We are trekking Pals Habiba and Alex, and for the last few weeks we have been calling Alaska home working from our little tiny Airbnb during the week and hitting the hiking trails during the weekends, exploring the last frontier, challenging ourselves, learning and appreciating the opportunity to escape the heat of the desert. Hello guys and welcome back to the channel. Today is the Eid celebration. So Eid Mubarak Karim for those who celebrate and for those who don't know, this is the Eid Adha celebration, a celebration for all Muslims around the world in the memory of Prophet Abraham and his son. And so since we are in beautiful Alaska, we're not going to be celebrating as I'm used to back home. But instead we're taking the day off here to enjoy the beauty of the state. Just take it easy and have a fun exploring day here near Anchorage. So we slept in very late and so about around 2pm we made it to a breakfast place just to get enough energy to get going. And the plan was to make it to Alaska but then the traffic was really bad. So it took us a long time to attempt to get there and so halfway or even less than halfway we kind of decided that it's not really worth it. We don't want our day off to be spent in traffic, really bad traffic. And so we are here at Rosbury Park, a nice little park near where we are staying for the time being. And so we're going for a nice short hike under the rain in this beautiful park. Let's go. So it seems like from the signs this is a loop or a route that people snowshoe on or cross country ski on in winter. And really I'm sure that it makes for a beautiful cross country skiing. So we're up here and we are apparently following the one-way portions of the trail the wrong way. So we're bad patrons right now but we're going to go a little bit more the wrong way I think now that we've realized that and then we'll go the correct way around this other loop past the lake and then back to where we started at the parking lot. So we'll stop going the wrong way here in a moment.  I was like well let me look up what fire we did. Surely it's red like fire. It seems like it's these pretty flowers that have been photographing for a long time. These don't walk or push a bike back up the jumps always walk to the side. Well obviously these are agreements for bike riding not for hikers and walkers. It's good to let people know what skill set they need how to stay safe and all the good stuff. Ready? Actually I have no idea which way we're supposed to go. I think we go that way actually. Cool that way we go. All right. The bugs are savage here. I mean even when we were running in the other parks so definitely if you are visiting Alaska and you plan on doing some city exploring in the city parks even in the wilderness make sure that you have bug spray or at least cover your skin. Oh there's a helicopter. Can't see it. They're eating me alive. God. So we're coming closer to a lake called Little Campbell Lake and yeah we're not really following the trail to be honest.  That's always fun. So this is the clothes we got to the lake. It's right there but these bugs they're not making us stay long. How are you doing? Not bad. I feel like a horse with my hat. Beaching yourself? They're like I'm gonna eat her through her shirt. Look this nice. Got him. There's four on your head. Five six on your head. Two on your neck. Oh my goodness. They're stuck in your hair. They're everywhere. Nice walking the park to a lost fight against nasty bugs. How are you doing? I feel violated. I feel like they've just taken what they want from me and left his mind to have. There was like a big cloud just following Alex all the way.  It's a little insulated. Wow this view of downtown is nice. Nice parking lot. Thanks. You should go see the park upstairs. We're gonna go for a stroll in downtown Anchorage. Maybe check out the mall. Get something to eat. So I can show you around. So let's go. All right let's we want to check this unique Alaskan gift shop. Nice little bare seat. Barely seats. Barely. Barely seats. So we usually don't do a lot of souvenir shopping. We usually get postcards, send them to our moms and sometimes we'll get magnets for the fridge but not a lot but this tour is really beautiful. There are so many cool things and we're just thinking about every single person we know. Every family member just oh I could send this to this person and this to this person and then there'll be a lot of things and but yeah just a lot of beautiful unique souvenirs. Near us here and we can see the the ports from here and seems like we can drive to the port of Anchorage. We're not very sure if we can get in but we'll give it a try. Look at that. There are so many walls with the nice paintings. Murals. Murals. So apparently the port is not open to the public but however the guy right here at the checkpoint he directed us to a dock and the dock is open to the public apparently and so we're gonna go check it out.  Yeah just to make a u-turn. Exactly. It seems like this was a strategic spot to trap fish and this is one technique that the natives or I would say the people who inhabited the area used to follow in order for them to trap fish during the spring and summer seasons. The other time we were in Seward I realized that these poles with the white marks over there so the dock floats the dock over there floats up and down depending on whether the tide is low or high. Really if you come back here when the tide is high you probably won't see much of the pole sticking there because the dock will just float up. I come from a family of fishermen and so every time I go to a fishing port or just by the water and seagulls and fish it just makes me so happy inside. Well it's about time for us to go and get some food. I already placed our order and the restaurant is going to close in about 30 minutes so we will have to get going. Turkish delight. We really like this restaurant and we ate here I think twice since we got to Alaska and during our stay in Anchorage and we're getting food from them for the third time and because it's Said I'd like me some good meat and I already tried their lampshops and they were so good so that's exactly what I ordered again. Oh food is coming. Thank you guys for watching although I know that this was not a hiking adventure but really enjoyed bringing you with me in a normal typical day where I try to celebrate to eat to the best that I can and I hope that you guys enjoyed it and if you did give this video a thumbs up and consider subscribing to our channel for weekly vlogs about hiking and backpacking. You're trekking paths Habiba and Alex and we'll see you soon on a new adventure. Bye!


Guys, what's going on guys and gals? Brad here for Leighton sports cards. We're ripping. This is full case NT basketball number 10 tiered. Here's your list one more time. Feel free to check it out on the website and thank you for joining. Good luck. It's always cool having Blake stop by. He's a nice kid.  That's true. Just saying, dude. That's like peak male humanity right there. Yeah, exactly. You could talk to anybody about so many different things. We got 75 John Collins Atlanta, printing plate, one of one, Davis Bertons. There you go, wizards. Fix my camera, guys. Got Jersey Bradley Beal to 99, wizards. DeAndre Aitton to 25, Sons. Yeah, I'm pretty sure that one's right. Yeah, that one's good. I double tracked it, so it gets good. Triple Jersey Otto, rookie to 99, Franz Wagner. Nice Wagner. And Pistons, dual Jersey Rocky Otto to 99. Cade Cunningham. Nice. Cheers, I'll drink to that, bro. We'll mag that. Got Jersey Wizards, Kyle Kuzma to 99. Want to get that ranch? Want to hit this ranch, man? Cavs Jersey, Jared Allen to 99. I still want to do that prank where we go to a high school baseball game with radar guns and Alabama, you know? Clipboards. We get treated like gods. Oh, yeah, dude. And then figure out who's parent is who and sit behind. And be like, when he's pitching, just do it. Oh, man, that's not working good. Number 13 right there. It's really mess-filling. Hornets to 49, Larry Johnson, Otto. Seems like his velocity is going down, man. He might need to have enough. Oh, man, I don't know. It's going to be the end of his career right there. Hey, are you his dad? You got a $20 bill? No. Got Otto Dan Issel to 99. Denver on the bat. Logo man count, I think one. Unless four is pulled two, right? He pulled one. I think just that four for him, yeah. Dude, I've been playing Minecraft again. Really? I set up a SMB server. Trying to get some. We're also doing a thing on late in gaming where I'm going to do a Baldur's Gate 3 playthrough, which is like D&D, but a video game. Gotcha. That's pretty cool. Yeah. I figured I could record it. Yeah. And then put something up on the gaming channel. I got to 99. Colin Sexton, cabs. It's called late in gaming, and that's actively also gaming, so there's no lies over there. Yellow plate, one of one Andre Miller, Denver. Rookie Jersey to 99. Is Jalen Suggs, magic? Or if you want to get fancy with it, it's Jalen Shuggs. Dual patch, Hornets to 25. James Bookknight, Anthony Edwards, nice to 25. Should it be? I don't think they always are. RPA to 99. Charles Bassie, Sixers. I feel like they should be, but I feel like I've seen some that weren't before. And I don't know why. Stool Jersey to 99. Josh Primo, Spurs. Jersey, Shrae Murphy, Pelicans. Havs Auto, Colin Sexton to 25. Never noticed the baseball stadiums look like a mitt. Yeah, I know these things. Havs Auto to 49, Nikola Butjevich. Never thought of that, but. Bulls. Next one.  Seashells by the Seashorefios. Morpheus, Orbeez, walruses drinking 40 in the death bath. Are you booing me? I'm right. There's one, I got to show you an app there. Where you're doing. To 99, R.J. Barrett by Fuller. My all-time favorite and my friend's all-time favorite bit was the Wiz Khalifa. Yeah, Nightmare Nightmare. That all, dude. That's just such a classic. I legitimately almost peed my pants the first time I saw that. Same, dude. Blackplate, John Wall Rockets. And then Wiz is all like, you can't do that, man. Who were they interviewing? It's going to kill me. Celtics Jersey. There he is, Jason Tatum to 99. It was like, yeah, Mike, it's hilarious. Jersey's Staff Curry Warriors to 99. Dude, it's so funny. I agree. It kills me so bad. It's just so dark. This. Redemption, Greg Brown, Rocky Material Autographs Duel, Lasers, it's a B team. RPA, Pelicans, Trey Murphy to 49. Nice three-color patch. Yeah, I love when he's like, cheers. I'll drink to that, bro. Everybody hits the ranch. Jersey to 99. Davis Bertons, Dallas. Are you a Logan Fuller? Jersey, Lonnie Walker, Spurs to 99. Sierra Jake Fuller, man. I'm an either, I'm a no-Fuller. You're not in the Maverick fan? What? They're called Mavericks if you're a Logan Fuller fan. Hornets, Otto, Del Curry to 25. Curry Sr. And Thunder Otto to 49. Theo Melanon. It was some female actress or something or singer. And he goes, have you ever heard of Waka-Flaka? And she's like, oh, isn't that a band? And they go like, Waka-Flaka, Waka-Flaka. I think I remember that. Morbius goes, no, it's more like this. Waka! I used to love Flaka. So funny. Oh, yeah. Dude, like the wait for Flaka Valley 2 was like killing me when I was a teenager. Just losing my mind. We got Bulls. Or no, Raptors. Ogyan and Obie to 99. It's supposed to be during the national. I'm not sure if that'll change or not, Julian. Spurs, plate, Trey Jens, one of one. Bulls to Mar-de-Rose and Jersey to 99. Match Pacers, Malcolm Brogdon to 25. Dude, watch. Now that my car's fixed, I'm going to get pulled in. Oh, yeah. Something's going to happen. Rocky Otto, Pelicans, Trey Murphy to 25. Something's going down. Nets, RPA. Dearon Sharp to 99. Fox, Jersey Otto, Brooke Lopez to 99. Is the pizza any good? Yeah. Nice. Yeah, it's all good. Wizards, Rocky Otto, Private Signing's Cassius Winston, Jumbo Jersey, Kyle Lowry to 99, Heat, and Aaron Gordon Jersey, Denver to 99 on the back. Don't ever say that Aaron Gordon got robbed to Magic Matt. He literally, we brought it up, yes, on Monday, when he would break and play. He doesn't believe in it. He was like, he's so anti. I've never met anyone anti-Aaron Gordon. I'm like, Matt, there's been two things that Matt's been incredibly wrong about since he's sort of working here. One, I had to tell him that if he kept bringing it up, I was going to freak out. And that was the faking the moon landing. And then that, where he thinks that because Aaron Gordon did something, I forget. He touched the guy's back. I forget who it was. We got Aaron Gordon, Kyle Lowry, Malcolm Brogdon, DeMar DeRosin, Lonnie Walker, Davis Bertons, Steph Curry, Jason Tatum, Shreya Murphy, Josh Primo, James Bookknife, Jaylin Shuggs, Jared Allen, Kuzma, Aten and Bradley Beale, Brooke Lopez, Cassius Winston, Shreya Murphy, Theo Maladon, Del Curry, Greg Brown, Nikola Vuchovic, Colin Sexton, Dan Issel, and Larry Johnson, Shreya Murphy, Charles Bassey, Dearon Sharp, Franz Wagner, Anthony Edwards, and Cade Cunningham again, G-Zoo. And that'll do it, guys. Coming up next, more grip rate.


What are we looking at here? What are we seeing? So this is series one and two in this display case up here. We've got the back which is falling apart because the tape hasn't been to good probably. The knife doctor's explosive from Rose, you know the Ron for your life. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Then next to it is the tube which is the anti-plastic. See this is my area, I know this. And then behind that which is behind this, I'll take that. Behind the door. I'm safe. So I don't cover the screen. Yeah, so we've got the ball from the TARDIS which he throws around a lot. Yeah, I never noticed that until I found the picture of him in the blue room and he's holding it. Yeah, and he's holding it. That was a really weird picture because he's just taken that off the console and he's holding it. But he does hold it in the start of Father's Day when he's just like, I can do anything but be careful what you wish for. And then this is from Runaway Bride. Oh yeah, well he looks in Donna's eyes for some reason. And then she snaps him. Classic. So this is the TARDIS phone. You know Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin. You know Mixed In Friction, yeah all that stuff like that. I like that you've added the little TARDIS. Is that the TARDIS phone number? It is from Journey's End. That's a good detail. Then we've got the Coenor Diamond which is from... Don't do this to me. Tooth and Claw. Tooth and Claw. The wages of the entire planet for one week. My mum would fight the wolf off with her bare hands for that. How did you make that? First Gribble creature. Yes. Dinky in it, just wire. I just wrapped wire. Oh that's heavy. I thought it was going to be light as a feather. No.  I just wrapped wire around and around and around and around and around. And then I painted it black. And that's how the original prop was done basically. And then of course the David Tennant pot vinyl from the school reunion. Then this is from the TARDIS console. And so is this. This is just a hexagonal tea light holder basically. You put a candle in there and it should go that way. Fun fact. Fun fact. This is the head torch from Boomtown that Doctor's got on the start of the episode. So he's got it flashing and it's when Mickey turns up. And this is the psychic paper. Very nice. This is what it actually is. What it? Dogs. I'm sorry. I know he knows I'm here. Don't tell. So actually it's a driving license holder originally. I'll show you. Hang on. I'll grab it. I've got a stethoscope. Donna. Donna. And it is actually psychic. You've made it psychic. It is. It is. I don't know what it's saying currently, Jack. Yeah. I don't know how to track text on the things. Then these are from empty child. Oh yeah. When he's looking at the tube of water. Yeah. You want to buy a tube of water? I nearly bought one of those in a shop, didn't I, Gem? But you said no.  I didn't realize what it was from. Well, they do work. They are. They're really good penopters actually. Rose's phone. It is a weird looking phone, isn't it? It is. It's a really funky knock here. Rose, what are you doing, mate? Just getting an iPhone together. 2005 iPhone. Just pop forward in time. Yeah, come on. You've got a time machine. You can save your dead dad. And then of course the vortex manipulator. That's fun. Which I made. And it lights up because of course it does. Yeah. And it actually can teleport you through time. Exactly. Yeah. It's a fun fact. So yeah. So I spent ages working on this one. May I? Yes, of course. The batteries are dying. Oh, good. But yeah. So that's obviously based on the first prop of it. Oh, and there's the phone bit. Which we gather it from this particular model of phone. Fun fact. So if you happen to see this phone just on the floor and a dump, you too can make a vortex manipulator. It's a Samsung or whatever. Samsung, like AG-free. Samsung missed a trick. They should have just sold this. Yeah. But like it's actually a phone. And then that's it for series one and two. Then moving downwards. Distracted. You can put it on if you want. Thank you. Like the back of it. This is really nice. Don't look at the secrets. The secrets. Then we're moving down to series three and four. The water pistol from Fires of Pompeii. Yeah. So that's there. Partners in crime. The glasses up top. The glasses are from Utopia, when he's making the perception filter keys. Pocket watch is obviously. Unicorn in the wasp book. In the wasp book. Death in the clouds. And then we've got Martha's phone, which was then left on the TARDIS of the doctor. You know. Yeah, yeah. Cool. But also the phone appeared earlier when he's in the bar in Runaway Bride and he's taken someone's phone to check out. I like the idea that Martha just stole it from the guy as well. I don't know how that would work time-wise. Martha and Martha took it from Batman. Thief! One company, Sonic, which is based on the prop from the later series. It doesn't work anymore, does it? No. I did it up a bit. I gave it a bit more of a dark wash to show the crackle a bit more. But it's also a knack of cracking time. An alley pose. Stress toy.  This is a bit of TARDIS. This is a bit of... Oh yeah, I always see them pop up on you. One of the boxes my friend Matt gave me at the mouse from... Doctor's door. Doctor's door. Yeah, I'm getting some right. That's what I'm here for. I'm just... This is just a test. I just cracked him. I wasn't going to clobber him. David Tendon met his wife. Yeah. Yeah, yeah. Oh, God. This is from Partisan Crime when he's looking at the adipose pill and he realises he's alone in the TARDIS. Only bringing up the happy memories. Oh yeah. You know, when the doctor realises he's alone and he has no friends. Yeah, that's why I have them to remind me of that. Things. Stethoscope, which was used in a lot of them. Another one of these. I just put them there for decorative reasons. We've got Pudsy at the back. One's from 2007. Yeah, he was a companion for a while. He was. It's one of the ones that would have been, I think, photoshopped into David Tendon's pocket. I got these from Millennium Effects when I was there. What is that? It's a screen used... Ooh, tentacle. No way, is it? Yeah. That's hilarious. So it had fallen off of an ood whilst I was there. And I was walking around. I feel like I have to sense something. And I was told I could keep it. So I was like, thank you. Thank you very much for my tentacle. Can you imagine trying to do that anywhere else? Like, oh yeah, this bit of lulule fell off, but it's screen used. So these, when I was at... It's time. They are. Yes. So when I was at... Sorry, Millennium Effects working there for very like a week. I thought I was working experience. I wasn't fired. I realised I was like, that sounds good. No, I was there and they let me so they let me go into the storage section. And so I got to see all the screen used stuff they have. And in there I found some molds for the insignias that were on the next sections of the Santarans from 2008. And so then they were teaching me how to do casting and stuff later on. And they said, oh yeah, we just need to find a mold. And then went and found it. I thought you were about to say, and I stole this from the warehouse. And I robbed them. No, I found these. I found the mold and I went, yeah, can we make this so that let me make myself some Santarans and insignias from the original mold. So I want to make them into fridge magnets. Then we move down to return on this light for you actually. Oh, is there some lighting for the cabinet? No, that's the big one. Series five through to the end. So I shoved all in one. Yeah, it all went in there. Swapsies with the gym. This is the stuff I'm more recognising. So I'm figuring out I'm more of a Smith fan than a Tenant fan. I've been outing myself.  That's huge. Yeah, this is the history of the Time War book, which is in fact an old Bible. Oh, is that what it was in the show? Yeah. Yeah, this is this is accurate. This is Matt Smith's watch from series five. See, I've been trying. That's something I love to get screen accurate myself, just because it's so specific and he uses it all the time when he's all. It's really rare. That's like me. Never mind me. Me, Doctor Who collector and like, I think three others maybe have one. And mine's a cheat, technically. So I found the watch face. I found the case and I found the band. But all separately. On different watches. Well, to be fair, that's a clever way of going about it. And so I respect the hustle. And the thing is, it's all the same part. So it is the watch. I went home the long way round, effectively. Reference. You can wear that if you want to. But it will rip apart your arm. Oh, dear. It doesn't get any better. Matt Smith at a cost. Yeah, yeah.  You'll get it otherwise. I can say I did it. Yes, you have. You have done it. Did the thing. Keys from the lodger. I found the key ring that he has on his thing. And then I found the other keys. There's another key which I took off because it turned out the same type of key was my house key. Oh. And then every time you went to the door to lock and you had to go, I love you. I love you. I love you. Well, I'm your new lodger. This one's fun. The big friendly button. What is that? Is that 3D printed or is that? Yeah, so I freely printed that. Big friendly button. Yeah. You keep moving things. I'm so sorry. Like, focus on it. Your camera's so annoying. Okay, thanks Jack. That's very helpful. Anyway. As you've seen, Journey to the Centre of the Tardish, an episode I haven't rewatched in ages because I wasn't a fan. The Sharky and Sonic from the snow. I was nearly going to say the snowman from Christmas Carol. It is. It's missing. It's a little bit. Oh, that's heavy. Yeah, so when I was at Nick's, he gave me all the parts to make one. Oh, right. I just never got round to it until like earlier. It looks like a candle. Yeah. Yeah, well, it's all resin and stuff. So it's just sort of been taken down. Very nice. Yeah, it's. And the other half's obviously in the shark. It's green actually. You fed it to a shark. That's in the torture room, the shark pit. And then this whole torture room. It's a running gag. This is also from the Christmas Carol. Of course. Yeah. Hello. I like it. It's a little bit of a way around, son. Hello. No wonder I couldn't hear you.  So this is actually a book light. Forever. And they used a book light on the original. And so then I copied it, obviously. And then you add on all these wires and stuff. It's really easy to make it home. The Siege Cube, which is from Flatline. Of course. This is a Rubber Toe one. Jumping up a few seasons. We did. Season eight. Rubber Toe made these. And I made a few of them when I was at his full work experience. So he got me casting up these. They're just cold cast with a bit of ink rubbed into them. Oh, again. Wow. The way. Yeah, solid resin. So it's well, yeah. Very nice. Look at that. It's a cube. But it's a special TARDIS cube. You can grow it. It's like you put that in the water and it grows a TARDIS. Doctor's wife cubes back there. Is this a photo frame thing? Yes, it is. That is what they actually are. They are Paper Chase acrylic photo frames. Brilliant. And you could anybody could get these. That's all right. They're always on Facebook Marketplace. So they're from Paper Chase. There you go. And so. What are we with Paper Chase recently? And so effectively they come apart like this.  And then you put a light in the middle. And that gives you. That's fun. That gives you the original prop. A lot of these things you can pick up for nothing.  And the second one's popped up like 12 pounds. This one's from Rubber Toe again. So I thought they gave me parts of 12th Doctor Sonic. So that's good. I was trying to figure out which one. That's very nice. Yeah. So that's the lower cage bit of a 12th Doctor One. And following on. Then we've got the vortex manipulator from Rubber Toe. It's straw there. Yeah. That's how they came. That's how you just, you just went. Yep. Straw boxes. That's the Rubber Toe ones. And that one's actually got buttons. Yeah. It's automatically better than the one on screen. Yeah. Well, it was on screen. So Rubber Toe, the original prop went missing. And Rubber Toe then made. John Barrowman stole it, let's be honest. Because I'm trying to disprove. People are going, oh yeah. And I'm like, no, Alex Kingston wore it for several seasons after John left the vortex manipulator. He's the same prop from series one. Miracle Day made some new props. So John has one of these, but he doesn't have the original prop. Well, now we know. And so, yeah, all the props after that from there, the Doctor Onwards have been made by Nick Robato. Well, Rubber Toe replicas at least. Yeah, they're like this, though most of them are, they made the first one for the episode first and then they started making replicas. So the replicas appear in Magician's Apprentice and Future of the June. Oh, OK. Flora's wearing one of these. God, you know so much. It's hurting my brain. Well, I suppose it is kind of, it comes with the job almost. Yeah. You kind of have to know everything about the prop. Well, the vortex manipulator is my, like, baby of a prop. That's the one I know about. That's why there's a whole Torchwood section here. Yeah. We've swapped cameras. Mine was dying. We're seeing if mine does any, is any better. Um, right, so just finishing off, we've got the Rubber Toe 11th Doctor Sonic Screwdriver. That's a little very nice. Which doesn't work. I made this when I was on work experience with him. So you made that one? Yeah. So he basically gave me the parts from his rechecked drawer, which is why they're all scuffed. Oh, that's nice. And so he just went, yeah, OK, you go off and make that. And so I did. But I've never gotten around to probably putting electronics in. It's a mess, basically. And if I forget there's a metal fly-off because it's not actually fixed on. Oh dear. The MFX Sonic, which was a replica originally, but then it was used by David and Dare the Doctor. What? That one specifically? Not this particular one. Oh, it's going to sell. Oh my gosh. However, this one was the one that features in the Dalek universe two trailer. I gave them all the images. So this one's floating in front of David Tennant. So it floats in front of him? It floats in front of him. That's pretty good. David Tennant speaks over the top of it. And I'm like, yes. And then, oh, I can't take it by now, actually. Something else in here is to be used in big finish. Classic Who. We've got here, we've got the Itzers, the fourth Doctor's magnifying glass from Genesis of the Daleks. We've got two fourth Doctor Yo-Yo's. That one's from Robot. And then that one's is General. Yellow one, do you want to put them down soon? Oh yes. 1080p. I know. Donald Duck one, which is just seen on the table in Robot where he's emptied his pockets. And then that one's used for most of the other time, like when Lila's using it and so on. Ferric Beam Locator. It's very firm. And yeah, so that one's from Genesis and Talents of Wang Chiang. That one actually is just in there, but it should really be down there. It's the Missy-style DMAT circuit that my friend. I was going to say, one of my favorites thing in there is that new circuit. My friend Christopher made that for me. These are coasters. So these are coasters from Robot. I made this when I was there. It's just, you got busy when you were there. How long was the work experience? It was a week I was there. And then I went back for a week again when we did the fourth Dr. Sonic Screwdrivers because we did the replicas of the fourth Dr. Sonic. And I did the prototypes for those. The quarter is at the back. Who knows, just getting the focus. That's the quality content people subscribe for. Yeah, I can't actually play it, so it's just like... Come on, you can't even do three blind mice. Three deaf mice by the end of this. Do you take requests?  Sarah-Jane's owl from The Hand of Fear. It's the one she's holding at the end. It's from Arlesford Crafts, or Arlesford... I think I don't remember which way around it is. It also appears in E.T. When E.T. is hiding in the cupboard, there is one of those owls behind him. And then besides that, we've got this, which is a seal of Rassalom from Time Fracture. That was made for the Time Lords. And then we've got Jamie McCrimman badge given to me by Fraser Hines. When I first met him at a convention... First met him. It was the first time I've met anyone that was my first con. How many dogs do you actually think you've met? Too many. Genuinely, I had a summer when I was 14, where I went round London stage doors. And I must have got everyone by that point. I was genuinely like... I'm only missing Freeman from the new series, Companions, and Karen. Well, she does quite a few. I know, I was meant to see both of them at Wales Comic Con. Oh, yeah. Suddenly, God intervened. And so this is the first Sonic I've ever made. Oh, is it? Yeah, this is number one. So it was meant to be a Pertwee-style one. It is made of stainless steel rather than aluminium. Because... I was going to say, I tried to pick it up a second ago when you weren't looking. It's heavy. It was a heavy boy. It is heavy. It's not going to spring in at the moment. And this bit has been put in because I lost the screw from here. But yeah, it is very heavy. They've gotten better since, but it was very nice to start off with. After that, I said basically done. There's a nice hat. That's Indiana Jones' hat. That was made by the same company that made his original hats for the films. Very nice. They also made Tom Baker's hats for Doctor Who. All of them. I was going to say, it looked a bit like Tom's as well. Yeah, so same style. He's had a wider brim. Basically, same material, I think, though. Then you've got a nice big thing here. Being in the behind the scenes. Kind of a suit, actually. Don't I? Yeah. I'm not a big hat guy. I don't. I don't. I don't. I don't eat hats. I love hats. Yeah. Nice. Yeah. Ties. And then I'll do a little sort of scan with all these tardices. All these. Got that one. Got that one. Now we've got that one. Now we've got that one. Now we've got that one. Got that one. And then pop vinyls. The world famous pop vinyl. Target books behind them. Oh yeah. Most of the target books are some other ones, but I've got most of the sort of early ones. I get a bit ropey around the fifth doctor here. Lego Tardis. That was very slim. Yeah. The Avengers. Well, sort of. New mug. Get a good shot of the new mug. Because there's so many books. So many books. I'm going to show my alcoholism. Alcoholism. Yeah, yeah. Very good. It's a family friendly. Mummy and daddy juice for liquor. Some big finish I'm seeing there. Torchwood books down there. Doctor magazine. Not that you can. I don't know why I'm looking at these. You can't even really see them. Every Doctor Who fan has lots of these gray and colorful things. Yeah. Tucked away. About that is the Tardis radio on top of that. And that's an accurate McCoy umbrella. Just needs to have the handle replaced. Quick gem, get it. And then just, it's got the Torchwood logo on it. Of course. Yeah, it's still a work in progress. I need to finish off the, I need to obviously fill it. Yeah, I'm actually, that's why I'm here for.  That's in the Torchroom to give the team. Yeah, yeah, yeah. It's the small one for us. How does this keep coming up? You've got to talk about this because you're just going to... I'm sorry. You want me to point at them, do you? No, you can if you want to. I'm not here for you, James. I'm here for the tie. For the stuff. I should turn the mic on. That'd be fun. Oh, and of course, what we're here to see, the exercise bag. This is a stepper actually. Oh, see me. I've got facts and rights. Look at that.  Clearly. Oh, yeah. This is my table, which was meant to have been come another day, I think. So when you stopped that project, you just made it a table. This is where the man has happened. This just feels like Torchwood, I mean, now. Yeah, wow. Torchwood hub. This is going to be the set for Rebirth. Oh, is it? This area will become a bit Torchwood-y. Hopefully that was the aim. But for now, it is where I was. So we've got a 3D printer, a pillar drill, a lathe. I'm just going to have a sonic one. And we've got... So this is the machine you make sonic. This is the sonic. Oh, this is the sonic machine. So effectively... So if you want one of your own, everybody. Yeah. I feel threatened. Cut in with that, and it makes shapes. It's all I got. It's a machine that spins around. What's these things here? It does it really well, though. What's these here? Oh, and these are the Warmasters laser screwdriver emitter sections and stuff. That together, though. You're just putting them together. I'm putting them together as we speak, yeah. He's got a gun! He's got a weapon! What's that? A knife! No! Oh, God, there's a box in my dresser. I don't really want to dox you. I mean, if I have to, I will. But, you know, ideally... Look at that. That's so cool. Okay, I'm going to start... In a minute, can I get in there? Yes, of course. Yes! Get on the phone till I hear it. They should make a Dalek table. They should. It is actually a genuinely very useful table. Well, there we go. Actually, that's a Warmaster Sonic in progress. That's brilliant, though. And so it needs to have this weathered up, because it would look like that. A Dalek japo kabe. That's already been weathered. Scott Hancock from Big Finish, the director of the Warmaster box. That's commissioned one of these for us. And so me and my friends, Sonic Bolt and Simon Eddick, did this. So, yeah, the lower half is all from the trans-temporal Sonic toy that was released by character options.  So if you have one of those toys, you can make it too. Exactly. I see another Sonic hidden on the shelves back there. Oh, yeah. There's loads. Let's see. They just dotted around. Yeah, there's one there. But where's Wally? There's one in there. It's all junk. It's all junk. And then just this. I thought you said that to me and then I'll... Hello, f***. Is that the communicator from the River Song? Is it? Sort of. It's the communicator from the Angel two-parter from Series Five. It's the... Made him say Comfy Chairs in Angel Bomb. Friend owns the screen-used one. So he gave me all the measurements and stuff from it and gave me a bunch of nice pictures of it. My spacesuit collection. The screen-accurate gloves used for the first, you know, the two-parter. And they were used in 42. And then Capaldi ended up wearing them as well. These are the ones that were then used in Waters of Mars instead. And then Matt Swift also used them in Hyde, but then they went back to those for later on. This is the bolt gun. So this became the bolt gun that Rose uses, you know, go to hell at the end of the episode and blows open the glass. It's actually a PlayStation 1 light gun. That's great. So they used that. It was also... They used this for another prop in Long Game. It's one of the gun that they're using for the rebel when he's like, you're actually this rebel and she's like, liar to the helmet, which is actually a welding... Oh, very cool. They have that and then they add on the... I don't know that side. They add on these bits onto the side, which then makes it that. All right. Is that again, is that 3D printed? Yeah, these are all 3D printed. So then it looks... Oh, you see it now. It's coming together. Now I'm seeing it. It's airtight. So you need to have a ventilation pack, which he has on his back. Otherwise, you can't breathe in it. I am Spaceman. Now I'm ready to go to the wash of ice. Right. I struggle to breathe in that thing. You can't breathe in it. I don't know how David did it. Well, ventilation. All the cybermen are in the rafters. James is currently climbing and he's...  Good luck, James! What's he doing? And that's the last we saw of James. I guess we'll have to take the dummy. Ah! He's hanging out with the Dalek. That's a good look. Okay, just want to take... All right, I'm half the ladder. Which way? Jesus! Oh, there's more. Okay. Move this over. We've got a box. We've got a box. Oh my God. How big is the box? Oh, there's another of the newer ones. Yeah. Very nice. This is something you can get better at. Is that the first one you passed on? Is that two of the cybermen? Yep. And there's this guy. Oh, this is the one at Dobson. Excellent! Quick, that one. Jack. Ah! I'll give it excellent. The back. Very important. All right, hang on. The suit is wrong actually. Oh no! That is not excellent. Plus, we'd never actually get you out of the wetsuit Fair enough. All right, I'll hold it. I've got you. No, I am really strong. We need a back face. I'm ready. Ideally. Signature. I'm just getting stared out by the cyberman. Was it David Banks who does the voice? Excellent. Oh yeah, you mean in... Oh yeah, Andy. Yes. Thank you. Aha! Doctor! Doctor! We're going to destroy the bullet burger. Well, I think it's someone called Custom Who Props. He's doing a cyberman gun at the moment. Oh yeah, yeah, I know. Gotta get one of those. Yeah! Mr. Cyberman. My lady. Cyberman? Perry the Cyberman! I'm in love with all these props. I know, there's too many of them. And really, there's only one thing left to do. The ballet. This guy. Well, that's terrifying. Shout out to Colin. Come and meet your friend Delta. So the last one, when I got Colin, it was also a chair. So I think this is just the way to get in a darling. This is the way. It's got a mahogany seat on. Ooh! That's snug. See, this time, because I was on grass last time, so this time I'll hopefully be able to roll around. Oh god. Okay, here we go. Fine. How am I supposed to master the universe from in here? Can't do that. There we go. That's brilliant. Yeah. Oh, here we go. Yes, extra PA. My skirt is falling down. Move it around here. It's really bumpy. How do they do it? How do they control everything at once? Well, the head's actually now on remote control. Oh, really? Oh. Yeah, see, another one I want to get in contact with is Barnaby Edwards. Be honest, James. Does everybody ask to go in the Dalek? Well, I don't have any one round. It's harder than it looks. Earthling, what is your function? Oh, it's not wearing much these days. That's depressing. Yeah. This upsets the Daleks. Just, uh, hello. Hello. Earthling detected. Who are you? Gemma. You're pretty hot. Daleks have game. I don't think I ever, I've never been complimented by a Dalek. I hope not. Stop, stop. Ah, blinded you.


My name is Monica Martin. I'm a musician, so I like violin, viola, cello, and piano, of course, tickle the keys. I had a milling tuner. Kaiser had provided me with a cancer care team. The surgeon was their radiation, plastic surgeon, and the oncologist. We all met in one room at the same time. And orchestra has many people in it. For us to produce Brahms, we got to bring all the instruments together. Same thing with Kaiser Permanente. You got to have those specialists who's going to make an impact into your life in the same place at the same time. I get to hear what they're thinking and what they're saying. When they finished explaining everything to me, I said, this is what I want to do. When can we get this done? Timeline is on Friday. I had the mammogram. Monday I had the biopsy. Tuesday I got the results. A week later I met with my cancer team. That's quick. They put the time in. They took care of me. They respected my emotion. They laughed with me. They cried with me. They did whatever it took to get me through this. And that's how cancer patients survived.


Buju and welcome to the very first episode of Ojibwe Motarida. I usually have about three or four different poses for the mouth. Basic. Tune in to Ojibwe Motarida, a children's show highlighting Ojibwe language and culture, right here on Lakeland PBS.


Welcome back to the NPTEL lecture series on bioelectricity. So, as of now we have finished five lectures three of the introductory section and two for the animal electricity. So, talking about the animal electricity as of now we talked about the structure of the membrane, the positions of the membrane proteins which can be an ion channel could be other receptors and other functional proteins on the membrane. We talked about the position of the glycoproteins and from there we talked about the Nernst equation where basically we described how charges which are or ionic charges which are present on either side of the membrane inside and outside how there is a balance being established between the chemical gradient and the electrical gradient. There should be a electrical neutrality as well as there should be a concentration dependent neutrality. So, what is the governing dynamics for those kind of situations? So, what I will do from here is this we will be moving to the ion channels and action potentials. So, initially I thought that I will be starting in the ion channels and then I will come to the action potential, but historically if you look at it there is the discovery of action potential which eventually paves way for the discovery of the ion channels. When action potential was discovered there was absolutely no idea about the presence of ion channels. This was back in 1940s during the time of Hodgkin and Huxley. They came up with the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism for which they were awarded the Nobel prize. At that time there was hardly any idea because protein chemistry was just kind of starting. People were not really very clear about the membrane structure and what Hodgkin and Huxley precisely mentioned in their seminal manuscript is that these are basically some kind of pores through which ions are moving inside the cell or exiting from the cell and assuming that those are pores they did the whole formalism which is famously known as Hodgkin-Huxley formalism. After that the ion channels were discovered 1970s and 80s saw a tremendous progress in the field by the discovery of patch clamp electrophysiology and that credit goes to Irwin Nihar and Burt Sackman the two German physiologist biophysicist who discovered a technique by which you could study the dynamics or flow of ions through a ion channel or through an ion channel or through a pore and that of course for that discovery they were awarded the Nobel prize and soon after that there was a huge rush to understanding ion channels and after that comes the molecular biology techniques were really coming in the forefront with the discovery of PCR and other molecular biology techniques and sequencing NUMA it was Suishama NUMA who awarded the first sequencing of the different channels of this I think it was the sodium channel and likewise and then came 1997 there was a time when the first channel structure was deciphered that was by Roderick McKinnon and in between there was one more structure which was discovered before that but that was not purely a channel that is a bacterial dopsin membrane protein. So, if you look at the history of the ion channels and action potentials and bioelectrical phenomena across animal kingdom you will see there is always a gap and then there is a quantum jump and then there is a gap and there is a quantum jump and the field has progressively developed for the last century 1900 it started with or even much before that it started with intracellular extracellular recording electrodes people had absolutely no idea about ion channels or anything or even membrane as a matter of fact then came as I was telling you 1940s 1930s and 19 I should say 30s and 40s and Hodgkin-Huxley formalism then with the discovery of action potentials then came the discovery of patch clamp and now the whole thrust area is on understanding membrane protein structures especially the ion channel structures and some very very tough job. So, once we will be talking about the techniques of measurements I will tell you why it is so tough and till date we hardly have hardly have one maybe for which we have at least one ion strom resolution or slightly more than one strom resolution image. So, most of these ion channels are still people are hunting trying to hunt down the exact structure at the is in crystallography techniques using cryo em techniques cry electron microscopy technique and several other techniques. So, what I will do instead of moving to the ion channels first I will give you a feel about action potential I will just go by the historical perspective. So, action potential is observed in all the excitable cells of the body and what are the excitable cells of the body and why we call them excitable cell first. So, the excitable cells of the body differs from other cell types in terms of the presence of high proportion of voltage gated sodium potassium channels and it is the shear number which differs them from the other cell type which do not have that and it is developmentally programmed that some specific cell types in our body have this interesting structural features and they have a lot more or significantly higher number of voltage gated sodium potassium calcium channels and that makes them very I should say susceptible or that equip them to respond to any kind of signal from outside. So, what are those cells which are called excitable cells of the body. So, there are three kind of excitable cells in our body the nerve cells, the muscle cells or muscle tissue and the neuro endocrine cells. Nerve cells constitute the whole nervous system pretty much all the neurons in the nervous system their functional hallmark is that they are electrically active having saved this let me highlight one point which many a time people miss we see there is currently a lot of progress in developing neurons from skin cells developing neurons from stem cells. So, let me point out here neuron can only be called a neuron when it is functionally active in terms of its expression of voltage gated sodium potassium and other eye channels and it should be able to functionally shoot an action potential. If it is not an excitable electrically active cell in spite of the fact it expresses all different kinds of marker or proteins it cannot be called as an excitable cell or a neuron or any other excitable cell. So, this is something I wish to very pinpoint because many people get confused that oh there are neuronal marker that means it is a neuron essentially unless they are functionally a neuron you really cannot call them a neuron. It is just another cell which has expression of some of the characteristics of a neuron, but you cannot call them a neuron. So, nervous system the major excitable tissue of the body muscular system muscle system which includes your skeletal muscle the bulk of your body which is electrically excitable you have cardiac which is electrically excitable all your life the very moment it loses its electrical excitability most likely you are in deep trouble. Third the smooth muscle which lines your GI tract these are the three muscle component excitable muscle component of the body which has the ability to shoot an action potential. Then there is another specialized group of cells up in the deeper ridges of the brain those are called neuro endocrine cells. These neuro endocrine cells are the ones which has dual function they have a endocrine function as well as a neuronal function. So, these cells excuse me essentially receives neuronal signal and shoot an action potential and thereby secret hormones or pro hormones. So, these cells are also excitable cells. So, these all these three cells or all these three tissues share the common hallmark of shooting action potentials and more specialized are the ones which are muscle they have the ability to translate that electrical signal into mechanical signal using excitation contraction coupling apparatus will come to all those things which is a hallmark of cardiac cell cardiac tissue and skeletal cell. Whereas all the different kind of neurons which includes a motor neuron, sensory neurons, high brain neurons they have different pattern of action potentials and that is what distinguishes them from one to another. There is another supporting cell within the nervous system called glial cells though they are part of the nervous system, but they do not shoot an action potential. They do have some percentage of voltage gated sodium channels, but not in high number they shoot something like action potential, but it never overshoots you. So, the only cells in the nervous system and nervous tissue which shoots action potential are the neurons. This is another thing which need to be understood very clearly. So, enumerating them in the slide. So, we are into lecture 6 now. So, the action potentials, so the excitable component nerves and here mostly the neurons which are involved in it. Then you have your neuro endocrine cells and then you have the muscle and within the muscle you have skeletal cardiac and you have smooth. Within cardiac if I had to do another classification on that within the cardiac tissue there are again two kind of cells the pacemaker cell and so let us see the examples of these excitable tissues. So, you have the neurons. The neurons you have motor neuron. I am just putting n for neurons. Motor neurons, sensory neurons, you have hippocampal, cortical and here it is worth mentioning that these action potential and pattern of action potential should by different kind of cells and the kind of computation they do is function of the morphology too. So, if you look at the morphology of these different neurons as such. So, talking about the motor neuron these are the largest neuron in our body and they are the one which are form the earliest among all of them and if you look at the morphology it is something like this there huge cell body like this and there is a long, long, long process the axonal process here you have the nucleus and these are the dendritic processes. So, these are the dendrites dendritic process axon is the nucleus and this axon could be either insulated or nonic. If it is insulated it is called myelinated. So, the insulation is just like you see these cables on which there is a plastic covering almost exactly similar to that you have something like this. So, there is a slight discontinuity you will observe out here you see out here out here these are called nodes of Ranvier and these are the myelination sheet and these myelination sheets is either they are myelinated by oligo dendrocytes or they are myelinated by Schwann cells these are the two myelinating cells and these are the ones which I was trying to tell you these are the supporting cells or the glial cells apart from it there is one two more glial cells out there which is the astrocytes. So, these are the myelination ones which are involved in myelination and apart from it there are supporting cells which are kind of you know present in the proximity of these neurons likewise all over the place and which are called astrocytes. So, here it is what mentioning that these these ones these ones these ones are the family of glial cells this is the family of glial cells which are present these are supporting cells and essentially what you see this myelination which I am just for your understanding putting another word here is called insulation the idea is that if simultaneously there is another neuron which is moving like this say for example in blue I am showing another neuron unless these two cables another neuron another axon moving and that is how exactly in the real life it is there like that and unless there is there is myelination or there is separation by these by these insulators there will be a enormous short circuit taking place out here. So, this is a short circuiting what I am trying to show in red so without insulation there will be a short circuit these are some of the basic understanding which is very essential to understand how these are propagated yet there are. So, this is what you talked about a motor neuron yet there are cells in the sensory neuron which are unmyelinated they have no wrapping the way I showed you the wrapping out here that is partly related to the fact that there are certain neurons where you want the signal to be lost and those neurons do not have any myelination. So, this is another structural feature which helps them in their electrical conduction and many of these cells looks like this some of these sensory neurons are like this they could be unipolar they could be bipolar. So, here is axon they have a long then right sensory neurons yet there are cells which has very dense dendritic arbor something like this cell is a smaller than this dendritic arbor something like this of course it has an axon here is the axon here is the dendritic tree dendritic tree and here is the cell body and a cell body out here. So, these are some of the cells which are called these are the cells which are present in the higher centers of the brain and called purkinje or their hallmark is there is enormous amount of dendritic arborization along it and the way it works is this the electrical signal first of all reaches the dendrites from the dendrite there is an summation of the electrical signal then it travels along the axon and communicated to the next to the dendrites of the next neuron and likewise the information flows in one direction and we will talk about why the information cannot flow in the reverse direction there are some reasons that information is if we go back once again. So, the information transfer is pretty much like this like this. So, the information are coming to the different dendrites likewise and this information is travelling like this why is it so and here it is once again. So, what helps in this is again to do with the ion channels how it is happening and there is a spatial and temporal summation. So, what I meant by that this is something which at this stage itself we need to highlight. So, for example, let me draw let me draw a pyramidal neuron. So, I have to this Purkinje cells a Purkinje neurons and this is a sensory eye drew I have written it sorry. Now, I drew a hippocampal neuron which is mostly the cell body is more like a pyramidal shape something like this these are the dendritic triggies which is and here is the axon which is moving along. So, these are the classic pyramidal neuron of hippocampus or the center for learning and memory. So, what I meant by spatial and temporal summation. So, within the central nervous system each one of these neurons receives at one point of time they are connected physically connected with 10,000 other connections. So, even if at one point of time they receive 100 signals or 200 signals which they do it is enormous amount of calculations. So, what I meant by this 10,000. So, it is something like this. So, imagine these are the connections these are the different sources from different other sources the axons are forming synapse. So, like this forming synapses on it these are this pink one are the other neurons which are making connection on the body of it from different other sources they are making connections. So, this is an imaginary drawing I wanted to show you. So, imagine at one point of time there are such 10,000 physical connections on one neuron and this is kind of on the lower side there are 10,000 connections means there are 10,000 synapses I will be introducing synapse. So, imagine that the at one point it can receive 10,000 such signals with slight delay of time or at the same spot. So, at this zone the amount of calculation it needs to do is enormous and the summation of this calculation what you see is transmitted along this. So, what essentially is happening out here is this at this zone there is an two sets of things which are happening there is a spatial and there is a temporal computation spatial and temporal computation. So, all the different signals which are reaching like this they may be at time t 1 time t 2 time t 3 time t 4 time t 1 time t 1 time t 2 time t 5 time t 10 likewise. With little stuff you can see staggering. So, the mammoth is just imagine and if this is just the temporal thing I am drawing. So, here comes the time axis and here comes the signal. So, here is a signal reaching followed by another signal coming followed by another signal coming followed by another signal coming and summation another signal which has already come there and the signal before this likewise. So, there is a continuous addition of these signals taking place and these hatched zones where you are seeing the signal one is kind of you know on the previous one. These are the zones where the part of that signal is being added to the previous signal and simultaneously if this is with respect to the time there is on the space say for example, if this is the cell body one is added from here one is added from here one is added from here one is added from here at the same time say for example. So, overall what is happening there is an summation at time function and space function and the output what you see is your the one which is carried by the just trying to show you in this picture carried by the axon this is the output and this is the level of complexity with which a signal is being process which even the most simple chip cannot think of it is probably the final frontier of human endeavor in terms of understanding the genetic in terms of understanding the neural code and all these codes all these coding lies in that seminal discovery the last in the middle half way through the last century by Hodgkin and Huxley the action potential it is those which coded. So, if I have to understand this say for example, I show you and say for example and apple like this this is an apple and I show you say for example, mango. So, what makes an apple and apple and what makes an mango and mango and your eyes are looking at it. So, these are the eyes what distinguishes. So, the store information which is stored has a specific pattern whereas, the information which is stored has a different pattern and these pattern from here is are getting stored in your brain as what you call something mango something in apple and something in mango. So, in other word what I am trying to highlight if I know this signal and if I know this signal then technically I can feed that signal to make any blind person whose eyes are non-functional to see an apple when this person is actually not seeing an apple or mango when this person is actually not seeing a mango same way by the same token comes the other side of the story which is say for example, hearing. So, you are hearing say for example, you are hearing something like Beethoven or you are hearing something like oriental music in a different trains are coming and here a different trains are coming. So, technically if these signals are put in these signals are put in the visual area which is process the visualist information you should be able to see the music. This is something that imagine and all these things are happening by that simple most ordinary event which you call the action potentials. All the crux lies in action potential and the next frontier where we are heading is basically the visual area and the neural code. So, with this background what I needed to kind of highlight to you people I will move on. So, I one more thing I just forgot here which I realize because I told you in the beginning I will show you that. So, regarding the cardiac cells I have forgotten I will come back I have told you that there are two different classifications as I will start the cardiac I will tell you what are the different cell type. Of course we have highlighted about the neurons, but I have not highlighted about the what are the different cell types in the cardiac cells which shoot action potentials. There is something which I have missed as of now, but I will come back to that. So, in the light of this what I have taught you just now one second. So, understanding action potential is the most critical thing unless we understand this basic phenomena it is really tough to appreciate what are the electrical events which are taking place. So, now let us try to understand action potential. So, for example, now here you have a cell sitting like this and this is the axon and here are the dendritic trees dendritic arborization and dendritic spines and all that that is the nucleus. Now, I told you that these cells are rich in voltage gated voltage gated I will just abbreviate it as V G voltage gated sodium channels and voltage gated potassium channels. Interestingly they are voltage gated. So, I will represent these voltage gated sodium channels as in red they will be represented by red color and voltage gated potassium channels will be represented by green color. So, interestingly it has been observed that voltage gated sodium channels are concentrated at a specific parts initially when the neuron is forming they are scattered all over the place. Then they migrate at a specific spots and it has been observed for the cells which are myelinated for example, a cell of this kind which is this is a myelinated cells likewise. So, voltage gated sodium channel population is fairly high in this zones fairly high here again fairly high here these are the nodes where they are high and rest of the places they are scattered around like this. So, this anatomical understanding is very essential to appreciate if you look at these zones they are fairly fairly dense. Whereas the voltage gated potassium channels follows very similar trend they are also scattered around all over the place. They are fairly high in the cell body and one thing I will try to highlight these cells depending on the situation they aggregate and then they again dispersed this is the zone which is called your axon hillock. So, now having drawn this so we know outside the cell in this milieu your sodium concentration is fairly high around 150 millimolar whereas the potassium is fairly low which is around 10 millimolar. So, these things are known to us even actually it is less than 10 millimolar it is around I think 4 millimolar and again from book to book it varies 145 millimolar whereas inside we know sodium is 12 millimolar and your potassium is 155 millimolar we do it in black so that you can read it properly this is your sodium this is your potassium. So, looking at the sheer number you can understand that if there is sodium which is 12 inside and which is 155 outside then most of the likelihood that sodium from outside will try to rush inside the cell, but this is being continuously prevented this is not being allowed whereas if you look at the potassium which is around 144 or 155 inside and 4 outside. So, on all likelihood potassium will try to move from inside to outside. So, let us do something let us do the calculations based on the nurse equation if you guys remember I was telling you that you know based on that you can. So, let us do the simple calculation this is the extracellular this is the intracellular and the ratio iron outside work upon iron inside and we will just for do for two ions sodium and potassium. The sodium outside is 145 and inside it is around 12 and this is all in millimolar this is in millimolar whereas potassium is 4 and outside it is 155 and if you see the ratio of these two. So, this will be coming approximately 12 whereas potassium will be coming around 0.026 and if you calculate the equilibrium potential. Equilibrium potential in millivolt the values will come for sodium it will be positive minus 67 millivolt whereas for potassium it is minus 98 millivolt. Now, this minus 98 millivolt says you something what it says if you see this diagram the diagram before out here if you put an electrode outside the cell and inside. So, for example, I have a electrode like this and I have another electrode. So, I have the measuring device out here something like this and I have another electrode outside and I am trying to measure the voltage. So, if you if I measure the voltage with the inside with respect to outside will see it is approximately 70 to 90 millivolt. So, inside the cell it is more negative as compared to outside and the membrane potential is between minus 70 and minus 90 depending on the cell type. So, if you look at this value in the light of this you will see that value of potassium equilibrium potential is very close to cells resting membrane potential which is around minus 970 to minus 90 millivolt. Why is it so the first question this is so because potassium is fairly leakage and as a matter of fact across the membrane if we draw something like this if this is the situation of the potassium and this is say for example, outside and this is the semi permeable membrane and this is inside the cell then you will see potassium is kind of you know always a potassium is there is a slight degree of diffusion which takes place outside the cell and of course, the entry is because of the conduction. So, always there is potassium which diffuses out whereas in the case of sodium if you see if I again draw the same thing for sodium this is inside the cell and this is outside the cell if you look at it sodium could never get an entry neither it leaks out nor it moves in. So, sodium and that is why if you look at it these two value if you compare once again yeah. So, if you compare these two value minus 98 and these they are fairly close they are close because this reason that sodium diffuses out it is much more leaky actually as compared to sorry potassium is sorry I am I beg your pardon potassium is leaky whereas sodium is very tightly it cannot really pass through there is hardly any way that sodium can really you know pass through unless otherwise there is there are specific channels which opens up and allows the entry of sodium inside the cell. So, this is the hallmark of beginning of understanding action potential. So, essentially what is needed is that somewhere or other in order to create a disturbance in this structure if I go back in order to create a disturbance in this structure you have to have some way by which these channels what you see out here these channels have to be opened without opening these channels you cannot create any kind of movement in them they will remain static. This is the very basic fundamental understanding all these background is needed to understand action potential we do not understand this and the rest will make sense. So, what I will do I will close in here and in the next class we will see when these channel opens what it leads to and what are the series of event which takes place and we will explain the whole action potential in that process. Then we will move on to the propagation and we will come back to the structure of the ion channels and how those structures are helping in this kind of conduction processes. Thanks a lot.


So CDPR have not long dropped information on the near future of the game via a roadmap of what's happening and they also dropped an explanation video on the days leading up to the release of the game, sharing the studio's perspective on what happened with this game on those older generation consoles. How's it going guys? My name's DPJ and if you enjoyed this video leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more Cyberpunk on a daily basis be sure to subscribe. Okay so we will firstly check out the roadmap which you guys can see on the screen now. Prior to 2021 we had those 3 hut fixes, the 1.04, 05 and 06. These hut fixes to be fair helped the game a little, I ain't gonna say a ton but it didn't help the game a little. Now moving forward people we can see two patches are coming, the 1.1 and the 1.2 which were promised after the abomination of a start to this game and these two patches I think the world is expecting some serious improvements. The 1st is coming out in 10 days and the 2nd I believe a few weeks after that. Now through the rest of the year as we know we will be getting those 3 DLCs which will come after these patches have dropped. Now they did say before the release that we'll gain up to 15 3 DLCs obviously not within the first year. How true that is now though I ain't got a clue people and what these DLCs will consist of again I don't know and yes they will also be paid for expansions too. You also see states multiple updates and improvements will roll out through 2021 with the second half of the year bringing us the next gen update and I know a lot of people will be disappointed and have far away that is but I can truly understand why it's taken so long when you think about the state this game was released at. I feel that timeframe on that next gen update should have probably been the official release date for this game it probably would have been the game we were all promised and don't take that the wrong way I love this game as it is right now yes it's boggy it's glitches but I still love it but for sure I would definitely agree with you it's far from the game we were promised so personally the roadmap is as expected I don't think there's anything here I've learned it from wise from this so let's move on and CDPR also dropped a five minute video from CDPR's co-founder explaining what went down prior to release check it out guys I'll get back to you after it. Hey everyone my name is Marcin Iwiński and I'm the co-founder of Zedeproject when I started Zedeproject 25 years ago one of its founding principles was honest and direct communication with gamers when Zedeproject read the game development part of Zedeproject was born it added something important to that principle the ambition to make the best games in the world it became our mission and something that guided us up until now based on that legacy of genuine and honest communication you've trusted us and pre-ordered our game and despite good reviews on pc the console version of Cyberpunk 2077 did not meet the quality standard we wanted it to meet I and the entire leadership team are deeply sorry for this and this video is me publicly owning up to that please don't fault any of our teams for what happened they all are incredibly talented and hardworking myself and the board are the final decision makers and it was our call to release the game although believe me we never ever intended for anything like this to happen I assure you that will do our best to regain your trust now I'd like to tell you how the situation looked like from the inside Cyberpunk 2077 is huge in scope and I'm not only talking about quests or things you see at first glance I'm talking about a multitude of custom objects interacting systems and mechanics in the game everything is not stretched out over flat terrain where we can make things less taxing hardware wise but condensed in one big city and in a relatively loading free environment on its own this is a challenge but we made it even more difficult for ourselves by wanting to make the game look epic on PCs and then adjusting it to consoles especially old gems that was our core assumption and things did not look super difficult at first we knew the hardware gap yes but ultimately I think that time has proven that we've underestimated the task to give a concrete example and the main culprit we had to constantly improve our in-game streaming system for old gen consoles streaming is responsible for feeding the engine with what you see on screen as well as the game mechanics and since the city is so packed and the disk bandwidth of old gens is what it is it constantly challenged us every change and improvement needed to be tested and as it turned out our testing did not show a big part of the issues you experience while playing the game as we got closer to the final release we saw significant improvements each and every day and we really believed we would deliver in the final day zero update now let's talk about the review process we started sending our pc review keys in the first days of december on launch day december 10 we hit the ground running with a really good start on pc while not perfect it's a version of cyberpunk we are very proud of at the same time we're fighting for quality on old gen consoles till the very last moment and every extra day of us working on the day zero update brought visible improvement this is why we started sending console review keys on the 8th of december which was later than we originally planned this all happened while working from home with all the challenges resulting from the covid related restrictions a lot of the dynamics we normally take for granted got lost over video calls or email and we took that hit too now i'd like to tell you about our plans for the future and present a path for cyberpunk 2077 on consoles and pc we have already released three hot fixes improving the game but that's just the beginning our ultimate goal is to fix the bugs and crashes gamers are experiencing cross-platforms please expect bigger and smaller patches on a regular basis the first update will be dropping within 10 days and it will be followed by another more significant one in the following weeks we will of course continue to work on the game in future updates and improvements beyond that our big plans for supporting cyberpunk in the long term did not change as for the 3 dlcs our initial plan was to deliver them just after the release much like we did with the widget 3 we decided to focus on the most important fixes and updates first and we'll be releasing the dlcs afterwards expect more information in the upcoming months for those of you playing on next gen consoles in back compatibility you can still expect the free next gen update for xbox series consoles and playstation 5 arriving in 2021 we are aiming at the second half of the year i'd like to end this video by assuring you that we treat this entire situation very seriously and are working hard to make it right the guiding principles of our company are still core to what we do we still want to make amazing games and have an open communication with you our players for now our immediate focus is to work hard on making sure you enjoy cyberpunk 2077 regardless of platform beyond cyberpunk we have many plans for the future which we'll share more about when we're ready thank you for taking the time to watch this video so watching that for the first time i can say i understand the issues they were going through and we can't make no excuse for them it must have been truly hard these covid restrictions especially here in the uk i restricted a lot a lot of things so i can't imagine the impact it would have on a company producing a game and trying to get that game ready and day one fix is ready and applied it must have been a nightmare he also mentioned dlc was planned for release not long after the games release but will now come out after the two patches like i mentioned earlier the first patch coming in 10 days and he also mentioned that the next gen update will actually be coming in the second half of the year but yeah it's good that cdpr have actually updated us on what's actually going down because they have been quiet for quite a while now what i do think from now going forward though things will start coming at a more steady pace i don't think anything will be rushed out and things we expect to do come out a lot sooner like the dlcs i don't think we'll probably see for another month or two the state this game will be by then even with fixes applied i don't know but we will see but let me know your thoughts on this down below in that comments section people but on that note the end of the video has arrived if you enjoyed it leaving a like really helps out if you're new around here want to see more cyberpunk on a daily basis be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video i upload can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button but guys thanks as always for stopping by and hopefully i will see you on that next one


The aim of systems innovation is to change systems. So what is systems change? Systems change is about enabling transformation in the structure and interrelationships of the parts within a complex organization. So as to realize the emergence of new behavior and functionality required for that organization to operate successfully within its environment. To quote forum for the future, Systemic change is where relationships between different aspects of the system have changed towards new outcomes and goals and it's driven by transformational not incremental change. Rachel Wharton and Alice Evans in their article on the subject define it in similar terms. Systems change is about addressing the root causes of social problems which are often intractable and embedded in networks of cause and effect. It is an intentional process designed to fundamentally alter the components and structures that cause the system to behave in a certain way. The terms systems innovation and systems change have arisen in parallel to the idea of wicked problems as a new language is now entering the public sphere. Seeing problems as complex, interdependent and involving high levels of uncertainty. Our old ways of thinking about problems as the product of simple cause and effect relations are subsiding in the face of a new set of challenges that governments, enterprises and societies around the world are now facing. It is increasingly becoming recognized that problems like health care are not simple in their nature. We start to recognize that they involve many interrelated factors such as our cultural and psychological attachment to poor quality foods, the economics and finance of food production and distribution, environmental issues such as air quality, issues to do with the built environment, not to mention impacts of social relations and advertising, all of which are no longer in the control of any one organization, but instead part of vast networks of actors that we call complex adaptive systems. These kinds of issues are now termed wicked problems, which are highly complex issues. They are unstructured, open-ended, they are multi-dimensional, systemic and have no known solution. Examples of wicked problems include social discrimination and cultural segregation, climate change and environmental degradation, global financial instability and inequality, terrorism and cybersecurity. In all cases, the problem cannot be isolated and separated from the system because wicked problems are systemic in nature. They can be understood as an emergent phenomenon of how the local components interact, of how the system itself works and not simply one part of the system that can be isolated, tackled and solved in a traditional linear fashion. As a consequence, the only way to tackle these problems is to try and change the system, that is to say to do system change. Systems thinking is about looking at the underlying dynamics within the system and how that creates the system's observable behavior. Systems change is about identifying and surfacing the core contradictions in the system rather than the symptoms created by those contradictions. As an illustration of this, we can see financial institutions funding the worldwide fund for nature, but they are often not interested in looking at the environmental impact of their investments. This is often the case. The underlying structure of the organization creates issues that it then spends its time and resources on patching over. What is different today is that the underlying structure of our industrial institutions is becoming so mismatched with the environment they operate in that it is ever more difficult to simply patch over them and there is an increasing recognition for the need of systems change. These contradictions are what create the problems of today, but they are also the source of potential change in the system. Systems represent patterns of organization and self-reinforcing feedback loops that create the typical behavior of the system. For example, in a political system, we may see politicians saying one thing and then doing another. This is, however, not the product of some random accident or some maverick individual, but a product of the system's dynamics that creates a certain recurring pattern of behavior. It is part of the very way the system is organized. Initially, we may think it is a problem with the specific attributes of the individual in that position, but after seeing that if we swap out the individual and put in another, we get the same behavior, we will start to see that is the behavior of the system caused by its underlying dynamics. In such a case, altering any of the parts, for example, electing a new president, will not solve the issue. We have to understand the behavior of the system that is creating it and change the system in some way instead of just changing any of the parts. Whether analyzing difficult market conditions, water pollution within a community, extended social conflicts, or food security, the key to tackling such issues is understanding their underlying structures and complex patterns that help support them. Some well-known patterns of behaviors, which frequently lead to undesirable outcomes in the systems, are called archetypes. These archetypes include burden shifting or the tragedy of the commons and are studying in system dynamics, which we will look at in a later module. The complexity of systems often gives rise to suboptimal decision making when decisions are made by looking at a problem in isolation instead of within the context of the whole system in which it is present. One example of such consequences in the food system is the impact of food aid. Despite its aim being the elimination of hunger, food aid is integrated into policies leading to structural food deficits and increased dependency on food imports. This kind of dependency in union with the limited resources that developing economies have to finance their imports may well actually lead to an increase in hunger and poverty. There is an important consequence that follows from this, that Russell Ackhoff states clearly when he says, the critical point for contemporary management, it is the following. When you improve each part of the system taken separately, you do not improve the performance of the system taken as a whole and are very likely to hurt it or decrease it and that is completely counterintuitive. With our traditional analytical reductionist ways of thinking, if we see that there is something wrong with an organization, we believe that the failure must arrive from one of the parts. The obvious consequences of this thinking is that we try to trace back the problems the system has to some specific component. Often, we ascribe systems level dysfunctionality to a specific part in the system. If there is an issue in our health care system, our education system, or our political system, we try to trace the problem back to the medical staff, the lack of finance, the funding of campaigns, etc. We then try to fix that problem, but because system level functionality and features are a product of the way the parts are interrelated, we do not solve the problem. As Russell Ackhoff puts it, if you look at what most total quality management programs do, they focus on identifying what is wrong, finding the course of the error, and removing it. When you get rid of what you don't want, you do not necessarily get what you do want, and you may get something a lot less. When we try to solve problems like this, we just move them around. Ackhoff gives the illustration of alcohol prohibition in the US. In the 1920s, alcoholism was seen as a major problem. It was seen as a defect, and policymakers wanted to get rid of it, so they asked what is to blame in causing this problem? The answer was clear, alcohol consumption, so they passed the Volstead Act, an act to prohibit intoxicating beverages. This did not have the effect of getting rid of alcohol, though it made it illegal, it was still plentiful. What it did do, though, was create organized crime, and organized crime has been a much larger problem since, than alcoholism ever was. The same could be seen with drugs in the 1960s. Complex systems are often described as counter-intuitive. When we take our traditional ways of thinking that apply to simpler systems and project them onto these more complex organizations, we often get counter-productive results because they do not apply. This is the first lesson to learn about complex problems. They are not a function of any part in the system. They are a product of how the system is structured, and thus we have to change our way of tackling them from parts to the whole. That means looking at and trying to map out the structure of the whole system and how that structure of feedback loops and interdependencies creates the behavior of the system, and we will be going in depth on this in future modules. The second most important thing to learn is that you cannot directly change a complex organization. You can directly affect changes within parts, but not the whole system. A critical factor that is changing today is that we are going from designing relatively simple systems, like chairs and houses, where it is small enough and simple enough that we can impose our design on it to dealing with systems that are much greater than we are. In a simple world, you can change the system. In a complex world, no one actor gets to change the system they are a part of. However, every actor has an influence on the system's evolution. You can choose to have a greater or lesser influence on its evolution. We can control our car because it is a relatively simple system, but we cannot control the traffic because it is a complex system. Yet each one of our actions has an influence on the overall traffic pattern. No one of us can solve climate change, but each one of our actions affects it. We give up complete control and certainty, but each one of us gains influence. Complex systems change through an evolutionary process, and thus systems change is really all about evolution. If we look at really major changes that have transformed societies, we will see that no one person or organization created that change. Take as an example the movement of Western society from a feudal system into the modern world, which certainly qualifies as a major change within a complex adaptive system. No one director chose to make that change, no one caused it to happen. It was a process of cultural, social, economic, and technological evolution. This massively parallel set of processes and small changes taking place in all these different systems eventually coalesced to take us into a new paradigm. That is the way that change happens in large complex adaptive systems. Because complex adaptive systems consist of all these agents making decisions locally, we can't impose a design pattern on the organization and get the desired and predicted outcomes. However, what we can do is work with the system's natural potential for change, and that change happens through a process of evolution. The job of the system innovator then is to understand the system and its potential for change and to create the context for those variants that may be successful to grow and become more prevalent within the system, thus influencing it in a certain direction. This process of systems change can then be seen as very much analogous to the way an ecosystem adapts to its changing environment through the process of natural selection and evolution. Indeed, that is all we can actually do as systems innovators, help the organization adapt to its environment. To think that we get to make a plan and direct the organization in the direction of that pre-specified outcome is just an illusion. It is a failure to recognize the complexity of the systems that we are dealing with. These are the two most important things to learn in systems innovation. Firstly, that it is not about the parts but the structure of the whole system. Secondly, that you cannot impose a design pattern on a complex adaptive system and get the results that you expect. Unfortunately, it typically takes us as individuals, as organizations, and as societies, massive amounts of wasted time, energy, and resources to learn these basic principles of systems change. These principles, in fact, follow naturally from an appreciation for the complexity of the systems we are dealing with. If you don't have an appreciation for the complexity of the system you operate in, then you will likely create an overly simplified model to try and respond to the issues. National health systems, the global food system, corporate supply chains, political organization, national water systems, the global financial market, metropolitan areas, these things are incredibly complex and you need to start with an appreciation for that complexity or you will make the same mistakes we have made countless times in the past. Making that conceptual quantum leap to embrace their complexity sets you on the right path to enable systems change, but it is just the beginning.


Ethnography is the systematic study of people and cultures. It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study. And ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing the culture of a group. The word can thus be said to have a double meaning, which partly depends on whether it is used as a count down or uncountable. The resulting field study or a case report reflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group. As a method of data collection ethnography entails examining the behavior of the participants in a certain specific social situation and also understanding their interpretation of such behavior. The 128 further elaborates that this behavior may be shaped by the constraints the participants feel because of the situations they are in or by the society in which they belong. Ethnography, as the presentation of empirical data on human societies and cultures, was pioneered in the biological, social, and cultural branches of anthropology, but it has also become popular in the social sciences in general sociology, communication studies, history wherever people study ethnic groups, formations, compositions, resettlements, social welfare characteristics, materiality, spirituality, and a people's ethno-genocide.The typical ethnography is a holistic study and so includes a brief history and an analysis of the terrain, the climate, and the habitat. In all cases, it should be reflexive, make a substantial contribution toward the understanding of the social life of humans, have an aesthetic impact on the reader, and express the credible reality. An ethnography records all observed behavior and describes all symbol-meaning relations, using concepts that avoid causal explanations. Traditionally, ethnography was focused on the Western gaze towards the our exotic east, but now researchers are undertaking ethnography in their own social environment. According to Dwa 2018 even if we are the other, the another of the natives, we are still another because there are many facades of ourselves that connect us to people and other facades that highlight our differences.