All right, let's get on with tonight's announcements. As I mentioned, this is part of our partnership with NPS and the Parks Conservatory. And we have, we do almost every month we partner and do an event and we call them nature boosts. So it is Climate Action Month as well as National Poetry Month. So we have a lot of events celebrating poetry. And I hope that our events for climate are hopeful and we'll get you through what is trying and hard to get through. And we hope all of our events do that. So we want to acknowledge, our library wants to acknowledge that we occupy the unceded ancestral homeland of the Ramya Tushaloni people who are the original inhabitants of the San Francisco Peninsula. We recognize that we benefit from living and working on their traditional homelands. And as uninvited guests, we affirm their sovereign rights as first peoples and wish to pay our respects to the ancestors, elders and relatives of the Ramya Tushaloni community. And our tech host, Lisa, has just placed a link in the chat box that you can use to look up what native land you are occupying tonight. If it's not a loading land. We have some amazing events coming up, are on the same page, which is San Francisco Public Library's bi-monthly read where we encourage all of San Francisco to read the same book. We have the amazing Pulitzer Prize winning, Natalie Diaz, yes, a poet for our on the same page. We have not done a book of poetry for this campaign. So I'm super excited. Tuesday, April 26th in conversation with the amazing educator and author and post punk rock drummer, Michelle Cruz Gonzalez. So excited, please come into that event. For National Poetry Month, we have Derek Austin and Keith Wilson in conversation. And this is part of our African-American Center. And you can see right there, third floor, 100 Larkin Street in person, come on down. And another in-person African-American Center event, celebrating Bay Area Black Poet Laureates, including our one and only Tango, Eisen Martin, DeLore Major. And word slanger, I'm blanking on her full name, but she is Oakland Poet Laureate right now. You can get her book from Nomadic Press. Saturday morning, we have these two amazing, beautiful humans. And they're gonna be talking about nature and art and looking at that through verses of the Quran. So I'm very excited about these two brilliant humans. Come check it out. Monday night, smart water gardening, another in-person event with ex librarian, Jim Van Buskirk, and we'll be looking at earthquakes in San Francisco movies. And then two super fun events. I can't wait for. On Earth Day, we'll be having, well, two events with these two amazing humans, Annie Sprinkle and Beth Stevens, scholars, educators, and sex educators. So Friday on Earth Day on the Larkin Street steps, we'll be doing an Earth Day sidewalk, eco sex clinic. And the same thing, talking about the disasters of climate, but how do we get through this and how do we still find pleasure in our life and knowing that these things are happening and embracing that these things are happening and doing something about it, but also still finding pleasure. So we also will be joining Annie and Beth on a eco sex walking tour and we'll be meeting at Bernal Heights Library Sunday, April 24th, 2 p.m. and going around to Holly Park and loving nature. The amazing Emily St. John Mandel will be in conversation with Anna Lee Newitz. This is a partnership with San Mateo County Public Libraries and Emily St. John Mandel is the author of Stations 11, also the HBO optioned TV series. All right, that's it. That's all of my announcements coming up at the library. And I wanna thank you all again for being here tonight. We have a great presentation. You can either use the chat box for your questions or you can use the Q and A feature, but it's a nice intimate crowd. So nothing will get lost in the chat for sure. Share your thoughts. And tonight we have Marin Headland Rangers, Lara and Socarro. Did I mangle it? Socorro, Socorro. You got it, Socorro, you got it, you got it. We're dive, every time I read this sentence too, I'm just like envisioning you two diving into the Rodale Lagoon. And we're gonna learn about the unique system, their ecosystem and how it's going to evolve with climate change. And together learn about the geology and wildlife and brainstorm how we can continue to protect people in places like this from being harmed and issues facing our environment. And I feel like this a bit too is one of those ones where yes, there's some drastic things happening, but there's also hope and together, I love the together part, together we brainstorm and how to continue to protect ourselves and our people and the people we love and the places we love and the places we live. All right, Lara and Socorro, take it away. I'm gonna stop sharing. All right. Thank you so much. Thank you. Get the screen share up. All right, if you're all able to see that, take it away, Socorro. Yes, so hi, good evening everyone. My name is Socorro Cardoso. My pronouns are she, her, ella and I am based at the Marin Headlands, which is part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area and today we're gonna dive into a changing climate of Rodale Lagoon. I'm joined with another wonderful ranger. Ranger Lara, can you come off mute and introduce yourself for us please? Hello, good evening. My name is Lara. My pronouns are she, her, hers. I'm a ranger in the Marin Headlands telling you the stories alongside Socorro and very excited to be with you all today. Awesome, thank you. So the purpose of this presentation is to understand how Rodale Lagoon's unique ecosystem is projected to evolve with climate change. We will cover topics such as our local watersheds in the Bay Area and our unique one-of-a-kind geology that makes up the Marin Headlands and finally the wildlife that swims in the Rodale Lagoon's brackish waters. So we could hit the next slide please. So before diving into the material, I'd like also to do a land acknowledgement to acknowledge the first indigenous peoples of this land that we're gonna be talking about today. The Coast Miwa have been around since time immemorial and they are the first protectors and caretakers of this land. We are currently working from home. So we're also, I would also like to acknowledge that we are on a lonely land and we hope to follow their examples in honoring this land. And thank you for joining me in that land acknowledgement. So next slide please. So moving forward here, where is Rodale Lagoon, right? Where is it located? So if you gravitate your attention to the California County map on the left, there is a red, yeah, thank you. There's a red highlighted county, that is Marin County. And if we zoom in even closer to the map on our right side, that is where the Marin Hedlunds is located. So it is the northern peninsula of the Bay Area known as the Marin Peninsula. And if we zoom in even closer, thank you. This is an image of the western side of the peninsula. So it is on the north side of the Point Bonita Lighthouse. And just to give you an idea of the size of it, the lagoon is about four miles wide. So pretty small, pretty big, depending on who you talk to. And let's dive into, so next slide here please. So let's dive into some of the ecology. So we're gonna be talking about ecology. And so ecology essentially is everything connects with everything. So it's these principles of ecology you wanna dive into. And you're gonna continue hearing this theme throughout our presentation that talks about interconnectivity and interdependence of a biotic and abiotic, which are living and non-living things that make up the area around the lagoon and in the lagoon. And we're gonna be interweaving these concepts of water, land that really characterize the lagoon while we're associating it with concepts of climate change. So we're gonna dive into how will the lagoon be affected if climate change continues? How will it look like in the future? And so our ask to you is to relate what you see in this community with your own. So what I wanna ask you is, what can you pull from this ecosystem that reminds you of your own? And how do you see yourself as part of this ecosystem? So what is your role? So next slide here. So a great segue to talk about interconnectivity is this fluidity of water, right? Water is life. And so here we have an image of our local Bay Area watersheds. And again, it's showing us that peninsula, that marine peninsula north of San Francisco. And it's breaking down into three main watersheds here. The very top one, the one on the north is our, thank you, is our Redwood Creek watershed. The one in the middle is our Tennessee Creek watershed. And finally the one on the bottom, the one on the south is our Rodeo Creek watershed. And so these systems flow throughout Golden Gate National Recreation Area and a huge component of where this water comes from is one Tamlopias. So because we're talking about Rodeo Lagoon, I want to just center our attention to Rodeo Creek. So this creek has approximately two main drainages that form from the north and south of the lagoon. And this water flows into it, creating the lagoon that we have today. And not just that, during certain times of the year, there's also the Pacific Ocean that will merge and become part of this lagoon. And we'll be diving into that some more with Ranger Lara. And so this abiotic factor, right? We talked about abiotic factors being non-living things, is what gives life to the aquatic species that are in the lagoon that we'll be diving into some more as well. Next slide, please. Yeah, so why should we care, right? So a statement here we'd like to put out is that the National Park Service believes in protecting people and these places from being harmed by issues facing our environment. And protection means actively reducing risks. So what we encourage is to be vigilant when it comes to safeguarding the watersheds that we talk about, that we depend on, right? And we don't want them to be harmed. And a big reason for that is for them to be preserved for future generations to come and for them to also enjoy the beauty of these watersheds. And we'll be diving into now if we could go into the next slide, please. Thank you. So we're gonna be diving into what happens when these environmental changes, like temperature increases happen rapidly. And what is climate change? I think some of us have an idea of what it is. And I'd like to just break that down for us and hopefully have a metaphor here so you can walk away remembering what it is. So here we have our earth, you know, just chilling here. And it has something very special. It has an atmosphere. And so this atmosphere acts like a blanket, right? Just like the blankets that keep us warm. And this atmosphere, this blanket, what it does, it protects us from solar radiation, right? Dangerous direct solar radiation reaching us but it also keeps earth happy. And what do I mean by that? So we pay attention to this diagram. We see our sun, right? Our sun is bringing in some solar radiation, bringing in some sun rays, right? It's coming in, this is normal. And it stays in that atmosphere. And we could see that really, there's a nice really picture of that on the left side of what I'm talking about. And so that heat stays in our atmosphere but what happens is some of it stays with us but the rest of it bounces back into space, right? Bounces back into space. Actually the majority of it bounces back into space. And this is what keeps our earth cool. Now, if we look at the right side of this diagram. Thank you. This is where the equilibrium of earth gets disrupted, meaning earth is not happy, right? And so what's happening here, we got our solar radiation going in, normal, right? But we got now this thick layer, now this thick blanket, it kind of reminds me of those really heavy weighted blankets that were like in this, this like December or like two December's ago. But this thick collided blanket now covers our earth. And what is happening there? So there are these gases. Maybe you've heard of the term greenhouse gases. And so these greenhouse gases are also specifically known as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. And they get hold in our atmosphere. And so what happens is instead of it bouncing back into space, more of it is getting trapped.  And that's what's keeping us warm. So to just recap that, and a good way to remember that is that these greenhouse gases act as a heat trapping blanket that is making earth sick and unhappy. So sad. And what is, what is, so I'd like to talk about what is happening to earth that's making it so grumpy and sad lately. So let's dive into that. Thank you. So it starts off actually with one specific particular species. Maybe you've heard of them, humans. And before getting into that though, I'd like to talk about why is climate change happening? And also mentioned that these fluctuating cycles of warm and cold, warm and cold that are happening are normal. So what I'm saying with that is that earth has experienced these fluctuating temperatures and climate. And that's why we have ice ages and that's why then there's warming. So this has happened in the past, but what is not normal, it's that it's happening rapidly, but also it is just increasing right now. And one reason for that is because here we have a map of the world and human population from the 1700s, 2018. And as humans started to expand more, they started to build more and then they expanded more and then built more and then expanded more and built more. And so that's kind of what started being part of the issue, the issue, but not just that, it's how we're using our resources, right? Not just human expansion, but it's how we're using these resources. So when we burn fossil fuels to make electricity, that causes these green gases to increase. When we burn oil to make our cars and planes move, that increases those greenhouses gases, greenhouse gases. And then if we cut trees for agriculture, that is also not helping with this equilibrium that earth wants, right? It wants to be happy. And in the long-term, it causes these long-term effects in our climate to just keep increasing. And so during our time together, we're gonna talk about how these impacts manifest in different ways throughout the rodeo looking community. And I'm gonna be diving into the geology portion of the lagoon. So let's get into that. So next slide, please. Awesome. So here we have some really neat stuff happening. It's one of my favorite things. So I like to think of rocks as storytellers. So rocks tell stories, right? They are the storytellers of the land of earth. And if we look at rocks, they help us understand the geology, in particular this one of the rodeo beach and rodeo lagoon. And so if we date back to 200 million years, here we have two plates. Yes, someone said they love rocks. Yes, love it. So, okay. So we have, you have the two plates coming together, right? We have the fair lawn plate and we have the North American plate. They are coming and they are coming and this happened about 500 million years ago. And when they're coming together, something really neat happens. So the fair lawn plate is carrying those rock formations that make up the Marine Headlands and San Francisco Peninsula. And as it's coming in, it sinks because the ocean floor is denser than land. So that's what causes this plate to sink. So the fair lawn island basically gets consumed by earth. It goes back into our mantle, no longer exists. And as this is happening, the North American plate is being pushed up, which is causing these beautiful hills to form that are right behind you. And these cliffs to form throughout the Marine Headlands and also the San Francisco Peninsula. All right. And let's see what we have here. All right. And let's see, am I missing anything from that part? I don't think so. So that's kind of a creation of the Marine Headlands and also specifically of Rodeo Lagoon. So mainly it was those two plates subducting, creating that uplift, which caused a lot of these hills to form. So next slide, please. Great. So now if we add climate change into this picture and if we fast forward a little bit here, I have two images here and the one on the left depicts the time period when Kosmiwa peoples would walk to the Fairland Islands. So this is about 10,000 years ago. And then the picture or the image on the right depicts Rodeo Lagoon now. So in 2022. And if we center our attention into these two pictures and we compare and contrast them, my ask here is in the chat, can you put what do you see? So for example, just what do you see? So I see, I see people. So what do you see? So in the chat, please chime in. What do you see in these two images? Let's try to compare and contrast them. So I'm seeing different, oh, okay. Happening fast. Okay. I'm seeing differences in the amount of water, awesome. Beach blankets, hills, grasses, awesome. Differences in amount of water, beach blankets. Canoes, yeah. There's some canoes, right? Upthrust of hills and filled in lagoon. Big rock, a crop, yeah. Road and sign, yeah. No sun, sunbathers in number one, LOL. Yeah, and let's see, different substrates. Grassland on the left and sand on the right, awesome. Yeah, oh yeah, there's some fog. Thank you, awesome. Thank you so much for chiming in. That is great. And I noticed, yeah, some of us pointed out the sea level, right? And that's, I mean, there's so many, there's a lot of things happening here, right? But I really want us to gravitate our attention to the sea level. So if you notice here, and maybe Laura, you could help me here point out the sea level from image one compared to image two here. Thank you. We could see that it's pretty drastic and to be completely honest with you, again, we expected there to be some sort of sea level rise just because that's how Earth works. And so we knew that this was bound to happen, but what we didn't know was how rapidly this was going to happen. And that's the issue here. So if sea level continues to rise at a rate that it's currently rising, the Pacific Ocean will eventually consume Rodeo Beach and in turn consume Rodeo Lagoon. Causing these direct impacts with the aquatic animals that are there. So it will cause them to either migrate or be non-existent of this area. And then again, Laura will be diving into more of the ecology aspect of the lagoon. And so this eventually will lead to Rodeo Lagoon being a relic of our memories. And if we hit the next slide here, there is a story that I really like. It's one of my favorite stories and it was created by my predecessor, Park Ranger Roxy Farewell and it's called Where is Cornelian Beach? And as I'm reading this, I'd like for you all to just see if you could find some of these parallels between Cornelian Beach and this is a real story to Rodeo Lagoon. And we're not really gonna like dive into the chat but I just want you to listen and point those out. All right, so here I go. The silver-haired veteran of World War II asked for my existence in locating the beach where he remembered gathering abundant, beautiful orange stones in the 1940s. I must be in the wrong place, he said. I thought I was stationed here at Fort Cronkite during the war. The barracks and beach looked so familiar but I must be in the wrong place or I cannot find the orange stones. I hope to show my granddaughter today. I'd sadly explained that Rodeo Beach is a beach of his memories. The beautiful Cornelians are no longer abundant. In fact, now they are quite rare. Decades of gatherers have gleaned the beach of these vibrant stones making the old name Cornelian Beach a relic of early New York times. The geologic process that brought the Cornelians trapped within ancient pillow lobbers is no longer here today. The great slobs of ocean floor on which these rocks journeyed had been consumed, consumed and recycled deep into the earth. The Cornelians will not return. So it's a sad story but it's also true. So now if you walk Cornelian Beach, you are very lucky if you find those tiny and you can see some of those pebbles here. There's these beautiful jewels, orange jewels and you're very lucky if you spot one. And I don't know when I was reading this it reminded me a lot of what could happen to Rodeo Lagoon. So hopefully you were able to point out some of those differences and similarities. And I'd like to hear from you. So in our next slide here, what is something that you'll miss if it were to disappear? So in the chat, what is something that you'll miss if it were to disappear? Redwoods, Golden Gate Park, Wing Meal. Ooh, bird diversity, Chrissy Field. Yeah, that's good. What else, y'all? What is something else? Beaches, yeah, that's a good one. Embarcadero, yeah. No wait, a couple more seconds here. I love hanging out at Rodeo Beach and watching the waves crash on the rocks and all of the shorebirds. Yeah, me too. Sea Otters, yay, we'll be talking about sea otters shortly. The airport, yeah, that hits home for me too. Cool, all right. Okay, I want to be respectful of people's time and so I've had a rockin' time with you all. I've had to add a plan there. So I'm gonna give the baton to Ranger Lara now who's gonna walk us through the ecological impacts of the Rodeo Lagoon and how they're being impacted by climate change. So take it away, Lara. Thank you so much, Socorro. I'm gonna give you a pun right back.  And I'm excited to kind of dive into the ecology that's building on top of that. So looking at Rodeo Lagoon, this is a really special place and I'm not just saying that because I work there. It has a special mix of just the right ingredients to be a biodiversity hotspot. So we're looking at Rodeo Lagoon right here and to begin, it's brackish. So what that means is that the lagoon is a mix of fresh water from that watershed that Socorro had described and salt water coming in from Rodeo Beach from the Pacific Ocean. And this combination of these two conditions interacting means that we get a lot of species here that specialize precisely in these brackish conditions. Rodeo Lagoon, it's a 40 acre lagoon and it's pretty shallow. The depths are only between two and six feet during the late fall, the change of seasonally. Vegetation includes fennel pondweed, sedges and algae. It has a mix of substrates all around it, some sand and some muck. And there's a lot of edge habitats colliding with here, like the mosaic. What that means is we get a lot of different micro habitats coming together, like a quilt maybe. We have coastal prairie, chaparral, riparian willows, sand dunes in the beach. And what that means is we get a lot of different species that can extract resources from all of these ecotones meshing together. We call them edge species. It's no coincidence that this is a biodiversity hotspot for that reason. It's no coincidence that we get one fourth of all North American bird species passing through the lagoon at some point. That is a record thing to say. It's definitely a birding hotspot and it's a species hotspot. Basically what I'm trying to say is that this place is special. It's a combination of habitats right at the mouth of a watershed. And it creates a lot of unique inter-species interactions. And I'm about to walk us through one of those interactions. I'm gonna talk about a food web that starts with fish, to turtles, to river otters. We're gonna learn about the science that goes along every step of the way of studying these animals. And we're gonna learn how they're going to change with climate change. But before I get to our first animal, it's brackish, like I said. And that is because every so often the lagoon breaches. So here's a video of what that looks like. When we get a lot of rain, we're gonna see the ocean connecting with the lagoon, like it is right here. And that's when that salt water is gonna kind of come in and mix with that fresh water from Mount Temupai. And we have our first species to start with is the tidewater goby. This is an adorable fish, if I dare say so myself. And this fish lives in brackish water, only in brackish water. It actually only lives in lagoons, in California. This is an endemic California fish. And its range is all the way from the northernmost California county all the way down to San Diego. And this range is discontinuous.  And these lagoons, they're seasonal, they exist in flux. So it means the tidewater goby is pretty fragile and it actually is an endangered species. So we're monitoring it as a critically endangered species. It's still found all along the California coast, but about 17% of its populations have been extirpated and 52% of their populations are so small and degradated that their long-term survival is pretty uncertain. So what we're doing is we are monitoring these species as an endangered species. Their population in our lagoon is pretty good. The issue is more looking at lagoons across the state and protecting these lagoons so that these populations can continue to thrive. And the way that we know this is we are studying them. Here you can see a picture of a persine. Basically, that means is field techs are gonna go out in the lagoon, they're gonna walk this persine, scoop it up, and they're gonna count all of the goby's to see that the populations are doing well. They're going to see how many parasites these goby's may have. And they're gonna see what parts of the lagoon they're living in. Are they in sandy substrate? Are they in mucky substrate? Do they like those sedges? Do they not like those sedges? Answering these questions means we know what parts of the lagoon to better restore to promote the health of this species. So that's our first kind of link in this chain. We have the tidewater goby. The next link is we have Western pond turtles. Western pond turtles are the only native freshwater turtle in California. And they disappeared from the Moran Hebrons in the 1990s. Due to a combination of overharvest and habitat loss and invasive species. And this went on for about 20 years. So around 2020, it was clear that this species was missing from this ecosystem that we're trying to restore. And so the park service decided to reintroduce them. The way we did that is we collected eggs from Point Rays where the populations are good and healthy. We reared these eggs at the San Francisco Zoo in partnership with Sonoma State University. And then in 2020, we had 20 baby turtles that we released into the lagoon. And we're studying them today by tracking them radio telemetry. So what that means is that each turtle, they have a little radio tracker glued onto their shells. And we go out there in kayaks and waders with a big antenna and we tune into turtle talks. They each have their own frequency. So we can see how they're moving across the landscape. We can see what of those micro habitats they're preferring. And if we see that once in one place for too long, that's when we're going to be perhaps suspicious that it's not doing too well. We'll go find it. And if it's sick or injured, we'll take it to the zoo for rehabilitation and then release it back into the habitat until this population is stable. So this is a very exciting conservation victory in process. We have those gobies. We have these turtles. And they are carnivorous, so they're going to eat those gobies and perhaps other fish as well.  We have river otters. River otters, similar to the turtles, they had also disappeared from the Bay Area due to a combination of things, trapping, pollution, lack of brain habitat loss. And it wasn't until the early 2000s that we started to see them come back. River otters, just like humans, they're what we call an indicator of species. Means they're very sensitive to pollution. And that's because they're at the top of the food chain.  But something eats that creature. Something eats that creature. Something eats that and so forth. And by the time it gets to the top apex predators, like otters or humans, that pollution is so bio-accumulated that we're going to get sick. So the fact that river otters are so sensitive to pollution and they disappear, but they came back without us having to reintroduce them is a living example that taking care of our watersheds and stewarding our environment works. We have cleaner, healthier water and the otters came back. So it's very special to see them now. And there's an awesome thing called the River Otter Ecology Project. If you ever see an otter, you can report it to them. And they are the scientists studying this right now, primarily, but they're kind of the end link of this food chain. So to look at this food chain, we have gobies to turtles, to otters. Otters do eat those turtles. And all together there's species that rely on each other. I've been seeing things in the chat but I haven't been able to read it. So I'm just gonna look to see if I missed any questions. What is brackish water? It's salty and fresh water combined. So it's not as salty as the ocean, not as fresh as a river.  So there was one turtle that had moved for five weeks and we were worried that he was sick. So we looked for maybe a week or two for this turtle. And we were finding him in this one area not moving. So we dug down in the mud and we dug pretty deep. We finally retrieved him. He was really small. He should have been bigger. So that was proof that he wasn't eating. But so we just kind of moved him into the middle of the lagoon. And he's been moving around since. And I think there was another one that had to be taken back to the zoo as well but I wasn't a part of finding that one. Otters, have there been many sick turtles? Only two if you count the one that we dug up and the one we took to SF Zoo. So they're doing pretty good. Awesome. Okay, so that is our food chain. And now we're gonna kind of look at how this food chain may be predicted to change with climate change. So how will climate change impact the lagoon? As Sakura described earlier, we have this heat trapped in the blanket. So when we burn fossil fuels for energy such as coal or oil and natural gas, we add to this blanket surrounding the atmosphere and we thicken it. As it gets thicker, it traps more heat underneath. With warmer temperatures, water naturally expands. So warmer temperature, the ocean will expand leading to sea level rise. And even a small rise in sea level can result in more frequent and intense flooding events. So this image of this video of the day of the lagoon breaching, this is something that naturally occurs but it's gonna happen more and more frequently with sea level rise and climate change. As a result, the lagoon is gonna become saltier and colder. Those gobies are gonna get washed out to the ocean more often and they can't survive in the ocean. They need brackish water and they're pretty fragile. So we may lose them. The turtles depend on them. The otters depend on the turtle. We can see this cascading event. There are things we can do and we're gonna talk about that. But before we do, I have a question for you all. My question is, what changes have you noticed in the place that you live? You wouldn't mind popping that into chat. Let's hear some questions to you, Dianist. While we wait for those answers, I see are you concerned about the otters eating their radio tracking devices?   So, and that's where the radio tracker is glued on top of the shell. Okay, let's see. What changes have you noticed in the place that you live? More wildfires, certainly, absolutely. King tides, yeah, sea level rise and even more extreme king tides. Hotter summers, definitely. Less fog, and that's a scary one. I live in Pacifica and those apartments belong to the ocean. Infrastructure is a huge issue to try to deal with sea level rise. My garden flowers and veggies are deeming earlier than in past years. Yes, absolutely, those phenological changes. Timing is gonna get a little mismatched and some species won't be able to catch up with your garden that's deeming faster than maybe they are hatching their eggs. Smoke and air quality, certainly. Spring blue coming earlier, the little rain, decrease in salmon upstream. I see some fire images, hotter weather, drought, warmer winters, more crows. I'm curious about that one. I wanna have a conversation about that. I would like to know what's very more crows. That kind of seems like a good thing. I like corvids. Okay, these are all things that we just touched on that's in this next slide. So this is kind of gleaned from the climate change report that our park scientists just put together of how Golden Gate is predicted to change with climate change. We're gonna get more rain, but it's gonna happen less often. And what that is, that's an atmospheric river. So we're gonna get all of our rain all at once and then we'll have these periods of drought. So even though we're getting more rain, we need it to be kind of equally spread across the season for plants to successfully take it up. We get it all at once, then we get drought and of course it's gonna be wildfire like we have all had to deal with these past few years especially. We're also getting ocean current changes, different patterns of upwelling. There is predicted to be less fog which could devastate the redwoods that are up in the air woods. And as all of these things interact and change, there's gonna get people who are not able to rely on resources successfully. And climate change refugees is a question that we'll all have to navigate together of as we get people displaced from their homes. Like we just had in that comment, those homes falling into the ocean. It's a lot. When I talk to climate change communicators, I always ask, what can we do and how can we have hope? It's easy to get lost out and it's something that I often think about. There are things we can do. And I always try to remind myself that there are people out there who are working on these things every day and their success is unique. River hours have returned. Our tangible actions are adding up. So when we look at solutions, we usually divided them into three categories. We have energy shifts. Reduce your demand and talk about it. So we look at energy shifts in Golden Gate National Recreation Area. We rely on 100% renewable energy. That's a combination of things that's thanks to on-site generation via solar panels at Alcatraz Island and Fort Mason. And then we also are opted into a CCA or a community choice aggregate. So CCAs are alternatives to the standard energy providers like PG&E or SoCal Edison. And you can look into your county. If they have a CCA, these are, they provide clean energy and it's a community solution. When it comes to reducing your demand, we've been looking at shuttles to bring folks up to near once.  You can look at advocating for bike routes and things like that. And then the third one, talk about it, is one that I think is perhaps undervalued, but it's something that I never try to forget because every time that I bring up climate change, like I'm doing right now, words spread really quickly from me to you, to our family and friends. And the more we talk about it and keep it at the forefront of our minds, the more we're going to empower others to raise it in topics of conversation. It's possible to make the easy choice a sustainable choice within our decision-making framework. And there's tons of counties and cities and local areas, including our own in San Francisco, that have already made huge strides on this. And that's going to add up, but just talking about and having these conversations is such an essential part of that. One last negative hope I would like to add is we need to make sure that the solutions we're offering to others are equitable. Sometimes these solutions are expensive. Sometimes they're not feasible. And climate change isn't going to impact everyone equally. There are unequal impacts of climate change across people. In the Park Service, we have this mission to preserve unimpaired habitats for future generations. That often means that we're preserving the past, but the past is changing. Climate change won't allow things to stay the same. What do we restore to in a post-colonial world? Will climate change give us the opportunity, perhaps, to reimagine where parks look like and break away from that colonial mold? We can imagine a park where sustainable shuttles bring people who don't have cars into natural spaces. We can imagine a park where everyone is able to recognize the way that their personal history is tying with that park, not just the histories of select few environmentalists that we choose to champion. We need to look at restoration moving forward, and that's going to mean that we need to manage our landscapes differently. Climate change may inhibit us from our mission of protecting the past, but we can use this as an opportunity to rethink and redesign who feels welcome in outdoor spaces and what our outdoor spaces evolve into. That about ends our discussion. We would love to do some Q&A in chatting with you, but I would like to thank you so much for joining us today. National parks are your parks. And by being here today, you are choosing the stories that will continue to tell in years to come. Sakura and I, we're in the Marin Hedlunds every day. Come visit us at the Point Benita Lighthouse or the Visitors Center or the Nike Missile site. But yeah, let's dive into some questions, shall we? I think there's already a few in the chat I've probably missed. Anisa, I don't know if you wanna facilitate this or Sakura and I can kind of tag team. Hi, so I looked into the Q&A and I think you covered those. I think you both did a great job of answering questions as we went along, as well as I love when attendees help attendees with questions. It's one of my favorite things. So there were some very knowledgeable folks in our audience tonight as well. So some new questions coming in, awesome presentation. I have wondered, yes, they're flying. I wondered what is the source of pollution for the river otters in the Rodeo Lagoon? That's an interesting question. There's a lot of military history in the Marin Hedlunds. I mentioned the Nike Missile site where Sakura and I work, it's a Cold War site. And it wasn't always stewarded as a national park. So a big source of pollution for the otters in the Rodeo Lagoon was actually fuel for these nuclear missiles we had in the Marin Hedlunds. It was a mix of JP-4 jet fuel and red-fueling nitric acid. And to explain how corrosive that is, if you had a vat of this open in your garage, it would peel the paint off your neighbor's garage. The Missileers were where hazmat seats to change out the fuel in these missiles. And this fuel was drained directly into Rodeo Lagoon. This is a story that I heard from one of our veterans. So that of course is a huge source of pollution for Rodeo Lagoon. There was a while before this park became a park. It was going to be called Marin Hedlunds. It's going to be the most beautiful planned community in the world. And grassroots activists eventually made this a park instead. But their plan was to use Rodeo Lagoon as a sewage jumping site. So, and they'd already started construction for Marin Hedlunds a little bit. So basically that's a long way of saying that Rodeo Lagoon wasn't always looked to as a lagoon or ecosystem. It was kind of looked to as a way to get rid of waste. So that of course would have been a pollutant for river otters that they have returned today. There is a family in Rodeo Lagoon right now. Thank you. Can I also just say how wonderful it is you bring up like your elder rangers and bring them into the story and just what they know and what they've shared with you and how you keep bringing that back. I love that. All right, let's get back to these questions though. Let's see, ba-ba-ba-bum. One thing we can do and Tom, thank you whoever Tom is is Tom of NPS because he's very knowledgeable. One thing we can do if climate change is to help our parks is to drive our cars less, e-bikes, make many trips, make as many trips as possible even getting to the park. Get more at info and I'll throw this in the chat. Oh, he already threw it in the chat. But I'll put it in our doc as well. Is it possible to get a copy of this presentation? Kat, thank you. This is one of our number one questions. This is being streamed live on YouTube and I will find the link. It's in our, these two links are all of the information you will need about tonight's event. Here we go. Everyone, here we go. The YouTube link and the link for tonight's question. I mean for tonight's, sorry, for tonight's question. And the link for tonight's document, which has links to NPS and those upcoming events I talked about, and I do want to say we are, you mentioned the shuttles, SFPL does partner with NPS on shuttles. So look for that coming summer at your local library, neighborhood library branch. I saw the bomb squad van at Rodeo about a week ago. I assume that means that they may be some old ordinance still around leaching into the watershed. Interesting. Yeah, yeah, I know that there's folks monitoring the water qualities in the daily view pretty frequently, it says NPS folks. Yeah, I've always been curious about what sort of pollutants you've inherited in this park. Yeah, Bay Area, I mean, you've mentioned the military. I mean, that was all over the Bay Area, right? We're just a hub for all of that. Is NPS hiring? That's not one of the, yes, yes. We'll find a link for that, because I think people should be interested in that. And I think as any field right now there's a shortage of staffing. So there is a better place to work. The library is also hiring, friends. Ranger Lara and Ranger Succaro, thank you very, thank you for a great presentation and for taking care of our lands and telling great stories. Absolutely, Victoria. Thank you. Okay, I don't see, I see lots of love. So if you two want to check out that, don't see much more questions. We answered the questions in the Q&A. Except for Suzanne's question is how big is it? So I don't know exactly what that's referring to, but Suzanne, if you want to clarify your question on that one. When is the Muni 70X gonna start again? Oh, I didn't know Muni went all the way out there. When is the Muni 70X gonna start again? I want it. Me too. We miss it. Good one. All right. I think we're gonna call it last chance for questions, friends. And I'm gonna throw this one more time into the chat box. And I'm gonna add to this, this document is like a living document. So we add things to it. I noticed Lisa, who's our tech host, thank you Lisa, threw in some climate action book lists. We love the book list. So I'll add those to the docs as well. And you can just access that doc anytime.  Scary, what was planned? Yeah, I don't think we have it on display, but I definitely have used that photo in many social media posts. It's, I think it's on our website. There's a lot of interesting photos of what the Marin Hebbins would have looked like if it was Marin Cello, a city of 30,000 people. Interesting. We definitely still have that in our archives for sure. That sounds like a program we need to have. We would be stoked to get that program. It is, it's a fun one. The grassroots activism that led to this park is deeply inspiring. Yeah, here's a little link from Found Us, which is a definitely reliable source on the part of the shaping San Francisco Digital Archive. That sounds like we'll have to come back to that one, I think. You have, NPS has an archive, right? Yes, we have an archivist. And then, yeah, a whole group. Like a public person couldn't be like, coming to the archive. I'm not sure. If so, I mean, I know that we have to make an appointment when we go. Yeah, the matter. Interesting. Sure, yeah. I can add that to the document. I'll look it up too and see if we can get any information about that. Another program, oh, another program idea. Why did all the military bases become parks? I always share that as a docent at the Mammal Center. I used to work at the Reed Mammal Center and I did a tour called From Missiles to Medicine. Yeah, that's that's a fun one for sure. Thanks for all these great ideas, library community. We know we appreciate it and I will. I will bug our NPS soulmates about what we can do in our future. All right, friends, thank you so much for being here. Lara and Sakura, thank you so much. Lisa, thank you for doing our tech in the back and library community. As always, thank you. Have a good night. We love you and, you know, there's hope. There is, we promise. Yes, you do something. All right. Come back and visit me Saturday morning at 11 a.m. when we hear about nature and the Koran. All right, have a good night. Thank you. Bye, everybody.


Russian President Vladimir Putin arrived in Beijing on October 17 to meet with Chinese President Xi Jinping on a widely watched trip aimed at showcasing the trust and no limits partnership between the countries even as the war in Ukraine raged on.In only his second known trip abroad since the Hague-based International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for him in March, Putin and his entourage flew into the Beijing capital international airport on Tuesday morning. He was greeted by the Chinese Commerce Minister Wang Wentao, Putin is to attend the forum's official opening reception hosted by Xi and talk with the leaders of Vietnam, Thailand, Mongolia and Laos on Tuesday, Russian media reported.


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us study the following problem today. Show that the function f such that r star to r star, defined by fx is equal to 1 by x is 1, 1 and on to where r star is a set of all non-zero real numbers. Is the result true if the domain r star is replaced by n with co-domain being same as r star? Now let us write the key idea first. Prove 1, 1 are injective. We consider the definition a function f such that from x to y is said to be 1, 1. If for every x1, x2 belongs to x, f of x1 is equal to f of x2 which implies x1 is equal to x2. Now to prove on to or surjective, we consider the definition a function f such that from x to y is said to be on to if for every y belongs to y there exist an element x belongs to x such that fx is equal to y. Now let us write the solution.  Let x, y belongs to r star where r star is a set of all non-zero real numbers. Now let x, y belongs to r star such that fx is equal to f of y then we have 1 by x is equal to 1 by y because fx is equal to 1 by x given to us which implies x is equal to y and thus f such that r star goes to r star is 1, 1. Now let us see for subjectivity that is on to let y be an arbitrary element r star that is co-domain such that fx is equal to y then fx is equal to y which implies 1 by x is equal to y because fx is equal to 1 by x given to us which implies x is equal to 1 by y and clearly 1 by y belongs to r star of domain for all y belongs to r star of co-domain thus we have proved for each y belongs to r star of co-domain there exist x is equal to 1 by y belongs to r star of domain such that fx is equal to 1 by x which is equal to y thus f is on to now let us consider f such that from n to r star given by fx is equal to 1 by x let us name it as 1 now let us prove for 1, 1 for every x y belongs to n we have fx is equal to f of y which implies 1 by x is equal to 1 by y by 1 which implies x is equal to y thus f from n to r star is 1, 1. Now let us prove for on to since co-domain r star is a set of all nonzero real numbers which contains elements like f5, 3 by 7 etc which do not have their pre-image in the domain and of natural numbers f such that from n to r star is not on to. I hope you understood this problem bye and have a nice day.


An alert for all SCP Foundation staff. SCP 3280 is a sapient, hostile entity composed of a liquid physically identical to water, which has incorporated itself into the water cycle, and is now present in 80% of all water on Earth. If you encounter SCP 3280 it will attack and terminate you, and there is currently no way to adequate defend oneself. SCP 3280 may attack by entry through orifices or pores, followed by internal damage, slicing attacks through the use of high pressure water, drowning through entering the respirator system. The only remaining safe locations on Earth are SCP Foundation sites located in deserts or locations otherwise devoid of water. If possible, staff are advised to travel to these locations. Good luck to all staff who attempt to make the journey. The world as we know it may have ended, but there is still a chance for humanity to survive. We may have failed to secure and contain, but we may still protect what is left of the human race.


I built myself a stand for the whiteboard. Hey everyone, Dylan Schumacher, Citadel Defense, and we are back with another edition of Toodalidge in Blood. Okay, so today's battle is the Battle of Lectra. I think that's how you pronounce it. I could be wrong. Again, if you want a full historical context of this battle, please check out a link down in the description below because we're not gonna do that here. We're just gonna talk about the battle itself and modern lessons that we can learn from it. So this battle took place on the 6th of July, 371 BC. And this was a battle between Sparta, I'm sure you've heard of them, and Thebes, which was a city in the Grecian area. So basically what we have here is we are on one side, we have the, again, not sure to pronounce that, Baotian League, Baotian League, led by the city of Thebes. And they're coming in with about 7,000 hoplites and about 1,000 and a half cavalry. And on the other side you have Sparta with 10,000 hoplites and 1,000 cavalry. I know who you think wins, but you're wrong. To understand this, you have to understand a little bit how hoplite warfare works, okay? So if you're not familiar, this was kind of the dominant fighting practice of the Greeks for quite a long time until Rome really wiped them off the map. And basically they fought in hoplite formation. So what you had is you had a huge circular shield that would cover you from about the shoulder to about your knee.  And what you would do is you'd fight in close order formation, right? So I would hold my shield, I'd tuck in here, I'm able to stab and the next guy next to me, his shield covers that gap. Well, because everybody has their shield in their left arm and their spear in their right arm and I don't have protection here, everybody had a tendency, of course, to try to scoot to the side to get further into my friend's shield, right? And as I'm scooting, well, now I'm leaving this guy open so he's scooting, so everybody's constantly scooting right a little bit. And as a result, hoplite formations tend to have a right-hand drift. That's gonna be important for understanding how this battle works. So typically what most armies did, what all armies did for hundreds of years, because this is the way they fought for a very long time, to counteract that is you would put your best troops to anchor the right, okay? The right wing was considered the place of honor, so the Spartans, that's where you're putting your king, the Athenians, that's where they're putting their generals, like that's where your best troops, your crack troops are gonna go is on that right-hand side to try to anchor that right wing to prevent drifting. So what usually ended up happening, despite putting your best guys in the right to try to prevent this, what usually ends up happening is your whole line is starting to drift right and their whole line, they're doing the same thing because they're trying to prevent their guys from drifting right. So they put their best troops on the right-hand side, you put yours on the right-hand side, and everybody's slowly drifting to the right, and so the hoplite formations just tend to fight in this big kind of slowly rotating circle, right? So you're gonna, really, you're getting in there, you're trying to push the enemy off the field, of course stab them in the face when you can, which again is difficult because everybody's wearing like helmets and shields and breastplates and there's a lot of armor involved, right? Great heavy troops, the hoplites. There's, again, we can go down that historical rabbit hole but we're not gonna, but it's cool. So this is what ends up happening, is this big, slow conglomeration of the slowly rotating as these formations hit each other, and everybody's trying to prevent that right-hand drift, but again, it's just kind of what happens. So keep that in mind as we get to this battle because that'll be important. So what you have here is you have a Sparta lines up with their 10,000 Spartans on this side. Thebes lines up with their 7,000 Spartans on this side. The cavalry come out and do a little skirmish but it doesn't matter, it's not important to the outcome of the battle and we don't really care about it for our purposes. So as the infantry come out, the Spartans line up like normal, okay? They anchor their king and their best guys on the right-hand side, they have the rest of their troops lined up and they're about 12 ranks deep, give or take, okay? On the opposite side, Thebes lines up a little bit differently. So they take their sacred band, there's cool little stories about the sacred band, they're eventually wiped out by Alexander the Great, but crack troops of like 300 homosexual pairs. It's a really interesting historical tidbit, doesn't matter. So here's the deal, they're led by their sacred band, which are they're really good guys and they put their best guys over here and they overload their left flank with their best guys and they run at about 50 ranks deep. They take the rest of the guys and they're only about two or three ranks deep, right? So me and then like two guys behind me or me and one guy behind me, right? So it's a very shallow line when you get into a big shoving match. And they run that in kind of an echelon-like formation, again, to try to prevent contact as long as possible. Think back to our last battle that we just did, right? With Skippy Uafrikanas and how he was able to fix the enemy in place by never actually fighting them. That's a similar concept to what's going on here. So Thieb lines up about 50 ranks deep and they put their best guys against their best guys, right? Well, you can see how this is gonna go, right? So as they approach, eventually they make contact first. They're able to completely destroy the best troops of the Spartans and break their right wing. The king dies, he's mortally wounded, I think later dies and they're able to really crush this right wing. And so once these guys break and or are dead, then all these other formations, which are allies, they're not all necessarily from Sparta, Spartans, right?  So what you end up happening here is you have a victory for Thiebs with only 7,000 hoplites against Sparta. And again, you've heard the legends of Sparta with good reason, who has more guys because they were able to overload the side and blow out the right wing of the Spartans. So what are the modern lessons we can learn from this battle? The first one is localized superiority or massing combat power, right? We're just gonna go with localizing superiority. So what Thiebs was able to do was able to have localized superiority. They obviously did not have superiority, like number superiority, right? They did not have number superiority over the entire battle because they had 3,000 less guys than the actual Spartans, right? So what are you gonna do about that? So what they did and what they were able to do very effectively was localized that superiority, meaning that in one section of the battle, the section that mattered the most, they were able to have superior numbers. This is a very common modern day tactic when we talk about light infantry tactics in the modern world, right? We want to have localized superiority, meaning in this fight right now where we're at, that's where we want to have superior numbers. We may not have superior numbers all over, we may have superior numbers all over, but right now we're outgunned, that's a problem, right? You want to have localized superiority. So being able to arrange and amass your combat power so that where it counts and where you need it, that's where you have the localized superiority, regardless of what you have over the field at large. There's a lot to be said about that in modern light infantry tactics, because we don't necessarily mass troops the way we used to prior to the days of World War I, right? Because once artillery and stuff started getting in and now we have airplanes and helicopters, you don't mass troops and just have like 100,000 guys hanging out in the field like you used to, because hey, someone might just drop a bomb on them and now you're really in trouble. However, we are still trying to localize superiority, meaning that where we're having the fight right there, we want superior numbers. So if we know that there's a squad of bad guys over there in that village or town or house or whatever, we'd prefer to probably send a platoon against it, right? Because we want to have localized superiority. So again, keep that concept in mind and here's an example of how they were able to achieve it even in a situation where they did not have superior numbers. It actually gets more impressive the more you think about it. Lesson number two, command and control. So Thebes was able to decisively remove the command and control structure from the Spartans. You've got to remember again, back in the day when everybody's fighting on the field, if the king goes down or the general goes down, that's a huge morale blow for the entire army. That is often the case. For example, when Alexander the Great invaded Persia, he decisively several times went directly for the king, even though he was massively outnumbered by the Persians, he himself, along with his elite troops, made a end run charge directly towards the king. The king ended up fleeing the battle, I believe it was at least twice, and the whole army of fleets. And again, Alexander was massively outnumbered in those battles, but he was able to go after the command and control. Same thing here. If you can destroy their command and control structure, then that's going to cripple their ability to continue fighting. And that's exactly what Thebes did. Again, in a modern context, right? If you don't have command and control, if the squad leaders or platoon leaders or general or whoever isn't able to effectively give orders because they're dead or they're just out of communication, well then that's a huge problem for the rest of the army. Either from a morale perspective, as is very much the case here when everybody's fighting on the same field together, or from just an orders organization perspective in more modern conflicts. The third lesson that we can learn here is just the outside the box thinking. This kind of deal had never been done before. Nobody ever said before, hey, what if we just completely loaded up our left flank and tried to blow up their command and control structure? Obviously they didn't use those terms at the time, but nobody had ever thought about that before. And on top of that, the fact that Thebes ran the rest of their guys in an echelon formation to try to delay contact with the Spartan line as long as possible is another outside the box thinking. As far as I know, and I totally could be wrong about this, this is the first time any kind of echelon formation is used, at least in recorded history. So this idea that you're gonna run this whole echelon in order to delay contact, because if this was just a straight line, this plan might not have worked. You don't make contact the same time, the Spartans would quickly blow out your entire left center of your army, and now you'd be in real trouble because you'd get totally flanked here as they come in, right? That's a huge, huge problem.  Again, the more you think about it, it's really subtly brilliant. And this is how Thebes was able to cripple Sparta, thereby ending their homogene over the Greek states. I hope that was helpful, looking forward to seeing you again when we continue to learn modern tactical lessons from old battles. Do brave deeds and endure.


An aggressive carnivore, the Utyranus is one of the largest known dinosaurs to have feathers. Its dense coat covers almost its entire body. With its formidable presence and ferocious roar, the Utyranus instills fear into its enemies.