This is Dennis McMahon and welcome to Positively Vermont and today my guest is John Sales the CEO of the Vermont Food Bank Welcome John. Thank you Dennis glad to be here. First of all John tell us a little bit about yourself. Well Dennis I have lived in Vermont for 20 years I worked for state government for about 10 of those years and a couple different capacities for doing utility regulation And then working at the agency of natural resources But 10 years ago. I got this amazing opportunity to lead the Vermont Food Bank And it's just it's been the best job I ever had. That's great Well tell us about the Vermont Food Bank itself about its history and how it came about. Sure the the food banks been around since about 1986 When food banks were popping up all over the country basically the need for for food at food shelves and soup kitchens everywhere was increasing and The organizations all got together and said wow we need to be able to source more food. So they created these larger organizations Which we call food banks. So we're the only food bank in Vermont as I said we've been around since 1986 and we serve both directly and people in Vermont and through a network of 215 Food shelves meal sites senior centers homeless shelters after school programs, you know places like Feeding Chittenden, which is just down the street from where we're filming and the brand-new South Burlington Food Shelf Undorsed Street. That's great. Approximately how many people does the food bank serve annually? Well through our partners and directly we'll serve almost one in four Vermonters over a hundred and fifty thousand people it seems like a lot but You know hunger is Hunger is an economic issue. It's it's families who have to make trade-offs in their budgets about am I going to Be able to pay the whole mortgage this month or or buy enough food Is the car broken down or do I need new winter tires or this time of year? Do I have to fill the oil tank? so there are choices and Food is a part of your budget that you can skimp on and so sometimes, you know mom and dad will say well We'll have to just make sure the kids get fed and we'll do what we can Tell us a little bit about something that's mentioned in your website and something. I've heard a lot about In the national media this concept of food insecurity. Yeah, well food insecurity is is a Government term and it's it basically means that you don't have the means to consistently have Enough nutritious food in your household to live an active and healthy lifestyle So that means, you know parents having the right food. They need to be able to to go to work and perform to kids. We know Brain development is is intensely affected by having enough and proper food for kids You ask any teacher they will tell you they know the kids who are hungry They're the ones who are complaining about stomach aches They're the ones who fidget in their seats and can't pay attention. They're the ones that just Aren't able to focus on what's happening in the classroom. What about the quality of nutrition, you know More and more we're we're understanding the relationship between good health and The right foods so the food bank our vision for Vermont is one where everyone has access to enough food every day Where everyone is healthy and everyone takes action to end hunger and poverty and that healthy part is really important You know when you go to the grocery store It's that the perimeter of the store where it's the the fresh vegetables and the meat counter That's also the most expensive part of the store, but it's the most important part of the store for our health We have to be able to eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables and lean meats and low-fat dairy in order to To to be happy in our lives Can you give us an idea of the the scope in terms of the number of people involved in the food bank and sure how it Operates sure of course of the year. Yeah, we have 60 full-time employees Or a statewide organization as you said so we have a facility a distribution center in Berry We have one in Rutland and one in Brattleboro and from all of those Our trucks go out every day delivering food to To our partners the food shelves and meal sites, but also doing direct distribution programs One that we really love is called veggie van go It's basically a farmers market that we set up at schools and at hospitals all across the state So we have we do 10 at serving 16 schools and we are at 10 of the 15 hospitals Now we're hoping to expand that and like talk about that in a minute But it's basically a beautiful fun environment Lots of beautiful signage. There's people there welcoming you there's cooking demonstrations And there's food cooking and great smells and you can go through the line And if you're a person who who for some reason can't afford the kinds of fresh food that you you need in your diet You can show up there and and go shopping. That's great Do you have any kind of needs assessment or any any requirements? So when when people come to to our veggie van goes We just we just trust that they're there because they need it my experience is that People people will People will do what they need to do to take care of themselves and their families And if they don't really need to go to veggie van go they don't So some people say well, what if somebody who doesn't deserve it shows up well what I say is if if You know 90% of the people who are there really can't afford those fresh fruits and vegetables and 10% maybe could Who cares? Yeah, well, we'll let those people have some nice carrots and potatoes and onions Maybe they'll say something good or maybe they'll say something that will get someone else interested, right? That's really a wonderful attitude. I think Making it this a partnership Well, and you know the people going to veggie van go or your local food shelf. They're all our neighbors And as I said, there's it's an economic issue, you know, it's it's not it's not it They're not lesser people. They're not different people. They're our neighbors They just can't afford enough food on the table this week Are you been around for quite a while and do you see any particular issues or problems that are coming up this year? You know the the biggest issues I'm seeing are policy issues at the federal level So there's been another number of proposed rule changes which will decrease federal support for food program so people maybe Know what food stamps are well federally. It's called the SNAP program and in Vermont It's called Three Squares Vermont and there's been a couple of proposals that would pretty draft dramatically reduce the funding for that program Now for every meal that the food bank can help provide on somebody's table Three Squares Vermont provides nine meals. So it's a much bigger and much more important effort So we spent a lot of time advocating to make sure both here in Vermont and at the federal level That that the Three Squares Vermont program is strong Well, tell us about this for monitors feeding for monitors program. Yeah, I'm very excited. We you know the food bank about Distribute, you know, what is what's a pound of food? But last year was almost 12 million pounds of food But about a little over 2 million pounds of that was fresh food And a lot of that comes from Vermont farms and Vermont farmers by donation So the farmers are are very generous, you know, they grow food in their fields if it's not going to sell They want to make sure someone's eating it and they'll call the Vermont food bank but we also purchase a lot of produce and We we purchase a lot of it from from other places around the country and we have connections through our national organization But we realize how important it is For the the folks who are coming to veggie van goes are going to a food shelf to get the freshest Most delicious food and that's food grown in Vermont so the last couple years we've been partnering with Vermont farms and actually Purchasing Vermont grown produce first quality produce and distributing that throughout the state It's we we contract with the farmers before they plant their seeds and say we want, you know 5,000 pounds of onions or 20,000 pounds of acorn squash And so the farmers know what they're going to plant They know they have a contract with the food bank and they can plan for the future and maybe expand their farming operations because You know, well, I know I can I have this $10,000 sale to the food bank So I can take a little chance and and plant something new and try a new market I see also that in this for monitors feeding for monitors program that there's a local Component to it and does that mean that you might do it in one county and or do you take it from one part of the state? To the other part of the state well, yeah, we we're contracting with farmers from all different regions in the state Including some here in Chittenden County in Rutland County in the Northeast Kingdom Most of the food stays really local right in the communities some of it, you know, if it's if there's 20,000 pounds of onions It's not all gonna necessarily stay in the community and we make sure that it gets where it needs to be I think an important thing about Vermonters feeding Vermonters is is It really is that win-win-win, you know It's creating new customers for local foods because the folks who are trying these Farm fresh Vermont foods are then going to the store and and maybe buying them, you know an example would be You know a mom who's who has a couple kids Maybe isn't gonna buy that expensive broccoli because what if the kids don't like it? But if you go to veggie van go and try the local farmers broccoli and take it home and the kids love it Next time you go to the store, you're much more likely to buy that and and have a connection to local Vermont food It's important though that the Vermont food bank is buying this food from the farmers So one of the ways we we want to Help finance this work is by going to the state of Vermont and saying hey state This is a win-win-win. It's a win for The folks who can't afford fresh fruits and vegetables It's going to keep down health care costs as people eat more healthily It's it's going to support the farmers and the work that they're doing in our communities We'd like you to contribute to that work. So the food bank is going to be asking the legislature to make a $500,000 appropriation to actually pay the farmers to purchase that food and distribute it throughout our network You can learn more. I know the the websites up there at Feedingvermonters.org we love to have people contact their local legislators and tell them We really support some funding for the food bank to make sure that Everyone in Vermont gets to eat fresh local food. That's great. That's a bill That's going to be coming up in the next session. That's right we're going to be we're going to be there starting in January talking to legislators and Getting some enthusiasm around funding Vermonters feeding Vermonters and the grant is $500,000. That's what we're asking for You don't always get what you ask for but We're willing to talk That's great. Well, tell us somebody the other sources of funding now that we're on that topic sure how you This seems to me to be you know a lot of people have an image perhaps of a food bank or a food shelf or Maybe something they see at their church or or a library and they seem to be all mixed together And but you really organize it. This is this is like a real like assembly line almost well That's our that's our role in the community is to to make sure that that You know that the whole chain is taken care of you know from the farm It comes to the food bank. We make sure that the food is is well presented and of high quality Pass it on to our local food shelves where people can come or through our veggie van Gogh program through direct distribution It's You know you asked about funding the Right now the state of Vermont Funds the food bank At about 1% of our operating budget. It's about $84,000 It's much less than a lot of our neighboring states like New York and Massachusetts and and Maine or Do a better job of helping fund their food banks. That's one of the reasons We're going to ask the legislature for some more support here But the the vast majority of the funding for all this work comes from people in Vermont from from families from older Vermonters From small family foundations and some of the businesses here They make sure that that we're here to feed our neighbors every year You know, there's different ways you can give You can sign up and be a sustaining monthly donor And have a withdrawal from your checking account or on your credit card An interesting way to give and think about it is what we call plan giving or putting a bequest in your will You think well, I'm not rich. I'm not gonna, you know be leaving millions of dollars You know a lot of the bequests we get are a couple thousand dollars But it makes a huge difference and it doesn't take much time to do that That's amazing only 1% comes from the government right now or the state government. That's right That's a most people think something of this nature where you know the image might be Giving things away, you know, then I think it's all government, but it's not. Yeah Some people actually think that we're a state government organization But no our food bank and food banks across the country Are you know funded by generous donors? You know, I spent a lot of my time talking to donors about the impact, you know and telling the stories You know actually if you go to our website vtfoodbank.org you can read a lot of stories But one we've been highlighting is Lottie who's a woman, you know has a daughter and just Different jobs she's had and she moved to Maine to try and further her career and things didn't work out and she came back and Just some some really amazing Generosity of strangers has really touched Lottie's heart And going to the food shelf and getting food That's come through the Vermont food bank has really made a difference in her life and her family's life You mentioned something about an affiliation with a national group. Tell us about that so we're a member of the Feeding America Network, which is 200 food banks across the country and Feeding America Helps us source food. So from the big national food companies the you know Kellogg's and General Mills and Conagra We can source donations through Feeding America They also do a lot of national advocacy for us. We were talking about advocacy. So We have a great congressional delegation on hunger issues the our senators and and our representative are Doing the right things to try and make sure that that our neighbors in Vermont are getting fed But it takes a real coordinated effort and Feeding America has a great Office in DC that that does advocacy on behalf of all the food banks across the country And are they looking for support or are they having issues with that? ability to serve you serve the network Yeah, you know in it's it's always you're always working hard to raise the funds to to meet your mission and There's always more that you can do, you know, I think that's something we struggle with at the food bank For as much as we're able to do by the generosity of the people that support our work There's so much more that we can do And we're always looking to how do we do things a little bit different? How do we do things better? I mean we look at look at the barriers to people being able to access food it's It's rural isolation. It's transportation. It's jobs So how do we how do we partner with other organizations and efforts that are helping meet those needs housing? And and make sure that food is a component of what they're doing, you know bringing the food that we have To people where they are So we like to say People should be able to get food where they live work Play and learn and that's our goal. That's right. Well great distances to get it. That's right That's part of the other problem transportation. That's it's a huge issue not only in Vermont, but in every rural part of this country and what How do you get the information about this a lot of people again? A lot of people might think this is just something on the corner or maybe this is something that our church does once a year How do you get this out to people? And by being on positively Vermont, thank you for having me And also, you know, I'm all over the state all the time talking to people talking to to you know Rotary clubs or community groups or Or just individuals who might be interested Where we have a really robust social media presence So if you friend us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter, you can learn a lot about what's happening at the Vermont food bank You can sign up for our newsletter We'll email you our newsletter quarterly it tells wonderful stories about the people in Vermont who are being touched by the work that's supported by by all of our all of our funders and other supporters And and really really Dennis, it's that's the big challenge a lot of people don't Understand or realize the extent of the struggle for food security that that people just Are really making those hard decisions those trade-offs and sometimes that trade-off is that there's not enough food on the table Where I always believe that we're We're missing tremendous human potential when people don't have a food to eat. They're not thinking about anything else and you know who we're here at at channel 17 and it's all about Civic engagement and it's all about getting involved in your community But if you have to if you were thinking about where's your next meal going to come from how am I going to feed my kids tomorrow? You're not engaged in civic life, and I I think that's something that we really underestimate Yeah, so that's a very good point. So you're you're involving other organizations in this state And we're like more to get involved with your organization. Absolutely. We're always looking to partner We know the the food bank can't meet our mission alone This is this is about everyone coming together That's great. So at the end of the year tell us your plans maybe for the next three or four months So we're heading into the the holiday season, which is a time when people really think about hunger, you know you think about Maybe Thanksgiving or Christmas volunteering at the local food shelf or or meal site doing that that holiday Thanksgiving meal but I really want people to know that hunger is an issue year-round and It's really important to To support both the food bank and your local food shelf or meal site financially Because we rely on that support and a lot of that comes in during this part of the year But for for volunteering and other types of support for advocating to remember that it might be more important In the end of February or the middle of June to think about Volunteering at your local food shelf or or at the Vermont food bank If you go to our website VT food bank org you can click on the volunteer button and see the all the opportunities Of the fact we were talking about fresh food in Vermont farmers during the summer Particularly late summer we do gleaning programs here. We work out of the intervail actually a great partner and Volunteers will actually go out into farmers fields and harvest food that wouldn't otherwise be harvested and it'll go that day To your neighbors who wouldn't otherwise be able to afford it. That's great. Well, John Thank you very much for appearing on Positivity Vermont and we wish you the best of luck in the future And we hope to have you back Whenever The need arises to make sure that more people know about this wonderful work you're doing. Thank you Dennis. It's a pleasure to be here Thank you. This is Dennis McMahon. My guest has been John sales the CEO of the Vermont food bank Thank you for watching


ft to itself establish a connection between it and the unconscious wish and transfer to with the energy inherent in the unconscious wish henceforth the neglected or surprised train of thought is in a position to maintain itself although this reinforcement does not help to gain access to consciousness we may say that the hitherto for-conscious train of thought has been drawn into the unconscious other consolation for the dream formation with the result in the for-conscious train of thought had from the beginning been connected with the unconscious wish and for that reason met with rejection by the dominating end-occupation or if an unconscious wish were made active for other possibly somatic reasons and of its own accord sought a transference to the psychic remnants not occupied by the for-conscious all three cases finally combine in one issue so that there is established in the for-conscious a stream of thought which having been abandoned by the for-conscious occupation receives occupation from the for-conscious wish the stream of thought is henceforth subjected to a series of transformations which we no longer recognize as normal psychic processes and which gives us a surprising result that is a psychopathological formation let us emphasize and group the same one the intensities of the individual ideas become capable of discharge in their entirety and proceeding from one conception to the other they thus form single presentations endowed with marked intensity the transference of this process the intensity of an entire train of ideas may ultimately be gathered into a single presentation element this is the principle of compression or condensation it is condensation that is mainly responsible for the strange impression of the dream for we know nothing analogous to it in the normal psychic life accessible to consciousness we find here also presentations which possess great psychic significance as junctions or as end-results of whole chains of thought but this validity does not manifest itself in any character conspicuous enough for the internal perception hence what has been presented in it does not become in any way more intensive in the process of condensation the entire psychic connection becomes transformed into the intensity of the presentation content it is the same as in a book where we space our print in heavy type any word upon which particular stress is laid for the understanding of the text in speech the same word would be pronounced loudly and deliberately and with emphasis the first comparison leads us at once to an example taken from the chapter on the dream work, parentheses trimeth lambing in the dream of Hermes injection in parentheses historians of art call our attention to the fact that the most ancient historical sculptures follow a simple principle in expensing a rank of the persons represented by the size of the statue the king is made two or three times as large as his retinue or the vanquished enemy a piece of art however from the Roman period makes use of more subtle means to accomplish the same purpose the figure of the emperor is placed in the center in a firmly erect posture special care is bestowed upon the prompt modeling of his figures his enemies are seen cowering at his feet but he is no longer represented a giant among dwarfs however the bowing of the subordinate to a superior in our days is only an echo of that ancient principle of representation the direction taken by the condensations of the dream is prescribed on the one hand by the true foreconscious relations of the dream thoughts on the other hand by the attraction of the visual remniscence of the unconscious the success of the condensation work produces those intensities which are required for penetration into the perception systems two through this free transferability of the intensities moreover and in the service of condensation intermediary presentations compromises as it were are formed friends cf the numerous examples in prince period this likewise is something unheard of in the normal presentation course where it is above all a question of selection and retention of the proper presentation element on the other hand composite and compromise formations occur with extraordinary frequency when we are trying to find the linguistic expression for the foreconscious thoughts these are considered quote slips of the tongue end quote three the presentations which transfer their intensities to one another are very loosely connected and are joined together by such forms of association as are spurned in our serious thought and are utilized in the production of the effect of wit only among these we particularly find associations of the sound and consonants types four contradictory thoughts do not strive to eliminate one another but remain side by side they often unite to produce condensation as if no contradiction existed or they form compromises for which we should never forgive our thoughts but which we frequently approve of in our actions these are some of the most conspicuous abnormal processes to which the thoughts which have been previously rationally formed are subjected in the course of the dream work as the main feature of these processes we recognize the high importance attached to the fact of rendering the occupation energy mobile and capable of discharge the content and the actual significance of the psychic elements to which these energies adhere becomes a matter of secondary importance one might possibly think that the condensation and compromise formations affected only in the service of regression when occasion arises for changing thoughts in the pictures but the analysis and still more distinctly the synthesis of dreams which lacked regression towards pictures for example the dream quote autodidascar conversation with the court counselor end end quote presents the same processes displacement and condensation as the others hence we cannot refuse to acknowledge that the two kinds of essentially different psychic processes participate in the formation of the dream one forms perfectly correct dream thoughts which are equivalent to normal thoughts while the other treats these ideas in a highly surprising and incorrect manner the latter process we have already set apart as the dream work prosper what have we now to advance concerning this latter psychic process we should be unable to answer this question here if we had not penetrated considerably into the psychology of the neuroses and especially of hysteria from this we learned that the same incorrect psychic process as well as others that have not been enumerated control the formation of hysterical symptoms and two we at once find a series of perfectly correct thoughts equivalent to our conscious thoughts of whose existence however in this form we can learn nothing in which we can only subsequently reconstruct if they have forced their way anywhere to our perception we discover from the analysis of the symptom form that these normal thoughts have been subjected to abnormal treatment and have been transformed into the symptom by means of condensation and compromised formation through superficial associations under cover of contradictions and eventually over the road of regression in view of the complete identity found between the peculiarities of the dream work and the psychic activity forming the psychonerotic symptoms we shall feel justified in transferring to the dream the conclusions urged upon us by hysteria from the theory of hysteria we borrow the proposition that such an abnormal psychic elaboration of a normal train of thought takes place only when the latter has been used for the transference of an unconscious wish which dates from the infantile life and is in a state of repression in accordance with this proposition we have constructed the theory of the dream on the assumption that the actual dream wish invariably originates in the unconscious which, as we ourselves have admitted cannot be universally demonstrated though it cannot be refuted but in order to explain the real meaning of the term repression, which we have employed so freely we shall be obliged to make some further addition to our psychological construction we have above elaborated the fiction of a primitive psychic apparatus whose work is regulated by the efforts to avoid accumulation of excitement and as far as possible to maintain itself free from excitement for this reason it was constructed after the plan of a reflex apparatus the motility, originally the path for the inner bodily change formed a discharging path, standing at its disposal we subsequently discussed the psychic results of a feeling of gratification and we might at the same time have introduced the second assumption that is, that accumulation of excitement following certain modalities that do not concern us is perceived as pain and sets the apparatus in motion in order to reproduce the feeling of gratification in which the diminution of the excitement is perceived as pleasure such a current in the apparatus which emanates from pain and strives for pleasure we call a wish we have said nothing but a wish is capable of setting the apparatus in motion and that the discharge of excitement in the apparatus is regulated automatically by the perception of pleasure and pain the first wish must have been a hallucinatory occupation of the memory for gratification but this hallucination unless it were maintained to the point of exhaustion proved incapable of bringing about a cessation of the desire and consequently of securing the pleasure connected with gratification thus there was required a second activity in our terminology the activity of a second system which should not permit the memory occupation to advance the perception and therefore to restrict the psychic forces but should lead the excitement emanating from the craving stimulus by a devious path over the spontaneous motility which ultimately should so change the outer world as to allow the pre-real perception of the object of gratification to take place thus far we have elaborated the plan of the psychic apparatus these two systems are the germ of the ankh for unconscious and forex for foreconscious which we include in a fully developed apparatus in order to be in a position successfully to change the outer world through the motility there is required the accumulation of a large sum of experiences in the memory systems as well as a manifold fixation of the relations which are evolved in this memory material by different end presentations we now proceed further with our assumption the manifold activity of the second system tentatively sending forth and retracting energy must on the one hand have full command over all memory material but on the other hand it would be a superfluous expenditure for it to send through the individual mental paths large quantities of energy which would thus flow off to no purpose diminishing the quantity available for the transformation of the outer world in the interest of expediency I therefore postulate that the second system succeeds in maintaining the greater part of the occupation energy in a dormant state and in using but a small portion for the purposes of displacement the mechanism of these processes is entirely unknown to me anyone who wishes to follow up these ideas must try to find the physical analogies and prepare the way for a demonstration of the process of motion in the stimulation of the neuron I merely hold to the idea that the activity of the first size system is directed to the free outflow of the quantities of excitement and that the second system brings about an inhibition of this outflow through the energies emanating from it that is it produces a transformation into dormant energy probably by raising the level I therefore assume that under the control of the second system as compared with the first the course of the excitement is bound to entirely different mechanical conditions after the second system has finished its tentative mental work it removes the inhibition and congestion of the excitements and allows these excitements to flow off to the motility an interesting train of thought now presents itself if we consider the relations of this inhibition of discharge by the second system to the regulation through the principle of pain let us now seek the counterpart of the primary feeling gratification namely the objective feeling of fear a perceptive stimulus acts on the primitive apparatus becoming the source of a painful emotion this will then be followed by irregular motor manifestations until one of these withdraws the apparatus from perception and at the same time from pain but on the reappearance of the perception this manifestation will immediately repeat itself perhaps as a movement of flight until the perception has again disappeared but there will here remain no tendency again to occupy the perception of the source of pain in the form of a hallucination or in any other form on the contrary there will be a tendency in the primitive apparatus to abandon the painful memory picture as soon as is in any way awakened as the overflow of its excitement would surely produce prens more precisely begin to produce and prens pain the deviation from memory which is but a repetition of the formal flight from perception is facilitated also by the fact that unlike perception memory does not possess sufficient quality to excite consciousness and thereby to attract to itself new energy this easy and regularly occurring deviation of the psychic process from the form of painful memory presents to us the model and the first example of psychic repression as is generally known much of this deviation from the painful much of the behavior of the ostrich can readily be demonstrated even in a normal psychic life of adults by virtue of the principle of pain the first system is therefore altogether incapable of introducing anything unpleasant into the mental associations the system cannot do anything but wish if this remains so the mental activity of the second system which should have at its disposal all the memories stored up by experiences would be hindered but two ways are now opened the work of the second system either frees itself completely from the principle of pain and continues its course paying no heed to the painful remniscence or it contrives to occupy the painful memory in such a manner as to preclude the liberation of pain we may reject the first possibility as the principle of pain also manifests itself as a regulator for the emotional discharge of the second system we are therefore directed to the second possibility namely that this system occupies a remniscence in such a manner as to inhibit its discharge and hence also to inhibit the discharge comparable to a motor innervation for the development of pain thus from two starting points we are led to the hypothesis that occupation through the second system is at the same time an inhibition for the emotional discharge that is from a consideration of the principle of pain and from the principle of the smallest expenditure of innervation let us however keep to the fact this is the key to the theory of repression that the second system is capable of occupying an idea only when it is positioned to check the development of pain emanating from it whatever withdraws itself from this inhibition also remains inaccessible for the second system and would soon be abandoned by virtue of the principle of pain the inhibition of pain however need not be complete it must be permitted to begin as it indicates to the second system the nature of memory and possibly its defective adaptation for the purpose sought by the mind the psychic process which is admitted by the first system only I shall now call the primary process and the one resulting from the inhibition of the second system I shall call the secondary process I shall by another point for what principle the second system is obliged to correct the primary process the primary process strives for a discharge of the excitement in order to establish a perception identity with the sum of excitement thus gathered the secondary process has abandoned this intention and undertaken instead the task of bringing about a thought identity all thinking is only a circuitous path from the memory of gratification taken as an end presentation to the identical occupation of the same memory which is again to be attained on the track of the motor experiences the state of thinking must take an interest in the connecting paths between the presentations without allowing itself to be misled by their intensities but it is obvious that the condensations and intermediate or compromised formations occurring in the presentations impede the attainment of this end identity by substituting one idea for the other they deviate from the path which otherwise would have been continued from the original idea such processes are therefore carefully avoided in the secondary thinking nor is it difficult to understand that the principle of pain also impedes the progress of the mental stream in its pursuit of the thought identity though indeed it offers to the mental stream the most important points of departure hence the tendency of the thinking process must be to free itself more and more from exclusive adjustment by the principle of pain and through the working of the mind to restrict the effective development to that minimum which is necessary as a signal this refinement of the activity must have been attained through a recent over-occupation of energy brought about by consciousness but we are aware that this refinement is seldom completely successful even the most normal psychic life and that our thoughts ever remain accessible to falsification through the interference of the principle of pain this however is not the breach in the functional efficiency of our psychic apparatus through which the thoughts forming the material of the secondary mental work are enabled to make their way to the primary psychic process with which formula we now describe the work leading to the dream and to the hysterical symptoms this case of insufficiency results from the union of the two factors from the history of our revolution one of which belongs solely to the psychic apparatus and has exerted a determining influence on the relation of the two systems while the other obituates fluctuatingly and introduces motive forces of organic origin into the psychic life both originate in the infantile life and result from the transformation which our psychic and somatic organism have experienced since the infantile period when I termed one of the psychic processes in the psychic apparatus the primary process I did so not only in consideration of the order of precedence and capability but also as admitting the temporal relations to a share in the nomenclature as far as our knowledge goes there is no psychic apparatus possessing only the primary process and insofar it is a theoretical fiction but so much is based on the fact that the primary processes are present in the apparatus from the beginning where the primary process is developed gradually in the course of life inhibiting and covering the primary ones and gaining complete mastery over them perhaps only at the height of life owing to this retarded appearance of the secondary processes the essence of our being consisting in unconscious wish feelings can neither be seized nor inhibited by the fore conscious whose part is once and for all restricted to the indication of the most suitable paths for all subsequent psychic efforts a compulsion to which they have to submit and which they must strive if possible to divert from its course and direct to higher aims in consequence of this retardation of the fore conscious occupation a large sphere of the memory material remains inaccessible among these indestructible and unencumbered wish feelings originating from the infantile life there are also some the fulfillments of which have entered into a relation of contradiction to the fulfillment of these wishes with no longer produced an effect of pleasure but one of pain and it is just this transformation of affect that constitutes the nature of what we designate as quote repression in which we recognize the infantile first step of passing adverse sentence or rejecting through reason to investigate in what way and through what motive forces such a transformation can be produced constitutes the problem of repression which we need here only skim over it will suffice to remark that such a revolution of affect occurs in the course of development friends one may think of the appearance of infantile life of discuss which was originally absent close friends and that is connected with the activity of the secondary system the memories from which the unconscious wish brings about the emotional discharge have never been accessible to the fore and for that reason their emotional discharge cannot be inhibited it is just on account of this affective development that these ideas are not even now accessible to the fore conscious thoughts to which they have transferred their emotional discharge on the contrary the principle of pain comes into play and causes the forex to deviate from these thoughts of transference the latter left to themselves are quote repressed and thus the existence of a store of infantile memories from the very beginning withdrawn from the forex become the preliminary condition of repression in the most favorable case the development of pain terminates as soon as the energy has been withdrawn from the thoughts of transference in the forex and this effect characterizes the intervention of the principle of pain as expedient it is different however if the repressed unconscious wish receives an organic enforcement which it can lend its thoughts of transference and through which it can enable them to make an effort towards penetration with their excitement even after they have been abandoned by the occupation of the forex a defensive struggle then ensues in as much as the forex reinforces the antagonism against the repressed ideas and subsequently this leads to a penetration by the thoughts of transference friends the carriers of the unconscious wish and prens in some form of compromise through symptom formation but from the moment that the suppressed thoughts are powerfully occupied by the unconscious wish feeling and abandoned by the forex occupation they succumb to the primary psychic process and strive only for motor discharge or if the path be free for hallucinatory revival of the desired perception identity we have previously found empirically that the incorrect processes described are enacted only with thoughts that exist in the repression we now grasp another part of the connection these incorrect processes are those that are primary in the psychic apparatus they appear wherever thoughts abandoned by the forex occupation are left to themselves and can fill themselves with the uninhibited energy striving for discharge from the unconscious we may add a few further observations to support the view that these processes designated quote incorrect are really not falsifications of the normal defect of thinking but the modes of activity of the psychic apparatus when freed from inhibition thus we see that the transference of the fore conscious excitement to the motility takes place according to the same processes and that the connection of the fore conscious presentation with words readily manifest the same displacements and mixtures which are ascribed to inattention finally, I should like to adduce proof that an increase of work necessarily results from the inhibition of these primary courses from the fact that we gain a comical effect a surplus to be discharged through laughter if we allow these streams of thought to come to consciousness the theory of the psychonerosis asserts with complete certainty that only sexual wish feeling from the infantile life experience repression, the prens, emotional transformation prens during the developmental period of childhood these are capable of returning to activity later period of development and then have the faculty of being revived either as a consequence of the sexual constitution which is really formed from the original bisexuality or in consequence of unfavorable influences of the sexual life and they thus supply the motive power for all psychonerotic symptom formations it is only by the introduction of these sexual forces that the gap still demonstrable and the theory of repression can be filled I will leave it undecided whether the postulate of the sexual and infantile may also be asserted for the theory of the dream I leave this here unfinished because I have already passed a step beyond the demonstrable and assuming that the dream wish invariable originates from the unconscious footnote here as in other places there are gaps in the treatment of the subject which I have left intentionally because to fill them up would require on the one hand two great effort and on the other hand an extensive reference to material that is far into the dream thus I have avoided stating whether I connect the word suppressed, another sense with the word repressed, it has been made clear only that the latter emphasizes more than the form or the relation to the unconscious, I have not entered into the cognate problem why the dream thoughts also experience distortion by the sense when they abandon the progressive continuation to consciousness and choose the path of regression I have been above all anxious to awaken an interest in the problems to which the further analysis of the dream work leads and indicate the other themes which meet these on the way it was not always easy to decide just where the pursuits should be continued, they have not treated exhaustively the part played in the dream by the psychosexual life and have avoided the interpretation of dreams of an obvious sexual content is due to a special reason which may not come up to the readers expectation to be sure it is very far from my ideas and the principles expressed by me in neuro pathology to regard the sexual life as pudendum which should be left unconsidered by the physician and the scientific investigator I also consider ludicrous the moral indignation of this to keep from the readers knowledge the chapter on sexual dreams contained in the symbolism of the dreams as for myself I have been actuated solely by the conviction that the explanation of sexual dreams I should be bound to entangle myself deeply in the still unexplained problems of perversion and bisexuality and for that reason I have reserved this material for another connection end footnote nor will I further investigate the difference in the play of the psychic forces in the dream formation and in the formation of the hysterical symptoms to do this we ought to possess a more explicit knowledge of one of the members to be compared but I regard another point as important and will here confess that it was on account of this very point that I have just undertaken this entire discussion concerning the two psychic systems their modes of operation and the repression for it is now immaterial whether I have conceived the psychological relation in question with the approximate correctness or as is easily possible in such a difficult matter in an erroneous and fragmentary manner whatever changes may be made in the interpretation of the psychic sensor and of the correct end of the abnormal elaboration of the dream content the fact nevertheless remains that such processes are active in dream formation and that essentially they show the closest analogy to the processes observed in the formation of the hysterical symptoms the dream is not a pathological phenomenon and it does not leave behind an enfeeblement of the mental faculties the objection that no deduction can be drawn regarding the dreams of healthy persons from my own dreams and from those of neurotic patients to be rejected without comment hence when we draw conclusions from the phenomena as to their motive forces we recognize that the psychic mechanism made use of by the neuroses is not created by a morbid disturbance of the psychic life but is found ready in the normal structure of the psychic apparatus the two psychic systems the sensor crossing between them the inhibition and the covering of one activity by the other the relationships of both the consciousness or whatever may offer a more correct interpretation of the actual conditions in their stead all these belong to the normal structure of our psychic instrument and the dream points out for us one of the roads leading to knowledge of the structure if in addition to our knowledge we wish to be contented with the minimum perfectly established we shall say that the dream gives us proof that the suppressed material continues to exist even in the normal person and remains capable of psychic activity the dream itself is one of the manifestations of the suppressed material theoretically this is true in all cases according to substantial experience it is true in at least a great number of such as most conspicuously display the prominent characteristics of dream life the suppressed psychic material which in the waking state has been prevented from expression and cut off from internal perception by the antagonistic adjustment of the contradictions finds ways and means of obtruding itself unconsciousness during their night under domination of the compromise formations Flectris sininiquis superis Achanarantimovibo at any rate the interpretation of dreams is the via regia to a knowledge of the unconscious in the psychic life in following the analysis of the dream we have made some progress towards an understanding of the composition of this most marvelous and most mysterious of instruments to be sure we have not gone very far but enough of a beginning has been made to allow us to advance from other so-called pathological formations further into analysis of the unconscious disease at least that which is justly term functional is not due to the destruction of this apparatus and the establishment of new splittings in its interior it is rather to be explained dynamically through the strengthening and weakening of the components in the play of forces by which so many activities are concealed during the normal function we have been able to show in another place how the composition of the apparatus from the two systems permits a subtleization even of the normal activity which would be impossible for a single system end of section 8 the primary and secondary process regression this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org dream psychology by Sigmund Freud translated by M. D. Eder chapter 9 the unconscious and consciousness reality on closer inspection we find that it is not the existence of two systems near the motor end of the apparatus but of two kinds of processes or modes of emotional discharge the assumption of which was explained in the psychological discussions of the previous chapter this can make no difference for us for we must always be ready to drop our auxiliary ideas whenever we deem ourselves in a position to replace them by something else approaching more closely to the unknown reality let us now try to correct some views which might be erroneously formed as long as we regarded the two systems in the crudest and most obvious sense as two localities within the psychic apparatus views which have left their traces in the terms called repression and quote penetration thus when we say that an unconscious idea strives for transference into the fore conscious in order later to penetrate consciousness we do not mean that a second idea is to be formed situated in a new locality like an inter-lineation near which the original continues to remain also when we speak of penetration into consciousness we wish carefully to avoid any idea of change of locality when we say that a fore conscious idea is repressed and subsequently taken up by the unconscious we might be tempted by these figures borrowed from the idea of a struggle over a territory to assume that an arrangement is really broken up in one psychic locality and replaced by a new one in the other locality for these comparisons we substitute what would seem to correspond better with the real state of affairs by saying that an energy occupation is displaced to or withdrawn from a certain arrangement so that the psychic formation falls under the domination of a system or is withdrawn from the same here again we replace a topical mode of presentation by a dynamic it is not the psychic formation that appears to us as the moving factor but the innervation of the same I deem it appropriate and justifiable however to apply ourselves still further to the illustrative conception of the two systems we shall avoid any misapplication of this manner of representation if we remember that presentations thoughts and psychic formations should generally not be localized in the organic elements of the nervous system but so to speak between them where resistances and paths form the correlate corresponding to them everything that can become an object of our internal perception is virtual like the image in a telescope produced by the passage of the rays of light but we are justified in assuming the existence of the systems which have nothing psychic in themselves and which never become accessible to our psychic perception corresponding to the lenses of the telescope which design the image if we continue this comparison we may say that the sensor between two systems corresponds to the refraction of rays during their passage into a new medium thus far we have made psychology on our own responsibility it is now time to examine the theoretical opinions governing present-day psychology and to test the relation to our theories the question of the unconscious in psychology is according to authoritative words of lips less a psychological question than the question of psychology as long as psychology settled this question with the verbal explanation that the quote psychic is the quote conscience and that the quote unconscious psychic occurrences are an obvious contradiction the psychological estimate of the observations gained by the physician from abnormal mental states was precluded the physician and the philosopher agree only when both acknowledge that the unconscious psychic processes are quote the appropriate and well justified expression for an established fact end quote the physician cannot but reject with the shrug of his shoulders the assertion that quote consciousness is the indispensable quality of the psychic end quote he may assume that utterings of the philosopher still be strong enough that he and they do not treat the same subject and do not pursue the same science for a single intelligent observation of the psychic life of an erotic a single analysis of a dream must force upon him the unalterable conviction that the most complicated and correct mental operations to which no one will refuse the name of psychic occurrences may take place without exciting the consciousness of the person it is true that the physician does not learn of these unconscious processes until they exerted such an effect on consciousness as to admit communication or observation but this effect of consciousness may show a psychic character wildly differing from the unconscious processes so that the internal perception cannot possibly recognize the one as a substitute for the other the physician must reserve for himself the right to penetrate by a process of deduction from the effect on consciousness to the unconscious psychic processes he learns in this way that the effect on consciousness is only a remote psychic product of the unconscious process and that the latter has not become conscious as such that it has been in existence and operative without betraying itself in any way to consciousness a reaction from the overestimation of the quality of consciousness becomes the indispensable preliminary condition for any correct insight into the behavior of the psychic in the words of lips the unconscious must be accepted as the general basis of the psychic life the unconscious is the larger circle which includes within itself the smaller circle of the conscious everything conscious has its preliminary step in the unconscious whereas the unconscious may stop with this step and still claim full value as a psychic activity properly speaking the unconscious is the real psychic its inner nature is just as unknown to us as the reality of the external world and it is just as imperfectly reported to us through the data of consciousness as is the external world through the indication of our sensory organs a series of dream problems which have intensely occupied older authors will be laid aside when the old opposition between conscious life and dream life is abandoned and the unconscious psychic assigned to its proper place thus many of the activities whose performances in the dream have excited our admiration are now no longer to be attributed to the dream but to unconscious thinking which is also active during the day if according to Schneerer the dream seems to play with a sibling representation of the body we know that this is the work of certain unconscious fantasies which have properly given into sexual emotion and that these fantasies come to expression not only in dreams but also in hysterical phobias and in other symptoms if the dream continues and settles activities of the day and even brings to light valuable inspirations we have only to subtract from it the dream disguise as a feat of dream work and a mark of assistance from obscure forces in the depth of the mind parentheses CF the devil and Tartini sonata dream and parentheses the intellectual task as such must be attributed to the same psychic forces which perform all such tasks during the day we are probably far too much inclined to overestimate the conscious character even of intellectual and artistic productions from the communications of some of the most highly productive persons such as Gerta and Helmholtz we learn indeed that the most essential and original parts in their creations came to them in the form of inspirations and reached their perceptions almost finished there is nothing strange about the assistance of the conscious activity in other cases where there was a concerted effort of all the psychic forces but it is a much abused privilege of the conscious activity that is allowed to hide from us all other activities wherever it participates it will hardly be worthwhile to take up the historical significance of dreams as a special subject where for instance a chieftain has been urged through a dream to engage in a bold undertaking the success of which has had the effect on history a new problem results only so long as the dream regarded as a strange power is contrasted with the other more familiar psychic forces the problem however disappears when we regard the dream as a form of expression for feelings which are burdened with resistance during the day and which can receive reinforcements at night from deep emotional sources but the great respect shown by the ancients for the dream is based on a correct psychological surmise it is an homage paid to the unsubdued and indestructible in the human mind and to the demoniacal which furnishes the dream wish in which we find again in our unconscious not inadvisably do I use the expression quote in our unconscious end quote for what we so designate does not coincide with the unconscious of the philosophers nor with the unconscious of lips in the latter uses it is intended to designate only the opposite of conscious that there are also unconscious psychic processes beside the conscious ones is the hotly contested and energetically defended issue lips gives us the more far reaching theory that everything psychic exist is unconscious but that some of it may exist also as conscious but it was not to prove this theory that we have reduced the phenomena of the dream and of the hysterical symptom formation the observation of normal life alone suffices to establish its correctness beyond any doubt the new fact that we have learned from the analysis of the psychopathological formations and indeed from their first member that is dreams is that the unconscious hence the psychic occurs as a function of two separate systems and that it occurs as such even in normal psychic life consequently there are two kinds of unconscious which we do not as yet find distinguished by the psychologist both are unconscious in the psychological sense but in our sense the first which we call unsee is likewise incapable of consciousness whereas the second we term foresee because its emotions after the observance of certain rules can reach consciousness perhaps not before they have again undergone censorship but still regardless of the unsee system the fact that in order to attain consciousness the emotions must traverse an unalterable series of events or succession of instances as is portrayed through their alteration by the sensor has helped us to draw a comparison from spatiality we describe the relations of the two systems to each other and to consciousness by saying that the system foresee is like a screen between the system unsee and consciousness the system foresee not only barred access to consciousness but also controls the entrance to voluntary motility and is capable of sending out a sum of mobile energy a portion of which is familiar to us as attention we must also steer clear of the distinction super conscious which have found so much favor in the more recent literature on the psycho neuroses for just such a distinction seems to emphasize the equivalence of the psychic and the conscious what part now remains in our description of the once all powerful and all overshadowing consciousness none other than that of a sensory organ for the perception of psychic qualities according to the fundamental idea of schematic undertaking we can conceive the conscious perception only as the particular activity of an independent system for which the abbreviated designation cons commends itself the system we conceive to be similar in its mechanical characteristics to the perception system P hence excitable by qualities and incapable of retaining the trace of changes that is, is devoid of memory the psychic apparatus which with the sensory organ of the P system is turned to the outer world is itself the outer world for the sensory organ of cons the teleological justification of which rests on this relationship we are here once more confronted with the principle of the succession of instances which seems to dominate the structure of the apparatus material under excitement flows to the cons sensory organ from the two sides firstly from the P system whose excitement qualitatively determined probably experiences a new elaboration until it comes to conscious perception and secondly from the interior of the apparatus itself the quantitative processes of which are perceived as qualitative series of pleasure and pain as soon as they have undergone certain changes the philosophers who have learned that correct and highly complicated thought structures are possible even without the cooperation of consciousness have found it difficult to attribute any function to consciousness it has appeared to them a superfluous mirroring of the perfected psychic process the analogy of our cons system with the systems of perception relieves us of this embarrassment we see that perception through our sensory organs results in directing the occupation of attention to those paths on which the incoming sensory excitement is diffused the qualitative excitement of the P system serves the mobile quantity of the psychic apparatus as a regulator for its discharge we may claim the same function for the overlying sensory organ of the cons system by assuming new qualities it furnishes a new contribution towards the guidance and suitable distribution of the mobile occupation quantities by means of the perception of pleasure and pain it influences the course of the occupations within the psychic apparatus which normally operates unconsciously and through the displacement of quantities it is probable that the principle of pain first regulates displacements of occupation automatically but it is quite possible that the consciousness of these qualities adds a second and more subtle regulation which may even oppose the first and perfect the working capacity of the apparatus by placing it in the position contrary to its original design for occupying and developing even that which is connected with the liberation of pain we learn from neuropsychology that an important part of the functional activity of the apparatus is attributed to such regulations through the qualitative excitation of the sensory organs the automatic control of the primary principle of pain and the restrictions of mental capacity connected with it are broken by the sensible regulations which in their turn are again automatisms we learn that the repression which though originally expedient terminates nevertheless in a harmful rejection of inhibition and of psychic domination is so much more easily accomplished with remnistances than with perceptions because the former there is no increase in occupation through the excitement of the psychic sensory organs when an idea to be rejected has once failed to become conscious because it has succumbed to repression it can be repressed on other occasions only because it has been withdrawn from conscious perception on other grounds these are hints employed by therapy in order to bring about a retrogression of accomplished repressions the value of the over occupation which is produced by the regulating influence of the cons sensory organ on the mobile quantity is demonstrated in the teleological connection by nothing more clearly than by the creation of a new series of qualities and consequently a new regulation which constitutes the precedence of man over the animals for the mental processes are in themselves devoid of quality except for the excitement of pleasure and pain accompanying them which as we know are to be held in check as possible disturbances of thought in order to endow them with equality they are associated in man with verbal memories the qualitative remnants of which suffice to draw upon them the attention of consciousness which in turn endows thought with a new mobile energy the manifold problems of consciousness in their entirety can be examined only through an analysis of the hysterical mental process from this analysis we see received the impression that the transition from the four conscious to the occupation of consciousness is also connected with a censorship similar to the one between the unsee and the foresee this censorship too begins to act only with the reaching of a certain quantitative degree so that few intense thought formations escape it every possible case of detention from consciousness as well as of a penetration to consciousness under restriction is found included within the picture of the psychonerotic phenomena every case points to the intimate and two-fold connection between the censor and consciousness I shall conclude these psychological discussions with the report of two such occurrences on the occasion of a consultation a few years ago the subject was an intelligent and innocent looking girl her attire was strange whereas a woman's garb is usually groomed to the last fold she had one of her stockings hanging down and two of her waist buttons opened she complained of pains in one of her legs and exposed her leg unrequested her chief complaint however was in her own words as follows she had a feeling in her body as if something was stuck into it which moved to and fro and made her tremble through and through this sometimes made her whole body stiff on hearing this a colleague in consultation looked at me the complaint was quite plain to him to both of us it seemed peculiar that the patient's mother thought nothing of the matter of course she herself must have been repeatedly in a situation described by her child as for the girl she had no idea of the import of her words or she would never have allowed them to pass her lips here the censor had been deceived so successfully that under the mask of an instant complaint a fantasy was admitted to consciousness which otherwise would have remained in the foreconscious another example I began the psychoanalytic treatment of a boy of 14 years who was suffering from tick convulsif hysterical vomiting, headache, etc by assuring him that after closing his eyes he would see pictures or have ideas which I requested him to communicate to me he answered by describing pictures the last impression he had received before coming to me was visually revived in his memory he had played a game of checkers with his uncle and now saw the checkerboard before him he commented on various positions that were favorable or unfavorable on the moves that were not safe to make he then saw a dagger lying on the checkerboard an object belonging to his father a transfer to the checkerboard by his fantasy then a sickle was lying on the board next a scythe was at it and finally he beheld the likeness of an old peasant mowing the grass in front of the boy's distant parental home a few days later I discovered the meaning of this pseudonym a few days later I discovered the meaning of this series of pictures disagreeable family relations had made the boy nervous it was the case of a strict and crab father who lived unhappily with his mother and whose educational methods consisted in threats of the separation of his father from his tender and delicate mother and the remarrying of his father who one day bought home a young woman as his new mama the illness of the 14-year-old boy broke out a few days later it was the suppressed anger against his father that had composed these pictures into intelligible illusions the material was furnished by a remniscence from mythology the sickle was the one with which Zeus castrated his father the scythe and the likeness of the peasant represented Kronos the violent old man who eats his children and upon whom Zeus wreaks vengeance in so unfilial a manner the marriage of the father gave the boy an opportunity to return the reproaches and threats of his father which had previously been made because the child played with the stenditals the parentheses, the checkerboard the prohibitive moves the dagger with which a person may be killed and parentheses we have here long repressed memories and their unconscious remnants which under the guise of senseless pictures have slipped into consciousness by devious paths left open to them I should then expect to find the theoretical value of the study of dreams and its contributions to psychological knowledge and the understanding of neuroses who can foresee the importance of a thorough knowledge of the structure and activities of the psychic apparatus when even our present state of knowledge produces a happy therapeutic influence in the curable forms of the psycho neuroses what about the practical value of such study someone may ask for psychic knowledge and for discovering of the secret peculiarity of individual character have not the unconscious feelings revealed by the dream the value of real forces in the psychic life should we take lightly the ethical significance of the suppressed wishes which as they now create dreams may someday create other things I do not feel justified in answering these questions I have not thought further upon this side of the dream problem I believe however that at all events the Roman emperor was in the wrong who ordered one of his subjects executed because the latter dreamt that he had killed the emperor he should first have endeavored to discover the significance of the dream most probably it was not what it seemed to be and even if a dream of different content had the significance of this defense against majesty who would still have been in place to remember the words of Plato that the virtuous man contends himself with dreaming that which the wicked man does in actual life I am therefore of the opinion that it is best to accord freedom to dreams whether in reality is to be attributed to the unconscious wishes and in what sense I am not prepared to say offhand reality must naturally be denied to all transition and intermediate thoughts if we had before us the unconscious wishes brought to their last and truest expression we should still do well to remember that more than one single form of existence must be ascribed to the psychic reality action and the conscious expression of thought mostly suffice for the practical need of judging a man's character action above all merits to be placed in the first rank for many of the impulses penetrating consciousness are neutralized by real forces of the psychic life before they are converted into action indeed the reason why they frequently do not encounter any psychic obstacle on their way is because the unconscious is certain of their meeting with resistances later in any case it is instructed to become familiar with the much raked up soil from which our virtues proudly arise for the complication of human character moving dynamically in all directions really accommodates itself to adjustment through a simple alternative as our antiquated moral philosophy would have it and how about the value of the dream for knowledge of the future that of course we cannot consider one feels inclined to substitute quote for knowledge of the past quote for the dream originates from the past in every sense to be sure the ancient belief that the dream reveals the future is not entirely devoid of truth by representing to us a wish as fulfilled the dream certainly leads us into the future but this future taken by the dreamer as present has been formed into the likeness of that past by the indestructible wish end of Chapter 9 the unconscious and consciousness reality end of dream psychology by Sigmund Freud translated by M. D. Eater


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