Hello everyone, how are you? Am I audible? Am I audible dear? Yes sir, you're audible. Yeah. Let's see. What are we discussing in the previous class? What are we discussing in the previous class dear? Please let me know. Sir, I'm not sure. I had connectivity issues last class. Conducts and part is finished. Now we will be talking about the nervous system. Okay. We will be talking about the human nervous system. Some division of that first. Is the screen visible? Is the non-conducting process. Yes. Screen is visible now. Let's see. Let's see what it is. Your nervous system. First see the organization. We'll talk about human nervous system. Let's see. Human nervous system. Human nervous system. What's that? It is divided into two principle parts. Okay. One is the central nervous system. Nervous system. And another is peripheral nervous system. Agreed. One is central nervous system. Another is peripheral nervous system. See. Your central nervous system is going to be going to have brain, spinal. I will see. Say over here. It consists of, let's see. It consists of spinal. Everybody. Everybody. It consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves. And 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Yes or no? Yes or no? Yes, sir. We'll talk about cranial nerves. What are cranial nerves? Cranial nerves originate from, from which point? Tell me. From brain. Okay. And as far as spinal nerve is concerned, it is going to originate from spinal nerve originate from spinal cord. Agreed. Originate spinal nerve. Peripheral nervous system is again divided into two sections. One is, one is what? One is somatic nervous system. One is somatic nervous system. Another is autonomic nervous system. One is somatic nervous system. Another is autonomic nervous system. Agreed. Yes, sir. Somatic nervous system is going to supply your somatic tissue or skeletal muscles. It supplies the skeletal muscles. Okay. Autonomic nervous system is going to supply. It supplies visceral, done, noiseless, noiseless. Autonomic nervous system is further divided into, autonomic nervous system is further divided into the parasympathetic system, nervous system, and sympathetic nervous. Agreed. Everyone. Yes, sir. Sympathetic nervous system. Usually they, they act antagonistically. Means they, usually they have opposite functions. Can we hear? Excuse me, sir. Yes. Sir, the nodal tissue of the heart doesn't come under either of these systems. Nodal tissue is a muscular tissue. Got it, sir. Nervous tissue at all. They are supplied by these systems. Okay. Nervous system can moderate or mediate the activity of nodal tissue, but nodal tissue is not direct. That is why our heart is myogenic, not neurogenic. Yes or no? Yes. Nervous system do not have direct control on your heart. So, sir, both the sympathetic and parasympathetic moderate the functions of nodal tissue, right? Yes. Sympathetic will increase the heart rate. Parasympathetic will decrease it. Yes, sir. Got it. Done, sir. Everyone, done. We'll talk about brain now. We'll talk about brain now. Let's see. We'll talk about brain now. Let's see. Following, there are following embryological structure. There are following embryological structure that is going to form the brain. One is Progen Cephalon. Just a minute. One is Progen Cephalon. Is it visible, blue color, warrior? Yes, sir. Median Cephalon and Romain Cephalon. Agreed, dear? It is like this. Yes. Progen Cephalon is going to develop into. Progen Cephalon is going to develop into four brain. Median Cephalon is going to develop into mid-brain. Romain Cephalon is going to develop into myelan Cephalon and metan Cephalon. Under myelan Cephalon, metaloblongata is there. And under metan Cephalon, pons and cerebellum is there. Okay. You first write down this thing. Okay. Brain. There are three embryological structures from which brain is going to be formed. One is Progen Cephalon. Then brain, bromine, Cephalon. Agreed, everyone? Done, everyone? Sir, just a minute, sir. Yes, no issue. Done. No issues. Nothing is. See, I will talk about cranial capacity. Cro-magnon main, having a cranial capacity of 1650 CC. And modern men having 1450 CC. What do you think? More cranial capacity means more intelligence. Can you say that? Cro-magnon main is more intelligent than the modern men. Can you say that? Can you say that? It is not there. Actually, cranial capacity is more. What happened in modern men? The brain is thrown into these kind of folds. This is known as sulcus and gyros. This is helping in accommodating more number of neurons. This is helping in accommodating more number of neurons in lesser space. Yes or no? Because of more sulcus and gyros, it helps to accommodate more and more number of neurons. More is the sulcus and gyros.  Can you read here? Yes, sir. Okay. I have cut the brain from the center, from the, you can say, middle, and I am able to see only one half of the brain. This is the left half. Yes or no? You can see this thing. This thing. Can you see this thing? Just give me a minute. I am taking, I am trying to take this file at the original position. Okay. In this app, I am not able to write in a manner I want to write. Just wait. Let's see. Can you see over here now? Can you see over here now? This area, this structure, we all can see this thing now. This is corpus callosum. What? Corpus callosum. Corpus callosum. It connects the two cerebral hemisphere. It connects the two cerebral hemisphere. It is the largest commissar of the brain. What is the meaning of commissar? Commissar means a structure which, which connects one side to another. Agree, dear? Agree? Yes. This is corpus callosum. Okay. This is the interior part of the corpus callosum. Corpus callosum known as genome and the posterior part is known as esplanium. Esplanium. Okay. The anterior part of the corpus callosum is known as genome and the posterior part is known as esplanium. Getting my point. So it is there. Getting my point here. Four brain is divided into two parts. Sorry. One is telencephalon and one is diencephalon. Getting my point. Telencephalon consists of cerebral cortex, corpus stritum, hippocampus and amygdala. And diencephalon consists of epithelmos, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Yes or no? Four brain consists of telencephalon, which is having cerebral cortex, corpus stritum, hippocampus and amygdala. And diencephalon having epithelmos, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Agreed, dear? Tell me. Yes, sir. Yes. Here, mesencephalon. Mesencephalon. Here is the midbrain. I'm going to tell you midbrain in the next diagram. Agreed? So, I am talking about, now you see. Four brain. Four brain mainly consists of cerebrum and diencephalon. Getting my point. Cerebrum consists of two hemispheres, known as cerebral hemispheres. Now, the two cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other with the help of corpus chelosum. That thing I have written over here. It is the tract of nerve fiber. Tract means a pathway. Its anterior part is known as genome, and its posterior part is known as sphenium. Now, is it? All right. Tell me, dear? Yes. Now, several cortex. It is the outer part of the cerebrum. Can you people imagine a watermelon? Have you seen that watermelon? Yes, sir. What is there in the outer part? The whitest portion that we cut and throw. Yes or no? We used to eat reddish part. Yes or no? Yes, sir. Without cutting. If you will see the watermelon from all the side, will you be able to see the red part? Will you be the, will you be people able to see the red part without cutting it? Similar is the case of, similar is the case of what? The brain, sir. Brain. Similar is the case of brain. It is wrapped all around by the cerebral cortex. So, you will see cerebral cortex from all the side. If you have to see the inner structure, you have to remove the cerebral cortex. Yes or no? Yes. You will see the outer, it is the outer part of the cerebrum. Thickness is only 2 to 4 millimeters, consists of six layers of neuron, and around 10 billion pyramidal, spindle, oscillate neurons out there. They are based on the shape only. Nothing special in this. You will see, it is divided into lobes. See, a big sulcus over here, known as central sulcus. What? Central sulcus. Divide it into frontal lobe and parietal lobe. And one sulcus is parietal orcipital. Sulcus means depression not here? Yes, sir. Yes, parietal orcipital. It is going to divide it into, it is present between the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe. Agreed? And here is the lateral sulcus. What? Lateral sulcus. Agreed? Lateral sulcus is going to be present between the frontal, parietal and the temporal lobe. So how many lobes are there? The frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe. Yes or no? Yes or no? Tell me, dear. Yes, sir. Yes. See, this is the central sulcus, if you will see. See, this is the deep central sulcus. No issues? So, there are certain areas that is there in your brain. There are certain areas that is there in the brain. Just in front of the central sulcus, you are going to get the primary motor area. What? Primary motor area. And behind the central sulcus, it is the primary sensory area. Agreed? Primary motor area and primary sensory area. Read? Yes, sir. Yes, sir. What is the, what is the, what is the, you can say, function of primary motor area or your general motor activity, like walking and all. You keep on hearing the, cerebellum is going to have role in, cerebellum in the hind way. It is going to have role in equilibrium or balancing. Is it like that? Yes, sir. What will happen if your primary motor area will be affected? And what will happen if cerebellum is going to be affected? Have you seen a drunk person walking? Yes, sir. Have you seen? Is that person not able to walk or that person is not walking properly? They are not walking properly. Not walking properly, not here? Tell me. But he is able to walk. In that case, what do you think primary motor area is affected or cerebellum is affected? If a person is not, if a person is not able to maintain the balance in that case, you should understand that. You should understand that, that person, persons, sorry, cerebellum is affected. If primary motor area will be affected, analysis will be there. Person will not be able to move the limbs. Yes or no? So have you understand the difference between the role of primary motor area and cerebellum while walking? Yes, sir. Yes. In front of primary motor area is pre-motor area. It is going to help you in motor planning. Motor planning. Agreed? Dear? Yes, sir. Agreed? Agreed? So front and low is going to have primary motor area and pre-motor area. Yes or no? Like you are running and you have to change your, you can say, direction or you have to, you have to change from any present condition. Okay? Planning for that is going to be started in pre-motor area because without planning you are not going to do anything. Yes or no? Yes, sir. Agreed? No issues? No issues? Yes. Let's see dear. Let's see dear. What I wanted to tell you are pre-motor area is over. Now, what is behind the central sulcus? The primary sensory area. You have two kind of senses. One is general sense. One is general sense. Yes or no? Another is a special senses. A special senses is like visual sense and all. Yes or no? Visual sense and all. Agreed? Dear? No issues? No issues? No issues. No issues. Here, so you see, visual is also a sense only. It is there in the occipital area where it is there in the occipital area. Occipital lobe. Yes or no? Occipital lobe. No issues? No issues dear? Yes. No issues? No issues? But general senses like touch, pressure and all pain, that will be analyzed by primary sensory area. Have you understood the role of primary motor area and primary sensory area? One more area that is of a special sense is here you will see here if you will see this is the auditory area. It is responsible for your, it is responsible for your sense of, you can say hearing. Yes or no? Now's are going to take the impulse to this area only and here only it will be analyzed. Here only it will be analyzed. Agreed? Here? Tell me. No issues? No issues? Here is the Broca's area. Broca's area is the motor speech area. All the motor activity of, all the motor activity of your speech is going to be controlled by Broca's area. And one next area is the sensory speech area. Agreed? No issues? Sensory speech area.  Yes or no? If I am speaking something that I know what I am speaking. If Broca's area will be affected, in that case what will happen? The motor function of a speech will be lost. And what will happen if Varnik's area is affected? You will not be able to analyze what you are speaking. Yes or no? Understood? Yes. So if Broca's area is affected, you will be able to understand what the other person is speaking. Yes. Actually, see what other person is speaking. That is, for that your ear is responsible. Yes or no? Yes or no? That is the point that, see two things are there. One thing is you are understanding somebody else's speaking. For that ear and auditory area is responsible. Yes or no? No role of Broca's area or Varnik's area is there in that. Yes or no? Yes. It is there like you have to speak, you have to perform motor activity, you have to move your tongue and all. For that Broca's area is there. And what you are speaking that also you can say, you need to understand. You used to understand that thing, what you are speaking. But you do not understand. So for that what is there? Broca's area. Sorry, Varnik's area. Read here. Also, Varnik's area is not responsible for understanding what the other person is speaking. For other person, what other person is speaking for that auditory area? Yes, got it. So just a minute, could we copy the diagram? Yes, you can copy this also. Yes. So the motor areas are for processing whatever we've sensed and sensory areas, they just pick up the stimuli, right? Yes, what are you saying? So the motor area processes the senses that we have got, like the everything, whatever we can sense in the stimulus and the sensory areas, they just pick the stimulus to the brain, right? Stimulus is what? Like anything that is starting from your peripheral organ. Okay, that has to go to brain. Brain will analyze that. Brain will send motor signal according to that one. Okay, so your limbs are moving and all the motor activity will be performed by primary motor area. Okay, the voluntary motor activity, voluntary, that is under control of your will. Sensory area is for, many senses are there, that will be analyzed over there. Read? Yes, sir. So is that structure before the lateral sulcus, also a sulcus or is that an arrow? So the white line before the lateral sulcus between the occipital lobe and the lateral sulcus, is that the sulcus? Yes, that is the sulcus only, yes, depression. Yes, sir, got it. Done everyone? So just a minute, sir, could you repeat the functions of verniks and brokas area again? Verniks area is there for interpret what you speak, or you can say sensory part of your speaking. Okay, and brokas area is there or motor part of your, you can say what you are speaking. Getting my point, like your tongue movement and all are there, that will be controlled by brokas area and verniks area is going to control your sensory speech problem. Okay, like if verniks area will be a factor now, what you are speaking, you are not going to interpret that at all. Yes, sir, got it. Yes, now cerebral cortex having three types of areas. One is primary sensory area, second is primary motor area and third is association area. Primary sensory, primary motor we have discussed to see, you have many senses, like you have sense of hearing, sense of, you can say reason is there, many senses are there. There must be coordination between them, yes or no, there must be coordination between them. What I want to say, say, please see to it, like, like, if you do not have, getting my point, please mind my words, like somebody is scary for your eyes and that is present for your ear, what kind of accent you are going to take, will you be able to take any accent, whether you are going to listen to your eyes or ears, that will be a complicated problem. Yes, sir. So, there is communication between all your senses, whatever eye is thinking that will be communicated to, you can say sense of eye is there, the similar sense should be there for other sensory structures also, okay. So, they are communicated, you guys are connected. So, association area is neither clearly motor nor clearly sensory, its functions are, functions are inter sensory association, memory and communication. Three functions are there, it is important. This thing you people should write down, okay. Several cortex having three types of area, either it is primary sensory area or it is primary motor area or it is association area, yes or no, yes. Done? Done, everyone, Diane Saplone. Can you people imagine your rooms? Rooms are there, no? It is having a roof, it is having walls and it is having floor, yes or no? Yes, sir. Similar structure is there in the brain, that structure is third ventricle, what? This area is third ventricle, it's roof, the GP thalamus, this part is GP thalamus, okay. This part is hypothalamus, this is the floor and all the walls, these walls, lateral walls are what? Thalamus. Agree, dear? Agreed? Tell me. Yes, sir. Lateral wall is thalamus, the upper wall is GP thalamus, okay and the lower wall is hypothalamus, lower part is hypothalamus, yes or no? So, third ventricle is a structure, its roof is GP thalamus, yes or no? Its wall is thalamus and one structure is hypothalamus, agree, dear? One structure is hypothalamus, that is situated in the base of the third ventricle, to which pituitary gland is also connected, agreed or not? Yes, sir. Agreed or not? Everyone? See, epithalamus consists of, epithalamus consists of pineal body, pineal body or gland plus havenula, havenula is a stalk-like structure only, structure only, havenula is a stalk-like structure only, getting my point to which pineal body is connected, okay? Pineal body is endocrine gland, its secret hormone known as melatonin, agree, dear? Thalamus acts as relay center, what? Relay center, how? Try to understand my point. If you are going to, you can say, going for electrical wiring in your room, are you taking wires through the wall or through the, you can say, between the rooms only? From which area you are going today? Through walls, no? Yes. Through walls, no? Similar kind of thing is there, anything that is going up, going up, or coming down, will go through the wall of the third ventricle, that is thalamus only, no? That is thalamus only? Also, could you repeat that? I told anything that is going up to the salivary cortex or coming down, that will go through the wall only, not through the ventricle? Yes, sir. Yes. And what is the wall? Wall is thalamus? Yes. In that way, that way only, thalamus is acting as a relay center. All the sensory stimulus coming from peripheral sense organ and motor signal arising from the salivary cortex pass through thalamus, agree, dear? Tell me. Yes, sir. Hypothalamus, what is hypothalamus? It is situated in the base of third ventricle, it is situated in the base of third ventricle, agreed?  You people know that it is going to control the pituitary gland, yes or no? Everyone? Yes, sir. That is hypothalamus, please write it down. That is hypothalamus, please write it down and come back in a minute. I am coming back in a minute. Yes, everyone. Are you done? Sir, just a minute. Yellow color, no? Done, everyone? Yes, sir. Yes. Now next thing is limbic system. Actually, as I have told you, the example of water melon, that is a, you can say, analogies only, not exactly. If you will remove the white part, that you consider that white part as cerebral cortex. So, if you will go down, go down into the, you can say below the cerebral cortex, you are going to find subcortical area. What? Subcortical area, in that there are many groups of nucleus, groups of nucleus. What is nucleus? Nucleus is collection of cell body into the CNS or in the CNS, okay? That is nucleus only. These are the nucleus that are there. Agreed, dear? Everyone? Agreed, everyone? Yes, sir. They are amygdala, ipuk, tempas, etcetera. You see, this is amygdala, okay? And just give me a minute here. The important call is there. Just a minute. Yes, everyone? Can you see, if you consider this as a tuning fork, you can see, ipuk, tempas is at the base. Yes or no? This is a tuning fork, no? This is the tuning fork, ipuk, tempas is at the base. Yes or no? Am I audible? Yes, sir. Yes. So, they are there. That is the part of, you can say, limbic system, limbic system. Amygdala is, you can say, it is more responsible for the emotional thing, for anger, for rage, etcetera. And ipuk, tempas is going to convert short-term memory into long-term memory. Yes or no? ipuk, tempas is going to convert short-term memory into long-term memory. Agreed, dear? Agreed, everyone? Tell me. Yes, sir. Done? So, you people can write this thing, limbic system.  Agreed, dear? Everyone? Done? Just a minute, sir. Done, sir. Done, everyone? Now, the midbrain. Everyone?  Are you done? Please let me know. Here, the midbrain. This is the posterior part of your brain. This is the posterior part of your brain. Can you see four round swelling over here, here, here, here and here? Can you see that? Yes, sir. Yes. That is known as corpore, quadricemia. By the word, quadricemia is used because it is four swelling. The upper two is known as superior colliculi and the lower two is known as inferior colliculi. Yes or no, dear? Superior colliculi is for visual reflex and for hearing reflex or acoustic reflex, inferior colliculi is here. Agreed? Tell me yes or no. For visual reflex, superior colliculi is there and for acoustic reflex, inferior colliculi is there. Agreed? Say yes or no. Yes. Yes. Midbrain is there. It is consisting of four round swelling, the corpore, quadricemia. Okay? Out of that, the superior two is known as superior colliculi and the inferior two is known as inferior colliculi. It is there for visual reflex and acoustic reflex. Acoustic means hearing reflex. You already see. Done, sir. Then, dear, this is superior colliculi and inferior colliculi. This is your middle brain. Regarding the brain, we have read most of the things. Okay? We have read most of the things, like CO2. Ponds means bridge. Bridge. It connects cerebral cortex to cerebellum. It acts bridge between them. Getting my point. And it connects other part of the brain also. It is having pneumotexic center and apnoistic center that we have read in regulation of respiration. Yes or no? Yes or no? Pneumotexic center and apnoistic center. We have read in regulation of respiration. Both of these centers are responsible for regulation of respiration. Agreed? Everyone? Could you just tell the function of apnoistic center again? Apnoistic first center is there for. It prolongs. It prolongs inspiration. If it will keep on working, it will increase the duration of inspiration. Agreed? Yes, sir. Got it. Yes. High in the brain. In high in the brain, the metal of oblongata part is going to have respiratory rhythm center, cardiovascular system, the vomit center, and it is the seat of your involuntary activity. Vomiting is also known as MSS. Hence, another name of vomit center is ametic center also. Agreed, dear? Yes. Cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain. It is made up of two cerebral hemisphere. And it is most affected part by alcohol. So, once after alcohol intake, gait or pattern of walking is going to be disturbed. This gait is gait. It do not initiate movement, but helps in ordination of movement. Getting a point. Movement is going to be initiated by which part? Movement is going to. Yes. Yes. Yes. Very good. Sir. Yes. What does the pneumotoxic center do? Pneumotoxic center is going to reduce the duration of inspiration and expires on as well. What it will do? It will deteriorate, but decrease the duration. Yes, sir. Done, sir. Done, dear? Now, one thing is there. One thing is there. Let's see over here. The cerebellum is consisting of, like you are cutting, you are cutting it from here, here and watching it from this side. Because cerebellum is also going to be consisting of two lobes. So, let's see over here. Two lobes. It will be divided into following lobes. These are known as lateral lobes. The central part is known as varmice and the, these two are circular lobes. See, this structure that is there, it represents a junction of white matter and gray matter. So, this structure is known as arbor viti. Okay? And if you will see over here, you will see over here, you all can see. Cerebellum is connected to different part of brain by cerebellar peduncle. This is the superior cerebellar peduncle. What? Superior cerebellar peduncle. This is the inferior cerebellar peduncle. And this is the middle cerebellar peduncle. Can you see? The superior cerebellar peduncle is connecting the cerebellum to which part of the brain? The superior cerebellar peduncle is going to connect the brain and it is going to connect to which part of the brain? Hepatalamus. Is it midbrain? Yes, sir. Middle one is going to connect it to the bones and the inferior one is going to connect it to the middle of lung data. So, this thing is written over here only. Any more point? That's all. About the parts of the brain. Sir, could you show the arbor viti in the diagram above? Is it visible? This one, this blue line. Sir, is it visible at the brain diagram? No, it is not visible over here. Let's see. Let me check over here. Yes, sir. Let me check over here. Actually, it is going to be shown in, okay. See, you can observe a bit over here. In this view, you will be able to see like that. Okay. I have seen in this view. Yes, sir. Got it. Done, everyone. Sir, just a minute, sir, labeling. Okay. Done, sir. Done, everyone. Let's see here. Let's see what I wanted to tell you all. Ventricles of brain. Ventricles of brain. Ventricles of brain. Let's see. Can you understand which section is this? Which section is this? This section passes from one ear to another ear. Okay. Getting a point. The plane which is cutting or you can say frontal section is there. Okay. Not understood. Understood, sir. See, I am cutting the brain. I am cutting the brain from here and watching it from this side. Every, every dear. Yes, sir. You are going to get this kind of structures, this kind of structure. Okay. See over here. See over here. Before going into ventricles, we should be doing covering of brain. Covering of brain. Just a minute here. Could we understand the complete? Can you see over here? Covering of brain. That is known as managers. What? Managers. I am moving it to some other end. This is not. Let's see. Let's see our important structures. Covering of brain. Why I am teaching it over here because it is connected to the topic ventricles of the brain. You see. The covering of brain is known as managers. Yes or no? What? Managers of brain. Agreed? No issues? It is known as managers of brain. Agreed? It is. There are three managers. Durometer, Arachnoid and pyrometer. Durometer, the arachnoid membrane and the and the pyrometer. Yes or no? Yes, sir. Durometer is true. Durometer is true. One is the outer one and one is the inner one. Outer one is known as outer one is known as parietal durometer, which is when to fuse to cranial bones and inner one is known as visceral durometer, which is when to fuse to brain. You can say arachnoid membrane. Agreed? Everyone? Everyone? Inflammation of managers is known as meningitis. What? Inflammation of managers. You keep on hearing the meningitis had happened. That is what? That is inflammation of managers. That is inflammation of managers. That is meningitis. Agreed? Everyone? Now you see. Now you see. Durometer, this white structure is the cranial bone. Yes or no? Cranial bone. This white structure. Everyone? And attached to it are yellow structure or orange structure. That is the parietal durometer. And this blue one is known as visceral durometer. Agreed? Visceral durometer. And the parietal durometer and visceral durometer is fused everywhere. The parietal durometer and the visceral durometer fused everywhere except at places that is known as venous sinuses. That is known as venous sinuses. Agreed? Yes sir. Agreed? That is known as venous sinuses. No issues? Now below that this red structure is there known as arachnoid membrane. Can you observe? Arachnoid membrane and below arachnoid membrane is a structure that is known as pyrometer. This yellow structure. And pyrometer is situated just outside the brain. Yes or no? This is brain tissue. Agreed everyone? Do you people agree? Say yes or no? Yes sir. Say yes or no? Yes. You people agree to this. So this is the pyrometer and the brain tissue. Agreed? Now can you see arachnoid membrane is folded in front of venous sinuses? That is known as arachnoid willy. What? That is known as arachnoid willy. Yes or no? Yes sir. Arachnoid membrane is fused.  That is known as what? Arachnoid willy. Agreed dear? Yes sir. Everyone? Yes sir. Agreed everyone? So this is there. And one thing. Till meningitis is involved it is meningitis. Once the brain tissue will be involved it will it will become encephalitis. Once the brain tissue will be involved it will become encephalitis. Agreed dear? Tell me. Yes sir. No issues? No issues? So you people can write down all these definitions. Now what is the name of a space that is present between the present below the durometer? Durometer. It is known as subdural space. Which space? Sub-dural space. It is the space present between durometer and arachnoid membrane. It is the space present between durometer and arachnoid membrane. Yes or no? Tell me. And yes sir. Below the arachnoid membrane the space that is there is known as sub-arachnoid space. The space is present between arachnoid membrane and the pyrometers. It. Getting one point. In sub-arachnoid space what is present? Cerebro, spinal, fluid is present. Agreed dear? Do you people agree with all my points? See over here. Please see to it. Do you people agree with all my points or not? Yes sir. Yes sir. Right. Because how yes sir is going to move in that both is going to have roles. That is why I am teaching people over here. Otherwise I would have thought in just giving one. Sir could you show the diagram for a minute? We are done sir. You can scroll down. Done everyone? Just a minute sir. Yes sir. Just a minute. Sir could you scroll up for a second? Done sir. Yes. Let's see dear. Let's see. In case of brain there is no space between parietal durometer and the cranial bones. So epidural space is absent. Agreed? In the brain. What is there? Epidural space is absent in the brain. But in a spinal cord it is present. Agreed? This note. Can you people recognize? Can you people recognize? Yes sir. Yes. Let's see. We'll be talking about ventricles of the brain. Let's see dear. Ventricles of the brain. Let me take that and otherwise I will forward it. Let's see. Can you all see this thing? If you will cut the frontal section you are going to have two where you can say you are going to have one hollow space inside each cerebral hemisphere and they are known as lateral ventricles. Agreed? They are known as lateral ventricles. Here is the third ventricle. What? Third ventricle. And here is the fourth ventricle. Yes or no?  Yes sir. Lateral ventricle and third ventricle. Sorry, sorry. Lateral ventricles and third ventricle. This is fourth ventricle. Yes or no? Here is the coroid plexus of the brain. What? Coroid plexus of the brain. What? What is there? Coroid plexus of the brain. Agreed dear? What is there? Coroid plexus of the brain. Yes or no? From there CSF will be formed. What? CSF will be formed. Agreed? And from the coroid plexus CSF is coming into which ventricle? Lateral ventricle? Yes sir. From the lateral ventricle it is moving into third ventricle with the help of a foramen that is known as foramen of monorho. What? Foramen of monorho. So now it is there in the third ventricle. From third ventricle to fourth ventricle it is coming through the cerebral equiduct or another name is equiduct of sylvius. Later on it is written. So which structure is going to connect third ventricle to the fourth ventricle? Which structure is going to connect third ventricle to the fourth ventricle dear? Cerebral equiduct. Yes or no? It is similar. Okay. Same covering is there for brain as well as spinal cord. Agreed? Yes sir. Yes. So what have I told? I told you that third ventricle and fourth ventricles are connected through which structure? Cerebral equiduct. Cerebral equiduct. Yes. You are right. It is connected through cerebral equiduct or equiduct of sylvius. Now you see the CSF is formed from the coroid fluxes of vein. It is going to lateral ventricle. From lateral ventricle to third ventricle it is moving through foramen of monorho. Yes or no? It is moving through foramen of monorho and from third ventricle to fourth ventricle it is moving through. Cerebral equiduct. Yes. In fourth ventricle there are few foramens. The median foramen that is situated in the center is known as foramen of mesendi and two lateral foramens are known as foramen of lucca. What? Foramen of mesendi and foramen lucca. Yes or no? Through them the CSF will escape to sub-recnoid space. The CSF will escape to sub-recnoid space. Yes or no? Yes sir. And I have told you already CSF is present inside the sub-recnoid space and at that place a recnoid willy was there? A recnoid willy was there? Yes sir. That will take up that CSF and put that into cranial venous sinus. Yes or no? Cranial venous sinus. Agreed? Dear tell me? Yes sir. Tell me everyone? Oh yes sir. So from the fourth ventricle it will go to the? Sub-recnoid space. It will go to sub-recnoid space. From sub-recnoid space it will be taken up by a recnoid willy and will be put will be poured inside will be poured inside venous sinus and from there it will return to the blood circulation. So CSF is getting on from the blood only and it is returning to the blood also getting my point otherwise what will happen? It will keep on if there is any obstruction in the flow getting my point. The CSF will keep on accumulating will lead to increase in intracranial pressure and due to that only what will happen? A condition will develop that is known as hydrocephalus condition. Yes or no? Agreed? Everyone? Sir how is the fourth ventricle connected to the sub-recnoid space? Through foramen of mesendi and foramen of looker. You just imagine take a pipe wrap two three membranes around that okay make a hole in the pipe getting my point it can go to the outer space no? So the foramen is a cavity in the p-armator? Yes it will it will pierce through p-armator also. Yes sir got it yes agreed so this is there and you can see over here that cerebral duct is passing through mid-brain yes or no? Yes sir yes you can draw this diagram. So with the accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid will the toxins also accumulate in the brain? With the toxins that the fluid carries away from the brain will they also accumulate? No the toxins all the things you cannot call that toxin toxin is not usually present that is excretory matter it is providing nutrition and taking up things from there. So so will it cause brain damage if the if hydrocephaly is continuous? Yes of course. Yes sir got it. Sir so hydrocephalus is just increase in the intracellular pressure because of CSF right? Yeah what? Yes it is due to increase in intracranial pressure.  Oh excuse me sir yeah so I heard of a case where the cerebral spinal fluid leaked through the nasal cavity of a person for many years. Actually what happens there may be some damage in the bones cranial bones or some that kind of development may have may have happened. Agree to my point? Yes sir that can leak. Sir from where exactly does it travel to the nasal cavity like which bone? Actually actually actually you will see the base of cranium having many foremen having many foremen yes or no? Yes sir so does it leak through one of them? Dear am I audible now? Yes sir. Yes actually electricity? So sir I was asking if the CSF leaks through one of the foremen you mentioned? Yes yes if yes at the base of the skull or cranium actually there are many not only one there are many foremen so if some damage to the brain is there or injury to the managers is there what will happen in that case? So what are the consequences of CSF leak? What are the consequences? It can lead to you can say first consequence is the CSF is leaking because of actually injury is there not at any place getting my point information will be there getting my point if CSF is leaking in that case what will happen inside the brain CSF will decrease yes or no so all those things will be there main problem that is not going to happen on its own some injury will be there okay? Yes sir. Yes I got it yes yes I think electricity has gone okay and time for break is also there so let us take 15 minutes break after that we will start okay? Yes sir. Yes it is there no issues so after break I will let you write okay take a break till Wi-Fi starts. Yes sir.  Yes sir. Yes you can see this you can write it down done everyone are we done with this? Just a minute sir. No you write down because that is a important concept done. Sir could you scroll down a bit for the points? Yes pathway of movement of CSF I have written the same thing that I have told you so could you scroll up a little bit done sir are you done with all these things? Sir just a minute. Yes sir. Right done sir. That's all with brain now we will be moving to spinal cord spinal cord if you will see this is the longitudinal section of spinal cord this is your medulla oblongata this part is medulla oblongata and in the base of the cranium there is a foramen known as foramen magnum foramen magnum through that through that only through foramen magnum only what happens the spinal cord comes out and continues like this and continues like this. Okay the lower portion of lower portion of spinal cord is conical and known as conus medullaris what is there known as conus medullaris and you see it is stretched by or keep in place by a fold of durometer that is known as phylum terminus as this is fold of durometer only so it is non-nervous in it is a non-nervous structure yes or no tell me yes sir it is a non-nervous structure so you people see this is the structure that we are looking for what is the function of phylum terminus again it is just you can say keeping the spinal cord in place otherwise it will it will go up and down no it is the lower attachment only it is the lower attachment only so what is it anchored to anchored to the vertebral column yes done everyone just a second sir yes so what's c1 l1 and mo c1 is first cervical vertebra mo is medulla of lungata and l1 is first lumbar vertebra understood yes sir done everyone no doubt no doubt let's see this is the cross section I have cut it at this level and now I am watching it see as far as cerebral cortex is there is concerned I have already told you this thing that in the brain cerebrum outer part is made up of gray matter and the inner part is made up of white matter which is opposite in case of spinal cord yes or no the inner part the yellow color thing that is there is made up of the yellow color thing that is there that is made up of gray matter and these areas are made up of white matter These areas are made up of white matter. Let's see. And these areas are made up of white matter. Agreed? These areas. Read everyone? No doubt? Yes. No doubt in this? This thing we have already discussed. Now you see. This is known as, this is known as, this is known as the dorsal root, dorsal horn actually. What? Dorsal? And this one, this side I am, I am depicting this side. This is known as ventral or agreed? This is known as ventral horn. Agreed dear? Tell me. Dorsal horn and ventral horn. From the dorsal horn, this blue color structure is arising. That is known as dorsal root. What? Dorsal root. And from the ventral part, the structure that is arising, this is known as ventral root. What? Ventral root. Agreed? Agreed dear? The dorsal root and the ventral root. Yes or no? Yes or no? Yes sir. Yes or no? Now see. There is a nerve fiber that is originating from a receptor entering inside the dorsal root. Means it is taking impulse from peripheral organ towards the spinal cord. Yes or no? So this will be known as afferent fiber. Which fiber? Afferent. Afferent fiber. Agreed my dear? Getting my point dear? Tell me. That is known as afferent fiber. Now you see. This afferent fiber is going making a synapse over here. Making a synapse over here. In this area you can see here. It is making a synapse with this red color neuron. Yes or no? Yes sir. And it is coming through the ventral root. Means through ventral root, the nerve fiber is coming from CLS2. What? CLS2 towards the peripheral organ. Yes or no? Yes or no? Tell me. So one is known as dorsal root. So can I say dorsal root is sensory and ventral root is motor in nature. Can I say that? Yes sir. Dorsal root is sensory and now see. And one more fiber is there. It is there for sympathetic nervous system. Yes or no? Ramos communicates is for autonomic nervous system to be precise. Yes or no? So all the fibers of autonomic nervous system, whether it is sympathetic or parasympathetic. That is what? Whether it is sympathetic or parasympathetic. That is what? Sympathetic or parasympathetic. That is what? Tell me dear. That is motor in nature. Yes or no? Yes sir. And you see, if you bundle all these nerve fibers together, you are going to get the spinal nerve. If you will bundle all these nerve fibers together, you are going to get the spinal nerve. Here is two kind of fiber always in the spinal nerve. So spinal nerve is sensory in nature or motor in nature. Mixed. Mixed. So all the spinal nerves which is 31 pair are mixed in nature. Are you able to understand this thing? Where I have told you pseudo-unipolar nerve fiber. At that place only I have told you dorsal root. In the dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root ganglion is the part of dorsal root which is swelling in the dorsal root. That is known as dorsal root ganglion. Yes or no? It is made up of pseudo-unipolar neurons. Agreed? Tell me dear. Yes sir. Everyone. No issues? No issues? No issues sir. So what is it? Communicants? Ramos communicants is a nerve fiber that is going for autonomic nervous system. Okay? Autonomic. Sympathetic. Yes or no? That is known as Ramos communicants. Agreed? Can you observe this thing? Please draw it. I am coming back in a minute. Done everyone? Are we done dear? Yes sir. So could you just repeat what Ramos communicants is again? Ramos communicants is a motor or autonomic nervous system. Yes or no? Yes sir. Got it. Just a minute dear. My stimulating has stopped. Just a minute dear. Due to some reason it is not getting started. I am again starting it. Am I audible to you? Done everyone? Let's see. Now next thing is reflex action. What is reflex action dear? It is your sudden response to any noxious stimuli. Your sudden response to any noxious stimuli. It is protective and usually processed at spinal cord. I have written usually not always. It may be processed or it may go to the brain also. But the kind of reflex is known as cranial reflex. But cranial reflex is usually very slow in nature. So where protection of your body is required, the action should be very fast. Yes or no? The action should be very fast. Yes or no? Now this is a spinal cord. Just see. Here is a receptor. From receptor our friend fiber is going. Yes or no? Now see. Here. How many kind of things are happening? Done. See. Can you imagine a single neuron is secreting two kind of neurotransmitter? Can it happen? Can it happen? See dear. The thing is when you are getting some noxious stimuli like this. If you are getting some noxious stimuli like this. Okay.  One muscle is going to contract. But one muscle is going to contract. Another muscle has to relax. Yes or no? Then only movement at joint can happen. Just try to think about your, you can say, hand only. Elbow joint. If I have to take my hand away. In that case, biceps has to contract and triceps has to relax. Yes or no? Then only a genuine movement can occur. Agreed dear? Yes. Tell me. No issues? So here. Our friend fiber is there. See one synapse is over here. Getting my point. And that synapse you can observe. It is direct with this red fiber. Yes or no? Direct. Agreed everybody? Yes. And here you can observe orange color neuron. One synapse is over here. Another is over here. So how many synapse are there? How many synapse are there? There are two. More than one. So this small orange color structure is known as interneural. Okay. This pathway will come and will lead to contraction by factor one. This muscle. And this pathway will come and will act on the factor two. Two relax. Means one pathway is excitatory. Another pathway is inhibitory. Agreed dear? Yes sir. One pathway is excitatory. Another pathway is inhibitory. Agreed dear? So what can you think? The excitatory pathway is monosynaptic or or polysynaptic. Excitatory pathway. Only one synapse is there in excitatory pathway and here? Yes sir. So it is monosynaptic. In inhibitory pathway. Getting my point. In either of the pathway. Either it is excitatory or inhibitory. One pathway will have interneural. At least one pathway will have interneural. Both can have. Yes or no? That's here. So reflex pathway consists of a receptor, a friend fiber, an interneural, an efferent fiber and an effector. This is known as reflex pathway which is not essential. It can be there. It cannot be there. It is interneural. You see it is missing in excitatory pathway but it is there in inhibitory pathway. So it is conditioned. Agreed everyone? Yes sir. Then draw this diagram and just coming back. Then everyone, the reflex pathway is done. Am I audible? Yes sir but just a minute. So could you just zoom in on the dial? Are we done? Yes. You can write reflex pathway. So could you just show what the glycine and astrylcholine thing you've written is? Like where they're released? Yes. I'm going to let you know. Yes. Just a minute. Done sir. Done. Now see. Types of reflex arc. It can be monosynaptic. It can be polysynaptic. I think again the screen mirroring has stopped. I don't know why this is happening in the later part of the class. Usually it do not happen. Just a minute. Let's see. Types of reflex arc. Types of reflex arc. Monosynaptic and polysynaptic. As I have told you, if only one synapse is there in the pathway, means interneural is absent. Then the direct synapse between afferent fiber and efferent fiber. That is known as monosynaptic reflex arc. And if interneural is there, that is known as polysynaptic reflex arc. Yes or no? Getting my point. One more thing is there. One is conditioned reflex. Another is unconditioned reflex. Conditions, what happened? There was a scientist, Ian Pavlov. What has he done? What has he done? Pavlov has done. He has, you can say a dog was there before giving that dog the food. You can say Pavlov used to ring the bell. Pavlov used to ring the bell. Yes or no? Pavlov used to ring the bell. Done, dear? Done. What he observed? After some time, even if the food is not given, even just after ringing the bell, you can say dog starts salivating. Based on that, there are two kinds of reflex. One is unconditioned, one is conditioned. Unconditions is, in this previous exposure is not required, like knees are reflex.  But salivation after seeing a tasty food, that is conditioned reflex. Because if you have not tasted the food earlier, you are not going to salivate much. Yes or no? So this is there. You can write now. Excuse me, sir. Sir, in conditioned reflex, is there any case where conditioned reflex can, conditioned reflex? What? Is there a case? Yes, is there a case where conditioned reflex can inhibit or dominate? No, actually conditioned reflex are not of that kind. Getting my point. Many things, try to understand my point. Many things are there. Like you are going to have something noxious, like fire is there, some chemical is there. You will feel the pain. But for all the reflex, you are not going to feel the pain suddenly. Or that can be present also. Getting my point. That can be present also. So without knowing that thing, how your body is going to react? Tell me. Understood? Yes. Unconditioned is because that is absolute. That is objective. That is not subjective. It is present all the time. Yes, got it. Excuse me, sir. So is conditioned reflex and Pavlovian reflex the same? Yes. Actually, Jan Pavlov was the scientist who has, at any moment, who has done all these experiments. So, sir, both of them are different names for the same reflex, right? Yes. Name of the scientist was Jan Pavlov. Yes or no? Yes, sir. Done, sir. Done. So that is about the reflex sense. Now, we will talk about sensory. Let's see here. What happens? What is your, you can say, what is your receptors are? What are the receptors? What is the function of the receptors? It converts one form of energy into another form of energy. Yes or no? It converts one form of energy into another form of energy. Done here. Yes, sir. It converts one form of energy into another form of energy. What happens? You people have a little bit of idea about mechanism of hearing. Because see, all your, you can say, everything, all your senses are going to be processed inside the brain only. Every, all your senses are going to be processed inside the brain only. Yes or no? All your senses are going to be processed inside the brain only. Done, dear? Yes, sir. It is processed inside your brain only. Every time. So, what will happen? What will happen? Any energy that is coming, that has to be converted into what? That has to be converted inside, converted into electrical energy, no? Because one knows, one neurons, conduction of electrical energy is possible only. Agreed? Tell me? Yes, sir. Yes. So, what receptor do? Any energy is coming, receptor is converting that energy into electrical energy. Agreed? So, that is acting as a transducer. In physics, you may have heard about transducer. It converts one form of energy into another form of energy. Yes or no? Like in ear, rubbing of hair cells against factorial membrane is there. Means, mechanical rubbing is there. Means, mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Yes or no? Yes, sir. Yes. Inside your eyes, inside your eyes, what happens? The light energy is converted into electrical energy. Inside your tongue, the chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. Agreed? Yes, sir. Done? Done. Yes, sir. So, if chemical energy is converted into electrical energy, that will be known as chemo receptor. Everyone, now see, here is classification of sense organs. One is extero receptor, one is proprioceptor and one is visceral receptor. Extero receptor is the external sense organ, which perceive our environment, which perceive our environment. Proprio receptor, they are present in joints, tendons, skeletal muscles. And visceral receptor is present internally. Done? So, these are, this classification is based on the location. Agreed? Done? Yes, sir. Everyone? Just a second, sir. Sir, so muscle cramps are perceived by proprioceptors, right? Yes. Muscle cramps, actually, it is there to perceive your, you can say, it is there to perceive your position. Okay? Whether you are standing, you are sitting, whatever kind of things are there, that is going to be perceived by your muscles. Yes, sir. Done? So, means proprioceptors, joint movement, everything that you are doing. Yes. Yes. Let's see. According to a stimulus, they receive, okay? Receptors are mechanoreceptor. As I have already told you, mechanoreceptor means what? Mechanical energy is converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. And what all kind of mechanical energy can be there? Let's see. Here, tango receptor, business corp cells, Merkel's disc and a Pascinian corp cells are there. Phono receptors, organ of prototype, stator receptor, it is Krista and Makula. LJC receptor, it is free nerve-ending. Proprio receptor, it is responsible for position of the body. It is Golgi mojoni organ. Reo receptor, it is a lateral line system. You know, fishes are like this. The whole body is covered by non-living plastic-like scales. Yes or no? Yes, sir. Yes, sir. If nothing will be there, no? This is lateral line system, okay? Lateral line system. If this will not be there, what will happen? This will not be able to, fish will not be able to perceive anything in the water. It will not be able to perceive anything in the water. So, it is the sensory organ of the fish. Agree, dear? Yes, sir. No source. This is lateral line system in fishes. That lateral line system is going to have neuromast cells, neuromast cells that you people can remember, okay? Then photoreceptor can be there. It is there for light. It is the retina, the chemoreceptor, your olfactory receptor for smell and gastroreceptor for taste. And one is thermoreceptor. These two are there. And bulb of cross and raffinate organ that is there. Okay? You people can write down these things. Rest we will be discussing in the next class. I think by that time it will be over. Done. And, sir. Done. Sir. Yes. So, what are the examples for the thermoreceptors, sir? Thermoreceptors. And the bulb of cross and raffinate organ are the names. And the bulb of cross and raffinate organs are the names. Yes, sir. Done, everyone? Just a second. Done, sir. Bye, everyone. Good night. Thank you, sir. Okay, I hope you people have understood. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Yes. Thank you, sir. Yes, rest we will discuss in the next class. Yes, sir. Thank you, sir.


Why should you sign up for this course? Because we are going to take you on a rung through the world of social media from What is social media? Why you need to do planning strategy? What are the elements of social? What do you do if you mess up? What is the way that you make something? More likely to be viral. How do you make why would you want to make something viral? How do you measure your success and what is the role of emotion in social media? All of these elements will be discussed. What we will not do is we will not focus on narrow tactical elements of how you use tool X or what is the latest update on Facebook because this is a Strategic look at social media and by the end of it You should be able to think about social media and the way that it can be used for your company your agency Your personal life building your own personal brand In a way that you're much more informed to do that and ready to experiment and go out and try it This is not something that will go out of date quickly because we're really looking at this from the broadest context of How this is going to happen? And why should you believe me? Because I've worked in social media now for almost a decade helping some of the world's largest brands and some of the most exciting consumer goods brands through the luxury brands Pharma business to business all sorts and seen a lot of the challenges that they have faced and that has informed the way That I look at social media and the way that I think can help you to understand How best to use social media for your business friends personal life or anything else


Okay, welcome back to another Lucid Whiteboard video. We've got a question today from our friend Trinity, and she says, I'm having trouble lucid dreaming. I lay there and I start to relax and get ready for the lucid dream, but I keep seeing flashes of light and, like, sort of like a white flash appear in her vision. Am I lucid dreaming? Am I doing this right? What is happening? What should I do? She says, okay. It's actually kind of a normal thing. It's happened to a lot of people, and when you start to fall asleep, if you're trying to keep your mind awake, you'll experience visualizations, and you'll see things like for example white flashes, or you might see shapes. It could be anything really. You could start to see things that you are thinking about, and this could be people, this could be shapes, as I say, white flashes, but if you stick with it and you keep your mind awake, so focus on not letting your sort of awareness fall asleep, then you will experience a wake-induced lucid dream, and you may already be familiar with this term. This is where you keep your mind awake while your body goes to sleep, and this is done through staying focused while these visualizations are happening, so while you're seeing these colors and these shapes and white flashes, as you say, keep your mind awake, stay focused, but at the same time let your body completely relax, let your muscles paralyze themselves, let yourself go to sleep, and you'll experience a wake-induced lucid dream. So to answer your question, you didn't experience a lucid dream, but you experienced the start of one, so you were very close to experiencing a lucid dream, but you weren't quite there, so just stick with it.  I hope this makes sense. So if you have any other questions, thank you for question 20, and just email them in or send them. You can go on the website, there's a contact page, you can tweet them to me or you can send them to this YouTube channel. Thank you for watching.


United Kingdom preparing to attack Houthis. Britain is preparing to launch airstrikes against Yemen's Houthi militants in response to a wave of attacks on commercial ships in the Red Sea, the Times reported. The US and another European country will also take part in the strikes, the newspaper claimed. London and Washington are expected to release a joint statement warning the Houthis to immediately cease their attacks or face military action from the west. The message is intended as a final warning a British government source told the newspaper. And the Yemeni fighters failed to heed the warning British and American ships and warplanes will launch missiles at pre-plan targets in Yemen itself and on the Red Sea, the Times reported adding that an unnamed European country will possibly join the operation too. The Houthis who control a large part of Yemen's territory have attacked dozens of container ships in the Red Sea since the Israel Hamas war broke out in October in a bid to drive freight traffic away from the Jewish state and disrupt global supply chains for as long as Israel's military campaign continues. The US announced a maritime task force earlier last month to patrol the Red Sea, although Washington struggled to secure support from its allies with Spain insisting that it would only take part in a NATO-led mission and Italy dispatching warships only to defend Italian ship owners.


I think I see my Easter racquet in here. That was not very hard at all. What's in here? We're celebrating Easter a day early. I'm going to work on those teeth first. I'm going to be leaving at 7 a.m. on Easter Sunday. What do you think Stella? Today is the last day the last full day that I have before I go up to New York City to work as a nurse for eight weeks to help out with the COVID-19 situation.  I would prefer to stay away because I know that as hard as it is, it's the safest thing for them. My husband is a staff sergeant in the army and we have five children ranging from 16 all the way down to this guy. Who's going to miss me the most? Me. You go? She never lets you sleep on here. That's Alex. That's what you're going to miss? Well, mom will be leaving the girls here too. Don't throw that. I've been in healthcare for 20 years. I have been a nurse for 10 years and only recently, about 18 months ago, became a stay-at-home mom. That was a big transition for me. When the COVID-19 situation started getting really bad over here, for me to sit at home when I could be helping didn't seem... it didn't seem right. I knew I could do more. I love you. You'll be a good wife about that, okay? A little bit of pain? A little bit of dramatic hug.  You know what they need me to do? The older kids, I hope, someday looking back on all of this, that they see somebody that didn't stand by the sidelines when it would have been easy to stay home and stay safe, but that they saw somebody who was willing to stand up and do the right thing and try and help. Everybody wants their kids to change the world. Hopefully this will help give them the courage to do that.


Thanks for coming. This panel discussion is meant to be about venture capitalists view on open-stack and infrastructure in general particularly in Asia So I have three distinguished panelists today and we'll all go around and introduce ourselves so go right ahead Hi, I'm a Suzuki from global brain and Global brain the Japanese independent venture capital firm and We manage about 250 million dollars venture fund and we have office in Silicon Valley and Seoul and Singapore and Basically, we have focused on the memory IT sectors and mainly maybe early-stage or middle-stage venture companies both Japanese and also buses venture companies and We have a major LPs like a KDDI which is Japanese number two mobile carriers and also INCG which is a mister in this company and Yeah I'm Hiroshi Baba from entity the conventions actually I was from entity from a venture because and I need to confess that Human resource kind of periodical Can exchange it will blind me to move to the top my headquarter. So after submission to this panel, so Actually, I need to I'm going to introduce entity to conventions entity to conventions operate two funds one for entity and the other for document so as a whole we are kind of corporate venture capital for entity groups and investment has focusing on local Japanese startups and also global exposure and portfolio diversified from applications companies to infrastructure infrastructure companies, so Basically, we have more than 350 US million dollars fund sites. So That's a kind of what we are doing Yeah, my name is the Inoue Tako and on the I'm currently working at I'm CJ That's the subject I mentioned that the I'm CJ itself is the government back investment firm and then we started operation back in 2009 with a 15-year peers and the we We have the investment hours up to 20 billion years to that as a total and The we made we covers the so from the buyout to the venture investment and also we We are doing several fund investment as well And the we we made an invest for 90 company in past past six years and the two side of the investment wasn't to venture in industry and the I think I know I personally share with you that We made an investment for the middle core almost two years ago and the I'm still sitting on the balls and that's the story And I'm Dan Dimitri on the CEO of Mito Kura And I was asked to moderate this panel which is great because I'm usually the one being asked questions by these guys So This is cool. Okay, so forgive me for looking at my phone. I have a bad memory and I have some notes. So My first question is what do you think about the market potential of OpenStack and cloud computing infrastructure? Particularly in Asia because that's where we are here. I Think it's huge and you know from a maybe you know venture capital point of view You know, it has a huge impact for startups and because of basically, you know open stacks or maybe open source Enable maybe stops startups to maybe launch their services with a lower, you know, capital expenditure And which is maybe good for startups and these days Maybe you might you know hear about maybe a high variation of a venture companies these days And I think you know it is it's maybe, you know, it is maybe part of reason is a maybe You know penetration may be open stock open, you know sources because I think you know You can easily maybe create, you know Maybe close beta or commercial service without a maybe a requirement of it. Maybe My huge captains. So maybe, you know after you don't your service Maybe you can go to a maybe investors like us and maybe ask them about maybe investment But at the time you already have your services, you know, which is already launched and you already maybe Can show them a make traction and which maybe makes maybe, you know market value of the companies You know much higher and so that's my idea For me actually from two different aspects one is as kind of open source company Well, I'm kind of previous investment for a US open source database company the track record was very Steadily growing, but it's slow. So one of the can character characteristics for venture company for Infrastructure open source is normally Take some time to really growing up but the good thing is Consistently growing so I think it takes a little while, but the business will go Kind of growing up and up and the other aspects for Asian companies I think the most notable field is commerce because I'm especially for a Southeast Asia and the road construction is getting better and FTA so kind of legal structure infrastructure is getting better And also one more thing is at fintech. Actually, there are many companies focusing on a fintech and The circumstances in a Southeast Asia is a little bit complicated because and different language different currency So technology needs to fulfill the gap between those kind of kind of complexity so I think Cloud systems and those kind of fintech kind of background Connect startups company will be easily Start a business on commerce and then the opportunity is very good So I think I'd like to focus on the kind of commerce area in a South East Asia Especially for a South Asia an agent as a whole Well, I think I have the others Suzuki-san would above us and comment I personally focus on for Japanese market because my company is backed by a Japanese government So we have to have a Japanese story, but I think To if you would like to start the consumer service based on the crowd As Suzuki-san already mentioned that it's easy to to start and also not made us some scale up and the ice Personally think that state there is another trend that's the In the enterprise IT infrastructure is now using the cloud or the virtualization and the some service shows that in Near future not like in a three to five years period. I think I know most of see I think more than 80% of the company will use the cloud or the hype virtualization in somehow so I It will be a good chance to penetrate into the enterprise market as well So by using open stack, I think an open stack is now becoming a very popular Or the dominant position in the cloud always market so you can access to Your customers and by by by using the open-stack ecosystem and I have to say that's the but the People or the firms the customer point view is they would like to use the cloud not to the open stack I think that you have to careful about those things Thank you. So certainly sounds like the market opportunity is very large across the continent My next question relates to the competition. How does open stack compete with? two traditional forces the the traditional vendors like the Mware Cisco potentially and On the other side the public clouds like Amazon AWS and Azure. How does opens that compete with these forces? Okay, you don't have to answer in order by the way. Yeah, Frank is speaking.  I think you know You know open-stack community needs like maybe brand awareness and the recognition among maybe, you know executives of a maybe big enterprises and also investor communities and that's one of the challenges and Maybe I have to confess but before I came here. So, you know, I talked to my colleagues in my farm and Like I saw I asked question like, you know, do you know open stack? Actually and I asked to Tim You know guys and the two of ten Know about open stocks, but the eight Don't know so that's issue. I mean that might issue our company but actually, you know, ever know about maybe Amazon AWS or but you know, other maybe cloud system, but Open-stack, you know, has a little maybe your short history, you know in comparison with maybe other maybe infrastructure and so maybe It's important for maybe community to maybe educate like maybe mass communication mass media or maybe just normal people and To maybe agree that maybe brand awareness and the recognition. Yeah Answering that question actually I prepared two boring kind of items and one is Ecosystem the other one is customer that in general, but I think the detail is a little slightly different And those two are closely related so I Imagine it is for example, they have a lot of tons of Tools and and documents and everything is up on the cloud on the AWS AWS servers so Developers can easily start and then easily can copy the codes and those things really help other engineers and and developers But for open-stack, I think it's a little bit different way Ecosystems will be more manual and human resource base. I think that's my understanding because then One of the reason is probably their demand from the end user is a more kind of cutting edge innovative idea and the demand is literally higher level so the kind of granularity of Applying those kind of demand AWS is like it's it's kind of peace of kind of stacks but for open-stack community, I think People will support to fulfill those kind of demand and actual core systems So I think in order to evolve open-stack I think Ecosystems surrounding Open-stack community the people system integrators engineers those people are very important and additionally finding cutting-edge customers high-level demand and Sophisticated idea so I think open-stack can support from kind of low-cost and and kind of fast-growing Community ideas, so I think those two things customer end Community is one of the key key components to grow Well, I think in terms of the competitiveness to the other cloud alternatives, I think not as a community We have to think about the the total roadmap For the cloud use case now, I mean it always has a variety of services on their ecosystem But the there is some missing piece in the open-stack ecosystem So what kind of the the feature you have to add in your future with the community or the How do you fulfill those gap? That's the one aspect about the competitiveness as a total ecosystem and the other Point of view is the recognition in the market I think the open-stack is now become very popular, especially for the engineering now thinking about past three years I think there are several other stacks like in a cloud stack or eucalyptus But now become open-stack is no dominant position in the cloud always especially for the private cloud But see so the extent mentioned that's the The recognition in other category right kind of business or the management side. There is it. We have to To show the more notable showcase very easy to understand what kind of features you can provide only what kind The impact to the I.T. I.T. System I think I know of course and there is several session now talking about the use case But see we have to have a more easy to understand notable showcase. That is the next step for the open-stack community So in the US a lot of the big companies I've started developing this Dev Ops capability in-house and I know traditionally that has been less so in the big Japanese companies Babasan, you know you're working at at Dokomo and a greater reliance on vendors or system integrators Do you think that's going to be a hindrance to adoption of open-stack in across Asia? Yeah, I think I Don't know about I don't know really about in Asia as a whole but for for Dokomo actually we have several options to on On the cloud systems including AWS and open-stack so So entity as a whole actually we have several options and then It depends on what kind of businesses we would like to focus on for example It's a more application side then AWS may be handy and more for enterprise businesses open-stack will be Probably appropriate. So I think it depends on The aspect but I think it's we can be flexible to adopt those new technologies Can I add one thing? I think that we have to think about the market by country or the region because there is different structure in each economy or each nation for example in Japan We have strong SIRs and the most of the engineering I hear that the So three out of the four now so more than 70% of the engineer is working in the System integrators. So but in the US, I think that the number is totally different I think more than 70% Engineer is working in the user side. So we From if you have an engineer within your organization, it's easy to deploy the open-stack within your organization, but if you don't have the engineer or the Capable CIO in your organization, you have to rely on the SIS I think it's like in a Southeast Asian country or the East Asian country has its different structure in the engineering Ecosystem. So we have to care about the what kind of the market you would like to penetrate into and it Totally depends on the country or region. So that's my point So speaking of the open-stack itself and the ecosystem, how much do you think that open-source is a helpful driver for penetration in these organizations? I think it's a very, you know important and maybe you know Even in Japan, maybe big companies, they already maybe are you know utilizing maybe open-source maybe software maybe Regulary and so you know So I think there is a maybe a possibility in maybe Japanese big enterprise which can maybe easily or maybe Shift to or maybe open-stack based on the fact that they already maybe utilize the open-source, you know internally For using open-source space There are I think two things is really two things two difficulty actually To adapt one is the reliance and reliability because and normally open-source is new technology and large corporations Very risk averse to adapt to new those technologies. So truck record example case studies are huge huge things and the second item is probably Especially for adopting new technology by way of a sire the price gap really matters for example kind of established company already have customer-based ecosystems and vendors relationship and the merging for these kind of sires are relatively higher and then open-source is Basically from zero. So the merging of relatively is kind of small so the motivation for a sire to adopt open-source based technologies Normally is less than kind of established kind of system. So those two things kind of price point and truck record those two things are very kind of Key issues for for open source That's very that's very interesting because you said that actually the the low cost of open source Or the perceived low cost of open source can actually hinder adoption in that sense That sounds like an opportunity though Maybe something for you guys to fund new sires that are building things on open source Kind of types of the sires and customers. So that actually exactly happening Okay, yeah, they're interesting So if some Here we are we're in Japan and I think a lot of the visitors at the open stack are from Japan and some of the vendors as Well, so if some entrepreneur approaches you with some idea For infrastructure for an infrastructure product or service How do you evaluate that? What do you want to see normally in their in their presentation in a pitch? I think you know, it's a very simple and basically we review Firstly team and the secondary maybe technology and maybe business model and the salary about maybe a market opportunities and Regarding maybe our investment in Infrastructure type venture companies Frank speaking, we just have a few you know portal companies, you know We just have one, you know software defined storage venture company and also we have a you know some other companies, but Also, you know, we have some you know captives which have maybe background engineers and So that's important point and actually so I'm not the engineer So maybe it's hard for me to maybe I believe it might be a such a companies in terms of technology But we have such a maybe team especially focus on now. Maybe it new genius and they can read a source code and kind of things and So maybe we review you know from such a maybe aspect. Yeah in order to evaluate Infrastructure company I think from the VC point of view. It's similar to other other startups company but a more focus on the scope and more focus on the people and scope really matters because Kind of it's kind of historical legacy systems really focus on a switch switch is switch But for a newer kind of frontier businesses switches not just a switch. It's changed a little bit kind of entire kind of ecosystems and whole systems so wider view perspectives really Chained the kind of business structure. So kind of scope is important and the people actually have some background on specific area engineering server side anything's related to those kind of infrastructure has some Issues or problem that those problems issues Has generated the idea to the new frontier. So I think the kind of experience or can people and the scope and Mitochrist probably a little bit different because that's a kind of outlier because and just curious how new kind of new technology emerging technology Network virtualization is really new new word in 2010. So I was just curious curious to kind of made the investment So it's an outlier Well, no, I just want to share with you about the different point of view I'm trying to ask During the business plan discussion, I'm trying to ask the two question one is the how do you compete against the AWS? Because I already mentioned that the cloud user would like to use in a cloud not to the open stack. So If so, you have to think about the what kind of a service many Related service many is the AWS is preparing whether they start the operation and the Question is the how do you take a position? if they got on or IDC now make a report on Relate industry because as I already said that's the now The total cloud ecosystem is becoming a rallied The industry so you have to find your position Or the your body body proposition, you know, what kind of position you have to take? That is the question I tried to ask Actually, I need to connect Me too crazy not outlier in addition to those things and I was curious Thank you. Thank you So I said I wasn't gonna ask any I'm gonna ask a harder question just for the just for fun What one of the one of the difficulties? I think as I hear, you know for startups particularly infrastructure in in Asia is the exit the exit opportunity You know if you start a small company in Palo Alto, it's quite likely or possible to get acquired by you know somebody down the road How are the exit opportunities in Asia? How have how are they now and how do you see that evolving? I? Think it as you may know so in the states Maybe your major exit, you know is a man a by a big companies and but in Japan situation is totally different And we have just a quite maybe your less maybe Enterprises which are willing to maybe a great venture companies. Unfortunately, and but I like to maybe emphasize that baby But I think so we have very good maybe IPO market in Japan especially maybe mothers which is maybe operated by a Tokyo Stock Exchange and It's not like a maybe not stuck but the incompetence there may be other, you know emerging market in the Asian countries, so Japanese mothers market is doing so so and Actually, so every year maybe some good to maybe venture companies You know go public and so maybe if you have a good technology and so also, you know Even, you know, even if it's small, but you have a good chance but to go IPO in Japan and So basically, you know Japanese market mothers is very first rule so even, you know, you just have a maybe you're reading But you know if you have a maybe growth story and if you have a strong technology, maybe you can maybe try IPO in Japan So that's my answer In addition to IPO opportunity actually I'd like to answer to your question by the ask from the aspect of a money well To be honest, there are two types of companies in Japan one is Legacy company the other one is fast-growing companies for example Rakuten or Yahoo Japan is a kind of fast-growing company and DNA agree and They'll go like us kind of kind of legacy companies. So legacy companies has historically Kind of we like to be in a neutral position. So that is in other words. We like to choose Several options and pick up one of them and then next year we could we'd like to choose some other kind of options so We would like to keep away from committing to one thing. So we we'd like to be in a kind of neutral position that's really matters to to do the M&A for for infrastructure so Emerging companies fast-growing companies has no hesitation to acquire those kind of new technology emerging Technologies, so I think Over a year's maybe five years ten years M&A M&A opportunity will be getting higher So that's my expectations. I Think that I totally agree with the purpose and that's the country the first growing company Tristan in Japan the Rakuten or Yeah, who is very active for my for M&A, but say some legacy company is still seeing the how How they Co-operate with the startups. So now from acquire point to I think that there is three stages For the start of company one is the seeing the technology So it's kind of very Small numbers like a Rest in ten digits and if you have a product in the market, maybe you can Reach to the hundred million as a total and once you can become a profitable I think they could buy a profit So what kind of revenue do you like to reach or what do you like to achieve now during your company? That is the The target you have to set Just a small follow-up on that Good some comment are you know based on my experiences and I'll say so we work with a KDD I which is a Japanese big technical company and We launched a corporate venture capital fund for KDD I you know two years ago and since then so while we have invested in maybe more than 20 or 30 venture companies in Japan and also overseas and actually KDD I Directly acquired maybe several companies from funds portfolio and I think you know maybe Even KDD I which is a you know, maybe legacy big companies But you know, they are maybe are really changing these days and maybe they are very much Interested in open innovation with the venture companies or maybe some companies are maybe you know willing to maybe Some venture companies. So yeah stations are a bit changing. I think That sounds that sounds good sounds like good prospects for for the future great Actually Takasani in KDD I really has great exposure to the venture community and So far entity groups and document groups are not like Takasani people so But for to be honest For kid even though for KDI The acquisition is more focusing on application side or service side. So infrastructure is still difficult for KDI I think that's my sense and I To be honest, I one of the things I like to mention for Dokomo is actually about network function but virtualization Dokomo is historically has kind of option to communicate with the vendors Already existed, but last year and actually this year we opened up the opportunity for everybody to Proposal for for network function virtualization open tender. Yeah, so slightly different But so talking about infrastructure in general IT infrastructure that those companies typically have been the legacy NEC Fujitsu Hitachi, etc Do you see them changing? Well, I think Actually, it's a very difficult question for Dokomo It's not just a kind of systems and switches. So, you know Communication is for devices itself five years ago Fujitsu Panasonic and NEC Everybody there and Now we have Galaxy and Apple. So, you know, the basic trades and communication changed changed and also kind of network systems also have kind of slightly different types of communications and Even Dokomo actually recently we have It's not really open yet, but we like to be open for everybody and It's not it's not open innovation but kind of idea for open innovation the idea of an agile development has gradually Kind of recognizable in in Dokomo's wall I think in jail The legacy company trying to change then they adapt the new technology from startups Let's say there is several discussion within their organization because in most cases they have a several Resembling research project within their organization. So you have to think or the you have to find a supporter with With the potential partners, I think because In case of the entity group as a total that really a huge investment for the R&D and I think you know, they cover almost all the topic Relating the network with related business over technology. So you have to To make a differentiation In the internal project or that in some cases you have to support the internal project as well That will be approached because they try to adapt the new technology because they they have to compete in the world market So that is a very difficult difficulty in infrastructure business So I think maybe, you know Regarding big guys like maybe fully to NGC or even IBM, you know, you know, basically they have a very high cost of structure And the based on legacy technologies and also bunch of senior guys and so even IBM, you know Has suffered from maybe a decreasing of the maybe a revenue continuously and because of the penetration of a crowd and so there is a cannibalization Clearly and so, you know, it's tough time for maybe big, you know, IT enterprises, you know, to adopt this, you know, new era Well, I will point out IBM did shed a lot of businesses in the last few years, right? Okay, thank you very much. I that's the list of my questions. Are there any questions from the audience? I will bring them. Hey, this is Deepak from India. So I just want to ask Christian What about the strategy or that somebody is interested in opening a company startup in India, right? Or some other determinations. So what is your strategy to invest or how should we approach to you? I was a crusader, please. Yeah, so how do other country people in Asia will approach to you for investment? Okay Actually, you know, okay, you're from India, right and actually we have one portal company in India based on Bangalore which is not a you know infrastructure based company, but which is at the company but My recognition is so India is a market is a growing rapidly and you have a maybe large population and also, you know economy is growing rapidly and but this is just my personal opinion, but these days, maybe your Indian ventures valuation is so high and they're very expensive to us and Because of it, maybe some investment from like a maybe sort of banks, you know They invest in maybe some venture companies in the venture companies with a very high valuation and So, you know, it's hard for us to maybe follow, you know, such a maybe high variation. Yeah But generally speaking, I think the question was How does someone from outside Japan go about approaching you for for an investment? Actually, you know Regarding our firm, we have also in Singapore and Singapore is covered basically India and other region, you know and so and also maybe sometimes maybe I Was contacted by through maybe a wrinkling or maybe as a method and Basically as in that case, maybe we have a maybe a conference call with them and Maybe in some case, maybe we can meet directly face-to-face. Maybe in Singapore or maybe India. Yeah, so No other questions. Okay. Well, thank you very much and enjoy the rest of the day. Thank you. Thank you


Well, hello there. It's Bridget. Welcome to Sunday morning coffee with Bridget. We are sitting on the back deck and we are taking in the evening sun. Now it is summertime here in Minnesota and the first week of July, which means the sun is still pretty darn warm and it is high in the sky even though it's getting closer into the evening. I love it. I absolutely love it. And it is times like these little quiet moments like these that I feel like I'm stealing them. Like I kind of feel like when I come outside here on the back deck that I'm sneaking moments. Just me and the sunshine and the warmth and it's not too hot. And you can probably hear the birds and maybe some crickets and it is just incredibly peaceful. So I want you to receive this energy as we're settling into Sunday morning coffee and feel it. Feel it for yourself and it is my pleasure to share it with you. Just imagine that you just pull up a chair right here next to me. Grab your cup of coffee or tea or your big jug of water and hydrate and relax. Just relax with me. Take in the sounds. Take a nice deep breath. Do a full belly out breath. Just really let your belly just soften and get all squishy. So I know it's not just me. That has a hard time with a squishy belly feeling. Do you not like that? You know what I'm talking about, right?  Well, that's okay. It's great for intuition. It's great for energy healing. Let the belly get squishy because it means your body is soft and you're not tense. You're letting yourself just really just relax and soften and sink into this very moment in time. So let's take a nice breath in and a nice full belly. Exhale. Squishy belly. Come on. Soften that belly. Just sit. Be here with me now. And you don't even have to steal this moment. You don't even have to sneak away from the kids or sneak away from the office. You get to just be here. Right here, right now. In peace. Instant. With ease. Take in this energy. As you breathe in just naturally. At a pace that is comfortable for you. Allow this peaceful energy to let any of the stressors of your day. The thoughts of the mind that are busy, busy, busy, getting ahead of you. Jump starting. Or hanging on to. Just let, let this peace. Just let it ease away those stressors. Let them just soften. As you breathe in and exhale out, just just be here with me right now. Relax and feel your back held and supported. Naturally. With effortless. Effortless structure. Effortless support. Find meaningful contentment in the peace of this very moment. As you breathe in feel that air. All that breeze just gently moving by reminding us both of the flow, the natural rhythm of the flow of energy. As I watch the trees bend just ever so slightly. And then sway back a soft and subtle movement. A flow, a thing. Breathing in and exhaling out. Letting out a nice big yawn. Clearing that throat. I'm inspired to put my hand on my upper heart right below my throat. And just allow the warmth of my hand to bring that soothing, peaceful, calm energy right into the body. Welcoming it. Allowing. Allowing this peaceful essence. As you're breathing in you're allowing it into your body. You're letting it in. The natural flow of this peaceful moment. Very, very gentle. Ever so gentle. Just a soft, soft and sincere energy right in that heart space. Supporting that throat. That throat is your communication center. It's your truth space. It is so hard at times, I know myself personally, to actually identify what is my truth in meaning. I know, I know it seems a bit silly, especially because I so often speak, speak messages of truth and integrity and sincerity through my throat space, through my voice. And yet I do know as a human, as a human being this throat space, this truth this truthful space is one that can be a place of resistance, a place of uncertainty or even insecurity. I'm reminded of my good friend, Dark Angel Gabriel, who is the communicator and connector angel. Gabriel, such a beautiful golden yellow, that solar plexus, that spirit chakra, that intuition. The writer, the gifted scribe, the ultimate entertainer. My good friend Gabriel. Communication begins with the heart and the heart's knowing. And in the partnership, in tandem chorus with the throat, your communication too can be known. It doesn't have to be a bold statement. It can simply begin with you, within you. The truest, most beautiful relationship is that within yourself. This I know. I know this. And it is an ever work in progress. It is such a worthy goal. Such an important relationship to nurture, to love, to foster, to hold dear. Truth, and sincerity hand in hand.  It really isn't all that much of a mystery, because my dear, as you listen here and now, in this peaceful, gentle calming moment, that is you. You are the truth. Not for others, not to be put upon a pedestal or for display to parade about, in a bold, courageous, ostentatious way, but to be an ever-present, solid, grounded being in relationship with yourself, your spirit.  You are. You are the beautiful truth of connection. You are spirit in expression through the human form. You are. Honoring your heart space and your throat chakra as you breathe in and exhale out. You are such, such a gift, just like this moment of peaceful calm supported by the air element, the beauty of nature and all those wonderful totem animals, spirit guide animals that you can hear. And of course, Arkecho Gabriel for communication and connection to assist in all of our relationships, including that one in you. So stay and relax here on the back deck with me for as long as you'd like, allowing your belly to stay soft and squishy.  As always, I sincerely thank you for being part of my day, for inspiring me and encouraging me to connect and to continue to do so and and to be the voice. I thank you with all my heart. This is Bridget and you've been listening to an episode of Sunday Morning Coffee with Bridget.


At Audiology Associates of Prestonsburg, you can live your life the way you want and find the freedom of better hearing. You'll experience patient care that is specific to you with exceptional follow-up care that ensures your hearing and balance needs are being met. Audiology Associates at 1428 Northlake Drive in Prestonsburg. The city of Pikeville is gearing up for its annual Nightmare on Main Street celebration, which is set to take place in downtown over the weekend. The event affords the general public with an opportunity to have a safe, controlled environment for their children while trick-or-treating. Earlier, we spoke with Public Information Officer Tony Kahn of the Pikeville Police Department for more information for those interested in attending the event. Nightmare on Main Street is going to be happening Sunday at four to six. It's going to be a great event. With the city, the way the city administrators, they want an event that makes it safe for the kids and the parents. Especially during COVID, I know the numbers are going down, but we've still got to do the safety, keep social distancing. So it's going to be basically a huge trunk retreat all the way down Main Street. We're going to start lining people up near Lorraine Street and bring them in that way. Then make a left on Huffman and make another left on Domain Street. And then that's where it starts. And the kids get a lot of candy. So make sure you have bags in the car because we've seen people trying to take their hats off, but candy, that's how much candies give away that night. Asked what advice he has for those who plan to attend the event, Officer Kahn had this to say. Patience. The line doesn't move fast because we want everybody to have a good time and just take their time. When officers are great in traffic at these corners, it's not their fault that everything's going slow. So just pay attention. Kind of lay off the phone and don't text and drive because you're going to have officers that's going to be basically at least every corner trying to get everybody in there safely and everybody have a good time. So just pay attention to your surroundings, take your time, line up and take a turn and everybody have a good time that night. It'll be fun for everybody. Everybody just goes by the rules and do what the officers want them to do. Our city leaders, they always want to, they go above and beyond for children. That's one thing about the city of Piedwell. We want to make sure that it is a safe environment. And that's why you see officers. You'll see firemen. The firemen are always there. Just in case something happens, you have one of the best trained fire departments in the country within minutes of you. Or seconds probably because you're going to have some of them going to be dressed up anyway. So if somebody wants to fall or get hurt or something happened, then you've got the help you need right there. And if something was to go wrong, we've got the police officers there also. So it's going to be a very, very safe environment for your children. For Mountain Top News, I'm Joshua Slung.