And the topic is compensated demand curve. What is compensated demand curve before going to this? We will just say that the consumer is having the same consumer demand function that is the function of price of own commodity price of the other commodities and with the given amount of the income. And we are going to have assessment that what will be the change in the quantity demanded through the change in the price. So to solve this problem we are having not only one way we can have many other methods that we are going to draw and one method in the Martialian approach that we have utilized that there will be no change in the nominal income. It means whatever the change in the price we will keep the utility level of the consumer constant but there will be no change in the nominal income rather real income will be change. But when we come up we can say that there can be various other methods that now we can say there is a one standard demand curve that was Martialian that there was one and other that is the Hixian demand curve that is the called compensated and there can be the Slutsky demand curve. So today that we are going to decide that is the compensated and here we see that when the utility of a consumer it change there can be the possibility that the price of X it decrease. So if commodity price decrease then it provides the consumer an opportunity so that now the consumer can move to the higher level of the indifference curve because now consumer is having some amount of the income left to him. So this price of X decrease will actually provide some added purchasing power to the consumer. And so here we assume that the nominal income is held constant that whatever the budget the consumer was having in his hand we are not going to change. If there is the change that is in the form of the change in the real income or the change in the purchasing power. Likewise if now the price of X increases with the increase in the price of the X now the consumer will have a decline in their purchasing power. So with the decrease in the purchasing power now consumer will respond through an adjustment and through that adjustment he will intend to move a lower indifference curve. Now coming to this point we can say that there is always an alternative approach to this and that alternative approach is like this that if price of a commodity decreases and consumer is having now some amount in his hand in the form of increased real income then what compensation we can have we can take that amount away from the consumer. If price of the commodity increases that requires that the now consumer has to spend more if he has to maintain his utility level constant. So in this way consumer utility level can be kept constant. When we treat the consumer in this way it means we will compensate the consumer for any price change either positive compensation or either negative compensation. So the consumer will maintain its existing utility condition or the utility curve. So when we compensate the consumer it becomes the compensated demand curve and that compensated demand curve is shown in the form of the same parameters that the price of x, price of y. But here the amount of the income that we have assumed in the form of the Martialian demand function instead of that we say now the demand of the consumer it depends upon the price factors vectors all and the utility vector that has to be kept constant. When we show in the form of the diagram now we see that the consumer was having this type of the function and here it was possible to assess that the consumer was having at this bundle we see that this was the amount of price of y and at this point this price of y and f and here this so when there was the change in the prices and we say that the price of the other commodity has not changed rather only the price of x has changed it means now the slope has changed. So with the change in slope if we have to assess we see that the consumer is having this type of the compensated demand function and this compensated demand function now tells us that if we are considering this original budget demand function and this the Martialian demand function there is only difference in the form of the slope because if we consider this central part we see that the compensated demand curve that it will be having a steeper slope as compared to the Martialian demand function because compensated demand function it includes all the compensation to the consumer for his change in the real income. So when we compensate him for the change in the real income it means the income effect that the consumer was facing due to the change in the price that is now being compensated after that compensation now the actual response that the consumer expresses is only and only the substitution effect. So the Ixian demand or this compensated demand function it exhibits only through the substitution effect as compared to other that was have the substitution effect plus income effect. So in the compensated demand curves we see that there may be the change in the various prices above or the low but what we see that this price change will be compensated by the change in the income that will be the compensation to the consumer in the form of the change in the nominal income. So in compensated functions nominal income will not be maintained same rather it will vary.


What's going on? I can't take this guy seriously. Do you like fish sandwiches?  Oh god, we're ripping 23. Bowman Chrome Baseball, hobby 12 box case number 60. Pick your team style. Read off the list of our names on our teams. We've got Alex Andros with the inks. Albin S, Brewers, Mets, Rays, Andrew S with the athletics. Brent C with Cardinals. Brian H, Blue Jays. Brian M with the Royals. Christopher L, Padres. Don S, Marlins. Eric M, D-Backs. Haryuki K, Angels. James C, Phillies. Jason A, White Sox. Jeffrey H, Orioles, Braves, Giants, and Mariners. Jonathan L Dodgers. Josh H, Rangers. Matthew O, Nationals. Pascal V, Twins. Philip T with the Red Sox and Tigers. Scott F, Astros. Sean H, Reds and Pirates. Shipmar Cards. Luda with the Guardians. Ty W, Cubs. And Timothy M with the Rockets. So good luck here, everybody. Don C with two spots in select. Thank you, buddy. Perfect. And Nicholas, I got your email. Good, good to go. OG Modern Warfare on 360.  That was a good one, though. Yeah, my first cod was MW2. And that's like some of the best gaming memories I've had. Just like screaming at people when I was like 12 years old.  Yeah, believing that. Hold on, I gotta update really quick. Hold on, I gotta do one thing before we get started, everybody. But yeah, no, so they're great. All right, so here's my, here's my beef with Dylan right now. Here's my, here's my beef with Dylan. I talked about, oh, this is awesome. They're bringing back all the MW2 maps. So like I said, Favela, Terminal, High Rives, Scrapyard, Rust. What else is, Corey? The hell else is really good there. Skid Row, like all the really good, all the really good MW2 maps, and he's like, well, I'd rather see them like, you know, put more effort into the new maps that they have, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. And I'm like, dude, there's been like zero good maps that have come out. In the last, like the best maps that came out on the last Modern Warfare were the ones that they brought back. Like they brought back High Rives. They brought back Shoot House. And I'm like, do you want them to continue making mid-maps? And he's like, no. Well, then bring the old ones back because that works. So I don't know. That's what I'm excited about, dude. There's going to be some serious nostalgia going on in those. We got to go into, we got to play in game chat and yell at people. We really just got to bring back the MW2, like, world, man. Purple, Lazaro, Montez, the 250. Beth, online, FPS, yes it was. I agree with that. Chase is stepped to 75 for the map. It's going to take a step back. Beat you too, buddy. Henry, Chili, Chavilly, Javier, Rivas. That's what I'm saying. If an aim broke, don't fix it. I agree on that. Cheerio, Christopher, Toran, Luis, Guanipa. There's going to be a Brand in Maya in this pack right here, Jake. You ready? Give me a Brand in Maya first in this pack. I got you. Ruster, Shipman, Henry Bolt to 150. I just won there for the A's. Brandon, Maya, Andrew Jones. Wow. So where all the beasts were settled, man, was on Rust. And MW2, Shipman and regular MW, of course. Yo, Andrew Vargas to 4.99. Crawford and Vaketo. 1v1, Rust or Shipman? Yeah. Yeah, 1v1 me on Rust, bro. Let's go. Interventions only. My first, my first card was like World War II. What? I wasn't allowed to have it. What? Was World War II? Yeah, like the most recent one, like 2017. Wow. Yeah. Baby. Dude, I couldn't disobey them. Shimmer of Aiden Sanchez. What? What did you say? I couldn't disobey my parents. I didn't have a job. I couldn't go buy it. It was their money. Bassado, Jolyas, Stez. That's what they're for the A's. What? But Brits is good. What? You're just a bot. Salvador Perez to 4.99. Braylor Guerrero and Bass. Fair. No, that's fair, Luis. Was MW for 2018. It's even Luis. Luis is 15 right now. He had MW for 2018. Seya Suzuki to 2.99. I mean, I was around the same age when World War II came out. Sean Alvin goes, Sean was alive in World War II. He was, man. He was, man. I am 21, Mark. I'm 24. So I had MW II when I was like 12. I did take a lot of breaking down my parents to get it, but I eventually did. My first call was at 15. Oh, all right. You're good, then. Yours was at, oh.  All right, that's fair. I thought you were like 18 when you got your first call. 15 is that's okay. That's a valid. 49 years young. Elijah Green to 1.99. Yeah, World at War was good. World at War was good. I played that at like my friend's houses. Nice. To 4.99, Anderson De Los Santos. Going to the worlds. You can't pull that. What? Anderson De Los Santos. I know, yeah. You can't pull that. Boris is the Anderson De Los Santos guy. Somehow. Roman Anthony to 150. True blue. Bass and bass. Drew Waters to 2.99. Hey, Susukaba, Gavin Cross. I remember, I do remember. And again, dad, if you're watching this, I apologize.  So I couldn't talk to like people I wasn't had at my friend's list. So I just turned it off one day. I could yell at people in game chat. Yeah, I got you, Charles. My bad on that one. Giancarlo Stanton to 4.99. Refractor for the Yanks, Arroyo and Carter Young. Yeah, if it's like, if it's not focused, super great, Charles, try refreshing the stream and coming back in. That'll happen every now and then. Nice. Yondri Vargas, first base auto, going to the Dodgers. Congrats on that, Dodgers. Because every now and then it won't auto focus to like the main one. It's like the, whatever it is, 240 or 360 or whatever the P is. And it'll look odd. But yeah, I'll do my best to make sure that the focus is on. That's Juan Ben Show. Nice one there for it. The Cardinals, Almeida and Ethan Salas, first base. That is a green Yoshinobu Yamamoto. That'll be ran to all at the end. Nice one there. That'll be the show legend. Yes, sir. 2.99. Random to all spots at the end now. Future Red Sox. Chill, chill, chill, chill, chill, future Yankee. Of course knows what's up. Come on. Brooks Brandon and Angel Cepeda. Come on. Future Yankee. Yeah, should be. Murakami. Munitaka Murakami looks like a New York Yankee. Him and Judge in the outfield, dude. They're both gigantic. Munitaka Murakami is a New York Yankee for 100%. Last caught I bought was Mara Warfare. 2019. When did that come out? 2019. Refractor Edward Julian to 4.99. That one was fire, dude. Base and Anderson De Los Santos. That one was good. I liked that one. And I liked Cold War. Cold War. I was a fan of Cold War. That was a good one, too. Base Auto, Brett Wisely for the race. Yeah, Mara Warfare 2019 was good. I was really into it. I was really into Cod from... I had every Cod. There's Yonju Vargas and Ariel Castro. Yeah, we just got onto a Cod tangent here. I had every Cod from MW2 all the way up to, I believe, Advanced Warfare. Because it went Ghost and that Advanced Warfare, right? Yes, yes. Because Advanced Warfare was 14. And then Ghost was what, 13? Sterling Thompson. 15 was VO3. Yeah, I did not have... I never had VO3. 16 was... Something. Mara Warfare something. There's Joey Weimer, 2, 150 on the True Blue. Rainer Arias. No, I agree with that, Alvin. They have made modern Cod games very complicated. Because 17 was World War II, so what was the game before? There's Black Ops 4 as well. That was 18. That was the year after World War II. What did come out then? Oh, it was World War II, right? No, that was 17. That was 17. So what was 16? So what was in between... So you're asking what was in between VO3 and World War II, right? Yes. What's up, Puka? Puka, what's up? I don't know. That's a good question. Camillo Diaz. Magenta Shimmer 2, 199. Yeah, Modern Warfare 2019 was good. I agree with that, Louis. So it was a good one. Oh, it was in the Warfare. Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. I forgot about that. Yeah, see, it's a forgettable Cod game. Ben Metzinger, going to the Brew Crew. Base First Auto, nice one there at Milwaukee. Yeah. Kamaris and Axial Plax. I think VO4 was the first game they used Battle Royale, because that was black at it. Ooh, Cam Collier. Nice one there. Five of five on the Teal Red Vapor Wave. Nice. Whoa, a lot of spots just came in. Roger picking up a spot in Star Wars. There we go. Wyrm picking up three in Select. Heat gone in Contenders Optic. Robert G with three in Select as well. Zachary with another Contenders Optic spot. Dave with a spot in Select. Doug with another spot in Select. Select might be sold out. Select is sold out. Select is sold out. Thank you, guys. All of our baseball breaks are sold out tonight. Every single one is sold out tonight. Wanda Franco, iconic. And Jackson Churio. That is a Tamar Johnson, Marco Luciano, Jonathan Mejia. Luis Angelcunha and Drew Gilbert. That one probably is going to be fine. I would think it's not a true one either. Spider-Man 2. See, I don't have Spider-Man on Xbox. That's a Sony exclusive. I believe so. I imagine. They all are. All the Spider-Man games are. But it just came out yesterday, right, Kuka? That sounds good. Spider-Man game. I can be in on that. I've seen a lot of, like, TikToks about it. Shima Arnaldo Lentigua. Going to the Dodgers. Brooks Leeds, Mark Johnson. The one they did use for Warzone. Yeah. Base Auto, Daniel Guiarte. No, Refractor Auto, Daniel Guiarte. Going to the Brew Crew. Nice one there, Milwaukee. Again, second Brew Crew hit. Deanna Forte. Yeah, MW was the first car they had in Warzone, yeah. That is Michael Garcia, Rookie 299 for the Dodgers. A BO4 they had was called Blackout. And that was, like, their first attempt at Battle Royale. Yeah. And then once Warzone was out. See, I'm not a Warzone fan.  That's my problem. Osario, Welbin, Francisco. Plus, the games are too long, dude, because the map's so big that, like, it just seems like if you win, you have to dedicate, like, 40 minutes to it, basically. Braylor Guerrero and Alfredo Duno versus, like, that's why I like Fortnite. But when you win, it's like... Oh, it's such an accomplishment, yeah. Hell yeah, PooPoo, let's do it, dude. Absolutely. Let's do it, man. Absolutely. We are so down. Absolutely. Teal is Raymond Mola to 125. Collier, Spencer Jones. We may miss an auto in here, because there was only four cards in that, and that is where the auto usually is. So I do apologize if that is the case, everybody. Yeah, there is... I agree with that. There's too much going on for us. I'm not a Warzone guy. Ronaldo Lantigua. Which one? Oh, that one. Got you. White Speckle, Miguel Tamarez, the 299 for the Rays. Trevilli and Javier Rivas, that is. Who's that? Mola. Yeah, there is a little bit of a dimple on the Mola. You can see it right there. We'll send an empty box and wrap it with Pittsburgh. Sorry about that, Pirates. My son says he gets V-Bucks for playing Fortnite. Yeah, he probably has like the... Yeah, the Battle Pass. The Battle Pass. I think you get two there too. Yeah, there's... The Battle Pass for sure, Luis Guanipa, and they had it when... If you first got like the single player to save the world, you could do like challenges and get free V-Bucks that way. That's what I get paid in here. I get paid into V-Bucks. Yeah, me too. Sean definitely gets paid into V-Bucks. Sean definitely gets paid into V-Bucks. Dude has a new emote every time we play. That's on my... That's not... That actual song is on my Fanatic Fly playlist. Is it? Yes, it is. Such a great song. Refractor Miguel Tamaris, 2499. That dude V-Bucks, that is a top tier currency right there. Is V-Bucks. The currency of the future. It is. Base Auto, Junsoc, Shim. Nice one there at Pittsburgh. Congrats on that, Pirates. What's up, Noah? Jesus Galiz, Anderson de los Santos.  Yeah, oh, 100%. That's my retirement. I'm just gonna start slinging Fortnite skins, bro. Slinging Fortnite skins. I got Black Knight. I got Black Knight. You do, that is kind of fire. That's Reggie Crawford. I have the spacesuits. You want Drew Vargas? Same, I have the Ashknot once from Season 3. I don't have Black Knight. I don't have... Colt Keith, 250. Nice one there for the Tigers. I don't have one to get weighted. One to get weighted. Which I have a million dollars. They're running it greater. One to get weighted. One to get weighted. Classica, TikTok. I'd rather have one to get weighted. Absolutely. It's getting fire. I don't have the OG skeleton either. Nah, dude. I don't. So, baseball. Shima is... Samuel Munoz. You both don't have Crescenton. Yeah, that is a Forrest Moon's exclusive scan of the Crescenton. That is a Forrest Moon's exclusive. Metro Crescentes to $4.99 for the D-Backs. Nice one there. God, I love Fortnite so much. Now I get that, Luis. Yeah, I can see that. $2.99 is Anderson De Los Santos. Be fair, I only play Fortnite when I'm playing with my people from work. Yeah. I only play on my own or anything. Well, I'm Benjamin Davison Gutierrez. I know you're up at like 380 grinding battle pass. I'm more of a car guy. I'm going to Frenzy Field. Frenzy World. Yeah, just dancing at all certain locations. Yeah, dance at this little trash can under the barn. Luciano John... I have put so much money into Fortnite, dude. Over the years, I've probably put about at least $1,000 into Fortnite. And I will admit it. I don't care. I'll admit it, dude. I haven't put that much. Again, that's over a seven-year span now, though. Oh, another noir spot came in. Very nice. Who was that? Jason, picking up Minnesota. Thank you, Jason. Jason H with the T-wolves. Let's go. See if we can get you an Ant-Man out of noir. Two states with Jason. Thanks, Jason. Down to 11 to go on Star Wars as well, everybody. Gold shimmer as Waldo Osario. Going to the Dodgers. One of the last teams they can do 50. No, I agree. I can only play Fort with other people. That is Davison Gutierrez to 499. I do remember when skins started releasing and it was like a big deal when new skins would come out. Me and my buddies, we had a group chat. And we're like, all right, who's buying what so we don't have the same ones? Because then we'd all like, then if you bought the same skin as somebody else, you'd be like a copier. So none of us wanted to be copiers. Jayce Young to 50. Nice one there, true gold. Star Wars, random letter style, 11 to go on that one. This is a Dodger's case right here. This is definitely a Dodger's case. The Vargas and the Osario, which is pretty solid. And a couple of rookies here and there. Luciano, Jonathan Mejia. Is the focus better, Charles? Lawler, Lawler, and Drew Gilbert. Liddell's what I was saying when you made a mistake. Shape with the Commanders and Jags in number eight. I just, I don't, I don't want to. Osario.  That is a Goltrmit to 499. Yeah, I got you Charles. I got you. I'm trying to slow it down. So there we go. My bad, my bad. He said in fanatics chat, he is proud that he never spent money up. Well, he's had the game for a month. That's why. D'Angelo Sarmiento, nice one there. First base auto for the Mets. And no, he definitely has, because he bought something. He bought something. Unless he got, he used it with the free V-Bucks. He bought like a backling. That's a fact. I know that for a fact, dude. I think that's different than the free V-Bucks. Oh, did it? Well, no, no. He bought one of like the Nike ones. Oh, did he? Yeah. Raj Garias, nice one there for the Yinks. Yonju Vargas and Ariel Castro. Brother LeBron. That is Aiden Sanchez, the 299. Nice one there for the Cubs. Brian Acuña and Lazar Roman says. Anatole Acuña or Rainer Arias as well. Oh, Joe Gifton, the sneaker remote. What a bot. Joe's a bot. Wow, unbelievable, man.  Yeah, you weren't gifted anything. Me, no. Joe's a bot for that, though. All right, on to the next. Count my cards in the V-Bucks. That's correct. I'm going to start doing that. That's how we do it here, Lee. True Blue, Deshaun Knowles, 2150. That's how we trade. Luis Almeida and Ethan Salas. Yeah, that's how we comp stuff, dude. To get eBay, we just go on how many V-Bucks that card would bring in. A green Vincent Poroso to 99 for the Metz first dollar. Adrian Pinto, Hans Montero.  Yeah. How many V-Bucks is that going to run me for as they get the chrysanthem skin? Alex Ramirez and Victor. See how on the team he is, right? Knowles, B to 99. I traded an 86 Flair Jordan for the Luke Skywalker skin. I have to ask my, yeah, I know what I was going to say. Bring your son in for sure, Doug. If, uh, what's it called? If you're more comping cards than V-Bucks now. Hell yeah, Greg. Absolutely, dude. Absolutely. Absolutely. Yeah, appreciate that, man. Shema, Ariel Castro. Paisalto, Rainer Arias. There you go, Giants. Congrats on that, San Fran. Let's go. Very nice. Rory, picking up the Nats and a couple of Gilded Breaks. Very nice. Jesus Kaba and Gavin Cross. Yo, Andrew Vargas to 499. Again, second one of the break for the Dwayas. Yeah, I know. Unbelievable. Unreal. And basically, Serena. That's, that's nasty. Yeah, Jacob was telling me about that, actually. The 101. That's Greg with the 101 Jabari. Oh, is it? Yeah. Nebula. Yeah, that's nasty, man. That was nasty. Shema, Christopher Toran. Dola's show is pretty legit. Bola Fett's super. Mac at 101 once a year. The whole patty brings the bat. Yeah, that's fair. That is very fair. That's kind of nasty though, Shipe. To even be able to say that you can trade a Bulba Fett super for that. Another Anderson De Los Santos to 499. Call me the New Forest. The New Forest. There he is. Vaughn Grissom to 499. Fractur for the Braves. Isaac and Aranamo. Domo Mari Gatto. Mr. Aranamo. Domo. Felonin Celestin. Please get out of here. Domo. Sebastian Walcott first. With a massive star. Oh yeah, they're definitely out there. They're definitely out there. Axl Sanchez first base order. So that makes up for the missing hit, which is nice. It's got an extra one. Gennaro Miller, aka Gennaro Miller. Guys' money.    Gennaro up. Not your...  Not your Gennaro up. There we go. You're just cancelling out. Yeah, true. Brace Miller to 199. Rookie for the Mariners. It all makes sense. At least some of you have seen that. What is it? To 499, Connor Stain. Goodbye, Joe. For the Rockies. What is it? The 40-year-old, uh... Oh, yeah, yeah, I have. I have. It all makes sense. It has been a minute since I've watched that. Sent Romeo to the... Yeah, he is. Bobby Witt. Josie Galan.  Paul Rudin. Recreating not buying the Mattie. I know. We gotta get you a Red Sox. Oh, there's a Yoshida. That's not bad. To 499. Team Japan for the Red Sox. So there you go. At least you got that, Phil. And James Wood. How much wood could James Wood... Woodchuck? James Wood. Woodchuck. If James Wood could chuck wood. And Sean would be beating me. No practice inscriptions, God. I can imagine, dude. He'd be beating me up right now. Purple Shimmer, Blaise Jordan to 250. Maia Andrew Jones. Might miss an auto again here because that's where the auto would be. So again, sorry everybody. This will be one down. In the case now. Adrian Pinto to 499 for the Bligets.  I know, dude. Well, at least you got pizza in the fridge, though. That's true. Sean left me half an Italian sandwich. I'm gonna have that after this break.  I haven't eaten anything all day. I'm definitely gonna have some pizza. Oh, yeah. It's the pizza. You win me. The perfect crime pizza. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Pizza. Is the pizza. Yeah, for you and me. That was good. It's not a boulder. It's a rock. There's 2, 499. Another Yo Andrew Vargas. Congrats there. Dodgers, three of them now. Bass Auto spends Kauffman going to the Padres. What? Kauffman. No. Now I can see how annoying it is for Sean. I got it now. It all makes sense. Yeah. You don't like that one? Come on. Jordan Beck, nice one there. Sam's acting. He'd be laughing. Miguel Cabrera to 199. If there was no string going on. That's what I always tell Sean.  It's all a persona. Now that was pretty good. The Spence Kauffman one. Not bad. Yo Andrew Vargas first. And Ariel Castro. Jiminy Pickett, baby. Say all those you want tonight. You got free range. Yeah. You got Dracula for sure. Say that. I'm a big fan of that. Yeah, Dracula's funny. You are welcome in this chat, buddy. Oh, absolutely. No wrath of Sean in here tonight. There's a first shimmer of Luis Guanipa. I noticed Robert Poisson confided on in chat yesterday. I don't know who that was. Oh yeah, I wonder. White Speckle as Waldo Osario. Going to the Dodgers to 299. Dodger's doing well. They're doing very well. As a matter of fact. Gold, Cedric Mullins for the Orioles to 50. Jet, the Met, Williams, James Wood. Luis Guanipa first. Really, he really is, dude. Vinny Pascantino to 150. My hands, you're not wrong, dude. That's what that whole story is based upon. Yeah. That is nice. Ethan Solis. First base auto. Congrats, Padres. Let's go. That's Christopher L, I believe. Yes, it is. There you go, Christopher. Ethan Solis. Base and base. Vaughn Grissom to 499. Refractor. That's still pretty solid, man. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Good. That's good to see. And base. Get that Solis into a mag for you there. It's been a pretty good case so far. The base auto of Solis and Vargas. A couple of De Los Santos or Fracker on it. I know West. There was a... This was where the vision analyst would kill him. Yeah. Yes, yes, they would. Shema Roman Anthony for the Red Sox. Acuña Las Romantes. Base auto, Peyton Williams for the Blue Jays. Camanero and Rainer Arias. Geo Rochella to 499. We're seeing now. Angels? I believe so. I can double check. Reimer and Jacob Berry. I forgot the Phillies. Is that you, Charles? Corbin Carroll and Brady House. Yeah, he's an angel. That's what I thought. Xavier Isaac. Jader Aranamal. Yeah, true. Yes, sir. Mercedes, Junsoc Shim first. I really just missed the trash this close. I know, I know. Not great, not great, not great. Not great at all. Pick it up, dude. Pick it up. Try it, man. Try it. Yellow, Gunnar Henderson to 75. There you go, Orioles. Base and base. Tripped too hard. We dripped too hard. Dripping way too hard. Yeah. Sure, Jake. Sure. I mean... Refractor Robert Moore to 499. Alright, that's Devisin De Los Santos. Colson Montgomery to 125. For the White Sox. Blaze and Jason Dominguez. And Canard Delgado. Still 11 to go on Star Wars. 11 to go on Star Wars, everybody. Random letter style of Six Boxes 3, 2022 and 3, 2023s. Sold out. Noir Foto. Nice. Noir first off the line is now sold out. Brandon A taking the last two. That would make sense. Thank you, Brandon. So yeah, sold out on Noir first off the line, everybody. John Carlos Stanton to 499. A handful of teams left in the PYT. As well, we have two full case PYTs. Bryant Bentoncourt, first base auto for Colorado. Burgoyah. Tamar Johnson, Ascensions. Nice one for the Pirates. Congrats, Pittsburgh. Edwin Solano. Teal Raywave as Waldo Cabrera to 199. Base and base. Serena Almeida. No Pearlpacks, that's base. Mother of Pearl. Orange Shimmer. Elijah Green going to the Nets. Nice one there to 25. Congrats, Washington. Diaz and Dernichi Valdez. Alfredo Duno, first base auto going to the Reds. Nice one there. Andi Acevedo.  I do know that it's a Reds. Yeah, see. You got it better. Blue Gavin Cross to 150. You're making your way out there now. I got Sam's approval. Congrats, man. My life. My life goal. Don't get too much. Does not get too much. Coming guys, Blaze Jordan. Kenner Delgado and Aiden Sanchez. All right, I'm going to do a quick random for the Yamamoto Green. Melissa Ziligin, the Marlins. Right, let me see. Random. All right, guys. Going to roll the dice. Whatever team is on top after eight times. Look at the card. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight. Going to the Guardians. Guardians going to pick up the Yamamoto. Congrats, Cleveland. Quick recaparony here, everybody. We've got Oswaldo Osario. These are all golds to 50. Cedric Mullins, J.C. Young to 25. Elijah Green to five. Cam Collier. Bass Autos. Alfredo Duno. Brian Bettencourt. Peyton Williams. Spence Kaufman. Axl Sanchez. Rainer Arias. The Angelos Armiento. Johnsock Shim. Ben Metzinger. Brett Wisely. Joey Estes. Yoandry Vargas to 4.99. Robert Moore. Davidson Gutierrez. Mitro Cresante. Connor Stain. And Daniel Guillarte. And to Anderson de los Santoses. 2.99, Oswaldo Osard. 2.99, Vincent Peruzzo. 2.75, Chase Astep. And Ethan Salas. I'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the film. Up next, Selected Baseball.


Hey Co-Friends, I'm Bianca Renee, and you're watching Bianca Renee Today, and today we're going to try something new for the hairstyle challenge, which is how to style your hair while wearing a hat, specifically like a fedora fall vibes hat. Now, when I say fall vibes, I'm kind of guessing because I live in Southern California, so we don't really have fall hair. We just have summer, post-summer, pre-summer kind of thing going on. So even right now, I am going to do a fall look while it's 80 degrees outside and already 8 p.m. But since it's now officially October, that's enough fall for me. So let's get started.  Now instead of just wearing it like this, which you can, I always think it's a little more flattering to just lift it and kind of like show the middle part and kind of fan out the curls. Like I think that's just more of like a halo look. That looks really cute, especially for photos. It'll get more light on your face that way it's not creating any shadows.  It is kind of floating on your head depending on how big your hair is, how much volume you have. The slightest gust of wind might blow it off, but you look cute. You also could just simply change your part. Let's just bring some of this over. And then wear it like that.  And wear it to the side. Cute, huh? Now let's say this is like too much hair on your neck. Let's put it away in a ponytail. So I'm gonna keep my middle part, slick all this down and put it in a side ponytail. If you wanted to, you could slick it down with some gel. If you plan on maybe taking off the hat at some point, just for a more sleek look. Go twice. Switch up the hat colors, shall we? Yes, I bought this hat in every color. Ta-da! You can slick it back, once again, do your edges. Just like that. Now I'm gonna pull this same ponytail to the back. Pull it through once. Then on the second time, I'm gonna make a bun. Like a little, low, messy bun like so. Feel free to bobby pin any little loose stragglers, just like that. This is great for the inability of time to wash my hair type of fall days. Throw in a bun. And for my last trick is two low ponytails. Just put your hair down the middle and the middle part. Create two low ponytails. Let's jazz it up a little bit with some edges. This is my Idol Locks Edge Control. Grabbing some of this. Now notice that these hats are not sat in line. So if I take them off, I will have the risk of frizz on top. So usually when I wear a hat, it's a commitment that I'm committing to for the day. I do have like baseball caps that are sat in line, but I have yet to see like a fedora or like fall hat that is sat in line. So if you know of one, please let me know. Or if that's you, please reach out. There we go.  Add some accessories. And there you have it. A whole vibe, spooky time fall vibes. You're cute. I love hats. I collect hats, but I rarely ever wear them. I don't know why, maybe because like the weather's never really like appropriate here. If I have a really good hair day, I often don't want to put a hat on it and I want to like keep it big. I'm trying to better not actually wear my hats more often. All these hats are actually from Jay Lux label and I don't even think they sell them anymore. I bought these like in 2020 and then the world shut down and I really had no place to wear them. So I'm sorry, I can't link these. If I find something similar, I'll let you know. But as you can see, I loved them. So I bought them in every color. If you enjoyed this video and you found it helpful for your fall looks, make sure you tag me next time you wear a hat. And if you have a hat in your closet that you've been neglecting, this is my challenge to you to actually wear it this week, sometime soon if the weather's right, and tag me in your favorite curly hair look. Also leave a comment down below. Let me know which was your favorite hairstyle with a hat. If you enjoyed this video, make sure to give me a thumbs up and subscribe. I post new videos every week. You also can follow me on Instagram, Twitter and TikTok at MsBeyondGrenet. I'll see you guys next time. Thanks for watching Beyond Grenet today.


Thanks, Bob Aaron. Another tough one last night. Why do you think this team has not been able to get over the hump?  The good news is on the offensive front, you know, I feel like, you know, we're starting to as a group have a lot more tough at bats, kind of finding, find a little, little bit of a groove. Offensively making it difficult on the pitchers and we got to continue that, you know, but obviously last night being up against it early like that. Love the way the guys fought back and competed, continued to grind, made some big plays to be back in that game, but ultimately couldn't finish it out. And, you know, that's what we've we've got to be able to do. We got to find a way and it's going to take every aspect of the game, obviously runs, obviously the biggest indicator of the offense. But what do you look for within and at bat that tells you these guys are moving in the right direction? I think just making really good swing decisions when we do get a mistake driving it and I feel like that's been better. And I just feel like up and down the consistency of at bats has really started to improve, really going to the back end of the of the Boston series. You know, I feel like even we've had opportunities to even score more runs.  But look, we got we got a long way to go. We got to continue to have those at bats and then obviously the pitching, which has been a strength for most of the years, got to continue that. You mentioned the pitching. Domingo Hermon going this afternoon. What would you like to see from him? More more of the same. You know, he's having a really strong year for us. You know, command of his three pitches will be critical. Obviously being able to throw those pitches in any count against a good offense over there. And, you know, obviously with using, you know, having to use a lot of the bullpen last night, we need to strong outing for him and get a little bit of length out of him today. And and hopefully he can go set a good tone for us. Looking back to Tyone yesterday, it seems like he's so close, has a lot of guys ahead in the count, oh, two, and then can't put him away. What does he need to do to turn that corner? Yeah, I think it's I think it's just really, you know, analyzing some of his some of the attack plans there with two strikes, you know, expanding some things, some versatility out there and what he's able to do. I thought, Phil, even though, you know, it's not like they knocked them all over the yard, but they were able to spoil pitches. And ultimately when they got a pitch that they could handle enough, we're able to do some things against them. So I think it's just especially with two strikes, maybe expanding some of his repertoire, you know, to get some swings out of the strike zone, especially with some secondary, but just maybe being a little more versatile in some spots on the mound. With all of his stuff, unfortunately, it seems like injuries have again been a theme with this team. No Aaron judge in the lineup this afternoon. You mentioned that he's suffering from some back spasms. How long do you think that will keep him out? And how did that all come to fruition? Yeah, hopefully not long. You know, started yesterday when he got up, got treatment all day, was able to get through the game, but, you know, was wasn't really getting his a swing off a lot and then woke up this morning still pretty sore. So with the off day tomorrow, hopefully get a lot of a treatment today, potentially be an option late in this game, but hopefully something that's just a just a, you know, a day to day thing. How nervous are you waiting for that? Luis Severino News and that MRI to come back.  You know, just obviously know how hard Sevies work, know what kind of condition he's in right now to put himself in a position to get back with us.  But, you know, right now just, you know, which hoping the best for Sevies. Shifting gears a little bit. I know Philadelphia is a place that you hold near and dear to your heart. Spent a lot of time here growing up. What type of memories come back when you're in Philadelphia? So many, you know, I got childhood friends here, people I know around the ballpark, you know, vendors that are still here that were here in the 70s that I got to see, you know, the peanut lady that we grew up with in the 70s. It's just a special place. They have a big, big World Series from 1980 banner outside our clubhouse with the with the with the World Series parade. And I'm in it as a seven year old and stuff. So, yeah, this is a lot of great memories for us growing up. Do you remember that parade and how excited you were back then? Yeah, I mean, even being seven, absolutely, you know, that that World Championship and getting to be a part of it with that group of, you know, my dad and that group of players all mostly lived in the area as a very close knit team. Well, I know you're a busy man and you have a lot to do before the game starts. Thank you so much for the time. All right, Meredith.


like there were a couple tough calls at least a lot of calls that Aaron Boone did not agree with. Do you like the fact that your manager kind of goes to bat for you guys when he doesn't necessarily agree with the strike zone? Oh, always, always. Because it's either going to be him or it's going to be me. And I appreciate him standing up for us and, you know, kind of speaking our mind how we're all feeling and he's done that quite a bit for us, you know, over his career here with us.   So it's this part of it. I got to do a better job. Aaron, you're a rare player that's never been thrown out of a game before.   No. I don't see, I don't see how that benefits anybody. I'm, you know, I don't think I'm out of the game if I get thrown out there.  So I'm going to speak my mind always, you know, let them know how I feel and let them know they missed that call. And it's time to move on.  So, I don't know if I'll be getting tossed anytime soon, mostly. When you're frustrated, how do you keep from blowing up mentally? Oh, I just look at my teammates. I got anything in reserve coming up behind me in a big spot or a big situation.  You know, that's what this game's all about.   You guys won so many games like this this year. What's been different about this week? About this week. It's baseball, you know, like you said, we won a lot of games like that.  You know, so that's a good ball club over there, you know, and they got us tonight.   Aaron, these calls go against you at the major league level, but is this something that's just been happening throughout your career in baseball? Is it something that you were familiar with before you got here? Yeah, it's kind of having my whole career.


Hey guys, Captain PoopyPan here. And today we are in the scary elevator, oh my god. And we got Pookie Scary Skeletons all over here. Oh my god. Look at poor Axl, he's getting chased by like 20 skeletons. Let's go see what's up over here. Oh my god, it's a whole army, yo. Dude, he almost made it. Okay, the other chasin' is great. Okay, so let's go over here. Let's go take him in the school so they can learn something because they got no brain, as we can see. Yo, come inside of the school, guys. We're gonna take you for a lesson today. Oh my god, they're following me in here. Come in here. Okay, we only have two students today.  Burn down the school if you like two skeletons. Alright, so that was a little crazy with the skeletons everywhere, taking over the map. Little crazy out here. That's why I like this scary school because it seems like there's a lot going on, but in reality, it really isn't. Alright. Okay, so we're in the middle of the desert and then there's like these pyramids. Never really slicked at that till now. Survived the night. Oh my god, okay, so everybody just spawns on the floor. I wonder who we got this round. Oh no, I think it's the eyeballs. It is the floating eyeballs. Okay, we have to be careful with these eyeballs because they are sneaky, man. Oh yeah, I forgot if we go to the pyramid, we can get like some sword. No!  Okay, that was super close. Let's go over here. Is he coming for me? Okay, now he's that. Dude, look at the eyeballs. They're just like floating over here. Oh my god. Alright, that is freaky, man. Okay, let's move around so they won't get us. Okay, let's go to the playground. I think you can actually go down the slide, so let's try this. Let's go up here. Nope. Oh, you can't. Oh, they just got somebody right there. Oh no. Okay, that thing is so creepy-licking. Alright, let's go see what's going on on this. Oh my god. He is trying to break inside of the school. Is that Chucky right there? That is Chucky. Alright, hopefully he doesn't get us.  That is one cool sword. Oh yeah, we have the same sword. Oh! What just happened there? We like flew through the window.  Alright, so I guess this sword- Oh, it's pretty cool. It sends you flying forward. And it leaves a trail of fire. It's pretty neat, isn't it? Let's just go over these pyramids. Let's see if we can launch across to the other side of the map. Here goes the tip number one.  It's like we're trying to do the bottle flip challenge out here. That is so hilarious.  My god, you guys heard that, right? That is a rake. Oh, Baldy! My boy Baldy's out here.  Why am I on fire? Oh no, it's the rake and Baldy. Get out of here. It's too chaotic in that school. Oh my goodness, we got Baldy coming over here. No! Okay. Oh, he went back inside. Oh, he's stuck on the door. No, no, no, not today rake. You're not going to get me today, man. I'm out of there. Oh my goodness, he's chasing the axle. Where is Baldy at? Oh, there he is. Oh, great. Let's see if we can- Oh my god, he got away from me. Okay, that'll work. I wonder if you can kill the killers. I don't think you can. But I mean, it would be cool if you can, right? Oh my god. I just tried to slash the rake, but it's not going to work out. Okay, let's go over here. Oh, the red dress girl's out here too? Okay, nope. She is crazy, definitely. Why is she laughing like a maniac, man? Dude, the rake got hops. Oh my god. Oh no. Oh my boy Ronald's going to give me a ride. Give me a ride, Ronald. Is that the rake's jumping right there? Oh no, I thought it was the rake, but it's shadow. Dude, how did the red dress girl get up here and Baldy's on the rooftop too?  All right, let's go do this. I want to keep trying this. I want to keep launching myself because it's pretty hilarious. Hey, what's up Gary G? Baldy's on the roof? Yeah, I saw that. All right, let's go. Oh, it didn't fling us. But let's try this again. No, why didn't do it backwards? Okay, let's try this side. Okay, six seconds. No, it's not flinging me anymore for some reason. Oh, come on. Oh, there you go. I think I'm having a little too much fun with the sword. Uh-oh, you guys hear those thuds, right? It must be the T-Rex round. Oh my god. Yo, she's driving a rocket on the T-Rex. How is she not like dying? Please don't poop on me, T-Rex. We actually already have poop on my head, so that wouldn't matter. Matter. Great.    Hey, what's up, Spider-Man? Oh, my boy's thugging over here. Oh my god. Why is the T-Rex like sticking in here? Okay, I don't know if it's safe to go out there, guys. I do not want to risk it. All right, let's try this. Here goes nothing. Excuse me. Okay, let's go this way. Oh my god. No, he's chasing us. Why me? Why me? Why me, T-Rex? Okay, I think we're going to survive this if I can cut the corner here. There you go. Okay, nice. We barely survived that. He was right on our tail. My god, look at everybody just floating around. Oh, he just blew up. What's up, Ronald? Oh, I have a hoverboard. Actually, I don't like using the hoverboard because I can't get off of it afterwards. And it's so hard to, like, survive on it. Axel's on it. Alrighty. Here goes round five. Oh, Granny's out here. My god, look at her face. Oh, okay, she's smacked me. Let's go on the bus. I know you can go on the bus if you go, like, on the ceiling. Oh, no. Is that Pennywise? Oh, it's Chucky. Hey, little Chucky. My god, he's so tidy, but he is evil. This is the most evil, tiniest man I've ever seen. Stop laughing at me. Right, let's go over here. Let's go get the cape. Oh, I hear the shy guy. I think he's inside of the gym or SCP-96. Let's go check him out. Oh, he's charging up. What is he doing? He just watched the wall.  I can't tell. Oh, my god. Okay, he's getting ready. Guys, prepare for doom. Okay, he just raised his hands up. Like, he's about to answer, like, a question or something. Uh-oh, he's charging up. Everybody move back. Spider-Man's shooting at him. VY, I would not do that. I think you're just upsetting the man. Oh, look, he had like that Wonder Waffle got from Call of Duty. That is cool. So much Call of Duty memories. What? Oh, no, the round ended before the guy could go off. I wanted him to, like, charge and start running everywhere. All right, so let's see. Oh, Fireball. I have 4,000 points. Wow, pretty surprising. What's up, Ronald? Well, I have an eye sword. What is this do? Wow, doesn't do anything great. Fire versus ice, fast potion. Oh, pizza. I forgot about my pizza. How can I forget about the pizza, man? Pizza is number one. All right, anybody want a pizza? You look hungry, Spider-Man. Oh, it just flew over here. I feel like it just floats. Oh, you took my pizza. Give me back my pizza, man. Thank you. Oh, it's sausage pizza. I don't like sausage pizza. You know what? You can have this. Why is it rolling? All right, let's go out here. I was trying to get the eyeballs to go inside of the school. Or maybe they're too cool for school. That's why they won't go in here. Come on, come in here. Oh, there you go. We got one in here. Okay. Can you bring your other pair of eyeballs in here, man? Oh, how did, what's in my face? All right, you guys, well, this was the scary school of Roblox. If you guys enjoyed the video, make sure to slap the like button into the channel. Make sure to subscribe and turn that notification bell on. And I will see you guys in the next one.


So with my personal organization, Aratio, that publishes poetry, stories and photography and art, an important kind of idea behind that is that a story, the definition of a story is very fluid. It could be a word, it could be a sentence, it could be 10 pages, it could be 20 pages or it can be a picture or a drawing. And I think that's one thing that is key to the concept of storytelling and with poetry, you know, the poetry that I write is short form, it's not very long compared to maybe an article or an op-ed, it's very, very intimate and I think with poetry for me personally, it's allowed me to dissect my own experience in a very, very intimate way, in a way that is accessible to everyone, you know, and that's another aspect of poetry that's beautiful in that if you write it in a certain way, it's accessible by anyone of any level of comprehension and they don't have to be a poetry expert, you know, if you understand anyone. So, you know, I think that's what makes storytelling special in addition to that, first it's not divisive and second is that it's powerful because its definition is fluid and that anyone really can participate and tell their own story in their own way.


Thank you. Okay. We'll open it up broadly now So a really almost trivial question though is the ignite example has been brought up a couple of times and I was just having a side conversation with Jeff Because I've I've been under the impression that ignite is a bunch of different projects all focused on different aspects of a similar problem, so The idea of creating you know common surveys or is a really pretty laudable one So the very specific question is was that in the budget or is that something was that an unfunded mandate added? afterwards So I'll have to defer to Jeff would you can you I'm happy to make a comment and Erwin and Julie you should as well I think So like all the other networks we we came to the table with specific projects in mind and began discussions about where the cross-cutting themes would be across you know amongst the projects in the consortium and Now we've arrived at a fairly sizable number probably more than we can truly manage So I haven't answered your question yet, but but I but I think it's implied that You know, there's the project funding. There's the working groups that I think Most most of us I think all of us PIs and investigators feel are quite compelling and necessary for the success of the network I don't think there's a specific line item save that the very there's a high expectation as there are in all these programs that the coordinating Center will You know Reduce the additional burdens and logistics of that as much as possible, but I think All of the groups right now, which are the common measures group. You've mentioned a Group associate associated with dissemination and outcomes and economic sustainability and some emerging groups that are You know thinking about the scientific focus on pharmacogenetics the interactions with the payers as we've discussed and also what the provider needs Are for adoption. Those are some of the main themes right now And I think just another Just sort of caveat the ignite network is only two years old, which may sound like a long time But in the context of what we're trying to do here It's insufficient to draw significant conclusions at this point So let me let me I'll stop there Part of your question and maybe Erwin and so we would like to let me just let me let me react Let me re-ask the question and that is sort of or not re-ask the question was let me back off from the phrase unfunded mandate because I think that that sort of carries a Tone of criticism that I don't wish to imply I think I think you've done a terrific job And I and I think maybe one of the recommendations that we can make to NHGRI leadership is that is that when we put Efforts like this together, even if they seem disparate at the beginning There needs to be some mechanism to make the whole greater than some of the parts in emergence Easy because we're all sort of focused on the same kinds of issues in in Caesar. It's it's it's It's I can see how Many sites could could have commonalities in ignite it was less clear to me But I think you've managed to show us that it can be done and to some value presumably So so I guess that's the sort of unspoken or maybe clear to everybody in this room except me of my question Yeah, no Dan That's it's a very good point because I can say from our experience that initially There was sort of some sort of tension between each project being funded and wanting to get their own project out of the gates as quickly as possible and through Coordinating center and other in the sections. There was at the same time a Mandate to come up with common measures, etc. Etc. Which made sense But you know wasn't exactly what we had in our proposal and therefore we needed to make up effort to address that and I think it is an important aspect I think in in In hindsight if it had been sort of explicitly stated as part of the RFA or something That would be helpful and I think going forward if you or one networks have these kind of mandates then You know, this is also part of the budgetary issues, etc. Etc. I should be part of that That is a very clear point. I think Let's let Julie get a shot in here too if she wants to make a comment Yeah, so I mean I would I would agree with what Jeff and Irwin said I mean, I think that None of us had budget to do some of these things that were asked especially around these common measures and And I think everybody wanted to play ball if you will because we recognize that as a network We have to accomplish things as a network. I think we're getting a bit challenged because as Jeff said You know, we had some early places where we said we had to start and now And the networks really in some ways only one year old or less than one year old because the last three groups joined officially about nine months ago and that's really when I think we begin to establish some momentum and So so I think we're at the point now that we have a lot of opportunities that we see for common work across the groups, but probably not the bandwidth and so You know, it's a challenge of in the budget We have in our individual projects that we have to also be successful in and then thinking about how we prioritize those group efforts So, I mean I would agree with Irwin's comment that it might make sense in the future to have And probably in the RFA you say X number of dollars that would be just sort of set aside for common Common network-wide projects and I think some of these challenges for these Common elements would be less so I think there's two things that I take away from that one is is that One can envision even though we have a relatively small time exposure that there are probably Outcomes common outcomes across dignite that you say, you know, these really make sense Where you could bring that to the initial steering committee meeting of Emerge 3 and say You guys use these process outcomes unless you can develop, you know, a good argument about why you shouldn't use these process Outcomes and I think you could take it the next step Which PCORI has done which is to say if you're putting in a PCORI proposal We want to see Methodologies that have been developed and vetted by PCORI as part of it or we want to see something in the project That says here's where the deficiencies are and we think there's a better way to do it And I think that that would be something that could be systematically applied to funding opportunities in the space going forward So Sharon, I think you were next And I would just comment from the Caesar experience Where I think the diseases and the ages are more Wide-spread than some of the other consortia. It's actually really important to build this into the RFA So we have, you know, some groups are being ascertained for hearing loss. We have adults with cancer We have everything in between. It's actually been a major challenge and to find constant measures So I would just say that building that into the RFA this say you're including phenotyping is very important So Jeff had a brief comment and then Mary and then Howard I'll be brief. I First of all, I thank Mark and everybody for Highlighting some of the things that ignite could bring to the table and I think I speak on behalf of the network and saying we would be honored to have more programs adopt some of the measures and strategies for implementation and share in this what we called in our first panel the Implementation commons and met possibly some of the evidence Data databases that have common measures. So that's just a out there for NHGRI and leadership to to embrace or reject But I think that that would be an outcome that we would like to see Great Mary. I was just gonna say I mean it does seem to me like for any of these programs It is helpful to have a coordinating center try to help facilitate some of these efforts But I would imagine that you need money at the sites in order to generate data that is shareable Unless I'm not understanding what you're doing. We had a similar thing imposed on the PGRN and it was very very difficult to try to In the translational pharmacogenetics project get people After they were years into funding to generate data in a completely different way than they were set up to do So I would just imagine it sounds great to me to try to come up with common outcome measures across as many NHGRI Programs as possible, but I wouldn't think a coordinating center could handle most of that Yeah, maybe I should be more clear within the RFA means money For the the grants know to put that into their budgets that they're gonna have to report those phenotypes Yeah, so it'd be it'd be similar to the expectation that you build data sharing Data deposition as part of the funding That is absolutely right. I think that is exactly the point Mary that you know from our experience And we had talked about this that on the local project side everything is focused and geared to execute the project and yet we have all these important conversations about what should be the Common measures and then develop these and even the coordinating center Coordinates perfectly well the data and the input still needs to come from the local sites And I think that's an important consideration. So I'm hearing us in violent agreement on this point So unless there's strong objection or somebody that says there's a point That's not been brought up relating to the common measures in the RFA and Chris Do you have something that that's specific to this that's okay? So after Chris if there's anybody that and Terry apparently so Thank You Mark You know this issue about being in the RFA is important But I would quibble as to the relative influence of coordinating centers Having been part of PGRN and having been part of a merge those experiences were night and day And I think what made a merge more cohesive Particularly in the first round was when the coordinating center Proactively Contributed toward the development of shared standards and representation paradigms that Made emerge as a cohesive data resource come together that never happened in PGRN And whether it was the coordinating center or not or whether it was the intention of the group or not We could have long and spirited debates But I do think somebody it needs to be somebody's day job To worry about how all these pieces within the context of a consortium actually do come together And unless I can be informed otherwise it would seem that the best way to do that is with an empowered Coordinating center and thank you Chris for not bringing up integration of informatics data. Appreciate that This is extraordinarily helpful and we really appreciate the input and recognizing I think Dan You know you're coming about an unfunded mandate. It's probably not totally unfair You know I think that if there were resources put in into it They were very limited and and they were really you know We were focused on the on the projects as a whole way I think though the thing that came up that that sort of struck me was you know We're hearing that there are challenges in getting people to work within the networks because you have your own program And you're responsible for the success of that program And then we're also hearing wouldn't it be great if you know all of these programs could interact and at some point You know the band with fails and and so We could use some real help on what's the best way to facilitate interactions I mean some of my colleagues sitting behind me do a yeoman's job and bringing together specific working groups And I think the EHR working group has been quite successful in that we have our reporting results We have a couple of others there But but you know there's there's variable uptake of those and so do we let that just sort of happen organically as Investigators are interested we do we try to you know put a feeding trough out there and get people to come to it So we could use your help on that great and I saw Ken I think has a comment also related to this one of the colleagues behind her No, it's really more of a question as you were covering the informatics and the tools that are being developed Does this group feel that our goal as far as trying to make these tools widely disperse While it applicable to multiple and diverse platforms Do you feel that this that what we are developing what we're developing in the future? Well, it's gonna be fulfilled and what I mean by that is say for example with a merge We have algorithms that is on there verified by different systems that use different EHR systems What I'm trying to get that is do we feel that this group that the tools that we are developing Would they adequately be developed to cover that kind of diverse platform? And is there an art is there a need to actually try to encourage and endorse development of plate of tools that actually Can cover diverse platforms. That's what I want. That's the question. I wanted to ask So that that is defines a different subject area for me So that'll be next panel. So so can we put that in the parking lot for the present time? Are there any other comments specifically related to the Point that I think Terry really nicely summed up. Yes, so so the only other thing I would suggest in the RFA is To ask groups in their proposal to think about what are the things that might be those common Measures and is a generic term Because I think when a network comes together at least everybody's thought about it And you could hopefully you would begin to see cut some common ground And so I think it would get that ball rolling more quickly if that was also part of the RFA It's not just there that there's money for these common efforts, but that everybody's Put in you know a paragraph or two about what are the things that they think would make sense as common measures Maybe I could just share a little bit of an easiness about Describing how RFA should be written if you can tell us in much broader terms, but but we probably shouldn't have you Specifying what might or might not go in a solicitation just for more for your protection than anything else So that you're not in conflict then with the solicitation that comes out with that suggestion good So I'm gonna again take moderator prerogative here to just say that you know the my experience with these is that you know with 55 60 70 people in the room you can infinitely Drill down on topics and so I saw Jonathan's hand up and and I guess the question that I would ask to anybody that's thinking It contributed to this is that is there something that you think is completely novel that we've missed or is this more of an incremental? Comment and a refinement that we might be able to pick up later because I know Howard has a different subject That you'd like to launch and I want to make sure that we get a chance to cover the sphere So Jonathan, I don't want to shut you down. But no, I don't know how if I have something novel to say or anything, but The I would just say that you know I think there's a great deal of benefit to the data sharing and having some Standardization across the sites But one of the things that's been really nice about Caesar and end site is that the projects are very diverse And I think that there's some danger to proscribing too closely exactly what the The you know groups have to be studying and it sort of eliminates some of that You know creativity that comes out in the grant writing process. So just a little site balance with standardization and innovation Okay, great. I wanted to just make sure that your bullet to here is reflected in this discussion which we know so developing whether common measures of outcomes in the absence of some input from The payer community or the regulatory community would seem like it has an opportunity a risk of failure to achieve the desired goal So I'm not gonna say how or where or but I think as we've talked about through several of these discussions If there's going to be future research In this area from NHGRI somehow upfront in designing the Project goals and aspirations that community needs to be part right so I'll just again point out that Panel nine is going to specifically represent and be focused on the patient perspective And so I would think that that would be a nice opportunity to discuss this there Regarding the payers. I think you know those of us that have been involved in the pair meetings We've had is that the payers have been extremely difficult to engage and in particular even when we bluntly asked in the question But what sort of evidence do you want? It's sort of the Potter Stephens thing. Well, we'll know when we see it. They've not been particularly Valuable and again, this may be an opportunity where if we think about Healthcare system research networks that are you know engaged and embedded with payers that we might get more substantive answers So I am going to move on to Howard and a different topic now Well, not that different because Jeff kind of transitioned over to a different aspect of the discussion and that is around What are the metrics of success? And I think I'd love to hear some discussion around Intermediate in points any immediate metrics So we're seeing an oncology right now that many of the payers are interested in is that somatic sequence going to change a medical decision They don't know how to capture whether that changes for the better or for the worse but the fact that there was change is a step towards paying for it and then you know at some point in time We'll look for changes for the better. However, those are measured and at some point time look at survival But even these intermediate which are maybe intellectually less interesting But it is you know does change actually occur those endpoints are often ignored by NIH type funding because they're just not exciting enough but I think they you know that comes back to Jeff's point about the the patients the delivery systems the payers often those are the kinds of decisions that are driving their changes and You know their bar is really low in some ways because they don't usually want survival. They're happy for these intermediate endpoints Yeah, and certainly for those of us that write letters of medical necessity I mean that's the question that we're specifically asked to respond to how is this going to change your management decision It's not show me the evidence that it's you know ten years from now this patient is going to be better off So so that I think is a very reasonable point so others that have comments about Sort of this intermediate outcome or maybe what might be characterized as this space decision space or when yeah I thank you for starting this conversation Howard I think as I reflect on the programs that I'm witnessing and ignite and emerge and How I can optimize our own program at Mount Sinai It is increasingly clear that the very first Intermediate outcome if you will or intermediate metric has to deal with the medical decision-maker the provider Because there's so much to learn about where they are and there's so much to study How can be optimized sort of the comfort level of the provider and decision-maker with Incorporating genomics and then actually acting changing a practice as a result of genomic information and I was intrigued by surveys of our providers and as part of the ignite project where 68% two-thirds are enthusiastic about genomic medicine and this is a survey of almost 300 providers Whereas less than a third so around 20 or so really are comfortable in any way shape or form So there's a tremendous gap there is enthusiasm But we still need to learn and that's I think an area that deserves much more study how to optimize the process of provider adoption of Genomic decision support. I think that is an important point. I want to stress and that is and that is an intermediate Outcome in in my view you can measure this as you know How many CDS were fired and the fraction that was leading to a change in in in orders Etc. Etc. So there's a number of ways you can readily measure that Thank you Other comments related to that Robert. Yeah, I mean I just building on Erwin's comment I think that's a really good point I worry a little bit about this iterative nature of the implementation evidence evidence implementation So are you actually saying that the that the That the frontline physicians Behavior becomes one of the outcomes we study or are you saying we generate evidence? Including penetrance including penetrance of intermediate phenotypes to set precedent to set standards That then they can adopt because I think the second alternative is more true to the way they may be enthusiastic But I don't think they're going to adopt rational actions without that first evidence Based generation Yeah, no, I'm not Proposing this to be sequential. I think this ought to be a parallel and I think that you know the interpretation of of outcomes In a situation where the delivery was not optimal was not optimized is difficult It is potentially biased to suboptimal processes. So I think you know the knowledge Closing the knowledge gap the evidence gap is extremely important, but also optimizing the delivery and So then then you can really with good conscience look at studies that do both and draw conclusions on outcomes Racks and then Sharon So in the in the context of thinking about research projects going forward Our experience when we tried to roll out the our pharmacogenomics project in a merge Was that we went to them with these really carefully considered CPIC guidelines that had been developed by experts where they thought there was real Evidence to say if you have this very you should do the following And it was very interesting when we're in our in our group that we rolled it out to was a general internal medicine clinic and They at the end of the day had a the ability to say we'll do these ones but not those ones and They actually chose to do only a couple of the ones that were approved as CPIC guidelines And so it occurs to me and we've been trying to do a little bit of this But really understanding what the barrier is there and why it is that they thought that What a group of experts in pharmacogenomics thought was good evidence to create a guideline but yet was inadequate for less Deeply trained individuals with expertise in that area I think would be a really important set of things to better understand So that might be a good research project to think about going forward. Yeah, it's it's interesting because then it gets into the issue of you know evidence versus Cultural change which ultimately we all know that culture eats strategy and evidence for lunch Mention the role for RV use. Yeah Sharon Yeah, just very briefly. I I do think that we have to we really need better research on physicians So in an NHG or I LC project that I carried out now a couple of years ago We were looking at very an interpretation But in fact the main discovery out of that project was that most and this was primary care physicians in the state of Texas Completely unselected did not know the concept of a familial mutation And so when presented a familial mutation and a cancer patient and asked what tests would you order? They overwhelmingly selected full gene sequencing So it wasn't so much that the variant threw them off, which was our hypothesis. They actually were reasonable about that They had no clue you could order a $400 test instead of at the time of $3,600 test So I do think we need a lot more such information about what non Specialists in genetics know and what their clinical practice is and guidelines really clear guidelines Yeah, I mean there's there's a whole as putting my informatics hat on there's a whole range of Implementation questions, which is you know a lot of times we default to the idea of its education and all this sort of stuff Whereas ultimately the the the decision and this is a again a studyable hypothesis is Well, what if you just build the process so that the clinician doesn't get to choose that if that familial mutation is there That's what's ordered and that's the end of it and you don't have to you know Then you avoid, you know some of the other issues now again there that's You know, that's a that's more of a cultural And systematic change approach as opposed to an individual change approach But there are clearly going to be some instances where you have to do this at the individual provider level though I mean be others where systematic approaches would be more effective and you could study Under what circumstances would one approach versus the other be more be more efficient. So Howard. I think I had you next So I think the other side of this equation is is also looking at the patient We know that as you were just saying, you know implement this is we're talking about 21st century medicine We're we don't look at patients anymore, right? But that's the whole point right is that adoption is really a hard part and what we've learned is Direct to consumer Advertising I'm not saying direct to consumer testing advertising is a driver And I think there should be some look as to how could this be done actually in a way that people feels responsible In educating the patient because we do know that if you keep having patients showing up asking for something And they're going down the street that is probably going to adopt Much faster than almost anything I can think of and and that's what the pharmaceutical industry is actually learned around this So I want to be careful that we don't call and we don't move to direct to consumer testing, but Enlightenment and asking for this, you know, get your genome sequence ask your doctor might be a little bit too bold But something in that direction. Yeah, and again a big advertising budget. Yeah There's that which I'm sure in each year. I'd be happy to come forward with so I think Julie we had you again Yeah, I'd like to come back to Something that Rex was talking about which is you know when do physicians choose and and I think it really goes back to the very first Discussion about evidence I can guess some of the ones that they chose not to and if you ask them It would be because there's not an RCT That documents the benefit and then you do an RCT and you get back to What I think Jeff brought up which is an RCT is usually an efficacy study not an effectiveness study So there's this very I think maybe more for pharmacogenetics than the other examples, but there's this rather circular Challenge I think we are in in some ways and convincing Certain sectors of the provider community. Well, I think it's also just the point that Mike brought up earlier Which is the idea that had that come out of the cardiology that guideline come out of cardiology That would be something the cardiologists would probably be more likely adopt and oppose this group that they may never have heard of before and And and that of course then creates a real conundrum because it's probably Unrealistic to expect professional societies to come up with guidelines around all of these different instances But there's usually no process Although I know ISCC has been you know taking a little bit of a look at this Which is how might we be able to have a cross-cutting process where we could you know Have joint development but in most cases and certainly Having been on the board of the Merrick College medical genetics and genomics Trying to develop joint guidelines with professional societies that we're aligned with like NSGC or AAP or that It's a real nightmare to deal with the administrative hurdles of doing that what the by-law say you can do so You know that that process and whether that's something that you know We know that NIH has in general been not playing in in the guideline Business, although I think the ISCC is at least talking about it theoretically Whether that's a worthy topic for research or not. I don't I don't know so Mike did you want to say something because I think you you had had Yeah, well I mean think that there are going to be and a lot of this the guidelines evolve Organically and we can we could have a whole day About that that whole process, but they are that there will be uptake of certain You know actionable Variants or profiles that that will find their way and there's always are you know in cardiology There's always already discussion about You know whether or not risk prediction we heard the example and in cardiomyopathy So I mean there is going to be uptake it's going to be spotty and hit or miss and I think that there There is some utility Even though the politics of working between societies can be sometimes quite challenging and can be cumbersome I really think that that it's going to be important for The ACMG to at least explore the possibility for engaging various specialty Societies and and and if if for one reason just dissemination and education the other is that I you know I you know I Envision the possibility of recommendations around the same variant being different society to society So, you know, so I'm giving clinical context So we're we're getting a little bit close to time here I've been given a little a few extra minutes because the discussion has been going really well So I've got Dan and I've got Bill and I've got Steven, but before we move off of that I just wanted to mention something that I found out is that we were developing in ClinGen a resource landing page And that is that NCBI actually maintained. I think it's NCBI. I don't think it's NHGRI Maintains a site of all genetic and genomic guidelines And so there's an aggregation site that I wasn't aware of and it seems to me that that's something We plot that on to our ClinGen resource page But that the idea of having a place where we can Centralize and use that as a dissemination vehicle would be something to probably leverage that would be a relatively low cost so Yes, but the problem with the National Guidelines Clearinghouse is that every guideline is in there And while you can search them for genetic or genomic this one is focused solely on genetic and genomic guidelines Which in this space I thought was incredibly useful No, nope, it's still going still going. Yes having formerly worked there. Who was who's that disembodied voice? Okay Can I Can I add to that just that in terms of collating all of the genetics genomics oriented guidelines? That's something that Medgen and the genetic testing registry do at NCBI and then we've been working with moving Currie's group and Sherry Shelley and Dave Dotson to actually do an analysis of that about what's happened over the past few years and Etc. Yeah, that's that's what I remembered seeing so thanks Wendy for clarifying that since I couldn't perfectly remember Dan Just a very brief comment that that's the business of you know Who writes the guidelines and then who pays attention to the guidelines so the clop integral guidelines from CPIC? I wanted Mary to say this but she didn't want to say it is you know include Clinical pharmacology people clinical pharmacogenomics people and clinical cardiology people as well And I think that's the way to do it you engage the multiple communities to to write the guidelines in that way them The guidelines or the document will have credibility across multiple Multiple constituencies the the the problem the Rex has heard me say this before the problem with implementing something like CYP2C 19 and clop integral in your own environment is that it becomes very important I think to engage the interventional cardiology community And if you don't have a champion within that community at your own institution Then it's and it's a hard slog And if you do then it's a much easier slog and just one last point and that is the point that Mike just made We've looked very very very hard for an effect of genotype on clop integral response in cerebral vascular disease And maybe it's the small numbers. Maybe it's a different path of physiology, but it's we can't find one yet So it really is The the evidence is best for people with clots inside their coronary stents and after that the evidence is less good I think that's an interesting observations bill As a general internist, I will say and this is reflecting also some of the comments that we've just had I would argue for actually engaging the Clinician various clinicians societies up front before you start thinking towards Planning out your next research program as opposed to making it An objective to look at the barriers as part of the research program because Having been on the side of having people try to dictate to me What I should be doing in clinic. I'm often looking for different things than necessarily what the recommending Organizations are looking for so actually having the conversation up front is probably a useful Start as opposed to sort of saving it as a research question Yeah, I think that that's certainly been a lesson learned from the inter-society coordinating committee meetings that have been ongoing as That's been an attempt to really get at that and one can argue about how effective that's been But at least we're trying to work in that space Stephen you get the last word in the discussion Then we'll sum up boy you're giving an Irishman the last word dangerous So I think we need two types of things for those of us who are on the inside who are believers in Genomic medicine and pioneers Guidelines are phenomenally useful because they allow us to understand what the community is thinking about and to adhere But for those who are non converts non genomic medicine pioneers It's exactly what we've just heard. They're intrusive. They're somewhat obnoxious. They're yet more work What the vast majority of medicine I believe needs Takes me back to when I was an intern and that was the Timmy and Tammy trials So we had a situation there where the treatment of an acute myocardial infarction was a piece of art And over a period about 15 studies in a decade it became completely parameterized down to dosing Timing the the set of Measures that would be implemented in in series and that's really what we need to develop I believe as a community for the specific use cases that we believe precision medicine or genomic medicine Can deliver on today? Yeah, I think that's a brilliant point And of course anybody that's tried to parameterize guidelines immediately runs up to the fact that The people who write the guidelines aren't really that interested in being adequately explicit that we like to use weasel words and now that you may consider or You know, perhaps should think about which doesn't you know lend itself to Developing in an algorithm and so that's a constant battle that I see Bob shaking. He said that we've that we've been through But the point is well taken that if we can create guidelines that can in fact be computable and implement them where there's Strong evidence that this is the right thing to do that can be very useful and no Wendy I'm sorry I'm not gonna give you your last chance to go in because we need or nope Terry's giving you special Dispensation so all right then and then I bow to Terry so you lucked out quick Well because you talked about computable and being explicit in guidelines I just want to support that because we we spoke with CAP for example about well so in in the What we do when we find guidelines is we try to attach them to conditions to which they're relevant genes to which they're relevant And then that way they show up on tests and conditions and so forth So there's some judgment involved in saying okay, what kind of lung cancer is this for and so we spoke with CAP about okay, you know, I know cancer genetics Am I really right about what I've picked out and does it correspond to these specific? Condition unique IDs and can we move to a place where the people that write guidelines can actually select the Unique cuis that they belong to or genes gene symbols. So they were very open to that You know, I think that this is a very new idea for people that write guidelines to make them You know machine readable, but it's it's very doable just with some effort Right, so Terry is being very generous here and has allowed Jeff now to get in so so sorry Steve And we didn't give an Irishman the last well where I thought the Irishman Jeff is Irish and I'm not aware of it Where I thought the Irishman was going Was was also the Timmy Tammy and various trials like that have really strong industry Sponsorship in order to do the kinds of studies you're talking about Require resources that probably are beyond what NHG or I can afford So it just is a plug for us to really give serious consideration about where the opportunity is to engage industry to develop the evidence along with us Great. Thank you. So I'm gonna turn it over to because of the way I moderate I asked if Terry would mind taking Summary notes and so Terry's going to do a summary and then I'm gonna quick go around to the panel members So I've also asked to Pay attention again if Terry mentioned something Don't reiterate it But if you there's something that you heard that isn't in Terry summary then we'll each have a chance to kind of fill in the gaps Hopefully this will will display so I did share my screen read in it's I assume it's coming up like really soon But even if you if you can't see it one of the things that we had had are hoping for from this session is not only impact of Sort of the the implementation itself, but the impact of our research programs So one of the things we need to do to in order to justify a research program is to actually show that you know That it's made a difference and so how we're going to do that would be very helpful to to know Rita Chambers Will stop sharing content as soon as you start sharing. Okay, so I hit share. Oh my god. It's working Great. Yay. Wow. Okay So so yeah, so those are those are the kinds of things that we'd really like to hear I'm not sure why it's quite so ugly, but we can go with it this way So so we heard a lot about similar methods and common elements as as word was done in ignite and about the challenge of providing support for that and Really that that NHGRI should look to ways to support and expect that common measures and other kinds of program-wide efforts would be Implemented it was pointed out that this is more challenging the more the more diverse the programs are I would argue that it's also the more fruitful the more diverse they are because you really what you know The genome is we like to think of ourselves as being everything And and so if we can find ways that our work is relevant all across the NIH Institutes as well as all across disease and organ systems in that that's that's a plus for us, so We were also encouraged to include plans to produce program-wide data and common efforts and the value of Coordinating centers or somebody having that as their day job. I think was was Emphasized and and it's not always the case the insight program for example does not have a coordinating center Maybe that's something that we should be we should be looking toward to try to do Actually emerged started with just kind of an administrative coordinating center And they were very proactive as Chris pointed out and kind of grew by themselves with some help from us But but showed the value of that and and really expanded into a much more active kind of group We were also encouraged to try to integrate with the HCS RN Which used to be HMO RN and I don't remember what it stands for but that's alright And particularly because that group on unlike many of ours has payers at the table and has them involved in Designing the kinds of research that they're doing as I understood it And so that that is something that we ought to to look toward on the other hand I think we need to be careful You know the the healthcare industry as as much as we complain about how much it costs It is a tremendously profit-making industry here And so I'm not I'm not sure that we want NHGRI research to support more profit-making Really what we what we want is to make medical care better and and I think that's what everybody wants even even the payers But we do need to draw so you know try to find line there in terms of what is the research that we're actually What's the goal of the research that we're trying to do We are encouraged to measure outcomes of value to patients payers healthcare delivery systems And even regulators and and I think we're we're not asking as much as we probably could from the regulatory systems Okay, what is the kind of evidence and information that you want and they may not know? And it may be up to us to sort of say wouldn't it be useful to you to have this kind of information? In order to change the way that you do regulation But we need to think about better ways of getting that those messages across and I was intrigued by Mark's reminding us of Reed Tuxin's comments back in May of 2012 I think it was that we're they're looking to us to transform the way we care for patients Which is probably asking a little bit much on the other hand there are some very proactive ways I mean if you if you look at some of the work that's been done in that the Ceaser program and that the Quincy project here at NIH and we really are going from you know Redefining what disease is based on some of the genetic findings that you then go back and you find oh my goodness This person actually has been suffering from a condition for years if not decades and just sort of assumed That's the way it always was especially with Mendelian variants where there are other people in the family that that's the way It always was and so that's just the way we are So so something to keep in mind But we are in a different era and particularly now we can't compare ourselves to cat scans and pet scans and those kinds Of things that the standards are different now The the question was asked in and I think is one that's well worth exploring maybe in collaboration with the ILM roundtable Can we design systems that will help to guide the clinician to the specific tests? They should do so that when really an individual gene test or even an individual Variance is the test to be done is there a way to kind of you know prompt them to do that rather than Jumping immediately to a whole genome sequence some systems and we could talk about this at the discussion session at the end of today Some systems actually have a gateway or a gatekeeper for whole genome sequence and they would ask many of these questions I think so something else to consider in terms of the research we could do The point was made when well taken that each profession looks toward its own societies for guidelines and promoting joint development is really really hard It's a little bit like promoting collaboration amongst the NIH institutes in that it's you know hard enough to do things within your own group But then trying to do them across groups especially where every group says unless we're involved from day one You know we're not gonna we're not gonna sign on that can be a major problem Also engaging studies and societies and study designs to find out what information is useful in their guidelines That kind of harkens back to what we said about having payers and other stakeholders at the table And then this this question of could guidelines be computable? Wendy assures us that that's not a problem as long as they're specific enough and we rely on on Groups like CPIC and others to give us specific guidelines Great, so quick around the panel a very brief or one. Yeah, I mean it's great summary Terry I would perhaps request to add to Now it's moved on the previous slide Yeah Mesh's outcome of value health care delivery systems and providers are not always aligned and I would add here provider as a separate entity to deal with in the value proposition Thank You Irwin Warwick Measure outcomes ask them first what they think might be made might be useful outcomes Thank you and Ruth Okay, great the only thing I heard a concept that Jeff Used that I thought was great. I'm not sure exactly What all would it be entail it but I love the idea of an implementation commons? And I just think that that really sounds it sounds great, and if we can actually Create something that's as good as it sounds. I think they'd be really cool But that was that was something that really was sticky for me So with that, thank you all very much for I think a very productive discussion and thanks to my panel members for all their help


Hello and welcome to yet another philosophical improvisation. Today we start with the new experience, which is the explanation of this book, What is Philosophy? by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Gattari. This is the translation by Graham Bertolt and Hugh Tonlinson. And the idea, I don't know if I will achieve it, but at least I will start, is to slowly read the book, to produce a philosophical reading of the book and at the same time, an introduction to the contemporary validity of the question of what is philosophy. So I will be reading also directly from the French when there is some doubt or questions about the English translation. So they start in the introduction by saying that the question what is philosophy, which might sound obvious, is actually a question that was not so often asked and that comes, as they say, late in life. By that they mean that perhaps the philosopher, in the first decades of his philosophical life, preoccupied with his agonies, combat in the territory of concepts, but also in the territory of existence. And also occupied, as we will see, with the selection of the ingredients that will allow him to elaborate a few concepts of his own, ideally at least carrying his signature. So there is this sentence, it is a question, what is philosophy is a question posed in a moment of quiet restlessness, but meet nigh. This might be heard as a reference to Hegel who said that wisdom is a posteriori, the famous bird of knowledge that only raises after the battle, after the events. It was asked before that question, it was always being asked, but too indirectly or obliquely. It is also the case that philosophy has become an institutional discipline, right? So before that, philosophers like Descartes, Leibniz or even Plato, they didn't really have to justify a position. What is it that you're doing as a lecturer of philosophy? No, they just followed the passion of interrogation, but also of meaning giving. So what is philosophy is also a question that is determined by how philosophy has become today, not only institutionalized but also used, transformed, violated into some sort of a communicational device or a fancy device. And Deleuze and Guthrie lament the use of the term concept, which is really the main concept of philosophy. Philosophy deals with concepts and they're very sad that the term of concept is used today in marketing or advertising or design. So in order to ask what is philosophy, we need to be sober, sober enough. If you have too much desire to do philosophy, you cannot yet ask what is philosophy. And of course, in a way it's more important to do philosophy. Ask what it is later. And in fact, what they're doing here is that they're doing philosophy in asking what it is. And this is what we are doing right now, slowly. There are times when old age produces not eternal youth, but a sovereign freedom, a pure necessity in which one enjoys a moment of grace between life and death, and in which all the parts of the machine come together to send into the future. A feature that cuts across all ages. Tissue, Turner, Monet. This is the first introduction of what Deleuze and Guthrie call conceptual characters, personages, conceptuel in French. And this is important because it introduces the notion of embodiment. We will see that philosophy is embodied. The philosopher is the friend of wisdom, meaning someone who has an emotional relation with abstractions. Think about it, it's not very common, right? People are usually enmeshed into twine in personal relationships with other people. And that's actually, I would argue, what makes human life so difficult, is that most people don't elevate themselves to the concept. And then, of course, once you elevate yourself to the concept, you need to return to the singularities, the differences, the diversity of life, but you need to make this movement in order to detach yourself from misunderstandings, rather than illusions. Likewise, in philosophy, Kant's critique of judgment is a non-restraint work of old age, which his successors have not, still not caught up with, all the mind's faculties overcome their limits, the very limits that Kant had so carefully laid down in the works of his prime. And we'll stop with this idea because I want to keep every unit around 10 minutes or under 10 minutes. If this idea that the philosopher doesn't know where he's going, doesn't know what the elaboration of the compass are going to produce, even in his own cognitive world. And we can say that Kant only becomes Kant.  So we'll stop here for today. Hopefully we'll continue tomorrow. As you see, this is a slow reading. We'll see where it takes us. It is an improvisation. See you tomorrow.