In this lecture, we are going to discuss the situation when the transversality condition fails. The outline for the lecture is as follows, first we discuss failure of transversality condition and its consequences, what can be expected in when there is a failure of transversality condition. Then we look at illustrative examples where transversality condition fails, these there are 2 examples, they illustrate the 2 possibilities that we can conclude in the case when transversality condition fails. And then we look back at the 3 examples which were motivating examples which were dealt in lecture 2.1. It was Cauchy problem, 3 Cauchy problem for the same differential equation, same PDE wherein we saw one has exactly one solution, other Cauchy problem has infinitely many solutions and the third one had no solutions. So, we are going to analyze those examples in the light of this failure of transversality condition. In the proof of existence and uniqueness theorem, the transversality condition played an important role in both existence and uniqueness assertions in proving both of them. So, therefore, it is natural to ask what happens if transversality condition is not satisfied. We expect that the Cauchy problem may not have a solution because that is existence is violated, no existence. Second aspect is uniqueness is violated that means it has more than one solution or it may still have one and only one solution, are you surprised? No need to surprise because the theorem if you remember the assumption of transversality condition was only a sufficient condition, under that condition we have proved existence and uniqueness. So, if the sufficient condition is not satisfied, still we may have existence of a unique solution. I would like to recall your attention to one of the very important ordinary differential equation problem. Let me write that equation y dash equal to y sin 1 by y obviously when y is not 0 and 0 when y equal to 0 that is to be expected and then y of 0 equal to 0. So, this initial value problem, okay, the theorem that we have is a Pino's theorem and Cauchy-Lipschitz-Picott's theorem, when we apply Pino's theorem, yes the right hand side is a continuous function therefore there is no problem it has a solution. Now the right hand side is not a Lipschitz function that you can check it. Cauchy-Lipschitz-Picott's theorem cannot be applied and uniqueness be concluded we cannot do that. So, therefore we can expect that maybe there is more than one solution. In ODE's it so happens that when you have two different solutions for the same initial problem there are infinitely many solutions actually so that is the only possibility. So you have no solution or one solution or infinitely many solutions this is the only possibilities for ODE's. Now here it so happens this problem the right hand side is not a Lipschitz function this is not locally Lipschitz. If you call this as f of y there is no y dependent x dependence so I do not write. So this is locally not locally Lipschitz it is not locally Lipschitz. Therefore we cannot apply the theorem but still it so happens this has a unique solution. So that I leave it for you if you are not come across this question already please look at it and show that solution is unique. So violation of sufficient condition means nothing no conclusions can be found that is why you may still have one and only one solution it can happen. So if the transversality condition is not satisfied and a solution to the Cauchy problem is expected that means you the Cauchy problem has a solution then something should happen. The datum curve must necessarily have a characteristic direction at each of its points which means that it is a characteristic curve. Now we have a result lemma 1 it is a very simple result. Let z equal to u x y be an integral surface corresponding to the Cauchy problem for Quasillinear equation QL containing a part of the datum curve which is called gamma dash and that corresponds to you see gamma corresponds to s belongs to y gamma dash corresponds to s belongs to i dash where i dash is a sub interval. Now take a point on gamma dash and denote j 0 s is the precisely the determinant which comes in transversality condition a b here f dash g dash a b is the tangential direction for the base characteristic curve and base characteristic passing through the point f s g s but because it is Quasillinear it is tied up with the value h s also f prime g prime is a tangential direction to the base characteristic curve not sorry not base characteristic curve to projection of gamma which is gamma 2 it is a tangent for that conclusions if j of 0 s naught is 0 that means that determinant is 0 at one point then the datum curve has a characteristic direction at that point what does that mean datum curve has characteristic direction at s naught what is characteristic direction at s naught a p naught b p naught c p naught because p naught is the point f s naught g s naught h s naught and what is the saying that datum curve has a characteristic direction it is tangent which is f prime s naught g prime s naught h prime s naught that triple is proportional to a b c and if it is 0 j 0 s is 0 for every s in a sub interval i then gamma dash is a characteristic curve for the Quasillinear equation proof of 1 so j 0 s naught is given to be 0 right and we want to show that datum curve has a characteristic direction at that point p naught so j 0 s naught is 0 if and only if this is just expansion of that determinant a b one column f prime g prime in the other column that determinant is precisely the left hand side that is equal to 0 since use a solution to Quasillinear equation and h s equal to u of f s g s holes we know this we have let us compute this c p naught g prime minus b p naught h prime what is c p naught from the equation a u x plus b u y equal to c therefore that c p naught is equal to this quantity in the brackets a u x plus b u y at the respective points a and b or a b and u x u y are evaluated into g prime s naught minus b p naught into h prime s naught how do I get h prime s naught from here differentiate this with respect to s take s equal to s naught that will give you this by chain rule u x f prime plus u y g prime now that is equal to after simplification is this but here you observe this thing in the bracket is precisely the left hand side with a minus sign so that is 0 therefore this is 0 so this proves one so one is a we have proved on the last slide that gamma has a characteristic direction at the point p 0 proof of two from one we conclude that gamma dash is a characteristic curve if j 0 s equal to 0 for all s in i prime what is the part one says whenever j 0 s equal to 0 and we have a solution then that has to be characteristic curve that that the the atom curve has characteristic direction at that point but in this case it happens for s in i dash therefore gamma dash is a characteristic curve that is the definition of a characteristic if j 0 s equal to 0 for all s then by lemma gamma itself is a characteristic curve so when such a thing happens the Cauchy problem is called characteristic Cauchy problem the Cauchy problem where the datum curve is a characteristic curve that is called a characteristic Cauchy problem now we have lemma 2 this is what is the result which is what happens when transversality conditions what is to be expected of solutions on how many in number so consider the Cauchy problem for ql such that for every s j is 0 conclusions take a point in gamma if gamma is a characteristic curve then there exists infinite number of integral surfaces infinite number which contain a part of the datum curve gamma containing the point p0 that is always there local solution we have been talking about so this will always be there but here the interesting thing infinite number of integral surfaces if gamma is a characteristic curve earlier lemma 1 said if you have a solution then curve gamma must be characteristic curve if the j is identically equal to 0 now this is opposite kind of converse if j is 0 throughout and gamma is a characteristic curve then not only there is a solution but actually infinite number of solutions exist and if gamma does not have a characteristic direction at any of its points then no solution Cauchy problem does not admit a solution note in this theorem we are assuming that j is 0 throughout for all s in i so how do we show infinitely many solutions exist what we do is this let v denote v1 v2 v3 denote the tangential direction to gamma at the point p0 so imagine this is your gamma this point is p0 this is a tangential direction which is this one now choose any direction w such that the set v1 v2 and w1 w2 this is in R2 is linearly independent in R2 we will see in a moment why this we are assuming this is it possible to choose yes it is possible to choose because once you know v1 v2 that is after all one vector in R2 you can find infinitely many such vectors w1 w2 so that this set is linearly independent and w3 you can simply add to that there is no condition on w3 the only condition is on w1 w2 and v1 v2 so it can be done in fact infinitely many ways you can do this that is the reason why we are going to get infinite solutions we will see that so choose any curve gamma tilde in omega 3 that is we had a gamma we had a point p0 where we had some tangential direction now what we are asking is choose anybody else tangent has to be different something like that this is another curve in fact it can be a curve it can be a straight line as well we are going to see that suppose your curve you take no problem so this is gamma tilde take any curve gamma tilde in omega 3 through the same point p0 such that the tangent to gamma dash at p0 is in the direction of w that one easy way of ensuring that is to take straight line so you have gamma here this is the point p0 so you take some curve no I do not want to take curve so you had a gamma you had a point p0 and here through p0 you fix a direction w and you take a line that is it a line passing through p0 with direction w that is simply given by p0 plus some parameter alpha times w this is a vector form of the line right so of course the tangent will be the direction w so the consequence j gamma tilde p0 will be non-zero because on one hand you had f prime g prime right earlier and here you had that a b because of that you got things 0 now you have taken somebody who is so this was 0 earlier that that means f prime g prime is proportional to a b now I replace this with a new thing w1 w2 this will be non-zero okay because this is not linearly independent sorry w1 w2 v1 v2 are linearly independent therefore as a consequence w1 w2 and f prime is not g prime is not the both these columns are linearly independent so determinant is going to be non-zero now I can apply existence uniqueness theorem so what happened is that initially we had a curve gamma there was some problem because j was 0 we could not apply the existence uniqueness theorem then we chose another curve gamma tilde for which existence theorem can be applied as a consequence we get a kind of surface okay which contains a part of this gamma tilde and as a consequence a part of gamma will also be there because that is that is a characteristic curve so the surface is called s tilde that contains a part of gamma also because gamma is a characteristic curve so tangent plane at p0 2 s tilde contains 2 vectors v and w v is there because the curve gamma is there on the surface and v is a tangential direction basically it is a characteristic direction at p0 and w is also there in the tangent plane so in fact the tangent plane is given by the subspace of r3 spanned by the 2 vectors v and w there is a tangent space and tangent plane will be at the point p0 origin will be at p0 so we have got that so there are infinite number of directions w having the property that v1 v2 w1 w2 is linearly independent we already saw this therefore we get an infinite number of integral surfaces such that a part of gamma lies on each other the part might vary from surface to surface all of these integral surface are pair based distinct because the tangent planes are having different directions okay the orientation of the tangent of course tangent plane is always a two dimensional quantity but it will be changing one guy who is always be there in that direction in the tangent plane is the direction of the characteristic direction but the other direction is the w if you as you change w two planes are not same you have infinitely many solutions because you have infinitely many choices for w so second proof of second one assume that there is a solution then by lemma 1 datum curve must be a characteristic curve and we have assumed it does not it is not a character not only it is not a characteristic curve it has it does not have a characteristic direction at any of its points that is a hypothesis of part 2 of lemma 2 so it contradicts therefore Cauchy problem does not admit a solution so this completes the proof of 2 now we are going to illustrate these two conclusions of lemma 2 with the two examples the first example we are going to consider is this equation x ux plus y uy equal to 2u ux 0 equal to x square is the Cauchy data given for x positive okay let us start solving so first thing is you need to parameterize the Cauchy data which is this x equal to s y equal to 0 z equal to square then we have to write down the characteristic differential equations which is this now we have to solve this with initial conditions so that time t equal to 0 this it passes through points of gamma so this is initial conditions solutions are very simple one can write this equations are linear equations right dx by dt equal to dx so solution is constant times e power t here also constant times e power t here constant times e power 2t what that constant turns out to be coming from this initial data so these are the solutions now what is the next step that the existence uniqueness theorem told us using the first two equations namely for x equal to x ts and y equal to y ts express t as a function of x y and s as a function of x y go and substitute in the third one and propose your solution if all is well that is going to be your solution and here we cannot express explicitly you can see x equal to s e power t y equal to 0 there is no way you can solve for both s and t from this but suddenly we see that we look at the third one that is s square e power 2t that is s e power t is whole square therefore z equal to x square a solution we have an i for a solution maybe and tempted to declare that my solution is going to be u x y equal to x square okay it solves a Cauchy problem of course we can substitute and see it actually solves but who guaranteed that this will be a solution because you have not done the application of the theorem because if you want to apply the theorem you have to check that the transversality condition is met you have not done that so somehow you guessed luckily it is working that is it can you give me one more can you say this is the only solution we do not know okay so this question is still to be settled so let us go go through formally go through the theorem to know that if a solution exists or not we have to rely on the theorem look at the Jacobian that is 0 everywhere so I cannot apply the theorem so anything can happen now can we conclude something from lemma to gamma is a characteristic curve one can check it just means one slightly one more thing you have to check what is the tangential direction to gamma and what is the characteristic direction at this point both will be proportional please check that the lemma to assert the existence of infinitely many solutions done let us find some of them yeah theorem says infinitely many theorem also gives an algorithm which can be implemented we will do that so take a point on gamma say this point p I do not really need to put s naught so I just put s all of us know that s is fixed in this right the point p naught is fixed this is how a typical point looks on gamma s 0 s square fix a w such that w 1 w 2 and 1 0 what is 1 0 it is that v 1 v 2 that is 1 0 in this example that is linearly depend independent done now take gamma tilde as this this if you see just the straight line passing through the point p having the direction w p I have used zeta here w if you write in component form is what you get okay s p is what s 0 s square plus zeta w 1 w 2 w 3 so if you expand you will get this so it is a straight line passing through p having the direction w in fact we may take w equal to 0 1 w 3 okay that means I am setting w 1 equal to 0 w 2 equal to 1 why is that because what you want to show infinitely many solutions even now suppose I show for each such w there is a solution do we still have infinitely many yes because w 3 is still arbitrary w 3 is in R 1 can do much more but I am already showing infinitely many solutions there are many more solutions also solution of the characteristic system of ODE satisfying these initial conditions which are now based on gamma tilde is given by x equal to s e t s e power t y equal to zeta e power t z equal to s square plus zeta w 3 into e power 2 t now we can express t and s in terms of x and y as follows t equal to capital T of x y equal to log x by s and zeta is equal to s y by x please note that s is fixed as far as gamma tilde is concerned substituting in the expression for z of t s we obtain the solution as u tilde of x y equal to x square that is s square into e power 2 t is x square plus s y by x that is the zeta here into w 3 w 3 into e to the power 2 t which is x by s whole square it comes from here so on simplification the solution u tilde become x square plus w 3 x y by s solution to the Cauchy problem with datum curve gamma tilde was obtained as this on the previous slide u tilde of x y is x square plus w 3 x y by s please note this is not one solution this is infinitely many solutions because there is a arbitrary w 3 in the formula so with the choice of w equal to 0 1 w 3 gamma tilde takes the form we introduce gamma tilde with respect to w 1 w 2 w 3 but we made a choice that w will be 0 1 w 3 therefore gamma tilde looks like this x equal to s y equal to zeta z equal to s square plus zeta w 3 zeta belongs to real numbers observe that u tilde of s zeta that is substitute x equal to s and y equal to zeta you get s square plus zeta w 3 but what is s square plus zeta w 3 it is this the z coordinate what is s and j s and zeta their x and y coordinate respectively it means that the entire gamma tilde lies on the surface s tilde does that surprise you because the applying existence and uniqueness theorem gives us only for zeta nearby 0 that gamma tilde lies on s tilde it should not surprise because the existence and uniqueness theorem is a very general one it is applicable for all sorts of Cauchy problems and what we are working with here is a specific Cauchy problem therefore the solution can behave better next question is actually can we apply the theorem of course we have solved and got this expression for u tilde of x y is a theorem itself applicable recall our original problem is a characteristic Cauchy problem where we had this determinant right this s 0 corresponds to a and b and this corresponds to original f prime and g prime and that was 0 for all s so it was a characteristic Cauchy problem then what we did is that this continues to be a 0 now we change to gamma tilde when we change to gamma tilde what is the corresponding f dash g dash that is w 1 w 2 which is 0 1 which is equal to s and which is not equal to 0 because we are in the region s greater than 0 so the theorem is applicable and that will give you as you know local solutions with respect to the datum curve but however we have obtained here by the computations we see that we indeed have a global solution with respect to the datum curve. Observe that u tilde of x 0 equal to x square also holds what does that mean that means that entire gamma lies on s tilde that means our original datum curve itself lies on s tilde so not all these solutions are also global with respect to domain they are in fact defined on R 2 okay they are defined on R 2 so there are infinitely many solutions. Now let us look at the second example this I think we already solved using Lagrange's method u x plus u y equal to 1 if not let us do again let us do now so the characteristic system of ODE is dx by z equal to dy by 1 equal to dz by 1 so integrating this set of equations we get this x minus z square by 2 equal to c 1 the other one will give you y minus z equal to c 2 therefore Lagrange method says f of c 1 c 2 equal to 0 that means take any arbitrary function f and this equal to 0 of course it remains that this is valid for only those x y z for which this kind of quantity this tuple lies in the domain of f that is always there second thing is that you should be able to solve for z in terms of x and y only then I would like to call this as a solution okay that is done now we will substitute c 1 c 2 so now I think we will find the f using the Cauchy data that should fix the f then we will get the solution that is the idea whether we will be successful or not we will see so x equal to s square y equal to 2 as z equal to s this quantity equal to c 1 substitute for x equal to s square and z is equal to s you get this so that will give you s square equal to 2 c 1 now from the other one y minus z equal to c 2 when you substitute the values for y and z you get s equal to c 2 therefore there is a relation between c 2 and c 1 that we get c 2 square equal to 2 c 1 so we are going to substitute for c 2 whatever that y minus z and c 1 this that gives a quadratic equation for z when solved we get this expression y plus r minus root 4 x minus y square by 2 now gamma 2 the projection of datum curve lies on this curve of 4 x minus 4 x equal to y square therefore this function is not differentiable because whenever 4 x minus y square is 0 there is trouble square root function is not differentiable so u is not differentiable at any point of gamma 2 therefore Cauchy problem has no solution whatever we have obtained now using method of characteristics we will attempt to solve the same problem again so we have to write the parametric form of gamma done then system of characteristic ODE is this now we have to solve this with initial data this so that at t equal to 0 the characteristic curve lies on the datum curve done when we solve this is the expression we get for x y and z so to know if a solution exists we have to rely on the existence and uniqueness theorem because it is not obvious whether I can I can use the equation for x and y and get an expression for t and s so let me do that Jacobian is this it is 0 so Jacobian is 0 therefore existence theorem cannot be applied now what does lemma to ask it asks whether it is a characteristic curve if it is a characteristic curve answer is infinitely many solutions so we check what is it is it a characteristic curve or not the characteristic direction at any point on gamma is the a b c that is s 1 1 but tangential direction is 2 s 2 comma 1 so both are not proportional they are not parallel okay so therefore therefore gamma is not a characteristic curve therefore the second part says you do not have solution conclusion 2 of lemma 2 says it has no solution okay now let us go back to the three examples that we were discussing in lecture 2.1 that is this recall the PDE was u x equal to C u in fact it is like ODE there is no t dependence and then Cauchy data 1 2 3 Cauchy data 1 had unique solution note where is it prescribed it is prescribed on the t axis while Cauchy data for 2 and 3 are prescribed on the x axis in one case you have infinitely many solutions in the other case there are no solutions then we ask this question why they behave differently PDEs are same and on t axis you have uniqueness on x axis you may have many or no solutions then we had this question who is special is a t axis or x axis and we said answers later now it is a time for answers Cauchy problem 1 j 0 s so we are trying to use lemma 2 and try to answer j 0 s is 1 therefore we have existence uniqueness theorem therefore uniqueness is what you expect done it is in tune with the assertion of existence uniqueness theorem. Now second Cauchy problem we had j 0 now the question is is it a characteristic curve or not so transversality condition is not satisfied fine at every point on gamma the characteristic direction is f prime g prime h prime which is equal to 1 0 c into e power c s and it coincides with the tangential direction therefore it is a characteristic curve therefore there are infinitely many solutions that is what lemma 2 also says Cauchy problem 3 j is 0 so we ask whether the curve gamma is a characteristic curve or not it is not a characteristic curve so the conclusion 2 of lemma 2 says no solution so that is the thing here transversality condition is satisfied so we do not go further here we check gamma is a characteristic curve because a b c is this f prime g prime h prime is this and here gamma does not have characteristic direction anywhere therefore no solutions this is a characteristic Cauchy problem we have infinitely many solutions the transversality transversality condition is not satisfied for both Cauchy problems 2 and 3 datum curve turned out to be a characteristic curve in the case of Cauchy problem 2 that is why we had infinitely many solutions datum curve is not a characteristic curve for this Cauchy problem 3 therefore no solution now let us answer the other part which x is special t or x and y special things have to be handled carefully so you answer for yourself for this question because the answer lies in special things have to be handled carefully something is not special does not matter you give anything you want know there is no problem so existence uniqueness theorem asserted existence of a unique solution for Cauchy problem if transversality condition is satisfied denote the corresponding Jacobian as J0 S0 if this is non-zero then it will be non-zero for S belonging to an interval containing S0 for the reasons that things are involved in the determinant or continuous functions of S and determinant itself is a continuous function so given the local nature of the assertions in existence and uniqueness theorem the following cases exhaust all the possibilities in when the transversality condition fails at S0 J vanishes at all points of an interval of some interval containing S0 nearby S0 is what we are worried about and some interval J is 0 or it does not vanish at any point of some interval containing S0 except at S0 that is the isolated point in some interval in rest of the points of the interval J is not vanishing but only at S0 it vanishes or it can happen like this kind of limit point you find a sequence of Sn so as the J is 0 at the point J0 Sn and Sn goes to S0 otherwise it is not 0 imagine a function like X sign 1 by X 0 is the limit point of zeros of this function something like that now lemma 2 answered the cases 1 and when the case 1 happens when J is identically equal to 0 on some interval containing S0 and theory seems to be elusive when situation 2 or 3 occurs one has to look from case to case and make conjectures and I do not think there is any complete theory available written in a textbook. So let us summarize we have learned how to solve a Cauchy problem using method of characteristics we have understood what may happen if transversality condition is not satisfied and in the next lecture we solve some more problems from first order partial differential equations up to quasi-linear equations and then we will move on to general non-linear equations or general equations later on thank you.


So what I want to do is I want to give you an overview of what we're trying to do in the metadata stores program Talk about some of the solutions that we're funding and then I guess throw it open for more general questions Yeah Yeah, that'll do As I think I probably mentioned in a throwaway line earlier on Today we're in the process of updating our business plan I think Ross Wilkinson spent a chunk of yesterday closeted away in a room updating it So we should have a business plan available soon For the next well, it's no longer the next year the next nine months for you to look at We don't so I'm having to point you to what's in the current Publicly available document, which is a project plan from last year, but this text hasn't actually changed much So the the research metadata store infrastructure, which is was the name of this program Was really about infrastructure for creation management and harvesting of metadata about collections and objects. I Won't read the rest of the definition because I'm actually going to talk about some of those concepts in a minute So the problem we've got is that there are an increasing number of data stores out there Some of those are institutional Monash has a thing with the catchy title of the large research data store Melbourne University is looking to put in something similar number of other institutions around Australia have got or are building out large data stores in addition, there's the national Infrastructure so arcs have got the arcs data fabric Some of you may have been on mailing lists and seen roadshows about the arcs data fabric roadshow that's coming up Some of you may have also seen announcements that they've now got integration between the arcs data fabric and Amazon S3 and there's There was an allocation of money in the super science budget at the same time as the 48 million for the ANS ARDC activity to contribute towards the national data storage infrastructure 47 of that million has gone to an initiative at the University of Melbourne called Nectar And I'm sure Steve Manos would be happy to answer questions on that 50 million of it is going to Infrastructure focus specifically on storage and there have been discussions about the business model for that and Who the lead agent would be but no announcement yet. That's in part caught up in Caretaker mode and then of course there's international data infrastructure things like Amazon S3 and equivalents although S3 is less attractive for Australia because of the the backhaul traffic costs Unfortunately, all of those have relatively poor support for rich metadata about the data that's being stored They're good at storing ones and zeros. They're not good at storing metadata. And if people want I can do a quick demo of the data fabric It's not on my laptop. I'll have to remember how to authenticate I could probably remember how to authenticate to show you what the data fabric looks like in question time for those of you that haven't seen it So I won't do the data fabric demo and we'll see if People want that at the end so what we're trying to do in the metadata stores program is Provide ways to enable you to manage metadata that's going to drive an enable reuse Now the reason I'm talking about this in a data capture briefing is because What you're capturing is data and metadata coming off the instruments and that has to go somewhere and So that's why metadata stores are a key component in terms of this infrastructure And the way that we're currently talking about the kinds of metadata that we want Ideally to have available are in terms of these four things. It's the second time. I've used four things today. I After I'm not sure this is a trend. I guess it gets away from the standard trend of using three of everything So we like to talk about information for discovery information for determination of value information for access and information for reuse You'll notice by the way that I haven't called this discovery metadata or determination of value metadata But information for that's in part because those phrases seem to resonate better with researchers who don't necessarily think In terms of metadata It's not true for all disciplines, but certainly true for some So what does that actually mean? So the easiest one is information for discovery This is the thing that's kind of closest to catalog metadata You can infer some of it from other information or from linked information you can extract some of it from other systems as I talked about earlier today and Some of it you have to enter manually But if you think back to the RDA the RDA demo earlier on this afternoon a lot of that was information for discovery So let's assume that I've gone searching either on Google or an RDA. I've found some data that is potentially of interest. I Now need to move on to the next step Well, the next step is I need to decide whether I care and this is where information for determination of value comes in Do I care about this data enough to investigate further? And here the answer is really it's all about the context so Two years ago when we were first working out how Anne's was going to look I Think we thought we were just mostly going to build a discovery system And when we went out and consulted around our original model people said don't bother If all you're doing is providing discovery, that's not going to be enough You have to give people context for the data And so what we're trying to do in determination of value is Provide as much context as possible and some of the stuff that you saw in the RDA demo and in fact I might do a quick demo of that in a minute was based around providing that context So information about the researcher or the research program or the institution they work for or Publications that were associated with the data or what the experimental design looked like or the availability of reuse metadata So those are things that would help a researcher decide Yes, I care about that because it's associated with a nature publication or I know the researcher or I trust the ARC or I think that everything that the University of Melbourne does is wonderful or not Third thing once you've decided that you've you care about this particular data set You then need information for access. You need to be able to get to the data Now there's at least three possibilities here One of them well two of them are obvious two of them at least for me when I started doing this were not obvious The first obvious one is a direct link to the open access data So you find the collections record collections record has a way that allows you to click straight through to the data And that's if you like the simplest possible use case The second use case is you have a link, but you have to authenticate so in terms of it's that That one there register login for restricted access Remember that and Doesn't control what your data store does we simply point So this would take you to whatever your data store is that can enforce its own access control regimes Login using an authentication mechanism you manage login using the AAF whatever we don't care Those are the two. I guess obvious one open access restricted access The two that are perhaps less obvious and therefore useful to talk a little bit about Login, but for open access and the first time I saw this one I thought wait a minute what's going on here an example of a System that uses this is an organization in the Netherlands called dunce the data archive and networking service which is part of the Royal Dutch Academy for Arts and Sciences and Dunce is the major social science data archive for Dutch research It does some other disciplines as well, but primarily social science In order to access their data or data that they hold you have to log in and The reason that you have to log in is twofold firstly, so the person who Gave them the data who uploaded the data to them can see who else is downloading their data and using it That one you can kind of see you know, I'm I've contributed my data I'd like to see who else cares about the stuff. I'm doing fine The other reason for logging in is a little bit more subtle When you say I want to download this data You can see everybody else who's downloaded the data So as a re-user of the data you can see all of the other Re-users of the data and I asked them why they'd done that and the answer was they were trying to build a Community of practice or a community of interest around a particular data set So that you could discover other people who also cared about data that you cared about and say I wonder why they're downloading that data set. I'll strike up a conversation with them So that's actually quite a nice use of log in for open access data and anyone can get a log in Including Australians. It's not restricted to Dutch users only The final information for access use case again is one that seemed a little weird the first time I saw it, but I now understand it and that is there is no link to the data There is no link to an underlying data store. There's an email address or a phone number or a physical address and A number of the researchers that we're working with are saying No, before anyone can reuse my data. I want to talk to them. I want to have a conversation with them I want to check that they're not one of my competitors I want to make sure that they understand the full brilliance of my research design. Whatever. I want to be the gatekeeper So we're going to see a number of instances of that and all of those possibilities are fine from our point of view Absolutely don't have a problem with those There is in fact, of course an additional dimension that you could overlay on top of that Which is a an embargo that is it will be open access or you'll have to log in to get it Or you can contact me But there's going to be an embargo period within which you can't get it And the last one is information for reuse now This obviously varies hugely by discipline But it's the the kind of metadata that you'd need to enable you to reuse the data once you've got it And it might be the method section in your paper. So many Articles in nature have now got an electronic supplement, which is the the detail about how they did the experiment because the actual Amount of space in nature itself is constrained It might be the reagents they used in a chemical experiment. It might be the calibration values It might even be something subtle like what do the variable names mean? So for instance, if you've got a spreadsheet, you know You're the data that you've downloaded as a spreadsheet and some of the the polar data That's available through the research data straighter at the moment Some of that polar data is a series of Excel spreadsheets But in a number of cases the column headings for those spreadsheets are not explained and so you have to guess now If you're someone who works in that discipline, you can probably guess reasonably accurately If you're someone outside the discipline trying to reuse the data, your guess might be wrong and even Even if you are trying to guess what do you do with a column that's called temp? Is it temporary? Is it temperature? If it's temperature, is it in Kelvin or is it in Fahrenheit or is it in Celsius? Is it in Raimur? There's no way of knowing unless you've got at least some kind of legend Nick shaking his head at Raimur I did it for you Nick So there's a significant need for information for reuse That's going to vary enormously So This is yet another view of ISO 20 on 46 so rather than go and do that Let me just quickly show you what that looks like for some real data So here is The coral example that Sally was showing you before So here's a collections record coming from the Australian Institute of Marine Science and This is actually displaying a number of the things that I was talking about discovery access Determination of value reuse although not all in an optimal way So discovery where you might have been searching for octocoral which what I which is what I was searching for or Stolen different whatever that is you might have searched on Species names see fans see whips whatever so you can imagine a range of searches that would have used some of that information To get you to this particular record information for determination of value Well, you might say I'm interested in rapid ecological assessment So therefore if they're using that particular methodology I'm more interested in the data set because I think that's a good way to do things you might say that down the bottom That I trust the stuff that Caterina Fabrizios does or that I think that the Australian Institute of Marine Science in general Does good stuff so that might be part of your information for determination of value Information for access. I think is where this particular record is going to fall down. Let's try Yeah, okay So in this case this is going to take me to one of those Metadata standards that Jalbin talked about before I saw 191.15 You can see up there. You can save this record as 191.15 and in this particular case The online resource is not the actual data set. It's a link to the aims website so in fact the way you get access to this data is You contact Caterina Fabrizios to get it so the information for access is one of those go through a gatekeeper models and then The last one which is information for reuse Well, some of it here. They've actually put in the description and you'll you'll see this with a number of records They've actually got quite a lot of what some disciplines might call methods information in the actual description So they're telling you how they're doing their transects. They're telling you what depths they're using They're telling you what the site variables were So visibility and modified secchi technique And again, if you're one of those kinds of researchers, this is the kind of stuff you care about So there's a reasonable amount of reuse information in there now in this case I can't actually see what the actual data looks like I would need to contact Caterina Fabrizios The last point I wanted to make about this one is that there is information hidden in the 191.15 record that we are not surfacing at the moment and in particular and I think Sally showed you some of this stuff before now a lot of this is stuff that you might think well I don't want to surface it. However, you probably do want to surface something like this Here's the related publication That's a grandeur. Yeah, so here's the related publication information It would be nice if we could extract that and display that as related information in the collections record because that would actually be Helpful context information for someone. So we might have to have a look at the crosswalk. We're doing from 191.15 into our collections record the reason why This isn't showing up is that they haven't put it in as publication. They put it in as supplemental information So it's basically just a lump of text and it would be relatively difficult to work out how you'd surface that in a collections record But that kind of link to a publication is the sort of thing that would be nice And if your projects are doing data capture and there are associated Publications it would be really nice to see links to the publications in the records as part of that Determination of value information So I won't talk about That is not well that maybe what I said I was I wanted. That's not what I meant So if we care about these kinds of information information for discovery for determination of value for access for reuse Where are we going to get them from? well Down the left are the ISO 20 on 46 entities collections parties activities and services Next column across are the research instances. What does that mean in a research context? physical and digital collections individual and Organizations for parties whole lot of information about research projects and we're still trying to work out how to model things like Synchrotrons or beam lines on the synchrotrons as services Nick will have that solved by this weekend, right Nick? Excellent. It's actually a relatively tricky modeling task, but it is one we know we need to solve Okay, so we just need to recognize Nick's brilliance and the problem will go away the identifier source Nick talked about the role of persistent identifiers for collections Sally Sally Monica has already talked about people Australia for Individuals and organizations We're an active discussion with the ARC and the NHM RC about identifiers for research projects Providing linked data endpoints for those don't have a solution for services at the moment and inside Institutions this stuff may live in your institutional repositories. You have been talked about that in your institutional metadata stores Which I'll talk about in a minute in your HR system your research management system So, how does that get into the collections registry membering from this morning that we use the collections registry to build the RDA pages You can just do a series of feeds So that data source administrator interface that you have been showed you you can have multiple data sources for an institution You know if you wanted to you could have a repository and a metadata store and your HR system and your research management system Four separate data sources. That's fine Or you can feed stuff through a metadata aggregator and then do a single feed from the aggregator Into the collections registry. That's an architecture decision that you will need to make So what are the drivers for the metadata store? I've already talked about the paucity of metadata in the existing data solutions Clearly something that you're providing as a metadata store needs to meet your needs as an institution For managing rich metadata our needs to get feeds of information about collections But also as I think a couple of people have mentioned Needs to solve the problems for seeding the commons and for data capture Remembering that all of the data capture funded universities have also got seeding the commons money and Those are a little bit different certainly collection stuff plus associated information in the data capture world possibly some object metadata as well In an ideal world, we would have funded all of the metadata stores projects last year We would have got those solutions fill finished We would have had them ready and deployed into institutions and we then would have said and now guys We'd like to spend money with you on data capture Unfortunately the world that we live in rather than my preferred parallel universe we thought we had to spend all our money by the middle of next year and so we did everything in parallel and As a result the early activity method or metadata stores projects things that we started talking to institutions about in September last year Are either still building solutions or in some cases haven't started yet? And we're building the activity and party identifier infrastructure that you've heard a little bit about today and At the same time you're doing data capture and seeding the commons projects So this is clearly not ideal, but is unfortunately what we're going to have to live with the alternative would have been I guess Well, there really wasn't any alternative We could I guess in theory have said when we got the time extension Just put a hold on all your data capture projects and we'll come back and talk to you in a year But we would have been lynched so we didn't say that so we have to live with the fact that we're trying to do everything in Parallel and if I had time at this point I would play a fantastic commercial that EDS built EDS showed 10 or 15 years ago now about building an aeroplane in the air while you're flying it which is sometimes how Anne's feels So what metadata stores solutions do we have at the moment? So the first is a system based on vitro University of Melbourne is the lead for this which is why they're in italics QUT and Griffith Who we're also funding on a research metadata hub are picking that up and using it and UWA I believe are also proposing to use that too It's using an RDF triple store based solution technology developed out of Cornell And Simon Porter at the University of Melbourne would I'm sure be happy to answer questions on that if you had any second solution is a thing called inject because we can't come up with a better name for it yet lead agency for this is Australian Digital Futures Institute at USQ Some of you may know Peter Sefton This is building on top of an existing institutional repository solution and they're actually Testing it out with the University of Newcastle to make sure it meets their needs So they're building not a generic solution But they're building to a specific use case and the Newcastle instance of this is called Redbox for reasons that will become clear on the next Slide Swinburne University is also interested in picking this one up Peter Sefton at USQ or Vicky Picasso at Newcastle would be able to Help you with details on that. The reason it's called Redbox is this So all of the red stuff is what this is building The green stuff is external systems that this talks to the blue stuff is the institutional repository and The red stuff is the new components. So they have an event queue which monitors external sources of information They have a pluggable harvester that can slip stuff out of those. They have a form system And they're using the institutional repository as the underlying store and then they can feed stuff to us If you're interested in this Peter Sefton blogs about it reasonably frequently on his blog at ptsefton.com Third solution is I forgot what you called it this morning Anthony. It's no longer called a TARDIS derivative It's it's the I share my research. I was going to say I heart my research data. I knew that was wrong I share my research data. So this is building on the TARDIS code that Steve Andrew Larkas has done I still haven't Done the Twitter thing for your name yet at Spetsnaz if you follow want to follow me on Twitter There we are. See I've done it in in real life. How tames that? So this is going to have the ability so these are and Anthony's bullet points except for the last one The ability to stage data upload data via a web interface annotate data with new parameters map experiments provide a web service interface Access systems around groups This one is intended to be generic I'm in the stuff that Steve built for in the original TARDIS with specific to protein crystallography This is a generalization of that to sit on top of the large research data store I'm saying it's potentially useful because it looks like it would be a really good idea, but it's running late So until I actually see it running. I'm reluctant to say more than potentially useful But I'm sure Anthony would be happy to talk to you about it afterwards and The last option is so the second last option is you can run The software that we use for the collections registry Locally within your institution. You can run a local orca instance That was designed to operate in a federated mode But it's primarily focused on meeting the needs of the Ann's registry so it's not Intended as an institutional metadata solution Having said that and you have said that for their data capture project. They're going to use it and are probably going to be extending it so That is another possibility that's available now and Extensions will probably be coming out of the ANU use of it That's the architecture diagram. Don't worry about that and then the last option is you can use your existing institution repository But I would skip to the bottom bullet point, which is the recommendation is don't so It's doable, but Jabin and Nick have spent some time looking at it and it's a valley of pain The valley is deeper and longer for some institutional repository solutions than for others But in none of them is it less than a valley and without a degree of pain Most institutional repositories don't like storing large objects. They don't have good collection support They really only are designed to do DC and mods and don't cope well with doing RIFCS and there's a range of other problems So think very hard before you go with that solution and I'm fractionally over time, but I'll stop there


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So I have the tendency on this channel to be very negative about Linux to be very critical of Linux and I still say that It's proper to be critical of Linux and to Criticize the things that you enjoy because you want them to be better, right? So I have done this many times on the channel where I go through and say, you know, I hate how this works Or I wish this was better or my most recent video. I say that things aren't ready or things are buggy I do that a lot and I know that the constant negativity can wear on people So what I wanted to do today was talk about some positive things So I what I'm going to talk about today I've talked about in several other places kind of scattered around in various podcasts and videos and Blog posts and such but what I want to do today is talk about some of the reasons why I Really love Linux and some of these will be like I said retreads over things that I've talked about before Some of them will be new so let's go ahead and talk about some really positive things about Linux things that just make me very Very happy. So first And we'll just get this one out of the way because honestly This is the least important and I know saying that it's going to piss some people off But it's absolutely true the open source nature of Linux is really good. I really enjoy that it's open source I it makes me feel I was gonna say patriotic, but that's not the right word But it makes me feel very good knowing the fact that I used Linux and it's open source and it's not Windows, right? Though that's for me. That's a one of the primary reasons why I use Linux But it's not a big deal for me, right?  I'm not one of those I use Vivaldi as my main browser.  So we'll just get that one out of the way I love it because it's open source, but it's not the primary reason why I love it So another thing that I really love about Linux and this is probably the primary reason why I like it so much Is because there's so much choice now I have talked in a recent video I want to actually scroll through my list of videos here where I actually say it I think I entitled the video something like I have a problem or something like that and in that video I talked about how I change color schemes constantly how I used to distro hop constantly How I changed between window managers sometimes two or three times a day and people freaked out in that video because it's not normal I even said in the video that it's not normal to do those type of things. I understand so I have a Extraordinary case of ADD when it comes to my computer. I Enjoy changing things up quite a bit. I've tried to curtail it and I have been successful in some areas So I found a home in open Suza I have taken on the idea of using just one color scheme a month because you know, I've been challenged to do so I'm not sure I enjoy it so much yet, but we're you know, we're getting there So I've tried to curtail that but one of the reasons why I love Linux is because it does kind of cater to The ADD demon inside of me There's so much choice so much customization in all those choices that it allows me to just kind of Play and just have as much fun moving things around and Fitting the pieces together as much as I want to do and it just makes me happy in that way now in terms of productivity That may not be the best thing. I understand that and I deal with that in my own way But for the guy inside of me that just likes to tinker Linux suits that need very very well and more so than any other operating system that I've ever tried I basically can make Linux look feel and work Exactly the way that I want it to work. So that's awesome Another reason why I love Linux and this one is I think kind of controversial because so many people have such a bad experience with it But I truly love the Linux community I think that it's fantastic and I've met so many people out there that I can legitimately call friends some of whom I've met an actual real life. So that's something I guess and you know I just met so many people and I have so many of you guys who are in the audience who You know comment frequently have joined the discord server have followed me on mastodon And we all just have had such a good time Because of the thing that we use Linux and that's I think that's amazing. Now are there, you know Boneheads in the Linux community. Absolutely. There's no community out there that doesn't have its negative Nancy's or whatever you want to call it but for the vast majority of the people out there that I've met I've just it's it's been such a positive experience and it is truly honestly And I know this sounds like hyperbole, but it's changed my life, right? Yeah, I have so many more people that I just can talk to about anything basically but Linux specifically that it just has changed the way that I interact and the amount of interaction I have with people it's kind of awesome, and I think that without Linux I wouldn't have that because I was a I was a Windows user now I I I've said this before Windows does not have a community. It's not true Windows does have a community. There are Windows podcasts. There's Windows forums. They have a community Matt just but it's If you are like me when you use Windows, I was a nuke and pave kind of guy I did not ever solve a problem on Windows. I if I if I came up across a problem It was nuke and pave after maybe maybe a very brief Google on how to solve it, but probably not chances are I just downloaded ISO again or did Creation media creation Whatever the hell they call it and you know Ruked and paved, you know, and it was never go interact with the community try to solve the problem You know it was never me Anybody was very insular very solo, right? And on Linux it hasn't been that experienced because not only does more things go wrong because I'm constantly changing things So I do have to go search out help. You kind of can't Do the whole nuke and pave over and over again on Linux because you're going to constantly come up with problems And well, you you know you can but it's not going to really solve anything Because there are other options obviously, but you do have to kind of interact with people And while I was interacting with people I managed to find people who were just like me They had we had a lot of stuff in common and you know, we just kind of created a community just this one community And there's the broader Linux community. It's been fantastic and over and over again. I've preached the merits of The Linux community. I've talked about it many times in many different videos on this channel And there's always a caveat of the others boneheads But for the vast majority of people in the Linux community is just awesome And I think that's a big benefit for Linux and also one of the reasons why I truly enjoy What I do here on the channel and just generally using Linux another reason why I like Linux is because it's not afraid to change so Windows has been on the anti kernel or a variation thereof for damn near 30 years 24 years, I suppose I think it came out in like 2000 maybe 99 or something like that You know, they've been on the same kernel. They they have a ton of legacy baggage There right and yes, they've tried to change a little bit over the years Like they've tried major change like Windows 8 was a major change to how Windows worked their users Absolutely effing hated it right Windows 8 is probably only second to Windows Vista in the amount of hatred that people have for it And I liked the change like at that point I was still a Windows user and I thought it was looked cool I don't think it was all that useful, but it was I enjoyed that change But I'm someone who enjoys change but on Windows for the vast majority of people they hate change They want things to stay as much the same as possible point in case From Windows 10 to Windows 11 one of the major things that they changed was the position of the start menu It was on the left-hand side and then they moved it to the center the number of articles I read online just absolutely freaking the f out about the fact that they moved the start button from the right or the left To the center is innumerable. There's just a whole bunch of articles and people shouting on Twitter about it It's the stupidest thing on Linux. We embrace change. Yes. Yes. We have old people like me and people who are older who grudgingly go along with it, but Because things like fedora exists and red hat keeps pushing things along in canonical sometimes We get we get new things we get new shiny things that eventually overtake the old things So despite as much as as much as I bitch about Wayland Wayland is the next new thing, right? And it's going to take over for a major piece of functionality that has been around for almost longer than I've been alive You know Xorg has been around since like 84 and if that's actually the truth that is longer than I've been alive Xorg has been entrenched in the way Linux works for Basically the entire time Linux has existed and because of the developers behind Wayland. That's going to change Over the course of the next few years Xorg is going to go away For the most part and Wayland is going to become the new thing that everybody uses That's change on a fundamental level and while there is bitching and moaning and dragging Some of which has come, you know come from this direction Absolutely, I've been very negative about Wayland many many times many many videos over the course of the last few years But still the idea that they can make that fundamental change that this huge Change is very impressive and it's not even the only option the only example I should say of Change at that level system D was not always the default in that system for Linux It wasn't right Paul's audio was not always the thing that did audio on Linux In fact, it's not even the thing that doesn't know we've already we've already changed to a new thing pipe wires So this ability to change to adapt to new technologies to Make sure that Linux carries on into the future with things that actually work that are easily or more at least more easily Maintained is awesome. It's very very cool And it's also not something you see very often in the desktop Operating system realm macOS Kind of does it but it's still very much the same as it has been for a very long time You notice they don't change the UI very much Yeah, yeah, they'll give a fresh coat of paint But it still has the dock along the bottom the bar along the top and the windows function basically the same And the underlying technology on Mac is something that most people don't give a rip about if you use Mac You don't care what audio stack it uses or any of that stuff, you know, that's a you know, whatever same thing on Windows only they're much more in tune with how The operating operating system looks right they want it to look the same and function the same as it has For the last 30 years and if it doesn't if you make even the tiniest bit of change Everyone's gonna notice and everyone's gonna freak out on Linux changes happen constantly And I think that that has allowed Linux to adapt way better than those other two desktop operating systems It's very much more like how Mobile has adapted over the course of the last 10 years or so, you know, things have changed There, you know mobile was very early on in the the Adoption of 64 bit computing right, you know 64 bit has been around for a very long time But they got just Apple just one day said, you know no more 32 bit We're just not doing anymore than very soon. Andrew. I did it, right? And it took a while for Windows to kind of get there and it was a change that You know We make a lot of actually we should just say this we make a lot of fun about Windows because it has all this legacy Baggage that's behind it. They do that because there are a lot of people who use that legacy baggage for things They need those drivers for you know printers or pieces of software that was written for whatever There's a reason why Internet Explorer 6 or whatever was around for a very long time It's because a lot of businesses used that browser to do their things and you know, they have that History and baggage behind them that Linux despite being very well used in the service space Don't doesn't seem to care about as much because they can still make changes if they want to could because Corporations and enterprises who use Linux can just stay on all the versions and then eventually transition over the powers That be behind the Linux kernel aren't afraid of change and I think that that's awesome I was on that point for quite a while, but I think that one of the reasons why I truly love this a Whole operating system is because there it feels like there's always something new and exciting happening if it's not a new package Format it's a new containerization format or a new immutable distro or whatever There's always something new and that's awesome. It again feeds into the ADD and all that stuff So it's really very good. Another thing that I really like about Linux is that it challenges me to learn and to try new Things so this is kind of related to the last one, but not entirely one of the things that I really enjoy and Something that I've kind of started to do over the course of the last year So it's a challenge myself to use new things So I came up with a six-month Linux challenge where I said I was gonna use a distro for six months And then that was all in a challenge to try to curb my distro hopping because I was distro hopping way too much I was spending way too much of my time moving from distro to distro. I needed to actually to work Which is you know, just this you know disappointing But I had to do work So I had to to figure out a way to stop having to completely set up my system over and over again So I started with Redcore eventually I failed on that challenge after about two months or so And I decided to do a little distro hopping because I had ditch And then I found I decided I was gonna challenge myself to something even harder two years on the same distro I found open Suza and goodness in my glad that I found it as if it was lost and I didn't know about it But you guys understand like I decided to try it and it has been amazing, right? I've made a video about why I chose it why I like it so much My point is is that I've challenged myself to try New things that I wouldn't normally be able to do like stay on the same distro for a long time or to I guess a better example Would be to try different applications to do my work So, you know over the course of the last few years. I've tried e-max several times I've never actually fallen in love with it like some people have but I've tried it you know, I've tried things like helix and Ed and VS code and a whole bunch of different writing tools because I'm a writing I'm a writer by trade and the tools that I use to write are important to me So for the vast majority of the time I still use them because them is freaking awesome But I've I've hunted out and tried different tools to see if it could increase or at least make my workflow a little bit easier Now I've transitioned over to using Kate as my primary text editor because I was able to try that and it kind of challenged Me to do things in a little bit different way. So there are these certain things, right? I'm always trying to try new things now some of that It's not always a good thing as I talked about with the ADD stuff So I'm always trying out and if there's a new window manager again Yeah, I gotta go try that thing because it's a new window manager. How can I try it, right? I use the channel to blame. I like to blame the channel Like I have you know, I'm gonna create content make a video about this brand new window manager But I mean I may not but I Want to try it anyways. I don't need the channel the channel to to have that excuse, right? So sometimes it's not always a good thing But I find that exposing myself to new technology new ways of doing things all that stuff stems from using Linux because there's so Many different things in so many different choices that I can make in order to choose how I do certain things So I drew truly honestly believe that I've learned more on Linux than I ever did when I was a Mac or Windows user Now there's this quote when it comes to Linux that if you don't already way You'll ever use Linux if you don't enjoy your time or some nonsense like that There's some variation Linux is a waste of time because it's a time sink or whatever I don't remember the exact quote, but you get the idea We always say that you know There's no truth to that you can basically be as productive on Linux as you can on Windows or Mac, which is absolutely true if you just Install Ubuntu and do your work, which is the vast majority of people you can in fact just use Linux Just like you use Windows. There's no time sink there at all now the problem comes in if you're like me who's a Linux nerd and You're not able to help yourself when it comes to new shiny window managers new distros things like that and Then yeah, it does hit a little bit on the product You know the productivity side of things like I spend more time Racing than I should I spend more time switching between window managers than I should But I've learned a lot of stuff doing those things so that it's not completely all bad But also as long as it doesn't become debilitating. I don't see a big problem with it, right? I still get my work done Okay I know some people think that all I do is sit here and make Linux videos or think about the next Linux video Or mess around on the discord or read books or whatever. I do actually have a job Okay, I'm an editor for historical magazine. I used to be a writer for the same historical magazine So I spent a lot of my time reading other people's writing on history and then posting it to WordPress Which is by the way, if you ever have the choice don't never use WordPress. It is so bad I hate WordPress for the passion That's but that's beside the point. I was supposed to say positive But I you know, I can't be it's it was never gonna be 100% positive But that's just at the point so Linux does have a tendency to be a time sink sometimes for me But it's also a productivity tool for most people. It's just a tool for other people to hobby for me It's both I can be very very productive on Linux I can also spend hours and hours creating a new color scheme I can do both of those things or can exist and be happy to do so for me It's just about a balance and I you know, I do a good job I get my job my work done and then I can mess around with a new color scheme or a new window manager or whatever I can do the things that I want to do. It's not either or for me. I know for a lot of people It's just a tool for a lot of people It's just a hobby one of the biggest credit critiques I hear from people who don't use Linux is that they just say Linux is a hobby, right? You can't actually get anything done on it. It's absolutely not true Now are there certain professions or whatever that you can point to that say well They can't use Linux because they have to do X X and X sure like if you have to use Adobe stuff If you have to use CAD stuff auto CAD stuff, you know, you're probably not going to use Linux You know chances are for the majority of people though who do work on a computer you can get all that stuff done on Linux and That doesn't mean that it also can't be something that you treat as a hobby because there's a lot of stuff here that's very exciting and entertaining and That's what a hobby is for me So I can do both and be very very happy with it and I have been very very happy with this So I could sit here and ramble for another 20 to 40 minutes Probably about 10 or 15 or 20 more things that I really enjoy about Linux but I'm gonna put it a can on it for this time and Hand it off to you guys in the comment section below Tell me a few things that you really love about Linux. Why do you use Linux? What keeps you here? What are some of the things that you truly honestly enjoy over anything that's else that you've used before? I'd love to hear from you in the comment section below. Let's have a wonderful conversation Let's try to keep it as positive as possible again I know I tend to be very negative sometimes so I try I'm gonna try to intersperse a little bit of positivity here So happy days sunshine and all that you know, bah humbug So anyways, that's it for this one if you have comments or that stuff comments in the comment section below You can follow me on master down or Odyssey those links will be in the video description if you haven't already leave a thumbs up on this video I'd really appreciate it really help the channel Also, if you haven't hit the subscribe button Make sure you do that because I create a lot of awesome Linux content And you won't know about it if you don't subscribe to it So hit the subscribe button You can also support me on patreon patreon.com slash the Linux cast you can also support me by heading over to this Shop which is available at shop that the links cast at org there You'll find all sorts of merch including T-shirts and hats and hoodies and desk mats and all sorts of stuff that shop that the links cast at org all the proceeds go directly towards helping me make more Linux content and That's just can be only be better for everybody. So there you go. Thanks to everybody who does support me on patreon and YouTube You guys are all Absolutely amazing without you the challenges would not be anywhere near where it is right now So thank you so very very much for your support. I truly do appreciate it now Here's the thing about the end screen credits. I know I said I was going to get all the new patrons up there in the next couple days That was like six days ago. I still haven't gotten actually got there to it yet So I promise if you have supported it in the last few weeks or you've changed levels or whatever I do appreciate it. I haven't forgotten about you. I will get that done as quickly as I can do So there you go. Anyways, thanks very much for watching. I'll see you next time


Welcome to Spotlight. I'm Bruce Gulland. And I'm Liz Wade. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live. Storms, floods, mudslides, tsunamis, earthquakes. Most people know about the dangers of these natural disasters. But there is another natural disaster that can be just as dangerous as any of these. It is the heat wave. Heat waves can have deadly results. The World Health Organization says that between 1998 and 2017, over 160,000 people died because of extreme temperatures. But even without a heat wave, hot weather can be very dangerous. Working outside in the hot sun can affect people more than they know. People often do not recognize the changes in their bodies in hot weather. Or they may not know what to do to avoid the dangers of hot weather. Today's Spotlight is on how people can stay safe in hot weather. A heat wave is a period of hot weather that lasts for several days. Heat waves are common. Some heat waves last only a few days. But heat waves can last much longer. Heat waves are the most dangerous when they last for more than a few days. Experts say that heat causes the most damage when outside temperatures stay high day to night. The middle of the day is usually the hottest. And then at night the temperature is cooler. A healthy person's body can adapt or change during the day so that hot weather is not as dangerous to his body. Then at night when the temperature is cool, his body can rest from the heat. But if the temperature does not cool down at night, this causes serious problems for his body. His body has no time to recover. The human body reacts to heat through its own cooling system. When we get too hot, our skin begins releasing water on its surface. This sweat on the outside of the body evaporates into the air. As the sweat evaporates off the body, the person gets cooler. This natural cooling system works well for short periods of time. But it is possible for a person to release too much water as sweat. If he does not put enough water back into his body, he could become dehydrated. Dehydration is one of the most common problems in hot weather or a heat wave. Someone who is dehydrated may have trouble thinking or working. This is because lack of water affects the working of the brain. Someone who is dehydrated should avoid working too hard and sweating. He needs to put water back into his body, so he should drink lots of water. If he does not, his dehydration could lead to more serious problems. There are three main illnesses that come from extreme heat. These are heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Heat cramps are quick, painful muscle movements that a person cannot control. A person can get heat cramps when she is in very hot weather and has not had enough water. They are most common when a person has also been doing a lot of physical activity. If a person has heat cramps, you should move her to a cool place, then give her plenty of liquids. A sports drink is a good choice, but coconut water, milk or water are also very good in this situation. Heat exhaustion is more serious than heat cramps. A person with heat exhaustion may have cool, wet skin. He may sweat a lot and feel dizzy or faint. He may feel as if he will be sick or have a headache. His heart will beat quickly but weakly. He may even fall to the ground. If it is not treated, it can be very serious. Heat exhaustion can develop quickly, but it may also develop slowly over a few days. Often the victim may not even observe the changes and problems happening in his body. During heat exhaustion, his body is trying to make his body temperature normal again. You can help his body cool down. A person with heat exhaustion should immediately stop working. He should rest in a cool place. They should remove any warm clothing. You can give him cool, wet clothes to put on his skin. And most importantly, he should drink liquids like sports drinks, coconut water, milk or water. If heat exhaustion goes untreated, it may develop into heat stroke. This is the most damaging and dangerous problem that comes from hot weather. During heat stroke, a person's average body temperature rises to over 40 degrees Celsius. One sign of heat stroke is that the person becomes confused. He may not be able to answer simple questions. The person's skin may be dry and red or lighter than normal. He may feel as if he will be sick. And he may take short, fast breaths and have a fast but quiet heartbeat. If his body temperature rises above 42 degrees, his body will even begin to damage his organs. This can result in permanent brain damage or even death. A person suffering from heat stroke must get treatment immediately. If you think someone is suffering from heat stroke, it is very important to help them. Here is what you can do. Remove the person from the heat. Take off his clothes and pour cool water over his body. The water will begin to evaporate and help to cool him down. Place a cool, wet cloth on his skin under his arms and on his neck. Blood vessels are very close to the skin in these areas. The cloth will help to cool his blood and his body. Make sure you get emergency help as soon as you can. Many people may not recognize these signs of heat sicknesses. But it is important to know what they are and how to treat them. Here are some more suggestions about how to stay safe in hot weather. Try to stay out of the sun. Use a sunscreen to protect your skin from the sun. Sun can badly burn a person's body. This affects your body's ability to cool itself. If you are in the sun and begin to feel sick, find a cool place immediately. Sit under a tree or go inside to drink some liquids. Do not plan too much work or activity for the hottest parts of the day. Save those things for when the weather is cooler. Drink as much water as you can. Avoid alcohol, tea, coffee and drinks with a lot of sugar. These make your body use more water than they provide. Wear light-colored clothes. Dark clothes make a person feel hotter. And the clothes you wear should be loose. Just a little big for your body. Know your own risks. Some medicines or medical conditions can increase the risk for problems in hot weather. If you are more at risk, make sure you are able to stay cool. Finally, if the weather is extremely hot, protect the weaker members of your community.  It is important that people know and recognize the dangers of hot weather. Knowing these signs could help you save someone's life. They could even help you save your own. Be safe about hot weather. Is hot weather a concern in your country? Have you ever experienced a heat wave? Tell us about your experiences. You can email us at contact at spotlightenglish.com. You can also find us on YouTube, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. The writer of this program was Liz Wade. The producer was Michio Ozaki. The voices you heard were from the United Kingdom and the United States. You can listen to this program again and read it on our website at www.spotlightenglish.com. This program is called How to Stay Safe in Hot Weather. Visit our website to download our free official app for Android and Apple devices. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight Program. Goodbye.