A fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hearty hyosilver, The Lone Ranger! Before this exciting adventure, a word from our sponsor. General Mills, makers of Cheerios, the ready-to-eat oat cereal that gives you go-power, and wheaties, the breakfast of champions, present by special recording, The Lone Ranger! All over the country, in every direction, how you, how you do it is a question, and here once a happy, happy people have to say, Wheaties, let's do, do, do, and okay, okay. This is The Lone Ranger telling you that the mighty popular call out here in the west. At roundup time, you'll hear it on many a ranch at the first streaks of dawn, and you should see those long-legged cowboys roll out of the blankets and head for the chuck wagon. They've got a full back-breaking day in the saddle ahead of them, and they know what they need, a good, substantial breakfast, one that will stick to their ribs and really keep them feeling and doing okay. Take a tip from the folks out west. With his faithful Indian companion, Toto, the daring and resourceful mask rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse, Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again. When the Lone Ranger returned to his camp after a visit with a warden of the state penitentiary, he showed Toto the picture of a bearded cowboy. This man died in prison the other night, but before he died he made a full confession. You've heard of the tarantula, of course. Ah, him worst outlaw in New Mexico territory. This fellow, not him. No. This man's name was Tex Rafferty, but there's a connection. About three months ago he took part in a hold up with three of the tarantula's men. He double crossed them.  The tarantula swarmed yet even. That gives me an idea. What do you mean? Said he's pictured, Toto. Could you make me look like him? Maybe so. You have to grow beard. I'll have plenty of time to grow one on the way to the territory. That's right. And this dangerous thing you try, Kimusavi. The tarantula's making life dangerous for everyone in the Southwest.  The Lone Ranger's beard was grown by the time they reached the territory. And Toto worked a miracle of transformation in his appearance. And what you do now? They'll travel south slowly. I'll let myself be seen in every town we pass through. The next move is up to the tarantula. The following day the Lone Ranger rode into town for supplies as Toto made camp on a wooded ridge above a winding creek. When the Lone Ranger returned from town, he found Toto washing out a pan of gravel on the shores of the stream. Prospecting Toto? Ah, you look. Why, there are at least two houses there. All right. Lenty good. Kimusavi says, you see two men ride up. One of them find Nugget, then them wash out gravel, find more gold. They've made a strike. But this land not belong to them. Them cowboys. Bar G brand on horses. That ranch to North. I wonder who the land does belong to. Them say, Colonel. But them go to boss a bar G and tell him to buy homestead for $200. Then try cheat, Colonel. I see. How long ago did they leave here? Maybe half hour. Don't worry. We won't let the Colonel be cheated. I'll tell him how valuable his land is. And I think we'll stay in this district for a while, Toto. Ah. The news of a gold strike might attract the tarantula. Colonel Ashland had lost everything during the war, and so he had come west with his grandson Teddy, whom he called the Corporal, and Sergeant Crosby, who had been his orderly. When they first settled on the homestead, the Colonel and the Sergeant had marked out the outlines of a cabin and then had dug down in the ground for three feet. Around the excavation, they had built three-foot walls of sod and roofed the cabin with timbers and morsod. Since then, they had built a small barn and stables, but it made no move toward replacing the sod dugout with a more substantial building. As Mike Grady, the owner of the bar gate, grew rain in front of the door, his lips curled and scorned. He threw back the heavy canvas that covered the doorway. Anybody home? Mr. Grady. Yes, indeed, Jack. The Corporal and the Sergeant are out in the barn, and as you see, they're preparing our evening repast. Come in, sir. Oh, I intend to. I have a proposition, Colonel. I'd like to buy you 40 acres. Really, Mr. Grady? Well, I don't wish to sell. As a matter of fact, I'm not in any position to sell. One must homestead for five years, you know. I don't get the deed to the land for another two weeks. I promise to sell will be good enough. I've grown enough to pay for the day. I'm not interested, sir. Well, let me finish. I'll give you $200. That's hardly generous. What's more, I'll give you six mares, blooded stock. You can pick them out for yourself. Six mares. The chestnut with the blaze, the black. Any six you choose. Well, that is handsome, sir. I thought it might appeal to you. All you have to do is sign. Colonel, is that the smartphone horse you ever saw? What's he, Scoper? Run along, Teddy. The Colonel's seen my horse. Oh, I'm not talking about that wall I brought for yours, Mr. Crazy. What? This is a real horse. And who's he? He belongs to a big Texan who just rode up. Come on, Colonel. Here's the pen, Colonel. Come on. As you were, Corporal. You can be court-martialed for laying hands on your superior officer. Will you see him? There. Magnificent, Corporal. I told you. I'm concessioning, sir. I don't believe I've had the honor. Just call me Tex, Colonel. This is a magnificent animal. There's something about his head that reminds me of General Lee's famous traveler. Your horse is much larger, of course. Beautiful conformation. What can I do for you, Tex? Well, sir, I have a guilty conscience. I've been trespassing on your land. Trespassing? I was warlin' silver down at the creek. That's perfectly all right, sir. And the gravel on the bank interested me. I washed out some of it. This gold dust belongs to you. Gold dust? Let me see. Yeah, I'll ready, Tex. You can see for yourself in his bandana. Gold dust? From our creek? Naturally, it belongs to you, Colonel. So I just thought I'd hand it over and be on my way.   And you, Mr. Grady, are the greatest scoundrel. Yeah? Your last remark, sir, convinces me that you knew there was gold in Rocky Crick when you tried to buy my property. You'd have sold two of this cowpoke hadn't come along. You're lucky, Colonel.   Steady thought.  Well, Tex, this gold dust belongs to you, of course. But I can hardly believe it. Well, I'd like to stay around here for a little while. You're welcome, Tex.   He may have to be taught that honesty is the best policy. Ruth and Al were waiting for Mike when he returned to the bar G ranch. Oh, oh, oh! How's it going, boss? Is he signed? Oh, he's here, boy. Come on inside. Anybody see you two down at the creek when you found the nugget? How? You sure? Absolutely, boss. Well, then it was just bad luck. But what was? I was ready to close the deal. Six mayors finished it. I dipped the pen in the ink and was holding it out to the colonel and died. What are you doing with that book you took out of the desk, boss? Looking up the homestead law. No chance of buying the land cheap now. May not have to buy it. That's the way I thought the law read. Land must be lived on and worked for five years for the homestead. It gets tight. Well, you knew that. Homestead rights cannot be assigned or bequeued. In case of death, the land reverts to the public domain. That's what I thought. Boys, it's two weeks before the colonel gets his title. And if he should die before the two weeks are up, well, we'll be the first to know it. I'll file my claim to the land as soon as he's dead. We'll continue our lone ranger adventure in just a moment. Cowboy Tom is a boy of six. He knows all kinds of cowboy tricks. He can rope a steer because he knows. He's got go power from Cheerios. Yes, he's got go power. There he goes. He's feeling his Cheerios. Cheerios. Cheerios. You bet Cheerios, the old cereal that needs no cooking. Every delicious spoonful of Cheerios and milk is real muscle building food. Each spoonful contains vitamins, minerals, and proteins your body needs. Yes, the good things in a Cheerios breakfast do good things for your body. Help you have healthy nerves, good red blood, strong bones, and muscles. And besides giving you go power, Cheerios is downright wonderful tasting. That toasted old flavor is really something. And when you add milk and your favorite fruit, say some sliced bananas, you're in for a delicious breakfast treat. Get the whole family off to a good start every morning with Cheerios. Then you'll hear people say, He's feeling his Cheerios. Now to continue. After Mike Grady's unsuccessful attempt to buy the Colonel's homestead, the Lone Ranger stayed on and showed the Colonel, the Sergeant, and the Corporal how to pan gold. Farming was forgotten. And each day as they added to their store of dust, they dreamed of a ranch. Each night they went to bed as soon as supper had been eaten. The Colonel in the dugout, the Sergeant and the Corporal in the barn, and the Lone Ranger, used to sleeping in the open, spread his blankets on the low ridge between the farm buildings and the creek. A week passed. It was the dark of the moon, and shortly after midnight, Silver whinnied sharply. The Lone Ranger stirred, but didn't wake. Silver trotted to his side, lowered his head, and pushed him gently with his nose. What is it, Silver? Silver was looking toward the barn. There was only the light of the stars, but the Lone Ranger could make out two shadowy figures. He pulled on his boots and started down the slope. The figures were heading for the dugout now. Who's there? Before the Lone Ranger reached the bottom of the slope, the two men had disappeared around the barn, and he heard their horses galloping away. During the next week, the Lone Ranger and Tuttle watched the bar gee night and day. Whenever Grady or any of his men headed south toward the Colonel's homestead, they were followed, but none of them went beyond the fence that separated the two properties. Then at dusk on the day before the Colonel would obtain clear title to his land, there was a change in the weather. Purple clouds blotted out the setting sun and spread across the sky. Darkness descended on the rangeland, and thunder rumbled in the west. It began to rain, and the Lone Ranger and Tuttle put on their slickers as they rode close to the bar gee ranch buildings. They stopped close to the corral and watched the blurred lights in the ranch house and the bunk house, listening for any sound. An hour passed. Three men came out of the ranch house. They went to the corral and saddled up. They rode to the south, and the Lone Ranger and Tuttle followed them. The cattle on the south range were milling made spooky by the storm. Mike, Roof and Al rode through the herd and on to the fence. First we pulled down a section of the fence, then we drive the herd through the break and stampede them across the Colonel's land, driving between the barn and the stables, and on to the soft dugout. On and over it. We'll smash it to the ground. With the Colonel inside. Yeah. Won't take much to make these fit his stampede. But after they get moving, we'll have a tough time controlling them. I only got one good arm. Roof and I'll ride the point, Al. All you have to do is keep them on the front. Yeah.  Tear down this section of fence here. As the ring poured down on them, the three men wrenched loose the rails of the fence until there was a sizable break. Then they remounted it and started to round up the herd. Finally, Mike gave the signal. And they drove the cattle toward the opening of the fence. The years terrifying by the thunder and the belching six guns of the men began to run faster and faster. They poured through the break in the fence and out of the Colonel's property. Mike and Roof rode close to the leaders. Even headed straight, driving through the opening between the barn and the stable. Right. When the Colonel's farm buildings loomed ahead, the old mosshorn in the front of the herd tried to turn aside. Roof and Mike refused to let him. Then he saw the open space between the barn and the stables and ran toward it. He thundered past the buildings. A little way beyond the ground rose sharply. A three foot bank, the wall of the salt dugout. The mosshorn scrambled up it and the stairs directly behind him followed blindly. The timbers of the roof clapped beneath their weight and they bawled in terror as the footing gave way. But a second later they recovered themselves and charged on and up onto what was now only a hole in the ground. It was still raining the next morning when Roof and Al pulled up in the woods to the east of the Colonel's barn and stables. Hey Al, who's that coming out of the barn? Where? Climbing into the Surrey. Tex, probably. It is in Tex. It's a Colonel. What? You're right, he's alive. Well how? He couldn't have been in the sod house last night. He gets to town. Silas will hand him the deed. The land will be here. We gotta stop him. There they go. There's only Sarge and the boy with him. That curve in the trail beyond the creek. Come on. Get it, get it, get it. That was at seven o'clock. At nine, Silas Jones, the land commissioner, strolled down the main street of the town and found Mike Grady waiting for him on the steps of the land office. Good morning, Mike. Keep bankers' hours, don't you? Just thought I'd wait for the rain to stop. What's on your mind? Want to file a homestead claim. You do? Yep. Where's the forms I have to fill out? Right here, but Mike, the man has to live on homestead land. He has to build, man. I know the law, just give me the forms. Here you are. Later, the lone ranger stepped out of the sheriff's office. Tonto was waiting for him, standing beside Silver and Scout. You must help me. Yes. Grady at the land office. Good for the sheriff's law. Grady's at the land office, Sheriff. Let's go after him, Tex. When the sheriff and the lone ranger entered the land office, Silas was inspecting Mike Grady's application for the land office. You made a mistake. That's right. The land you described here belongs to the colonel. I've got the deed to it all made out. He's calling for it today. You're wrong. Hello, Sheriff. Hello, Tex. Howdy. Howdy, Silas. You come here to see me? I know. The colonel's a little busy, Silas. He asked me to pick up the deed for his land. Won't you give it to him, Silas? I can't. The colonel must pick it up in person, Tex. And that's impossible. Isn't it? Why is it impossible? Did the colonel sleep in this side house last night? Yes, he did. That's why. You'd better explain, I intend to, to the sheriff. Well? Well, it was a terrible thing, Sheriff. I heard the musteers got spooky last night during the storm. They broke through the fence and stamped it across the colonel's land. We tried to turn him aside, but we couldn't. They crushed the colonel's side house right down into the ground. I don't know what to do with him. They crushed the colonel's side house right down into the ground and him inside it. You know how it was built. The walls made a sod only a few feet above the level of the ground. Charlie was awful.  My ride isn't it? He died last night at 10 o'clock. The land wasn't his until today. There's my application filing. Tell the sheriff why you want the land. That's my business. Why? Why, there's no question of murder. You can't accuse me of that. Rufanel testified of what happened. I already have that testimony.  He must have. He watched the stampede from the high ground above the creek. He slept in the sod house. Tech saw you heard coming and got him out of there in time. This morning the colonel started out for town with the sergeant and the corporal. They were ambushed on the way. By your men, Rufanel. Now look, I don't know anything about it. I killed the colonel. Look out the window, Mike. Colonel Surin. The sergeant, the corporal and the colonel. Then they didn't... No, Mike. It didn't let me finish. The ambush wasn't a success. When Rufanel stopped the Surin, Tex and an Indian friend of his closed in from behind and took him prisoner. Rufanel are in jail. But they got no orders from me. Not today, perhaps. But according to their testimony, I'll put you in the cell next to them. You can argue it out through the bars. Good morning, colonel. If you'll stand aside please, I'm taking Mike to jail. Get moving now. It's all over. Here's colonel. We delivered Rufanel to the chef and they made a full confession. Trying to put all the blame on Mike, of course. Time to murder you, colonel. For gold, Tex said. There's gold on your land? I'll write over here and I'll give you the paper that says it all belongs to you. I'll be saying goodbye, colonel. I wish you would stay and share our good fortune, Tex. Please, Tex. No, Teddy. Toler's waiting for me and it's time that we were on our way. Let me shake hands with you, colonel. I am deeply indebted to you. And Teddy. Gosh, Tex. Sorry. Goodbye. Goodbye and good luck. Goodbye. Goodbye. Over here, colonel. Why wouldn't Tex stay with us, Garge? It's hard to figure out unless... No, that can't be right. What can't? Tex is just a cowboy who likes to keep on the move. He does call his horse Silver and from the way he's helped us out. It's a crazy idea. Who? What is it? You can go ahead and laugh, Corporal. But I was thinking that if Tex wore a mask, why... why I'd swear he was the Lone Ranger. Lone Ranger, a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated, is produced by Tremble Campbell Muir Incorporated. A part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer, your announcer, Fred Foy. Listen to the Lone Ranger brought to you by Special Recording Mondays through Fridays at this same time.


Γεια σας, είναι Vicky εδώ και θέλω να σας ευχαριστώ. Τώρα, μετά έγινε για να κάνω αυτή την 1-kid 10-card βίντεο, γιατί εγώ έγινε πολύ χρήμα από το βιβλόγι, για να χρειαζόμαστε χρήμα με οικογένειες φίλες, αλλά τώρα είμαι έτσι στο σχέδιο μου, για να ξεκινήσουμε από να κάνουμε ένα κομμάτιο δημιουργία για να παρακολουθήσουμε το γένωρο card-kit. Θα φέρνεις ένα σχεδό σπίτι, σε αυτό το κουμμό. ίσως κάποιες εξογέντες, ότι είναι πολύς αφίτας της νελος, βλέπεις ένα σχέδιο σπίτι από ένα κομμάτιο δημιουργία, αυτό για να χρειαζόμαστε τα εξογέντες, και χρειαζόμαστε να το κάνετε χρήμα, για να είναι αμιλή. Και είπα να χρησιμοποιήσεις. Θα έρθουν 2 εξογέντες, ένα για λιγό και ένα για λιγό γädι. Και αυτά είναι εγκρατές για να εμπορήσουν, γιατί θα το χρειαζόμαστε χρήματος. Απίσης έχετε κάποιες παρακολουθήκες, Αυτές είναι ουθέντικοι και έχετε τρεις διαφορετικές κόρδες της καρδιάς. Οπότε επίσης θέλω να κρατήσω 10 καρδιά από τη μου κοίτα, θα πω 2 more από τη μου καρδιά μου και θα τα καρδιάζω μπροστά. Φωθούνται, όχι όπως θα τα κάνω και θα ξεκινήσουμε με την πρώτη καρδιά μου. Για την πρώτη καρδιά μου θα πω για τα όμως, θα σταμπω ένα σνωφλίκ στο καρδιάς της καρδιάς. Μπορείτε να δείτε ότι χρησιμοποιηθώ με αυτή η δύο πρώτη καρδιά που έχω δει από τη μου καρδιά. Θα σταμπω ένα σνωφλίκ. Αυτό είναι το πιο σνωφλίκ στο καρδιάς, με πολύ σαμαρκή. Και τώρα θα εμποθώ. Έχω απαθεί το βασικό εμποθήμα μου από νουβό. Και τώρα θα χρησιμοποιήσω το σνωφλίκ και το στήρας. Όπως θα χρησιμοποιηθώ με όλα τα 10 καρδιά, θα πω να πω αρκετή. Αυτό was a quite a challenge for me because I had to create 10 different cards by using snowflakes. But I made it and you are going to see that the more you create, the more ideas come. And even if you have to create 10 cards using just snowflake stamps, you will gonna make it at the end.  This is from a Simon's stamp older die set. Of course you can go ahead and stamp any of the sentiments that are included in the stamp set. I am going to stick everything down. But before I want to stamp the word happy.  So that I can place the word happy that comes from the stamp set in the kit. And I am going to apply my VersaMarking, stamp it and then apply my embossing powder. Of course I am going to use the exact same white embossing powder as I did for the snowflake.  Once I have all my sentiments there, I am going to embellish my card just a little bit more to add some shine. So I have chosen two different snowflakes from the sequin pack in the kit. I am going to stick one down. And I have used glossy accents for that.  So this is going to create an interesting element at the center of my snowflake. And to add more shimmer and shine on my snowflake I am going to use my Nouveau crystal drops. I am going to add some dots with the blue as well as with the white. And here is a closer look of what I am doing. I am just filling in some of those dots that are already drawn on the snowflake. And that completes the first card. Quick and simple. For the second card I am using this patterned paper and I am going to combine two different dies that I had in my stash. So the one is going to cut out a rectangle that is slightly smaller than a standard card. And on the inside I am going to cut out a window with snowflakes. So I have passed it through my die cutting machine. And you can see the frame that I end up having as well as the little window. I am going to separate all those pieces very carefully because it is very delicate. And I am going to create a shaker card out of this. So I am adding some tape adhesive at the back of my frame. I am going to cover it up at the back with this piece of acetate. And you can see that I can flip this die cut so I don't have a waist at all. And stick it on top of the acetate. You can use either side. I just decided that the white side is even better because it gives a nice contrast against the blue background. So I am using my new glue pen at the back. And then I am going to stick it directly on top of the window. And although I didn't use a stamp from the stamp set I ended up having snowflakes again on this card. You will see that at the end I will have 10 cards with snowflakes. And the funny thing is that today it's snowing outside. We are experiencing very low temperatures in Greece although that's not very common here. But it was the perfect day to create snowflake cards. Since I can see snowflakes falling outside the window. And for my window here I didn't actually use the sequin mix that was included in the kit. Instead I used some other sequins that I had in my stash. But you can of course go ahead and use what's in the kit. And since there are so many things going on on the front of the card I decided to stamp the sentiment on the inside. So I am going to use the snowmatch things on the inside and I am going to stamp it with the shimmer ink. The Delicata white shimmer ink that was included in the kit. Tap the ink pad on your stamp and stamp it one sort wise to get a nice impression. That's why I used my misty there. So my card is finished. For my third card I am going to create again a window card but this time without the secure elements. So first of all I am going to place this pattern paper on top of my cardstock. I am temporarily securing that. And then I chose three different snowflakes to place on top. Now for each of those snowflakes I tried to find different dies that match them perfectly. So I am securing the dies on top of my cardstock. Make sure that you have the flap open of the card. You don't want to cut the window all through the back of your card base. I am running it through my physics machine and I am going to end up with three little windows that are cut out at the exact same position on my cardstock as well as on my pattern paper. So now that I have both those pieces the idea is to sandwich the parchment paper in between those layers and so I am going to make a mark with my pencil where those windows are going to fall so that I can stamp the snowflakes. I am going to place my parchment paper on my misty then place the snowflakes where they fit on top and then I am going to stamp everything with my VersaMark ink pad and then I am going to apply embossing powder but instead of using white embossing powder this is vanilla and that's because my pattern paper is in vanilla colours and I don't want those snowflakes to be very vibrant. So I am using my heat gun to melt the powder and my snowflakes are ready. I now need to make sure that I erase all those pencil lines and I can sandwich that parchment paper between the other layers. I am going to use some tape adhesive at the back and you will see that once I stick that parchment paper on top it's going to look beautiful as it is but of course you can still see the tape in between so you really need to cover this up somehow and the trick is to add some pattern paper on top. I have added some foam tape at the back of this pattern paper so I get a erased effect and my card is pretty much finished all that's left to do is to add the sentiment. Now I created a little label for the sentiment out of black cardstock and you can see that I am cutting out a fishtail and one end and the sentiment says missing you I decided to go with this sentiment but you can pretty much stamp whatever you have on hand or you can go with the sentiments that are on the stamp set. I think that the black gives a nice contrast against all the background and to finish it off I am going to use some gems at the center of those snowflakes. A really beautiful card and I love how the windows are looking beautiful even from the inside. So let's move on to the next card. So for this card I have cut out a panel out of the pink pattern paper and I am going to combine it with the grey cardstock and that's one of those card bases that I have added from my stash. I think that pink with grey go perfectly together. So as you can see I am going to cut out a window only out of the pattern paper and then I am going to see where that window falls on my card base and then again I am going to stamp the snowflake and that's the biggest snowflake from the stamp set again a beautiful one. I am going to stamp it with VersaMarking and then apply some embossing powder. The embossing powder that I decided to work with was pink just because it matches perfectly the pink on the pattern paper. And I also have to say that using the misty for stamping all those snowflakes was great. It made my work easier because they are so detailed and it's really hard to get a great impression at the first time. So I always had to stamp one twice or even three times to get all those beautiful details. My sentiment says I choose angels it's a sentiment from the stamp set and I have cut out the label using my favorite things labels. I am going to stick that at the front by using some foam tape at the back and actually this is a part of a bigger sentiment but I decided to stamp the smaller one on the front and although it doesn't really make sense they have to open up the cart and read what's inside. I am going to stick that panel or my cart base by using foam tape at the back and I just had to empalse my snowflake a little bit more by adding some pink gems that I had in my stash forever so it's a great way to use them. I am going to add the gems all around the snowflake as well as at the center and on the inside I am going to stamp the rest of the sentiment that says when it snows you have two choices shovel or make snow angels so in the front it writes I choose angels and you understand what that means when you open up the cart. For the fifth cart I am going to do some coloring so first of all I am going to stamp the sentiment and then I am going to surround it with snowflakes I am using my memento toxido black ink to stamp everything because I will be using my alcohol markers to color the snowflakes So I am going to make an arrangement of snowflakes all around the sentiment coming from one corner of the cartstock all the way through the other side and once I am happy with the placement I am going to stamp them down Now you can see that I didn't get a good impression from the beauty of using a misti because I can stamp them again and again to get all that detail of the snowflakes For coloring the snowflakes I am going to use my spectrum noir markers these are alcohol markers and you can see which colors I am using on screen So I am using TB1, TB2 and TB3 and these match perfectly the color of my cartstock that I am going to use as a cart base that I have created from one of the cartstock that was included in the kit and I am going to cut down this panel that I have created to be slightly smaller than the standard cart so I have a nice border and as you can see I managed to stick the panel upside down but I hadn't pressed it so I have the ability to peel it off and stick it back again properly Now I am going to add some glitter on top of those snowflakes and I am using my Nuvo drops for that and I am also going to add drops outside the snowflakes just for some added interest I don't know if you can see the dimension or the shine from those Nuvo glitter drops but they are really beautiful in real life For this cart I have cut out this patterned paper and I am going to use this die that cuts out a snowflake and I am going to create a shaker cart out of this so I am adding some tape adhesive at the back I am going to stick on top some acetate to create my window I have created a border out of foam tape and now I am adding the snowflakes on the inside these come from the sequin mix that was included in the kit and finally I am going to use this scrap of patterned paper that is a scrap from a previous cart that I made and I am going to stamp there the sentiment For the sentiment I am going with snow match things so I am stamping it on the border of that patterned paper so you see I am making the most out of my scraps and then I am going to cut out this border and actually I use this border because the color of it matches perfectly the color of the patterned paper and now I am also going to cut out a strip of paper from the rest of that scrap to match my sentiment So this is slightly larger than the white one I am going to stick that on top and this way I created my sentiment I am going to cut it in size and stick it at the bottom of my cart So for this cart I am using the technique that I used before to create that window with parchment paper so I am securing the patterned paper to the cart base Temporarily I am making sure that the flap is open and I am going to use this rectangle tie to cut out a window out of both those papers the cart stock and the patterned paper So now I am working on a piece of this parchment paper that was included in the kit I am going to place the sentiment and for this cart I went with snow match things and I am going to surround or to be the snowflakes I am going to place snowflakes all around and then stamp everything with my VersaMark ink I am planning to emboss everything with my white embossing powder So once I was happy with all the stamping and the snowflakes that I had on my paper I am going to apply the embossing powder and hit set everything Now to make sure that this parchment paper is going to stick nicely on my frame I am adding some strong tape adhesive all around that frame I am going to peel it off and stick the parchment paper and then I am going to sound with that with the frame that I have already cut out from my patterned paper Now the cart is looking nice as it is but I can see the tape through that parchment paper So this frame is going to cover up everything and it is going to look nice, neat and finished So for this cart I am going to stamp with those 4 different shades of blue I am using one snowflake and I am going to create a border on one side of the cart stock So I am using my misty here I am going to stamp 2 eyes to get a nice impression and I am going to clean my stamp with the shami that was included in the kit I am going to slide the cart ink up the snowflake again and repeat the same process until I have 4 different snowflakes one under the other You notice I am stamping from the lighter to the darker color So this way I am creating kind of an ombre look So I am going to stamp the last one with the darker of the colors and my border is ready Now to embellish it even more I am going to use this strip of tape on one side of the paper I am trying to make sure that I stick everything down nice and straight I am going to use my scissors to cut off the excess tape and now I am going to glue it off and apply some glitter The glitter that I am going to use is by Nouveau and it's the fine glitter which is going to stick nicely on top of this tape and if you rub it with your bone folder it's not going to go anywhere So I have a nice shine on my cart and now for the center of the snowflakes I decided to go with those 3 different Nouveau drops that match perfectly the colors that I have used So I am going to add a dot at the centers which is going to add another touch of glitter on my cart and now finally it's time to add the sentiment For the sentiment I have cut out the word hello and I have run it through my Xyron sticker maker and I made sure to apply the sticker side on top of the word hello and not at the back This way I am going to turn the front into a sticker side and this way I can apply the glitter so that it matches the side of my cart With my glue pen I am adding some glue at the back of my die cut and now I can stick it on top of my cart and this is going to finish off this cart So let's move on to the next one Now for this cart I am working directly on the pink cart and I have created a cluster of snowflakes which I am stamping again with my VersaMarking on top of my cart base and then I am going to white emboss them I have applied my white embossing powder I am using my heat gun to melt the powder and I have already prepared the panel for the bottom of my cart So I have used these dies by Simon Says Stamp to create this scalloped edge Now this has enough space for me to stamp the sentiment Again I am going with one from the stamp set and this is Tiny Bikini which is a dye ink by Simon Says Stamp So once I am happy with the impression that I have I am going to stick that on top of my cart by using some foam squares at the back and just like I did with the rest of the snowflakes on the cart that I made today I am going to embellish them by adding some gems and this is going to finish off this cart Now for the last cart I am going with a quick and easy design So on this banner that I have already prepared I am going to stamp the snowflake in pink color to match the last cart stock that I have asked my cart base I am going to stamp the word Hello from the stamp set as the sentiment and then at the top of this banner I am going to add two eyelets in pink color again So I am using my cropped dial there to set them and through those eyelets I am planning to thread through some ribbon so I looked through my stash and I found some satin pink ribbon that matches nicely the color of my stamp and sentiment and I am going to secure that at the back I am adding some foam tape so that I can stick this banner on top of my cart base With the same ribbon I am going to make a tiny little bow which I am going to stick with some glute on top of the ribbon that I have already thread through the banner and just like with all the rest of the carts I cannot leave the center plane so I am adding that gemstone at the center and I am going to spread all around the background some of the white snowflakes that I had from that sequin mix So I am just trying to find out these that are a little bit of a pearlescent and I am going to stick them down with glossia accents and this is the final cart and now let's take a quick look on all the 10 carts that I have created today all 10 of them feature snowflakes on top So these were all the carts for today now let's take a quick look on what's left on the kit so I do have the ink pattern the shami I do have more snowflakes I have some scraps of paper 3 whole 6x6 pattern papers I do have a little pieces from those parchment papers and of course the stamp set So these were the carts for today I hope you had fun and got inspired and if you did don't forget to leave me a comment as well as give me thumbs up on my youtube channel Thank you all for watching


Without further ado, we have Schneider here talking about GR iridium. So please give him a warm welcome. Hi everyone This talk will be about GR iridium our new radio out-of-tree toolkit to receive stuff from iridium And just maybe quickly about me. So I'm from Munich with the CCC there for now over 10 years have done first blinky things and then more Electronic embedded stuff the badges for the camps was involved there and around four years ago Started to look together a sec also someone from the Munich CCC into iridium This talk will be as mentioned mainly about the out-of-tree module. So it will be rather technical and more about signal processing part and how to effectively do this on a Not that modern machine anymore. If you're interested in how does iridium work? What kind of data can you see there? How to use the tools and everything I suggest looking at these two talks. We especially the last one from the 11th Hope Gives a good overview over the whole tool chain because the tool chain doesn't exist out of Doesn't only consist out of GR iridium. That's also the iridium toolkit written in python Which is mainly there to make sense of the receive data So quick introduction to iridium. It has been up there for now almost 20 years I guess a few satellites are up 20 years already it provides a number of different services data voice SMS pagers Short burst data which is more for machine-to-machine communication and lots of things You couldn't even count all of them at least I can't it has 66 logical satellites especially the older satellites they sometimes Teamed them up. So you'd have two satellites moving along close to each other and both of them slightly defective, but You put them together they make up for that and then you have like still one satellite It looks like one satellite to the receivers They are at the moment in the process of replacing all of these satellites with the iridium next satellites because these have reached the end of their lifetime and So iridium is there to stay and still probably for many years to come an interesting thing to look at Gareth Just was on the amp hour talking about using iridium for tracking tuna fishing buoys and He mentioned that yes, so When they were thinking about security for iridium They just said okay It's just going to be very very difficult to do because there's a huge Doppler shift and it's so complex and only Yeah, the most determined adversaries will be able to do this and yes, I mean we were determined and It took us roughly half a year to get from we have no idea about anything to we can at least decode something and From that point on together with the help also from the osmo-com people which do open source mobile communication in Germany It went pretty quickly from decoding one-way pages to decoding voice calls And No, that's all super interesting. I want to talk a little bit more about the single processing here, so we're talking about SDRs here software defined radio and Just to lay down a few terms here the most basic piece of information you can have there is a sample and a sample is in The world of SDRs made out of two numbers the in-phase and the quadrature component and we'll get to talk about that in a second but it's like the single piece of information and your SDR gives you a few millions of these per second and We would call that the stream so a stream is a number of samples coming in one after each other over time and that's what your algorithm is looking at a Burst is just an increase in energy in this stream. It's just says okay Something just came in there's something going on. We don't know exactly what yet, but We might want to look at this and in this picture over here Frequencies on the x-axis and energy is on the y-axis you can see these peaks here and Each of these peaks over time is a burst so it goes up and down and up and down and when energy goes up We have a burst These bursts contain symbols a symbol is the smallest entity of like actual data which can be in there and if you Assemble multiple symbols together you get a frame So not every burst contains symbols might just be noise, but burst coming from a radium satellite will contain symbols So this thing down here is an example of an iridium frame as it looks like in the waterfall It's just over time. How does this image evolve and you just have a preamble with some static content and then the actual data and if you throw this into our tool chain You get this thing with just zeros and ones coming out of it And that's where the out of freedom module stops and if you put that into the iridium toolkit It will decode stuff and will tell you okay. This is from following satellite and contains unnot sure pager messages or Ring alerts for a certain device iridium uses just slightly over 10 megahertz of bandwidth It starts at exactly 1.616 gigahertz. Then you have 10 megahertz of duplex channels This is where the actual voice data is and Where most of the stuff happens in these 10 megahertz you get 240 channels and Above this you get some special channels specifically the ring alert and the pager channel which have higher power they are there to even reach into buildings and You know at least ring a phone or deliver a one-way pager message to a pager, which is maybe sitting behind a glass window We originally started look just looking at the pager channel This is what we were interested in because you have these passive devices They just receive something and we were wondering who would use that and I mean you can you can guess I guess so And this is what it then looks like you have this is the animation time this goes up as a bird and You get hundreds of birds per second maybe a thousand of birds per second and This is then starting to demand a little bit of Computing power so here we zoom in a little bit and you can see there's channels here and and We get data from two different satellites right now and you can see that the The red line which just stays up if there's a burst It's it's wider than a single burst and what you can see here is the effect of the Doppler shift So the satellites start to come towards you then they're Just on top basically and then they leave you again and what this produces is a Doppler shift So this is the frequency a single satellite produces on this channel and first It's high and it starts to get lower and lower and lower and then tapers out over here And when it's just above you it the rate of change is the highest The big of an issue bit of an issue here is that the Doppler shift is larger than a single channel So you cannot just by looking at a frequency say okay? This is this channel or this is that channel because they overlap and This is actually what they were talking about in this slide so the Doppler shift makes it all so difficult because you You know you have to track all of this stuff But we simply decided to let's we'll just brute force it basically every time something comes in will just to decode it No matter in which channel it is and we'll just look at it afterwards. So that's the beauty of SDR You don't have to limit yourself to these specific filters or a certain You know how people fought in the beginning how you would do this You can just throw a little bit more computing powered it and then just go around the corner So how does an iridium burst look like you first have some unmodulated carrier it's different for the uplink and the downlink and then a unique section which identifies this as a Iridium frame every iridium frame contains the section So if you find it in a burst you can be sure this is an iridium frame and then later on most of the stuff here is the payload which is in a little bit higher a Range of modulation and now we'll get to a quick primer about IQ signals. So I mentioned that SCRs give you samples and they have an eye and a Q component and in face and a quadrature component Usually you would draw them on a On a complex plane. So you put the Q component up here in the eye component here and Every sample you get gives you a dot on this plane And to quickly give you an overview of how this then looks like Hope it's visible. Okay, so we have a signal. It's at 0 Hertz and With IQ signals you can have positive and negative frequencies There is no Special magic about that. It's just that you maybe tune somewhere in your frequency band Let's say at 1.6 to 6 gigahertz and you grab 10 megahertz of it Then you get minus 5 to plus 5 megahertz in your spectrum that you get out of there And this dot right here is our signal right now. It's on the complex plane. It doesn't move But if I give it a little bit of a frequency Positive frequency in this case you can see it it starts moving counterclockwise. So constant movement means frequency and I can also go around and Get it to stop again basically and Just change It's angle using this slider. So here I can just drag you around on the plane and that's just a phase offset so if you have phase shift keying what will happen is that this Dot just jumps around in the plane and every time you get a New symbol it might just get a little bit of a phase offset and then it jumps from one place to another place and If you add a second signal to this because this is just a single frequency What you get is that it's just superimposed So now I've added a little bit weaker signal with a higher frequency and it will just rotate around The already rotating point. It's like a you can it's almost like planets and moons rotating around each other so a A fixed rotation somewhere here is a phase shift if it keeps rotating you have a frequency shift and The distance from the origin here is the amplitude. So the further away from the origin the more energy your signal has and Sometimes you also see plots like these so we have a red line and a blue line here one of them is I one of them is Q and They always come in pairs and every sample here gives you one of these pairs and over time you can then see how the signal evolves so an iridium burst in this view will look like just Concert energy on both channels then you get the unique word which identifies the frame and here the blue and the red signal I and Q they go together they stay on top of each other and you only have high and low And this is the unique word and over here in the payload you can see they start to Diverge from each other. So sometimes you have the red one on top and the blue one on the bottom or the other way around and this means here Every symbol can encode four different states or two bits and over here every symbol can only Encode two different states or one bit. So this is binary shift keying and this is quadrature shift keying So how does the whole thing work you see in the animation where the peaks went up and down and If you just you know flatten that out basically and up here is The beginning and over time it evolves in this direction here You have the frequency and the brighter it gets the more energy you have this is called a waterfall and The first thing you do is you run an FFT which gives you basically this picture for For the algorithm and you just pick out some region where there's energy and let's say we want to have a look at this This thing over here. This is the signal. We're interested in and What we do is we just detect the energy We cut out a little bit of our signal we leave a little bit of noise in front and we Leave a little bit of stuff behind so we are sure that everything is inside it and we just marked the frequency where this burst happens then What you do is you rotate the whole thing so everything which was on the left over there Just rotate it in on the right and the signal which was over here We've just moved over here into roughly the middle of our spectrum This makes it easier for the algorithms to work with the signal almost all signal processing algorithms which operate on these signals expect the signal to be roughly centered at zero Hertz. This is where they want it and This is the first step to just roughly get it there next step is We put a filter around it so we throw away everything which is on the sides and then we actually also Reduce the amount of data which we are processing by just taking every tenth sample for example This gives you just the information in the middle and you can throw out the rest which makes it easier to Handle all the data which is coming in because we're still talking about like a thousand bursts per second here then it gets easier to Look at the signal and you just have a look at okay. Where does the energy actually start you cut away everything above it and Then the nice part about an iridium signal is this unmodulated part up here Which makes it pretty easy to say okay, we'll just take a very fine Frequency estimation over this thing and this will give us a much better estimate of Where is this the signal Located where zero Hertz because you can see that over here the INQ components. They form these sinusoidal waves, which is an indication. It's still rotating a little bit in the plane and After moving it exactly in the middle. You see there's no change anymore in the INQ part They're not on top of each other, but at least they're not rotating anymore. There's somewhere in the plane So what do we do? We rotate the whole thing so that these two two components are on top of each other and then you can start to see okay over here is our unique word we can correlate against that thing we know how it should look like and we just Basically run an algorithm which looks for this Pattern and as soon as it finds this pattern it produces a peak and says exactly at this sample this pattern appears and Now we have everything we need we have we know exactly where does our signal start? We have rotated it nicely so that we can directly look at each single symbol there and decide is the blue one on top and the red one on the bottom and then it's a 0 1 or the other way round and Get to a stream of bits. That's all we wanted. So Looks nice in the pictures and in theory, but how do you make a computer do this? Well, that was a Lot of work and back at the 32c3. We had something implemented in python So it we prototyped all of this stuff in python. It took us roughly I guess one and a half years or something like that and What we had done was so the str comes in you put everything into the fft. There's a burst detector which Just looks for the energy and then I mentioned you look for the energy and then you cut something out of the signal These cuts were put into a queue but every single Once of these cuts was roughly one megabyte of data. So you get a whole lot of Potential iridium frames in here and then it fans out into a Chain of filters and decimators the down mixer who was just doing you know shifting it over and Removing all of the excess Data finding the start and everything and then just demodulating the the data at the very end So we were doing to do we were able to do about two megahertz of spectrum using this and Not that 10 megahertz that iridium actually uses So I Set down and thought okay Probably it's a good idea to re-implement this in C++ and new radio Because why Python is really nice to prototype things. It's and it's still not the fastest thing to work with even with NumPy And also what's very nice about new radio is the echo ecosystem So you get things like the Osmo-com source while in this picture the SDR is actually Plugged into this thing via a Unix pipe and it's an RTL SDR pipe Python script You know radio offers you real integration with Good SDRs, which also can do more. So it was a pretty easy decision to to go for it Though the thing is that new radio It doesn't really want to work with the stuff we are working with to work with constant streams of things it It comes from a world where you have an Analog stream of voice or TV signals or something like that and it just goes on and on and on though iridium burst a Change in frequency. They're there. They're not there and you don't want to run 240 decoders all the time Especially also with the Doppler shift so This wasn't that easy Also the blocks which decode stuff actually want to have some data They want to synchronize on it and then they might throw the stuff away But from that point on they can fairly easily decode the rest though That doesn't work for us either because every burst you have to basically decode from the beginning and you cannot throw away data then People who have worked with new radio companion might know that you have to click a lot and if you want to let's say Do the brute force with the 240 channels you have to click 240 things That's not ideal. So you actually want to build the flow graph which New radio is made out of programmatically and not in the radio and In general, it's very high effort. So I would still recommend to not do such a project In ready to begin with like when you start out But do prototypes in Python and then only when you know what you actually want to do doing radio No, no radio has nice things also I Mentioned the stream and it's made out of samples and but you can add meta data to each sample they they call it tags and This might actually be nice to say to say, okay, here's something starts or it's actually at this frequency and you can No build blocks which do stuff and have a bit of a bit of intelligence in there and then a stream comes out of it still a constant stream but at least it contains some information about what's going on in the stream and Then it also has the concept of PDU's and a PDU is Not a stream anymore. It's more packet based It can be arbitrary data in there but usually would put in a block of samples and then the metadata describing what's in this sample and and very important also that is That radio gives you access to lots of digital signal processing algorithms, which are pretty fast, especially the fault library, which directly Helps you to optimize things because it looks at your architecture of your machine and it chooses to the optimal algorithm for your machine So it might use some AVX instructions here and just the MMX instructions over there Which is really nice, and you don't have to think about this anymore So after 32c3 we started to work on gIridium or basically I started to port whatever we had in Python over there and Yes, some people took it up and also wrote some nice UIs for it So you can see what's going on and make statistics for it and it took roughly Three months to to get it working. So it was much quicker than prototyping in Python But steep learning curve still So this is a very basic flow graph Which is implemented in gIridium So you first have the FFT burst tagger this thing looks for the peaks and the signal it marks them then this block is only responsible to Cut things out of the stream Produce PDUs which go over here this whole block does all the moving and Decimating and filtering and looking for the stuff and all of this stuff. So it's the most complex block of all of these and it outputs some more PDUs into the QPSKD modulator which basically just does the okay, where's the red line where's the blue line and Outputs something on the standard out So we're going to look at these different blocks first the FFT burst tagger then Okay burst tagger so what you do is you do an FFT and How an FFT works is you put in let's say a thousand twenty four samples and Then it tells you okay. You gave me a thousand twenty four samples I'll give you on my output one thousand twenty four frequencies and I'll tell you how much energy is in which frequency We build an average out of that So we know roughly where's our noise floor? Are there any constant transmissions in the region because we don't want to trigger all the time on to some Interference which is coming from I'm not sure some cell tower or something like that which is constantly there So we just take an average it gives us an idea of what does our environment look like But we also feed it into the energy detection. It just compares the instant FFT against the average and if the instant goes above the average we have a peak All it does then is okay the sample where the peak gets detected gets tagged with roughly which frequency is it and Which burst was detected and down here. We also have a block which Bypasses this stuff. This is just a delay block so this stuff looks a little bit in the future and this is what actually then comes out of the end of this thing and it means that The burst can happen it can rise we detect it somewhere and then When the delay signal comes along over here, we can actually say okay roughly here was the beginning. Let's tag it What comes out of this thing these are the only lines of code you'll see in here except for the other Blocks as well we give it an ID So the whole thing can be tracked through the whole Flowgraph, this is good for debugging, but it also helps in sorting the stuff later on It will tell you roughly what was the frequency where's the center frequency of the signal how strong was the burst and At which sample rate was this taken and if the burst is gone again We just say okay this ID which we've found over here Is a way so that the next block down there The burst tagger can say okay if the The ID comes in I'll start collecting samples and if the ID goes out. I'll stop collecting samples And I'll just publish a PDU over here. This is pretty simple. It just keeps a list of currently active bursts and Multiple bursts can be active at the same time on different frequencies So you will have a list of bursts multiple ones which are active at the same time and when one of them goes out It just spits out a PDU over here down to the burst down mix. So it keeps the ID and Basically all of the other stuff the only thing it inserts is an offset and the offset is Basically a timestamp How many samples into the stream is this PDU old the burst down mix now is the more complex thing You Do a CFO that's the center frequency offset estimation. This is just the initial FFT Then the destination finding the start Doing the fine center frequency offset We square the signal here, which means we multiply it by itself That's useful for uplink signals uplink signals have a slightly different preamble and It consists of two tones But if you square the signal Outcomes a single tone. That's how the math works and it works both for uplink as well as downlink Which is nice for us because we don't have to distinguish between them anymore here can just square it rotate a little bit more a little better into the into the middle then we can look at is it's an uplink or a downlink and Blah blah blah do all the stuff I've mentioned before publish a burst and say Okay, I'm done with this burst Yeah, I'm not sure right now. I'd have to look at the code, but probably yes Oh, it's it's a complex multiplication, right? You have these I and Q signals you treat them as complex numbers. You just do complex multiplication of IQ That's what's happening. The saying done over here is pretty important because if I just quickly go back over here There's a back channel here It's this arrow which goes over here because New radio keeps a Q between this output and this input and there's no limits to it and The sender can actually not see how much is on my output How much of this stuff has already been processed and if you don't have a back channel?  Hey, I'm done You can count that one of the out the PDU see if gravy on your output has been processed and if you want to Limit the number of burst which is in this Q over here. That's the only way you can do it So right now for example, this produces maximum 500 outstanding burst Okay, what's coming out of the burst on mix then you have Decentrate it might have changed because we did some decimation Center frequency stays the same direction tells you if it's an uplink or a downlink It tells you exactly where is the first sample where the unique identifier starts and Offset is still an indication of how old or at which time this that this frame appear in the stream the QPSK demodulator first decimates the data and It decimates it to one sample per symbol that means I mean you're only interested in is the I compute the I Component high and the Q component low or the other way around or they both low both high You don't need many samples to do that, but for the signal processing and to look at the That's at the signal as a human. It's nice to have more points in between so While you have these Now you can see this thing goes down. There's lots of points and it goes up again Actually these points here in the middle or these samples are not of value. They don't have any additional information You're actually only interested in okay over here here and here you because you can see that There's some periodicity to it and you only need to sample this sample this sample in this sample So the first thing we do is we throw away everything else, but How do you actually figure out? Which one of these is now where is the right point to sample and that Was told to us by this Unique word start thingy that comes out of the burst on makes it tells us exactly which sample is it that we Should start with and then you know exactly. Okay. It starts over here and we know exactly our sample rate So we know on this this this in this sample Everything else we can throw away Then we remove any remaining frequency offset and here I have to say that Most of the stuff we do here you could do quite differently It's just the easiest way we came up with to do it and a Real receiver wouldn't do it like that and I'll quickly talk at the end What a real receiver wouldn't do here? So we remove the frequency offset and I mentioned that The samples you can draw on a complex plane and a perfect qpsk signal would just do this it just one was around on these four points and We've decimated it already to one sample per symbol. So we just look at each one of them after each other and you can say, okay So it starts with 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 fine everything perfect But if There's a frequency offset. What's happening is this your point starts to rotate it doesn't reach this point anymore perfectly, but it Rotates a little bit on the on the circle and every time there's a sample it rotates a little bit more up until the point where it actually One was from this quadrant over to this quadrant and now your decoder will probably say this is not a 1 1 anymore this is a 0 1 and Everything you do will be skewed from that point on but there's a pretty easy way to rectify that you just take You look at your your sample and you say, okay It's over here, but it's in this quadrant. So I'll just note that this was around 20 degrees off and Just remember that and the next time a symbol comes in Which is the red one over here? I know already I have to rotate it by roughly 20 degrees You get the yellow symbol and then you look again at which quadrant is it? Okay. It's this quadrant I now know by looking at the distance on these two It's 40 degrees off and you do this over and over So in the end you you get a signal which has been corrected in terms of frequency You get perfect symbols. They're always at the right 45 degree angle Next thing is to demodulate the D in the D QPSK that iridium sense. So so far. We've always talked about QPSK But iridium actually sense differential QPSK What does this mean? It's actually the transition from one point to another point which could base the information. So If this point goes over here to 0 1 if it goes over here It's a 1 0 and the nice thing about this is that if even if you rotate the whole thing Let's say by 90 degrees if it goes over here. It's still a 0 1 if it goes over here. It's still a 1 0 This is useful if you don't actually know Which way it's oriented right now? We in our Flow graph don't need to do it actually because we rotate everything already in the burst down mixer But a real receiver actually doesn't have to do the frequency offset removal It just has to look at how is this thing jumping around it doesn't need to do the first step there, but for whatever reason we decided to Remove the frequency offset and demodulate the dq sp just in on a bit level basically It has the advantage that if you look at a signal which passes between these two blocks It's easy to say with your Pure eyes that okay. This is an iridium signal. I know what it's doing That's the only reason why did it this way So what comes out of this thing it converts the offset into an actual time stamp in milliseconds You get the center frequency again the ID which came out of this stuff It gives you a confidence and the confidence is directly based on this stuff. So if the After received symbols straight too far away from the ideal position we lower the confidence And you can usually see that with signals which aren't that strong anymore that the confidence goes down we Give it a percentage and a 100% confidence tells you that the symbol was always very close to the ideal position And when the confidence goes down, you know, there was lots of noise on there and it didn't work that well anymore now the So graph you saw before basically looks like this you have the source you have the burst tagger You have to burst your PDU then there's the internal radio queue burst down makes a QPS key QPS KD mod and While new radio gives every single block of these its own thread This flow graph will only Give you roughly Two cores will max out roughly two cores on your machine because mainly the burst down mix over here will limit everything it's the most complex block and It will just take one core to constantly spin and the rest does nothing so We fought back to our Python to a chain. How do we how did we do it there? Yeah? Well, you just Have multiple burst down mix and the queue before it stays the same and they can all share the same QPS KD This works But the problem is that at this point over here You get enormous amounts of data because the FFT burst tagger every time there's a burst and there can be multiple burst at the same time issues some Some PDU and you easily get over 10 gigabits per second of data just flowing between your course now and I believe that was slowing down everything here But new radio has a nice component It's the polyphys channelizer, which will help us here a lot And that was also one of the reasons we chose can radio because to make use of this component I'll give you a quick demo of what this thing does. It's a very cheap way in terms of Computational effort to split a single stream into multiple streams so Done here. I have a signal at zero Hertz and up there. There's three different channels Which are the output of the filter bank and if I move the signal it moves from one of these outputs To another output and you can see that each of these outputs has now one third of the width of the original input signal which makes it very nice as It allows us to Put all of the stuff on each of these outputs, but each output has a lower sample rate There's less data. So if you take a one millisecond Span of samples over here you have just one fifth of the data on a one millisecond Spend of samples over here which lowers a lot the the data rate between the different course Though a bit of a problem is that this filter bank it has very sharp edges We know though that the Doppler shift can just fall between different channels So if you have sharp edges on these channels, you might have a signal or a burst which falls between two channels And it will get lost because one part of is in one channel and the other part is in the other channel So what do you do? The nice thing is here you can have an overlap you can design these two filters in a way that all these two channels that So same thing again At a signal if I move it over here It starts I moved the wrong slider Parameter is wrong So if I move this the signal around you can see in the middle in the stream it it moves to the left as usual But here it starts to appear already over here And if you imagine that this thing was a little bit wider a few kilohertz wide it's already in the reach of this channel and About to go out on this channel and this is how we can decode stuff which has a Doppler shift It will just potentially decode on multiple channels But it will for sure decode and later on we just throw away the duplicates I'm not going to go about the design of these things because we probably don't have time for that But this is how it looks now We have the FFT burst tag and then it goes back in the polyphase channelizer and Which outputs a number of streams of them having slightly lower sample rates And now we only are around at three gigabits per second between these two blocks and This now allows us to on a single core. Sorry for core machine from 2010 decode the whole band. So we feed it with a 10 megahertz wide signal and it produces in its peak up to a thousand to two thousand actual Iridium frames and 20 to 25 millions per day. This is what we see in Munich. I Could imagine that in a more busy area. Let's say a Harbor or close to the coast you would see more depending on what's going on. It's pretty much exactly making use of the four cores and Still sometimes over close but very seldomly at least for us in Munich. So good enough for us And anyone who wants to have a bit more performance can just Buy now buy more cores, right? So that's fine Looking into the future this approach will have its drawbacks Iridium next will have new modulation types There's a few FCC documents which which describe that and They are talking about up to 240 kilo symbols per second So right now we are over here We are at 25 kilo symbols per second That is what Iridium on a single channel at the moment and they're talking about roughly Times 10 over here and bit of an issue is that our current tool chain It does not track the connections So it just assumes everything which comes down and is a burst is that 25 kilo samples per second of Kilo symbols per second and twice it and if it doesn't work, it didn't work if it worked. It's fine But Iridium next will have new modulations and the current tool chain will not know how to deal with them Nor will it know that a specific traffic channel maybe from some satellite actually is on this new modulation We'll have to see it's not live yet I haven't seen any Iridium next frame on the air yet, but the moment at least they will Be in the air in Munich will start to have a look at that What else so You can spend an enormous amount of time on this stuff also the layers There's dozens of services on Iridium and we had a look at voice data pages SMS the GSM layer there But there's still lots of stuff. We don't know about We have no intention of looking at this stuff anymore because it's just like, you know One more service one more niche thing that Iridium supports though. There's one thing and that's Iridium burst Which is going to I think it's active. I'm not a hundred percent sure. It's a one-way communication channel again where you might Have a burst which is Global where you can say from your web browser or somewhere I want to send down this signal across the whole planet and every receiver which is Authorized to receive it should receive it and no do something or display something. We call it Iridium burst and they In fact over here say only authorized devices belonging to the specified recipient group can unscramble the transmission Unscramble so I don't read the crypt or anything like that here I'd really love to get my hands on an Iridium burst device and see what it does So if anyone you know works in the field and has access to this stuff or can make a recording We would be very interested The application like whoever uses this stuff must have very interesting applications, I'm sure All right, and then Maybe just something which I gave this talk already once in Germany and someone mentioned.  You could do these polyphase filter banks with such a lot of channels and maybe have one per satellite and just track the satellite We're not doing this here, but it would be certainly a possibility We're not tracking any kind of Doppler shift here like we were treating reverse equal and no matter from which satellite it's coming and which kind of Doppler test, but I Could imagine just a completely different layout of this thing which is more efficient and Can track multiple satellites at the same time using these polar phase filter banks, but we just didn't So Yeah Okay, so the question is about basically predicting the Doppler shift. So can we use additional information, which is not what we receive from the satellites to predict what kind of Doppler shift a satellite will have? And yes, you can do that for sure. So there is a NORAT tracking basically every satellite and you get these two line entries or TLEs, which you can use together with your current location to predict how the satellite will move relative to you and that's all you need to predict the Doppler shift. But for that you need to have an internet connection and after they TLEs they measure the satellites I guess once per day or something like that and they quickly get outdated but it would be easy if you just have to TLEs of all radium satellites you can directly say okay at this point in time the satellite will come up to horizon it will have that Doppler shift and just you know programmatically shift the Doppler shift around absolutely. Though I mean I use this stuff every now and then you know in a car or somewhere just you know plug the thing turn it on and then I want to have some data I don't want to get online and get new TLEs but absolutely that would work. So specifically for a stationary receiver that would work yes. Anyone else? Again? Question is if iridium nexus is a public standard so none of this is a public standard neither iridium nor iridium nexus all proprietary there of course are specifications but they are kept within iridium everything we did was based on looking at bits and trying to figure out what's going on so I do not expect anything coming from the iridium corporation which will detail how iridium nexus actually works except you know anything they they're forced to do so this table is out of a rather comprehensive PDF which describes the beam patterns and the used modulations and stuff like that but that's where it ends it never tells you what's inside there how long are the bursts what kind of error correcting correction is used. Fun fact also the whole internet says that iridium is using a convolutional code to protect its stuff I mean in terms of error correction but that's just plain wrong it never does nowhere maybe between satellites but like everyone is copying this information from everyone else and everyone thinks it's true but just isn't. Which frequency is the entire satellite communication? I'm not sure but it's somewhere I'm not sure between 18 and 25 gigahertz something like that so can can we you know listen on that basically at which point we've never tried it's I you know it's not magic right but I'm not sure it depends also on how tight their beams are between the satellites if you can look basically you know just at the horizon and and catch one of these beams I don't want to say no it also crossed our minds obviously but I think it's going to be pretty tough if possible at all question is when we went from our Python implementation which it was already parallelized at that point did like two megahertz or two and a half megahertz of spectrum and moved to the GR radium one how much improvement was there I don't know anymore to be honest it's easy to try you just set decimation to one which means no decimation and you get like the initial thing I showed but yeah I don't know any more question is how much improvement was there from going from an RTL SDR to a like more professional grade SDR and what I can say about that is that at the moment we're not using a professional grade SDR at all so we were using the radio batch in Munich and it's a formidable radium receiver really you are more interested in the antenna in fact so this is a modified GPS antenna with the GPS filter removed an iridium filter inserted and also the patch antenna changed to an iridium one and this is the most important part of the system it's not so much how much dynamic range does your receiver have it's more how good is your antenna so this thing has 8-bit ADC also just as the RTL SDR has and we've tried with a blade RF which has I think a 12-bit ADC and it didn't give us really significant improvements so that's what I can say about that all right thank you happy hacking