Today, we will talk about very influential article of Peter Singer, Famine Affluence and Morality. Now, many of, when both of you or when you have been doing philosophy, there has been this urge that, well, where does it connect to the world out there? So, particularly in ethics, when we have been talking, we have been talking about a lot of moral theories, but where does this connect to the world out there? And this essay is a crucial example of how a philosophers work in the philosophical domain has influenced the world out there. So, it was a very crucial article and it did get in a lot of funding and resources. And unlike the criticism that, well, many, many philosophical articles end up in their journals without moving anything in the world. So, the context of this article is, well, it was written in 1971. This there is a situation, there is famine in East Bengal or now Bangladesh. There was this formation of Bangladesh independence from Pakistan, constant poverty, cyclone and civil war. So, a sudden high intensity demand on a fledgling government with very limited resources and located in one of the resource-staffed regions of the world. In no way, the author understands the situation to be fatalistic. And so, what do others do? What is the crucial point? What others do? So, now, before we take on, since we have had a preliminary reading of this article, let us come up with what has been your, how have, how moved have you been with this piece? What difference has it, what do you think it is, how, what has been the, it is a jolt to the world community, to individuals everywhere to start donating for this situation that we have in 1971. How would you react to it if this is a situation then and there? How would you react reading this article if you were in 1971? Okay. Right, okay. Let us take this situation one-on-one. Would you like to add something to this? Okay, not now. Now, what, a few crucial questions that are being raised by Singer is that, what do the affluent, if at all, owe anything to the lesser affluent or tragedy struck? Now, as philosophy students, what would you think that, is this a question that is relevant or when asked to a philosopher or is this just a clarion call or what do the affluent owe to the lesser affluent or the tragedy struck? Okay, interesting. Now, which is not raised by Singer in this article, but if you would like to read into it that, well, Singer takes a starting point. The starting point being that, well, there is tragedy in a particular part of the world and there is affluence in a particular part of the world and that the affluent, therefore, what is the rationale that goes behind them to donate to the ones who are tragedy struck. Now, interesting. Now, if you trace the genealogy or the history of affluence, one very dominant worldview is that, well, the resources in the world are finite and that is being, just distributed in a skewed manner and therefore, it is just a matter of earlier utilization of ancestors that certain resources have accumulated in one part of the world and thereby causing a scarcity on the other part of the world. Now, to this worldview, there is also a retort that, well, affluence is also a result of human effort and where effort has been more and where thinking has been cherished and ways of affluence have been realized, there has simply been much more affluence than in regions which have not exhibited these traits in societies. How would you react to that? Okay, but let us tackle one question by one by one, the first question that, well, your claim is that, well, fundamental question being is, what to the rich or to the poor? Okay, let us have that, so that focus remains on that. The first question that I would read in as what Singer asks that, well, what to the rich or to the poor? Now, one view is that, well, this notion of O is actually a notion of repayment because somehow the affluence has accumulated by starving certain regions of the world and therefore, it is not a moral owing but actually a almost legal owing because we, because the affluent have cornered in more of the resources than the less affluent. But what about, this is one way of perceiving the world that where resources are finite, right, because this is in fact, almost the border of on economic thinking that there are two ways of perceiving the economy, one is that the world has a fixed resource economy and it is only a game of distributing the resources from one region to the other. The other way is that resources or goods can be generated, so it is not that the net wealth of the world remains the same and it is redistributed but anyone exhibiting entrepreneurship and knowledge skills and traits that are valued generates resources and therefore, generates affluence. So, we have had one view, would you agree with it or you? But why should one or the affluent think of the welfare of the society? What is the basis of that responsibility because one view is that the basis of that responsibility is because the affluence has come from starved regions but what if we hold the world view that well everyone has generated their own affluence roughly and therefore, there is no legal owing in that manner, what is the basis of the moral owing? But what is the basis of that should because what do you hold that the world order has fixed in resources which is distributed or we generate our own resources. Or that you have become rich at the expense of somebody else. True, true but what first question we are dealing with is that how did I or how did a nation or a culture or a country become wealthy? They did become by stealing or starving another region of the world or wealth can be created independent of a relative poverty. The second one, interesting we have two parallel views here that of course, we need to engage with each of these views because this will determine whether this rich owing to the poor is either a legal owing or a moral owing. If you take a look at the slide right now that it basically describes the situation in the that particular time which was that at an individual level people have not responded in the magnitude required, there were some exceptions of course. At the governmental level assistance has not come to the massive levels required for sustained assistance and a comparison of the expenditure of the governments and that is taken as the indicator of the reflection about their policies. So, if you remember the example of the Concord that how the British government spends more on the development of a supersonic jet than the alleviation of suffering. So, these were the relative standards given, but the general questions that are raised as I see is that well there is almost a perpetual situation of the world where there is suffering and affluence coexisting with not enough transfer of resources taking place. So, there is suffering and there is affluence both existing at the same time in the same world, but enough transfer of resources not taking place. That is the prick that has made Singer write almost an article in a very aggressive tone. So, and targeted not just to philosophical audience, but to the world at large. The relatively well resourced prioritized the utilization of their resources and Singer finds fault with this prioritization both at the individual and the collective level. So, those who are relatively well resourced they find a problem, let us have the slide on yes, they have the, they find fault with this prioritization both at the. Yes, but when they are talking about the situation of the world. So, as a world order, as a world community, as a citizen of the world you have pockets of affluence, pockets of scarcity and perhaps the situation has not changed since time of recorded history. There has always been a almost an extreme existing. So, this difference or even for prosperous first world country there is also a food starved third world country. So, that is what Singer wants us to reflect that why is it not triggering the kind of reaction it should trigger, what he expects to trigger that well, there is affluence and you value your supersonic jet more than the elevation of poverty. That is where the question arises. So, well first question what do the rich owe to the poor, we can find well two strains of answers that one that they legally owe and another is that they owe on human grounds or because they share common humanity and it is because our fundamental nature to be touched by the suffering of the other by catharsis or by whatever means that we ought to be concerned because if you notice well Singer starts his article by saying that suffering is an evil and those who disagree with it he does not even engage with that. So, in fact he takes a very rigid applied or in the world tone in this article he does not enter or he closes the possibility of discussing about any esoterical or metaphysical claims about why other world or how starving or death is not really an evil and there have been many philosophical views about it this clearly rules it out of this zone of the article. So, when he talks about this fundamental assumption that I begin with the assumption that suffering and death from the lack of food shelter and medical care are bad. So, this is I think most people will agree and he shall he does not bring this into a contextual view, but as a philosophy students what do you think if you want to context to contest the claim over here what would you like to possible reason at all what would you read into it yes, but we are we are just questioning this assumption that for the sake of questioning that this what reach on the first line of the paragraph starting in this page is that I begin with the assumption that suffering and death from the lack of food shelter and medical care are bad well about the generic assumption that suffering from death suffering and death from lack of food shelter and medical care are bad is that a bad that is a moral claim that this is these are bad yes they are obligated, I am asking that if somebody wants to question this assumption or what is how do you debate this assumption or how do you problematize it what is he denying. When he is talking about food shelter and medical care are bad, in the feed so they can out move we cannot say that these things are bad because. He is saying that suffering and death are bad.  When you are talking about the food you are talking about a family that is my personal food because I mean I am talking about the family food that means we are making the food. Here. What is per se wrong with suffering and death coming from this well okay let me just briefly put that what he is perhaps what I can read that he is denying is that we he engages in no talk about fatalism that when fatalism claims that well and esoteric theory is that well we all go through necessary because all religions this is I would read a very anti-religious view in this claim that he is making that well all suffering that we encounter are not sufferings that we deserve and death is not a liberation from that suffering. So, he keeps the entire box of such esoteric metaphysical or religious claims out of the situation. He takes life as finite and he takes human actions that can make a difference. So, I would read into this as a complete denial of fatalism that if there is suffering in death from the lack food and shelter and medical care they are bad because they are preventable and they are not the result of my previous or earlier actions and they are not definitely not a test for me to overcome. The standpoint the singer mentions yes yes it is to be welcomed I am just saying what by refusing to argue which line does he stop arguing. So, when he because he does not if you read he does not deny that there will be any problems with such this assumption but he does not find it worthwhile. So, I would want to bring to light what are these possible problems. So, perhaps most of us would not agree with it but there can be exceptions and these are the kind of exceptions that come out to be. Now, if it is two ways of looking at it first is the suffering a cause of a prior the effect of a prior cause one and second is human free will granted. So, because if human free will is granted then one can try to alleviate sufferings but on the other hand if human free will is not granted then it is it is almost a completely fatalistic order where suffering is inevitable and it is the result of prior actions. I can see a very strong critique of Indian religious views that occur which say that well whatever is happening is a result of your past actions. So, one is critiquing that and second tragedy or famine, affluence and natural disasters and man made problems why do they occur in certain part of the world and not in the other part of the world. Why is the basis of affluence is not chance the basis of affluence is effort. So, it is a very positivistic reading of the world order that well implicitly if I read into it is that the world order the way it is the different the division between affluence and poverty is not random. It is a result of human action and thereof. So, just as fatalism there is bad fate that it can be good fate. So, it is either way. So, what the resources have implicitly or the prosperous have implicitly comes from their own efforts and the tragedies that are faced are also to be sorted by the world community at large. So, let us yeah. Do we have a plan where to reconcile individual views because there is a lot of resources like that. So, you say that affluence is a result of human action. So, then you have the second view that affluence is a person. Yes. There are other resources that you can do. Then the second view when we say that the resource of the problem is a person and we said natural resources most of the natural resources. One being natural resources and what would you like to term the other? Wealth. Wealth, okay. Well, I do not of course, singer does not make any exclusive claim about it, but if I am to read into it, well he is perhaps not making such a clear distinction. He is in fact finding one leading to the other. So, perhaps natural resources and wealth are tied up, but then perhaps that will, that is from my reading of Peter's or singer's other works. From this particular work, I think we cannot draw any claim about what he is trying to put forth. Okay. But of course, there are exceptions where affluence has been attained over places and cultures which are very scarcely blessed with natural resources. So, that can of course, be seen that these continuous, but in certain cases and certain places blessed with natural resources are still not affluent enough. But anyway, I think for the purpose of this article, because he makes no implicit claim about it in this article, we can let it be for the time being and get into what debatable claims or what problematic claims are made in this article. So, if you take a look at this slide about assumptions. Well, the first one we just talked about and they seem to be very intuitively binding claims, but let us see how and why these are binding and why do they not translate into action. So, if you look at the second assumption that is listed, that well if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought morally to do it. This is a clearly a absolutely a utilitarian claim that well, if we can prevent something in fact, prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance. So, there is a kind of a moral calculus here. I give you some time to go through it. Yes, also a moral version of his thesis, yes. Can we proceed? Right. So, well what is the problem here? The problem when you see a singer makes this claim that well, this seems to be very intuitively obvious and probably most of us would agree to it, but why this supposedly obvious claim does not bring an action. We talk about that well, if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought morally to do it. So, this is the moral calculus that the utilitarian talks about it. So, talk about that if you weigh the positive good, that the goods that come out of a decision and if it outweighs the suffering or evil or that comes out of it, then you choose an action that brings about overall happiness over suffering. So, that is the generic principle of which this is a version where it talks about preventing something bad from happening instead of generating happiness. So, when it says that well, when a singer says that well, to prevent something bad from happening without sacrificing anything. So, this is where the moral calculus is. So, because when you are transferring resources, there is a scarcity that you are voluntarily embracing and that anything should be of comparable moral importance and therefore, we ought morally to do it. This is perhaps the principle that he talks about initially. Now, would we find any, this principle again appeals, but it implies great changes if applied. So, what are these changes? First, these changes are changes of proximity, that the factor of proximity that if suffering or takes place both physically close to me or to a person closely related to me, then it should not make a difference in my judgment. So, my proximity to a person or the suffering, whether it is spatial proximity or relational proximity, will not make a difference on my effort or on an individuals or an agent's effort to alleviate that suffering. Now, let us look at this first little consequence of a very, almost an obvious principle that proximity is irrelevant. How irrelevant is proximity? Now, there are various examples if you look into the world out there. Let us say beggars. Now, if a beggar comes to you and asks for arms, depending on the state of the beggar he gets or does not get the arms or however whatever you decide to do. Now, you know that there is similar scarcity and problems in other parts of the world or other parts of the place you live in, but perhaps most of us do not make an active effort to contribute. Now, if we agree, let us have the slide please. If we agree at the principle that Singer is putting forth, why do we find that in application, proximity should not matter, but perhaps does matter. Let us have views on this. Proximity for anything that how much you would support for suffering family member and to a stranger. Is there some error in the principle or is there something which the hidden component of the principle that is not palatable with the way human beings work? I am neutral in this case. I think both are necessary because I am very close with the second thing when we are talking about the natural disaster or something. I am giving because I am talking about that there is not necessary proximity, I think it is not applicable because when we are talking about a country, generally if India is connected with some other country, something is happening in that country, then it is trying to get two circumstances. So, in this case, it would be the outside. So, perhaps human decision making does factor in proximity, but should it? Yes, but that is the whole question that well in the same city or town you have very affluent pockets and we have very poor pockets. So, a penury and affluence simultaneously existing and no matter how much distance there be. So, when you talk about neutrality, what singer is asking is that there should be absolute neutrality. So, you are neutral to the sufferings of not only people proximate or places proximate to you, but also places which are far away, both spatially and relationally to you. So, why does the common attitude that well a suffering in my region, I will contribute more and a suffering in somewhere else in the world perhaps I will contribute less, if not nothing. So, would singer call that moral or immoral? He would call it immoral, yes. Yes, go ahead. Who is proximate to us? If we help someone who is proximate to us, it will be done. So, our action towards that we do not take particular means we invest ourselves through our actions. So, in fact I see this as a singer's paradigmatic following of the Kantian paradigm that where neutrality even to the point that you hold a known person at par with an unknown person and you just value the suffering that is to be elevated and not who is suffering. So, that... That is correct. That is an interesting observation brought about that well. The principal may appeal to us rationally, but being psychological animals proximate cannot be underestimated. So, we are bound to have neutrality is almost a mechanistic notion whereas we are psychological beings and proximity does matter to us. In fact, if you look at the entire domain of seeking charity and campaigning for charity, we try to put hard-hitting images that will elicit some response from the viewer. It is whereas text describing the detail of the situation will not elicit that kind of response. So, we put in hard-hitting images that will bring about or elicit in that some kind of a psychological connect with the potential donor to bring out donation. So, here singer is not taking into account the psychological characters or tendencies. Okay, interesting. That is a very...in fact, a powerful trend in explaining human behavior by the biology we are based on. So, even evolutionary ethics for that matter, survival ethics all tend to seek a biological explanation for our behavior, but that is interesting. For years spent together, will that not nullify our neutrality for a person with whom we have spent years together or known for a long time versus a person whom we do not know? So, rationally we want to be people who alleviate suffering depending on the quantum of suffering, but psychologically we value or we are more concerned or hurt by the suffering of proximate people than people whom we are not proximate with. An essential factor that perhaps singer is not, of course may be aware of, but is missing out in what is the claim of this article. But perhaps singer's answer to this would be that this is exactly what we need to overcome if we want to have a better world order. So, anything more on proximity that you would like to add? I think it was because on the second wave, which tells us that if we see it also as a real obligation, we should be able to do that. That yes, that if we owe our affluence to others and therefore we owe support in the times of need, then it is connected or not. And that further nullifies, makes it almost a legal requirement. Yes, that it needs not even go to the level of the moral call, but it goes to the level of a simple quid pro quo legal call. That well, it is like an employer looking into the health benefits of an employee. Would you like to see that as? It is not simply legal. It also has a pervading moral basis, but it is not restricted to being a moral call only. It is to be legal also. The world has one community. Interesting because this also raises the whole question of why do governments give AIDS? Why do world bodies give AIDS? So, there is so much of world aid taking place. Now, there have been various readings of why should any country or government or collective aid another. So, it can be both at the level of nations. It can be at the level of societies, at families, at individuals, at country levels. Why does one assist the other? So, does its call come from we being the citizens of common world or perhaps it comes from common human nature or it comes from a sense of owing. In fact, not just society. Well, he would be calling humanity per se, because if you look at the second little implication that comes from Singer's principle that the actions assumed or actual of others similarly placed ought not to make a difference to one's actions. So, that is again a call for impersonal or neutrality. That well if there is a problem and the example that he talks about that suppose there is a child drowning in a pond. Now, if you are the only one passing through, that makes does that increase your obligation when compared to their people, various people passing by the pond. You have the same. But again, what would you opine upon it? That according to Singer that this others similarly placed should not affect your decision making. So, as a modern behavioral economist would try to bring forth that what you choose is essentially influenced by what others in your by how many people are there around you and how many people what choices they make and that crucially influences you. So, Singer's demand that well there is something that we negate the others around us in making a choice. Is it almost an inhuman claim? So, later I can think because we need to talk about the second fact that it is different from the time or it is up to you to decide with the winner. So, the first fact is the most necessary or it is an essential factor that you have to take that decision in your own way because we have. So, continue factor should not play a role. So, the very claim that he makes is that numbers lessen obligation. I think that is how he puts it over here that do numbers actually lessen obligation or whatever problem there is.


Do you take away negative thoughts? Don't identify any thought as negative because it's just a thought. Who told you it's negative? It's just a thought. You're making it up, maybe you like it. What's the problem? If you understand it's just a thought, it has no power. If you think it's a reality, then it destroys you. It's just a thought, isn't it? Is it true that you made up the thought? No?  Yes, it's simply happening. Thinking means… the word thinking means you are exercising your thought process consciously, isn't it? Yes? Thinking means you are doing something consciously. Right now this is in a state of mental diarrhea, it's just pouring all the time. Now, what is negative about it, what is positive about it, what is negative is, it's happening unconsciously. That is what is negative, not the content. You thought about a devil that's negative, you thought about a god that is positive, there's no such thing. It is the most negative thing that's happening right now is it's happening unconsciously. That is what is negative about it. And a whole lot of people have destroyed themselves trying to stop those thoughts that they think are negative. And they try to fight them in so many different ways. You create these things and then you fight them. It's your thought.  You must be able to roll it out and roll it in as you want. But right now your own ghosts have become so big that you want to fight them. If you win, you're really lost. Because something that is not true, if you fight and win it, you have really lost it, isn't it? So there is no such thing as negative and positive thought. Either it's a conscious thought or it's a diarrhea. So how to stop this? See, suppose you're having diarrhea, gen… physical diarrhea. First thing to do is, every other treatment is next. First thing to do is stop eating bad food, isn't it? Something caused diarrhea. First thing is stop eating bad food, whatever caused this, stop that. This is the first thing you must do. Right now the bad food is just this. You identified yourself with something that you are not. Now you can't stop your thought process. Do what you want.  The moment you identify yourself with something that you are not, you cannot stop your mind.


Welcome to my channel, I am Arpita Kaurva and this is a video which is going to deal with one of the most important topics of UGC Net English Literature paper 2. Last year I am pretty sure that you must have seen that there was a slight change in the syllabus and few new topics were added. Now as I have always been telling my students that these topics were added officially on the syllabus but they were earlier also asking questions from these topics. So you need to understand the fact that you don't need to actually worry about the topics because these are very easy and one such topic is language and pedagogy. Now language and pedagogy basically is a part of linguistics which is another subject altogether of UGC Net examination. English Literature is code number 30 whereas linguistics as a subject is code number 31 but yes now that we know that English is becoming one of the widely known and widely spoken language it is important for us to understand how to teach English to our students and teaching English involves using certain methods so that the student can understand the language and then communicate effectively and in order to master this technique UGC Net have made an effort and put this in our syllabus so that we can understand various language learning techniques. So in this video I am going to look at some key techniques which is asked in Net exam and once you understand these key techniques you will be able to answer 3 to 4 questions which are asked from linguistics very easily. So don't worry there are at least 3 or 4 questions asking about language and pedagogy and we are going to master that by the end of this video so let's get started. The first important language learning method is known as grammar method. Now this is the oldest and the most traditional method of teaching any language to students. This method was used specifically to teach Greek and Latin during the classical period so if you remember in one of my audio lectures in my online course I have discussed the classical literature in which I have discussed what it means to have an academy in Greek ancient Greece. So in ancient Greece we have these philosophers like Socrates and Aristophanes and they were having academies where they used to teach students and Latin and Greek were the languages that were taught. So the languages were taught according to this method that is why it is known as grammar method because the focus was too much on the grammar. If you have ever tried to master English language try to become better at spoken English you must have come across these books by Rapidex or Salam Chos. Now in these books you will find out that they have given you exercises where there are sentences in Hindi you have to translate that into English and vice versa. For example a sentence given hoga mai kursi par betha hu translate that into English I am sitting on the chair. In the same way they will give you a sentence in English I am going to the market translate this into Hindi this would be mai bazar jaa raha hu and this is how they try to teach you English as a language. So this method of translating a text or a line from madatang to the target language and vice versa is known as grammar method. A lot of times questions have been asked from grammar method in December 2015 there was a question that which of the language teaching methods strategically makes the use of madatang and the correct answer was grammar method. So make sure that you understand the made sick idea about what grammar method is and you prepare yourself thoroughly for the exam. The next learning methodology is very interesting and is very close to my heart since I have been a psychologist and I have been a student of psychology it was created by a psychologist himself called James Asher and this is known as total physical response. Now have you ever observed a child learning language what his parents or his elder siblings do they tell him go go to that door open that door give me that book give that book to mama this is how they talk to the child and gradually you will see that the child starts learning so what happens when a person talks to another person in this way basically there is a brain connection that develops between action and the language. So there is a strong connection when I say go shut the door and I point out towards the door that means there is a wiring in the brain which says that ok door if I am pointing out at the door and I am saying door that means this object is called door. So this is total physical response which is very kinesthetic the children are asked to actually do things so that they learn quickly and if you look at the nursery rhymes also 1 2 3 buckle my shoe all these poems that you look at you will find that they are more about doing things sit on the floor get up sit down eat this give it all these words that is how the child is learning so it is very much connected to the child psychology and that is why this is the best method that parents use in order to teach a language to their kid. So make sure that if you want to ever understand or learn a new language you use this technique total physical response and you understand how a strong connection neural connection can be built between an action and the vocabulary associated another interesting learning methodology is skill based learning I am pretty sure that you must be aware that there are four language skills reading writing listening and speaking if you want to master any language you need to become better at all these four things I have seen a lot of students who keep on watching TV shows or English news and still they cannot pick up language so easily they cannot speak fluently I have a lot of friends who are ardent readers they read so much still they struggle when it comes to spoken English have you ever wondered why this particular teaching method is going to give you the answer when you only focus on one aspect one skill you become better at that skill if I focus on cooking Indian food will I become better at cooking continental dishes no if I am good at drawing can I be good at guitar no if I practice drawing I will be good at drawing if I practice guitar I will be good at guitar the same thing applies to the four language skills if you are reading a lot these days you will find out that your reading speed would improve if you are writing a lot you will see that words are going to flow very easily if you are practicing listening you will become better at listening you might be using subtitles earlier and later you might understand it without subtitles but then by listening more you can't become good at speaking so skill based learning actually tells you that you have to work on all the four skills if you want to become better at these four skills or if you want to become good at one particular skill if I want to get into content writing I want to become good at writing it's better that I practice writing more by reading or by speaking or by listening I would not improve my writing skills so this is the major idea behind the skill based teaching which is another important teaching methodology frequently asked in net exam last but not the least is the language method which was developed during the world war II and that is why it is also known as the army method so what's this method all about it is known as audio lingual method if you look at the world war II scenario just when the world war II started people were very much curious to know the language of their enemies because when these armies would go on the war front they have to be equipped with what they are the enemies are speaking amongst themselves and that is the reason why these army soldiers were trained in the language of their enemy so they have to become very good at understanding and remembering those set phrases so this method which is known as audio lingual method employs mugging up sentences repeating those model sentences over and over again and imitating your teachers so if you actually can relate it to your own life when you go to another country altogether for example you visit china now you'll memorize a few phrases so that you can actually communicate with the local chinese people maybe you can memorize a phrase like where can I get food okay so that when you speak that in chinese you'll be able to at least survive in china if people cannot communicate in english so we do understand and know few phrases bengali may kisi chees ko kya kete hai we know that right we don't know entire bengali but then we know that certain phrase so this habit of repeating the phrase again and again this drill method is known as the audio lingual method in which you keep on repeating the set phrases set patterns again and again there was a question which was asked recently in the net exam that mechanical drill method is used to teach an acquired language or teach a second language in which method so this mechanical drill tool is used as a tool in which method of language teaching and the correct answer was audio lingual method because in this you mechanically ask students to keep on repeating the set phrases it's like a mechanical drill so these were few very important and very interesting language teaching methods which are asked in net exam and also which will be beneficial if you teach somebody a new language so with that note I would like to give an end to this video there are a lot of other methods which I have not yet covered in this video for more details and to know more about these methods you can go to my website and get the detailed list of language teaching method and get detailed audios and pdf's on the same if you join our online course you can also subscribe to this youtube channel so that you keep on receiving the new content that I'm posting specifically and exclusively for UGC net aspirin follow me on all the social media platforms so that you don't miss out on any new updates also at the same time like share and subscribe to this channel comment below if you have any other questions any other doubts or any other topics on which you want me to make videos that's it for this video lecture we'll meet very soon in the next video lecture till the time we meet next happy learning keep loving literature and stay tuned to arpitakarva.com


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I mean, there's so many different things they learned a lot about different areas. So yeah, very good Northern Minnesota's largest women's expo is back in Bemidji and better than ever the variety of different vendors classes and sessions all catering to women was won a number of years ago and We really love the concept and love the idea of women getting together and you know experiencing Women businesses this year the goal of the expo was to empower and inspire women there are self-defense classes Massages and appearances from women like Olympian Gigi Marvin and chef Amy Thelan This year the expo also gave back by partnering with local nonprofits like the United Way of Bemidji and Hands of Action International Many of the businesses featured at the expo were also women-owned. It really wasn't a lot of us picking It was the vendors picking us, you know We put it out there that we were gonna do this and we were looking for vendors and we had calls and emails You know right away The women's expo had a lot of things to offer today. You can find new recipes and food advice There's also health advice from Sanford and of course you can find new ways to work out when we have vendors ranging from Mary Kay to Tupperware to Itasca leather goods. This is the first women's expo. So you never have any idea How it's going to do but the crowds have been good and we've made contact with so many people So we've had a lot of good exposure and some sales and that's all a good thing There aren't any official numbers, but the turnout for the event was pretty large Especially with a Minnesota fishing opener happening on the same weekend for some that made it even more of a reason to attend I would definitely come back I like it on this weekend because my husband's fishing a great opportunity for me to do something Now with the comeback year out of the way It's safe to say that Northern Minnesota's women's expo is here to stay next year The goal is to make the show even bigger. We've got lots of ideas in the works for next year So everybody will just have to stay tuned and see what we can bring up Reporting in Bemidji with this week's community spotlight Cheryl Moore, Lakeland news. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news Please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS


Hello, everyone, and thank you very much, Chip. So Sueta and I are going to talk to you guys about how we started with the Blockhead Service Broker as a Hackathon project. And then we turned it into a CF Extensions project. So initially, back in April, when we started thinking about a Hackathon idea, we wanted to do something with blockchain. And one thing that we realized is that if you've done development for blockchain, you know that it's actually pretty difficult. There's a lot of knowledge that you have to have before actually starting the development. As a developer, you have to bring up a blockchain node first. And then you have to create a blockchain account. You need to bring in a smart contract or develop one. You need to deploy it on the node. And then you need to have a decentralized web application and then integrate it with the smart contract that you deploy to the blockchain. And then you need to manage your decentralized web application. And all of this you have to do as a developer. So we realized that with Cloud Foundry and platforms like Cloud Foundry, what we do is that we've already simplified these steps for 12-factor web applications. And one thing that we realized is that decentralized web apps are basically not very different from the 12-factor web applications. Essentially, what you have is a 12-factor web application which has blockchain as the backing data store. And one of the principles in the 12 factors for a 12-factor web application is obviously that you can have backing services. So our idea was that we can, in fact, turn blockchain as a backing service to a decentralized web app and treat that decentralized web app basically as a web application. And that blockchain service that we expose can then allow you to connect to a public blockchain network or to a private blockchain network. And that's what we basically did. What we did was that we benefited from the simplicity that Cloud Foundry already brings to the web applications and we tried to bring that simplicity into decentralized web apps. So we took all those complicated steps that I initially talked about and we kind of mapped them to the three steps of managing a service in the life cycle of how basically a service broker manages a service. So now you can create a blockhead service which basically creates an account for you, brings up a blockchain node, and connects it to the blockchain network. And then you can deploy your DApp to the platform. And then you can bind your service to the application and basically pass the contract information to the broker which deploys your contract and then binds it, provides all the information that your application needs in order to connect to blockchain. And with that, we significantly simplified the extra knowledge or information that you had to have about how to write blockchain applications. And with that, I'm going to pass it to Sueta. I was going to show you a quick demo of how things are going to work. Before I get into the demo, can we go back to the slide? Yeah. I want to just quickly go over the setup so that we're all on the same page. What we have here, we have deployed an IBM Cloud Foundry Enterprise Edition environment. We had a keynote yesterday talking about how this is now GA. And this runs on the IBM Kubernetes service. So it's running on a Kubernetes cluster in IKS. What we also have is our voting decentralized application. So we're going to be running our DApp in there. But for our DApp, we need a blockchain node. So what we have is a Bosch environment. And this is running in the IBM Cloud on SoftLayer. What we are going to do is have to play the broker into our Bosch environment. And then using the OSB API, and when you go through the lifecycle there, we're going to actually create a node. And we're calling it the etService, etShort for Ethereum. And then with that, we're going to bind the two. So let me go and go through that. OK. So what I have on the left is going to just be where I'm running my CF commands. On the right is actually the broker VM that we've SSH'ed into. So you guys can kind of watch what's happening. So I've already deployed the application. But it's not running yet. I've pushed it up. I've made sure it's staged and everything to kind of quicken the process. And we're going to deploy as a simple voting app. But that's going to use a blockchain smart contract in the background to kind of keep track of the data and kind of ensure security in that. So just to kind of show you guys what we have right now, there should be nothing in this environment except the basic VCAP application information that you're usually getting. For our marketplace, we have a couple of services. So the first one, we only want to pay attention to the first one at. The second one, you guys can see later in a breakout session that's happening later today. The first one over there is an Ethereum plan that they have. And we're going to be deploying a get the development node. And we're going to be this is a Bosch deployed broker that we have there. And then on the right, I want you guys to just kind of pay attention to the Docker PS. So basically, when I create the service, I'm expecting to see a new node that's coming up. I'm going to call it my app. And as you can see, we have a new container that started coming up. You can kind of see what ports are open. If you're familiar with Ethereum development, this is usually the one that you want, the 8545. That's how you connect to a node. And you can issue commands and interact with smart contracts that have been deployed into the network. The node that we've deployed is a development node, which means it hasn't connected to the public network yet. But it's just there for you to test around and test your smart contracts. So now that we've created the node, we want to bind it. Now, when we bind the thing, we're going to do, we have to provide a little bit more information. Because one of the features of Blockhead is we're going to deploy the smart contract associated with your D app for you. And so we need a contract URL. So over here is the DCIM. This is a smart contract that we're using. It's a very simple thing. It's a voting app. We're going to have two proposals. Basically, you can vote A or you can vote B. And it keeps an internal count. Very simple, basic kind of an application. I'm going to take the URL here. So you can put basically anything that's accessible on the internet. As long as it's a Solidity contract, we can deploy it for you. And I'm going to bind that. And while that's running, let me start the app now. And by the way, this application is using the Web 3.js library. So it's a node application that's using some of the Ethereum tooling to connect to an Ethereum node. And while that starts, I want to quickly go through the environment so we can show some of the pieces here. So this is the Blockhead service binding that we're returning back. So these are all the ports you can talk to to connect back to your Ethereum node. As I mentioned before, the 8545 port is the one that we're mostly interested in. This is how you can actually, where the node is sitting. And then in the node information, if you're familiar again with Ethereum development, this ABI is basically saying, what is the format of the contract? What are the functions available to me? We have user account addresses in here, contract addresses. And then we also have the transaction information of deploying the contract. So if I go back here, we can see that it's deployed. I'm going to open this up, and here's our app. And it's pretty simple. Do you prefer dogs or cats? I'm a dog lover, so I'm going to vote and submit that. And this URL will be open for all of you guys. So if you guys want to vote, please feel free. It's vote.opencloud-cluster.us-sout.containers.appdomain.cloud. In case you're interested, I will tweet that later. And then with that, let me go back to our slides. So we've kind of gone through the demo, and I just kind of want to talk about where the project is at the moment. As Chip mentioned earlier, this is a CF extensions project. We're very excited about that. In the hackathon, we initially started this as a Ruby broker, so we have completely rewritten it and go. So we're happy about that. We have a Bosch release currently. And then later today, we're also going to be showing in a breakout session that Nima's running with our friend Morgan about how this broker can also be deployed using Kubernetes, and they're going to go into a deeper dive into that. That's at 3.30. We also have office hours at 11.55 if you want to come and talk to us. And then finally, where do we want to take this? Currently, I told you we were running these nodes in development mode. We want to also be able to connect these to the public networks. We want to try other networks out. One of the ones that I'm particularly interested in is Hyperledger Fabric, which is a permissioned blockchain. And then we also have an idea of a contract marketplace so users can pick a contract. We want to integrate that too. And with that, thank you.


Hi, and welcome to our session. Let us discuss the following question. The question says, find the mean deviation above the median for the data in exercises 7 and 8. This is the data given to us, and we have to find the mean deviation about the median of this data. Let's begin with the solution. We will first make a table of the given data. We will first arrange the given x i's in ascending order. Now, here the x i's are already in ascending order. So let's write them as it is. Now we will write its corresponding frequencies. In the column, we will calculate the cumulative frequency. Now, the cumulative frequency of f i is 3, 3 plus 5, that is 8, 6 plus 8, that is 14, 14 plus 7, that is 21, 8 plus 21, that is 29. Now we will find n. n is equal to summation i goes from 1 to 5 f i. This is equal to 3 plus 5 plus 6 plus 7 plus 8, and this is equal to 29. And 29 is odd. We know that if n is odd, then the median is that x i observation whose cumulative frequency is equal to or just greater than n plus 1 by 2, an observation. So n plus 1 by 2 is equal to 29 plus 1 by 2, and this is equal to 15. Median is equal to that observation whose cumulative frequency is greater than or equal to 15. Now, observation whose cumulative frequency is greater than equal to 15 is 30. So median is equal to 30. Now we will find x i minus n. In the first row, x i is 50, and we know that m is equal to 30. So we have 15 minus 30. 15 minus 30 is minus 50. Then we have 21 minus 30. 21 minus 30 is minus 9. 27 minus 30 is minus 3. 30 minus 30 is 0. 35 minus 30 is 5. Now we will find mod of x i minus n. Absolute value of minus 15 is 15. Absolute value of minus 9 is 9. Absolute value of minus 3 is 3. Absolute value of 0 and 5 is 0 and 5. Now we will find f i into mod x i minus n. 3 into 15 is 45. 5 into 9 is 45. 6 into 3 is 18. 7 into 0, 0, 8 into 5 is 40. On adding all this, we get 148. So summation i goes from 1 to 5, f i into mod x i minus n is 148. Now we will calculate mean deviation about median. Now mean deviation about median is equal to 1 by n into summation. i goes from 1 to 5, f i into mod x i minus n. n is equal to 29. So we have 1 by 29 into 148. And this is equal to 5.1. Hence our required answer is 5.1. So this can be the station. Bye and take care.


Well, we've lost like one in four birds in general in North America in the last 50 years, which is not good. And grassland birds have actually declined the most out of all the groups. We've got some out here like we saw the Chestnut Collard longs for today, that's declined over 70 percent. So as a lark bunting, which are those black birds with the white wings, a lot of that comes down to cropland conversion, which again is why we'd like to keep rangelands as rangeland because of that perennial cover. Every species out here is contributing to the diversity that we see. There's a lot of people interested in birds, and bird watching is the fastest growing hobby. But more than that, the birds are completely tied in with the ranching system out here. So when we talk about livestock producers and the ranching lifestyle, those two are completely interlinked. That's why they're out here is that habitat is being maintained as rangeland. If you're trying to improve the habitat for the birds, you're going to inadvertently help the cattle industry. Hell, my cows don't like to eat two inch grass either, but they will if they have to. But I think their project of saving more grass is a worthwhile cause. The wildlife benefits from what we're doing. You see them drinking at the water tanks that we've put in instead of the cricks. They get fresh water and there's so much more grass. We like this saying what's good for the bird is good for the herd. Grassland birds evolved with grazing as a natural disturbance in the system, and that's why they're responding to those different grass heights. So the first step from our perspective is rangelands, grazing lands are habitat, and we like to keep it as habitat. So we're helping producers strengthen their operation. From the bird perspective, it's everything from a grazing system that promotes those different grass heights, that habitat diversity for a host of species. And from the operational perspective, it's enabling you to have a strong grazing system for your cattle. And so that's kind of where the two come together. When NRCS came out with the conservation implementation strategy for Equip, we decided we wanted to do something in our resource unit. So I kind of called together all three of my offices and then we sat down and we decided we wanted to do something with grassland birds. We have Jessica's position with American Bird Conservancy and we have another partnership position in faith that is with pheasants forever, but is also targeted to grassland birds. So we knew we wanted to do that. So then we just kind of focused on that, and then Jessica and the pheasants forever biologist got together and wrote this CIS agreement for the curlew. We really wanted to get 21,000 acres of prescribed grazing on the landscape and 670 acres of annual cropland seeded down to perennial species. And we wanted to do this to focus on the curlew. Northwest South Dakota is really special for birds. We've got a really high diversity of grassland birds, many of which have declined, and this is some of the best remaining habitat out there. So when we were thinking about local things we could focus on, we thought of a long build curlew. It's our largest shore bird and it's endemic to the Great Plains. It migrates here from Mexico and California and other parts of kind of the southern coast every year. And everyone knows the curlew, so ranchers and conservation people and everyone alike. It's a very noticeable species, so it's got this really long curved bill and it's actually prehensile, so it's flexible and they can dig around in the mud and dig out little worms and other macro invertebrates. So we are on year two of the project and so far we've got like 28,000 acres of prescribed grazing and 24 miles of pipeline, over 50 tanks and 800 and some acres of perennial seedings. I don't think it was that hard to reach the goal because producers around here are interested in that stuff already. Like it's pretty good in the county for people to walk in and say this is what I'm looking for. We'll go out there work with them because we're invested in them. That's another good thing about our office is because we have the other partner positions in our office. They tend to know more about other funding opportunities that we don't typically know about. Producer walks in the door, if we don't have money for Equip or it's a while before Equip comes around, we always can send them to Jessica and she can put them in touch with given fish or World Wildlife Fund or American Bird Conservancy, something that might actually have funds that they can get a project done right away when they need it. I bring in the bird habitat angle and RCS brings in just a wealth of technical information on all sorts of conservation practices and I've learned a lot from them as well and then I share that also when I work with World Wildlife Fund, they just launched kind of their own financial assistance program too. So I've been able to share what I've learned from in RCS. All those agencies, you know, a lot of them have their own financial assistance and conservation programs. We've been able to collaborate together to bring all of these projects that help our landowners and then that way help our land and then of course help our wildlife which all together is what creates a healthy and sustainable ecosystem. It's a good program and very good people to work with over there in the office, they're very helpful and you run into a hiccup they can only seem to get you back online and get things figured out and we've had very good response with them. We all want to help the people and the land and the animals. So when it comes down to it, we work with the producer to determine what the best option is to fit what they're looking for. So that could be a combination of working with RCS, it could be going some of these nonprofit routes or the state government. Sometimes it's just bouncing ideas over coffee and looking at a map and then driving out in the pasture and seeing it for itself and that's how we come up with some good plans I think. Our soil health probably isn't where it needs to be, but it's just kind of a journey of sorts I guess. So hopefully we're taking one more step towards it by doing these equipped plans with this curlew project to kind of make this a better ranch for my kids generation. Holistically when you have good rangeland habitat, when you have the good bird habitat you also do have good soil health and you've got the diversity of vegetation and you've got a healthier operation and a healthier landscape for it. So it does all definitely come together like that.


All right, welcome back and welcome to some who happened to come in the second hour so I Was talking about this PowerPoint that I'm going to use as a sort of backgrounder And I'll be sending this as an email attachment. So Please take notes of things important points that I mentioned here, but this is pretty much an introduction to the politics of the region and We talk about more contemporary issues as I said you can go as many Thousand years as you like in order to understand the Middle East you you may still not understand even after an extensive study so We talk about one of the important things and This is kind of you know the Headings these the issues that I'll be talking well at least for the purpose of this Week and possibly next Tuesday. We'll be talking about these things I mentioned here in the first hour the formation of the Arab League How many of you know? something about the Arab League and we sort of For instance, do you know where the headquarters headquarters of the Arab League? Which country where it was established? Egypt is of course the home to Arab League and headquarters Cairo the capital of Egypt and you know The secretary general of the Arab League. Do you follow the news? And this is someone who's been there for so many years Who used to be the Arab the Egyptian foreign minister? Do you know? Okay Let me introduce you to Mr. Amr Mousa Well, and you know him the guy next next to him. Well, this this picture was taken earlier this year Again in Paris There was this global zero summit Global zero aims at bringing down the number of nuclear weapons in the world to zero which is a I know an ambitious target But it is something that is in my opinion worth you know working for and Amr Mousa was one of the participants and After a comment I made there He just came next to me and said you know how much you like the comment and he wished sort of Turkey pursued a policy with respect to The American nuclear weapons that are deployed in Turkish territory, which I suggested that they should be David Beck, you know taken Back to the or sent back to the United States and then we had a Occasion to have dinner with other people other participants and he's a nice guy and he sort of kind of promised to Oops, sorry Meet again when we Get back Sorry, I'll I'll have to find that the power point again Don't look at my emails And you can see yours. I mean asking me sir. I you know, I want to learn The Middle East and that's why I'm taking this course and I promise I'll be working hard and please Tell your secretary To register this and that and I have a picture here As well this one for instance Maybe I should turn off lights here. Is it better? Yeah, this is Israeli territory and you see Palestinian Well, well, this is not that uniform as you see here. It's like Dalmatians and there are Settlements This is one of the biggest and most sort of contentious issues in the Arab-Israeli conflict and the one of the most or important impediments To a resolution of conflict between Arabs and Palestinians. Well, the issue the sort of The controversies between the state of Israel and the Palestinians, of course in its essence But it is something that goes far beyond the Palestinian Arab or Israeli problem It has become an Arab-Israeli problem after all Palestinian people not all of them, but most of them are Arab therefore It is quite natural that Arab nations have displayed a certain degree of interest to this problem But other than that other powers like the United States, of course is a strong Ally which gives its strong backup to Israel and also Iran especially over the last Couple of decades has been involved in this problem as well and some other sort of countries In the region and more recently Turkey has also become a part of the problem and or just being one of the actors which tries to find a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict with a view to you know bringing stability to the region. Anyways, if we go back to our PowerPoint here again, one of the issues that I mentioned was the Full of dynasties and the place by Mitri rules In especially countries like Egypt, Iraq and Syria, of course Each time Israel fought against Arab nations. It has More or less gained additional territories and Consolidated its territory and also its statehood. I mean its state structure that has something that Was somewhat beneficial from Israel perspective because Arabs have never been Contrary to what was sort of expected with the creation of the League of Nations and Contrary to what was stated in the Charter of the Arab League Arab nations have not been able to display Solidarity and enough strength to stand up against Israel and Or to be successful in in their fights Against Israel and Israel has almost on every occasion took advantage of this situation and not only Expanded its territory Well, of course at once especially after 1967 war the so-called six-day war or Six days war or June war in 1967 They of course had Sinai Peninsula, which after all was traded with Egypt at the Expensive Peace between Egypt and Israel and Egypt has been the first country as we will talk about later To recognize the state of Israel and that's why they were expelled from the Arab League and the Arab League's headquarters were moved from Cairo to Tunis the capital of Tunisia anyway, so going back to the 1950s and the this consequences of wars between Arabs and Israel, of course we have seen ultimately especially in Egypt rise of Nazism and Pan-Arab Ideology, this is an important episode which lasts for about 15 or so years where Nasser had his Signature, I mean his had his impact on the politics of the Middle East Of course the coming to power of Nasser in Egypt was not a straightforward or just a quick phenomenon Eventually he sort of emerged as a charismatic personality Well, especially In the fight against Israel some were humiliated In in the administrations of Arab nations, but yet This the free officers coup which ultimately or eventually Brought Nasser to power had a certain now ideology. I mean they they were unlike the previous sort of Elite who administer Egypt these people were mainly from rural area. I mean not necessarily Nobility, I mean not from aristocracy or elite sort of people they were coming from the in a rural area from the countryside and of course within With a view to advancing or the elevating the live standards of their people one particular Objective was of course to get rid of the British Colonials, this is that was something which could be You know, which could not be sort of compromised by enemies, of course elimination of feudalism Land reform was something that was promised to the people God bless And was of course according to many political analysts was a source of many conflicts that Egypt had on the gun Domestically, I mean because that was not necessarily successful enough and that you know the At some point according to My readings as far as I can recollect I Mean a very small minority like maybe you know less than 1% own more than one third or even more of lands and Egyptian lands Cultivable lands. I mean where you could you know Do a culture and so they seized power and those who were holding on to power I mean this power of course had a say had had much to say in the administration of the Country, but after this land reform, of course, there were many small sort of landowners Which did not necessarily, you know a combined Could not combine their powers and they were not necessarily effectively using this Sort of power that they had anyway, so We are not going to go into details about Egyptian domestic politics But according to some analysts as I said that was one of the reasons for further sort of deterioration of domestic situation The one again one objective here was to create a powerful army. I mean Mitri sort of capability which was One of the beliefs of Almost every sort of Mitri people who ruled the country but more specifically of Nasser because that in their opinion was the only way to get the you know, Palestinian territory back from Israel Israel proved itself Starting from the first of these wars this this series of wars between Themselves and Arabs that they had superior Mitri capabilities and one important anecdote here something that I'll be Talking about more extensively in the coming weeks was is that Israel actually when even before it was created as a as a nation as a state before the proclamation of Israel officially Important figures in Israel have come together. I mean primarily Bangor Young Simone Perez advisement and especially Bangor Young was so anxious so determined To have what was called absolute power Absolute power meant atomic power. I mean nuclear power and this is something that happens in 1947 even a year at least before The official proclamation of state of Israel and we know this from the writings of Avner Kohan Who is a is a distinguished scholar and also a friend as a colleague With whom I on many occasions had a chance to chat and discuss over his writings and over the situation In the Middle East and most recently it was in May night in I mean this year we met in Doha and Just by coincidence you might remember those who are interested in you know watching TVs or reading papers politics political issues there was a sort of a newspaper article if I'm not mistaken something that was actually an excerpt a sort of a summary of an article that would be published or a book that will be published later on about You know Israeli nuclear capability and Avner Kohan was right next to me sitting sitting And Over the phone, you know given interviews to people who was who were calling them. So According to Avner Kohan Israeli the founding fathers and more specifically it is Bangor Young who Very much committed to having this Absolute power namely nuclear weapons capability Otherwise, he believed Israel could not survive within this hostile environment. Well and according to him, I would say If somebody else were in his place Israel might not have been successful in getting through all the way to having what is not official acknowledged as being there or what is not being denied either Namely nuclear weapons capability. So therefore Israeli sort of survivability today is so much believed by the Israelis themselves and Analysts is that it depends on their nuclear capability and therefore There are some other countries who are trying to match Israeli capability and maybe for a eventual desire to eliminate Israel This is something that we can understand in between the sentences of some of these statements made by some leaders in the region So I'm not going to go into detail right now, but this is important. So since from the beginning the Ambition to match Israeli military capabilities has been there in almost every nation but of course we should not Think that that was the only reason as to why Middle East is so over armed today on or the you know the presence of all sorts of weapons Capabilities exists. It's not only Israel. I mean there's there has always been Other reasons even more substantial or more important reasons for the Arab nations or nations in the Middle East to arm themselves I mean for instance Even today at present day There is this deal between the United States and Saudi Arabia for the sale of some aircraft and helicopters Fort of 60 billion dollars six zero billion dollars and this will be the probably the single most highest figure of arms sale between United States and any country as far as I know and especially in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia will buy like approximately 85 or so new state of the art 15 I guess and they will some of their existing aircraft will be upgraded and there will be all sorts of attack helicopters and All sorts of other new metro helicopters all of which combined will amount to something like 60 billion dollars I mean whether this is necessary for Saudi Arabia or how this will implicate the Arm sales through the region by other powers like France is always sitting on the fence to find new Customers etc. So there has always been In many many reasons actually In the Middle East for countries to arm themselves, but one particular reason and maybe the something that trigger especially Egypt under Nasser to Invest in armament was of course the ambition to match to to equalize if not No overcome the metric capabilities of Israel Well These are some details, but what what we see here, of course Under the British colonial rule, of course and arguably Egypt was you know or did not have any contradiction with Western countries because it was ruled by the elite who were brought to power or maintained power by the British and the Western powers so you could not expect Radical sort of a controversy between it did sort of the Egyptian ruling elite and and the West but Nasser's succession to power and holding on to power in the country eventually Elinated Egypt from the West. I mean distance put a distance between Egypt and the West and Because of this ideological stance Egypt even if you go today, I mean You can see in the streets of Cairo or elsewhere People who very much looked like Egyptians 5000 years ago. So there is therefore this Notion or understanding of being an Egyptian Even being over being In Arab so Egyptian identity is sometimes Clashed or sometimes Seen as being superior by some not all of the Egyptian people over when compared to Arab identity So Egypt in a sense in its foreign policy did not only pursue an Arab foreign policy and Egyptian history or legacy of the past has has always been an important factor in their Sort of a foreign policy making and also in their national identity. So this is something important This is not unique to Egypt. But of course Egypt is one of the most ancient civilizations So there are Egyptians who associate themselves maybe more with their ancient past rather than current Arab sort of Identity well, this is quite normal or at least there is this mixture of the two so and That was more so maybe during the dynasty period or the king or the sort of elite During the colonial rule, but Nasser who has someone from as I said in rural Area and he emphasized the Arabness. I'm an Arab identity of Egypt So under Nasser we could see Egypt sort of pursuing pretty much almost entirely an Arab sort of foreign policy and And also propagating this and throughout the Arab world and therefore He was categorically against a Colonial rule or imperial rule or intervention of great powers in the regional politics and that he taught just like stated in the Arab League, which was not necessarily something Done in his presence, but something that in some respects were upheld by him or were supported by him to I mean pursuing Arab foreign policy or Arab policy and Therefore he declined to join the the Baghdad pact the Baghdad pack was a product of what I would call the Eisenhower sort of doctrine which aimed at creating You know big and small alliances in the region which would get support of the United States With a view to protect of course US interest overseas I mean the United States and that was a period of transition as I said This region was ruled for long centuries by the British by the French and other colonial powers and Ottomans but during the decline of the Ottoman rule and that was the subject of what was known as the eastern question and Eastern question was as to whom would replace the Ottoman rule Whether it will be the French or the British or others So and French and the British were forthcoming in in sort of a taken over the rule from the Ottomans if not they sure because Ottoman Empire was still there until the end of the First World War and But in the facto situation the British and French have been effective so but over time especially as I said In the post World War two period when French and the British were war wary. I mean we're sort of a tired of fighting the World War two They were victorious powers, but they were devastated their countries. I mean Britain France Well, France surrendered and did not sort of undergo much destruction But Britain economically politically they were not in a position to sustain their powers or at least I mean next project their meter capabilities to control everything on a daily basis, so there was this period of transition of the rule of the region from British French as the previous superpowers to the United States and to some extent of course Soviet Union in opposite camps as new superpowers of the Post-World War two period and during that time of course in order to contain the Soviet expansionism of course United States was Erecting some pacts alliances One of one of which was of course the North Atlantic three organization NATO in Continental Europe With of course inclusion of the United States in Canada in North America and eventually Turkey being together with Greece being part of it and in the Middle East there were such organizations which brought together Turkey Iran Pakistan and Turkey Iraq Iran, so they were all aiming at sort of Containing the Soviet expansionism and blocking the Soviets or preventing Soviets from coming down to the Middle East which actually was very rich Oops, sorry for that let's so Blocking the Soviet expansionism toward the oil rich regions, which were strategically very very important, so But the Baghdad pact Which has a long history? I'll not I'll be not be talking about at this moment but Egypt and under Nasser denied to be part of it and not only Himself stood away from Baghdad pack but also used its influence on other Arab nations such as Jordan such as Syria to stay away from it and after the Mitri coup in Iraq Which of course toppled the Dynasty and brought the Mitri to power then Baghdad pack Iraq was not part of it and Since the capital of Iraq which was now under Mitri rule, which was not part of Baghdad pack Which was its capital indeed of course the pack could not survive at least Eventually just faded away So therefore This is something that in a sense that was seen as You know Initiation of Egypt from the West so under Nasser because of his ideological stance And not so much in the sense that I mean when I when we talk about ideology We do not mean I do not mean here Socialist ideology as we have seen as in the Soviet Union The under Nasser Egypt was at an equidistant position Bought to the Soviet Union to the United States. I mean him being out alienating himself from the West Was not because he was getting closer At least at the beginning toward the Soviet Union for ideological reasons. He was not obsessed with Socialist ideology. I mean in per se, but eventually he developed something like A you know a mixture of both Arab identity Arab nationalism and Socialist sort of ideology and there is therefore this emergence of what is not now known or then also known as Arab socialism So it was in one respect. It was you know Featuring some nationalist undertones, but also socialist stance was kind of interesting mixture particular to the radical or Arab world which Eventually made these countries more radical. I mean in their stance vis-a-vis Western nations so His defines Rows him to regional prominence. I mean Nasser's charismatic stance and his defiance of the colonial powers superpowers standing up against them and just sort of Just like today for instance not at the same level at the same extent But I can see whenever I read these comments made after Mamoud Ahmadinejad the President of Iran Islamic Republic of Iran his defiance of US pressure and also European pressure sort of gains him a lot of I don't know reputation a lot of sympathy in the Islamic world also in in the Arab world even though Iran is not an Arab country I can tell you in the streets of many Arab nations the profile of Iranian president is pretty high So is Turkish Prime Minister's profile is very high because again of his Stance in some respects not in all likelihood, but in some respects vis-a-vis the you know Situation Gaza and and Israel and the stance of Israel. So in the past we have seen this and therefore Nasser gained a lot of prominence get a lot of reputation and had a lot of Followers sorry for that So of course as we stated earlier Egypt had this desire like many other Arab nations to advance its means of capabilities and That was pursued more so by Nasser but he of course He could not realize some of his desires and he was approached by the Soviets at the time and because not because the Soviets were in fond of Nasser, but because of course political reasons Let me see if in the next Sorry for that Yeah, I mean this is something that Is Accepted as the turning point in the history of Middle East the Suez Canal crisis something that I mentioned at the beginning of the first hour Nasser Desired to buy certain weapon systems and Western countries declined to provide Nasser with or Egypt with this because They would most like to be used against Israel in the first place and also because of his stance is a video Western nations and At that time as I mentioned the Soviets were quite ready to provide Egypt with necessary arms weapons munitions and that was somewhat presented as a different deal arms deal between Czechoslovakia and and Egypt and Of course Egypt did not have enough Financial resources to Get these arms And one way Which was taught by Nasser was The nationalization of the revenues of the Suez Canal That of course was not acceptable for the French who built the canal and also British who heavily depended on the canal because it was on their way to Still oops, sorry again this To The Southern Asia and where they were doing all this trade This is of course not something that will be allowed By the British and as I said during the first hour British French and Israelis have come together and large and offensive Which of course was not Accepted neither by the United States nor by the Soviet Union and The reaction of the United States the intervention of the United States Putting a halt to this war and forcing the British French and Israeli troops to be throw from their positions wherever they were Of course cause a trauma in in these capitals London Paris and Tel Aviv So this again something had more reputation more prominence to Nasser I mean because well in one sense if you look at the issue materially That was not a successful war from the perspective of Egypt, but the ultimate result the result of which was a Portical success after all the United States Interweaned and forced it three powers who have attacked Egypt to withdraw So that was a political success and added much more reputation to Nasser in terms of You know or as a political figure so this had a big influence on our people And what we have seen especially in Syria Egypt was a role model and It was he was someone who was seen as a savior who could save Syria from falling to the hands of the communist sort of our rulers and We have seen upon the proposition Suggestion that came from the Syrian People creation of the United Arab Republic Which did not leave for long and the reason why it did not leave for long because United Arab Republic was formed. Well, when you look at the maps here Syria and Egypt Having a distance between the two Forming a one-state which pretty much you know was difficult to rule and It was rule from Cairo the the capital of the two was seen as Cairo and the Syrian politicians deputies a military sort of elite who are supposed to be in their proper places in in Syria were Asked to be here in Cairo So therefore There were some problems in on the ground in terms of administration and more important than that Egyptians and Nasser Politically and you know ideologically dominated this United Republic and Syrians actually after sometimes started to complain and also found it difficult to Continue this Republic and did not Last for long so in 1961 it just disappeared one important turning points in history of the Middle East was as I mentioned the June war or six days war because the war last for only six days and During which Israel Extended its territories and also defeated three nations Within a span of actually three days or so especially using its air power in first of all eliminating the air powers of its enemies Egypt Syria and Jordan And so therefore this is something that had far-reaching consequences for the region Of course the The profile of Nasser as I mentioned was so high that he was Seen as a I mean or his ideology was seen as a panacea for every problem in the Middle East I mean people taught Nasser would solve almost every problem that was the inspiration that was the perception of the period and It has been of course in the Sort of a political agenda of Nasser to achieve some goals such as liberating Palestine from Israeli occupation strengthening of course Arab nations and more specifically Egypt and stopping Israeli expansion territorial expansion, but but follow was almost the opposite the 67 war Egypt lost Sinai Peninsula this part which is Strategically geo strategically extremely important not only as a land, but also as a buffer zone as a you know territory between Egypt and Israel it is something that provides enough strategic depths from the Egyptian perspective a safe distance between capital Cairo and Israeli sort of our Mitra units so but overall this is a Significant land portion a huge something actually maybe bigger than Israeli territory in a way so After the 67 war that was lost to each Israel and Also control is Jerusalem, which is still at present day According to some statements made by Israeli Poetitions Netanyahu for instance Lieberman today and others East Israel which is claimed by the Sort of Palestinians to be the capital of Palestine state of Palestine is or can by no means be left to Anybody and that it is from Israeli perspective It is a Israeli territory and they have they started control is Jerusalem Gaza and West Bank after this war Let me just show you this map again The other map will show you better Gaza and West Bank so The this war in a sense enhanced the position of Israel which was The actually the the opposite what was expected from launching this war well The 67 war and the June 67 war actually Started based on Wrong or misperception or wrong information or miscalculation it was so Suggested by the Soviets that in Israeli attack was imminent and Of course the the intelligence reports were not necessarily reflecting the reality, but Egyptian Syrians wanted to take advantage and they sort of made some metri preparations, but Israel preempted and especially the first strike was against the air powers of these countries and they eliminated an overwhelming majority of almost eighty percent of the Syrian and Egyptian air powers and in the absence of air power or Because Israel was controlling or had almost undisputed air superiority the conduct of war was not that difficult and eventually came to a halt because Arab nations were defeated and One of the consequences was of course further radicalization of the Palestinian problem under LFT Which was created already with a view to pursuing the Objectives of the Arab Palestinian people and we have seen Arafat and LFT becoming or dominant among the Palestinian people and What we have seen especially after 67 war But its parties and the Mitra eventually taking control and we have seen these two Sort of Iraq and Syria these two countries becoming even further radical and Establishing deeper relations with the Soviet Union, which eventually led to if another series of conflict between Israel and Arab nations and also within the Arab nations because there is there has always been a Rivalry among the Arab states with respect to whom would be the leader? I mean Egypt Syria and Iraq always claimed to be leader of the Arab world and This aspect has been one of the reasons as to why Arab unity could not be achieved Of course, this is not the only factor that there are other factors which have Sort of paid away to this result, but for instance, you know some Gulf countries which are quite rich in terms of oil resource and financial assets and there is there is this sort of a disparity between in terms of richness between these countries and some other Arab nations where people are living in misery, so therefore Among many factories this has been another reason as to why the Arab nations could not come together because of this rivalry I mean even though there were both is parties boss party As we call it in Iraq and Syria. They were at some point even more than you know rivals I mean they were almost fighting each other. I mean if not in the battlefield, but in proxy wars and so there was this animosity hostility between Iraq and Syria for so many years and one of one of the reasons was of course the different interpretations of Bautist ideology, so let's let's for the moment stop here and because I'll continue with more maybe details with the Other developments that follow the 67 or please keep quiet for a while and What war and peace in the Middle East in the 70s and 80s and these developments will sort of bring us to the 1990s when most of what we are seeing today have started I mean with especially Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the wars that followed and All other developments that we now see in the Middle East and likely to see in the future. All right, I'll see you on Tuesday Don't be late. I'll start at 9 30