This is landing zone Oasis, approximately 56 kilometers southwest of Placou. The date is 3 June, and during the past 18 days of Operation Paul Revere, the 25th Infantry Division lost three helicopters to enemy fire during bitter battles with the Viet Cong in the Central Highlands area. Today, traffic lightning troops are standing by ready for another thrust at the Vietnamese communists. A battery of 105s near the forward base landing strip is firing a support mission against suspected VC positions a few kilometers away and begin preparing a new landing zone for the next assault. Below is objective Alpha-10, where Operation Paul Revere will be continued. As is usual, thick ground cover prevents positive observation of the results of the artillery barrage. The observation chopper, however, flies dangerously low to have a look, narrowly avoiding an intercept with the incoming artillery fire. As soon as the shelling from the 105 howitzer's ceases, helicopter gunships move in to reconnoiter by fire. Preparation of the landing zone is thorough. Then the wave of assault troops is airborne from Oasis as the task force moves to the objective. On the ground at Alpha-10, there is no immediate contact with the enemy and the traffic lightning troopers spread out and begin a methodical sweep. Within the past week, the North Vietnamese 32nd and 33rd Regiments have been encountered in the fierce fighting in this sector of the battlefront. In these earlier contacts, 372 VC were killed while friendly casualties remained light. Now, after a two-day lull in the action, the men of the task force are once more boring into Viet Cong held jungles. Then it happens, contact, enemy fire from somewhere ahead. A trip flare is accidentally set off by one of the men and the deep shadow of the forest is suddenly brilliantly lit. The enemy breaks off contact and withdraws. Moving from one dense jungle patch to another, the troopers press forward pursuing the VC ambushers. In the dim recesses of the overgrown labyrinth, however, the enemy escapes. A recon platoon sergeant rendezvouses with the task force along the jungle trail and reports an unmapped village ahead. It is located in the foothills of the play Ponuk Mountain. The men spread out and proceed up the winding trail in single file. As they move upward, they pass some mountain women with baskets strapped to their backs, but no Viet Cong are seen. As they near the reported village, the traffic lightning troopers come to an area where the mountain people have been cutting timber. Some of the cuttings look quite fresh. In this maze of downed timber, the troops set up a base of fire while other units begin probing the village. Soon, a suspect is brought up the hill and is searched and interrogated. His belongings reveal nothing. Another mountain yard is brought in for questioning. These tribesmen are quite primitive. They carry stone axes and weapons of wood in their loincloth. They seem quite friendly and are willing talkers. In discussions with several of the villagers, interrogators learn that the VC have passed through the area during the past two days, but that none are in the vicinity now. Meanwhile, back at the area base at Oasis, a helicopter brings Brigadier General Glenn D. Walker, Assistant Division Commander, to a meeting with the Brigade Commander. They discuss a reported enemy division headquarters in this area. General Walker is shown a Russian-made SKS 7.62 rifle captured during the fighting in recent days. The general also sees captured enemy radio equipment demonstrated by a sergeant. 82-millimeter Chinese mortar shells are shown, and masher-type grenades, all are of interest to technical intelligence. Captured canteens, web belts, and rucksacks are burned and destroyed after examination. Here in the Eadrong Valley area, Operation Paul Revere continues. In another action involving troops of the 25th Infantry Division, films were made on 5 and 6 June of Operation Fort Smith in Long-On Province. 64 kilometers south-southeast of Saigon, these troops and Vietnamese police are heading for the village of Uph Bean. Some of the vehicles have loudspeakers mounted on them. Upon arrival at the village, the troopers find it deserted. The villagers have fled the area. Every house and building is deserted. The reasons for the strange behavior of the residents is not clear. To find out more, the troopers search the area thoroughly. Deep tunnels with hidden entrances are found, and some rather unorthodox methods are used to examine them. There are no occupants. Explosive charges are prepared, and the tunnels are then destroyed. Some of the deeper, more elaborate diggings continue to smoke after the explosions, and the openings are watched for any sign of life. A search of the dwellings reveals some to be Viet Cong homes, and they are burned by Vietnamese police. As the units move on, a mine destroys one of the vehicles blocking the road. Removal operations begin. Members of a security and assault platoon immediately begin sweeping operations to determine the location of any additional mines. However, none are found, and the units move on. Realizing the potential danger on this mission, the troops are alert to any signs of Viet Cong booby traps along the way. They look for trip wires and other hidden devices, but none are encountered. Reaching the next village, the infantrymen and Vietnamese police find the situation to be exactly as it was at the previous hamlet. They peer and probe everywhere looking for hidden weapons. Only an old man and a young girl remain in the village. They are questioned at length as to the whereabouts of the residents, but merely say they have gone. The infantrymen move on and the operation continues. Army demolition experts confer on the problem of blowing up the Viet Cong tunnels. Soil analysis crews of the 159th Engineer Group take measurements to determine the effectiveness of tunnel-blasting techniques. The tunnels have plagued Allied troops and could not be destroyed effectively. Now, a new method of tunnel demolition using a subtlene gas. On 25 May, engineers of the 173rd Airborne Brigade carry the new equipment to blow tunnels during Operation Hardy Hood at Bahria. A tunnel entrance is spotted. The area around it is scanned for other openings. Many of the tunnels are vast, intricate complexes extending several hundred meters. Some are built on three levels and are equipped with underground rooms for storage of weapons and military supplies. The equipment for generating and blowing the gas is set up near the tunnel entrance. An electrically operated blasting cap is placed in the tunnel opening. A smoke grenade is thrown inside. Then the tunnel entrance is completely sealed off. And the area is carefully observed for any traces of smoke from hidden openings. This gives the demolition team an idea of the tunnel's configuration. The new demolition method is simply to flood the cave with volatile acetylene gas and ignite the gas with the blasting cap. The resultant explosion will collapse the tunnel. A solution of calcium carbide and water produces the gas in metal containers. The gas is introduced into the tunnel through tubing. A leak produces an accidental explosion and this man has to be washed down with water. Now everything is set. The blowers push the gas into the tunnel. And the gas is detonated. Other tunnels in the area are blown up. The new technique of destroying the Viet Cong tunnels does a more thorough job of neutralizing them than any of the previous methods. In the woods northwest of Khushi, a demolition team with the 25th Infantry Division will use the new method to blow up a newly discovered Viet Cong cave. Brigadier General Edward H. De Saucier, Assistant Division Commander, 25th Infantry, confers with Major Jack E. Mowry, Engineer Officer, on the use of the new equipment. For long tunnels, several of the acetylene gas units may be connected together to produce more of the gas. A standard army mighty-might blower is used to spread the gas throughout the tunnel. Destruction of the tunnels in this way makes it unnecessary to risk casualties by entering them for the purpose of clearing out the V.C. Memorial Day in Vietnam. In front of headquarters, United States Army Vietnam in Tanzanuth, shortly before noon, a ceremony is held. Honoring the memory of the American men and women who have given their lives to preserve our national ideals of freedom, the services begin as a chaplain delivers the invocation. Lieutenant General Gene E. Engler, Deputy Commanding General of USARV, speaks briefly on the meaning of this day and the sacrifices that members of our armed forces have made throughout America's history. Taps are sounded and moments later the annual commemoration of Memorial Day comes to an end. General Glenn D. Walker, Assistant Division Commander of the 25th Infantry Division, is presented with tokens of appreciation for his unit's help to the people of South Vietnam. Handsomely made by civilians in the area, the gifts are symbolic of the friendship felt by freedom-loving Vietnamese for the American Fighting Man. Gifts are also presented to members of General Walker's staff by Vietnamese girls in traditional dress. A colorful ceremony and a welcome one for the hard-fighting 25th. The base camp of the 3rd Brigade 25th Infantry Division at Placou is the scene of hilarity as the USO brings over a new show to entertain the troops. TV and nightclub performer Big Tiny Little heads up the act, which features a combo of top-notch players who know how to take a tune for a ride and have fun doing it. Pop singer Mary Petit goes over big with the boys. The USO provides two new shows a month to play the Vietnam Circuit, plus visits of famous stage and screen personalities. USO performers hurdle the Viet Cong-ridden jungle in helicopters to bring entertainment to our fighting forces wherever they may be. Next stop for the Big Tiny Little show, Cameron Bay. This is PFC Mike Baker, US Army Special Photographic Attachment Pacific reporting from the Army Procurement Agency, Japan, in Yokohama. The Army Procurement Agency, Japan is a unit of the US Army, Japan, and is unique among purchasing agencies as it combines all the functions of procurement within one activity. Here to explain the mission of the agency is Colonel E.V. Lau, commanding officer of the US Army Procurement Agency, Japan. This agency provides indigenous labor, utilities and supplies for the United States forces in Japan. This fulfills a need which cannot be met by the military supply system within the timeframe required. The agency support then goes beyond US Army, Japan. What other units of activities do you support? We support the United States Army, Navy and Air Force elements in Japan as well as those elements throughout the western Pacific. We also support the military assistance program in the western Pacific area. The Army Procurement Agency, Japan is unique in that you maintain facilities not normally found in one activity. Just what are the other facilities, Colonel? We have legal talent, financial management assistance, engineers, inspectors and price analysts to form a complete team assisting the contracting officer in the Procurement Operations Division. The Quality Assurance Division operates a procurement test facility for people of verification testing of chemical, electrical and physical properties. These tests ensure that the raw material and end items meet quality standards set forth in the contract. The Quality Assurance Division approves and monitors the contractor's quality control. As a result of their modern controls and capacity of production, Japan now acts as an extension of the US supply system to meet the immediate and extraordinary needs of the Army in Asia. This highway bridge, 11 kilometers west of Santo Domingo, was undermined by floodwaters on 28 May, causing the center section to collapse. In response to Dominican President Hector Godoy's request to establish an emergency bridge across the Haina River, the United States flew in 795,000 pounds of bridge parts in Air Force planes. There were 20 flights starting 3 June. Even complete power boats came in by air. Match-level truck beds with rollers facilitate handling the heavy units. At San Isidro Airport, men of an engineer company from Fort Benning set out for the bridge site. They convoy the first sections of the M4-T6 floating bridge. The fontans are rapidly inflated. Individual sealed sections ensure buoyancy should any one section fail. The inflated fontans are then saddled with a superstructure designed to bear the roadbed. The last portion is hammered into place. As each section is completed, it is launched by the men. US Army personnel stationed in the Dominican Republic aid in the actual construction of the bridge. Starting at the riverbank, metal sections are laid to form the roadbed leading out onto the fontans. They are designed to interconnect in an alternating pattern. The boats flown in by C-130s are now at work moving the bridge sections into position. Enough sections must be prepared and placed to span the 152-meter width of the river. The bridge is 4.2 meters wide and designed to support 55 tons. As the work progresses, word of the rapidly growing bridge spreads throughout the countryside. A tower to handle guy lines is erected. The crane is used to raise the wire cable to which each fontan will be attached by its own rope. These guy lines will give the bridge stability during tropical storms and changes in the river currents. This emergency link in a vital Dominican highway is a major gesture of goodwill to the country. The speed and scope of the operation proves interesting to onlookers. On 6 June, cars line up hours ahead of time to be among the first to cross over the bridge. At 1500 hours, the official party with the Inter-American Peace Force Commander, General Braga, starts across the bridge, which will benefit the entire community. Information is being collected for joint Thai U.S. training and recognition manuals, the Blue Book of Coastal Vessels, Thailand. Field interrogation teams are composed of Thai naval officers and civilian engineers. Ships like these in the river have already been catalogued as part of Project Agile. The program director is a U.S. naval officer from the office Secretary of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Deputy project leader is an American from the Batel Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio. The Gulf of Thailand holds tens of thousands of ships, so important to the people in nearby countries, and yet so dangerous to their military security. Miles of the exposed coastline could be easily infiltrated. Here, engineers work with their part of the questionnaire. Photographs are shot. The ship's main characteristics are detailed, such as length overall, beam measurements, anchor, net capacity of hold, and other construction data. The visit is made with the permission of the ship's captain, who gives statistics for the information forms. To obtain data on the height of the mast, an abney level is cited. It takes about three hours to obtain the necessary information on this size junk. Two ties and a U.S. information specialist collate the data. This book is the outgrowth of an earlier junk Blue Book of Vietnam. The earlier book was prepared to support stop and search operations along the Vietnamese coast. The deputy director inspects the results of the questions asked by the Thai field workers. It is his job to coordinate and edit the final published volume, the Blue Book of Coastal Fessels Thailand. In Bangkok, Thailand, Major Emmet Sims, Senior U.S. Army Ordnance Supply Advisor, accompanies his counterpart in the Royal Thai Army on an inspection tour. This Ordnance Depot supplies Class II and Class IV items. The manner in which these are handled within the installation is of particular concern to the officers. Storage facilities of the automotive supply section are also carefully checked in this joint inspection. Such cooperative efforts play a large part in upgrading the efficiency and effectiveness of the Royal Thai Army Ordnance Depots. A maintenance company in Bang Kien also has a familiar visitor, Captain Leo J. Piggati, the U.S. Army Automotive Maintenance Advisor. Here, he observes the changing of a motor in a Toyota truck. Captain Piggati also serves as the advisor to another maintenance company here in Bangkok. This unit repairs automotive assemblies turned in through supply channels. This mission requires highly trained personnel, efficient organization, and properly maintained facilities. To stimulate the achievement of these goals, Captain Piggati maintains a close and congenial liaison with his Thai counterpart. His visits to observe and comment on the unit's operations are an important and productive part of his job. I am Sergeant Major Cooper, Airborne Liaison Officer for MAG Japan. On May 22, the 1st Airborne Brigade, Japan's self-defense force, celebrated their 15th anniversary. Since its creation in 1952 as a 100-man cadre of the National Police Reserve, the brigade has grown into the strike force of the Japanese self-defense forces. Organized with World War II equipment provided by the military aid program, the brigade is now capable of making parachute assaults of a battalion combat team size. All of the equipment here is built in Japan for the self-defense forces. It includes two-and-a-half-ton trucks, 105-millimeter howitzers, mechanical mules, a new 7.62-millimeter light machine gun, and this Willis Jeep, built by Mitsubishi Industries under rights purchased from the U.S. patent holder. Because of their compatibility and accessibility, these Jeeps and other Japanese-produced equipment have been procured or used by the U.S. Army in the Pacific and for map countries in Asia. In this program, 2,274 officers and men attended one or more Army schools in the United States under military aid program training. Japan is one of a very few countries which paid for transportation of its personnel sent to Army schools under map training. Keystone in the compatible development is the frequent and personal contact of MAG personnel with their counterparts. Contact is active at all levels between the 33 members of the Army section of MAG Japan and their counterparts. The Medical Regulating Office for Jamro controls the movement of patients from hospitals in Vietnam to other areas in the Western Pacific Command. With me is the Assistant Chief of Jamro Far East Air Force Captain Edward G. Gneisel. Sir Joint Medical Regulating means that this is a tri-service activity. Does this mean that you're regulated by the Department of Defense? No. The Department of the Army is the executive agency for medical regulating both with overseas and in the United States. We are presently set up under SYNC PAC as a tri-service organization as of May of 1965 due to the Vietnam hostilities. We are assigned to the U.S. Army Medical Command Japan for administrative and logistics support. Our staff includes Army, Navy and Air Force representatives, both officer and enlisted. Captain Gneisel, would you explain to us in brief what is medical regulating? We can troll the flow of patients from Vietnam to the Pacific Command and within the Pacific Command and from PACCOM to CONUS. We control the patients by specialties, directing them to specialized treatment facilities. The object is to try and keep from overloading a particular facility, and that's special. Our objective is to try and keep the military in hospitals of their parent service. Today we have seen what is behind the swift and efficient movement of patients from hospitals in Vietnam to the other service hospitals in the western Pacific. Jamro in its performance of duty is helping to fulfill the goal of medical evacuation in that it is administratively controlling the evacuation of patients to provide for complete treatment, convalescence and return to duty of Armed Forces personnel.


Felly, rydw i'n gweithio i'r cyfnodd. Rydw i'n gweithio i'r cyfnodd. Felly, rydw i'n gweithio i'r cyfnodd. Rydw i'n gweithio i'r cyfnodd. Rydw i'n gweithio i'r cyfnodd. Rydw i'r cyfnodd, rydw i'r cyfnodd, i gydag ymgyrchau o'r meddwl ar y Gwyl Cymru y 1954. Yr ystafell yng nghylch ar gyfer cyfnodd. Mae'n defnyddio ar y Gwyl Cymru. Dych chi'n ochr fawr a'i fod yn ymgyrchu'r ysgriffaith. Mae'n schynllw, mae'r olw yn hyffrwynt ychydig, nhw'n ei adïdol, ydych chi'n bobl. Felly mae'n pleif bryd i gael y cyfnodd, mae'n ardu i gyfleu cyffomau, a'r cyfnodd, yn curthu i gyllid. Rydw i'n hemau o'ch gwaith. Felly, rydw i wedyn ymwysig ym Pyda yng nghymhysig yn unrhygon Yng nghymhysig, yn y Maili 2100, ar bobl website yma, ar gyfer y ddweud hynny roedden nhw'n cael eu defnyddio'r mhau ar gyfer y penderfyniadau o'r fathodol, a yw'r grwp yw'r gweld gwahanol a'r iawn rhai. Mae'r frefwyr a'r byff esgol yw'r hyn, mae'r gwahanol efo'r ddydd ymweld yn ynndigol. Mae'r pryn am gwybod pobl ni'n ffordd beth yw'r cyffeniad o'r rheinydd a'r llun o'r fitneboli gyndafolol o'r cefnodol. Felly mae'n ddif wedi gweld yn ymddi am gweithio'r busnes yn ei gweithio'r busnes. Mae'r grifffau myllaf yn ymddylch, gyda'r ddweud, ynghylch, lwyddoedd, achos yng nghylchol, i'r ddweud o gweithio ynghylchol ac mae'n cael ei gweithio'r busnes. Mae'n sicrhau bod eich un SES yn ei ddweud a'r ddweud i gael eu ddweud, ond ar y dyfodol yng nghylchol a'r crinol chi'n sefydlu. Gildw Tertr, y prosesiwyr ymlaen, felly rydyn ni'n gweithio i arferwag fawr arwain a'i'r Llyfrgell i amdano i'r Llyfrgell i'r Llyfrgell, ond y cyfrifiadau o'r siwrnau a llyfrgell. Felly mae'n gael arno eich ffnwys, mae'n gweithio i'n amddannu'n gweithio i'r ffnwys i'r ffnwys. I'm Ahmed Al-Fuky Al-Mani, I'm just about to destroy the shrine. Here's my digger, we're going to do this now. Well, talk about bang to rights after the fact. That's been really helpful. And of course a lot of that happened during Syria and Iraq. You probably remember pictures from the Mosul Museum of People Pushing Things Over. Well, facial recognition technology. Let's try and find some of these people on an international basis working through Interpol and relevant agencies to do that. But the international criminal court now taking a more prominent role in this area. I mean, in some ways, that have been in the news recently that defence could be up in front of the international criminal court for other reasons. Here we are trying to get people in front of the international criminal court who may be responsible for cultural property war crimes. And indeed we're looking at them with international criminal court on speedy indictments where we come across evidence that we can get to the ICC, vacant issue indictment, we can arrest the offenders and get them to the hay. The guy on the right, Ag Mohammad, is currently going through the ICC.  The international criminal court's view on this is that it's unacceptable for people now to become separated from their cultural patrimony, cultural castaways from their background. And that's a very powerful sentiment that I think certainly we would be supportive of. And what about the militaries? Well, some of these militaries have been involved in this game for a lot longer than we have. I mean, albeit we were going back to the Second World War with the Monument to Fine Arts and Archives sessions, but the moment the legislation came out, Austria, their top left, they have a unit of 28 reservists, primarily doing cultural property protection within the borders of Austria in terms of resilience and disaster relief. The Dutch have a unit of about seven going to 15, again, just looking within the borders of the Netherlands at the moment. And despite the fact that both those nations do a lot of UN work and external work, they haven't actually deployed cultural property protection officers without the borders of their country. Italy, probably the leader in this space, 300 plus military police officers, the caravanary play of both ways, very clever game, who are doing nothing but protecting the cultural patrimony of Italy with tanks and helicopters and submarines and all sorts of things like that. And those officers have spread across the length and breadth of Italy, living in the equivalent of great, one-listed buildings, so funded by their military defence and housed by the equivalent of DCMS and I guess the National Trust in the English Heritage. So I'm very much looking forward to taking over perhaps Kenwood houses, our headquarters in London, and then we'll think of somewhere else for somewhere else. The United States were heavily involved in that, but there are all sorts of logos underneath that for the Pentagon, for the Defence Intelligence Agency, the 10th Mountain Division in upstate New York with Dr Laurie Rush, and then coming down the Air Force cultural language, sorry, language centre, cultural language centre, and then the bottom US SOCOM Special Operations Command and USA Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command, Airborne, which is the founding unit of their cultural property protection unit that was recently announced in the New York Times. The French have, on the middle left, a legalistic approach to this. Their League adds right all the documentation for the implementation of the Hague Convention within the Army de Terre and across the French defence forces, but they sent two of their offices on our recent course and they're looking at establishing within their own, within the Army de Terre, a unit of cultural property protection unit. The Poles tell me that they are starting a centre of excellence for cultural property protection. The initiative has come from their cultural ministry, but they're reaching out to defence to try and establish this, and the Australians who also came on our course are very interested in this space as well, so maybe some action from there has been as well. Really, I was handed a loaded gun by Professor Peter Stone and I'm not quite sure whether I'm shooting myself in the foot or the bullet is neatly going towards the top or maybe it's a grenade he tasked with me without pulling out the pin and I pulled the pin, but he wrote this article when I was innocently sitting in Army headquarters and I was only reading, I have to sadly admit, this issue of the British Army Review, which ordinarily is a very good cure for insomnia. I was reading it because I'd written an ugly brilliant article all about green energy and how we should be doing more of it inside defence, and I thought I owed, I'm showing everybody on my desk, look at me, I'm brilliant, I'm in print, and I came across, but I thought I owed the magazine a duty to read the rest of it, and the rest is slightly history. Why did this make such a mark on me? I think probably because of my personal background, I've read every book about the monuments, fine arts and archives sections during the Second World War. I worked for 12 years in part with the Art Lost Register and I now work for our family business and work with our dealers across the road in some changes. So it was a bit of a coup de foud moment, excuse my French, a bit of a clap of thunder. I rang up the prof the moment I'd read the article and he apparently now tells the story how he almost fell off his chair that someone from the military was ringing up. But I was in so in the right place in Army headquarters to do something about this. The concepts branch looks 20 years forward at the future environment. What do we need to do to change the army of today to meet the challenges of that future environment? Well of course this is very current. So we wrote a paper on delivering a cultural property protection capability within the army and in that paper we posited a number of reasons why it was a good thing to do. Clearly top right, it's the law. So it's a non-discretionary application of the law to the armed forces, part of the law of armed conflict. We also believe we have a moral obligation to the communities amongst which we are conducting military operations during armed conflict and obligation and indeed across a whole spectrum of military operations. It's about influence, it's about reputation, it's about countering adversary propaganda, it's about our own force protection. If we go and park our tanks on someone's cultural property they're not going to feel very well disposed to us, we'll get bricked, we may get improvised explosive devices and so forth and you end up in that cycle of ongoing cycle of conflict which keeps us in a conflict zone for a lot longer and we anticipate it being there through our own fault. So that improved cultural understanding is clearly vital, understand what the cultural background of the people you're working around is all about. Preventing threat finance is we don't want looting to happen. Looting means that people are taking objects out of our area of responsibility and we are legally obliged to prevent, prohibit and stop damage destruction and looting for two cultural property within our area of operations. We don't want looted objects leaving our area of operations, going through cash converters and coming back as guns and ammo or cash to support the continuance of an adversary's operations against us. So there's a whole intelligence cycle there and that means reaching out to a whole panoply of policing and international law enforcement agencies who we're networking into. And the final one at the top is, as I understand academic studies, I've seen academic studies, and I look after someone's cultural patrimony during the conduct of military operations. It affords that community a faster and better chance of recovery, post that conflict or post that trauma. And that trauma could be a natural disaster as well. So those are the reasons that went in our paper. And as this paper took two years to whirl its way up to the top of army headquarters reaching there in the middle of 2015. With lots of people patting me on the head saying, complete idea, lovely, no resources may get lost. So what happened in 2015 as this article, this paper bumped into three-star level, which is a general level in army headquarters, the government then went and announced that they were going to put the bill before Parliament to ratify the hate convention and its two protocols. I mean this whole story is about stars aligning in the most unlikely way. And here was another one just lining up. There's an awful lot of law that already applies to us as service personnel with regard to the protection of cultural property during armed conflict. Clearly the hate convention is the overriding piece of legislation. And I think the UNESCO produced a really handy little booklet written in no small part by Professor Roger O'Keefe in the University of Wales. It is written by lawyers. So I had to go through it to be on the number 22 bus and work out what do they actually mean? What do we have to do as a result of the legislation at the UNESCO Handbook? And really the hate convention itself is the foundation document from which everything comes and really is the one that we have to get to know extremely well, which is why we're inviting an Austrian Brigadier over to United Kingdom next June to teach us about the hate convention specifically as a unit and we're extending the invitation to a single service, League Ads, the Military Police and 77 Gates Outreach Group. So when you're going through that document and don't try and read them all, but I've just picked out a few, so I've mentioned it before, military forces aren't prohibit, prevent and stop damage, destruction and leading to cultural property, including that by organised crime groups. Another page, another age things to do. Make sure there are mechanisms in place to ensure that if cultural property is recognised during an attack, the attack is stopped. Well, that's a pretty big ask, once you've got the tanks rolling to stop an attack. So how are we going to cope with something like that? And I'll come back to that point about there are lots of military issues here to crunch through here. And then a final one, consider the impact, and this is a targeting one, impact of incidental damage caused by bombing a bombardment of a military target close to cultural property. What is close to me in the proximity of? And does that mean that we can use a different kind of weapon system to attack the target we're after? Do we have a different approach angle, so the frag goes a different way? Or do we do something different, like we do a cyber attack on that objective and not a kinetic attack? All sorts of different things that we can look at in terms of targeting. The Hague Convention, Peter mentioned Article 7 is one of the bits of the legislation applies to us and the two points, two sections there, one is relating to regulations. We've got cultural property protection in our legislation. It is in the manual of military law. It is in our military annual training test. But I have shown the blue shield to two very senior officers in the armed forces. Tim, what's the kind of blue shield thing? I'll talk about that in general. You will remember from your military annual training test the law of armed conflict section, very important you do every year, and the thing is that the way we lay it out is we have four, it's a kind of guest question, we have four different symbols laid out and which of these four is the one for the protection of cultural property? No, it's not. That points to a significant education piece and one of our roles and responsibilities within defence is to educate defence about the responsibilities under the Hague Convention in conjunction with our legal advisers as well. Because it is a whole force responsibility. It's not our job to be the conscience of defence in this matter, but it is our job to remind defence from time to time that they have a conscience and that they have responsibilities here with this. Second one, establishing a cultural property protection unit, securing respect for it and cooperating with the civilian authorities responsible for safeguarding cultural property and the kind of imply task that underlies this is what is where. Because if we don't know what is where, how are we not going to park our tanks on it, drop a bomb on it, send a tomahawk missile at it. We've got to know the geospatial information intelligence which supports successful delivery of cultural property protection during the planning and execution of military operations. So even before the bill had gone into Parliament, the Secretary of State for Defence stood up and said that as part of the ramification process we would establish a military cultural property protection unit. Michael Fallon was a classicist from St Andrews and maybe that was part of it. It could also be related to the fact that before I had a call from the army secretary up there a bit of the army headquarters that looks at what our parliamentary relations and they caught me up as I was working in my office down the road here. So Tim, this army secretary up here, and I went, oh God, that's all this bad news. Secretary of State, and I thought this is getting really bad, has had an urgent question in Parliament about what we're doing in relation to protecting cultural property within defence. And I said, well, the honest answer is we're doing Jack Squad at the moment, because this was a few years ago. And I said, but we can't have the Secretary of State stand up in Parliament and say we're doing absolutely nothing in this area. So why doesn't he say this? And hello me. You have 24 hours later the Secretary of State wasn't up on his plans and saying pretty much that. But I mean, he was a man who believed in it anyway. So I think we were kind of pushing it out an open door. There was, as Peter Stone will tell you, there was support on both sides of both houses of Parliament for this bill. And it probably went through like Greece lightning quicker than any other bill. And just as well, it did go when it did go, because it had been caught up in the more recent events in Parliament, it may not have flown at all. So timing again. So what are we doing in defence? Well, it's not just about setting up a cultural property protection unit. It's about creating a structure. It's a whole force responsibility. It's everyone's responsibility within the armed forces to deliver cultural property protection. It's like first aid. We know how to shove a bandage on someone, but then we need a surgeon. So I'm trying to compare myself to a surgeon, but sometimes you need to call a friend, and maybe we're the friends who defence needs to call in times. But create a policy at defence level. And that's being done now. It's going to be wrapped into the next iteration of our human security job service publication, 1325, which is human security. We're creating doctrine at the single service level. The army have done it already. I guess they may be in the RF, may be looking at this as well. The doctrine note for cultural property protection will be published early next year. The cultural property geospatial information intelligence piece is a big one. It involves all those parties. A DGC is a defence geographic centre, UNESCO, NATO, and the US Defence Intelligence Agency, which probably sits on the largest dataset of cultural property. But I think we need to improve, if you like, the granularity, in other words, the richness of the data that's available for us, and in more detail, so that we can actually deliberate with education I've spoken of already. So one of our officers who's here today, Professor Adrian Argerflyt, I have tenant intelligence role at the Rosary Air Force, is currently looking at, with our learning development advisers in the armed forces, is creating the briefings that we need to deliver at unit level and for senior commanders in terms of informing the military. We can either go round to every unit to deliver that, or we can do it in conjunction with legal advisers and so forth. Training is about delivering cultural property protection on exercises and the work up to operations and then the unit itself, and we'll look at some of these in a bit more detail. So we've done a lot of liaison internally. If you're interested in the badge in the middle, working with Clive on this at the moment, the words respect and protect come from Eisenhower's directives in 1943 and 44. He used the word respect in 1943, and in fact he said protect and respect in his directive in 1944. Clive and I think respect and protect goes better. And what is the wind box in the middle all about? It's a badge of St Luke's, a patron saint of artists, and everything that we do is about protecting what an artist of some description has created. So we think that that is probably quite an appropriate badge to have. But anyway, looking around there, the huge smogers board of abbreviations for which I do apologise, I think the Russians know more about them than I do. But PJHQ, Cymru joined headquarters and they have a standing joint force headquarters as well, which does emergency operations, defence intelligence, financial intelligence and infrastructure, defence geographic centre, 4-2 engineer regiment of the army regiment, part of the joint forces intelligence group who deliver geospatial information intelligence to the army and defence. Standing joint command is looking at what happens within the United Kingdom itself, and so that could be a resilient operation, should we have a terrorist issue, or should we have a humanitarian disaster relief kind of thing when you bring up the army and can you provide a helicopter. Optag deliver training before going on missions, GCSU, defence cultural specialist unit, defence infrastructure organisation after the defence state. And then we've got a bit of policing and legal on the left there. DCDC is a defence concepts and doctrine centre, which does our policy and doctrine. And then the joint space, we've got the three single services and the top ministry defence. And then Clive mentioned the working group and he said it was small and it is elastic. It does vary as to who shows up. But we've had to develop relationships outside defence, which we hadn't had before in some very interesting and novel places. Top right, there's a whole big policing bit to this with relations with Interpol, Europol, National Crime Agency, the international customs organisation with the FBI art unit with Homeland Security International and their art investigators International Criminal Court. I mean it goes on and on with the Met Policing with the Met Art and Antiques Unit and the National Terrorist Financial Investigation Unit and War Crimes. War Crimes is another big piece that we've already slightly looked at, border force, then some of the NGOs here, the Blue Shield, the Red Cross and across the bottom are custodians of cultural heritage who have been very supportive in some of their membership organisations as well and the Smithsonian. And then bottom right we've got the militaries that we've been liaising with and then top right, we've got the other government departments reaching out to the organisation for security cooperation in Europe and the Commonwealth and UNESCO beyond them as well as Historic England. NATO is in this space as well. They've written a directive on cultural property protection which is sending them on the road to standardise agreement on cultural property protection. It's a project that they produce in the Cymru, that's a civil military centre of excellence in the Hague which has been done and we're cooperating on all those things with NATO's policy on the data and so forth. We established an illicit cultural property trafficking working group. Why is defence into this? Because one of the legal obligations on us is to prevent, prohibit and stop looting in our area of operation together people from across government and their agencies to look at what is the impact of looting and trafficking? Does it involve the UK and UK nationals? What intelligence can be generated? What intelligence can be generated into evidence in order to arrest and seize things? What advice can be given to ministers in terms of policies and then can we recover and repatriate? Now most of these are without the defence's gambit. Most of this is about international policing and law enforcement but we're going to be in the first mile as it were and so it's our responsibility to stop things happening in that first mile and to reach out to our partners across government and internationally to ensure that there is a cohesive and cooperative response to illicit cultural property trafficking where it involves the United Kingdom. Information, the sort of large elephant in the room, the most fundamental preconditions to protecting cultural property joint facilities are to identify what and where cultural property to be protected is and to communicate this information effectively to those engaged in the planning and execution of military operations in accordance with the UNESCO manual. So the war fighters on the right from targetiers in defence through permanent joint headquarters to RAF planes. One of the big advantages these days is that everything comes off a plane, everything comes off a ship, it's generally going, knows where it's going and in the Second World War of course you just opened the bomb doors and fingers crossed that it didn't hit the kind of thing because the monuments fine arts archive sections produced maps which then had sort of tip-exed out things don't hit this church and so you just fingers crossed as a bombing and went across that town that the bombs didn't go there but it was luck rather than judgment or technology. Now we've got a lot of technology that helps us on the battlefield we don't want to waste expensive ammunition we want to put it in the right place to achieve a military effect and so it's become more possible in more ways to deliver cultural property protection because of the technology it's a matter of amassing it in the right place to do that but we get our geospatial information intelligence from the people in the middle a joint forces intelligence group which includes the defence geographic centre 4-2 servo regimen and the UK hydrographic office and we're reaching out beyond over the left-hand side outside the wire as it were into academia and into the nations to deliver that cultural property geospatial information intelligence but it's think of it from a military operational security perspective we don't want to have to ring up somewhere that we're going to invade next Tuesday and say hi by the way it's Saturday we like all your cultural property information in our data set so we don't bomb it when we arrive on Tuesday what do you mean you're coming on Tuesday? these kind of things should be built now in times of relative peace when we're not all fighting each other in order that that data is freely available but it's very sensitive it might all be in Benideca's guide but if you put a list of cultural property together and put it into a military data system then one person's list of cultural property to protect could well be another party's list of cultural property to be taken out and we've seen that kind of eradication of cultural property in Syria and Iraq so it's sensible but it's sensitive and how do we deal with those issues so what we're looking at now is utilising the distinctive emblems of the blue shield and the hate convention on our mapping it's called symbology it's being run through our symbology committee now UNESCO say that's fine you're a party to the hate convention if you want to use that and if it becomes best practice amongst nations then so much better but they may or may not go for it with the symbologist but it would seem to make sense to me to use the distinctive emblems because that's what people might see when they're actually conducting military operations and if you, let's say this is a digital mapping layer as opposed to a physical one one should be able to click on that icon and go straight to what NATO have developed a 30 point schema 30 different data fields relating to that cultural property structure in terms of where it is what it is, what it's made of who's responsible for it, what's in it movable cultural property, will it and then we can make all the deductions as to whether we need to conduct some surveillance on it whether we need to guard it when we get there if it's full of important movable cultural property there's a chance it might be looted so we're working with NATO and internally on those the United Kingdom Historic England have brought together all the devolved governments to put together the United Kingdom CD-ROM of our cultural property that meets the standard that DCMS have set for that cultural property to be protected under the Haid Convention 1954 so when we've got that CD and in fact the data for England and Wales has already gone to defence but when we've built the whole data set then we can send it to NATO, we can send it to UNESCO and the irony about this piece of legislation is that there's no requirement for any nation to log any data with UNESCO, which one would have thought would be the sensible place for all this data to sit where what UNESCO have is the World Heritage Site and there are effectively buttons number of them around the world whereas in this country there are something like 15,000 I think in England alone items of cultural property or structures of cultural property that meet the standard of the criteria that DCMS have set so when we've built our data set then we can go to the rest of the world and say here's our data disk have you got yours and if you haven't got yours maybe there's a cultural diplomacy opportunity for DCMS and the historic Englands and the doors to go to those nations and say can we help you put the legislation in place to build a national data set and to ensure the protection of your own cultural property I don't know, not really a matter for me but I'm interested in the data that results from it because we need it The final aspect almost is the military cultural property protection year which was comes about as a result of the ratification by parliament of the Hague Convention in 2017 the unit was established in the back end of 2018 and we put it into 77th Brigade into the outreach group which is in all money and civil military affairs unit inside 77th Brigade so it's a defence capability it sits within the field army we look back at two anti-seedent units that existed in the Second World War the Monuments Finance and Archives sections both UK and US primarily there were 50 Brits serving during the fighting part of World War II who were listed in Lieutenant Colonel Sir London Woolies post-war report and incidentally that report and their standard operating procedures from the Second World War are as relevant to us today as they were when they were conducting operations in the Second World War because some things just don't change history tends to repeat itself why would they be any different? Of course their things have moved on like technology and so forth but how you deal with a problem is fundamentally the same as it was in 1945 although probably some Conservatives will shout me down and say that's absolutely things have moved on of course they have but the fundamentals are underlying Monuments Finance and Archives sections were responsible for the physical protection of it and as it became clear in the Second World War how much had been looted across them they became responsible for identifying the refugees and recovering the cultural property somebody once mentioned to me that 10 of you sat up in front of a room for academics and you mentioned that movie that Peter Stone mentioned but I have to say that movie has done a lot to raise the profile of what this unit did in the Second World War otherwise I'd be having a hard time explaining to you as it is I can walk in somewhere I can say you've seen the movie yes you've seen the movie I'm George Coon at least that's what my mirror tells me in the morning when I'm having a show my wife tells me different of course the unit on the right on the right hand side is the Art Loosing Investigation Unit and that was a unit of the Office of Strategic Services a four run into the Central Intelligence Agency their remit was to look at the groups, individuals and networks responsible for the looting with a view to both restitution and bringing the individuals responsible to account at Nuremberg where four were arranged for cultural property war crimes and one was executed, one executed himself and I'm not quite sure what happened to the other two both of these units had a very short life span and the OSS was wrapped up immediately after the end of combat operations and the if you like the war bit of wartime bit of the NFAA sold it on for a few years after but many of those who were involved during conflict themselves have gone back to their day job shortly thereafter but we look back at those two units again because many of their operations give us lessons and operating practices for today so when we look at the roles for the cultural property protection unit we look back at the Second World War we look at the legislation itself we look at the experience of our allies and we look at statements made by the Secretary of State for Defence and Parliament they all get wrapped into something called a concept of employment a conit long document telling the armed forces how this unit can deliver its capability they can get a con use and a con ops and all sorts of other things as well which I'm sure will come to write as well Secretary of State for Defence then stood up in Parliament a bit later on in 2016 and said the unit will provide advice training and support to operational planning processes and can investigate record and report cultural property issues from any area of operation so that's a quite broad and challenging remake what does that mean I mean rather glipped to just write down education we've got to educate the whole of the armed forces and if you remember, no, no, no, 19 now this is an organisation that churns quite a lot of people this is a real ongoing responsibility to educate defence about what our obligations are under the Hague Convention training, doing command post exercise and field exercise, defence engagement when military talks to another military sporting other government departments like DFID, perhaps with humanitarian alien disaster relief and liaison with a wide spectrum of other parties and then during operations itself targeting in liaison at all levels and some of those things are Secretary of State for it said at a practical level you can see there the two items are actually mentioned in the Hague Convention securing respect and co-operating with the civilian authorities how do you task it through army headquarters that's the structure of the unit one plus 14 with four group B reserves we've managed to swing a couple of posts to the Royal Navy and the Royal Auxiliary Air Force they need these kind of skills monuments, fine arts archives, archaeology architecture, structural engineering, art conservation art logistics and art investigations so we're looking at people with a relevant degree of experience in working in the country probably well so there are the first six who are in and Historic Environment Scotland, the Heritage Building Surveyor, freelance archaeologist Royal Auxiliary Tarthing Specialist, Heritage Advisor who's an intelligence officer Professor of Gearchology who's an intelligence officer project manager with English Heritage Army Air Corps and four civilians working for the National Trust Museum of London Oxford University and Tomadine Heritage Architect so those are the first 10, the ones on the bottom are civilians who are now starting the process of their army officer and RAF officer selection training which go through a few more candidates on the right always looking for more people so do you column me afterwards within, this was at the first training course to be ran, within a month of that we had someone with the working with the blue shield training the Irish Defence Forces before a UN deployment, someone in NATO talking to them about cultural property protection someone training the Defence Human Security Advisers course, someone working with the Metropolitan Police on war crimes. That was the whole course lots of people there on the right hand side, there were seven different nations and on top of that there was UNESCO Interpol, the Carabinerie Metropolitan Police two officers from their Cymru Centre of Excellence and others we were doing the integration of cultural property protection in higher planning processes, very complicated actually quite simple, briefings on things like humanitarian disaster relief from the French officers on Mali and the Central African Republic and all those other things, Historic England came along to talk to us about First Aid and Drones for Assessment and Nigel came to talk to us about the Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives sections in the Art Loot Investigation Unit we went out on the ground, we did some recces we were looking at those things at Hinton Ampler at Fort Brockhurst in Gosport and the Royal Garrison Church in Cortsmouth in order to understand some of those points above and then there was on the side, we had Heritage of War team down and Tim Lawton came down to present the certificates Mat Room Briefing, because Southern Park where we were delivering this course was out in the house headquarters before D-Day get an ID card, get some badges big story about that took a long time to get put a badge on the uniform but I think it's important from my perspective particularly the ones on the left the big blue shield when you're in a headquarters someone can immediately identify what your role and responsibility is within this headquarters and from my perspective that was an important thing to do, get some equipment we're looking at the standard operating procedures which I explained before we've got to do a lot of awareness, training and raising the profile within defence we have on our intranet the Army Knowledge Exchange on which there's a cultural property protection page the government or it was announced by the Secretary of State for Defence that we would have a human security centre of excellence on hold at the moment that centre of excellence would include cultural property protection if it does come back I've put this slide up as my final slide and my final slide to a briefing at Army Joint Headquarters recently Senior Commanders, what to do and J1 to 2 are all the different things that we do in the armed forces so personnel is 1, 2 is intelligence 3 operations, 4 kit, 5 is 5 is 5 is planning 6 comm 7 is finance 8 7 is training, 8 is finance and 9 is policy legal and media and then I flicked on to the it was just the idea to give people something to do and I flicked on for the last slide and then the most senior officer in the room said so Tim what are the kind of responsibilities here for defence and I went Admiral, let me just flip back to that side I draw your attention to senior commanders and the second point failure can be a war crime and there was pin dropping silence for a sort of took 3 I ask that question so that's what underlies this there are legal obligations on the United Kingdom armed forces to comply with the hate convention 1954 for the protection of cultural property during the event of armed conflict and we will deliver thank you Tim thank you very much for a very detailed and meaty presentation my bad I got the timing slightly wrong at the top of this talk but we do have a couple of minutes for some questions arising from our presentation now and then we will run from 12.30 to 13.30 do we have any questions I'll write it back and then a couple of questions who are you shouting at on deck I suppose and if you could state your name hello I'm John Mow I work for the cancer bureau on SBO2 a few years ago but I just want to raise the issue of you referred to the medical interface being active here and you referred only to the caravaniery in Italy there was 300 in the caravaniery and there was two here and when I talked to two extreme of these officers a couple of years ago they had been supported to record them prior so I mean although you are taking a picture of the law picture there are still quite a few gaps in the civil response of this happily I represent the defence not the home office so the politic thing there would be to say nothing but what I can say is that Interpol have produced a paper which recommends that every Interpol member has a national heritage crime unit in their law enforcement area and I'll just leave that there That's a big question I think in education and training run hand in hand we've got to do the education before you can actually do the training so it's a long-term delivery of this but we're looking at exercises now we're looking at a big US reinforcement exercise into Europe next year we're looking at Allied Rapid Reaction Corps exercises and UK 3D exercises because you've got to start somewhere and so if we there's going to be a multi-pronged approach to this we can produce things like a defence culture property protection hamper and throw that on AKX and probably very few people will read it we can churn out packs of cards, posters we can do unit briefs that we can put on AKX that the legat can go and deliver from the brigade or wherever but this should be part of our ongoing training and if you look at what's in our military and your training tests at the moment there is one question only on cultural property protection and perhaps that could be looked at and maybe there should be more where we're pushing into defence but I think we need to get out there and get participating in exercises because it is a whole force responsibility so you can't just show up on an exercise and do it you've got to be wrapped into the military the main events list so you've got to be participating in the structural delivery of the exercise so that's a big ask as well for 15 reserves so there's a lot to do for a small number of people but there also are legal officers who can help deliver this training and education and support on exercises as well probably not a terribly complete answer but we're going to get right in there I think that's a really good question so what are our responsibilities in regard to the natural environment and the natural environments which are protected and if you look at one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites I believe is a Cornish tin mining area well that's half of Cornwall and what are we supposed to do to protect half of Cornwall from damaged destruction and looting and disruption to that natural environment and I think these are issues that we'll have to work through the ones that I've got in front of me are concerning cultural property and its protection but it very soon edges into that whole area of the legislation surrounding protection of the natural environment as well and there are other parts of the army that may particularly be engineering looking at those areas as well I will always defer that one to our legal advisers as to what our responsibility is It could also be a question for us to discuss at the end of the day on the round table I think it's a very broad issue Thanks for the question One more question perhaps if arising from the paper specific to this I love the way for that I'm just chatting with people The lab has not just been under the training so every single person is certainly the advocate and the advisory for the air force has trained a cultural property annually but they also get it when they join the air force I don't know they also get that training every time they promote a cultural property but they are all about a property which includes specifically cultural property protection and that how that is delivered changes depending on the level of the community so you get more of it by the current responsibility so senior parties get more more responsibility and their accountability so I just want to be useful to people to provide a little bit more context because he is absolutely right so the air force, the army, the navy are larger organisations that do have a large amount of children because we are at the same time that some of us have done much of what we want so I think the cultural property plays a part in and I think there are definitely an opportunity to get a cultural property unit for example in the overarching government structures that are training to make sure that you can also help to ensure what words are delivered already and join in so that we can have a movement that could do reservists which is a very small number of a very good task there is a whole lot of other people doing that to get back to nature to deliver more what is we going to be doing I agree, absolutely I think that from our perspective that Spider-Man, as Uncle said to Spider-Man with great power comes great responsibility we have enormous power on the back of the field in terms of the application of legal force and it is up to us to discharge our obligations under a whole panoply of legislation in accordance with those obligations and we very much look forward to working across all departments all single services and with the legal departments in order to ensure that the training delivered ensures that our personnel meet can meet those obligations when they are called on to do so Tion, thank you very much


Today I have the pleasure of sitting with Dr. Beach, once again, a political scientist from the University of Hull in England. Last time we spoke about the similarities between Brexit and Trump. This time we're going to be speaking about the Labour Party in the United Kingdom and the Democratic Party in the United States, and whether or not both parties have the opportunity for a comeback. Dr. Beach, why is it safe to compare the Labour Party to the Democratic Party? Both parties are progressive parties, their parties occupy the centre-left, both parties are one of the two main parties in each respective country. Both parties are out of power, both parties do face significant challenges in terms of their traditional voters and how they win them back. Do you think that the Democratic Party and the Labour Party have the opportunity for a comeback? I think in the long run, yeah, because they are one of the two main parties in their respective systems. I think the Dems, the Democrats, are a far better place to come back in terms of presidential politics in four years' time. I think the 2016 US presidential election was a change election, and even though Donald Trump, to many observers, seemed neither to be, and to this day seems neither to be a conservative or necessarily a natural choice for many socially conservative, traditional values voters, he represented, his narrative represented significant change. The Democrats did not pick a changed candidate. I don't think Hillary Clinton was an especially strong candidate at all, quite frankly. She really represented the political establishment and perhaps more of the same. So he was Donald Trump, the change agent. And I think really that the Dems are not in that bad a shape in terms of putting forward a candidate in four years' time who can speak to a range of different groups within the American electorate. What about the Labour Party? I think it's quite a different situation. I think the Labour Party are in poor shape, immensely poor shape. And it's not just because they have the most left-wing leader in their history, and it's not just the fact that he is viewed with real skepticism by the British public. The vast majority of the British public do not think that Jeremy Corbyn is prime ministerial at all. They don't think he's the type of leader who can represent the nation, they don't have confidence in what he says in a whole range of issues from defence to homeland security to the economy. He really is not a strong card. Thank you so much for joining me, Dr Beech, and I look forward to our next conversation. Thank you, Emmanuel.


Hi, I'm Chen. I'm presenting the paper entitled Model Result Analytics Sidechannel. That's from a coding theory viewpoint. This is joint work with Vasant from Slasovia and the Olivia. Me and Vasant will jointly present the work. This is the outline of the talk. I will start with the motivation, then I will introduce the model. The third part, I will introduce an application of this model on an unprotected AES case. Then Vasant will introduce its applications on protected implementations including masking and the suffering. Last is the conclusion of the paper. Let's start with the concept of sidechannel analysis. There is a classic scenario in cryptography. I just want to send a message to Vop and she chooses to encrypt her message using some well-designed ciphers such as AES. This is Eve's dropper called Eve, who can eavesdrop this channel to harm the secure communication. The narrow sense crypto problem is to design good math algorithm to achieve this secure communication goals in the presence of the AES dropper. However, in the real world, the implementation of the Cypher will leak sidechannel information such as timing information, the power consumption, electromagnetic leaks to facilitate the Eve to break the claim security of the used algorithm. So it is much more difficult to achieve secure communication in the physical world. Now we introduce a very important class of sidechannel attacks called differential power analysis DPA. So we have we know this leakage traces and from this leakage point we know that it corresponds to such a computation that we know the plain text X and then X will be x or y by a secret key to get Z and Z will pass this S-box to get Y. If we guess K is zero then from the guess we can view the model M0 and compare L with M0 then we can get the probability that the K is zero. So then we exhaustively guess different values of keys and pick the most probable guess. This approach is also called divide and conquer strategy. Recently a very powerful very powerful sidechannel attack called sub-analytic sidechannel attack Saskka was discovered. The basic idea is to effectively update the messages. Let's also take this computational graph as example. So at the starting stage we may have a large amount of information on some values for instance we know the plain text P, plain text X and for this value Y we may have a very large leakage but for this desired secret key we know a small amount of information. So after the information propagation we know more about the intermediate values and the finder we could recover the key. We can extend the previous computation graph to form a new tool example for our purpose. We have three layers of computation. The first layer includes four S-boxes whose leakages can be exploited by the divide and conquer approach. If we only consider the leakage of the S-box output we have a univariate model otherwise it is bivariate. We can also have one round Saskka targets that cannot be exploited by the divide and conquer approach by summing the output of two S-boxes in the curious round and letting it be the input of another S-box. We can do the same to have a two round Saskka target as well. So a natural question is can any leakage be exploited? As suggested by masking security proof all the leakage samples in the implementation can be exploited. Is it true? For the divide and conquer approach it is definitely not true. Actually only the leakage from the first and last rounds of block ciphers can be exploited but the divide and conquer approach has the advantage that its security valuation is very easy. For instance for eight big devices if we assume for a bivariate leakage and assume that mutual information per leakage is epsilon bits or if we do normalization has lambda bytes then we can easily bound that the required number of choices is this. So for soft and static attacks the situation is much better. This is a very powerful attack. We call it nearly worst case attack as it has a performance close to the optimal one in the information theoretical sense. However Saskka also has some aspects that need to be further investigated. One main problem is that it is hard for security valuation. If you want to know its performance then you have to run the attack. The difficulty is two-fold. On one hand the attack result can be very heuristic and depend on the circuit representation. If the circuit has a lot of cycles then the result will not converge or even converge to a wrong value. On the other hand computing information propagation can be slow for instance for an n-bit XOR it may take time n times 2 to n. Actually this complexity is already very high for a 32-bit device. So the scope of this paper is to investigate the evaluation of Saskka. We propose a new model called local random probing model LRPM to bound the efficiency of Saskka. This model allows faster security valuations of Saskka. This model allows revisiting masking security proofs and the evaluation of actual implementations in a flexible manner. This model allows speeding up the evaluation of shuffling. Now we come back to the toy unprotected implementation shown in the previous slides. Actually we could represent it in a factor graph. We show it as an instance with three choices here. So the key variables are the divided conquer targets and the w variables and the b variables the Saskka target. The divide and conquer targets are connected by continuous channels. It means that for different traces the value will be the same. Otherwise for the Saskka targets it has one shock leakage. Another difference is that for the divide and the conquer targets we have bivariate leakage. For the Saskka target we have univariate leakage. The dark gray box represents the continuous leakage. In our example we assume that we have epsilon is 0.1 bits or lambda is 0.1 over 8 bytes per leakage. So the 2 LC box represents 0.1 over 4 bytes per trace. As Saskka will iterative update the message we need to design local information propagation rules to bound to the normalized information leakage on each edge. There are two pipe nodes, the variable nodes and the function nodes. For the variable nodes it's relatively simple with just summing the input value. So this is similar to measuring information from independent traces in design and conquer approach. For the function node it could be complicated. We approximate the probability distribution on each edge by a distribution from our Q and A ratio channel or a random probability model with a ratio probability at least 1 minus lambda. Then we will observe an erasure channel on the output edge with a ratio probability at least this value and from coding theory we know that the channel capacity of the erasure channel is at most this value. So we can use this value to bound the collected information on this edge. If we assume that the mutual information per leakage is 0.1 bits and with the model we know that when round Saskka the required number of samples is at least 27 and for two round Saskka it is 21. So we see that 27 is about 8 over 0.3 and 0.3 consists of two parts. One is from the bivariate leakage for the divide and conquer targets and 0.1 is the universe leakage for the Saskka targets. We see that the security of an implementation in the LRPM may decrease linearly with its circuit size for small examples. It is a confirmation of the masking secure proofs and it is independent of whether these leakages are exploitable by DC. However this is just very small examples with AES or known plain text case we will see that sometimes it is not true and big in beyond a few rounds it uses. Now we start the AES case study. So this is a factor graph of the first round first column of AES. So it's very complicated. We can do some merge to simplify the graph so we merge variables connected by a bijection. We see that Y1 is the XOR of K1 and X1 but as we know the plain text X1 so Y1 and K1 is connected by bijection and also Y1 is connected with Z1 with a bijection so we can put K1, Y1, Z1 as a new variable with one and it connected the leakages to this new variable. By the merging trick we hide it along the operation and the remaining is only the XOR operation. So we have a tenor graph in the coding literature and the graph is much more simplified. From this tenor graph we could define an adjacency matrix and we could also define an LDPC code by treating this adjacency matrix as a parity check matrix. If we think reversely we could define a cipher from an LDPC code thereby connecting the cipher design problem to a code design problem. We hope the tools in the LDPC code design could be helpful to design SASCAR resistant ciphers. This could be a good topic for you to research. We present the evaluation results of the AES case study. Our setting is we consider different number of rounds of leakage exploited because of the different deterministic parts of the leakage function including the random leakage model and the heavy weight leakage model. We consider different noise levels including lower noise regime and higher noise regime. We also consider the non plaintext or unknown plaintext scenario. So our general result is that the model prediction match the experiments and are conservative and the evaluation time of our LRPM is significantly shorter. This figure shows the leakage bounds and the success rates of experimental SASCAR was up to two rounds against an unprotected AES implementation in a non plaintext scenario. Here it's only 0.05 so we are in a lower noise scenario. We simulate this TA or divide and conquer attacks and the one round SASCAR and the two round SASCAR attacks. For the three cases we do the experiments in the heavy weight leakage model and the random leakage model respectively. And our conclusion is that the attack complexity is independent of the shape of the leakage functions. We also do the experiments in the higher noise scenario. Our conclusion is that the improvement of SASCAR over TA is independent of the noise. So this is particularly relevant in practice because we can then compute the constant factor between the conservative model and the real attacks and this will hold independent of the noise. We also run the model and the experiment in an unknown plaintext scenario with up to 10 rounds. Our results show that in the non plaintext scenario digging beyond the second round does not help much but in an unknown plaintext scenario leakages from all the rounds are very helpful. Hello, I will continue the presentation which protected into notation cases. And we start with masking. The energy of masking is to share the SASCAR x into several shares 0 up to 50 and then to perform the operation with other shares. So when an attacker wants to export certain information, you would encrogram information on each shares and then you need to combine this information to recover information on the SASCAR. And this can be represented which is the fact of work that is described in the left part of this slide where we have our SASCAR x there and then our shares there. We have our leakage information for work and then our combination function that will send information to the SASCAR. And this can be adapted in our logic model with the set of equations in the right part. So we assume we have the same amount of information on each share lambda per bit. So that is the information per bit. So it's less than one. And then we can estimate the information we send to from the combination function to the SASCAR value by raising this value to the 4B. And that is what we expect from masking proofs that the information decreases financially, which is the number of shares that you see. Of course, there is some total factor on the proof and we discuss some technicalities to reflect that in the paper. Now we can estimate the information bound from the encoding for several observations for any variation just by multiplying by n. So that is for masking the coding. Finally, we can also do one remark that now in masking the case as opposite to unprotected case, we don't have continuous leakage, we just have one continuous leakage. So once we have observations for encoding, we can look at what happened when we were in the variation. And usually horizontal affect events masking will target the notification algorithm, such as D-shy-shy-Vanian notification. This kind of algorithm takes two shares, two shares value as input and corresponding cross-point to it. So this cross-point will have some information about the sensitive value and the color of horizontal attack is to export this. So we look at how to estimate the bond of leakage from this internal product and we describe this in a question in our paper. So once again, go to the paper for more information, but here I've just described the estimation bond we get. So that is represented on the graph. On the x-axis, we have the number of measurements and on the y-axis, the amount we estimate, both axes that are in large scale and we look at different cases, different order. So in blue, we have for the 3, red for the 6 and green for the 9. And on the left part, we have the high noise scenario. In that case, we can see that the distance between the line seems to be similar from 3 to 6 or 6 to 9. And that's what we see. It's an impact factor when we add 3 to the order, we have the same impact on the leakage point. Now if we look at low noise that is on the right part, we can see that the distance between the line has smaller for 6 to 9 than from 3 to 6. And that's where we can take advantage of partial and actually it's what it was shown in horizontal attack against masking literature is that it's efficient or we can obtain more information when we add low noise sitting in high noise. It's much more complicated to express this information. In any one format we can do, it's that using a set of equations, it's quite easy or quite efficient to derive this graph. But when you have to implement the horizontal attack and to repeat the attack to estimate the success rate, then it can be quite contentionally intensive. So that is one main advantage we have to estimate our observation, but then we are way more efficient. We now consider another continuum that we're shopping. The main idea of shopping is when we have a set of same operations done on different parts of the state, is to perform in the Honda model. Typically when we have a block cycle like the AES and we have the X-Box failure, we have 16 times the same operation that is for the execution for the X-Box and we first use the first X-Boxes that would correspond to that point in the price. Then we do the second operation and we know at which time at which point in the price it should correspond and etc. The main idea of masking is to perform this operation in one model order such that we start maybe for the X-Box 3, so this is error and then we will do the X-Box 5 and then the X-Box 1. So when an adversary has to attack such traces, you don't know at which point it should obtain the leakage for our SB1. So the idea is then to spread the information, the point of a test, overall the test cycle and see the number of operations we should have and this end to amplify the number. So we can consider different scenarios to attack a shoving. The first one is one with no information about the permutation.  So we call this okay as you need template attack and this will give us epsilon information on each point and the traces. The second case is that when we have some information in the permutation, since the permutation needs to be regenerated, then we can also observe this and then we can link the information from the permutation and the operation we get to have more successful attack and this is what we call DPDIC attack and we have another estimation of the information we have on the permutation and CMP. Finally we also look at third cases where for efficiency reasons sometimes we don't show a lot of operations but we start with a random index. So typically we just look at a random value and then execute the S-boxes in the order that we're starting with the not from one but from a different value and this is called a condom start index and this can also be an attack and since we have more structure in the shopping we can have more efficient attack and because this gives an RSE ingenuity template effect. Using total condom proving we can evaluate the catch for different scenarios. Distimulation can be completely efficient due to product revelation based on attack that require intensive multiplication. We draw a bond on the graph of the X-axis, we have the number of measurements and on the Y-axis we have our leakage bond. We have several graphs, so the blue line corresponds to the unprotected case that is given for our references and then in green we have the random start index attack then in those typically template attacks, so the one using information on the permutation generation and in black we have the attack we show things that when we don't use the permutation. From the left half we have the low noise scenario, in the white part we have a high noise scenario and in the paper we also get some intermediate noise labor and we have some observations we can make from this graph and that are similar to the one from shopping details here is that for low noise shopping is ineffective and that improves the security of your device. For low noise shopping starts to have an impact on the information leakage that has a random start index it's quite easy to do the enumeration then we have weaker security and finally for large noise all are shuffling the operation of similar impact and typically we supply the noise by the number of operations we need the number of operations and typically it's what we can see here for unprotected case we need so our full information 100 traces white for her shuffling then we done 1600. So we conclude our work we have proposed a new model called locally random probing model LRPM to boundary efficiency of SASCA this model allows fast security evaluation of SASCA this model prediction match the experiments and are consulted for an unprotected AES implementation this model could be applied to evaluate protected implementations such as masking and shuffling actually this model has been applied in some recent papers we hope that this research could set light on the systematic study of combined quantum measures again nearly worst case SASCA thank you


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