t significant deviation from that could have both a positive or negative impact On the life of the plan. So that's something we'll keep tracking And I think it's important to mention that we are going to continue state advocacy for new and varied revenue sources We'll soon start to collect Airbnb Airbnb fees We've received our first payments from medical marijuana dispensary and when the recreational dispensary opens up We'll start to collect those fees But I think we should continue focusing on what other sources of revenue the state might make available to us at the local level To do the best we can to take the immediate impact off the property taxpayer So going to the next slide If you could hit the next one So next steps Next week on wednesday the long-range planning committee will be meeting on february 5th That same day in the evening the finance committee will kick off its process So sandi and I will be starting the day at 8 a.m. With the long-range planning committee and ending the day with the finance committee on the same day Yeah That same day we'll be providing an updated long-range plan with With the local aid numbers from the governor's budget, which I mentioned earlier are very favorable to arlington this year and Fact that this year's End of May meeting just this past weekend a number of my colleagues were giving me a hard time for how well arlington did in the chapter 74 Miller as compared to them So, you know like what can I say it's good year for us I mentioned earlier the group insurance commission rates will be set by march 1st so we'll get more granularity about the costs of health insurance then And finally throughout this whole process we'll work with the finance committee Update figures make any changes that are necessary before their final report is prepared for town meeting I think with that I think Hoping to any other questions or discussion the board might have I think we Mr. Dacorte, yeah, sorry Just a couple things and thank you mr. Chapter lane for the for the budget and we're going to have a discussion later tonight about potential warrant articles But one of the things that it strikes me and it it happens It has happened over the years at fincom is You prepare budget and you have to submit it to the select board by january 15th Yet the governor hasn't released his budget until later in the month and i'm wondering when we get into the discussion later if we shouldn't consider Moving the date that you have to submit the the budget To the select board So that you can incorporate the governor's numbers I'm just wondering if you think that would be helpful to give yourself that extra time I uh, madam chair may I I Absolutely think that would be helpful You know internally I know staff would be very supportive of having even a february 1st submission date for the very purpose you stated But but more seriously, you know, we are in a situation where it's only one line of the budget It's a significant line, but basically the document we spend months working is rendered irrelevant You know Four days or you know seven days after it's issued because of that setup. So I think there'd have to be discussion with the finance committee I've got to make sure that they don't feel like it was interrupting their process But I do think given When the governor's budget comes out thinking about even just two more weeks before this budget is due would be very prudent And just one other thing quickly the end of the budget message You refer to the structural deficit which which we have to encounter every year and you mentioned In the air that the process that we're going forward with the redevelopment board and and hopefully with the entire community in terms of Looking at potential zoning changes and increasing tax bases the tax base and And I know it's always a challenge in terms of how things are going to What changes may be made but I think for those of you at home The the the budget messages is online and and the manager really lays out what the challenge is because if we don't grow We're going to be faced with more and more overrides because of because of the structural deficit So I appreciate you laying that out and really the reasons why we're having these discussions in terms of potential changes going forward Mr. Chapterling just want to add I should have led with this Book this budget is the product of a lot of hard work by the department heads But specifically uh sandy and julie wayman in my office really do an incredible job of putting this together So I I sit here giving the presentation, but the thanks for this work definitely goes to sandy and julie Need to make that clear First is their move receipt Mr. Cureau seconded by mr. Heard Any further questions or comments hamash If not in a motion to move received by mr. Cureau seconded by mr. Heard all those in favor say aye Aye opposed unanimous vote gender item 15 for approval acceptance of bequest from the daniel strasberg trust for the robbins library and authorization for release and receipt Thank you, madam chair. I'll be brief. I just want to provide some background This very generous gift is to the robbins library from the daniel strasberg trust This is just a procedural matter Tonight there will be another occasion to celebrate this extremely generous gift that I think is appropriate for the library board of trustees To be at the helm of I also want to note that I received a question about whether or not this should be referred to the memorial committee first Um I think that you can proceed to accept the bequest And give me the authorization to sign the release and uh the receipt release While also referring to public memorials committee to make sure that the plaque which is really the only condition of this Very substantial gift Will be sort of appropriately seen through fruition So with that if the unless the board has any questions, I'm looking just for a motion to One accept the bequest and two to authorize me to execute Receipt release In the generous request is almost six hundred and thirty thousand dollars. Okay. Uh, who's moved by mr. Dunn seconded by Mr. Decorsi, um I agree with you attorney. I'm the steps that you've laid out and to go through that and then When appropriate to make sure we do recognize As much as we can this very generous gift Especially to the library Thank you mentor. I do want to note that uh, miss nicolet the library director and the board of trustees are very eager to to plan an appropriate memorialization and celebration of this Gentlemen who gave such a amazing gift to the library of six hundred? Almost fifty thousand dollars. Yeah, it's amazing. Okay Um, a motion to approve by mr. Dunn seconded by mr. Decorsi any further questions or comments? If not, all those in favor say aye All those opposed and we'll See this in the future with with our thanks and gratitude And I think um to the second part of madam chair the second part of mr. Himes comment May I move that we request the public memorial committee? Ascent to the Placement of the plaque second, okay A motion to refer this to the public memorial's committee vis-a-vis the plaque Made by mr. Carroll seconded by mr. Dunn any further questions or comments? If not all those in favor say aye. All those opposed unanimous. Oh, thank you, mr. Carroll um gender items 16 Potential 2020 town meeting warrant articles from the select board attorney heim So there are two thank you madam chair. There are two buckets of warrant articles Uh before the board one is uh the recommendations and requests from the election modernization study committee Which has representatives and attendance tonight and the other are a set of sort of miscellaneous warrant articles that come from a variety of committees or town department heads um In which the select board may or may not want to sort of endorse these articles as being on the warrant just for the public's edification Voting to place the matter on the warrant is basically voting to have the discussion At a warrant article hearing a potentially town meeting. It's not necessarily the same thing As the board saying they agree with the underlying matter so If with the chair's permission, I know that there are some folks here from The election modernization committee who might like to speak on the three articles that they'd like to have submitted But i'm also happy to talk about them if they like Good evening james o'connor chair of the election modernization committee Greg denis clerk of the election modernization committee So we come before you I believe you have reference points on Summer moranda you received We have three articles One of which was asked I believe Mr. Decorsi might have asked this at our november presentation as to whether we would have sufficient time to conclude our work this year We definitely find that there is a lot more work to be done So we wanted to submit a warrant article that with the report and recommendations of both the moderator and the town council we'd like to Consider a warrant article to extend the life of the election modernization committee Change the structure objectives or membership and take any action related there, too Uh, one of the issues that came up in the composition is that a few of the designated parties Have not been able or willing to attend So maybe they don't need to be on the committee Um, and we could appoint someone or look at someone who really wants to be on the committee Secondly It's better than the pipes bang and so go ahead But that's interesting The second thing was that there was a question that mr Done addressed before is why are some of the members? Not in attendance that were designated and that's because they don't have voting powers. So with the composition We thought about as a committee whether or not we would want to extend voting authorization to all members and to Also extend the life of the committee at least for another year If not further So at the recommendation of mr. Hyme We would like to ask although we've been told that we can submit the warrant article independently As a committee without 10 registered voters signatures that we'd like the blessing of the select board So it was his astute suggestion that we submit it at the recommendation Um Of the And the election modernization committee by the select board Attorney hyme. Can I just ask procedurally what we do tonight is we can receive this but we need to schedule it for hearing So what I would be I think what the committee is is asking for is The board to vote to place these three articles in the warrant As inserted by the select board at the requested election modernization study committee By way of background just for folks who don't remember or know in the public Um, this board was one of the entities that helped create the election modernization study committee So it seemed appropriate that this body would come back and seek the boards basically vote to place these articles on the warrant By the select board at the request of the modernization committee I'd say let's hear them all and do them all in motion Okay Did you have a question the chapter lane? No I'm sorry from a present point of view I don't know that I've ever seen inserted By the board of select when at the request of we normally do inserted at the request of with the assumption Is that it's always by the board of select committee? Okay, that If the board would be more comfortable with that, that's fine Sounds good Okay We had seen that it was the electronic voting that um, there was an an article in the past that had that addition Any questions about that The other two articles which we are considering is the election Yeah The the other two articles one would consolidate The town meeting member elections into a single election per precinct even when there are midterm vacancies And the other would use rank choice voting to elect town offices Mr. Dunn I move that we put all of these on the warrant Second seconded by mr. Kuro Um, any questions comments on these three if not an emotion by mr. Dunn seconded by mr. Kuro to Place these on the warrant Um with the language previously discussed all those in favor say aye. I don't know how those oppose Unanimous vote. Thank you so much Attorney hind thank you, madam chair I'm happy to proceed in either fashion. We could proceed one by one or I could go through all of them at once Do you have a preference madam chair? Whatever you think is more expeditious. Okay. You want to just go through them all? I'll go through all the Is that the best way to go and then maybe Just keep going until a question comes up. I want to do it that way. Okay. Thanks So the first article before the board Is following up on mr. Kuro a discussion that was led by mr. Kuro at previous meeting I'd done a little bit more research on the idea of a senior water discount And essentially found that while the board has the power to adopt Water discount for senior residents in order for certain elements of it to be integrated with for example the Means tested tax deferral and work off programs We would have to use home rule legislation According to the department of revenue So if the board is contemplating a senior water discount program that might be more expansive I wanted to see if the board wanted a placeholder on the warrant for that purpose If the board would like to start sort of with baby steps and just start with the senior water discount program That's within that's a little less ambitious That's that's fine, too. We could reserve this article for a later discussion Then the next article is uh is basically requested for your consideration by the engineering division and uh The environmental planner miss solven Is essentially a request to modernize the stormwater bylaw a stormwater management bylaw There are some pieces of it that they're finding are a little bit inefficient in its operation And uh, they'd like to clarify some things so that folks that have a better understanding of what's applicable and what's not The third is a request for home rule legislation that would allow retired arlington police officers to work police details This has been something that the officers have been negotiating through collective bargaining with the town And this is essentially our way of fulfilling that promise There are a whole bunch of conditions in here that Appropriately mean that we can hedge some risk. I don't want to make it want to be clear that Not the warrant are clearing itself in terms of putting this in the warrant Not every risk can be hedged when you have retired workers coming back on the force. You assume you assume a little bit of risk But most of that is covered in what's a very expansive warrant article to keep the scope of this very narrow very specific The next article is speaks to what um representatives from a sustainable arlington mothers at front Front had spoke about previously as well as the clean energy Future committee clean energy future committee I've crafted this in a way to try to be flexible in the manner that folks have talked about So it's not to take all the specific details from the brook line warrant article And just sort of jam it right into arlington. There's a number of pieces that would not necessarily fit And brook line did have a lengthy process Before they adopted Or before they put this bylaw in front of their town meeting But I think that this captures that the one sort of adjustment that I might make to it with the board's permission Is to actually expand on the language and to provide for exemptions to same to say and to provide For exemptions waivers or exceptions to same after having heard a few people talk about it here The next article the dpw director is still interested in um water and sewer line replacement As the board recall this was on last year's warrant. Um, we attempted to come up with some Models that didn't entirely Satisfy the board and I think in the board's wisdom decided we weren't ready to go on that If we want to return to that discussion This article would Be appropriate Next the town bylaw amendment to create a municipal affordable housing trust fund With if the board is inclined to put this on The housing implementation Housing planning implementation committee is still trickering a little bit with exactly what they'd like And I'd like the board to potentially vote on this article to give a little bit flexibility so that this article in concept But in detail might have a few things worked out by the end of the week And the long and short of that is that it creates an affordable housing trust We talked a little bit about this at the joint meeting So I don't want to belabor it unless anybody has any questions But it essentially helps us have a flexible tool to promote affordable housing in Arlington, whether it's creation acquisition sale Certain types of improvements And then I think that's it And and we do have if anything else should arise in the near future This board does have up until the time that the warrant has to be sent out to the printer Um if we need to add or do anything else, um, we still have that window of opportunity, but Madam chair it can just to add to what town council shared I I guess I would suggest for the board's consideration if the board wanted to the first one in regards to the water discount May be appropriate for inserted by the board of selectsman Um storm order management and the police officer, uh, retired police officer details Um, I think would fit well under inserted at the request of the town manager The fossil fuel infrastructure. I think the clean energy future committee Wants the board's support, but would like it to be inserted at the request of the clean energy future committee The sewer line replacement similarly by the town manager and the municipal affordable housing trust fund as the town council mentioned by the housing plan implementation committee Again subject to the board's discretion So I move to include these articles on the warrant with those Submission submission descriptions submission descriptions submission descriptions. Don't make me say that with this Please please the revisions presented by the town council. Okay motion by mr. Curel seconded by mr. Herd Any further mr. Dunn just under the first one We don't it doesn't feel like we have anything that we're going to be trying the Water discount it doesn't feel like we're going to be having anything to do there at the same time It is worth doing it maybe for just even for advertising purposes But I feel I mean just I'm fine putting on the warrant. I absolutely no problem with it. I just What does our battle plan? Well, I'll say I didn't I didn't realize and I thank mr. Heim for putting putting this here I actually didn't realize until I was going through the packet that this was included here Um But that that haven't been said. I mean I I don't want to get into the substance But as I read the comment it sounds like even if we were to follow the model of some communities where we're making it Means tested where it's tied to their qualification for some of the tax programs. We looks like we might have to do this Okay, all right For the low friction program Sounds good On a motion any further questions or comments on a motion by mr. Curel seconded by mr Heard if not all those in favor say I I have those opposed unanimous vote Thank you. I had a question Mr. Of course you raised this question about the deadlines on budget submission Did you want a placeholder so that we could have that discussion? well, I Like to have a placeholder but from what the the chair said we still have time to to add that and I I haven't Think what we'd be looking to do is is amend section 31 of the town manager act, but If there's time to do that I can report back at the next meeting or make that request So there's something before the board and consult with attorney high Madam chair man We also have the ability to insert articles in the special town meeting warrant, which is Which would afford Which gives us a lot more time So I'll leave that to you mr. D'corsi to yeah, that's fine And I guess maybe just a question when you say there is additional time. What how much additional time do we have? It's I mean Friday is the deadline for warrant article submission But they go into the printer The set board we can submit it up until before it goes to the printer as long as there's a meeting A printer. We don't go to like the middle of the month Yeah, we typically only really make Like just wording and stuff like that. We like I mean we don't drop things in whole After the deadline usually So I would I would say if you want to put it in like let's put it in now And then let the language be worked out by town council. Okay With that I'd like to make a motion to include that Amendment as a placeholder second On a motion by mr. D'corsi seconded by mr. Dunn any further questions or comments who include that Additional language As a warrant article all those in favor say aye all those pose unanimous vote. Thank you We do have an executive session, but um Ms. Maher any new business Attorney Hyde, I'm sorry. I do have one piece of important new business Um my colleague in the legal department Does not Care for fanfare But uh, mr. Marlenga attorney marlenga is retiring after 41 years of service on friday And so if any members of the board have a moment His service for the town has always been a matter that's been fairly quiet But exemplary and any folks have time to put in a call to mr. Marlenga. I'm sure he would appreciate Thank you. Yeah, well said Two very quick pieces. I know some of the board members may share this as well I just want to thank the board for the racial equity training that they attended last wednesday And also mentioned that we had a very successful training with 65 town staff across departments the following day on thursday Where it was a whole day training with leon and rita that was really impactful and I think we Really opened a lot of eyes and started a great dialogue across town departments And then very quickly i'll share that this past friday and saturday was the mma annual meeting very Very interesting successful meeting lots of good topics leon andrews was actually the closing keynote speaker Asked me to join him at the end of his presentation to share a little bit about the work that arlington is doing So that was a nice opportunity fresh off last week's training to share that But I also wanted to share that I was very honored Being elected or selected by my peers across municipal government for this year to serve as the mass municipal associations vice president At this annual meeting which would put me in line to become the president of the association next year So it's a a nice honor to to be selected for that this weekend. Congratulations. Congratulations Congratulations Mr. Dacour Nothing Mr. Her Just a segue from the town mayor just again want to thank leon andrews and his team for just a great presentation and gave us some food for thought to Identify some areas that we can work on in the town Then I popped into the conference this weekend Didn't have the time to spend as much time as I'd like to but every year When you look at the speaker lineup, there's always a couple of members of our staff including the town manager just shows what How much respect and talent our staff is amongst the The other managers and employees in the state Thank you, I just wanted to note that When I went to the MMA I managed to go to two sessions that were packed to the gills One was on strategies to protect the town Municipalities and our employees in the face of abusive and threatening social media and steps that Municipalities can take and the other one was on Very apropos of some things that we've seen here civility in public meetings and strategies for municipalities to take Around Codes of conduct both behavior within boards between between between boards of the public and expectations of the public in Such meetings and both of those sessions were Absolutely standing room only so I think it's it's saying something about kind of the tenor in the air these days Thank you With that I have no new business. I will take Entertain a motion from my colleague. Can we do it one motion or two separate ones? We can madam chair. We can do one motion but we need to be clear that we're going to executive session for two purposes and one has to very explicitly state that the That negotiation or the board's position would be impacted by a public discussion of any real estate Valuation or transaction So a motion to enter executive session For both purposes listed on our notice including consideration of purchase exchange lease Or value of real property a public discussion of which would materially affect the board's negotiation position as well as as well as complying with the Open meeting law approval of the executive session minutes of january 2nd 2020 Motion by so moved. Mr. Dunn is seconded by Mr. Hurd roll call miss mar Yes Yes Yes And I'm sorry miss mahan. I made a mistake. Uh, my understanding is the board will not be convening back in open session, correct? So, um attitude that that at the end of the motion that when the board, um comes out of Executive session into open session it will be per No, we'll be adjourning in executive. I apologize. Yes, ma'am chair. So the That is indeed my motion. Okay. Sorry. Yeah All right ACmi we're all set and when we come back. We're just going to be done. So


Hello people of the internet, my name is Johnny and welcome to the Into the Pit song reaction. We have been waiting for this for a long time and finally today is the day. Before we hop in, I want to make a quick apology to all of the animators because I said some not so kind words in the last video. They left some very nice comments clarifying their side of working on the animation and they were very nice. I understand that animation takes a long time, I did not know the just amount of struggles you guys had with this animation. I was just going off of what, not trying to point any fingers, not trying to name any names, I was just going off of what Docko had said in past live streams about the delays for the animation and of the song which, I get it, it takes a lot of effort, it takes a lot of time and I'm sorry for what I said. I will say, I did not call anybody lazy and I also do regret saying that it was your guys' fault. I've actually already seen the animation and the song as of recording this segment of the video so I already know what it's like and let me just say it is really good. So again, sorry, hopefully we can put all of this behind us, hopefully there's no hard feelings animators if you are watching this, I'm sorry. So anyways, let's hop into the reaction for Docko's Into the Pit song, here you go. Yes, I'm ready. Oh god, I'm so excited. Okay, so quiet, why so quiet, why so quiet? Okay, yeah look at all these boys, they're still so quiet, oh my god. Looking good so far. I wouldn't do that. Here I try to forget and enjoy what's near. So good. I gotta try not to sing because that would just be annoying. The Unwithered Withered's, I can't not sing, it's too good. Oh, where you going buddy? Watch out, what's outside that window? Oh my god dude, that is terrifying, drawings, his movements are terrifying. Wow, that is a massive pog. This is what Docko showed in the stream, between the walls, uh-oh dude, it's the 10 kids, it's not the portal cake way, I never noticed that. That model, oh here's the boss fight, looks so good, here it comes, there's the dad, oh my god dude, he's freakin' dead. So this is the big fight now, at the end of the story, fight back man, you got it. Or I guess not.  Oh my god, they actually freakin' show it, that's the story, I got it right here, is that it? Huh, I have a feeling that's not it, it wasn't it, this is not it, there's gonna be some sort of preview for something, just like they did with Darkest Desire, there's gonna be something. It really went by kinda quick actually, I don't know why, it feels really short, I don't know. I guess because there wasn't something extra at the end and nothing really at the beginning, like there kinda was with the Darkest Desire song, but that went by really quick, yeah it was just kinda the song which lasts like 3 minutes less than that, but still that was really good, that was really good. We kinda knew the whole song already from various teasers that Darko had released beforehand. I had not seen or I hadn't heard the song before, I know one of the people that walked on it with Darko released it early yesterday, I didn't listen to that because I wanted to wait for this to see the full song, cause reacting to just the song is not as entertaining to watch as reacting to the entire animation, which again does look great, again I'm so sorry to the animators about what I said last video, the animation looked really, really good, song great, oh no it feels like it went by so fast, which is why I'm still just trying to figure out like what's going on, I'm not saying that's a bad thing, I just wasn't expecting it to last that short amount of time, but it was still really good, don't get me wrong I enjoyed it a lot, I got Darko's Desire on my phone because of course I would, so I don't actually know if the Into the Pit song is already out for people to buy, because last time with Darko's Desire we had to wait a little bit, like maybe a couple days it really wasn't that long, so I haven't checked to see if the song is out just yet, but if it's not I'm sure it will be out very soon, look at that, it's actually out, geez I didn't think it would be out, because again last time we had to wait, but that's good and yes I do use iTunes, not Spotify, don't at me I know I'm weird, yeah this was really enjoyable, if you have not seen already there has been a preview of the next song which is To Be Beautiful, there has been a preview for that and I'll show that off right now, I showed it off in my last video but in case you haven't seen that one, there you go, I'm very excited for that, that looks good, Darko's not actually singing in it which will be interesting, because you know I again explained this in the last episode but To Be Beautiful is two female characters in it, it doesn't really have a significant male role so there's nothing that Lewis can really play, so that's going to be interesting to see how that goes, but it does look really good so far and again I really enjoyed this into the pit song, so that is that, that was my reaction, thank you so much for watching, stay tuned for more reactions coming in the future, there we go, nailed it first try, and I'll see you all on the flip side, goodbye


ceasefire as of 10 p.m. tonight. That means that as of this very minute, both sides will be putting down their weapons and ending a days-long round of violence that has seen over 1,200 rockets fired towards Israel by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad terror group in the Gaza Strip and over 370 Pij military targets hit by the IDF. The last 20 minutes have seen a barrage of rockets fired into Israel and what seems to be a last hurrah sitting off rocket sirens in central and southern Israel. The IDF has also continued striking Pij targets as well from what we know. Now in past conflicts there have been rockets that have continued to fly even in the minutes after the official ceasefire. The question now is whether or not this is going to hold and joining us now in the studios are senior correspondent Owen ultimate I'd like to turn to you first. What were the terms of this ceasefire from from what we know at this point? What we know is not much Natasha, but the terms they're announced is essentially that the two sides are going to be ceasing fire. Right? Another way of expressing that that both sides according to the statement from Egypt, both sides have agreed to stop targeting civilians to stop demolishing houses and targeting individuals. So translation, they agreed to ceasefire. Those are the conditions. I guess the only wrinkle to that is this idea that they agreed to stop targeting individuals. Does that mean Israel made some sort of more explicit commitment to stop targeted killings that reportedly had been a hold up over the last few days. On the other hand, it's been widely argued in Israel that by definition, if you agree to a ceasefire, you agree to ceasefire. So whether or not you make some some specific explicit commitment specifically on the targeted killings or you don't essentially it gets to is the same difference type of issue because you've agreed to do it. At any rate, both sides agreeing to a ceasefire, but we don't have anything beyond that. Right? There's no there's no there's no political terms beyond that about some kind of difference in the political arrangement in Gaza. The return of bodies, whether it be the body of that Islamic jihad prisoner from the West Bank or the bodies of the two Israeli soldiers that have been kept in Gaza. None of that seems to have been resolved by this simply a ceasefire for the two sides to put down their guns. You know, it's interesting because Hamas has managed to kind of keep out of this conflict in this round so far. But of course, we know that the Jerusalem flag march is going to be taking place on Thursday. That's just a couple of days away. Can we expect the ceasefire to last? And I mean, especially knowing that the last wave or very serious kind of conflict with Hamas specifically was triggered by that flag march back in the day of 2021. Yeah, as in Hebrew, we will definitely one event chases another. Look, obviously, as you mentioned, Natasha, first of all, formally Hamas, not a party to the ceasefire, right? And you're right. We saw particularly in 2021 that this Jerusalem day flag march was used by Hamas as a way to escalate in that case, escalate dramatically the conflict leading to the guardians of the walls operation and all that followed, which we remember two years ago. You're right. It's still an open question about exactly where that march will lead the march itself, a kind of provocation. Of course, with right wing and far right activists marching through the heart of the Muslim quarter in order to send a political message. Again, from an Israeli terms, the idea is that these operations restore the so called deterrence. But Natasha, as we've learned time and time again in Gaza, there is no final victory for Israel and Gaza and operations and in rounds. There simply is a restoration of the deterrence, so to speak. And in this case, particular damage by the particular targeted killings of the particular Lama Jihad operatives, which may, it is said, be able to set back that organization's ability to execute. On the other hand, the open question of what this operation and what its reaction have meant for Islam, which you had standing within Palestinian public opinion, right? Some say that their standing has risen because they've so called resisted Israel. And if that's the case, maybe they have an incentive to go back at it and maybe Hamas will have an incentive to go back at it. Obviously complicated situation, but you're right. A very fluid one and one that you're right could erupt in just a few days time. And don't forget, even before that May 15th, the anniversary of the Nakba as Palestinian see it, which could again be a cause for an escalation. I mean, what has Israel accomplished in this latest round of violence? What do we know in terms of the amount of Pij military sites that were targeted, the number of senior members that were targeted and all that in the face of, of course, the civilians that were also killed in this conflict, which we know the international community is very upset about. And of course, Palestinians across the board are very upset about. Well, a couple things. First of all, in terms of the damage to Islamic jihad is primarily the people, right? The three senior Islamic jihad officials were killed in the strike that began the operation. And then others who were killed and other targeted killings beyond that. One doesn't get the sense that there was a lot of damage done to the actual physical plants and physical material of the PIJ. But as you remember, a more limited conflict only against the Pij and one in which Israel was for the large part risk averse. That's why there were not a lot of civilian casualties, at least after the initial strike. You know, I'd like to just note that what you're seeing right now on the screen are kind of live images of Israel to see if there are any rockets are going to be exchanged. But I'd like that scasa right there is what you're seeing here. So that, you know, again, we want to see if there's going to be any barrages in the coming minutes or perhaps hour, because that has typically happened in the past that we have seen at least a couple of rockets flying after the ceasefire. But I'd like to turn now to our correspondent Hamda Salhut. She's joining us from Stiglut in southern Israel. So tell us about what's happening in the south where you are right now. Obviously, you're in a town that has been the most hard hit by all the rocket fire that has been launched towards Israeli territory. Many locals flood this area. Are we going to see a mass return? What are you seeing? Natasha, good evening. Look, there's a lot of residents around me now in this parking lot as well as media. Just in the last several minutes, barrages of rockets and dozens of interceptions over our heads, the red alerts happening all across the country. And I want to point to a statement that Palestinian Islamic jihad released at exactly 10 o'clock 10 p.m. When the ceasefire was set to go into place, saying quote that the Palestinian resistance continues to pound Tel Aviv and the occupied cities, the Gaza periphery with those intense missile barrages in response to the assassination and the continuation of aggression against the Palestinian people before the ceasefire came into effect. Now, historically, we do see barrages of rockets coming in right before the ceasefire kind of Pij letting Israel know that they are forced to be reckoned with as of now. Since the ceasefire has been into place for exactly seven minutes, there have not been any barrages of rockets. Residents said to come back to the southern city specifically here in Sidot, one of the hardest hit cities typically when escalations like this happen. We've seen several dozen, as I said, interceptions over our heads, several red alerts, not just here, but across Israel, going all the way north to the suburbs of Tel Aviv, places like Rishon, Le Tion, Jolon. These are places Pij is targeting with long range missiles. The Israeli security apparatus didn't really think the missiles could reach that far yesterday. We even saw them reaching Jerusalem. It looks like, it's sorry, I'm just going to stop you there because I'm getting a red alert right now about a rocket in Qesofim, that's an Israeli town bordering the Gaza Strip. The question is, if that is what's happening right now or if this is just a report on the phone, of course, we're going to be updated on that. I'd also just like to ask you kind of about the rhetoric from the Palestinian community as a whole in regards to the ceasefire. Is this what locals wanted to see happen in the Gaza Strip? Look, the views are divided within the Gaza Strip. We've got some incoming fire, I believe here. People stay right there, right there, Natasha, the Iron Dome, working to intercept one of the rockets right here, right here, Roy, right here, right here, right here, right here, up, up, right here, right alert, right here, right now.  Guys, kill the break, right now. All right, we're staying on air. You guys can see that there was a ceasefire put into place at 10 p.m. Let's go back to those images. Do we still have them or no? We're going to stay on that right now. Keep in mind, Hamda, can we hear you? Can you try speaking to us? Go, go, go. Can you guys hear me? Yeah, we hear you now. Look, look, this is a barrage of rockets, barrage of interceptions coming in now, the ceasefire coming into place 10 minutes ago, and these barrages of rockets still coming in. Palestinian Islamic Jihad wanting to prove a message to Israel to send a strong message saying that the resistance is powerful, steadfast and ready to continue with whatever sort of operation that will happen. All right, so you know, like we had kind of reported just before this, this is something that we've seen even after a ceasefire has been put into place. In the past, we have seen barrages of rockets come into Israeli territory, vice versa, kind of an exchange of fire that's lasted even in the minutes after the implementation of an official ceasefire. The question is whether or not this is going to only be happening within the coming minutes or if we're going to continue to see more and more rockets. Hamda, you know, you've been speaking to locals who are on the ground right now. Does this, I mean, maybe there's somebody right there who you could even speak to and ask if anybody speaks English. But do you think that seeing these rockets is going to kind of evaporate any sense of security and a feeling that life might go back to normal in the coming days for those who are living in this area? Look, we have spoken to a lot of residents here who say that they just want calm. They just want to live in peace. And now with the ceasefire coming into place, hopefully that'll be the case. All right, well, we also have Colonel in the reserves alone, Evietel joining us. He's a Palestinian affairs expert. He is a former COGAT advisor. I'm interested to kind of hear your take about what we're seeing right now. We just were told that there's going to be a ceasefire, you know, going going into action at 10pm. Clearly, we saw some more rockets fired. What's your take? I have to say that I'm not surprised. It was expected. I don't think that regarding our long experience with the terror organization like Islamic Jihad and the Hamas as well, we know that the reality or the test is the implement on the ground, which means after you sign the agreement, and it's not an agreement in just it is just to understand, understanding with between Israel through Egypt and Islamic Jihad, the test or the proof will be on the ground tomorrow, the day after and even during the next days if you want. I think that everything is relative. We know that the entity of the Islamic Jihad as a terror organization, it's not respect the agreements or the previous agreements if you want or the understand between them. Just I want to take to give you an example. What could be let's say few days from from today or one week or two weeks if you want, not just the launch rockets. I just want to say briefly more rocket sirens going off in southern Israel and in Ashloshah. In addition to that, we are seeing rocket sirens go off in other bordering Israeli communities in Nilem. So again, it seems that there is another round of rockets being fired from the Gaza Strip into Israeli territory. Continue every agreement or understand understanding between the two sides is flexible. I want to describe you or to illustrate what could be happened during the next days. Let's say that tomorrow the IDF after the ceasefire, tomorrow the IDF and the Shabbat will will say find that a terror cell of the Islamic Jihad is planning a terror attack from a refugee of refugee camp of Janine in the West Bank, right, not related related in any case to Gaza Strip. And the IDF will act in order to prevent this terror attack. And during the the activity, those terrorists from the Islamic Jihad could be killed. It's happened and it will be happened for a long of a long, I would say, long run. In the end of the day, Islamic Jihad should response to this activity. How how we will do it by launching a rocket from Gaza Strip as he did before? It's an open question. I mean that Islamic Jihad tried during the last two, three years to react from Gaza Strip on IDF activities against him against the terror organization in the West Bank. So I think that we should take in, I would say in the limit related to this understanding between the two sides and be careful. I mean that nobody knows what will be happened during the next days. And I think that the IDF and the Shabbat as well will be in high preparation for the next activity of the Islamic Jihad and take carefully what's going on inside this organization. We know that just last sentence, we know for sure that those who are operate if you want or give orders even to Islamic Jihad is Iran. So if Iran will decide to change those disagreement between the two sides, I think that the Islamic Jihad will be obligated to Iran and not to Egypt. Alright, Owen, I'd like to kind of turn to you. Obviously, Israel has been facing terror on many different fronts within the course of the past year, whether or not that's rockets being launched from the Gaza Strip from Palestinian factions in Lebanon, Syria, then of course you have the lone terror attacks that we've been seeing take place across Israel and also the West Bank. When it comes to the Palestine Islamic Jihad and its power, we know that from a rocket launch perspective, Israel has had a lot of success in kind of targeting those senior commanders who are running business in the Gaza Strip. But where can we expect terror to be emanating from this group in other parts of the country? And is Israel as focused on those potential threats? Of course, of course, Israel is and obviously the situation in Jerusalem is very sensitive situation in the West Bank as we saw two years ago, Natasha, in 2021, even the situation in mixed Jewish Arab cities in Israel. Obviously, these are important issues for the Israeli security apparatus. And in the case of mixed Jewish Arab cities in the situation in Jerusalem for Israeli society to manage. But as for this, I want to go back to Hamd is terrific reporting from there and what she said about what this means to PIJ and to its supporters, how this is their expression of their power and the staying power of the resistance. And I'm sure Hamd is reporting faithfully what they feel and how they think. But from Israel's perspective, I look at those pictures, Natasha, you know what I say? So what? So what 16 years of the Moukama strategy from Gaza, right? The resistance strategy would be Hamas Islamic Jihad. What are the strategic achievements? Zero, zero. Israel is more powerful economically, more powerful militarily, more powerful socially, societally. You know what Prime Minister Netanyahu said in one of his speeches, I haven't fact checked this, but what he said about the population in Sterot and the Gaza envelope, what's happened over the last decade, grown dramatically. People are moving in, not moving out. Yes, temporarily relocating. But that big complex and I've been there where Hamd is, it'll come back to life tomorrow. It'll come back to life. The society has proven it is resilient, partly because of the iron dome system, again, in those spectacular interceptions that we saw the system proving itself, again, which has been a real shield for Israel and ability for the Israeli society and Israeli military to function. And again, whatever people in Gaza may feel and I credit their feelings and the importance of their feelings from a strategic perspective, Islamic Jihad has been an absolute failure. It's gotten their goals moving forward nowhere. What we're seeing right now are live images from Khan Yunus in the Gaza Strip. Apparently, the IDF has also struck back against military, Pij military sites in the Gaza Strip. And there have been several injuries. These are ambulances on their way to the site of the latest attack. Of course, we do not yet have the numbers in terms of how many have been injured. But we are hearing that there were strikes in Khan Yunus and also in the center of Gaza as well. This, of course, comes just as we saw a barrage of rockets fired from Palestinian Islamic Jihad militants into Israeli territory, specifically into southern Israel. We had our correspondent on the ground in Stego Tamda, Sal Hutu actually was able to kind of report on some of those rocket launches live. So we did see that with our own eyes. And now we are seeing that Israeli response to that rocket barrage right here in these live visuals of the Gaza Strip. Again, we're going to keep you updated as to whether or not there were any lives lost, how many people have actually been injured. But for now, what we know is that ambulances are on their way to a Pij site, a military target that the IDF hit. The question is how many injuries and or casualties have taken place as a result. Okay. By the way, while we are seeing this film from live from Gaza, Israel should show the international community and the media those proofs. This is hard evidence, which means that the Islamic Jihad itself, as Hamas did it before, the Islamic Jihad launched rockets and those rockets fell on the Gaza field. It means that there are Palestinian casualties from the Islamic Jihad and not by the Israeli side. So Israel should show it and expose those films toward the international community in order to prevent political damage. Well, we don't know if in this case the casualties are the injuries that we're seeing here are a result of a Israeli airstrike, particularly or perhaps a rocket that had fallen short. But what we do know is that over the course of the past couple days, over 1200 rockets have been fired by the Pij towards Israeli territory. Over 200 of them fell short. That's about one in four rockets that fell short into Ghazan territory. At least four Ghazan civilians were killed as a result of those rockets that fell short. And we also know that earlier today the second life lost in Israel as a result of a Pij rocket was that of a Palestinian, a Ghazan worker who was in Israel working, an agricultural worker who had a permit to work in Israel, who got hit by shrapnel after there was a direct impact in the Israeli community in southern Israel by the Pij. So obviously really just tragically the quantity of lives lost. We know at this point, obviously Owen, we spoke about this earlier, the health ministry, the Palestinian health ministry in the Ghazan strip says at this point 33 people have been killed. We have Hamda on the line. Is that what I'm hearing? Okay, we have our correspondent Hamda Salhut on the line. So Owen, I'll come back to you. Hamda, paint us a picture of what is happening where you are right now. Obviously, we just saw that barrage of rockets live. What's going on right now? Natasha, strangely enough, things are actually back to normal after these red alerts, after the interceptions, people kind of go about their regular business. Just a few minutes after that ceasefire was put into place, it was already violated by Palestinian Islamic jihad sending rockets into several parts of southern Israel and other parts of the country, the Israeli military saying that they also struck Gaza amid that incoming rocket fire. Now in the last just a few minutes, a little bit of calm here, not receiving any red alerts for the last eight minutes, but you know it might be a long night ahead, like I've been reporting. This is something we have historically seen when a ceasefire is put into place, large barrages of rockets sending a message to the Israeli security apparatus that the factions are to be dealt with accordingly, that they are forced to be reckoned with. They are steadfast and strong in their resistance and they will continue to fight for the freedom of the Palestinian people. Now, we see that there happened to be a lot of Stelot residents who are out and about right now. What is kind of the rhetoric on their end in terms of the ceasefire, the hopes that they have for the coming days? Are people planning on coming back Stelot at this point? What do we know? Look, people, whether it's here in southern Israel or in the Gaza Strip, they just want to live their lives normally. Some people are political, but most of these people are just caught in the crossfire. They are the innocent who bear the heaviest weight when it comes to these conflicts. We've spoken to a number of residents here who say they just want to get their lives back to normal. They just want to take their kids to school. They want to go for walks. The same sentiment echoed from Palestinians inside the Gaza Strip here. They say that they just want peace. Well, that's not the case for all of the people, but the majority of the people just want to live their lives normally, see prosperous futures for both people in the end. All right, Hamd, I'd like to thank you for joining us from Stelot again. For now, it seems like there is a tense quiet.  And we've been seeing these cycles of violence over and over again, especially in the past couple of years. It doesn't really ever seem to be ending. And you don't know whether or not you can finally calm down or you can expect yet another barrage. But our society is resilient, Natasha, here in Israel. The society is resilient. And I think people over time have developed a more sophisticated understanding and a more realistic set of expectations about what can actually be achieved in the short term and in the medium term in managing the issue of the Gaza Strip. There are no easy solutions in terms of policy and there are no instant solutions either. You know, and I have to say something that I've been seeing, there seems to be this constant comparison of the number of casualties that have, the lives that have been lost in this conflict. We saw over 1200 rockets fired into Israeli territory from the Gaza Strip. The Iron Dome had a 91% success rate. That means that, I mean, if we had not had the Iron Dome in this country, we can only imagine the sheer number of lives that would have been lost. When we saw that direct hit on a home in Rehobo, just 14 miles from where we are right now, that did shake the Israeli public, especially those living in the center who are not as used to these constant rocket sirens like the people in the south. So the question is, in that case, we obviously saw technical difficulty from the Iron Dome that the IDF reported. Our Israeli is going to continue to feel that level of safety in the coming years if this doesn't end. And how far is Israeli government willing to go to actually stop the rocket launches from the Gaza Strip knowing that we have this defense system in place? Two things. Yes, I think people continue to feel safe. The Iron Dome system is upgraded all the time. As for policy toward Gaza, look, the Israeli strategies, we keep saying, is mow the lawn, right? The grass grows and then the army comes in and mows it. It's obviously a kind of dehumanizing metaphor, but an apt one for the way that the terrorist organizations on the Strip Act and the way the Israeli military responds to them, meaning that the grass doesn't go away. It only gets mowed. It's obviously a strategy. It doesn't have a lot of imagination. It's one that doesn't promise a victory. But anyone who doesn't like it is the obligation of proposing a real alternative and we haven't seen an alternative. Okay. I just before we go out for a break, I just have to say that we're getting a statement in from the Pij spokesperson to Al Jazeera, the firing of rockets after the ceasefire is a message to the enemy that the resistance will not lay down its weapons. This is a Google translated comment that was made to Al Jazeera by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad spokesperson. If the enemy carries out assassination or bombs houses, the resistance will respond. So that seems to insinuate that maybe a ceasefire isn't actually in place right now. And we're also hearing that after those red alert sirens that we had just seen take place with Hamda live, three people have been injured as they were running for safety here in Israel. And that actually also took place in Jolon and Batiam in the latest barrage. So that's the latest news that we have for you right now. We are out for a break. This is I-24 News. I'm Natasha Kirchuk. We'd like to thank you so much for joining us.


Yes, last class you were discussing thermodynamic quantity, right? What was the last point that we discussed, where we stopped last class? Work, right? I guess. Okay, so we are discussing work, PV work done. Have we discussed graph on this? No. Okay. Oh no, reversible, irreversible, we are discussed correct. Okay. We did not start, Anurag. So last class we were discussing work, PV work we were discussing and we discussed that represented by W. And we discussed that work done, the formula we have, that is W is equals to minus integral p external dV. This is what the expression we discussed. Yeah, I know we did formula, we know just we are going just a quick recap and then we'll move on. Correct? We have also seen this is for all the process it is applicable, right? It is applicable for all the process. Basic expression is this only, all processes. The derivation, the, you know, work done expression that we get for different, different processes will start from here only. Okay. So what is the unit of work done from this? Pressure is ATM and volume is litre. So unit is what? Unit is ATM litre. We have also seen the conversion of ATM litre into Joule. One ATM litre is 101.325 Joule. You must take care of it because in the option you will get without converting into Joule also like they'll write Joule but they won't convert. They'll take the magnitude of ATM litre only just be right Joule over there. Correct? Options when you solve this, suppose you got five ATM per litre as the answer you are getting. Option also they'll give like this only five Joule and all other three options will be there. In hurry what we do, we don't, we forget to you to convert this ATM litre into Joule, right? Simply see okay five, so five Joule is the answer. Don't do this mistake. Okay. It happens very often with students. Okay. This is the one point I would like to highlight. So conversion is very important. This is the conversion. Now we have also discussed if the wall is rigid, right? Closed rigid container. What is the work done? Work done is zero because there is no expansion or compression. Hence work done is zero. Correct? Reversible, irreversible process we have seen. Have you seen that cyclic process? What is the work done? Cyclic process. How to find out in cyclic process? I think this we haven't done. Let me use. Yeah. So we have done till here. Close rigid container is this. We'll do, we'll do. Just a second. Okay. If the process is reversible. For reversible process are. Work done is equals to we know external pressure is not constant in reversible process. So we have to keep this P external inside the integral sign. But if you have irreversible process IP irreversible process, P external is constant and we can take this P external. Out of the integral sign. This is the formula we have. Now, suppose the question is this. We have PV graph. Pressure and volume graph we have volume is given in later. And pressure is given in ATM. Okay. So suppose this value is two, then four, then six, and then eight, one, two, three and four. This is given. The process starts from the point A. This point goes to point B. And then to point C. And then to point B. And then to point A. No, no, we are doing work only. We are doing work only under work only we have this. Okay. So now suppose if this is the process given, you need to find out work done in this process. So this is a cyclic process because we start from a and ends at a, the process come back at a only after some time. So this is a cyclic process. So cyclic process is the process in which the initial and final step is same. Got it. The process in which initial and final step is same. Could you find out work done in this process? How do you find out work done? Okay. So all of you see this. Two way we can find out the work done in this process. I will discuss both ways here. So total work done is equals to work done in the process A to B plus work done in the process B to C. Plus work done in the process C to D. And then work done in the process D to A. This is the total work that we have. Once again, mother will discuss weight. Okay. So this is the total work done. Now, if you look at this process B to C and D to A, it is a, it is ISO codeic process. The volume is constant B to C. We have constant volume. Right. D to A. We have constant volume. The constant volume again work done is zero in this process. That's why this is zero. And this work done is zero simply. If you see this A to B. So this is the case of expansion, because volume is increasing expansion. It is expansion under what pressure under four atmospheric pressure. The expansion is taking place under four atmospheric pressure because from A to B, the pressure is constant. So here work done from A to B is minus P external into V final minus V initial eight minus one. Is this correct? Did you understand this? Yes, please respond. Plus C to D external pressure is one. So minus one into final volume minus initial volume. Yeah, it's two. Once again, eight minus two. Right. So when you solve this, you'll get the answer eight minus two is six minus four. That is minus 24. This side and it is minus six. One. So it is plus one. So we are getting minus 18. Atm liter is the unit which we can easily convert into zero. Correct. So this is one way. The formula is this for each step. We'll find out the work done and we'll add all we'll get this. So negative we are getting here. Correct. We're getting negative here. This is one way because you can find out the easier way is what the easier way is work done when PV graph is given. Listen to me carefully. Work done when PV graph is given. So this area under the curve area enclosed by the curve or the geometrical figure which is given in the question. Right. So geometrical figure is this. It is a rectangle. It's length is six. This is six unit. And the width is four minus one. That is three. Yeah. Four minus one. We have three over here. They look at the area here. So area enclosed by curve which is length into bridge we're getting 18. Right. Unit is obviously atm liter. The unit that is given in the question. But this area gives you the magnitude of work done. It won't give you the sign. It gives you the magnitude only whether it is negative or positive that information you won't have in this formula. But you have one trick that you can memorize and then you can put the sign also if you need it. So best way if PV graph is given right under the curve curve must be PV PV is not there. We have to take it. You have to convert into PV. Correct. So we'll find out area. This process is clockwise or anti clockwise. It is clockwise. Right. You see the work done is negative in clockwise. You see this actual method that we have here. Work done is negative. Right. So we can say if the process is given clockwise then it is work done by the system. Right down the next line. If the process is clockwise given clockwise given it means work done by the system and work done by the system is what negative. We know that. If the process is anti clockwise anti clockwise then it is work done on the system which is positive which is positive. Correct. So just look at the process here. It is a clockwise process. Right which is given here. It is a clockwise process. So work done by the system. Hence the answer in this question would be work done is whatever magnitude you get. It is by the system. So minus sign you have to put in ATM. This is the answer we have here. Did you understand this cyclic process is what like I said initial and final state is same. So whatever the state function we have the change in state function for cyclic process is always zero. Okay, because it's a cyclic process. So the state function is this. Let's suppose we have a circle, like we have a process like this starts from the point a goes like this and reaches at point a again. So initial and final step is same to delta u is what it is uf minus ui but uf and UI is the same only because the state is same. That's why it is zero. So all the change in state function is always zero for cyclic process. All these are zero. So this is the first time or dynamic quantity. Next second time or dynamic quantity you write down. It is heat. What is heat. Heat is the energy transfer. One second I'm going back. Heat is represented by Q first of all definition right on it is the energy transfer. It is the energy transfer, which takes place, which takes place because of difference in temperature, because of difference in temperature. A hot object, you keep in touch with a cold object, the heat transfer from hot to cold, always high temperature to low temperature. We also have a convention over here like we have in work, like heat is given to the system. Means if system is absorbing heat, heat is given to the system is positive. Always. And heat is released by the system by the system when system is releasing heat it is negative. That is what the assumption we have assumption you can say convention you can say anything. In this only we'll see heat capacity with the help of heat capacity. We can calculate heat. Okay, there's a term called total heat capacity capacity. It is a heat required. It is a heat required to change the temperature, temperature by one degree Celsius. Okay, unit change in temperature. The amount of heat required is heat capacity. Right. It is defined in Zule per Kelvin, the unit that we have. Heat required per Kelvin temperature. So if I say, if, if DQ is is the amount of heat required, DQ is the amount of heat required to change the temperature by DT, DT. Suppose this is the assumption we are taking that this is happening DQ amount of heat you provide and the temperature change by DT. So since we need to consider one degree rise in temperature, then for one degree rise what we require using DQ is the amount of heat required for DT change in temperature. So one degree if you change, then the amount of heat required is once again DT is the change in temperature. The amount of heat required is DQ. So for one degree change in temperature, the amount of heat required is DQ by DT, DQ by DT. So this DQ by DT is the total heat capacity, heat capacity. Look at the unit here. Q is Joule, T is Kelvin. So it is Joule per. Now this total heat capacity we have of two types. Yes, possible. Different substance will have different heat capacity. This heat capacity is of two types actually. See we can say that we have taken one mole of substance, correct? And we can say we have one gram of substance, correct? So the amount of heat required to change the temperature by one degree Celsius of one mole of substance, we call it as molar heat capacity. So if you take one mole, it is molar heat capacity, understood? If you take one gram, then it is specific heat capacity. Simply we call it a specific heat. Yes, it's possible, Anurag. It's possible that with same amount of heat, the temperature for one substance can be more or less than the other substance, depends upon the heat capacity of the substance. Concentration as in what? We're not talking about concentration here. Temperature we can say, higher temperature to lower temperature. Once again, once again, once again, Gayatri. See Anurag, what you're talking about, the substance with less heat will be releasing heat to the substance with higher heat. No, it's not like that. You are mixing two things. Two things are different. One is if two objects are at different, different temperature, correct? When you connect those objects or you keep them in contact, then heat flow from high temperature to low temperature, right? That's one thing. Now heat capacity is what? To what extent the heat can, no, what is the heat content of the system? That is what heat capacity is. We define it for one mole of a substance or one gram of a substance, right? It is not the heat content exactly. But what we say, suppose you have a substance and if you keep on giving heat to the substance, its temperature will rise, correct? So the amount of heat required when the temperature increases by one degree is the total heat capacity of that particular substance, right? Total heat capacity of that particular substance, okay? So it is defined for rise in temperature or decrease in temperature of one degree. But whenever you have hot and cold body, temperature always flow from, sorry, heat always flow from hot to cold, not cold to hot, till the temperature becomes equal in both objects. So heat capacity is not like that, okay? Yes, you can say that, if the amount is more, mass is more, then obviously we require more temperature. In that case only, we calculate heat capacity either in terms of mole or in terms of mass. So two things are different. Like for an object, what is the amount of heat required to raise or decrease the temperature by one degree? It's different. And once you have two objects with different temperature, then heat flows from high temperature to low temperature. These are two things we have. So it's possible that heat can flow from a substance with less heat, from a substance with less heat, given heat to the substance with higher heat that have same mass. No, that is not possible. We can't say that. See, heat and temperature are two different things we have. I am saying heat flows from high temperature to low temperature, right? You are saying possible that heat can flow from a substance with less heat. We cannot say that, right? If temperature is higher than it's fine, but you are taking a hypothetical case which is not possible actually. See, two things you are mixing. You have an object, correct? Suppose you have an insulated object. Ideally, we don't have any insulated object, but suppose we have one object which is very refrain, you know, which is very, you know, to increase the temperature of that particular object is very difficult. And one you have, suppose one of substances would you take an example and one substance is metal. Basically metal, the increasing temperature of metal would be more than to that of heat. Would be more than to that of, sorry, wood, correct? Slightly you heat you supply, the temperature of the metal will increase and rod will increase, correct? But for wood we require more amount of heat. So, we can say that metal will have higher heat capacity, right? Because with less heat only, it can rise in temperature by one degree. So, wood, the heat capacity is not that great. This is one thing. Another thing, if wood adds suppose 500 degrees Celsius and metal adds suppose 10 degrees Celsius, which is a very difficult case. It's not possible, right? With same amount of heat if you provide, it is not possible that same amount of heat, wood will be at 500 degrees Celsius and metal will be at 100 degrees. That's not possible. And that is what you're talking about, okay? So, heat capacity is defined when we talk about the change in temperature. But when it comes to the transfer of heat, it is always from high temperature to low temperature. Yeah, we can relate that. Once again, I'm coming to that point. Molar heat and specific heat capacity we can relate. We will come to that point, okay? So, I hope you understand this to this. Okay. So, heat capacity is what? It is defined for one mold. Very simple. It is to one degree rising temperature, what is the heat required? Here, everything is same. We also add one mole of substance. Okay, Arora, you think about it later. Probably you'll get it. Okay, it happens sometimes, okay? That's not a problem. Yeah, okay. So, molar heat capacity, you see. It is the amount of heat required. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature, raise or change anything you can write. Raise or change by one degree of one mole of a substance. Okay? So, one mole if you say, if you see, it is molar heat capacity. Same thing we have here, but instead of one mole, we have one gram of substance. That's the only difference. One gram of substance. Okay. So, one mole. So, molar heat capacity, one gram. So, specific heat capacity. The notation you see, molar heat capacity is represented by a small c, usually. A small c. Right? This one is represented by S or capital C. Capital C, we denote like this. S or capital C. So, unit of molar heat capacity is joule per mole Kelvin. So, with this unit, you will understand whether molar heat capacity is given or specific heat capacity is given. This would be joule per gram Kelvin. Okay. So, we can write the expression as DQ is equals to, we can write CDT. If it is molar heat capacity, then suppose C, M, I'll write down molar heat capacity. C, M, DT. Specific heats of C or S, DT will write down. If you have N number of moles, N, C, M, DT, M mass, M, S, DT here. Then if you integrate it, depending upon the value of C, we can write Q is equals to C, delta T, N, C, M, delta T molar heat capacity it is. It is M, S, delta T, specific heat capacity. So, this relation we can write only when the specific heat capacity is independent of temperature. We can write if and only if, if and only if a specific heat capacity is independent of temperature. Mostly heat capacity is independent only or the change in heat capacity is negligible with respect to temperature. So, if it is not mentioned, then we consider it as constant. Once again, Pranav, I'll go back once again. This C is total heat capacity. C, M is molar heat capacity. S is the specific heat capacity. Yes. Copy this down Pranav. Okay. So, next question is how it is independent of temperature. C. First of all, it is a fact. Second thing is what? You have an object, correct?  And you want to increase the temperature by one degree. So, you must provide some heat here, Q. Correct? Does this Q depend upon this temperature? No. Whatever the temperature is, we have to see with what amount of heat one degree dies in temperature is possible. Or what heat you release, you take out so that one degree decreases in temperature. So, it is obviously it should be independent of temperature. It should be independent, mostly it is the same only. Okay. But in some cases, it is not possible like in cases of gas or something like that. Always it is not true. Mostly the fact is correct. That the specific heat capacity is independent of temperature. Because we are talking about one degree dies in temperature, right? It is per Kelvin we have. Per unit temperature we have this calculation. So, whatever the temperature we have for this object, from that you need to raise the temperature by one degree or decrease by one degree. So, it has nothing to do with the temperature over here. But in some, sometimes what happens, they will give you the amount of specific heat capacity with temperature. Like suppose A T square B T plus X. This kind of relation suppose it is given in the question. If it is given, then only we will assume it is not constant. Then what you need to do this values, this expression you need to substitute here and then multiply with DT integrated. That is what you want to do. You have to do over there. So, this kind of expression, if it is not given, then we consider this as constant. Otherwise, we have to consider the expression, substitute it here and then solve. One note you write down. Change in heat capacity with temperature is negligible. Change in heat capacity with temperature is negligible. So, if it is not mentioned, so if it is not mentioned, we assume it as constant. Assume it as constant. So, why does heat capacity? See, heat capacity usually it does not change with temperature. But when there is a motion, like suppose if gases particles are moving. So, depending upon the temperature of the gaseous particles, its kinetic energy varies. And then we have very frequent collision or very less number of collision. With that, we have certain heat exchange because of that heat exchange or heat dissipates into the atmosphere. It affects the heat capacity of the substance. Because if it is going out from the gaseous molecule. So, temperature decrease and you are providing heat from outside to increase or decrease the temperature by one degree. So, whatever the manner, whether the heat you want to increase or decrease. Since, because of the motion of the particles, heat is getting out into that atmosphere. So, overall, the heat capacity of the substance gets affected. Because heat is not constant for the substance. It is changing because of the frequent collision. Yeah, I'll repeat the note again once again. Understand the note I said, change in heat capacity with temperature is negligible. So, if it is not mentioned, we assume it as constant. So, if it is not mentioned, we assume it as constant. Now, you see the value of C could be anything depending upon the process. Its value of heat capacity C varies from 0 to infinity. Any value possible for C. Like you see, depending upon the process, we calculate specific heat capacity or heat capacity simply. First one we have, suppose we have isothermal process. When we have isothermal process, what is delta T? Delta T is 0. Okay, delta T is 0. So, what is dQ? We know dQ is equals to C delta T or C dt. DQ is 0. So, the C is what? C is infinity here. Right? C is infinity. Similarly, if you talk about adiabatic process, adiabatic process, what is adiabatic process? dQ is 0. Right? dQ is 0. So, when dQ is 0, obviously from here you see, C also becomes 0. So, you see, it has a very wide range from 0 to infinity. It values may vary. Just once again. Yes, can you hear me? Okay. Yeah. Did you copy this? Correct. So, this is the value which is possible. C is 0 to infinity. Now, when the process is isochoric, isochoric is what? Isochoric. It's volume constant. Right? So, we have delta V equals to 0, which means work done is 0. Work done is 0 means dQ is equals to du, we can write. dQ is equals to du, we can write. Yes or no? First law of thermodynamics, we haven't done, but we'll do. The amount of heat that we are providing in is equals to du plus dw we have. Correct? So, dQ is equals to du we have. You can understand this one also a bit later. Just for now, you will just keep this in mind. dQ is equals to du we have, work done is 0. Right? So, hence, c here, the total heat capacity at constant volume, it becomes cv. Is equals to dQ by dt. dQ is nothing but du here. So, it is further equals to du by dt. And hence, du is equals to cv dt. du is equals to cv dt. For one more, if you have n number of moles, then du is equals to n cv dt. For n number of moles. Remember one thing here, I have written du is equals to n cv dt, but this formula is valid for all process. Whether the volume is constant or not for all processes. Right? If the volume is not constant, then also it is valid. And we'll get back to this formula again after some time. Okay. When we talk about thermodynamic quantities, that is internal energy, we'll talk about it again. Okay. Just you let it be here now. Always remember is cv dt, but it does not mean it is valid only when the volume is constant. No, it is valid for all processes. How we'll explain this later. Okay. Now, the last one we have here is isobaric process. Isobaric process. So it is constant pressure. So the molar heat capacity, molar heat capacity at constant pressure equals to cp cv also the previous one. That one is the molar heat capacity at constant volume. Right. That is the molar heat capacity at constant volume. This is a constant pressure. So when volume, when the pressure is constant, then dq is nothing but dh enthalpy change. We'll see this one also when we listen to enthalpy. Enthalpy is the heat content of the system at constant pressure. Okay. Dq equals to dh. Enthalpy definition is what? Enthalpy is the heat content of the system of the system at constant pressure. So when you have constant pressure, heat is dq, it becomes dh. So here cp is equals to we have dq by dt. But since we have constant pressure, so dq by dt at constant pressure, it becomes dh by dt. And that is why dh, the enthalpy change is ncp dt for n number of values. Yes. This is also true for all processes. So here maybe you are not understanding this, that how it is true for all processes because we started with the constant pressure condition. So from here you won't understand it, but we'll discuss this separately. We'll see what is enthalpy and how this formula comes. Okay. Then you will understand that is valid for all processes. Okay. We'll discuss that. Okay. This relation between molar and specific heat capacity. Relationship between molar and specific heat capacity. See, if cp is the molar heat capacity, smaller one and cp, the capital one is the specific heat capacity. It is related by this one. m is the molecular mass. cp is equals to mcp. Similarly, molar heat capacity at constant volume cv is n times of cv, where cv is the specific heat capacity. This is the relation we have. Okay. Must write down this. This is the molar heat capacity. This is the at constant pressure. It is the molar heat capacity at constant volume. What constant pressure? Because cp is written here. cp at constant pressure at constant volume. Specific heat capacity. This is also m is the molar mass. I'll do that. Wait a second. Let me finish this first. It is specific heat capacity. Let me write it down. I'll explain. m is what? m is the molecular mass. This is also the molecular mass. Okay. See, if you look at the term here, cp is defined for molar heat capacity for one mole. Right. Means one mole of substance if you take and the amount of heat required to change the temperature by one degree is cp. Correct. So this one mole is equals to what we can write. m if it is the molecular mass. So m gram we have. cp is one mole. One mole is m gram. And for one gram, one gram we have cp. Capital cp. Right. So for m gram, how much we have? It is m times into cp. Capital cp. mcp is nothing but equals to this cp here. Where this cp is the, is what? Is that specific heat capacity? This cp is the molar heat capacity. Did you get it? Or should I do this again? Tell me. I'll go to the next slide and explain this. See, the small cp if you write down, why it is important because on this question they have asked once. The small cp and capital cp like this. If they write down in the test paper, no, you won't understand whether it is, you know, it is. Molar heat capacity or specific heat capacity. You won't get it, right? The relation of molar heat capacity, this is equals to, this is equals to the molecular mass into cp. That's specific heat capacity. That's what I said. Left hand side we have molar. And right side we have a specific. So what we do in a specific heat capacity, if you multiply by molar mass, it becomes a molar heat capacity. Yes, yes, yes. All these things we have, temperature and cp, we don't have a relation. You don't have to consider the relation of T and C here. If it is not given in that question, just ignore it. You don't have to think about it. Now, how do we write down this relation you see? If I write down the specific heat capacity cp, this specific heat capacity is for one gram. Yes or no? See, specific heat capacity is represented by capital C or S, both way. Okay. In book or in question, sometimes they have written as c only. That's why I'm explaining this. Okay. So one gram is cp. So what about the molecular mass m gram? How much it is? M times cp. What is this cp? Molar or specific? What is the cp? Molar or specific? Specific heat capacity, correct? M gram equals to what? One mole. Can we say that because m is the molar mass? One mole. And for one mole, what we have? We have specific heat capacity cp. That's why if, sorry, molar heat capacity cp. That's why if specific heat capacity is multiplied by the molar mass, it becomes what? It becomes the molar heat capacity. Did you understand it? Yes. Clear. So one gram is a specific heat. M gram is m times into specific heat. M gram is one mole. One mole is molar heat. So molar heat is nothing but one mole. One mole for m gram, m grams or mcp. So molar heat is equals to m times into the specific heat. Yeah, one second. I'll go back. Clear. Understood, guys? We will discuss one question on this. Okay. Later a bit because a few more things we need to understand first, and then we'll discuss a question on this. You will understand how they ask questions here. That we'll do after first law of thermodynamics. Which one Anurag, you did not get? Let me go back. This is what we are discussing. This one. Yes. Specific part is this only. This one. Okay. Okay. What happens in that? Tell me. Why is that cp and cv? That's what you are saying. Yeah. So that's the condition that we are taking. No. That's the condition we are taking. We can have isobaric process. No. Constant pressure process. So constant pressure process. We have cp, the molar heat capacity. Or a specific heat capacity at constant volume. We have cv, the molar heat capacity at constant volume. Or a specific heat capacity at constant volume. We have the relation of cp and cv. We can find out cp from cv and cv from cp. We have that relation. We can convert it. Right. Yeah. Tell me an order. See. Thing is. We have constant pressure. Right. We have constant pressure. Cp. No, that is the condition I have taken in different, different process. What happens? What happens in isothermal process? We are trying to understand the value of C. So we have taken different, different process isothermal, isobaric, isochoric. Right. Adiabatic, all these processes. So in case of isochoric process, the molar heat capacity is set is right at cv because volume is constant. Just to mention that the volume is constant. Isobaric process, pressure is constant. So cp we have. But since this relation is valid for all the processes. Correct. So if you don't write also, it's not wrong. You will get the answer. Right. You will get the answer that it is du is equals to nc dt. Simply write down. You don't write ncv dt, but you will get the answer. But since we have here, dq becomes du at constant volume. Just to mention that we are writing down there the cd. That is it. Okay. When we do the actual relation, no, then you will understand it. I think you will have the better understanding then. But yes, here it, this is the confusion that when we write du is equals to du is equals to ncv dt. And we say that it is valid for all processes. Then what is the point of writing down this cv? Simply we can write nc dt also. This is what you meant, I guess, right? Yes. We have since isochoric process, we are assuming just for that process, we are assuming this. If you write this also, it's not wrong. You will get the same answer because this cv has nothing to do with constant volume. It is applied for all process. Give me some more time. We'll have a discussion on it. You will have a better idea. Okay. So this is the cv we have over here. Now, next is internal energy. The next thermodynamic work heat we have done. Now we'll discuss internal energy, third one. And after this, we'll see the first law of thermodynamics. Internal energy is represented by U or E. What is internal energy? It is a sum of all energy basically, whatever kind of energy you can think of for the system, like kinetic energy, potential energy, and chemical energy. Chemical energy involves all those bond making, bond breaking, like nuclear energy, everything is there. All kind of energy you can consider. Right. So that's why since all different kinds of energy, translation motion, rotational motion, okay, linear motion, potential energy is because of the relative position of the molecules, all these kinds of energy if you add, you will get internal energy. It's very difficult to find out the absolute value of internal energy. There are so many terms, so absolute value is very difficult to find out. Hence, we always find or calculate delta U, change in internal energy. We don't find the absolute value of internal energy. In question also they'll ask you to find out the change in internal energy. They won't ask you to find out the absolute value. Right. Because it is difficult to calculate the absolute value of internal energy. Now if you look at this kinetic energy, we know this kinetic energy is a function of temperature, isn't it? Potential energy is the function of volume. Because when volume is less, the molecules are contract, they are close to each other. Right. And hence they can have, if relative distance is less or more, relatively we can say that potential energy is there. Because potential energy is because of the relative position of the atoms of molecules. Right. So it is the function of volume. It is a function of kinetic energy, temperature. So we can say the internal energy is a function of temperature and volume. Two variables we have here. So if I find out du, the change in internal energy, this is equals to dou U by dou t at constant volume into dt plus dou U by dou t, dou V at constant temperature into dt. See we are just considering the relative distance of the molecule. If the volume is high, right, relative distance is also high. One second, whatever. If the volume is small, relative distance is small. Molecules are close to each other. Hence the potential energy also changes. That's why it is a function of volume. Understood? Internal interaction of what? Molecules only. That interaction gets affected when the volume is less. They are close to each other. No. Correct. That's how the thing is. So this is one thing. Now you see one thing here. What is dou U by dou t at constant volume? Just now we did. du is equals to, this is what? Ncv dt. This particular term is Ncv into dt we already have plus dou U by dou t, dou V at constant temperature into dt. If you talk about the change in internal energy, this is the formula for change in internal energy. Have you seen this formula? Are you finding it difficult? How many of you are finding it difficult? You must have seen du is equals to Ncv dt. Correct? Yeah. We'll also come back to that. From step one to step two, because potential energy is a function of volume. Kinetic energy is a function of temperature. So we can say the internal energy is the function of both temperature and volume. I'm coming to your doubt one second. Yes. Why you did not get it? What happened? Today you haven't eaten or something.  No sleep. Why no sleep? Exams are going on. Then you were coding all night and then you were sitting. So what is the point of this? All night you were coding and then now you are not able to concentrate. I'll explain again. Wait. See, it's simple. The potential internal energy depends upon kinetic energy, potential energy, chemical energy. You will get the internal energy. Basic idea. All kinds of energy of the system. You add it up. You will have internal energy. Now major portion we have here is kinetic energy. Mostly it is kinetic energy. Chemical energy, the chemical reactions, nuclear reactions, bond breaking, bond making does not affect much. So generally we ignore this. But to say internal energy, we add all these things we consider. Mainly these two factors are there which affects the internal energy of the system. Now potential energy is what? It is because of the relative distance of the molecules. So if you have very high volume, correct, then the molecules are far apart, right? But if the volume is very less small, then the molecules are closer to each other, right? They're closer to each other. So because of the relative distance is less over here, so it affects the potential energy of the system. Like there will be repulsion, attraction, many things, correct? But all these things will be less when the distance is more. Correct? So we see the potential energy is the function of volume. What volume it has been occupied? Function of volume. Kinetic energy we already know it is a function of temperature. We have discussed this in Gaseous state also, right? See volume affects the relative distance between the molecule. And potential energy is because of the relative position. That's why it affects the potential energy. Once again, once again. Potential energy you see, if you have in terms of charge, try to understand, okay? If the two charge Q1 and Q2 are placed at some distance, the potential energy is defined as minus of K Q1, Q2 by R. I've done this in atomic structure also. Use this formula. So you see potential energy depends upon the distance between the two charges. Right? It is electrostatic potential energy. Because of the mass of the object, we can have gravitational potential energy. Concern is not this that whether it is electrostatic or gravitational. Concern is potential energy always depends upon the distance between the two particles. Yes. And that is what I am saying over here. That if you have gaseous particles present, when the distance is less, we'll have certain potential energy, low potential energy. When the distance is more, the potential energy is less because we have negative sign over here. So less or more is not the concern. Yeah, electrostatic attraction is Coulomb's law only. This is Coulomb's law. Where you have mass, then gravitational potential energy we have. Coulomb's law, then gravitational potential energy we have. All these things. But the point is whether it is electrostatic or gravitational, distance between the charge or atoms or molecules is a factor of potential energy. I'll come to the second term. Wait just a second. First you understand potential energy is a function of volume. Kinetic energy is a function of temperature. That's fine. That's what I have written over here. U is function of temperature and volume. Now this is the Euler's theorem we have. Euler's theorem is when a variable dependent variable depends upon two independent variable, then we can differentiate this variable with respect to the independent variable, keeping the other variable constant. So this means differentiation of U with respect to T, keeping V constant. That is what it means. Means one variable will keep constant and we differentiate the term with respect to the other variables. So this is partial derivative. Doe means partial derivative. Correct. Doe means partial derivative. So once we have differentiated with respect to T, keeping V constant plus the other one will do. Now we'll differentiate with respect to V, keeping T constant. We'll get this. This is not in your syllabus actually. This one is not in your syllabus. But just one line. We are not going to use it. Why I have written this? Because du by dt, dou by do t, we can write Ncv, the formula just before we did. The last page you'll see, we have done this formula in case of constant volume. Tell me. Second term must be the other side. This is the... Yes, this is dv. Correct. This is dv. Yeah, that's right. Okay. Now this is the actual change in internal energy. You must have done this formula. du is equals to Ncv dt. So that formula also we get from this one. Now you tell me one thing. Have we applied any condition till here? Have we applied any condition? Any case? Yes, you must write it down. Because the formula du is equals to Ncv dt. You will understand why it is, you know, valid for all processes, whether volume is constant or not. See, till here we did not apply any condition, that constant volume or whatever it is. We haven't done anything. Right? What is this term? du by dv. You see this. Let me just go to the next slide and just make you understand this first. du by duv, if you see. What is du? du is the energy. Energy by volume. What is volume? Volume is let it be v only. And energy we can write p into v, because p into v is work done, is nothing but energy. This we can write. So this becomes p finally. du by duv has the dimension of pressure. Has the dimension of what? Dimension of pressure. Okay. And in fact, it is the internal pressure of the gases. In fact, it is the internal pressure of the gas. Now, if you talk about for ideal gas, this is the condition I'm applying now. Okay. For ideal gas. Do we have internal pressure in ideal gas? Do we have internal interaction in an ideal gas? Tell me. No. You know, ideal gas do not interact. Right? So no internal interaction. This means what? du by duv. For ideal gases, what? It should be zero. Can we say that it is zero? Yes, it is zero. This zero, if you substitute in that formula of du, then it becomes du is equals to Ncv dt. So you see in this expression, we haven't done, we haven't taken the condition of constant volume. So this formula du is equals to Ncv dt is correct for ideal gas. This is the condition we have. And mostly we deals with ideal gas only. That's why we use this formula. If ideal gas is not there, this formula we cannot apply. You have to control pressure there, substitute the value in the given expression, and then you will get a change in internal energy. Right? Tell me. Understood this? No. Pressure is not force. Internal pressure means when the gaseous molecules interact, right? They have some interaction. They will have some forces because of that will have some pressure that pressure is internal pressure. No pressure of the gas. The gaseous molecules interacts because the interaction, the gaseous molecule, the pressure that we have is internal pressure. No, it's not on the container. It's C. It's a pressure among the gaseous molecule, right? Pressure among the gaseous molecules. Suppose we have two molecules. So when these two molecules collides because of that, the pressure exerted on each other is the internal pressure. This pressure is not there. Because there is no interaction, correct? So this formula is true for ideal gas. Could you tell me, do we have any conditions under which this relation is true for real gas? Do we have any condition under which this relation is true for real gas? By large volume at absolute zero. What? No, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait. You're going somewhere else. I'll say you have applied the condition of ideal gas. No, for real gas. That's that we can say. Ideally, it becomes ideal gas only. Real gas at high pressure and low temperature, low pressure, high temperature becomes ideal gas only. So the same condition. This is applicable for real gas also. If the real gas is present in a rigid container. If the container is rigid fixed wall, no movement is there, right? No work done is there. Expansion contraction is not there. Then delta V would be zero, right? And then again, we have the same pressure here, right? So write down the next one here. For closed rigid container, for closed rigid container, we have DV is equals to zero. And hence DU is equals to. NCV DT. So this is true. Even for real gas, if it is present in a. Resid container, right? True for real gas. If it is present in. In a rigid container. Correct. So this formula we can apply for real gas. If the container is rigid, that is the condition we have. Yeah, we'll do just a second. We'll discuss first law after this and then we'll do some questions. Tell me any doubt here.