines we are talking about now in the last few lectures are different from the kind of jet engine that we have been talking about earlier in this lecture these. The present jet engine that we are talking about the ramjets, the pulsejets and the scramjets in terms of mechanical configuration are very simple kinds of jet engines. Now, these simple jet engines do have some complications or certain issues that need to be looked at very closely both during the process of design as well as during the process of their performance prediction. Now, we have done in the last couple of lectures you have done the analysis the thermodynamic analysis how they perform and their component analysis in some detail. So, you have some idea now how the jet engine functions the ramjets the pulsejets and the scramjets how they function what their cycle analysis are and the various components of these jet engines how they are put together into one single operating unit. Today, we will look at the performance of ramjets in some detail and then we will go on to look at how these ramjets are put together as a design entity in fact how they are designed and what do you do to actually design the various components of the ramjet engine what are the fundamental theory or functions that you may like to make use of to design such ramjet engines. So, that is what we will be doing today. We will look at we will start from where you have been in the last couple of lectures in terms of cycle analysis we will start from there which I at this moment I would believe you know very well and so we will start from what you know and then move on to a few things and then finally, do what needs to be done to design such ramjet engines from simple principles without getting into complicated issues like using a big CFD code or something. So, without getting into those issues we will use the fundamental theories that you are already aware of and how to use those theories to essentially design a ramjet engine. So, let us take a look at what the fundamental issues are and how we can go about calculating the performance of a ramjet engine. Now, you are aware of the fact that the ramjet engine goes through a thermodynamic cycle. Now, this cycle is something you are familiar by now and you are aware that in the process of intake it incurs a certain amount a fairly large amount of pressure loss in the process of intake which we call ram compression and after the ram compression which is the only kind of compression it actually undergoes the combustion is initiated and there is a certain amount of pressure loss through the combustion process and then finally, the combusted product the air and the gas mixture is finally, let out through a jet pipe and into the nozzle for a creation of the exhaust jet which finally helps us create the thrust. So, it starts off with a velocity field which is let us say C 1 square to begin with and then inside the combustion chamber it has a somewhat lower velocity field which is of the order of C 2 from there heat is added. So, the temperature goes up from 0 2 to 0 3 that is the amount of heat that is added in the combustion chamber and in the process certain amount of pressure is lost. So, it loses the pressure line 0 2 and settles down to a pressure line 0 3 by the time the combustion is over and then from there the gas is let out through the nozzle which is normally convergent divergent nozzle and it finally, goes out with a velocity of the order of C 4. Now, here of course, again you see the ideal cycle and you see the real cycle the ideal cycle is given in dotted lines and the real cycle is given in the solid lines. As you are aware that the area subtended by this cycle diagram essentially represents the work done by the cycle. So, one can see here that the dotted line which creates the ideal cycle the work done would be somewhat less than the area created by the solid line and as a result of which it stands to reason that the amount of heat energy that one needs to burn to do certain amount of work would be more in a real cycle than in a ideal cycle. So, we will take off from there the cycle analysis which you have done in some detail in the earlier lecture and look at what needs to be done with this knowledge to estimate a performance of a typical ramjet engine. We look at the performance parameters again I believe you are familiar with the performance parameters that we are talking about. The simple performance parameters are essentially defined as thrust specific thrust and the fuel efficiency. We look at the thrust first the thrust of any jet engine as you know is essentially the change of momentum that happens as the working medium that is air enters the engine and then passes through the engine and in the process of passing through the engine it acquires a higher momentum and this momentum change is the major contributor to the thrust making. So, the thrust here is given in terms of the expression here. Now, this expression essentially gives you the thrust the second term of course is the pressure thrust which again you are familiar with because of the residual pressure at the exit phase. Now, this thrust then can be converted to a more encompassing thrust equation in which the mass flow there is now substituted by rho V a a 1 which are of course the density the incoming velocity and the area at the entry of the intake which is metering the mass flow coming into the engine. So, the mass flow term here is substituted from the continuity equation by rho V a and then of course you have the correction factor m bar which is 1 plus f f being the fuel air ratio and that enters the equation here as a correction in the earlier simple equation that was not taken into account and the second term of course is the area into the pressure thrust. Now, this pressure thrust is the residual pressure which is carried at the exit of the engine if the residual pressure is 0 that means the exit pressure is same as the ambient pressure there would be no pressure thrust entire thrust will be created by the momentum thrust. So, if you look at this equation there are a number of parameters here which contribute to the thrust making one is first is of course the mass flow which is coming through the engine and higher the mass flow higher is the thrust making capability of the engine and then the next is the ratio of V exit to V a. Now, it stands to reason from this equation very clearly that higher is this ratio higher would be the thrust making capacity of the engine. So, one of the aims of the design would be to enhance this ratio V e by V a to as higher value as possible for maximization of the thrust making m bar which is 1 plus f means that you increase the fuel air ratio you get more thrust which simply means your mass flow enhancement is happening. However, more the fuel pumped into the engine more is the fuel consumption and hence your essentially fuel efficiency would be going down. So, which is not quite the right thing that everybody would like to do for a short time that may be the only way to get more thrust, but that may not be the best way of increasing thrust because you carry the fuel with you in the aircraft and if you have to pump in more fuel the amount of fuel which would be used up in a shorter period and hence the range of the aircraft would be much lower. So, that is a parameter that one needs to be very cautious about before you decide to increase that parameter m bar. Area of the free steam air that is entering the engine is another parameter that is increasing the area of the intake. Now, the question is if you increase the area of the intake the dimension of the engine is now going up. Now, if the dimension of the engine is going up you remember the engine needs to be connected to an aircraft. The aircraft would have a drag and typically ramjet, scramjet, pulsejet powered engines fly at very high Mach numbers. At that high Mach number if your engine size in terms of diameter is higher the engine related the power plant related drag would go up and that would be additive to the aircraft drag. Now, this is a prohibitive proposition in the sense higher the drag more would be the thrust required and hence you reach a position very quickly where you reach a position of diminishing return. That means if you increase the size of the intake to take in more mass flow to get more thrust you are also creating more drag. So, after a certain while one can see very clearly that if you increase the dimension of the intake the net thrust creation that is the thrust minus the drag that is being created would become 0 and in which case there would be no point increasing the dimension of the ramjet engine anymore and hence one needs to hold the diameter within the certain prescribed value and beyond that it would be a losing proposition it would not be a profitable proposition to increase the size of the intake area anymore. So, that is an area which you need to be very cautious about and only after a certain amount of optimization you can arrive at that area which gives you a good thrust without actually enhancing the drag component of the aircraft anymore. So, as we see here we have a number of parameters we have the basic mass flow we have the velocity ratio through the engine and of course, the residual pressure multiplied by the area exhaust area. So, some of these things need to be looked at very cautiously the exhaust area is normally used to meet with the flow for most ramjets and scramjets and pulsejets that we see the exhaust nozzle area or the exhaust area really speaking at the exhaust phase is a fixed geometry unlike in the other jet engine that we have done where the exhaust area is often variable. So, most of the aircraft jet engines the turbojets the turbofans do have a variable geometry nozzle, but ramjets and scramjets have fixed geometry nozzle. So, the area at the exhaust is often a fixed area A E is often a fixed area not a variable area. So, that is another thing we need to optimize in the process of design that not only the intake area the exhaust area also needs to be optimized to the best value because both the areas are fixed geometry they are not variable geometry. So, let us look at the other parameters that we would need to consider in calculating the performance of the ramjet engine. If you look at the specific thrust now which is the derivative of the thrust really it tells us that for a reasonable positive value of specific thrust to be achieved either V e by V a is to be very high that is a substantial acceleration needs to be done through the jet engine or the residual pressure needs to be substantially high at the exit phase. So, P e has to be substantially higher than P a inside the engine just at the exhaust phase. Now, these two are requirements now one of the reasons is the thrust all the specific thrust that we are looking at actually requires to be made as high as possible because the drag component of the aircraft which I was talking about just a little earlier is very high at the Mach number at which these aircraft fly. So, because of the very high drag component unless one creates substantial thrust the net thrust that is created by the aircraft engine combined is not going to be substantial for the craft to fly. Now, this is a problem typical of ramjets and more true more true for scramjets where creating a positive negative thrust is often the first problem because under certain operating conditions of the craft in flight the net thrust could indeed become negative and in which case the craft would not fly at all. So, creating a positive thrust for ramjets and scramjets is actually fairly challenging proposition in view of the fact that the drag of these crafts is often of a very high order and you remember ramjets, scramjets that we are talking about we are talking about engines that do not have compressors and turbines. Now, compressors typically help us create very high pressure ratios through the engine in ramjets and scramjets we do not have compressors we have only ram compression and as a result of which creating a very high thrust becomes challenging proposition through this kind of engines. On one hand these are very simple engines without the complications of compressors or turbines on the other hand it poses a challenge how to create a good positive thrust without the help of compressors this is something which the ramjet engine designer would have to contend with at the time of design and performance prediction. So, you remember that you need a substantial acceleration through the engine for creating positive net thrust of the whole craft. Now, this is something you have to remember and we will be getting into the design a little while later. The other parameter that you would like to take a look at is the specific fuel consumption which is of course, the figure of merit as far as the fuel efficiency of the engine is concerned and this is been over the entire lecture series it has been defined as fuel mass flow m dot f divided by the thrust or the fuel ratio small f divided by the specific thrust f by m dot a. Now, this is the definition which we have always used for specific fuel consumption of all kinds of jet engine and that definition still holds even for ramjet engine in so far as it is still a jet engine. Now, we see here that we need to have a good specific thrust so that the amount of fuel carried in the aircraft is moderately used by the engine. So, that the craft has a certain reasonable or respectable amount of range if the specific fuel consumption is too high it will use up all the fuel very quickly and the range of the craft would be rather small. So, to have a reasonable range of the craft that is carrying the ramjet engine it is necessary that specific fuel consumption be as low as possible. In view of the fact that this kind of engine do not have a compressors the cycle efficiency of these engines would invariably be somewhat on the lower side because as you remember from your cycle analysis the cycle efficiency is directly connected to the pressure ratio of the cycle and in this kind of engines the effective pressure ratio is somewhat lower than what you can build up in a turbo jet engine or turbofan engine with the help of compressors. As a result the cycle efficiency of these kind of ramjet engines is somewhat on the lower side and as a result of which the specific fuel consumption is bound to be somewhat on the higher side compared to the values that you may have come across in terms of jet engines or turbo jet engines or turbofan engines. So, keeping that in mind we have to ensure that the specific fuel consumption is held as low as possible by design. So, that the craft can fly over a longer distance for whatever mission it has to accomplish. The other last parameter that you really need to look at is the thermal efficiency of the engine. This is typically a designers parameter and it is a very useful parameter for comparison of various kinds of engines under a given or a standard operating condition. Now, this is normally defined as the thrust work that is in the numerator and the in the denominator you have the fuel energy that is burnt into the gas. So, the fuel energy that is contributed into the combustion chamber is compared to the thrust work that is done and this is normally defined as the thermal efficiency of the engine. That means how much of the energy that is put into the engine is finally available as useful work which is thrust. This is as I said is a typical designers parameter and it tells us in a comparative manner how good this engine is compared to some other kind of engine or some other engine in under similar operating conditions. Now, what we can do is given the definition of these parameters which are the figures of merit of a typical ramjet engine we can now look at how these parameters can be utilized or kept in focus in the process of design of a ramjet engine. Now, design of a ramjet engine essentially involves quick prediction of these performance parameters or the figures of merit of the particular engine under consideration and secondly finding out the various aerothermodynamic parameters through the engine. As you can see we do not have complicated machines like compressors and turbines the design essentially involves finding out the pressure, temperature and velocity of the fluid that is flowing through the engine from one end to another and at various stations finding out the area the local area the area with which the flow is coming into the intake then through the intake various area changes would take place because the diffusion needs to be ensured and at the end of the diffusion you have a combustion chamber again there we need to know what the area of the combustion chamber should be what the combustion volume should be and once the combustion is affected you have a gas a hot gas this hot gas now needs to be released through a nozzle. So, the entire process of carrying it from the combustion chamber through a pipe jet pipe and then on to the nozzle which is normally a convergent divergent nozzle. So, the area of the flow at every station needs to be calculated very diligently and very accurately and this accurate calculation of these areas including the local pressure temperature and velocity gives us a full aerothermodynamic parametric numbers that allow us to finally, configure the size and shape of the ramjet engine. So, basically the design of a ramjet engine involves calculating these aerothermodynamic parameters add various stations from the intake to the exhaust phase from the intake phase to the exhaust phase carrying all the air and then the gas through the engine and finally, exhausting it. So, this is what we will be doing in the process of discussing how to design a ramjet engine. So, the design of a ramjet engine essentially involves estimation of pressure, temperature, velocity and flow areas at the critical stations through the engine. The number of such critical stations could be 5 or 8 or 10 depending on the size of the engine and at all these stations they need to be estimated with great accuracy. Those areas will tell us where the flows are in a diverging duct, where they are in a converging duct and what needs to be done to create those shapes and sizes. Now, even though this estimation can be done nowadays through various analytical CFD techniques including some of the recent CFD techniques which actually incorporate reactive flows which is going on in a combustion chamber. When you do not have an engine, when you do not know we do not even have a first cut engine, you do not have a geometry at all, you are still in the process of creating a first cut geometry, you cannot use these CFD techniques because they need a geometry, they need the boundaries of the geometry. So, that proper boundary conditions can be applied. So, without a geometry you cannot use these techniques, modern techniques. So, you need to create a first cut geometry of the ramjet engine after which you can use the modern technique. So, today we will discuss how to create a first cut geometry of a ramjet engine. Now, this is normally done with the help of a very simple one-dimensional fluid flow theory which you have done before in great detail. And this assumes that the flow properties at a particular station, at a particular area is held constant across that area. That means the properties we are talking about the pressure, temperature, velocity is assumed to be constant across a particular area at any station. And with this assumption a one-dimensional fluid flow theory may be used to configure a first cut ramjet geometry and size it. More detail analysis can be done later on with the help of modern techniques. The deviation from one-dimensional flow may be corrected with, if there are corrections that need to be applied with the help of certain empirical correlations which are often available essentially for correction of certain flow properties that may need to be applied correction to. Now, one of the things we need to understand is that typically in a ramjet and also that was true in a turbojet engine also. But typically in a ramjet engine what happens is the flow undergoes very fast change in its properties in a matter of 1 or 2 meters the temperature and the pressure across the ramjet engine may suddenly change very drastically. The temperature may change by almost 1000 or 1500 degrees over a just one or one and a half meters in a ramjet engine. Now, in a turbojet engine you remember the combustion chamber is separated from the intake by the compressor which is a huge mechanical body that comes in the middle of the in between the combustion chamber and the intake. Similarly, a huge mechanical body of the turbine comes in between the combustion chamber and the exhaust nozzle. So, these mechanical bodies of compressor and turbine effectively isolate the intake from the combustion chamber and then again the combustion chamber from the nozzle. In a ramjet there is no such buffer. The intake and the combustion chamber are essentially fluid mechanically very much connected to each other and the combustion chamber and the turbine are also fluid mechanically connected to each other very easily because there is only a duct in between them. And in this duct there is a very fast change in the fluid properties of pressure and temperature. The pressure temperature in the intake there is a very high ram compression and if the ram compression is very high the change in pressure is very high along with that there is a change of temperature and then at the end of that duct you have the combustion. There is a very high temperature rise there. So, as a result the temperature rises by 1500 to 2000 degrees in a matter of one or two one and half meters and then the nozzle flow starts and there the pressure and the temperature again starts falling very fast in a matter of half a meter or one meter. So, there is very fast change in pressure, temperature and velocity through the ramjet engine and as a result of it the composition of the area of the air that we are talking about the gas that we are talking about and its properties the properties in terms of C p and gamma the specific ratio they are all as you remember dependent on the local temperature. If the local temperature profile is constant in a particular area then we can assume the assumption we made just a little while earlier that the pressure temperature values are constant over a particular area. If the pressure temperatures are not constant at a particular area the values of C p and gamma would be variable across a particular area they would not be constant in that area and as a result those variations would need to be factored into the estimation of the ramjet engine performance calculations and the property calculation that we are doing and those accuracies would then be would need to be factored into the design of the areas final estimation of the areas and final shape of the ramjet engine components. So, some of these accuracies are what we will be talking about just a little while from now because these are the accuracies which will finally decide what the shape and the size of the jet engine would be. So, let us look at how these accuracies can be brought into the estimation of ramjet engine parameters. One of the things that we would be using is the perfect gas law which is p equal to rho r t as all of you are aware of and of course the energy equation which again you are aware of is the energy equation that holds from say one at one station A to another station B. So, the energy equation is H A which is the static enthalpy plus the kinetic energy head that is V a square by 2 that would be equal to H B plus V B square at station B V B square by 2 and this is in conjunction with the heat that has been released and this heat release is to be brought into the focus when the energy equation is also being considered. So, the heat release may be positive or negative depending on whether the heat has been taken in or given out. So, this is generalized equation. So, we have two equations the perfect gas law and the energy equation. Now, let us see what else can be done when you consider these equations and apply the perfect gas law undergoing an adiabatic process. It may be written in terms of the two energy levels at two different places. If they are in front of the combustion chamber both A and B the energy would be constant the total energy would be constant from A to B. So, in front of the combustion chamber you may say that the total energy is C p into T 0 and T 0 is the total temperature of the gas at that station. Now, after the combustion chamber again if you have two stations A and B q would be part of that the heat release would be part of the energy which is carried and that would again be constant from any area A to another station B and again T 0 would be total temperature would be held constant. So, there is one value of total temperature before the combustion and there would be another value of total temperature after the combustion and hence using this one can say that at any station the velocity V A which we would like to have V square can be written in terms of the integral C p dT and the exactness of the estimation of velocity essentially now depends on the method of estimation of C p and on the method of estimation or measurement of the average temperature at that station. Estimation of the temperature at the station before the combustion is quite often rather the easier thing to do, but after the combustion after the combustion process the kinetic reaction that has taken place estimation of the temperature is often a little more difficult and measurement of the temperature there is far more difficult because of the extremely high temperature that exists over there. So, quite often one needs to resort to certain estimation method through the process of reaction kinetics which is not the focus of our lecture series here, but it is necessary that we have a reasonable method of estimation of C p a local value of C p and as we see now the C p would change from one station to another throughout the engine and quite often very fast and because it depends on the local temperature and we need to know what the local temperature is as we see now that this local temperature at any given station over the area at that particular station may also vary now that is something that will bring in far more complications. So, we have a certain situation in which we need to be very clear about what are the gas properties that we are calculating because we see now that the gas properties are very closely connected to the local temperature and the variation of the local temperature is very fast through the ramjet engine and at a particular station it may vary along the area of the circumferential area of the local station depending on where it is and this variation brings in certain level of complication of estimation and we would like to have a look at how this complication can be addressed in a somewhat simple manner to begin with without getting into more involved process of analytical process of CFD's. So, let us take a look at what all methods that can be adopted to estimate these parameters. The first method that is normally adopted is simply called the varying variables specific heat method or varying specific heat method in which the specific heat of the gas and before the combustion it is simply air is to be calculated in a more rigorous manner which mean the C p can be now written down in terms of k naught plus k 1 t plus k 2 t square plus a 3 t cube. Now, this is the series that one can use or one normally rigorously is used in reaction kinetics or in reaction thermodynamics normally we know that C p is dependent on the local temperature and this is how the dependence is rigorously expressed quite often for very simplistic reason we take only the first term k 0 and consider that as the value of C p for all simple practical purposes. If one needs to be rigorous one needs to consider more terms as many as your computational power allows you to so that you can compute the value of C p in more accurate manner. There is also a question of the temperature what is the value of temperature that you are using and this temperature needs to be assessed very accurately whether you measure it or find out through other thermodynamic or reaction kinetics that means whether the process is analytical or empirical or experimental needs to be decided because finding out the local temperature would impact on the value of local C p. So, calculation of C p and calculation of local temperature is one of the things that may need to be done as rigorously as possible and if you can do that rigorously and then plug in those rigorous values into your C p calculation then you have a definitely a more exact knowledge of what is the variation of the properties of the gas going through the ramjet engine and then your area calculation there of the size calculation of the various locations would be more exact and when you have those exact values you have a more final version of the ramjet configuration till such time as that your configuration would remain somewhat inexact or approximate. Then this exact geometry of the ramjet can be now subject to a rigorous CFD analysis which would finally give you the certain more accurate estimation of what is happening inside the ramjet engine. So, this is the more rigorous method by which you can indeed calculate the various flow parameters through the ramjet engine. Let us look at some of the more approximate methods by which one can start off with. One can make an assumption that as a first approximation the specific heat is assumed to be an average value and which is constant across a process or a part of a process in which case we say that this is C p bore and this is an average specific heat at a given station and if we use this to calculate the value of C p and use that value of C p for calculating the velocity the local velocity we get a reasonable first approximation of the local velocity and then that local velocity allows us to compute the local area at that particular station and if we calculate many of these local areas we have a first cut ramjet area of variation through the ramjet the internal area of variation through the ramjet and a first cut ramjet configuration. So, this is a simpler method by which a C p bore an average specific heat at a given station can be quickly arrived at to calculate an area and even more approximate method which is can be used with a simple calculator is to use arbitrary or constant specific heat method which presumably you have used before in your other turbojet engine calculations in which it is held that the specific heat ratio is 1.4 for the air before the combustion and 1.3 after the combustion process. Now, this is something which I suppose you may have done in your turbojet and turbofan calculations and if you use that over here you do get a first cut ramjet configuration. This is gross simplification because as I mentioned to you earlier that in the ramjet engine the properties actually indeed would be changing very fast in a matter of half a meter or 1 meter of the length of the ramjet engine and hence this is a very simplistic very quick method of estimating the various flow properties and hence the area of variation through the ramjet engine. Now, this three these three methods as we can see we can have a comparison of these methods and the comparison tells us that when you are having a subsonic flow the first cut method the arbitrary specific heat method is is ok and it is useful for a good engineering approximation of what the ramjet engine configuration should be. However, if the ramjet is actually flying or performing under supersonic flow entry flow conditions then the third method that we have talked about would be very gross simplification and should not really be adopted. One need the first cut method there should be the second method and a more rigorous method would need to be applied as quickly as possible as soon as a first cut geometry is available at hand. In a modern ramjet and definitely in a scramjet the major part of the flow is indeed supersonic and in the supersonic flow one needs to really adopt the rigorous method which was enumerated in the first method and as a result of which the third method should not be thought about at all. One may use a very quick estimation through the second method and then quickly go on to the first method to estimate the flow properties through the ramjet. In a scramjet strictly speaking one should be using only the first method because the flow is supersonic the change in flow properties both due to the supersonic flow due to the presence of the shocks and later on due to the combustion process the change of flow properties extremely fast and this fast change of flow properties can be captured only if you have a more rigorous method of estimation of C p and the local temperature. Unless the local C p and the local temperature are estimated very accurately right from the beginning one would get somewhat erroneous notion of what the ramjet engine sizes or shapes are. So, instead of starting with such erroneous notion it is much better and definitely recommended that one starts with more rigorous methods as far as the scramjets are concerned. Now, as we talked about in most of the design of discussion of turbojets and turbo fans all engines have what is known as a design point and the cycle that you create is for this design point. So, you have a design point flow condition at which the engine geometry is to be designed. So, the all the areas that we are talking about has to be designed in at a particular design point and this design point has to be fixed a prior a under a particular flying condition and this is what the ramjet engine designer also needs to do first he needs to figure out what the design point is and at this design point accurate analysis is desirable to arrive at or optimize the engine internal flow path. If the flow path geometry that we are talking about what happens is under other off design flow conditions when the analysis is carried out it is possible that you may like to make small changes in the flow path geometry. This is a process of optimization between design and off design flow condition and this optimization process is normally done by most of the designers in the modern design process and as a result of which once the design is over a more detail off design analysis is often carried out and an optimization between the design point and the off design various points finally, yields the internal flow path geometry which is the design of the geometry of the ramjet engine. In the process here we see that there are a number of flow parameters which are unknown variables we do not know number of things to begin with we do not have to begin with we do not have the geometry we do not have the local temperatures available with accuracy and as a result quite often it is necessary that you may have to start with a simpler approach and then later on follow it with a more rigorous estimation and then follow it up with CFD. One needs to understand that under certain conditions the CFD is not necessarily the most accurate method because when the flow is in a separated flow or flow is especially behind the flame holder of combustion chamber and then you have reaction going on. So, combination of a separated flow and a reactive flow is often a challenging proposition. So, the CFD needs to be used the best possible CFD needs to be used and needs to be used with knowledge and with a certain amount of caution that you may have to still look at it in other methods. So, that and you may have to finally, do the rig testing to find out what has finally, been designed in. So, the design process is often quite lengthy and often goes through various stages from design point estimation to off design analysis to more rigorous estimation through analytical methods and through CFD methods. So, that is the process by which finally, the design has to be taken through to arrive at a optimized ramjet configuration. If we look at what sort of performance typically a ramjet engine would be involved we can see that the SFC of a ramjet is typically varying with the Mach number and if the Mach number increases the SFC starts falling. So, typically a ramjet is actually a better engine at high Mach numbers above Mach 3 specifically. It is also somewhat dependent on the temperature that is being used after the combustion and if this temperature is kept high the specific fuel consumption is going to be higher because you are asking for more performance. If you can hold the temperature little lower you get a better specific or lower specific fuel consumption. So, these are some of the parameters that you may like to keep an eye on. The other performance parameter is typically the performance map which involves the SFC and the specific thrust with the temperature variation and the Mach number variation and as you can see as the temperature the combustion temperature is increasing the specific thrust increases at the expense of specific fuel consumption. When the Mach number increases the specific thrust increases, but the specific fuel consumption also improves. So, the increase of specific thrust and decrease of specific fuel consumption needs that you increase the temperature to get more specific thrust and then you increase or operate at a higher Mach number to get a better specific fuel consumption. So, if all of them are controlled in a proper manner right at the time of design you can get a ramjet engine with very good specific thrust at a reasonable specific fuel consumption and this is what the designer would need to achieve through the design process. If you look at the performance variation of a ramjet engine with reference to the aircraft you can see that the aircraft has a certain flight profile and in this flight profile the ramjet engine would indeed be useful within this loop and outside this loop one the combustion pressure would be too low and the other that means the combustion process would not be good and in the other case the stresses would be too high at very high fly speeds it will almost behave like a pressure vessel and hence flight would not be advocated. So, flight is possible within a certain flight loop given the ramjet engine flight profile. So, these are the limitations within which the ramjet engine would need to be configured. If we now look at a typical ramjet engine that may be designed we see that it has a number of parts it has an intake quite often it may have an isolator then it has a combustion chamber and then it has a nozzle. So, let us take a look at a typical ramjet engine that has been designed using the kind of theory that we have been talking about and also using some of the more rigorous analytical CFD method that we have also mentioned in our lecture today. So, let us take a look at a very typical ramjet engine as you can see here it has an inlet and then it goes through a process of supersonic diffusion and then the flow may be still supersonic in which case one of the methods is you go for a dual combustion in which to begin with you have supersonic combustion and then the flow under goes further shock related diffusion and it diffuses to subsonic value and it goes through a subsonic combustion and then the flow is released through the nozzle into the exhaust jet which is likely to begin supersonic. So, in this particular ramjet engine design what the designers have done is they have created two rounds of combustion one in which the combustion is held supersonically at low supersonic Mach number and then later on the combustion is again held in subsonic flow condition after the flow has been made subsonic through a series of shocks which is called often shock train and after that the flow is exhaustive through the nozzle. So, this is a typical kind of a ramjet which some of the modern designers are looking at it is also called the dual combustion ramjet and this kind of ramjet provides more thrust and allows the flow to fly at a high Mach number like Mach 5 or Mach 6 where you can have dual combustion. If you want to fly even higher than that it is necessary that you have scramjets because the scramjets are the only ones that can take you to very high Mach numbers like Mach 8 or Mach 10 in the scramjet engine the flow comes in and then you have intake shock configuration. This shock configuration slows down the flow from very high supersonic values to a somewhat lower supersonic Mach numbers and then through the slower supersonic Mach number it goes through an isolator where again you have shock trains. These shock trains then finally allow the flow to go into the combustion chamber which is still supersonic. So, you have supersonic combustion over here and after the supersonic combustion the flow is finally let out through the nozzle which is a fixed geometry nozzle. So, you have a fixed geometry intake which includes the vehicle body. So, the first shock is indeed from the vehicle body and at the exhaust the vehicle body provides one surface of the nozzle. So, it is also a fixed geometry. So, it is a kind of scramjet which is often used in a vehicle like this which often would have multiple such ramjets 4 or 5 or 6 ramjets to provide sufficient thrust for this craft to finally fly at very high Mach number. So, you need to have multiple engines quite often to achieve that fly Mach number because as you can see the process by which the thrust is created the thrust created by a single engine is unlikely to be of very high order. Something we were talking about a little while earlier getting a positive net thrust is a little bit of a issue here for the designer to begin with and hence quite often the craft designer would like to have multiple engines deployed in a one particular craft for creating sufficient net thrust for that craft to fly at very high Mach number. So, this is how typically a ramjet or scramjet engine is designed into a particular craft so that the craft can fly at very high Mach numbers all the way from 3 to 8 or 10. In the next class we will take a look at how one can solve some very simple problems using the theories that we have done over the lectures last 3 or 4 lectures using the cycle analysis that you have done and the component analysis that you have done and try to see whether you can use those theories to make some simple estimation of the ramjet and scramjet and pulsejet performances. So, in the next class we will solve some problems so that you get an idea about the numbers that are necessary for an engineer to be very familiar with while dealing with various kinds of engines.


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This is a popular Japanese story, it is about a poem called, Taminoh's Hell. They say that you should only read with your mind, and never out loud. If you were to read it out loud, then you must take responsibility for your actions. Taminoh's Hell is written by Yamoda Inoviko, in a book called, The Heart is Like a Rolling Stone, and was included in Seizo Yazo's 27th Collection of Poems in 1919. It's not sure how this rumor started, but there's only a warning that, if you read this poem out loud, tragic things will happen. It just looks like a curse. It asks to not compare this with the common, you'll grow taller, or even, my parents died. Do you get a sense of how dangerous this is? This story used to be very popular in Tuchan, and there were many people taking pictures and videos as proof, and posting them on Tuchan. There were many users that said that nothing happened, but there were also many posts that didn't have the user come back to post the results. I think it's scarier than someone posting that someone else got sick, or that someone else passed away. But if you were to read it out loud, it's better to read it in Japanese rather than the translation.


Sam and I need to have a long good evening and welcome to episode 336 of the Private Property Podcast. I'm your host, Usamandouma Kumalo. It's the Wednesday edition of the Private Property Podcast. If you're joining us for the first time, you are tuned into the only daily property show in South Africa with a leading property show catering to all of your property needs. It doesn't matter where you are in your property journey. This is where you can get resources to help you and certainly enable you to make better property decisions. And to all our regular viewers on Facebook and Instagram and on YouTube, welcome to it. You know how we do. We're certainly always in conversation every weekday at 7pm, where I'm always tackling a hot property topic with an expert who helps us get a better understanding on all things relating to property. And of course, talking about all things relating to property, you know that we also have a whole host of other shows that you can tune into every single weekday at 8pm. It is a Wednesday, so you can catch S.T. Klassen on the first-time homebuyer show later on. And of course, every Mondays and Fridays, Chad brings you the home shopper's show. We always take us through exquisite properties that you can find on www.privateproperty.co.za. And of Tuesdays and Thursdays, a warden in Farmer and Ballinua got pixels through the farming podcast and all things agriculture. And I know that many of us are always taking notes and implementing them in our very own backyards. And of course, there's myself, every single weekday at 7pm, we have an appointment and always, of course, great interacting with you across our social media pages. You can follow myself at Zamondonga Under School K across Facebook and, you know, certainly across Instagram and Twitter, as I always tackle all things relating to property. And of course, this, you know, Wednesday evening, and you can see a part of us already thinking it's Thursday. I don't know what it is about the end of the week, but I'm almost tripping on the Wednesday. But of course, we are still running our competition where we've now set an even bolder target of reaching 20,000 comments on the post that we have pinned on our Facebook page. And so do go there and engage with it with absolutely love hearing from you at home. And of course, we also want to make sure that we give away this money. Now all you have to do is interact with the post and you send a chance of walking away with 500 rounds in cash. Now the only catch is you need to be watching us live so that you can claim the money. And of course, if nobody claims the money, then it rolls over to the following day and makes, certainly goes into the money bag. I see the money bag is sitting at 1500 rounds. So we'll see who's going to walk away with that money this evening. I do hope that they're watching and they're ready to claim their prize. I think 1.5 can actually go such a long way, especially as we draw nearer and nearer to that time of the month where our money runs thin. So do make sure that if you've entered that competition, you're ready to raise your hand, should we call your name? Well, this evening, we're looking at something that I know a lot of people who already have rentals always want to know about. I've been getting asked this question quite a lot on my social media platforms with many landlords saying that they're struggling to track tenants and they still don't quite know how to increase the value of their rentals. And that's exactly what we are going to be looking at. In the short term, what can you do when it comes to your rentals and making sure that either you increase the value or at the very least maintain and don't make a loss because I think one of the other realities is that a lot of landlords have been losing money quite significantly and not just your DIY landlords, even the big landlords have been losing money in their portfolios. And then of course, looking at long-term interventions, what are some of the things that you can do in the long-term that will have a substantial change in the value of your rentals? I want to find out from you at home, are you a landlord and what kind of interventions have you already put in place for your respective rentals to make sure that you either increase or certainly maintain the value to share with us down here below and helping us get a bit of sense of what we can do as landlords to do just that. I'm joined this evening by Nigel Adrianse, who's a founder and CEO of the Enterprise Development Property Fund. Nigel, good evening and thank you so much for joining us on the show. Good evening Zama and thank you for having me. It's always a pleasure interacting with private property and all of your fan base and I hope that I'll be able to add some value to your people that listen to you every evening. And I think Nigel, I want us to actually just get straight into it before we even look at the do's and don'ts when it comes to the value of our rentals for people who are already in the property market or already property investors and especially because this is something that you in and you've seen the activity from last year and this year and during COVID and the difficulty that a lot of the property investors have been facing. I think firstly just any insight that you'd like to share for property investors, particularly when it comes to managing your portfolio in times of crisis or turbulent times. All right, so yeah, as we were discussing offline before this show started, the last 18 months has been horrific. We have all suffered. I don't think there's an individual that I know that has not suffered during this pandemic, especially those who are in the property game. We were talking about the big corporates even that are on the stock exchange and even they are suffering because they did not have enough reserves in order to keep themselves going and especially if you have retail tenants and commercial office tenants, it has been exceptionally difficult to manage your portfolio over the last couple of months. So yeah, it's been a difficult time, but I think there is hope. There is a the fact that we are potentially going to level two will open up even more opportunities and I think over the next couple of months as everybody is vaccinated, we will then go back to our better normal, not the old normal, but a better normal and that will then open up opportunities for us over the next few months. So I think definitely there is hope. There is light at the end of the tunnel and it's not a train coming. It is real genuine light and I think we'll be able to make it if we just hold on a little bit longer. Nigel, I actually love that framing because I think when COVID started and probably a good year into COVID, we called it the new normal. We wanted to go back to what we knew and I think we're now at that stage we're recognizing that there's no going back. That part of the system that we're living in was also just not particularly sustainable and so what does it look like when we even talk about a better normal? So if anything now some of the systems and interventions that we're trying out and re-jigging as much as possible towards that better normal. So I like that concept and it's the first time I'm actually hearing somebody talking about the better normal as opposed to even a new normal because I think even the status quo as it is isn't quite there yet. I think we're very clear that it's not quite there. So what can we you know actively do to work towards a better normal? Now I see the love that we're getting on our Facebook page. Many of you at home are watching. Rashika Kasirian is watching and sending those green hearts. Sharon Naidu is also watching. I also see Colin Janssen is watching. Nong Vo La Mutsi Neng is watching. One of the top fans, Bong Samokwe, and us also watching. Howard McAteani is also watching this evening. Do you keep the love coming? We absolutely love it and of course to the landlords at home I want to find out from you you know what have been some of the interventions that you've put in place when it comes to maintaining the value of your rentals because I think it's one thing looking towards obviously increasing the value and we're going to be looking at that briefly or certainly this evening but what have you just done to keep the rentals your rental value as constant as possible especially now? I was saying of A to Nigel that one of the realities is that as much as we talk about how it's a buyer's market it's actually also a renter's market where so many renters right now are spoiled for choice. They are seeing a lot of different rentals coming onto the market almost every second day you're seeing that the price is being reduced on certain rentals so as a renter you really are in a good position to be able to negotiate the rental that you may want with your particular landlord and I think it's been interesting to kind of see that play out which in some ways has also put some landlords in a very tight spot but it's also meant that they also need to be as innovative as possible and also just as active as possible when it comes to engaging with their tenants and so then Nigel I think when we look at in the short term because I mean I've painted the picture of where the market currently is right now as far as rentals and how renters are spoiled for choice so if you're going to overprice your your property you're just not going to get any joy you know renters are smart they're savvy they go on private property.co.zale and they really do go through various properties they watch the show they know that there are different ways that you can vet and negotiate when you're looking for a property so if you're a landlord in the short term you know what can you do to just maintain the value of your property or at the very least just make sure that you don't lose as much value as possible. I think one of the things that we have to realize is that there is we in a stage now where you are going to lose value there is no doubt about it but if you start calculating from an investor's perspective in terms of your yields and so on there are a few things that you can do that's going to help you to increase the value of your property from a yield perspective in the short term as well as in the long term. Now we're in the property game hopefully if you're an investor you're not there for the short term games because property isn't about short term games it's not a get rich quick scheme property is always and will always be a portfolio of investment that is for the long term and when we talk long term we're talking easily 10 to 20 years that if you want to make a real money in the property sector you've got to be in it for the long wall so even though I may want to talk about some things that you can do now that will hopefully enhance the value of your property as well as increase your net income because we're talking mostly net income here and not gross income because as you well know even the big corporates have suffered in terms of rentals they've had to drop their rentals commercial office blocks have some have shut down completely because people are no longer working from the office I know of mutual as an example we talk to all mutual on a regular basis and they've shut down their entire facility in Pine Lines where all their staff are currently working from home so I think we'll delude ourselves into believing that we can make big money in these times but if we start prepping now if we haven't already we can start making inroads in terms of from a medium to long term perspective what increase the value of our property so there are four general areas that you can help affect or change the income strategy of your business in my opinion the four main ones there are more but let's talk about the four main ones number one is increase your rent but obviously because of the pandemic and as you've well you know noted that the the the renter the person renting is actually in a very good position now because there's so much stock on the market at the moment so increasing your rent right now may not be the best idea however you can possibly increase other things and we'll and I'll talk a little bit about that now that's the second thing is decreasing your costs obviously you've got certain costs that you have to cover but there are ways to decrease your costs and therefore increase your net income which will also then increase your cash flow and to collectively that will then increase the value of your property from a yield perspective as an investor then the next thing is changing your strategy you could potentially change your strategy where maybe if you've got one property that is led by a family and it's maybe a four bedroom house you could then go into a multi-let option instead so you then bring in four different people and rent it out per room so that's maybe another strategy that you could use as opposed to having just one family and that will then increase your rental income by changing your strategy that's just one option then renegotiating your bond the banks are very open at the moment to renegotiating bonds because they understand people are struggling and or if you if your own bank doesn't want to renegotiate you can go to another bank and change your bond to another bank so those are the four big things that you can do in terms of changing the rental income or increasing your net income in order to add value to your property and as we go along throughout this discussion I will expand a little bit on each of those I am this evening in conversation with Nigel Adriansson as the founder and CEO of the Enterprise Development Property Fund we're looking at ways to increase the value of your rentals and and I see there's a hot conversation on our Facebook page that's going on with Callen I wouldn't say my landlord wants a 10% increase and you know many times in Hong Kong when I'm saying that move suggesting that they should move and I'm quite happy saying maybe try and negotiate with them first if they're not willing then you can always move and I think one of you know one of the big things is and we're even just saying that that this is actually that period where tenants are spoiled for choice as much as buyers are spoiled for choice when we talk about you know how buyers can you know access quite a number of different properties because there's a lot of stock in the market we're seeing the same thing with the rental market where if you know a tenant is unsatisfied with where they're staying perhaps a landlord wanting to increase you know rental I think a 10% rental escalation in this market is also quite an unrealistic ask just you know generally what we've been seeing if anything a lot of landlords have maintained their rentals and there have been tenants who've gone back to you know renegotiate and have been able to get an even lower rental than what they previously had so I think as a tenant you also need to assist what are similar properties in that same complex or in that same street going for and is your rental at that current average or is it you know substantially higher than what everybody else is paying because I think those kinds of facts on you when you want to talk to your landlord and want to negotiate and also want to move because there's some landlords unfortunately who are sometimes delusional and don't know to also do their own market research and see what their neighbors are charging and you know kind of stick there hidden the sand and thinking I'll ask what I'll ask and budget according to their finances as opposed to where the market is and I think that's one of the big things that I can see Nigel nodding and we'll talk about that right that it's so important as a landlord not to be budgeting according to your budget you really do need to look at where the market is particularly when it comes to setting up your rental costs I want to go for a quick break and see who the potential lucky winner of that 1500 is this evening I hope that they're watching so that they can claim their prize and when we come back we'll see more of your comments and questions and of course look at ways that we can increase the value of our rentals we'll be back just after this yeah you never and that lucky winner this evening goes to Solani Pillay Solani Pillay you are potentially walking away with 1500 grand I usually see Solani Pillay in the comment section I hope she is watching this evening and if they are watching drop us a message down here below you're going to be walking away with 1500 grand that's Solani Pillay and we'll see if they are indeed watching this evening and of course this evening we're looking at ways to increase the value of your rentals I want to find that from you at home if you are a landlord have there been any interventions that you've put in place to help your tenants but also actually to help yourself because I think beyond helping your tenants is about you as a landlord being proactive around what is happening in the market and you know where rentals are at we have seen that a lot of landlords unfortunately have not been able to escalate rentals in the percentages that they've wanted a lot of smart tenants have gone and when they look at that escalation clause actually say nope I'm not gonna sign on for 8% and this was even pre-covid so there are different ways that I think as tenants but also as landlords we need to be engaging each other now Nigel before we were announced that lucky winner was Solani Pillay talking about how as a landlord you shouldn't be budgeting based on your individual personal budget when it comes to setting the rental but you really need to do your market research see what the neighbors or if they're people if it's a unit in a sectional title scheme you need to see what everybody else is charging as opposed to thinking well my expenses come up to X and I want to you know make a mock-up of X therefore I'm going to charge this amount perhaps I think take us through that because I think there's still landlords that especially during these difficult times think well I still have my expenses so I'm going to leave the price where I want it to be and of course those are the same properties that we're seeing staying on the market for months and months on end absolutely and you know I've often come across landlords that have been so focused on getting the net rental income that they want and they completely lose the plot because you know they're completely unmarket related and their tenants will then move out and go elsewhere so I think there are a number of ways that you can number one secure your tenant and make sure that they don't move out and at the same time increase your net rental income by offering them certain perks to stay so for example number one the most important thing is the relationship building I way too often we see landlords who are we just don't care about their tenants sometimes even become slum landlords and their tenants then eventually say you know I've had enough here now I'm paying way too much I can get a better place elsewhere in the same area and my landlord is just treating me like trash so that's the first thing you need to do is build that relationship if you can build relationships with your tenants where your tenants believe that you actually care about them then they will more likely stay and when you say to them listen I really need to increase my rent because I you know I'm not getting enough money to pay my expenses then the tenant most likely will be accommodating so that's the first thing building relationships then number two cutting your costs to make sure that your net rental income will increase even though your rental may not increase so there are lots of ways that you can cut your cost you can renegotiate your the value of your property especially in these days renegotiate the value of your property with your municipality and that then would determine your rates will then hopefully decrease you can negotiate with if you're in a complex negotiate with the body corporate that they drop their levies you can maybe manage your building properly in a way that you don't pay too much maintenance you can do energy management water management facilities management there's a whole host of things that you can do where you can reduce your costs maintenance cost energy cost municipal costs and levies and so on in order to get a higher net rental income but if you want to increase your rental the relationship is important and always making sure that when you sign your lease agreement that you have an escalation clause inside of your lease agreement that is predetermined and agreed by you and your tenant it is very important that that that you have that escalation clause because when you get to the end of the lease and you haven't put that into your your lease then you will find yourself trying to negotiate with your tenant and he's wanting to drop the price because there are better units elsewhere so those are some of the the immediate things that you can do but then there's also medium to long term things that you can do things like changing your tenant profile so as I mentioned earlier you could potentially take a property where there's a family and when the lease comes to an end rather put four different people in the property and charging them a different kind of rental on a multi-let opportunity so that is changing your strategy from having your house being rented to a family versus renting it out as a multi-let to several different people you could also go to an AB&B strategy where instead of paying or renting your property out on a monthly basis which is normally a lower rent to a AB&B type opportunity where you renting out on a nightly basis and that will increase your rental significantly however the warning there is obviously in the kind of environment we in now to do AB&B maybe a little bit risky because obviously not many people are traveling but if you can find a niche market you could potentially make a lot more money on an AB&B opportunity versus a family living in your property and then student accommodation if you are close to a university you could convert your property into a student accommodation and in that way bring more people into your property and therefore bringing more rental into your property opportunity and I think those are such great tips Nigel and I think one of the big things it really is about as a property investor being able to understand that the current property that you have you can use it in different ways and you also need to be able to be adaptive in the event where for example you may have had a student accommodation unit and we talked about student accommodation last night and you are hard hit because your students are not going on campus and many are choosing to stay at home as they of course adapt to online learning perhaps then your property becomes a multi-late or you find different ways to still be able to collect rental as much as possible and I know that we have our winner Solani Pehle is in fact watching so congratulations to Solani Pehle not only she's watching she's raised her hand and you know sent comments down here below so congratulations there Solani Pehle saying thank you to each and every one of you this what is this for this beautiful congratulatory message I love and appreciate it and of course just sharing that with the many people who are showing her some love on our Facebook page of course because we are a family right and we're always happy when one of our own makes it so congratulations there Solani Pehle 1500 rs is on its way to you and I think one of the great things of course to your home you're watching you want to make sure that you go and engage the pinned post on our Facebook page if you want to stand a chance of walking away with that 500 rs cash every single day when somebody doesn't raise their hand which certainly increases we put that money in the money bag and the following day of course you can have another shot of winning so if you know you've entered make sure that you watch us in order to claim your prize now Nigel I think then one of the other big things that landlords are having to contend with right now and I'm only slipping it in because I know that there's some landlords who have you know been investing in property and you are already saying that property is a long-term goal and so if let's say you had started just a few months prior to lockdown you know excitedly thinking I've got my foot in the property ladder and and then a few months later you know COVID hits and you're not having to deal with your first major crisis how do you or what would you say to you know those at home who are now thinking of selling off some of the you know their rental units because of COVID and they're thinking I can't do this maybe they've even had you know vacancies that say for three months as a and they haven't tried to use different adaptive strategies you know what would you say then to people who are at this moment thinking maybe I should just cut my losses and and not do property anymore so there are many ways in which you can try and salvage the scenario that you're in so obviously every scenario is different so I'm going to try and be as generic as I possibly can so there are few strategies that you can implement like I've explained for examples multilets and student accommodation where you could potentially in a short term try and enhance your income so that you can still survive during these difficult times but then there are some medium to long-term strategies that you could implement in order to increase the the rental income that you achieve as well as enormously enhance the value of your property what I would say to the these people that are struggling and wanting to get out now I would say hold on hold on hold on because if you sell now chances are you're going to lose money because normally in these difficult times there are sharks out there who are wanting to buy your property on the cheap hold on guys and if you can't hold on come talk to me because we can help you re-strategize and try and put together a package where you don't have to lose your home or your investment opportunity and continue in changing the strategy bringing on partners there are many ways that you can salvage your scenario but what I would say is do not sell hold on as long as you can because you're going to lose money if you sell now there are two things that I'd like to say from a medium to long-term perspective how you can enhance the value of your property number one if you've got a property where let's say it's just a house but you've got land available you can develop the backyard in what they call a backyard development and there are funders out there who will help fund that type of development so you don't even need your own money where you can either put on one extra unit or even two units depending on which municipality you in they will allow you to build one or two more units in order to enhance your income and like I said there are investors and organizations out there that will help fund that type of strategy so that will then allow you to use your house and then either rent that out take one of the smaller units and live in that and make more money by a third unit where you can then rent those units out then number two maximizing the zoning that you have sometimes we'll find that somebody is sitting in a property where there's only a house on it but it's zone four so residential two or residential three you could then build on and there are funders again there are funders out there who will fund that type of strategy so you don't have to lose your house or sell your house or your property if you are in an in an area where your zoning allows you to build more then the third thing that you could do is rezone we currently busy working on a project at the moment where we bought a house in a certain area here in Cape Town and we subdivided that property into four ovens and we're putting 10 units on that property and again there are funders that will fund that type of strategy so instead of selling the property we subdivided it we're putting 10 units on it and we can now determine whether we want to rent it out or sell the 10 units and keep one or sell nine units and keep one as a as a long-term investment my choice is to hold on to all of them and rent them out because we will be able to find the funders that will be able to fund that type of strategy so again I reiterate if you are in a scenario where you are wanting to sell don't because you're going to lose money and there are ways for you to hold on to your property and even enhance the property investment value by adding certain strategies to what you already have. Of course we've gotten a great comment here on our Facebook page coming through from Carlos Scaltz saying always something new to learn when listening to Nigel Adriane say thank you very much there to Carlos and of course many of you to Lusmenia Bongani Mahbonda also watching on our Facebook page and before I let you go Nigel any final tips for our property investors when it comes to certainly navigating their property portfolio not certainly particularly for the remainder of the year because we're now also approaching you know festive season where we know that as landlords we do tend to struggle collecting rentals over that festive period whether it's you know December, December rental is always a struggle I've seen with many landlords sharing their own stories and oftentimes even January rental often being a struggle so any final tips for our property investors at home when it comes to managing their rentals for the remainder of the year. So unfortunately there's always a rider to everything I say and right now it may be a little bit too late for you to be implementing any strategies that's going to help you to make sure that you get your rentals in December. If you have not implemented a strategy at the beginning of the year already then it may very well be too late however there are some things that you can do just a few little things that maybe will help you to get your tenants to pay their rental in December or to even pay a little bit more so things like adding in a solar geyser giving them a you know a fridge as a bonus to say guys I know that you guys are also struggling and I see that you don't have a fridge in your home if you if you pay your rental I will buy you a fridge yes it costs you a little bit of money but at least you know you're going to get your rental income there are lots of those little strategies that you can play around with giving your your tenant gifts that you know to say thank you for for being such a loyal tenant and again that relationship building is so important you have to build relationships with your tenant don't be an absent tenant sorry landlord if you're an absent landlord that's when your tenants will take advantage they will break your stuff they will not pay rent they will you know they will abscond they'll just disappear on you if you are a present landlord then your tenants will most likely pay their rent and they will not disappear on you so that's what that's about all I can really encourage you at this point in time but for the medium to long term I would suggest that you build a strategy for your tenant throughout the year so that when you come to the end of the year you don't have those kinds of problems and that's a great place to leave it at this evening Nigel thank you so much for joining us on the show thank you for having me it's always a pleasure and that is Nigel Adrienne who's the founder at the enterprise development property fund wrapping up the Wednesday edition of the private property podcast with myself I'll be back on your screens on Friday tomorrow's Thursday so I'll be attending my law for property development and management lecture which is always a very heated lecture and and and of course I'll be back on Friday it is of course Wednesday so you can catch the first time home by show with Esther Klassen this later this evening at 8 p.m. until then hoping you're staying home and staying safe


Hi, my name's Brett. I'm a hobbyist game developer who recently started using Godot after evaluating various game engines. As part of learning Godot and wanting to make a lot of small projects quickly, I made Godot Skeleton. It is a template repository and source code base for you to use for your Godot games.  That's not your gameplay and a script to make it easy to export your game and upload it to itch.io. So, you can see here, here's it running in the browser. You can go to settings and toggle these options. Those are then accessible via a single thing called global. You can start the game and you see some gameplay, which you would replace with your game. You can press P or escape or the start button to pause the game and then you can return to the main menu. All of this works with a controller, mouse, and keyboard by default out of the box, which is pretty nifty and, yeah, let's show you how to get started and how quick it is to make a new game in Godot using Godot Skeleton. So, you go to github.com slash Britulupa slash Godot Skeleton. Click use this template. Create new repository. We'll call this Godot Skeleton test. I'm going to make it public. You can make yours private or public, depending on if you want your game open source. It will generate the repository. Click code. I'm going to use get for this. You could also just download the zip and not do that. I'm going to open up a new shell. We'll hide this. I'm going to go into my game.get folder. I'm just going to run get clone for Godot Skeleton test. I'm going to change into that directory. And then if I open my finder so that you can see what's in here, it's all of that. And from the template, and you just double click project Godot. You can run play. And we'll see what we just had in the browser. But you might notice something is a little different, which is that the start settings and then quit quit is available, whereas before quit was hidden. And that's because the options are operating system aware. So based upon what functionality is present, you will see different settings available and not available. So if we click settings, and if we go to full screen, you can't make a web full screen that's handled by the browser. But on desktop, you can make a full screen and you can change these things. You can quit and we can relaunch the game and we'll see that those were persisted to disk. If we go back and quit and full screen, launch it again, it launches into full screen. And those files are stored in. Let's just go ahead and look at that. Those are stored in the files called Oh, that's sorting your user space. So that's dependent on each OS, but that's a function that's built into Godot. You can click start. And now we see this all here. Let's go into Godot's editor, the everything is organized into folders here. It's a little small. Sorry about that. But let's just go into gameplay, open that scene, and we'll go ahead and move this icon. Of course, I grabbed the wrong one. We'll move gameplay over here in the icon over here, save that. And then in our running game, we have see that that's updated. So you go into this scene gameplay, which is a 2D scene, but you could just delete it, change it to a 3D scene and you'd be good to go. And that's how that works. Main menu here. You can go and edit these labels as you wanted. Like we'll make this title, we'll change it to be Godot skeleton test. And we'll make the credit again by me, Brett for instructions. We can just say, just testing this out. And then how it works is that you'll see here in menu options, it uses scenes for the gameplay and settings. Some of the other ones use strings because they're pretty constant, but your gameplay might change. So I made these export variables so you could go and quick load and select a different scene if you needed to. That seems like something that would change a lot where like main menu doesn't change a lot. You could change this background color, save it, run the project. Now you'll see that that's red and things are slightly different or gameplay has changed around. And yeah, you have these settings that load to disk and persist to disk. Let me actually show you the global script because that's kind of useful. So you would do global dot play SFX, right? So like let's actually code something here. We have gameplay script. And let's just say, let's just find, oh, well, sound effects funny, but I'll just show you the code anyway. We'd say like if input, how about this, instead of switching to the main menu on UI accept, we'll say, you know, if global dot play SFX, then we have some audio stream, right? You know, whatever, and we call that play, whatever that code is, that might be wrong. But you can then check here for those types of things. You could even have functions that you call out that just play the SFX. And if it's not enabled, you know, the settings disabled to checks. So sorry, long-winded explanation of that. But that's how you would use global. What else is interesting in here? Probably the deploy process. So let's go ahead and show you that. So in your Godot skeleton, there's an INI dot slash CFG file, because that's what Godot uses, where you can specify the metadata, which is used for the itch version, which just can be nice to change. You could also access this export CFG file in your Godot code via the config file API here. So like you could do config file, and instead of settings file, we would make it export config, and you could display the game version there. Let's actually, well, yeah, so anyway, I'm off in the weeds, but you can change your version here. That's used for itch. And then eventually I'm going to make it so you can show that in your game easily. And then you can set your itch user, and you can set your itch game project. So let's go ahead and launch a new itch project with these changes. So we would go to here, we would make a new project, we'll call it Godot skeleton test. This slug here is what we want. I already typed that in, so we don't need it. Go here. I'll probably delete this, so it might not be around in the future, but it won't be public. But it defaults to 1280 by 720 because that's pretty common, and it's 169. So if we save that, we don't have anything yet. But if we go here back to our shell, and this part of Godot skeletons may be a little less polished because it requires Ruby, because that's the scripting language I know best and was able to get this working pretty easily. But you might not have Ruby, and I don't know if this works on Windows. I've only tested it on macOS and Linux. So those are areas to make better, but the cool thing is you can just run dot slash export. There's an export script, and it goes and then headlessly builds all of the Godot exports that are managed in the Godot project. So like, while we'll let this run over here, let me move this here. If we go to project, export, it comes preconfigured with a web export, a Linux export, a macOS export and a Windows export. So it's going through, it loads it from this config file, and then creates all of them. And then since we configured itch, it goes and pushes these builds to itch. So you can see right now it's pushing the web build, now it's pushing the Linux build, and we'll look at those files that are generated here and then on itch. But within however long I've been recording, right, five minutes or so, got a new project set up, we have all these foundations, we built the project, we're deploying it to itch. These itch deploys will be even faster each time because it's smart about patching and diffing the versions. So that's, yeah, pretty neat. This is early gaze, you know, this is like, you know, I'd consider it version one, but and I'm going to use it for my projects. I think more things will be added and changed. And the intention is that with each project I make, I'll customize it. And as you use this template, you customize it to your needs, don't worry about keeping it updated. You can always come back to it in the future and use it again. And then, you know, after each game, I'll just go and make it better and take what I learned. So let's quick look at the exports directory, which is something that's configured for Godot Skeleton. So we have a zip of Windows, web, macOS, and Linux, because I want those to be easily compressible. Then you could push these to GitHub or itch or wherever, right? It's default goes to itch. And then there's the exe is there and then the web source that's there. Now if we go here back to Godot Skeleton tests in itch, we see that the files are uploaded. They have the proper channels and the proper operating systems in itch. We have the HTML. We'll set this here for Godot projects. You have to enable shared array buffer support. It's just part of what's required. So you click save, go to view page, run the game. It's going to go and load up our game. And within that time frame, you know, within that short time window, we have our game deployed to itch and you can see version is 0.1 and that's coming from our metadata and that's helpful for your users, you know, your players to know what version you've got. I've noticed these take a long time to load and initialize sometimes. I don't quite know what the reason for that is. Maybe there's a way to reduce the size of the builds or something like that. I don't know, but it should eventually load. We can check the browser console. Okay, there it goes. Yeah, that's that's something interesting. I'm curious why that takes so long to load. But I don't know if that's me or Godot. I mean, there's not much going on in this project. So I don't know why it would take so long. But yeah, that's Godot Skeleton. Hope it's useful. Let me know if you use it because that would be awesome. And let me know if you have issues. I'll try to make it better. And let's go and make some cool games with Godot. Again, it's at github.com slash bretchalupa slash Godot underscore skeleton test. If you don't want to use git, you can just click download zip and open that. And then here you go, you've got, oh, why did I do that? Wow, that's a good, good flood at the end of the video. Well, don't open all the files, but just open the, you know, the Godot project. Oh my gosh, launched X code VS code, all the codes, yeah, just double click this and you'd be good to go. So it's even faster if you don't use git. All right, thanks. Take care. See you. Bye.


Did Jesus come to judge or not? Now there are passages that say such as John 9.39 where Jesus says that he comes for judgment. But then we've got other passages that seem to say that he did not come for judgment. You've got John 8, you've got John 5. And so what is it? What's the answer? Because it seems like this might be a little bit contradictory, right? Well, we don't believe the Bible contradicts itself, do we? And that's not the case here either. The issue is what context that Jesus is talking about and what time. For example, he speaks in John 9 and he says, for judgment I have come into the world as well as in John 5 when he says that he has committed all judgment into my hands, he's not speaking about this current moment. He's speaking about what he's going to do at his next coming. But when he says, I did not come to judge, he's speaking about right now. What's that issue here is Jesus is speaking about the reason for his present or at that time his present coming. He's coming to say, now a byproduct of him coming to save is that people are going to be judged because of that, however that judgment is not going to take place until later. The fact also is this, that Jesus has said that many of them have already been judged. Now we won't get into that what that means in terms of soteriology, but suffice it to say when Jesus talks about him not coming to judge and then turn around and saying that he has come to judge, he's speaking about two different time frames. One, his earthly ministry, it was not his intention to come to judge, that was not the purpose. Now, did he make any sort of judgments on character or as far as sin is concerned? Yes, that's not what he was, that's not necessarily what he's referring to when he said he did not come to judge. We'll all make those sort of judgments in terms of what sin is or if someone is involved in sin or ourselves. But then Jesus also speaks about when he comes the last time for judgment. That's not the judgment that you want to be a part of. Amen.


This is good. Wow. Megan. Holy. There we go. I hope the drone. Look at his belly. Oh my God. Look at the tail. Oh my God. Look at the tail. It's still swimming. Yeah, yeah. This thing is a mega, mega, mega, mega.


Here, in this short video, I'm going to show you how to embed a Canvas Studio video into a discussion board. So I've gone into a discussion board and I'm going to go ahead and click Reply. From here, I'm going to look at the toolbar across the top until I find the button that looks like a little plug. I'm going to click the down arrow here and select Canvas Studio. My goal here is to embed a video that I've already uploaded to Canvas Studio. If you haven't uploaded your video, you'll want to go ahead and upload it first, but since I've already done so, I'm going to go ahead and find the video that I want to submit. Here's the video that I want to submit. I'm going to go ahead and click on it and select the button that says Select. At this point, it'll go ahead and Show, and there'll be a button here that says Embed. I'm going to click the Embed button, and then I'm going to wait. This process can take a couple of minutes if your Canvas Studio is still processing, but you'll know it's ready when a preview of your video shows up in the discussion post. At that point, all you need to do is click Post Reply, and now your video will show up for everyone to be able to see. That's all there is to it.