Thanks, Kristen. Our next speaker is Evan Joyce. He's a neurosurgery resident first year presenting on optic nerve sheath fenestration for IIH Hello everyone. I just finished my full re-rotation on neuro ophthalmology I didn't get to see an optic nerve sheath fenestration I did see quite a few patients with IIH and I thought that it was a good interesting tie-over to sort of my realm with CSF shunting diversions in Neurosurgery so So to start just a little historical perspective for IIH IIH So it was first described by Henry Quinke in 1893. This is two years after he introduced the lumbar puncture He presented a case report of 10 cases seven of which were women and three men with typical symptoms of IH with elevated LP pressures He originally called this meningitis cirrhosa. It was renamed to Pseudotumor Cerebrae in 1904 by neurologist Max Non, and then in 1937 Dr. Walter Dandy out of Baltimore published a 22 case report series that he had diagnosed patients with a lumbar puncture and pneumoencephalography encephalography where he Trefined and injected air into the ventricles to make sure there wasn't a mass lesion causing elevated intracranial pressure He treated his patients with Subtemporal decompressions and this paper formed the basis for the dandy criteria in 1955 neurologist Joseph Michael Foley coined the term benign intracranial hypertension, but this is mainly to distinguish between Cases that had a malignant cause such as a malignant tumor causing mass effect And this was abandoned due to the high incidence of visual loss with this condition So epidemiology for IH so it's an annual incidence of point nine per hundred thousand persons In the US and this increases first of you strafe I by women of childbearing age from age 15 to 54 and About five times more than that if you look at that Childbearing population that's obese with obesity being defined as greater than 20% ideal body weight And if you look at patient spot with II age 90% of them are obese and 90% are women in their childbearing age and the mean age of diagnosis is 30 So this is a concerning issue because as you see on the right the CDC publishes these pictures of the US each 10 years and they have to add new colors each 10 years that they publish It's the BC epidemic rages through our country. So numerous Proposed associations have been linked to IH But some of them have sort of been refuted Through different case studies and observational studies with proper controls So things I found that were not associated with IH But are sometimes commonly thought to be associated our pregnancy irregular menses OCP use multivitamin use quadricle steroid use not withdrawal and antibiotic use whereas associated medications include Nalodixic acid, Nitroferentone, Indomethacin, Vitamin A, Intoxication Isotrentinoin, which is also known as Accutane, thyroid replacement therapy, Lithium and anabolic steroids So a pathophysiology for IH Sort of all goes back to thinking about the mineral kelly doctrine Which is that there's a pressure volume relationship inside the fixed cranial vault You have three components primarily CSF brain prankima and blood both arterial and venous and these have to equal a constant Or if there's increase in one you have to see decrease in another typically and they dictate what the IACP is going to be inside the brain So observations in IH that can point to a pathophysiology One it occurs primarily in obese women during their childbearing years to its There's reduced conductance to CSF outflow seen in it Three typically or you have to see a normal ventricular size and no hydrocephalus with trantopendymal flow and Four on histological sections. There's no cerebral edema so currently the most popular hypothesis is that there's reduced CSF Absorption and on the right you see the arachnoid arachnoid granulations where CSF is absorbed from the sub arachnoid space into the venous sinuses So other thoughts would be other things that can change that CSF Volume including increasing production increasing the cerebral venous pressure venous sinus Stenosis and having increased brain water content. However as it's called idiopathic. We still don't really know So presenting symptoms for IH The most common by far is headache so 94% of patients will come in with headache and it's typical headache That's worse in the morning. It's occurs daily. It can be pulsatile and it has associated transient visual obscurations with it in about two-thirds and Pulsatile tinnitus Photopsia and eye pain in a smaller percentage So IH is diagnosed by the modified dandy criteria and this is the Very poorly readable version from the IH treatment trial that they used So one they said that there had to be signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure To there's an absence of localizing findings with the exception of a cranial nerve six palsy Three there's otherwise normal neuroimaging But CSF opening pressure of greater than 20 centimeters of water For the patient has to be awake and alert and there has to be no other cause for increased intracranial pressure present and for CSF opening pressures that are between 20 to 25 There's a they they used other qualifiers that that patient would have to have so above 25 They wouldn't need those qualifiers on the bottom So as far as treatment goes for IH It can be broadly broken down into either medical or surgical treatments for medical treatments The goal is to lower the ICP and treat symptoms mainly headache These are weight loss usually a goal of 10% or more a low-salt diet using serial LPs to reduce CSF volume or a lumbar drain and Going to medications that alter How much CSF is produced or how it's reabsorbed and also have some Ancillary benefits with decreasing appetite which complain to weight loss So those include diamax topomax and furosumad Surgical treatments are primarily decompressive or CSF diversion techniques These include some sub temporal or sub occipital decompressions like Dr. Dandy used optic nerve sheath fenestrations CSF shunting procedures from ventricular to peritoneal atrial drugular or pleural or lumbar peritoneal shunts gastric exclusion surgery in patients that are morbidly obese and More recently there's been reports of venous sinus stenting to help increase venous outflow and decrease ICPs So treatment in one review paper that I saw they had a nice algorithm to help dictate Which paths you should take and the main thing that I noticed was that as soon as you start having visual symptoms That's when you move towards surgical procedures. So without visual symptoms. It's typically medical management Once you start seeing visual symptoms you move towards surgical So first it's important to understand sort of the optic nerve Anatomy to understand why a procedure like optic nerve sheath fenestrations would be helpful. So the optic nerve runs within the optic sheath, which is a Tough fibrous leathery Dural membrane and dura mater as you remember it means tough mother. So it's very tough and fibrous and so inside there There's a thin area Here you can see it on both sides It's a subarachnoid space around the optic nerve and it's filled with these arachnoid Trabeculations and the pressure is transmitted from intercranial along these trabeculations up to the optic disc head Which is supplied by the central retinal artery and the posterior arteries and the thought is that With this pressure translation you start to see optic disc edema, which we see as papillodema on exam And this is dependent on the relationship of sort of the three different pressures the CSF pressure intraocular pressure and the blood pressure and so we grade papillodema on the prison scale and as you can see From left to right you see sort of increasing from grade one With sort of a nasal and feral temporal or inferior superior to a full halo You're striking obscuration of vessels as they exit the disc Obscuration of vessels as they're on the disc in total complete obliteration of vessels in grade five So it's important to think about papillodema because it correlates to visual loss and the thought being that with this pressure You start to have axon plasmic flow stasis. You decrease the fast and slow Axon transport mechanisms. You see optic disc edema and then you develop intra neuronal ischemia And as you can see there's correlation as you increase papillodema grade you decrease the sensitivity of light perception and it incurs in a predictable pattern so 30% of patients will present with visual loss and typically it's seen first as an enlarged blind spot and Inferior or partial inferior are our cue at neurofibal boundary bundle defect and this progresses through five different grades to almost complete vision loss So optic nerve sheath fenestration so this technique was first reported by D. Wacker in 1890s or 1872 He did a blind slit in the optic nerve for neural retinitis on a patient but it was maybe more first proposed for increased intracranial pressure by Heyreyer or Heyre who performed lateral arbitotomies on Rhesus monkeys that he had and put a balloon inside there had inflated it to sort of change the intracranial pressure and he Saw that when he causes fenestrations The papillodema would go away and he stated that thus it seems highly probable that the edema is mechan mechanical in origin And so the indications for optic nerve sheath fenestration are impending progressive or profound visual field compromise or a moderate compromise with persistent edema despite maximal medical therapy and there's been numerous different surgical approaches Described for this technique. I'll show you or Dr. Patel walk us through one in just a second but What's important to remember is prior to doing these there's a couple independent prognosticators If the visual field defect is outside 10 degrees from fixation there predicts an improved outcome Whereas if surgery is done greater than six months from diagnosis that Predicts worse outcome The first three or four I think So that was the initial neurosurgery approach and then the media approaches the one that's currently used In a few years ago, we did this cadaver studies I've presented this before to you all know this Anatomical studies of distances angle safety optic nerve position super orbital fissure Important basket of structures, etc. The earlier part of this video. I have some and asked me drawings to show how complex the orbit gets They're based upon this we decided to approach this super immediately now We designed a small incision lateral approach that wasn't really well for a number of years But we kept on getting calls that the ciliary ganglion was getting primed if you're not careful You basically blow the pupil. So this is what brought us Thinking about a different approach and so this little Cartoon thing that I did shows my approach to the supra oblique medial Tenant capital tendon. That's essentially your your approach. It's amazing how much of a space there really is between them Super oblique 10 millimeter campus. There's a lateral approach with the level can talk to me And then there is a media approach There's another one which is very popular in Asia where they split the whole island And they go on the wolf of the orbit. So there's about six or seven approaches including the neurosurgical one. This is a sketch drawing of Two or three quick cases here You do it through eight or nine millimeters these days in the early days. I was using 1.5 centimeters You become a little bit better. It's time goes by a blood dissection The one very many vessels this will be your orbital fat component There are some superior branches of the supra or public vein, which you can separate bluntly This is a blood separation. It's a general surgical approach Operating the abdomen It works really well in terms of opening up Cornice septi without Terry. You will not get a bleeder in the orbit if you use a separation technique And that's my go-to technique in orbital symmetry. So here's the anatomy This bears some discussion of your really lovely surgical technique, but it shows all the relative anatomical landmarks So there's a lot going on in this very complicated super media for the orbit And if you pretend like you're going for the media rectus muscles I used to get lots of phone calls from people all over the world. I'm in the orbit I can't find the nerve and so I started telling them pretend you're going for the media rectus muscle If you do that the nerve shows up there. It is in all its glory. You get a nice 70 meter, 70 meter and a half Exposure that's just to show the the surgical approach as far as the fenestration goes. We've just finished developing a surgical punch It's in a trial phase right now It just makes this whole thing safer and easier.  We just had to design a different angle, a different cutting, because sclerar and the duro can carry different sort of degrees of thickness and tensile strength to cut This is a bit more primitive where you're cutting a larger window Pulling the sheath forward so you don't traumatize the nerve and you can get a very large portion of the sheath You can do it with headlight and lutes or you can use the microscope either way can pretty good Thank you, Dr. Tau. Yeah, so it's a great video to demonstrate the anatomy and the approach So We do optic nerve sheath fenestrations because it's been shown to improve visual acuity and visual fields So there's many case reports of doing this technique But there's no great prospective trials of surgical versus medical therapy nor other trials Prospectively unilateral versus bilateral optic nerve sheath fenestrations. We do see in this cohort of Studies that were greater than 25 patients. There are 74 percent increase or stabilization or improvement in visual acuity and 87 percent in visual fields So unilateral versus bilateral is a good question and there was a study published in 2011 at a University of Iowa that was a retrospective review and they took 78 patients and they that had optic nerve sheath fenestration 62 of which were bilateral and They massed observers and had them rate the prison score a grade at two weeks three months six and 12 months fall And what they basically saw is by doing a lino lateral They saw a decrease in both eyes initial pre-op prison score of three to point five For the operative eye and two to one for the non-op eye So it's slightly less decrease in the non operative eye But still a decrease whereas in the bilateral or patients They saw it equal for both eyes and they did see the visual acuity in fields improved at 12 months So the final question is a CSF shunting versus this fenestration So again, there's a lack of randomized controlled trials to guide this and it's very institutional and surgeon heavy or dependent Typically depends on severity of visual loss and the severity of symptoms But there's a good review looking at this and talked about optic nerve sheath fenestration Improves headaches in about half of patients and you see improvement in stabilization in the acuity in fields in Very high percentage is about 90 percent Whereas complication rates range from five to 45 percent and typically these are transient CSF shunting on the other hand, there's typically count comparing VP shunts to LP shunts and they have seen in retrospective reviews that there's not much difference as far as improvement of symptoms There is greater improvement of headache than visual symptoms But they shunting does not have a insignificant failure rate revision rate or infection rate up to 51% of patients in one study required re-shunting and 30% required multiple revisions over 10 years nor is it cheap So the incidence has gone up 350 percent But it costs about $12,000 and $10,000 to do a VP and LP shunt respectively So the trend right now is for optic nerve sheath fenestrations for visual loss in shunting for headaches Any questions Do you know how much So last December what I presented in Australia December called last We took a poll of all the advantage of Southeast Asia Australia is every certain shows up to your meeting So we had a zero percent uptake in December of 2014 We just did an internet survey and the uptake is 60% in Australia It's just a matter of teaching and showing the anatomy The commonest question I get is I'm in the orbit So we're cleaning up some of our videos Academy websites to show And then we're making the instruments easier. We've designed this thing Patel punch one two three Like Move it since helping me design some retractors that will allow us to get it to the orbit safely Yeah, so I had about four videos at the end of that and some of them are pretty impressive You can get as large a sheath You know as an aside the thing that's really made a difference. I mean, this is a good technique I'm proud of it. We've cut down the combinations and finished reviewing the last hundred cases We now remove intraocular retinal mastoma tumors So we now get a centimeter to two centimeters of optic nerve So touch wood today, we've never had tumor beyond the cut end of the optic nerve Which happens in about eight percent of cases around the world. So you condemn these children to radiation give authentic So it's a really exciting effect. We can use this approach They asked you a question is a big egress of fluid depending on how much fluid there is So we get another sound ahead of time for Judith and Kathleen asked me to do a demonstration Usually pretty impressive. Well, if you want to see it, I've got some videos Just as a quick follow-up, do you ever get persisted? Yeah And there's a lot of fluid What about late it's like late weekage Demonstrate official cases I See I can answer this without Without invoking any studies, but I've seen lots of movies post-ops And I don't think I've ever seen a new persistent period As a matter of fact, I've never seen any period organ Latina here's hardly even cruising but Weirdly you think all that fluid You think and yes No, I mean the patients asked well, where's the fluid go? You're I don't know, but it doesn't come out before forward. That's I've never seen a patient with any kind of So there is one study we do need to do prospectively That study presented about apple versus you To look and see what the effect is on the opposite after we do only one side we'll talk about that I'm not a little pro forma We can look at this. I talked to your previous fellow We never got anywhere There's a paper at the Academy last year. They talked about cystic Optic nerve sheets Collections after peristation as you know many things in plastic surgery are technically better. These people claim something like 40% 35% cystic Formations behind the globe after peristation, which implies Fibrous encapsulation with compression now as far as I know I've never seen that Who we have they actively gone and scan these patients looking for it. I think it would be ethical to scan them Unless you have a problem, so I don't think we've ever had that these people I'm claiming 35 or 40% I think that must be Many people do slits


You've definitely been hearing a lot about this country in the news lately, Ukraine. But today I want to show you a different side of this country here at the Dubai Expo. The Dubai Expo is a place where 192 countries in the world are coming together to show the best of their culture and nation. Each country has their own building called a pavilion, and today I'm taking you to the Ukrainian one. As you can see outside of the pavilion there's quite a long line. That is because so many of the people here are coming in support of Ukraine. Right now we are about to walk in. This is what it looks like inside. Here you can take a selfie with President Zelensky. If you continue forward you can see that there's a huge wall of solidarity with messages from all over the world. The message is very clear from visitors that they do not want war. From Syria to Serbia it really feels like the whole world has come here. Here at the Dubai Expo you get a passport like this that you can get stamped at every country's pavilion that you visit. This is the Ukrainian stamp, and you can even grab some Ukrainian themed bracelets, a flag, and a sticker. Not to mention many of the workers here are from Ukraine. You can get a real look at Ukrainian technology and see their vision for the future. Walking further into the pavilion you can see the show going on. There is a second floor to this pavilion. You can see this beautiful artwork lit up in the colors of the Ukrainian flag yellow and blue. This absolutely feels like a maze. I also came across this station where you can actually film a message of support to the Ukrainian people. Here at the Ukrainian pavilion you can really feel the international support for Ukraine during this time. Here at this pavilion I was not only able to see the beauty of the land of Ukraine, but also the beauty of its people. Well, that's it for now. Thanks for watching and we'll see you next time.


One of the most powerful options within Pratt concerns the analysis of spectrographic information. Let us illustrate this on the basis of one word which I will add to the object window by means of direct recording. I will choose new, record mono sound, select 22,050 Hz mono and I will record the word kiss. Let us listen to it, kiss. And let us give it the name kiss. Save to list at close will create a sound object with the name kiss. Now here I have my new sound object kiss and I can now apply the view and edit option. So what I will do first, I will zoom into the selection, view, zoom to selection. Now here I have my recording kiss, kiss, kiss. There we are. Now let us interpret this spectrogram. On the vertical axis we find the frequency, the default is a range from 0 to 5000 Hz. That is the standard analysis range for human speech. On the horizontal axis we find the time in seconds. The default maximum is 10 seconds but that is normally not needed because we want to inspect shorter sounds. If sounds are longer, we can either change the show analysis settings or we can zoom in as I have just done now. Well then we have the third dimension in spectrograms, the degree of darkening which displays the intensity of certain frequencies as a so-called, if you wish, third dimension. Let us change the intensity settings within a spectrogram first since this influences the visibility to a large extent. What we have to do is activate the menu option spectrum, spectrogram settings. And then let us change the dynamic range, that is the decibel value to a lower value. Let us take 30 decibels instead of 50 decibels, the default. And you see what is happening is that many additional soft noises are no longer displayed and now the formant frequencies are displayed more distinctively. If you click into the spectrogram, a red horizontal line appears and you can read off the frequency value on the vertical axis to the left. So here my cursor is at 2224 Hz. More details about the formants can be retrieved with a few settings. With the menu option formant, show formants, we can create an overlay of dots indicating the formant contours. Now if we just mark our vowel in kiss, we have a very interesting option to display the formant value, namely the option formant listing. And now you see the formant values of the selected portion in a text window from where you can either copy these values into other programs or you can save them into an external file. Now you see for example the vowel starts with an F1 value of 288 Hz, F2 is almost 2,000, F3 is 2,627 and the fourth formant if you need it has a value of 3,703 Hz. Another interesting option is the option pitch. And again with a few mouse clicks you can show the pitch analysis. Now this analysis displays a blue line, the movement of pitch. And the corresponding scale is displayed on the right hand side ranging from 75 Hz to 500 Hz, the default value of pitch analysis. Now normally pitch is associated, as it is here in this part, with the fundamental frequency, that is the vibration of the vocal folds. Sometimes the lowest part could also be something like this, but here of course we know there is no fundamental frequency involved at all. So this is just an analysis which we do not want to comment any further. Now if you click into the window, again a horizontal line appears and now you can read off the pitch of each of these points. However there is also another option which is quite similar to the formant option. If you mark a certain portion again and you want to list the pitch, well here you are. The pitch F0 ranges from 213 to 122, so clearly a falling voice. Let us finally make use of the picture window, which always shows up on program start, but is often closed manually for quick examinations. The picture window allows us to extract certain portions of the sound analysis and generate external graphics. For example we can convert the spectrogram into some sort of image. Now here is the menu option, Spectrum and then Paint Visible Spectrogram. And if we now say OK, then the picture window will open and you will see the spectrogram as an image, as a graphics, which you can now save. Let us say as a Pratt picture file or you can save it in this case as a Windows meta file, so into an external format, even as an encapsulated post script file. You can do the same with the formants. If you apply the menu option formant, draw visible formant contour, well this is what you get. And again you can save this as an external file or use it elsewhere.  Now these options are important options for sound analysis. For example the pitch analysis is very important for tone languages, for the analysis of intonation, formant frequency analysis is very important for the distinction of particular vowels. Let's say in sound shifts and the spectrographic analysis in the Pratt sound editor is the basis of all these options. In addition to these possibilities there are several possibilities of fine adjustment. For example try the spectrogram settings here and let's change these values and you see immediately the resolution of the spectrogram will change from a narrow band to a white band and vice versa. Or you can apply pitch settings and many more to evoke changes in the display. These fine adjustments cannot be dealt with in this clip but they should be applied whenever they are required.


Okay, so now let me start with the session So if you know the manual today's session is about there are two things that I'm going to cover one is the first one is odd one out Now what do we do in odd one out? so in odd one out What we will do is there would be few alphabets there would be few numbers It can be categorized into several parts. So it can be about numbers. I'll explain everything, please Focus it can be about alphabets. It can be about Alpha numero, I mean mixture of Alphabets and numbers it can be about words It can be about certain objects and Objects when I am talking it is both living and Non-living it can be about certain patterns So patterns when I'm talking about patterns can be Symbols patterns can be any geometrical pattern and likewise So what I'm trying to say over here is that if I have Any particular number series or I have any particular Alphabet series or alphanumerous series there would be four or suppose I have four options Or I have five options So here three options would be Similar here it will be four and one option would be Out of the category like for that matter I talk about cow ox buffalo Chicken and tell you which of the following is odd one out. So what should be your answer? Your answer should be What should be your answer can you type it? What should be the answer? Okay, so here what I can see is Here the answer would be chicken why because Most of you have given this answer chicken why because they all have four legs Here it has two legs or one particular logic will be they all come from same kind of Same type of animals and chicken is a bird. This is not an animal. So you can say anything possible over here. So Similarly, I'll keep on giving you few few Questions just focus on on this. So Let me just Take you to one sheet which is okay So before that I'm writing few few odd words. Just just focus on this the odd word is find the odd word here, which is Father second option is mother Third option is brother fourth option is friends If the option is sister So you have to find out odd word here Which one would be the odd word? Yes So friend is a right answer because father mother brother and sister. They are all blood relationships Friend is not a blood blood relationship. Hence the answer would be friend over here Let me go to the Other option and this one is a little bit of Find the odd word option a is water option B is jelly Option C is lemonade option B is milk and Option E is coffee Find the odd word here Yes, so most of you are giving me answer jelly jelly is the right answer. Why jelly is the right answer because water lemonade milk and coffee are liquids But jelly is not liquid is you can call it A semi-solid or something like that. So the third one is let me just remove it for you. The third one is Bear B is apple C is Guava B is Leachie and E is Orange Find the odd word here. A lot of people are giving me answer leachie Leachie is a wrong answer Leachie is a wrong answer think again on this question It's not about circular or cylindrical. It's not about shape Those who are giving me answer orange explain why orange Explain why orange? Why orange? It's not about pieces Only leachie is sorry only orange is a Citrus food here fruit here Orange is the right answer Now, let me give you another question find the odd odd one out These are the names of cities Kanpur Allahabad Varanasi and Mathura find the odd one out here Don't just give answers All are religious places There is no place which is not religious. You don't categorize places on the basis of religious not religious I am saying you don't categorize places on the basis of religious and non-religious Every city has few temples few masts few churches Kanpur has major river flowing By its side so As you have told Arjun as you have told The the relation is with river. Yes, the relation is with the river Allahabad is in UP all four four of them are in UP all four cities are very famous Kanpur has major river flowing by this. Okay. This is this question is related to geography and what is that? Yes, Vanessa that is that is right Vanisha that is right I'm sorry Vanisha that is right only Mathura is a city Where Ganga does not pass by Kanpur Allahabad and Varanasi are located on the banks of river Ganga Mathura is not located on banks of river Ganga. That's the that's the relation here hence odd one out would be Mathura Don't categorize cities on the behalf of religious non-religious city. You cannot Religious is a very subjective term next one is dagger hammer knife sword and blade What's the answer? Yes hammer is the right answer because hammer is a Use to knock something while knife shot blade and dagger is used to cut something it has something sharp Dagger knife shard and blade contains something very sharp to cut Something hammer is to knock something the odd one out is hammer Okay, next one is oyster clam calop muscle find it out Oyster is a wrong wrong answer It's a related to biology don't get into pulse and all It's related to biology Oyster is a wrong answer Those who are giving answer muscle tell me why muscle is the answer? Why muscle is the answer? Muscle muscle is also wrong answer. Well, that's wrong answer That's wrong answer Answer over here is slop Yes Saw me a wise collapse Why? Why that's the answer people who are writing it's close. Why that is the answer explain Yes, so answer is right with saw me has given They don't Stay in shells all other stay in cells oyster clam and missile is from by valve family of Organism what is by wall family by wall family first one? It does not have head and They stay in shells some or the other kind of shells Only a scale of it doesn't stay in cells. So no cells here. So that's why this is a Odd one out Now let me write the next and question sparrow swan Parrot quail Okay, why swan? Yes Swan is the only word which stays in water other wall other all other are non what non water birds So swan is a right answer It's a yes, yes, I understood The only water bird or aquatic in nature next one is anger platform bus stand few people are saying park Few people are saying hunger Platform is a right the wrong answer. Okay. Let me let me see what you guys are answering hunger is a wrong answer If you look at hunger platform dock bus stand all these four Places are some or the other transport medium And there is used to park aeroplanes platform is used to park trains Dock is for ships and bus stand is for bus So park is the only place which is not used for any transport medium. Hence the answer over here is Park so odd one out over here is park Next one, please write tulip bird and Daisy Was the answer Yes, but is the right answer because all others are flower, but is the only non flower object over here next one polar bear reindeer yak Silver Fox and leopard So as you all are saying leopard leopard is the right answer here because all these four are found in polar regions So they are animals found in polar regions to answer over here is leopard Okay, now, let me take you to the sheet Which I have selected for you so start solving the questions here Is the screen clear to all of you? Okay, first one is sharp Why it is sharp because All other are tall huge thin small these four are related to dimension Only sharp is not related to dimension. Hence the answer over here would be Sharp now, let me move to the second question. So what is that? What is the answer of second? Question so the answer for the second question is What is the answer for the second question? The second question is chicken snake swan crocodile frog The answer over here is chicken because all other state all other can stay in in water So all other are aquatic animals. This is not aquatic animals. So hence the answer is chicken the third answer Find it out Few people are saying very few people are saying eagle Try to understand cap Turban helmet and head hat all four cover the head Only this whale covers the face Hence the answer would be face here. Sorry way whale here What's the answer for question number four? Question number four. What's the answer? Eagle is the right answer. Why because all Eagle can fly none of them can fly all others cannot fly only even can fly hence eagle is the right answer question number five Question five is very easy Rick Veda Yes, your Veda a thorough Veda and some Veda are name of the fourth prominent Vedas of Hindu mythology I'll whether is not related to written scriptures I'll with eyes Practiced so hence the answer is I'll with our here God butter cream cheese all our dairy products Oil is not a dairy product hence answer is oil. So Question number six the answer is oil Okay, what's the answer? Those who are saying entrepreneur is is wrong Please give answer of the question Which is been discussed if question number seven is being discussed don't give answer of question number nine Because the post people who are giving answer to question number nine. I can find their names They are not they have not given answer of question number seven and eight So don't give answer of those questions which are not asked I'm just discussing question number seven Producer investor financier entrepreneurs, they all are Related to investing money somewhere they spend money producer investor financier and entrepreneurs They always spend money somewhere here or the other director is the person who directs who does not spend money Is someone related to creativity? So director over here is the right answer for question number seven Question number eight. What's the answer now? I'm discussing question number eight Why trifle those who are giving this answer why explain why any one of you? Yes in all other Except rifle in all other options try means something related to three trifle is a dessert It's something to eat. So it's a sweet dessert. You can it's it's edible Or in all other cases that the time in something related to number three Now, let's go to question number nine. What's the answer for question number nine? Question number nine the answer is calendar Your date month and they all are part of calendar. So they are related Calendar is the odd one out here question number 10 what's the answer why my sir? Yes, somebody wrote here my sir doesn't have port. That's the right answer So whether it is Mumbai coaching or Visakhapatnam, they are all coastal areas and there is There are ports located over there. Mysore is the only non-coastal area over there Hence no port in Mysore hence the answer is Mysore Now, let's go to question number 11 Yes question number 11 groundnut is the answer and Somebody has written rest are spices. That is also correct So cumin cinnamon paper cloth all our spices except groundnut. So answer is groundnut Question number 12. What's the answer? chocolate is not Not in liquid form chocolate is also solid Depending on the temperature somebody has written all others are begged items that is That is correct. So whether it is biscuit whether it is cake bread or pastry Why do we call it bakery because they all are baked products? So except chocolate all others are baked product hence chocolate would be the odd answer here So option is B question number 13 so question number 13 the answer is E stain. Why stain because sweep wipe scrub wash All these four methods are used for cleaning something for clearing something So sweeping wiping scrubbing washing our methods of cleaning Stain is not a method of cleaning stain means something. I mean which has to be cleaned So option over here is stain Now, let's go to option 14. What's the answer? Why trousers? Give me an option. I'm sorry. Give me an explanation. Why trousers in question number 14 Yes, that's that's right Trousers are one on the lower part of the body quote short West and sweaters are More on Upper part of the body. So that's why Trouser is a right answer here question mark 15 is easy here The answer would be Argentina because Asia of Africa Australia and Antarctica all are Continents Argentina is a country now. Let's go to question number 16. Let me take what answer you have given Question number 16 moon is the right answer because all others are planet question number 17 Question number 17. Most of you are giving me answer gloomy gloomy is the right answer because all others are Words to express happiness whether it is happy lively cheerful ecstatic everything is used to express happiness gloomy is the only word which is Related to sadness. So answer is gloomy here question number 18 Yes, corn is a right answer here because corn is the only 3d Figure over here. All others are 2d figures. So whether it is circle triangle rectangles rectangle square All other are 2d figures. But corn is the only 3d figure. That is why answer here would be phone Now let's go to question number 19 correct question number 19 answer is Markary because it is liquid at room temperature. Let's go to question number 20 Question number 20. I'm getting two answers bird and radar Those giving these two answers. Please let me know. Why are you giving these two answers? So for radar, I'm getting one explanation that radar is the only object over object given here which which is not A flying object which cannot fly by itself. Which sorry, which cannot fly answer is radar only here because All others are flying objects guide word jet rocket radar is Not something which flies. So that's the answer here question 21 Yes, palm is a right answer palm does not have any joint. So answer in question 21 would be option e palm question 22 Diver would be the right answer because diver is a profession under the water So doctor teacher engineer carpenter Would not be right here. So diver looks out to be most appropriate answer here question 23 Squash is a wrong answer squash cannot be the answer here Polo is the right answer because polo is the only sports which is Outdoor here all other chess ludo squash cards are indoor sports So I'll question 24 I'm getting so many answers here. Yes, june is the right answer those who are saying that june is the only month which has 30 days here is right So That's the correct answer. Okay. So the answer is june here. So I hope we practice This part of very properly now, let me go to the symbols before I go to the symbols Let me explain how it happens so In figures what happens is so What do you look if if a figure is given over here? You look at following characteristics You look at shape you look at size You look at pattern structure What is origin of it? You look at order you look at species grade style constituents All these things and if you look at all these things answer can be found out Like what happens in this kind of case is four to five figures would be found in in in one by one fashion And these kind of separations would be made So I'm making a circle here I'm making a line here. I'm making another line here I'm making another line here. I'm making another line here. I'm This is option a this is b. This is c This is d and this is e You have to tell me out of these five figures. Which one is odd one out? So what's your answer? Everyone is saying a a is a right answer. Why because this is this is a circle all other is a straight line Now let me make a figure So This is star Now this is option a this is b. This is c. This is d. This is e Now, let me know which among the following is Is the answer one Particular change I'll do here then then give me answer Somebody is saying a somebody is saying d Somebody is saying c shit is it saying d d d d in b those who are saying in b there is not there are non repeating things in b This circle is repeating D is a wrong answer Look at here in in in option c is right here because in all other options Only one particular thing is repeating like here. This is repeating In b the circle is repeating In d s is repeating And nothing else is repeating in e this equal to sign is repeating In c this cross is also repeating and this circle is also repeating So option would be c because there are two elements which are repeating each other Yeah, repeating itself. So hence Option c would be the odd one out here Let me draw one or two more diagrams here And these diagrams are What is the answer? Yes, e is the right answer here. Last one is the right answer because Two different figures are used Okay, so you are understanding these things Now let me go to The practice sheet solve the first question solve the first questions Okay, first question option e is right. Why because Here there are two kind of sticks here One is hollow and one is colored here Two colored and one hollow here three colored and two hollow here Four colored and three hollow Here two colored and one hollow here three colored and three hollow It means that number of two kinds of sticks over here are same And in all other number of sticks of the two different kinds are not same. Hence the answer would be e here Now let's go to option two Most of the answers which I'm getting for question number two is option a Option a is a right answer. Why because in all other figures, there is one particular element which is open Only in option a there are all Figures which are closed whether it is a triangle whether it is a rumbus whether it is a Hexagon pentagon, they are all closed figures in option b c d e There is one figure which is open. That's why the answer would be a here go to question three What's the answer? Three d is the right wrong answer three c people are writing three c why three c explained can somebody explain me Yes, nick hill has given me the right answer in in option c look at here in option c In option a this arrow is towards the left of this dot Here also the arrow is towards the left of the dot here also The arrow is towards the left of the dot here also but here The arrow is towards the right of the dot hence the option would be options c Tanis give me the right answer. Sorry question 4 we will solve, question 4 solve question 4 why be a lot of people have given me answer B why B explain B is the right answer B is the right answer why B can someone explain yes Taniska has given given the right option that bottom ends are not towards each other that's the look at here here everywhere bottom ends are towards each other only in B bottom ends are not towards each other hence the option would be B question number five question number five most of you are saying a is a right answer why because you look at here in in all other options here there is a circle so here is a shaded circle here there is a pentagon so here there is a shaded pentagon similar shapes have been shaded in inside the given figures here there is a square but rectangle has been painted here hence option a is a right answer question number six question number six most of you are saying a yes a is a right answer because you can you can look at it and you can see that whatever has been cut over here that has been painted on the other side here there is no such the reason the portion which has been cut that itself has been painted so option a is right answer question seven question seven a lot of yes I got the answer in question seven it would be option D because the shaded portions are on the same side of the line here they are on opposite side in all other figures they are on opposite side only in question seven D the shaded shaded portions are facing or shaded portions are on the same side of the line joining them so that's the answer go to question eight why it be why be explain how do you find out angle angle is not a criteria the difference of one gap between which two figures more tilted is also Vanisha what is not opposite to shaded area you look at this shaded portion and this lined portion they are not adjacent there is a line in between here also shaded portion and lined portion there is a line in between so this cannot be answered this cannot be answered shaded portion and lined portion there is a line in between this cannot be answered again shaded portion and lined portion there is a line in between when only this figure shaded portion and the line portion are adjacent to each other hence eight eighth answer is option B this brings me to the end of this particular topic now let's go to another sheet and this is about finding missing numbers now when I talk about finding missing numbers so let me explain you this particular topic this is this depends on only mathematical skills so what will happen few numbers would be added subtracted multiplied or divided square q whatever we discussed in the last time so those patterns you have to see if you look at those patterns you will find out the pattern over there let me give you let me start with a question so it is something like this look at here this is 16 this is 17 13 22 this is 68 second one is 32 5 49 81 and this is 167 so looking at these two patterns you have to find out this value which is 25 11 50 34 and you have to find out what I should fill in here give me the answer without what is it if you look at 68 you add all the numbers you add this how much you get you get 29 you add this how much you get 39 39 plus 29 is 68 then you add this how much you get 81 then you add this how much you get 86 you add this you get 167 it means that whatever numbers are written addition of that has been written in the circle so I'll add this this will give me 75 and I add this this will give me 45 now 75 plus 45 gives me 120 so I'll write 120 here now let me go to another question so let me make this for you so this is four two three six this is six three four eight this is 18 two this you have to find and this is 27 what's the answer how three explain me explain me how it is three can someone explain me how it is three two into nine is Anchita is telling me two into nine is 18 three into nine is 27 now that can be one one option but it can be done like that or it can be like this four into three divided by two is six so here it could be 18 into three divided by two is 27 so that's how you can write this is three so anything you can write nine into two is 18 and nine into three is 27 that is also correct so anything you can you can do like that now let me go to another particular question and this question is like this this in center I have 234 this is 2 this is 3 this is 4 this is 5 this is 6 this is 7 then in center I have 624 this is 8 this is 5 this is 9 this is 7 this is 6 this is 4 so in center what you will fill if 3 4 8 5 2 and 7 is there let's solve it what's the answer people are giving me answer 164 I'll just wait for other answers okay a lot of people are giving not a lot five six people have given me answer 164 I'm waiting for other answers okay not not more than that whatever numbers are above this is the midpoint number seven it above it are 234 multiply 234 what do you get you get 24 on the side you multiply numbers lower than this you what you get five into six into seven which is 30 into seven is equal to 210 you add both these numbers 20 24 plus 210 you get 234 again you multiply numbers here you get 6 into 5 into 4 is is is 120 and you get multiply numbers 9 into 8 into 7 which is 72 into 7 which gives you number 504 you add 504 and 120 you get what 624 so what I do to find out this middle number I'll multiply these numbers this gives me 7 into 3 into 4 which is 21 into 4 is 84 and this gives me 2 into 5 into 8 which is 10 into 8 is 80 now if I add numbers 84 plus 80 I get 164 that's my answer over here okay now let me go to another question the question is it's something like this just look at here and it's a good question it's taking a bit of time for me to make this but you will enjoy this question something like this so now let me go here and let me write the numbers this is four three seven five four eight five ten and this is 49 and this is 14 this is 22 you have to find this number this is 144 this is 225 what's the answer now 144 is the right answer here you look at here four plus three seven seven square four plus three seven seven square is 49 seven plus five is 12 12 square is 144 now you look at here 10 plus five is 15 15 square is 225 so here it is 8 plus 4 12 12 square over here would be 144 so answer is 144 now let me just give you another question and this question is all about triangles let me draw three triangles and the numbers given over here are this is 643 27 this is five three no once again just give me a moment this is five two three which is 13 this is 463 what would be the answer here okay and answer over here is you multiply these two and then add the number at the base so six into four plus three is 27 five into two plus three is 13 so four into three plus six would be 18 answer here is 18 so that's not a difficult question most of you have given me the answer all of you have given me the right answer now before i go to the sheet i would like to solve one more question and this is something like this three c is a wrong answer yes pravalika how five c five c is a right right answer here four plus five is nine coming here six plus two is eight coming here so here three plus two would be five and it would be c so it would be five c nothing else add both of them so it will be five c now once we are done with this let me move to the questions and the question is in front of you solve the questions here all the first question was the answer most of you are giving me answer 981 i don't know how you are giving me answer 981 can someone explain okay let me check if someone can explain 981 is a right answer so don't try for anything else look at here six square is equal to 36 and three square is equal to nine so it has been written as 369 two square is four five square is 25 it has been written 425 so i'll find out three square which is nine and nine square which is 81 so hit this answer would be 981 nothing else so answer is 981 here now let me go to another question solve question number two what's the answer people are saying 81 lot of people are saying 81 so four square is 16 no two square three square four square five square six square seven square eight square so it will be nine square 81 that's absolutely fine now let me move to question three just look at question three and try solving it was the answer here yes 14 is the right answer some of the two numbers written at the top divided by two gives me the right answer seven plus five 12 divided by two is six five plus 21 26 divided by two is 13 so 24 plus 228 divided by two would be option would be 14 option D solve question four was the answer a lot of people have given me answer 184 let me check so this question is best on the option of getting 16 square minus seven square which is equal to 256 minus 49 which is equal to 207 so something on the right square minus number on the left square will give you the answer here at the bottom so 12 square minus eight square is equal to 80 so 25 square minus 21 square it's 625 minus 441 so I have 49 here and then 59 here and then 25 on the other side I get 184 as my answer solve question number five what are you giving me as answer a lot of people are giving me answer six okay let others give me the answer okay so answer over here is six only 14 minus five is nine 12 minus five is seven 10 minus five is five 16 minus five is 11 so nine minus five is four seven minus five is two here five minus five is zero so it means that the next column is far I mean previous column minus five so 11 minus five would be how much it would be six so both a and b is answer two options given over here as six so both are your option question number six very straightforward question it is 13 17 into 13 is 13 into 17 is 221 12 into 19 is 228 so 13 into 18 would be 234 as simple as that so that's not a question we should be worrying about question number seven got it answer is 234 solve question number seven yes 26 is the right answer so two square plus four square is 23 square plus nine square is 90 one square plus five square would be 26 so that's the right answer solve question number eight after that we'll wrap up the session yes 41 is absolutely the right answer because five into three plus four is 19 seven into five 35 plus so here six into four 24 plus five is 29 it means that I am multiplying numbers on the two sides of the triangle and adding the number on the base seven into five is 35 35 plus six is 41 so that's the answer so I hope you understood everything I hope you understood everything which I have taught you today I will I will be sending this to you in a day or two so that's what from me for today and I hope you all have got TMH books whatever topic I am solving please solve a lot of questions from please solve a lot of questions from the reference book which I have suggested to you uh per week solving 30 40 50 questions from one topic so like 50 60 odd odd odd number questions and 40 50 number finding questions or finding missing number questions this week would help your cause so uh that's it from my side today if you have any doubt do let me know um uh send your queries to me uh I'll help you out so and if if if what happens sometimes you send me the uh doubt and I look at it and then I forget because I'm I'm in the middle of something and and that's why I'm unable to answer it it's not intentionally so if I'm not sending you the answer in a day or a two please remind me again so that I can I can solve it and send it back to you so thank you so much for joining the session and I hope you'll keep on solving questions on mat I hope I also hope that you are solving it daily as I suggested you last time so with this I wrap up the session for today thank you so much thanks