And today's talk is about how to run a surgery, eye surgeries. I'm specialized in video-legendary surgery and cataract surgery, and these 10 years I teach my resident cataract surgery over 30 of them, so today what I teach is the main talk. My resident called my course Yamane Dojo. Do you know Dojo? Like a karate. And there are three rules of Yamane Dojo. The course is only six months, even if they can master it or not. And the goal is understanding surgical theory and make it safe to operate. So do not just do, not just do, but they must consider how to, and they must promise they will teach more than two doctors in the future. And they can select course in Yamane Dojo. The soft course is just do as instructed. Maybe I think the resident who selects soft course will not be a surgeon in the future. And most of Japanese select the middle if the selection is the three. Most resident selects hard course. The goal is then think by yourself and think by themselves. So they will be independent surgeon. And super hard course is must be understanding all of surgery and they should be a high-end surgeon. So I think the most important factor to master surgery is knowledge. Not skill, but knowledge is the best. Most important factor. Of course and skill and decolonization is also important. I want to say again and knowledge first and decolonization what is now. You must recognize the situation and think what will do. Then the skill it needed. So there are many tips to master surgery for beginners. Today I will not explain about all. So when I said to resident to do CCC capital axis some doctors cannot insert chisotome needle like this. They can insert a normal Bisco elastics. They can feel the Bisco elastics but they cannot insert chisotome. Then the important thing is they must think why it is difficult. What is the difference between the Bisco elastics and chisotome? So every week we do surgery with me. They do surgery with me and afternoon we show video together and make discussion. Then I ask them why you cannot insert the chisotome. This is a chisotome and this is a corneal tunnel. So if you proceed the chisotome, the tip of the needle hits the corneal wound. So you cannot go over. So how can resolve it? Never hit corneal with a needle tip. So you should turn the needle like this from this to this. Then you can proceed because nothing ledges to go. Then the resident changed their procedure. The direction of the shaft of the needle significantly changed. They did like this but now they did like this. So they can master how to insert the chisotome. So when they started to PA, first they cannot divide a nucleus. Then I ask them how to divide a smoked squid. Maybe you never eat smoked squid. So please imagine a beef jerky. How to divide beef jerky? Do you hold a center and then divide? Maybe you can't. You started to divide from the tip end. So you should divide the nucleus from the edge, then center. When the nucleus is very soft, it is difficult than the modulator you heard one because you cannot push the wall. It is easily to break. So how to divide this soft nucleus? I said resident imagines jelly. Actually, I said a tofu but today's jelly. All Japanese can use chopsticks. So they can hold jelly. That is not so easy but we can. So imagine the nucleus is like jelly. So you must push nucleus softly. So do not broke the wall and it takes a long time to divide. If the nucleus is hard, it's immediately divided. But if the nucleus is soft, it takes a long time. So just imagine a soft material. So Cripper run noticed. Chopping is easier for soft nucleus. That is a good idea. So when we practice surgery, we must consider for what we will do. The purpose of practice is remember, collect movement. So if the movement you try is wrong, you just remember wrong movement. So first, you must think what is the correct. And practice is a chance to try new techniques. You cannot do new technique for a human, of course. So you should try on the porcine eye or a stimulator. And you should think what kind of training is effective. When we use porcine eye to master catheter surgery, I said, listen to don't fix the eye firmly. If you fix the eye, the eye never moves. But in the real surgery, the eye easily moves. So you should lose the eye fixation when you train. And when you master capsule Lexus CCC, you should increase biturist pressure because the porcine eye is still dyed. So the IOP is very raw. So no biturist pressure. So you should inject water into the biturist cavity. And it becomes difficult to complete CCC. And we must master to control the size of CCC. So you should make a small one or a large one or like a Mickey Mouse. So do not do just like a real surgery. But in practice, you should try everything. This is my favorite word. Teaching is learning twice over. So if you come to a 2 or 3rd, 2nd or 3rd grade, you should teach to the junior. It's not only them, but for yourselves. So let's move to treatment of Lens Capsule Lecture. This case is a very young mature catheter act. She has a diabetes and poor controlled diabetes. My legend showed her and she discovers that entochamber is not so deep, shallow. And three weeks after control of internal medicine, the IOP was raised. Then one of my residents do surgery. And she has experience of 20 or 30 cases. And this is the first case of a mature catheter act. She stained entochamber and started her usual procedure. Then the entochamber was teared, ruptured. Then the surgeon was converted. And my fellow completed this surgery. Fortunately, the tear did not go through the capsule. So he can insert the lens in the back. Then next week, I did the last one, left eye. So do you know how to avoid the entochamber? Yeah, how to decompress. You mean a lens decompression? Yeah. Good. Two points. One is, as he said, one is using heat on five. Heat on five can frighten the under capsule. This mature catheter act has elevated capsule. So you should use heat on five to frighten. Then I decompress the lens using satyr gauge needle. And I pull the sealage and asphalate the cortex. One important point is do not asphalate much. If the capsule goes down, it is difficult to do CCC. So just a little. So, as you know, this is called ascentine frag sign. Because if you use a toripan brew, and the tea looks white, so it's like ascentine frag. But in this case, we did not use blue one. We used green. So what's this? This is Niger frag sign. So how to treat posterior capsule rupture? This is a big program for beginners. The first step is the sponge to vitroctomy. Sometimes in ACLS and some doctors said sponge vitroctomy is not good because then you can pull the vitreous and reginal tractions will occur. So you should be aware of vitreous tractions just cut near the wound. Then you must remove the remained nucleus. This bisque extraction is a very effective technique and very safe. So you should master this technique first, injecting the bisque elastic and open the wound. So the flow of the bisque elastic makes the wound goes out. But if the nucleus is too large to remove, we have two choices. One is enlarge the wound and one is the PA. Of course, an enlargement of an wound is safer, but I don't want to enlarge. So I usually use PA with a low vacuum and low flow. Of course, it's a risk of nuclear drop. So I first push the bisque elastic, bisque cold under the nucleus and place the nucleus very slowly. And we should hold the nucleus with another instrument. Then the small remain nucleus was removed by bisque extraction. And after removal of the nucleus, we should cut the vitreous. I usually use 25 gauge vitreous cutter and I recommend to use cornea percentage side port. Do not use a main wound because vitreous will come and come if you use main wound. And how amount of cutting of vitreous is a very difficult point, I think minimal vitrectomy is better. Some doctors cut more and more vitreous, but it's a risk of making leaching out here. So I think minimal vitrectomy is better. Torium Shinoron acetonide is very useful to visualize the remained vitreous. This is my residence case and this is her first case of posterior rupture. So she remembered she must use Torium Shinoron, but she injects too much. So Torium Shinoron goes vitreous cavity and next day patients said, I cannot see, but three days after he recovers, he recovers vitreous cavity. So do not inject too much. So after removal of the nucleus, vitreous and cortex, then an eye oil insertion. When the capsule defect is small, we can insert the eye oil in the back. In this case, and this punch out was seen, but I could insert the eye oil in the back. This case is a 16-year-old boy with a trauma and he has a posterior capsule rupture by the trauma. But the parent want to use a multi-focal eye oil. So it's a difficult situation. I remove the nucleus with a 25-gauge vitreous cutter and I cannot use an infusion like this. Plaviously, and if I use infusion now, the nucleus will go to the vitreous cavity because of the pressure. So I just inject BSAs manually and aspirate with vitreous cutter. Then I removed and remain cortex. So this is a posterior capsule tear, but this part and this part of posterior capsule is remained. So I decided to insert multi-focal eye oil in the back. But the defect of posterior capsule is large. Of course, I cannot insert the eye oil in the back. So normally I insert the eye oil in the back in sarcos, sarcos fixation. We can use a large eye oil, 7 millimeters eye oil. So I usually use large eye oil for sarcos fixation. If the CCC is good, very centered and about 5 millimeters of diameter. I use 6 millimeter normal three-piece eye oil. First, insert it on the back and do an optic capture. Optic capture is very effective to stabilize the eye oil. So I like this technique. Just push one side and then another side. So making a good CCC is very important point. So vitrectomy should be kept to a minimum when you show and you solve a posterior capsule rupture and use elastic materials to prevent vitreous escape and nucleus develop. Eye oil should be fixed in the back or out of the back with optic capture. So let's move to the vitrectomy. The most important point of vitrectomy or this is same as cataract surgery is do not push the wound. You should move the instrument like this. You do not move here like this. In vitrectomy, total vitreous removal is very important. If the vitreous cortex is remained, residue of vitreous cortex is associated with the development of PBR. And it's also macropacca will occur if you remain the vitreous cortex. So this case is a retinal detachment and the patient has a PVD. However, we can see the remained vitreous cortex. I think this instrument flex loop is very effective to remove the remained vitreous cortex. You should remove the vitreous cortex, especially Maca earlier and the earlier with an retinal detachment. Chandelier light is very effective too, but there are some points to remain. You should set the chandelier opposite side from the retinal tear or assistant side because assistant can control the direction of the chandelier light. Chandelier light is very effective, but this advantage of the chandelier light is a halation. We cannot see under the chandelier light and it's very shiny. So turn the post turn the direction to the posterior pole. Then we sometimes use shade technique. Just pull the chandelier light inside the canura. This is a normal situation. We cannot see the retina under the chandelier light, but when using shade technique, we can see the retina under the chandelier light. After a full-year exchange, the halation is very severe. So we usually use shade technique and under air. So you can see the retina tear and you can easily do a laser photocarpalation. Liquid powerful carbon, powerful carbon liquid, PFC air is very and good too. This liquid has no color and heavy and low viscosity and high oxygen. Amazingly, this mouse in the PFC air can survive three days because of the high oxygen of the liquid. So he can breath in the liquid. So when using PFC air, you should pay attention about an increase of IOP. So you must lower using lower IOP using vitreous captor or some or using some special injection needle. And sublational migration is a big problem, so do not make it a small bubble. You should inject PFC air very slowly and now I aspirate the PSS using vitreous captor. And we must make one large bubble of PFC air to avoid sublational PFC air. And PFC air easily flatten the legionary, but you should remember you cannot completely drain the removal of the sublational fluid with PFC air. So after photocarpalation, I perform fluid air exchange and drain the SLF, sublational fluid carefully. We cannot drain SLF perfectly without fluid air exchange. This is a sublational path of carbon liquid and unfortunately, it sometimes moves to macro area. So if the sublational PFC air is in vitreous side or very, very, very, very, we can observe, but it is if it's in a upper side, we should remove it. So I aspirate it, sublational PFC air using micro needle. You can use a sublational needle to aspirate. But this procedure is very stressful, so you should avoid this situation. So for the exchange, it's very important procedure to repair LLD, Lational Detachment. And you should be careful with visual field disturbance due to lational air losing. The move patient's head to make lational tear comes the lowest position to remove the SLF. And when the IOL is moisted, condensation, you should use viscoelastic materials. In this case, it looks nice to drain SLF, but it remains. First, I performed laser photocoagulation around the lational tear, then I drained the SLF. Now I ask a patient to chin up, then I can drain the SLF totally. If the patient has a shoot, fake kick, and Yag laser was done, sometimes condensation of IOL is occurred. So I cannot see clearly. In this situation, I use viscoelastic materials, viscote, to avoid condensation. If the IOL is a silicone material, it doesn't work. So you should not inject secant IOL. Then the visualization was improved. And removing video cortex should be removed for prevent of complications, VBR and macro cutback. When using chandelier light, it is necessary to control halation. And BIA of a sublational powerful carbon liquid. And you should move patient's head to drain sublational fluid completely. So the final topic is the challenging cases. Today, I had two cases. The first case is an DME, diabetic macro edema. And this is a 70-year-old male with a diabetes. And he underwent PRP 2012 and cut out surgery 2013. Then the macro edema occurred 2014. Then he comes to our department. This is the OCT of the first visit. We can see the CME in both sides. What is the choice of the treatment? Now, of course, no. Before that, I checked the FHG. And the laser photocollabination is almost good. And a little small NPA is remained. Now, we use the learning based mom injection, of course. And as you can see, the macro edema was improved. But we must inject one more. Five times of injection for right eye. And nine times for left eye. And we did additional toriomachinolone, subtenon soptoriumachinolone injection. And laser photocollabination for macro annualism. But the macro edema was remained as a central. So what's next? Do you inject more anti-BGF? You can use Osvex steroid. A great PC. Are we direct to me? Okay. I selected other. What's other? Cystectomy. First, I remove the epilatinal membrane and ILM. And cut the forebear. And remove the cyst. Yeah. My friend researched this material. And he found this is fibrinogen. And the macro edema was disappeared. And after this, and he received no injection after this, one year, over one year. And some legal ends of macro edema occurred and peripheral side of the macula. But central macro was pretty good. I have only a few cases of this surgery, but my friend and Dr. Imai has many cases. And he published the paper. The final one is large macular hole. Inverted ILM flap, free flap, and lens capsule transplantation reported to be effective for large macular hole. This entry transplantation of the neural retina for large macular hole has been deported. And additional effect is expected. So I try to do this surgery. So this is a case of an 82-year-old female. And she has a large macular hole, stage four. The minimum diameter is 800 microns. First, I peel the ILM and making an ILM flap. Then I peel the ILM and the temporal side of the macula. And I measure the size of macular hole. I intended to harvest the graft from here. I made a little detachment and now making the graft. Making graft is very difficult because I cannot move the scissors freely just from here. But I wanted to make the wound graft. So it takes a long time, but I completed it. So now I got the graft and transplanted it into the macular hole. In the original paper, they use silicone oil tamponade, but I don't want to use silicone oil. So I fixed the graft with an inverted ILM flap and put a piece of elastic on the flap. And I want to close this hole. So I use an ILM to close the intentional hole. Use a free ILM flap technique for this hole. I made an ILM flap here, but that was too small. So I did a free flap. And food exchange was done. And SF6 gas injection was performed. This is OCT, major one month post-operative degree. The macular hole is completely closed. But unfortunately, there is no sensitivity on the graft. And how about the intentional hole? It closed. And six months post-operative degree, and the visual acuity has a little bit increased. And as you can see, the ellipsoid and ILM is very clear in the graft area. However, the graft did not work. This is one month, and this is six months post-operative degree. But at some point, and the sensitivity is improved from one month to six months. But I think this is because macular hole and coming smaller and smaller. So the center of the graft did not have the right perception. So the transplant latinar is engrafted, but there is no synapse formation. However, in animal experiments, it has been reported that transplanted photoreceptors and from IBS cells form synapses. So it may be possible to make the transplant latinar function in the future. So cystectomy may be effective for treatment of a resistant and diabetic macular edema. And latinar transplantation can be an option for treatment of large macular hole. But transplantation alone is insufficient to improve visual function now. So this is a take home message. And knowledge is the most important factor to master the surgery. And please find the best way from many options. I think cataract and vitro-original surgery is mature now, but new techniques are still coming. Thank you for your attention. Any questions? Fibrinogen. He did a musket, muspec, and only Fibrinogen was found. No cell tissue. Such as like your microneedle injection of the TPA or you're going into remove assist. What's your thought process in preparing for that surgery? How did you decide what's a good idea and what's a bad idea? That's a difficult question. And I don't know that. And I think every day about surgery and what is good and what is bad. And I saw many surgeries, not only myself, but others. I can learn from my legend when they mistakes. It is good for my learn. So that's all.


to call in and ask a question about your life or connect with a loved one on the other side. The numbers<PHONE_NUMBER>. Yep. Second. Yeah,<PHONE_NUMBER>. Thank you. I will never reach out to you. On social media or any place else, I will never reach out to you and tell you you need a reading or to do work with me. If you want work with me, if you want to work with me, if you want a reading, if you want anything like that, you reach out to me via my website or my business number. And then we book that session. And my website is tonig.info. I just, I really don't want anyone to get scammed and spend money on something that is not what they think it is. Third, I never do email readings. And a lot of these scammers will just email you things. I never, ever do email readings. I don't do email anything, to be honest. Yeah, I never do email anything. Okay. We're going to go to callers in a second. I just want to take a moment to thank everybody in the chat. Hey, Patrick. Thank you so much, Patrick. Genevieve. I have some information about Genevieve, by the way, you guys. Hold on. I'm about to spill the tea on Genevieve. Heather wants some predictions. They're coming, Heather. They are coming. Hey, Sal and Rebecca. Bon and Terry, everybody joining us in the chat. Thank you. If you would like to join us in the chat, all you have to do is join us live for Showtime. To join us live for Showtime, you just can click on YouTube live. I go live every Monday and Wednesday at noon. Every Monday and Wednesday at noon, I go live, noon central. So you can join on YouTube, which is what I used to record, this Holdin' Nothing Back production. And Blog Talk, which is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Either one of those, you can join us live on. You can join us in the chat 15 minutes before the show. Everybody's talking, asking questions, asking for songs and live predictions or live songs and predictions, however you want to say that. And then again, if you want to ask a question live, that would be via the<PHONE_NUMBER> number. Okay. I'm going to go first to names of people who have come through from the other side. And the first one is John or Jonathan. There's a John or Jonathan that is here for someone. And their message would be, I'm not gone. I'm just, you're funny, Jonathan. He doesn't even mean this in a funny way. I'm not gone. I'm just not visible to you. Meaning, whomever is missing this person, they're not gone from you. They're just there with you. Okay. The next person is a Chris or Christine, Christina, Christine, Christina, Christina, Christine, whatever it is. I think, oh my gosh, I know who this is. I know who this is.  Joanne, this is for you. Because then I saw the last name and I knew instantly who this was. Thank you for everything you did for me. I'm really grateful. I never showed as much gratitude as I should have. And thank you for always believing in me. I was, I don't want to start my show crying. She wants to say, Auntie Jo, Auntie Joanne, thank you so much. You had so much more faith and belief in me than I ever did. And you never treated me like in a bad way. You never treated her how she felt about herself or you never had your treatment based on her behaviors and addictions.   Because it's a much better situation for her now. Okay. Okay, that's a heavy way to start the show, isn't it? Oh, okay. The songs I'm hearing is that song, the line from the song I'm hearing is I'm already gone and I'm already gone. I can't sing that song on beat. In my head, it sounds perfect. Out my mouth, not so much. Sing this victory song, but I'm already gone. I think, is that the eagles?   I think that might be the eagles. I don't know. Anyway, and then the next song that I'm hearing for everybody is the next song I'm hearing is that song, it's the Beatles, let it be, let it be, only words of wisdom, let it be. So those are the two songs I'm hearing. And then the next thing that I want to say for predictions moving forward into the year. And I do all of this at the beginning of the show because once I start taking callers and answering questions, this is gone. And I know a lot of people would want to hear this stuff because this is for anybody listening and re-listening. And remember, the show airs live on YouTube, blog talk, and a number of other podcasts, but it also airs on WSCS and all of their streaming channels. Hey, Scott, by the way, Scott, I have to make a trip out to WSCS just so I can bring Scott some donuts and say hi. And then also on Rude Rangers TV and all of their streaming channels. So this actually, it does air on TV, television stations, all the streaming, a number of streaming channels, almost, if not all of the podcasts and radio stations. So I try to do things that are pertinent for everybody in all of it. So even if like John or Jonathan isn't for somebody immediately joining us, it could be for somebody who's listening later on. Okay. Having said that, I do need to give a couple of predictions here. One of my biggest predictions is that in 2024, in the US, they're going to try to implement significant changes in certain areas of our life. Now is the time for us to, I hear that song by that reggae guy, stand up, stand up for your rights. I don't, I don't stand up something stand up for your rights. That song, which was on a couple of weeks ago, you think I remember what the line is. I don't, I don't remember it. Patrick said the first song is right. It's the Eagles. Thank you, Patrick. I knew you'd be the one to answer that. And then that then is so in how do we do that? Pay attention to some of the things that, you know, I'm just going to say this, pay attention to your favorite conspiracy theorist. They're not wrong. They have not been wrong. It's been shown to pay attention to them. And then if there's something you hear that you don't like, go with it. For example, lab grown meat, say no, make them put labels on that. Don't let them just slide it into restaurants, because that's the first place they're selling it in the US is to restaurants. Make sure you ask every restaurant, where do you get your meat from? Is it real meat or is it in a lab? You know, ask that. And if you think I'm wrong, go to the FDA's board and look up what they've recently approved as far as meat in the US. And they've already done it with fruits and vegetables and they have to be labeled. And all the lab grown fruits and vegetables in the US, I start with a four, not a nine or an eight, a four. And by the way, the mango still sitting on the counter has not even sprung any mold yet. Like we're going on week three or four here with a mango on the counter. Come on. Come on, folks. We want real food, right? Right.  Right. And listen, if you want to eat lab meat or lab fruits and lab vegetables, that's fine. It doesn't have any nutrition. It's you might as well eat three does for dinner. Right. All right. That's on you. But I want to know what I'm eating. I want to know if I'm eating something made in a lab. I don't I don't want to pay the price of a chicken, a farm chicken, and be getting something made in a lab number one. But I also don't want to eat meat grown in a lab because part of when you eat something is the love and the nutrients in it. And if you don't believe that, I don't know where to start with you. Just don't know where to start with you. But there's that I'm going to let that go. So one of the things I'm getting right now, be conscious, grow your food. If you can't grow your food where you live, some parks have places where you can grow food. Grow it in in on your window seals. I just I just ordered this really cool thing from from a place I order that has like five rectangle things.  And it's going to be my herbs on my herbs. And then I'm going to get another one and do some some like fruits and vegetables in it. So awesome.  Again, I'm going to say this for the last time. It's not the last time.   Therapy animals. You can have any animal you want as a therapy animal. If everybody in the family needs a different therapy animal, get it. That's all I'm saying. Saying what I'm saying. Okay, enough about that. Okay, we are good. Yep, get up stand up. Stand up for your rights. That's Bob Marley. Thank you. Thank you so much. Okay. And also work with local farms, local farmers, smaller farmers will always have what you want what you need. Okay, here we go to Genevieve. I need to give Genevieve the biggest shout out ever. Now, I've known Genevieve for years. She's an amazing woman, just in general, just the most amazing woman and kind and loving and everything's in the right place in her head and her heart. Okay, just let's just start there. But this past weekend, I reached out to her for some personal things going on with me and I said, hey, you know what? This is what's going on. Can you help me? And where I where what she did floored. I'm shooketh, folks. I'm shooketh. Genevieve actually she did some work on me energetically. Now she's in Canada. I'm in America. She did some work on me energetically that like, I literally felt like it was amazing. Now, I know I can do that for other people, but she did it for me. I was like, yes, slay Genevieve slay. I'm just going to say Genevieve on Wednesday, Genevieve will be on the show with me, and she'll be giving out some of her information. So if anybody else wants to experience what Genevieve did for me, you will be able to reach out to her and work work that out with her. I'm going to say it was quite astounding. And it was just amazing. I'm so grateful and blessed to have experienced that. Yeah. Okay. And again, thank you again, Genevieve. Thank you. I'm beyond grateful and honored that you took that time and energy for me. All right. I'm going to go to callers and questions now. So excited. I'm going to be alternating between questions from people who have called in and questions from people putting them. This is my typing. You can tell I don't type. This is my typing fingers. The chat. Okay. First, we're going to do a live question from 262262. What's your name and where are you calling from? From Milwaukee. Hey, Amy, how can I help you? I had a different question, but I think in general, I'll just ask you if the situation is with a different person, I should probably not ask it on behalf of another living person. I should tell them to call in. Would that be correct or does it really not matter? Do they want you to get the information for them? Oh, they didn't ask me to. No, then just ask me something for your love. Okay. Okay. I just wanted to double check because I was like, I'm curious and it sort of affects me, but not really. So then my other question would be you. I think you had told me my aunt Diane was reaching out and I wanted to know if you had more information or wanted to expand on anything she was trying to communicate. Yeah. She's just saying the first thing I hear so loudly, like she's almost screaming it. Love yourself. Love yourself. Love yourself. And then the next thing she's saying is don't let the past dictate your future. I love that statement. I hear it so much from people in the other side or on that plane.  Just drop it and let it go. Don't keep revisiting that. Don't keep, even though it's, now let me say as a human, right now I'm channeling Aunt Diane for Amy. As a human, I split my time 40% in the past, 40% in the future, 20% sleeping. Okay. That's just human living. But if they could tell us they would say it's like trying to just don't.  Once that scab's gone, you never think about it again. Right? Like let it go. That's basically what she wants to say to you. Everything from the past if you cannot get a different perspective on the past, excuse me, if you can't get a different perspective on the past or a different take, like this wasn't a punishment or something bad that happened to me, it was a lesson. If you can't grasp that perspective when you think of the past, don't think of the past. As soon as the past comes in, think new thoughts about the present and the future where you're going. And the only time the past should be in your head is if you're getting a new perspective or a new way of looking at the past, but otherwise only focus on the present and what you're building for your future. Because otherwise, you're bringing that energy, those thoughts bring that energy and those types of people back into your life again. So sometimes we just have to like not even think about it and just move forward. And then she's just saying to you again, Amy, love yourself, love yourself, love yourself. Everything that happens with each and every one of us is to help us become the strongest, most empowered version of ourself. And we just have to move forward with that, not worrying about the rest of it. Now, I know that that sounds so much easier than sometimes than it is, but it is what she's saying, and that's the message she wants to give you. On the air, privately, she might say different stuff, but on the air, that's what she's telling you. I hope that makes sense, love. Okay. Yep. Excellent, excellent, excellent. Amy, thank you so very, very much. Thank you. I hope you have an amazing day, Amy. Thanks, you too. Thank you. Thank you. Oh, Amy, I know I muted you, but later on reach out to me because there's a business I know that's hiring for acupuncturists, so if not for you, somebody you know might be interested in working there, but text me later on today and I'll send you that info. Okay, I'm going to go 631, you're going to be the next caller, but I'm going to go quickly to the first question on the chat. And the first question comes from Christine. Hi, Christine. Welcome to the show. Hi, Tony. I'm having surgery Friday. Do you see a positive outcome? Yes. The one thing I'm hearing for you, Christine, is make sure you take all the time you need to recover. Don't try to gung-ho it. And remember, you feel better before you are better. Just don't do anything that would compromise yourself in any way, okay? Christine, I hope that's very helpful for you. If you would like to call in and ask a question or connect with a loved one on the other side, the number is 631. The number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. So please feel free to call in. I'm going to go to 631. 631, what's your name? Where are you calling from? Hi. Hey. Hi, this is Greg from New York. Hey, Greg, how can I help you today? The thing about maybe what's going on in the next few years since you removed. Yeah, I'm always going to say move down south, but here's what I'm getting. I don't feel like, okay, this answer might be a little bit longer than you may have anticipated. You're going to work longer than you think you are going to work. However, it might not be doing the same thing at the same place that you're currently doing it. So for example, if you retire from one thing, you're going to pick up another thing. I don't think you will ever truly, truly retire. I feel like you'll just start something.  I don't know where that word is coming from, diddle-daddle around and be in that space where you're still working per se. I do feel like there will be a relocation for you. I do feel like that relocation will be a really positive relocation. Now, the exact time frame of you retiring from where you are to the next phase in your life, you have free will to do that. As of right now, I'm hearing that might be around that two-year mark. And of course, you know, this world runs on what we want and we can change our mind at any point. So if you don't do it at two years, you might do it at three, you might do it at one. But as of right now, it looks like that two-year mark is the strongest mark for you. Now, again, that may change. That might turn into whenever it turns into. And I do feel like, though, shortly after you retire from where you are and what you're doing, you will relocate, reinvent yourself completely, and then start doing something different or new where you end up. I hope that makes sense to you. Okay. Yeah. In my mind, I do have two more years left, whether to stay or go. Yeah. And I do. And I feel like you definitely, even before the end of the two-year mark, you're going to kind of make start making tentative plans to where you want to be relocating to. And I think it's going to come down. If you, I don't know, I feel like you're debating between two areas that you want to be in. Now, these two areas might be in the same state or they might be two different states. But I feel like you're trying to decide between two areas. And as the time gets closer to you retiring, you're going to know exactly where you want to be and why. So don't even worry about that now, because some things are going to change between now and retirement time. And that will really hone that into an exact location for you right around that year and a half to year and three quarter mark. Okay. Excellent. I agree. Thank you. You are so well, that's what I'm really, I'm really grateful it is. It's a thank you for the confirmation. And thank you so much for calling in. I'm here every Monday and Wednesday. Thank you so much. Yep. I appreciate it. Absolutely. My pleasure. I look forward to the next time. Okay. Yes, they will be. Thank you. Excellent. Excellent. Perfect. Thank you. You too. Thank you. The calling number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. If you'd like to call in, remember to push one if you have a question to ask or you want to communicate on the phone. Remember to push that number one so I can take your question or know that you have a question. Is that the way to say it? Okay. I'm going to go to the next question and answer that. So Patrick is saying, I'm not sure if this is a question, but we'll see what he says. I heard some people talking just the other day and said you were going to put me in a shell, but let me tell you, oh, this is from the song. I got some news and you and you'll soon find out it's true. Yep. That's from a song. Thank you, Patrick, for putting the verse in there. Thank you. I love that. Thank you. I think I'm pretty positive. That's from a song, Patrick. Okay. Sally, hey, Sally. Welcome to the show. Good to see you too. My mom, Juliana, is meeting my boyfriend Noah this Sunday for Easter. Easter introduction. Love that. I would like to know how will the meeting go? Thoughts, emotions? Okay. Sally and Noah are going to be, well, Noah's going to be meeting Juliana. First impression is going to be solid is what I hear. Sally, the first impression that your mom has of him is going to be solid. I feel like it's going to go well. I feel like it's going to go well. It's going to be, and this is a good thing, it's going to be a bit uneventful, meaning no drama, no chaos, no nothing. So I would say everything should go very well and you should have a very good, very good meeting. Okay. Yeah. I feel like that it's going to go very well. Hey, Mimi, how are you? Thank you for being on the show with us here today. Yes. Yes. Okay. You guys, I am only doing a 30-minute show today because I'm so booked up with clients and we're almost at that 30-minute mark, but I will be back Wednesday. I will, I'll be back Wednesday at noon central to do more. So please call in and connect with me on Wednesday. And we will do this all over again. Thank you guys so much for being here with me today. Remember, I love each and every one of you so stinking much. I cannot wait until Wednesday to connect with you again. Thanks and have an absolutely amazing day.


The Van Leer Historical Society is hosting its first fundraising event of the season with the 2024 Chili Cook-Off and Rook Tournament. The Cook-Off will be held March 2nd and awards will be given to the first, second and third place winners in the wild game and traditional chili categories. It's a 12th annual Chili Cook-Off. We have done it for 12 years and is our first fundraiser of the season. We usually try to open up around February and March and we have the Chili Cook-Off to get people in to this visit and eat and enjoy it. If they don't supply life, if they don't want to enter, then they can come and eat with us. You know, for seven dollars, have a good meal, peanut butter and jelly, grilled cheese and such as that and candy cakes. We have all kinds of stuff, so we just like to get the community out and invite everybody that would like to come. Make your ride one of a kind and see the experts at J&M Custom Auto and Off-Road. It's your customization candy store. Visit jmcustomauto.com and select your making model. It's that easy. Window tanning, remote starts, leather interiors, sound systems, front and rear bumpers, spray and bed liners, bed covers, wheels and tires, lift kits, step rails, even under glow light kits and so much more. If you can dream it, we can do it at J&M Custom. In addition to the Cook-Off, there will be chili dinner sold for seven dollars and a Rook Tournament. Last year, we added another element to it. Instead of just being a Cook-Off, we call it the Rook and Cook and so we wanted to add some entertainment. You know, this is our first event of the season and we really want to bring our community together as well as invite a lot of other people from the area of Eastern Kentucky to see what Van Leer is all about and all the things that we are able to do. So we'll have some music and we also have a Rook Tournament. You know, a lot of people in this area grew up playing Rook and so it's a $10 injury fee per team and the winning team takes half the proceeds. So we want to have as many teams as we can and just enjoy some fellowship and get to spend some time together after this long winter. Registration will be held from 3 to 4 p.m. March 2 at the museum. For more information, go to Van Leer Historical Society Coal Miners Museum on Facebook. Reporting for Mountaintop News, I'm Breanna Robinson.


Breaking news in the sandy area, firefighters battling a three-alarm fire there. The brush is so dry, it's spread quickly, charring about 120 acres. A fire in Provo Canyon is threatening homes. Utah is on track right now to have the worst fire season in state history. So far this year, 54,000. Fire. It is a dangerous, yet essential part of the balanced cycle of nature. Unfortunately, this balance has been dramatically altered by a national policy that has limited the size and scope of natural fires. Without the cleansing effect of fire to reduce fuel load, our nation's forests have become clogged with a dense and flammable layer of native vegetation. In fact, there is mounting evidence that the frequency, the size, and danger of wildfires in Utah has been changing for the worse. And with towns and cities spreading into the surrounding countryside of what is referred to as the wildland urban interface zones, the potential for greater property loss is increasing. These zones include places like the North Fork Community of Sundance, Duck Creek Village in southern Utah, residential developments in immigration canyon, and even suburban homes being built adjacent to wildlands like the Canyon Cove Community on the east bench of Salt Lake City.  And with more people using our wildlands, more wildfires are likely. With the resources of firefighters already stretched, it is inevitable that some houses will be lost by these intense fires now and in the future. The fire potential of an area is influenced by both man and nature. The human factors include the building materials that are used on houses and structures, available firefighting equipment and tools, community water system capacity, the roads serving an area, and the homeowners' landscaping decisions. The nature-related factors include the influences of weather, topography, and fuel. Of all the natural influences, the fuel source, or the vegetation, is the only one that we really have any control over. These fuels typically consist of native and ornamental trees, shrubs, grass, and even flowers. With the addition of dead trees, dried grass, fallen branches, and pine needles, the situation can become explosive. And once a fire gets started, even a house, your house, can become a source of fuel. Well, one of the reasons we had purchased this home was because of the vegetation that surrounded it. We wanted the look of the natural forest, you might say, and never realizing the potential of a fire. If we would have known the potential living here in Utah with, you know, the dry summers, and we would have definitely ensured that we would have had some little bit more knowledge of what kind of plantings that we should probably have here at our house, you know, especially where the fire had started, definitely could have probably prevented such a disaster that occurred here. To protect your family, property, and community in the event of a wildfire, there are 10 essential guidelines that all property owners should follow. Although these steps won't necessarily prevent a wildfire, they can reduce its intensity and slow its speed, making it easier for local authorities to control. As a result, this can save lives and minimize property damage. Over the next few minutes, you will meet firefighters from across the state, forest service officials, and a community activist, all who have been working to reduce the fire danger to communities throughout the state. They will highlight resources and offer suggestions on preventative measures you can take to protect your house and family before a wildfire occurs. The first step in making your home safer is to define and then create what is called defensible space. For some tips on just how to do this, we've consulted with Dan Andrus of the Salt Lake City Fire Department. So Dan, tell us about the concept. Defensible space is simply that area between the home and the surrounding wildland where the vegetation has been modified to reduce the wildland fire threat. How do we as homeowners create this defensible space? The first thing you do is you take a look around your property to find out what kind of vegetation is around it. Here in City Creek Canyon, for example, much of the vegetation dries out as the summer progresses. For instance, there is a lot of dried grass and dead tree material in this gully. The houses are also located on or next to a steep slope, which will require a larger space. Now because this house is set back from the slope, it is clearly out of danger from wildfire. In fact, last year, there was a fire here and no harm came to this property. However, the house next door was lucky to escape damage due to the amount of flammable vegetation surrounding it. Right now this is just a really, really dangerous situation. We have four homes burning right now and the possibility of others possibly catching fire. For instance, two houses in the sandy area were destroyed as a result of being located on a steep, brush-covered slope. The fire went from the grass to the trees next to the houses, starting them both on fire. Depending on the slope and vegetation, the recommended minimum defensible space will vary from a 30-foot perimeter for level lots such as this one and up to a 150-foot perimeter for sloped lots. That makes a lot of sense, but I've seen some of these homes literally surrounded with this wild vegetation. What can these homeowners do? This is a particularly dangerous situation since wild plants occur in dense layers. This increases the fire threat. The solution lies in separating trees and small groups of shrubs to reduce the fire risk and slow the spread of flames. For instance, break it up can be achieved through the use of non-flammable products such as crushed rock or mulches. Both help to retain ground moisture and keep flammable nuisance weeds down. The construction of hard surfaces such as patios, sidewalks, driveways, as well as rock and brick walls also help to slow the spread of flames. When landscaping or fire-scaping your yard, keep some distance between ornamental plantings so that a fire cannot spread from adjacent native vegetation to the structure. Some great suggestions, Dan. Thanks very much. To demonstrate how to identify and deal with potential fire hazards within an area, Kathy Hammons of the North Fork Community, located by Sundance Ski in Summer Resort, agreed to take us on a tour of the region. Kathy is a community activist who has worked hard to keep fire danger down in this lovely community. I'm noticing a lot of dry dead things here next to one another. Is this a potential problem? Very much so, Phil. This is a typical ladder fuel problem. It involves dead grasses that can lead fire to these intermediary bushes that can then lead the fire up into the canopies of the trees. Is there anything a property owner can do to alleviate the potential? Yes. One is cutting of the grasses, as well as these intermediate bushes or shrubs that can bring this fire back up. The other is to limb trees, which is basically cutting off the dead limbs so that we prohibit the fire from moving from the ground up to the canopies of the trees. Once fire reaches the canopies of trees, we end up with an incredibly dangerous situation both for lives and structures. Okay, so the homeowner has cleaned out all the ladder fuels affecting his property. What else can they do to protect themselves? One of the best things they can do is to create defensible space, and that's to clear out 30 or more feet around their property. We call that lean, clean, and green. Explain and show me what you mean by lean, clean, and green. Here's a good example right here, Phil. The concept of lean makes use of low-growing fire-resistant plants. Ideally, and where permitted, most wildland shrubs and trees would be removed from the zone and replaced with more desirable alternatives. For replacement plants, minimize the use of coniferous shrubs and trees such as juniper, spruce, fir, and mugo pine. These plants have oils and resins and waxes that make them burn with great intensity. So what about the areas where the substantial removal of native vegetation is either not allowed or desirable? Native plants should be kept free of dead material and pruned back. Okay, what is the concept of green? Green means just that. Plants are kept healthy and green through the fire season. Acceptable plants could include a variety of ground covers, bedding plants, bulbs, perennial flowers, and even a simple lawn. I presume clean is just as simple. Exactly. It means that the homeowners need to keep their property clean of debris such as pine needles, dead leaves, and other debris. All firewood and flammable surplus construction materials should be stored at least 30 feet away from all structures. A big mistake many property owners make is putting the material under their decks and eaves. But when disaster strikes, this material literally adds fuel to the fire. Once a homeowner has created that defensible space we talk about, is there anything else they need to do? One of the biggest things that they have to continue to do is to maintain that defensible space. They've got to clean out regularly. They've got to rake. They have to mow. They have to make sure that they're watering if necessary. They have to make sure that they maintain that defensible space. According to national statistics, roof fires account for the majority of homes burned during a wildfire. To better explain the dynamics and dangers of roof fires, we spoke with Sean Winder of the Park City Fire District. She agreed to show us around her community and give us invaluable tips on how to reduce the dangers of this common fire hazard. During a fire, red hot embers can be carried away by wind and heat. We firefighters call these airborne embers firebrands. Because of its angle, a roof can catch and trap firebrands causing the house to burn down. Because this roof is metal, it's much less likely to trap a firebrand and catch fire. To reduce the danger of your roof catching on fire, at least twice a year, homeowners should clean all dead leaves, pine needles, and other debris from their roof and gutters. These materials provide a combustible bed for even a small spark to become a major fire. Homeowners should keep limbs and branches trimmed back a minimum of 15 feet from their chimney. Even green and healthy branches pose a hazard to the structure. Next, they should cover the chimney or stovepipe outlet with a mesh spark arrester. If your roof is made of shakes or other flammable material, it would be a good idea to replace it with one that has a better fire resistance. Materials such as steel, slate, certain grades of fiberglass shingles, and the new resin composites, which are made to look like slate or shakes, would all be good choices. Shake shingles that have caught fire can also become wind-driven firebrands. During a fire, they are often carried blocks away landing on other houses in shrubbery. This spreads the fire, causing more damage. Here in Park City, we have required new construction in heavily wooded areas to install sprinkler systems under the eaves. When the surrounding vegetation catches on fire and threatens the structure, the sprinklers are automatically activated. For new home construction, there are some precautions that the homeowner can take to reduce fire danger. For suggestions on how you could protect your new home investment against a wildfire, Mike Barvis of the Boundable City Fire Department has brought us to an east bench community overlooking the valley. Okay, Mike, what should a new homebuilder do to protect their house? If at all possible, it is important for a homeowner to build away from ridgetops and canyons. In this case, which is not the most ideal situation, they have built in a canyon, but they have provided additional safety areas below by clear cutting the space between their residents and the brush that is on the downhill slope. Also, build at least 30 feet from your property line to be able to create that defensible space and use fire-resistant building materials. On new and existing construction, enclose the underside of balconies, decks, and eaves with fire-resistant materials. Finally, owners of houses under construction should consider installing a sprinkler system within that house. This may protect your home while you're away and prevent a house fire from causing a wildland fire. Mike, those are great suggestions for homes under construction, but water, of course, is always important during a fire. Is there anything a homeowner can do about that? Yes, there is. Come on, I'll show you. Mike, this home is located an awfully long way from the road. I mean, what do you do for a water supply when a home is this far back? This homeowner has installed a required on-site fire hydrant for that water supply. During a major fire, even a city water system can become overdrawn, limiting the available water for fighting a fire. Ideally, homeowners should supply their own personal water storage. This storage could take many forms, including large hot tubs, swimming pools, and even an underground water tank. Make sure to clearly mark all water supplies so that firefighters can locate them quickly in the event of an emergency. So what else can a homeowner do to protect their home, make it survivable in the event of a wildfire? Homeowners should fireproof their access roads and driveways. This helps in the case of both them exiting in the event of an emergency and the access for firefighters and fire apparatus to fight the fire on their property. How about this homeowner? What has he done right? This homeowner is totally compliant, has built a minimum 20-foot-wide driveway, has cut the vegetation back on both sides, has marked it adequately, and provided us quick and easy access to his home. Driveways and roads that are too narrow or those that have sharp turns on steep slopes complicate access for fire trucks and may even create an accident. Equally important is an alternative route of an exit in the event the main road is impassable as a result of high heat from the fire. Long personal driveways like this one should have at least a 60-foot turnaround to accommodate fire engines. If your house is not visible from the road, make sure that your address is clearly displayed on a fireproof sign at the road, not just on the house where it is often obscured by thick vegetation. Finally, homeowners should fire-scape their driveway corridors by eliminating flammable plants along the edges. In the event of a fire, thick, heavy smoke limits visibility and high flames and heat could prevent the safe exit of residents and hinder the access of fire vehicles to their home. Those are some great tips, Mike. Thanks very much. Thank you. To give us some more important information on what to do in the event of a fire, we spoke with fire prevention technician Matt Bueller. He's with the U.S. Forest Service of the Cedar City Ranger District. When you live in an urban interface area, planning in advance for a fire just makes sense. For instance, you and your family should agree upon a safe area to meet in case you get separated in a fire emergency. Safe areas are usually those regions which are out of the interface zone. However, they can also be regions within the zone that are fortified against fire danger.  This will make a quick escape much easier. Next, place valuable papers and heirlooms in the car.  Place a ladder against the house so that firefighters have easy access to the roof. Connect garden hoses to faucets and set nozzles on spray. Close all windows as well as exterior and interior doors. Contact family and friends to relay your plans and then evacuate the area. Remember, by preparing in advance for a fire, you are improving the chances that your property will avoid severe damage in the event of a wildfire.  These simple 10 points can help make a difference for you and your family. Create a defensible space. Break it up. Eliminate ladder fuels. Keep it lean, clean and green. Maintain your space. Check your roof. Construction and location. Fireproof your signs and access. Have an emergency water supply. Have a plan. For more information on how you can make your home and community fire safe, please refer to the publication Living with Fire, available through your local Forest Service office, your city or county fire department, the Bureau of Land Management, or the Utah State Department of Natural Resources. Your city or county fire department will also make free on-site visits to individual houses or community meetings to provide some valuable suggestions on how to make your area fire safe. These dedicated professionals are here to help you and your community avert disaster in the future.


The first letter seemed harmless enough, possibly even just the result of a mistaken delivery. The second one drew concern, and paired with the unexplained visions of something darkly unsettling, Sam Morris finally caves. The everyman safe world he lives in is about to take a drastic and dark turn. He quickly falls into a world of insanity, the morbid in the macabre. He's drawn into a darkness that is just as deadly as it is mysterious, a darkness that dwells in a house that could only be conjured up by a mad brain. It is a house that calls you, a house that haunts you with its ghosts. They'll scratch and claw through your fragile bringing madness bubbling to the surface. Come see the ghosts for yourself, if you dare. Weird Darkness Publishing presents of A Mad Brain by Scott Donnelly. Now available on paperback, ebook, and audiobook versions through Amazon and WeirdDarkness.com.


Division is a debilitating illness, typicly life long. Sometimes people just get one episode. But in many people it comes and goes for the rest of their life and it becomes more difficult to treat with every episode. And of course we all have moods, that go up and down, and that's not necessarily unhealthy. Ond yna, mae'r syndrach cynlluniaid, gallw'r syniad mewn cyfnodol maen nhw. Felly, mae'r syniad cyffredinol yn benhefn y cyfnodol. Mae'r syniad honnol yn cyfnodol yn dweud yng nghymru, ond mae'r syniad yn y myfyrdd cyffredinol gyda'r myfyrdd. i'w ddweud o gwyfnol i'r ddeunedol. Y ddweud y oeddiol yn ymwyfodol o'u ddweud o'r gwaith o'r gwaith o'r ffordd o'r ffordd i addysg. Y dros ymddorol, os ymgyrch ar y cyd-af, mae oedd o'n cyd-af gwaith o'r dros ymgyrch yn y ddau, ac oedd o'n cyd-af gan eu cyfnodol. A'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r credu I think the view of the general public is that depression is people just feeling a bit melancholic, a bit sad, a bit fed up. But what isn't appreciated is that it's actually a major cause of premature death near the suicide rate is enormous. About 20% of people with depression attempt suicide and about 12% to 15% of them succeed. What's particularly worrying is that that rate is increasing in young people. The very first anti-depressant was actually being used to treat tuberculosis and a side effect of that drug was to induce euphoria. But then someone had the bright idea of saying, well, if this drug makes ordinary people who are otherwise well euphoric, maybe it will cheer up depressed people if we give it to them and it worked. And that led to the whole portfolio of drugs that we have as anti-depressants today. But there's no doubt that anti-depressants are useful, there's no doubt that talking therapies are useful, but they are not the ideal treatment. The first thing to be remembered or to be emphasised is that depression is extremely common. It's one of the leading causes of virgin disease so-called by the WHO. Because depression is common, anyone time perhaps 5-10% of people may be suffering from depression, it's twice as common in women. But because people can have depression off and on for decades, that means the burden of disease, the morbidity and indeed the early mortality, just like expectancy are extremely important. So we crucially do need better treatments to try and improve the outcome of people with depression. Only about 30% of depressed people actually respond to the first anti-depressant they're given. About 30% more patients respond to some treatment eventually. About 30% of depressed patients don't respond to any drug treatment at all. And they are often the patients who go for electric convulsive therapy because everything else has failed. The other reason we need new ones is because most anti-depressants take weeks or months before they start to work. They're not like antibiotics where if the patient isn't feeling better in a couple of days, try another antibiotic. They do have side effects which cannot be ignored and those side effects can be really quite dangerous in overdose. And of course depressed patients are just the sort of people who are likely to attempt suicide and you don't want to give them drugs that are actually dangerous in overdose. We'd ideally want a treatment that would remove depression very quickly with minimal side effects and it wouldn't come back. Depression is often thought of as a uniquely human experience but depression is a very complex disease with lots of different symptoms. So some of those symptoms, like the loss of interest or pleasure, we can look at in mice so we can look at how mice change their interest in food or water. But more complicated symptoms around suicidal thoughts, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, you can't ask a mouse how it's feeling. So those are the sort of elements that we can't really address in animal models. But we use behaviours that put the mice in mildly stressful situations so one of the ones that we typically use is something called the forced swim test. So when we do the forced swim test with mice, they're gently placed in a cylinder of warm water for six minutes and they spend time swimming and climbing, which we think of as escape-related behaviours, and they also spend time immobile. And then at the end of the six minutes, they're taken out of the test, they're warmed, they're dried and they're returned to their home cage where they show a full range of home cage behaviours, which indicates that the animals are not experiencing any long-lasting harm as a result of the forced swim test.  So they give up swimming and climbing. What is clear is that all antidepressant drugs delay the onset of that floating posture. So animals do tend to swim around and explore the perimeter of the tank for much longer. It's presumably longer, two or three times longer, when they've been given an antidepressant drug before the test. It was first introduced as for screen and antidepressant, so as a quick screen for antidepressant activity. And I think that that's an important point to make about it. It's a bit overstated if we want to say that it's a model of depression. And that's a very important point to make is that do we have in our laboratory animals, do we have models of depression, or do we have screening tests for antidepressants? Or do we have models that might purport to be both? And in my opinion, the forced swim test has been a screening test for antidepressant activity. Many of the symptoms of depression, you cannot recapitulate in animals basically. But what we can try to do in animals is actually try to mimic some of the aspects of depression. We can look in on other aspects that are associated with depression, like just open eyes sleep. That we can definitely do with the animals. So you need to diversify your tests and not just rely on one read out. One test is not going to do it. It's the same for humans. One test is not going to tell you if a human is depressed or not. So you definitely need to diversify. Well, I can absolutely say with 100% confidence that no animal has ever drowned in the forced swim test. Not only would they not drown because they float naturally, they also wouldn't drown because if they showed any signs of drowning, they would have to be pulled out of the tank immediately. So when we're developing new medicines, we start off by testing them in cultured cells and isolated tissues so that we can learn as much about the effects of the medicine before we get to doing any testing in an animal. But fundamentally, if you want to know how a new potential medicine is going to work in a human, you have to start by looking at a whole behaving organism. So we're also required by the Home Office to use the animal species with the lowest capacity to experience pain, suffering and distress. And yet they have to still be capable of having the same brain structures that we have in our mammalian brains. So for us that leads us to mice and to rants. Other models for looking at antidepressant activity and the effectiveness of antidepressants in animals are being developed, but at the moment there are none that are as well validated across a wide range of antidepressant medicines as the forced swim test. The antidepressant medicines that are available are effective for those for whom they work, but they are limited so less than half of the people who take an antidepressant will get completely well after that. So there is still a need for new and better antidepressants and at the moment there is no alternative to using animals in that research.


Hi and welcome to the session. Today we will discuss the following question and the question says the diagonals of a rhombus are 7.5 centimeter and 12 centimeter. Find its area. Before proceeding for the solution let's recall the formula of area of rhombus. Area of rhombus is equal to 1 by 2 into d1 into d2 where d1 and d2 are lengths of diagonals of rhombus. This is the key idea for this question. Now let's see its solution. In the question we are given that the diagonals of the rhombus are 7.5 centimeter and 12 centimeter. So we are given that d1 is equal to 7.5 centimeter d2 is equal to 12 centimeter. Now let's find out area of rhombus that is equal to 1 by 2 into d1 into d2. Now let's substitute the values of d1 and d2. So we will get 1 by 2 into d1 that is 7.5 centimeter into d2 that is 12 centimeters. Now here 2 and 12 will get cancelled by the common factor 2 and on simplifying this we will get 45 centimeter square. Therefore area of rhombus is 45 centimeter square which is our required answer. With this we finished this session. Hope you must have understood the question. Goodbye, take care and have a nice day.


Hi, I'm André Ploude. We have some amazing research coming out of the Faculty of Public Affairs and we want to share it with you. FPA Research Month features public lectures, panel discussions and a one-day symposium. Find out more by visiting us at the link below.


If you recently submitted a claim to the National Insurance Corporation, you also need to submit your financial account information to get paid due to COVID-19 protocols or benefit claims with the NIC and now paid directly through your financial institution. To provide your bank or credit union account information, simply log on to the NIC website at www.sintlushaNIC.org, click on the Financial Account Information tab and fill out the form. It's that easy, you only submit once, ensure you enter the details of an open active account in your name. If you do not have access to the internet, visit any NIC office to collect the financial information form. Help us to help you, NIC, for the benefit of us all.


The NFL season rolls around I know what you're thinking. Who is the best wide receiver in football? Well today I'm going to give you my top five and at number five I have the fastest man on a football field Tyreek Hill. I think him and Jaylen Waddle have an opportunity to be a really dangerous duo and he has the ability to make plays that really no one else in football can. And number four I have Devonte Adams who was tremendous last year is an elite route runner and is in a position to be playing with his best friend from college Derek Carr. We saw how that turned out for Jamar Chase last year. Speaking of Jamar Chase he's at number three simply because he was able to come in and completely change that Bengals offense. I don't think his role is going anywhere and I don't think his production is going anywhere either. Now if you wanted to throw in an honorable mention I think T Higgins is super underrated he was just as productive as Jamar last year. At number two I have Cooper Cup he's probably not going to be as dominant as he was last year but his role in a skill set aren't going anywhere. And then at number one I have Justin Jefferson he's going to be in Cooper Cup's role with a better skill set.


Simple show presents... Unusual festivals around the world This is Kat. She's always wanted to be just like her big sister Robin, who has a passion for world travel. However, Kat is hesitant to get on a plane as she has never flown before. Robin wishes Kat could join her on an adventure. She decides to encourage her by mentioning some unusual festivals celebrated around the world. She says the La Tomatina Festival in Spain has the entire town engaging in a giant tomato fight. It all began in 1945 when a participant fell off a float during a local parade. He landed next to a produce stand and was so furious, he started pelting the crowd with vegetables. From that day, La Tomatina was born. Kat thinks this sounds like a blast. Robin adds, for those who like to get messy, there is the Hindu Holy Festival in India to celebrate the coming of spring. Friends, strangers, young and old are all fair game for the massive crowds throwing coloured dye in the streets to signify the sharing of love. Not for the faint-hearted is the turning of bones festivals For Mariana, celebrated in Madagascar, corpses of family members are wrapped in cloth and join in the dancing and celebration. Locals believe that the spirits of the recently deceased still linger and that they too like a good party. Robin and Kat think this is so terrifying that it is only celebrated every seven years. Kat is surprised to hear that in Lotbury, Thailand, they have a huge buffet for thousands of hungry monkeys. With 4,000 kilos of fruit, vegetables and cake up for grabs, tourists can take photos at their own risk. Kat is excited and realises that there is a huge world of amazing cultures for them to explore together. She goes with her sister on her next trip to Spain and might even join in dancing with the corpses one day.


There is always a risk of changes in interest rates in any economy. Now the concept of duration is a principal determinant of interest rate changes riskiness. Now let's see the impact of changes in interest rates on the bonds prices. We have a world where the market interest rate is 10% and there we have a zero coupon bond with the face value of $100. Now for this type of bond, the present value of bond having one year maturity is equal to $100 and the present value of such bond with five year maturity is also equal to $100. Now let's see what will be the changes on the bond prices if there is any change in the coupon rate of interest. We have a table that is showing the interest rate movements and this next column is a one year period of the discount bond and second is the five year period of the pure discount bond. So we are valuing two bonds of two different majorities using three different interest rates. Rates are 8% 10% and 12%. If we look at the table, we can conclude that the long term pure discount bonds are more volatile than the short term pure discount bonds and that is evident while we see at the price movements of the five years maturity bond. Next we have another case where the case is of two bonds with the same maturity but we have different components. On the left side we have three panels. The upper panel is about a 10% coupon bond having five year maturity and the middle panel is on a 1% coupon bond having five year maturity and the last panel is the comparison of 10% coupon bond and 1% coupon bond with the interest rate changes from 10 to 8% and 10 to 12%. If we sum up the changes in these panels, we can see that for interest rate 8%, 10% and 12%, the 10% bond is more volatile than the 1% coupon bond. As we can see that the price movement in these two types of bond is much higher for 10% bond. Then we see that for each of the 10% and 1% coupon bonds, worth is more for 8% than 10% and that we can see in our lower column. So we see that the price changes on 1% bonds are greater than the percentage changes on the 10% bond. We know that price volatility of a pure discount bond is generally determined by its maturity and by duration we mean an average of maturity of the bond's cash flows weighted by the present value of each periodic individual cash flow of the bonds. Now how to compute this average maturity of the bond? It happens in three steps. At first step, we need to calculate present value of each coupon of the bond and that is the periodic interest payment and the last cash flow on the face value of the bond. Then we need to develop a relationship between the individual periodic coupon cash flow over the total present value of the bond. And at third step, we need to compute each cash flows weighted maturity. Now to understand this three step model, we have an example where we have a coupon bond, 10% coupon bond with the face value of $100 having maturity period of five years. Now we can determine the bond's maturity using this particular data. We are doing this in three steps at first step in the first upper panel of the screen. We see that we have calculated present value of individual coupon on the bond. Then we have expressed the present value of individual coupon with the total present value of the bond. And in the final stage, we are multiplying individual years number with its corresponding present value. In this way, we have determined the total maturity of the bond as the duration of this particular bond. And this duration is 4.169 years or 4.17 years. So using this model, we can also determine the duration of a one year one person to coupon bond. And for one person coupon bond, the duration is 4.8740 years. So we have two duration periods for two different coupon bond having same maturity. We see that the percentage price changes of a higher duration bond are greater than percentage price changes of a lower duration bond. We can translate this into another way that one person bond have greater duration than 10% bond even both have a similar amount of maturity period. And that is five years in our case. The one person, the reason of this variation is that the one person bond receives only $1 in each of the first four years as the individual years coupon amount of interest. So it has lower weighted in the weighted basket. For the 10% bond, the holder of the bond receives $10 cash flow in each of the four years as the individual periods interest payment. So the amount is big. Therefore, its weighted value is big. And as a result due to higher weighted value, the duration of this bond will be lesser than the duration of the lower coupon bond.


Can you say something about what you think or know or feel or believe about what happens at the death of your physical body? Yeah. Well, the more I went inward with the topic of death, the more that I realized that everything I believed around death was wrong, was false, including the idea that it had something to do with the cessation of breathing, the end of brain activity. It would be like watching a movie, and in the movie you're watching Julia Roberts play some character, and then that character dies in the movie, and going home and telling your friends and family that Julia Roberts died, they would say, what do you mean I didn't hear it on the news? Well, I just did the movie, and I just watched this movie and she died.  So what you're asking is, what would it seem like with the death of this body? It's very much like having a remote control and just changing a channel, just the mind or the soul, you know, still exists, but in terms of what's going on on the movie screen, you know, it would be like shifting to another channel. Would there still be teaching? Would you still be telling stories? Would you be sharing? Are you just one with the spirit? Do you still kind of form? There's no sense of individuality left, and so it already feels pretty much that way right now already. You know, it doesn't feel like there's any kind of identification with any kind of individuality. So nothing really changes in the sense that what we would say is what seems to be death of the body is really just like changing a scene, and your state of mind continues on. If you reach a state of peace, any kind of change in the scenery doesn't affect that peace. And then there comes a point when, as your mind is so highly trained into a state of peace, that there can be an event we could call the disappearance of the universe, which is, some people have read that book, which is an event where perception seems to disappear and it's just pure abstraction. Yes, it sounds, people say it sounds boring. But actually, I can tell you from just the consistency of the state of forgiveness, as far from boring, it's like you're highly energized, you feel like a complete sense of alertness with everything, and a sense of appreciation. There's nothing like you're not repulsed by anything, nor really attracted by anything, either. It's just a sense of gratitude, deep gratitude, appreciation, almost like just a song of gratitude that just goes on and on and on and on, has no end to it. And it's only as the ego would anticipate in such a state of abstraction that it would go boring, you know, and so that's why you go through these experiences to feel the joy and the aliveness and the alertness of it. Because, you know, part of our teaching was variety is the spice of life and there is something, it's actually more the sameness is where the peace is, when you reach a state of sameness. And to the ego, sameness is boring, it just completely inverts everything.