HISTORY OF INGLAND CHAPTER XI PART XII At length the Comprehension Bill was sent down to the Commons. There it would easily have been carried by two to one, if it had been supported by all the friends of religious liberty. But on this subject the High Churchmen could count on the support of a large body of Low Churchmen. Those members who wished well to Nottingham's plan saw that they were out and numbered, and despairing of a victory began to meditate a retreat. Just at this time a suggestion was thrown out which united all suffrages. The ancient usage was that a convocation should be summoned together with a parliament, and it might well be argued that, if ever the advice of a convocation could be needed, it must be when the changes in ritual and discipline of the Church were under consideration. But in consequence of the irregular manner in which the estates of the realm had been brought together during the vacancy of the throne, there was no convocation. It was proposed that the House should advise the King to take measures for supplying this defect, and that the fate of the Comprehension Bill should not be decided till the clergy had had an opportunity of declaring their opinion through the ancient and legitimate organ. This proposition was received with general acclamation. The Tories were well pleased to see such honor done to the priesthood. Those wigs who were against the Comprehension Bill were well pleased to see it laid aside, certainly for a year, probably forever. Those wigs who were for the Comprehension Bill were well pleased to escape without a defeat. Many of them indeed were not without hopes that mild and liberal councils might prevail in the ecclesiastical Senate. An address requesting William to summon the convocation was voted without a division. The concurrence of the Lords was asked, the Lords concurred, the address was carried up to the throne by both Houses. The King promised that he would, at a convenient season, do what his Parliament desired, and Nottingham's Bill was not again mentioned. Many writers, imperfectly acquainted with the history of that age, have inferred from these proceedings that the House of Commons was an assembly of high churchmen, but nothing is more certain than that two-thirds of the members were either low churchmen or not churchmen at all. A very few days before this time an occurrence had taken place, unimportant in itself, but highly significant as an indication of the temper of the majority. It had been suggested that the House ought, in conformity with ancient usage, to adjourn over the Easter holidays. The Puritans and Latitudinarians objected. There was a sharp debate. The high churchmen did not venture to divide, and to the great scandal of many grave persons, the Speaker took the chair at nine o'clock on Easter Monday, and there was a long and busy sitting. This, however, was by no means the strongest proof which the Commons gave, that they were far indeed from feeling extreme reverence or tenderness for the Anglican hierarchy. The bill for settling the oaths had just come down from the lords, framed in a manner favorable to the clergy. All lay functionaries were required to swear fealty to the king and queen on pain of expulsion from office. But it was provided that every divine who already held a benefits might continue to hold it without swearing, unless the government should see reason to call on him specially for an assurance of his loyalty. Burnett had partly no doubt from the good nature and generosity which belonged to his character, and partly from a desire to conciliate his brethren supported this arrangement in the upper house with great energy. But in the lower house, the feeling against the Jacobite priests was irresistibly strong. On the very day on which that house voted without a division, the address requesting the king to summon the convocation, a clause was proposed and carried, which required every person who held any ecclesiastical or academical preferment to take the oaths by the 1st of August 1689 on pain of suspension. Six months to be reckoned from that day were allowed to the non juror for reconsideration. If on the 1st of February 1690 he still continued obstinate, he was to be finally deprived. The bill thus amended was sent back to the lords. The lords adhered to their original resolution. Conference after conference was held. Compromise after compromise was suggested. From the imperfect reports which have come down to us, it appears that every argument in favour of lenity was forcibly urged by Bernard. But the commons were firm, time pressed. The unsettled state of the law caused inconvenience in every department of the public service, and the peers very reluctantly gave way. They at the same time added a clause empowering the king to bestow pecuniary allowances out of the forfeited benefits on a few nonjuring clergymen. The number of clergymen thus favoured was not to exceed twelve. The allowance was not to exceed one-third of the income forfeited. Some zealous wigs were unwilling to grant even this indulgence, but the commons were content with the victory which they had won, and justly thought it would be ungracious to refuse so slight a concession. These debates were interrupted during a short time by the festivities and solemnities of the coronation. When the day fixed for that great ceremony drew near, the House of Commons resolved itself into a committee for the purpose of settling the form of the words in which our sovereigns were thenceforward to enter into covenant with the nation. All parties were agreed, as to the proprietive requiring the king to swear that in temporal matters he would govern according to law, and would execute justice in mercy. But about the terms of the oath which related to the spiritual institutions of the realm, there was much debate. Should the chief magistrate promise simply to maintain the Protestant religion established by law, or should he promise to maintain that religion as it should be hereafter established by law? The majority preferred the former phrase. The latter phrase was preferred by those wigs who were for a comprehension. But it was universally admitted that the two phrases really meant the same thing, and that the oath, however it might be worded, would bind the sovereign in his executive capacity only. This was indeed evident from the very nature of the transaction. Any compact may be annulled by the free consent of the party who alone is entitled to claim the performance. It was never doubted by the most rigid cashwist that a debtor who had bound himself under the most awful implications to pay a debt may lawfully withhold payment if the creditor is willing to cancel the obligation. And it is equally clear that no assurance exacted from a king by the estates of his realm can bind him to refuse compliance with what may at a future time be the wish of those estates. A bill was drawn up in conformity with resolutions of the committee, and was rapidly passed through every stage. After the third reading, a foolish man stood up to propose a rider, declaring that the oath was not meant to restrain the sovereign from consenting to any change in the ceremonial of the church, provided always that Episcopacy and a written form of prayer were retained. The gross absurdity of this motion was exposed by several eminent members. Such a clause, they justly remarked, would bind the king under pretense of setting him free. The coronation oath, they said, was never intended to trammel him in his legislative capacity. Leave that oath as it is now drawn, and no prince can misunderstand it. No prince can seriously imagine that the two houses mean to exact from him a promise that he will put a veto on laws which they may hereafter think necessary to the well-being of the country. Or if any prince should so strangely misapprehend the nature of the contract between him and his subjects, any divine, any lawyer to whose advice he may have recourse will set his mind at ease. But if this rider should pass, it will be impossible to deny that the coronation oath is meant to prevent the king from giving his assent to bills which may be presented to him by the lords and commons, and the most serious inconvenience may follow. These arguments were felt to be unanswerable, and the proviso was rejected without a division. Every person who has read these debates must be fully convinced that the statesman who framed the coronation oath did not mean to bind the king in his legislative capacity. Unhappily, more than a hundred years later, a scruple which those statesmen thought too absurd to be seriously entertained by any human being found its way into a mind honest indeed and religious, but narrow and obstinate by nature, and at once debilitated and excited by disease. Seldom indeed have the ambition and perfidy of tyrants produced evils greater than those which were brought on our country by that fatal conscientiousness. A conjuncture singularly auspicious, a conjuncture at which wisdom and justice might perhaps have reconciled races and sects long hostile, and might have made the British islands one truly united kingdom was suffered to pass away. The opportunity once lost returned no more. Two generations of public men have since labored with imperfect success to repair the error which was then committed, nor is it improbable that some of the penalties of that error may continue to afflict a remote posterity. The bill by which the oath was settled passed the upper house without amendment. All the preparations were complete, and on the 11th of April the coronation took place. In some things it differed from ordinary coronations. The representatives of the people attended the ceremony in a body, and were sumptuously feasted in the ex-checker chamber. Mary, being not merely queen consort, but also queen regnant, was inaugurated in all things like a king, was girt with a sword, lifted up into the throne, and presented with the bible, the spurs, and the orb. Of the temporal grandees of the realm and of their wives and daughters the muster was great and splendid. None could be surprised that the wig aristocracy should swell the triumph of wig principles, but the Jacobites saw with concern that many lords who had voted for a regency bore a conspicuous part in the ceremonial. The king's crown was carried by Grafton, the queen's by Somerset. The pointed sword, emblematical of temporal justice, was born by Pembroke. Ormond was Lord High Constable for the day, and rode up the hall on the right hand of the hereditary champion, who thrice flung down his glove on the pavement, and thrice defied to mortal combat the false traitor who should gainsay the title of William and Mary. Among the noble damsels who supported the gorgeous train of the queen was her beautiful injental cousin, the Lady Henrietta Hyde, whose father, Rochester, had to the last contended against the resolution which declared the throne vacant. The show of bishops indeed was scanty. The primate did not make his appearance, and his place was supplied by Compton. On the side of Compton the patent was carried by Lloyd Bishop of St. Asif, imminent among the seven confessors of the preceding year. On the other side Spratt, Bishop of Rochester, lately a member of the High Commission, had charge of the chalice. Burnett, the junior prelate, preached with all his wanted ability and more than his wanted taste and judgment. His grave and eloquent discourse was polluted neither by adulation nor by malignity. He has said to have been greatly applauded, and it may well be believed that the animated peroration in which he implored heaven to bless the royal pair with long life and mutual love, with obedient subjects, wise counselors, and faithful allies, with gallant fleets and armies, with victory, with peace, and finally with crowns more glorious and more durable than those which then glinted on the altar of the abbey drew forth the loudest hums of the commons. On the whole the ceremony went off well and produced something like a revival, faint indeed and transient, of the enthusiasm of the preceding December. The day was in London and in many other places a day of general rejoicing. The churches were filled in the morning, the afternoon was spent in sport and carousing, and at night bonfires were lighted, rockets discharged, and windows lighted up. The Jacobites, however, contrived to discover or to invent abundant matter for scurrility and sarcasm. They complained bitterly that the way from the hall to the western door of the abbey had been lined by Dutch soldiers. Was it seemingly that an English king should enter into the most solemn of engagements with the English nation behind a triple head of foreign swords and bayonets? Little a phrase such as that every great pageant almost inevitably take place between those who are eager to see the show and those whose business it is to keep the communications clear were exaggerated with all the artifices of rhetoric. One of the alien mercenaries had backed his horse against an honest citizen who pressed forward to catch a glimpse of the royal canopy.  On such grounds as these, the strangers were compared to those Lorde Danes whose insolence in the old time had provoked the Anglo-Saxon population to insurrection and massacre. But there was no more fertile theme for censure than the coronation medal which really was absurd in design and mean in execution. A chariot appeared conspicuous on the reverse and plain people were to lost to understand what this emblem had to do with William and Mary. The disaffected wits solved the difficulty by suggesting that the artist meant to allude to that chariot which a Roman princess lost to alphylial affection and blindly devoted to the interests of an ambitious husband drove over the still warm remains of her father. Honors were as usual liberally bestowed at this festive season. Three garters which happened to be at the disposal of the crown were given to Devonshire, Ormond, and Schoenberg. Prince George was created Duke of Cumberland. Several imminent men took new appellations by which they must henceforth be designated. Danby became Marcus of Carmarthen, Churchill, Earl of Marlborough, and Bentech, Earl of Portland. Mardant was made Earl of Monmouth not without some murmuring on the part of old exclusionists who still remembered with fondness their Protestant Duke and who had hoped that his attainder would be reversed and that his title would be borne by his descendants. It was remarked that the name of Halifax did not appear in the list of promotions. None could doubt that he might easily have obtained either a blue ribbon or a ducal cornet, and though he was honorably distinguished from most of his contemporaries by his scorn of illicit gain, it was well known that he desired honorary distinctions with the greediness of which he was himself ashamed and which was unworthy of his fine understanding. The truth is that his ambition was at this time chilled by his fears. To those whom he trusted he hinted his apprehensions that evil times were at hand. The king's life was not worth the year's purchase. The government was disjointed. The clergy and the army disaffected. The parliament torn by factions. Civil war was already raging in one part of the empire. Foreign war was impending. At such a moment a minister whether Whig or Tory might well be uneasy, but neither Whig nor Tory had so much to fear as the trimmer, who might not improbably find himself the common market which both parties would take aim. For these reasons Halifax determined to avoid all ostentation of power and influence to disarm envy by a studied show of moderation and to attach to himself by civilities and benefits persons whose gratitude might be useful in the event of a counter-revolution. The next three months he said would be the time of trial. If the government got safe through the summer it would probably stand. Chapter 11 Part 13 This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org. This reading by Kara Schellenberg. History of England From the Accession of James II By Thomas Babington Macaulay Chapter 11 Part 13 Meanwhile questions of external policy were every day becoming more and more important. The work at which William had toiled indefatigably during many gloomy and anxious years was at length accomplished. The Great Coalition was formed. It was plain that a desperate conflict was at hand. The oppressor of Europe would have to defend himself against England allied with Charles II King of Spain, with the Emperor Leopold, and with the Germanic and Batavian Federations, and was likely to have no ally except the Sultan who was waging war against the House of Austria on the Danube. Lewis had, towards the close of the preceding year, taken his enemies at a disadvantage and had struck the first blow before they were prepared to parry it. But that blow, though heavy, was not aimed at the part where it might have been mortal. Had hostilities been commenced on the Batavian frontier, William and his army would probably have been detained on the continent, and James might have continued to govern England. Happily, Lewis, under an infatuation which many pious Protestants confidently ascribed to the righteous judgment of God, had neglected the point on which the fate of the whole civilized world depended and had made a great display of power, promptitude, and energy in a quarter where the most splendid achievements could produce nothing more than an illumination and a tadaeum. A French army under the command of Marshal Durras had invaded the Palatinate and some of the neighbouring principalities. But this expedition, though it had been completely successful, and though the skill and vigor with which it had been conducted, had excited general admiration, could not perceptibly affect the event of the tremendous struggle which was approaching. France would soon be attacked on every side. It would be impossible for Durras long to retain possession of the provinces which he had surprised and overrun. An atrocious thought rose in the mind of Lvois, who, in military affairs, had the chief Suéad Versailles. He was a man distinguished by zeal for what he thought the public interests, by capacity and by knowledge of all that related to the administration of war, but of a savage and obdurate nature. If the cities of the Palatinate could not be retained, they might be destroyed. If the soil of the Palatinate was not to furnish supplies to the French, it might be so wasted that it would at least furnish no supplies to the Germans. The iron-hearted statesman submitted his plan, probably with much management and with some disguise, to Lvois, and Lvois, in an evil hour for his fame, assented. Durras received orders to turn one of the fairest regions of Europe into a wilderness. Fifteen years earlier, Turin had ravaged part of that fine country. But the ravages committed by Turin, though they have left a deep stain on his glory, were mere sport in comparison with the horrors of this second devastation. The French commander announced to near half a million of human beings that he granted them three days of grace, and that, within that time, they must shift for themselves. Soon the roads and fields, which then lay deep in snow, were blackened by innumerable multitudes of men, women, and children flying from their homes. Many died of cold and hunger, but enough survived to fill the streets of all the cities of Europe with lean and squalid beggars, who had once been thriving farmers and shopkeepers. Meanwhile the work of destruction began. The flames went up from every marketplace, every hamlet, every parish church, every country seat, within the devoted provinces. The fields where the corn had been sown were plowed up. The orchards were hewn down. No promise of a harvest was left on the fertile plains near what had once been Frankenthal. Not a vine, not an almond tree, was to be seen on the slopes of the sunny hills round what had once been Heidelberg. No respect was shown to palaces, to temples, to monasteries, to infirmaries, to beautiful works of art, to monuments of the illustrious dead. The far famed castle of the Elector Palatine was turned into a heap of ruins. The adjoining hospital was sacked. The provisions, the medicines, the pallets on which the sick lay were destroyed. The very stones of which Mannheim had been built were flung into the Rhine. The magnificent Cathedral of Spires perished and with it the marble sepulchres of eight caesars. The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scattered to the winds. Treves, with its fair bridge, its Roman amphitheater, its venerable churches, convents, and colleges, was doomed to the same fate. But before this last crime had been perpetrated, Louis was recalled to a better mind by the execrations of all the neighbouring nations, by the silence and confusion of his flatterers, and by the expostulations of his wife. He had been more than two years secretly married to Francis de Maintenon, the governess of his natural children. It would be hard to name any woman who, with so little romance in her temper, has had so much in her life. Her early years had been passed in poverty and obscurity. Her first husband had supported himself by writing burlesque farces and poems. When she attracted the notice of her sovereign, she could no longer boast of youth or beauty, but she possessed in an extraordinary degree those more lasting charms, which men of sense, whose passions age has tamed, and whose life is a life of business and care, prized most highly in a female companion. Her character was such as has been well compared to that soft green on which the eye, wearied by warm tints and glaring lights, reposes with pleasure. A just understanding, an inexhaustible yet never redundant flow of rational, gentle, and sprightly conversation. A temper of which the serenity was never for a moment ruffled. A tact which surpassed the tact of her sex, as much as the tact of her sex surpasses the tact of ours. Such were the qualities which made the widow of a buffoon, first the confidential friend, and then the spouse of the proudest and most powerful of European kings. It was said that Lewis had been with difficulty prevented by the arguments and vehement entreaties of Lvois from declaring her Queen of France. It is certain that she regarded Lvois as her enemy. Her hatred of him, cooperating perhaps with better feelings, induced her to plead the cause of the unhappy people of the Rhine. She appealed to those sentiments of compassion which, though weakened by many corrupting influences, were not altogether extinct in her husband's mind, and to those sentiments of religion which had too often impelled him to cruelty, but which, on the present occasion, were on the side of humanity. He relented, and treves was spared. In truth he could hardly fail to perceive that he had committed a great error. The devastation of the Palatinate, while it had not in any sensible degree lessened the power of his enemies, had inflamed their animosity, and had furnished them with inexhaustible matter for invective. The cry of vengeance rose on every side. Whatever scruple either branch of the House of Austria might have felt about coalescing with Protestants was completely removed. Lewis accused the Emperor and the Catholic King of having betrayed the cause of the Church, of having allied themselves with a usurper who was the avowed champion of the great schism, of having been accessory to the foul wrong done to a lawful sovereign who was guilty of no crime but zeal for the true religion. James sent to Vienna and Madrid piteous letters in which he recounted his misfortunes and implored the assistance of his brother-kings, his brothers also in the faith, against the unnatural children and the rebellious subjects who had driven him into exile. But there was little difficulty in framing a plausible answer both to the reproaches of Lewis and to the supplications of James. Leopold and Charles declared that they had not, even for purposes of just self-defense, leagueed themselves with heretics till their enemy had, for purposes of unjust aggression, leagueed himself with Mohammedans. Nor was this the worst. The French king, not content with assisting the Moslem against the Christians, was himself treating Christians with a barbarity which would have shocked the very Moslem. His infidel allies, to do them justice, had not perpetrated on the Danube such outrages against the edifices and the members of the Holy Catholic Church, as he who called himself the eldest son of that Church was perpetrating on the Rhine. On these grounds, the princes to whom James had appealed replied by appealing, with many professions of goodwill and compassion, to himself. He was surely too just to blame them for thinking that it was their first duty to defend their own people against such outrages as had turned the Palatinate into a desert, or for calling in the aid of Protestants against an enemy who had not scrupled to call in the aid of the Turks. During the winter, and the earlier part of the spring, the powers hostile to France were gathering their strength for a great effort, and were in constant communication with one another. As the season for military operations approached, the solemn appeals of injured nations to the God of battles came forth in rapid succession. The manifesto of the Germanic body appeared in February, that of the State General in March, that of the House of Brandenburg in April, and that of Spain in May. Here, as soon as the ceremony of the coronation was over, the House of Commons determined to take into consideration the late proceedings of the French King. In the debate, that hatred of the powerful, unscrupulous, and imperious Lewis, which had, during twenty years of vassalage, festered in the hearts of Englishmen, broke violently forth. He was called the most Christian Turk, the most Christian ravager of Christendom, the most Christian barbarian who had perpetrated on Christians outrages, of which his infidel allies would have been ashamed. A committee consisting chiefly of ardent wigs was appointed to prepare an address. John Hampton, the most ardent wig among them, was put into the chair, and he produced a composition too long, too rhetorical, and too vituperative, to suit the lips of the speaker or the ears of the King. Invectives against Lewis might, perhaps, in the temper in which the House then was, have passed without censure, if they had not been accompanied by severe reflections on the character and administration of Charles II, whose memory, in spite of all his faults, was affectionately cherished by the Tories. There were some very intelligible allusions to Charles's dealings with the Court of Versailles, and to the foreign woman whom that Court had sent to lie like a snake in his bosom. The House was, with good reason, dissatisfied. The address was recommitted, and having been made more concise and less declamatory and acrimonious, was approved and presented. William's attention was called to the wrongs which France had done to him and to his kingdom, and he was assured that, whenever he should resort to arms for the redress of those wrongs, he should be heartily supported by his people. He thanked the Commons warmly. Ambition, he said, should never induce him to draw the sword, but he had no choice. France had already attacked England, and it was necessary to exercise the right of self-defense. A few days later, war was proclaimed. Of the grounds of quarrel alleged by the Commons in their address, and by the King in his manifesto, the most serious was the interference of Lewis in the affairs of Ireland. In that country great events had, during several months, followed one another in rapid succession. Of those events it is now time to relate the history, a history dark with crime and sorrow, yet full of interest and instruction. End of Section 13 read by Kara Schellenberg on May 3rd, 2007, and the end of Chapter 11.


Good morning, Krishna. Good morning, everyone. Welcome to BC 11th row identity in Christ. So I hope as we are studying on this course, week after week, are we getting ourselves into this new identity where we are able to identify ourself in Christ? Is this class helping each one of us to identify ourself in Christ? Anyone from the class online? On campus, how is it helping you identify yourself in Christ? Are there any hints that you were reminded of yourself by the Lord saying that hey listen, no matter where you are, what circumstance it is, no matter what others are talking about you. Remember your identity. Your identity is in me. Anyone from the class? Anyone from the class? Yes, Nina. Could you pass the mic to Linda, please? There's some chat. Let me check from online. Yes. So many times actually, when you go through tough times in life, so down. But I have to preach to myself that I'm a child of God. God loves me. And I literally look into what Jesus has done for me and who I am in Christ. This is really encouraged. Otherwise, it's a very sad situation. Yes. If I'm not remembering about that. Amen. Thank you. Thank you, Nina. Very encouraging. Chira, you would like to share? Yes. Please pass the mic to him. Yes, we know that we are child of God. We are sitting before God with God Jesus. So I feel like the authority, right?  I feel that I am child of God. I have that authority to rebuke the things that really help me to grow. Amen. Thank you for sharing. Chira, anyone from the class? Karen, from online, would you like to share? You can unmute and speak. Karen, you can unmute and share your experience.  Hello, Pastor, can you hear me? Yes, we can hear you. So, Pastor, I've always identified based on my class with standard I'm studying in. Pastor, can you hear me? Yes, yes.  So, when I joined ADTS, that's when we taught us our identity that we are identified like who we are in Christ and how Jesus is the one who helps us with our identity. Okay. Thanks for sharing, Karen. Thank you. That sounds good. It's sometimes very important for us to renew our mind and understand that who we are in Christ. Krisha, Shiv Kumar, Samuel, would you like to unmute and share how the word, the class, the teaching from the classes helped us to renew our mind and it has ministered to each of us how to handle and overcome our situation. Good morning, Pastor. Can you hear me? Yes, yes. We can hear you. Yeah, Pastor, like many times when we act our human nature, when we act in flesh, our identity in Christ reminds us how we are supposed to be like Him and act like Him and behave in every way like Him. So, yeah, that's how identity in Christ helps us. Thank you. Thanks Krisha. Yes. Anyone else from the class? I see Jachin has shared a comment on the chat saying that recently someone close to me who knew me from a childhood, okay, spoke something against me and the ministry that I'm called to do. I was upset and getting emotional when God reminded me of who I am in Him. God's word told me that He is my righteousness and my battle belongs to Him. I'm fighting from victory ground. This truth set me free. Amen. Praise God. That's a wonderful way to set our mind on the word and what the Lord speaks about each of us that helps us not to take up the battle on our own but then allow the Lord to work on behalf of us. We are also allowing the Lord to defend us. We are not defending ourselves but then we are asking, God, will you take my back and you defend us? Okay. Anyone else would like to share offline or online? Even before we could begin our session with a word of prayer? Anyone? Rin and Sean are pondering what to share, what instances? There are so many but we had to think on what we can because when we walk every day, when we walk with the Lord every day keeping Him in our mind, I think every moment is a testimony because we are trying to lead our life that pleases God. And that cannot be done with our own strength. That's not possible with our human strength but then we seek God. We ask God, God, you move and you work in and through me. There's also another chat on the status I see from Shiv Kumar says, when Satan put thoughts of discouragement in our mind, identity in Christ helps me to resist and overcome.  Okay, so in today's class, we're going to study, we're going to look into, in last class, we actually studied on what being one body with Christ, being one body with Christ. I'm just taking the notes, just give me a minute. Okay, we covered on being many members in Christ. So last class, we looked at being one body in Christ that was on section 11. And today, we're going to study about how we are ministers and ambassadors in Christ. That's in section 12. We're going to look at how we are ministers and ambassadors in Christ. Even before we could begin with this section, can I request one of us to lead us in prayer? Who has the mic? Lord Jesus, Lord, we thank you for this time. We thank you for this class that we are hearing, Lord Father. And Lord right now, Lord, we submit our minds and we submit ourselves before you, Lord Father. And Lord, whatever your teaching goes through, Diana, Ma'am, Lord Father, let your word be sown into our hearts and let your truth be established in our life, Lord Father, and help us, not to just be the listeners of your word, but help us to be the doers of your word, Lord Father, and help us to be aware of who we are in you and help us to carry our true identity in you, Jesus. We give you all the glory and honor in Jesus' name, we pray. Amen. Amen. Amen. So we are the ministers and ambassadors of Christ Jesus. Let's turn to our notes to page 107. It says each one of us, each one of us and we identify ourselves in Christ Jesus. We are the ministers and we are the ambassadors of Christ Jesus. So at our church, at our APC ministries, we believe and we emphasize that every believer is a minister of God. What do we emphasize on and what do we believe? We believe that every believer is a minister. Every believer is a minister. So can we please place our hand on ourself and say, Lord, I am a minister of God. Can we declare it over ourself? I am a minister of God. I am the ambassador of Christ Jesus. So today we are going to talk on this heavenly call. We all would have studied this in fulfilling God's purpose, the minister's foundation under fulfilling God's purpose. We would have studied that each of us have a call and have a purpose in our life. Do you all believe that we have a call and a purpose in our life? From where did you get this call and a purpose? From where did you get this call and a purpose? From God. God himself has called you. Now how do you know the confirmation that God has called me? How do you know? Because many times when you put this thought in your mind, you are incorrectly believing that there is a call on your life. It's nothing like that. But then we need to get back to the word because the word has the power. Because the word is correct. There is no error in the word of God.   Each of us, even before the foundation of the earth. This is what in Ephesians chapter one four says that, I knew you even before the foundation of the earth. I know you. And even before I could knit you in your mother's womb, I know you.   And you were wonderfully, you were fearfully and wonderfully made. You are not a mistake. You are created according to God's plan. So there is a call and there's a purpose. No matter what circumstance you are going through, no matter what situation you are been placed in, you need to trust and believe that you are part of God's plan. God is working in and through you. We may be in a place where we do not know the full picture. But then God is saying, you are not alone. That's what the word of God says. Wherever you are, you are placed as per my plan. You are placed as per my plan. And I am working in and through you.  Each of us are work in progress. The Lord who called us is faithfully working in and through us. This is what we see that there's an heavenly call to each of us through God. So let's turn to Philippians chapter 3 verse 12 to 14. I'll read it this time. I'll get you all involved. So not that I have already attended or I'm already perfected, but I press on. That I may lay hold of that for which Christ Jesus has lay hold of me. Brethren, I do not count myself to have apprehended, but one thing I do. Forgetting those things which are behind and reaching forward to those things which are ahead. I press toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus. So what do we see here? See that Apostle Paul setting his mind on certain things ahead of him. He's saying no matter what problem I'm going through, no matter what is happening around me. The situation where I am right now may not be very pleasant, may not give me a picture that I'm part of God's call. But then there is a call that God is called and I'm setting my focus on that, the end picture, the end result. And I'm setting my mind on that end result, no matter what I'm going through. No matter what people may talk about me, but then I'm setting my focus on the end result. I'm marching towards that goal. So we need to set our focus on that very well. A scholar's purgeant says it this way. But while the work of Christ for us is perfect, the work of Christ for us is perfect and it we believe to think of adding to it the work of the Holy Spirit in us is not perfect. That means the spirit of the Lord who is in us is actually working in and through us that we may be Christ like. The work in us is in progress so that every day, every day we are working to be more like Christ Jesus. So this is what it is. It is a spiritual journey that Apostle Paul is talking about. He is asking each one of us. As he is sharing about his point of view, he's encouraging each of us as a man and woman of God, as a servant of God. They would be hurdles around our way. They will be trials that we may have to face. They would be sufferings that we may be enduring in our life, in our ministry. But then he's encouraging you and me saying, set your focus on God. Don't allow the situation to declare what your life is ahead of you. That is temporary. Our emotions, our feelings are temporary. But the call on what God has placed on your life, that's permanent. So your Apostle Paul is encouraging each of us. Set your focus right. Set your focus right. So that our heart will be strong to endure the present trial, the sufferings that we may be in. Or the situation that we can overcome. Because we are setting a focus on the greater reward of what God has called each one of us through Christ Jesus. This is what he says that I press towards the... Where is that verse? I press towards the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus. This is what even in the Gospel of Luke chapter 9 verse 62 where it says, When a man steps into the plow, is it good for him to look back? No. A servant of God steps into the ministry. Look ahead because you are not alone. Look ahead that Jesus is your strength. So Paul is encouraging each of us. When we put a hand to the plow, we should refuse to look back. That we may press towards on what Jesus wanted each of us to do. So that God's will will be fulfilled in and through us. There's a purpose. There's a call and there's a purpose. And when we cooperate, it is not like, okay, God is called. So it is God's work to fulfill all that he has called on purpose that he has in store for me. What did we start in fulfilling the purpose? We see that. Yes, there's a call and a purpose that God has for us. But God is a gentle God. He is expecting each of us to cooperate with him, to partner with him so that we can be fruitful. So that God can fulfill his call and purpose through us. So what we need to do, we need to do our part by cooperating with God's call and purpose. Again, we're going back to John chapter 15 where it says, when you abide in me and I abide in you, only then we can be fruitful for each of us to be fruitful. We need the strength of God. Because the life that we lead, the path that we walk is not something natural. That we can handle with our natural ability. It is something to do with God. We need God's strength in us. So that can only happen when we abide with God and E-N-M. And we can together lead so that we can fulfill the ministry that God has called each of us. So is it easy for us to know? Okay, now we are in a place that we know our call, know our purpose. Now as we know the call and the purpose, the journey is not very easy. It's not a one-day journey, isn't it? It's a lifelong journey. So as a human, there are days when it is good, when it's bad. There's an ups and downs, the feeling we have mood swings each and every day. There are times we may question, is this what God wants me to do in my life? Or am I doing it everything on my own? Is there God's call in my life? You know, an enemy can bring this thought, this very question to our mind. When others are leading a normal and joyful life, why are you pressurizing yourself and disciplining yourself and saying that you have a call on God? You have a call of God on your life. Now the enemy may put this question in your mind. If there's a call of God in your mind, why is it so difficult? The path should be so easy. It should be like the bed of roses, isn't it? Because it's God's call. But if you look back in the history from the very beginning till in the Old Testament or in the New Testament, when God calls, the journey was not too easy. But what God promised that he was with that person. God was with Abraham. Even though when he stepped out in faith into an unknown journey, God fulfilled every promise that God promised to Abraham. Isn't it Genesis chapter 12 verse 1, 2 and 3? Every promise that God promised to Abraham, God kept his promise. Was Abraham's journey very pleasant? No. He went through life and death threats. He went through difficult times, famine. He went through his own brother buttering many, many seasons in his life. But throughout the season that we see is he was a man of faith. He was a man of faith. So what did God call Abraham as? Father of faith. If you take the life of Moses, was it very easy? God called Moses supernatural deliverance from Egypt. Isn't it? Tell me what God didn't do for Moses? Was his life very easy? No matter how much the Israelites saw the hand of God move upon Moses, each time when they faced the difficulty, they were ready to stone Moses. But Moses was a great leader. So was his life very smooth, very easy? How about David? God anointed him as a king. Isn't it? Even when Saul was a king, God anointed David as a king. Now the scripture says David was a very courageous and a bold man. He faced Goliath and he killed him. He beheaded him even though he didn't have any soldiers training. Or he never looked equal to Goliath. But God was with David. Just because God was with David was this journey very pleasant. Saul was chasing David to kill him. Isn't it? So David had to run away from him. Run away from him, cave to cave, mountain to mountain, with his family, with his children. Not very easy. Hey God has called him anointed him as a king. Did David defend himself? Hey listen king, I am the king. Not you. God has taken away the favor from you and he has put on me.  Even though he had many chances to kill Saul, but he refused to do it. What did God call David as? A man after God's own heart. In every situation he sought God. He inquired with God. What would God do? He had the heart of God. Even though the situations that he fell, but he still seek God. He repented. He repented. He has God created me a cleaner that I may be like more like you. He cried out to God. So what happened to the disciples when we come to the New Testament? How was the call and purpose in their life? Was it very pleasant? They lived with Jesus. They saw Jesus face to face. But how was their life? Was it very pleasant? Though Jesus promised a comforter that he will give them and he gave them the comforter on the day of Pentecost, they were very courageous and they were very bold after that. But they had to face a lot of trials. But what was constant in them was not giving up attitude. They took a hold of God's call in their life.  I need to lay hold of and walk, keeping my focus ahead so that I may lead my life to fulfill that heavenly call through Christ Jesus. So today, you and I have been invited into this to fulfill the ministry that God has called each of us. There is a call, there is a purpose. Now God is asking, look at that call and the purpose that I have placed within you so that you may take hold of that. This is what it says that I may lay hold of that for which Christ Jesus was also laid hold of me. Each of us call and each of our purpose may be very different. But God has called each of us and he is saying that I have laid hold of it. Can you take up this call? Can you take up this ministry so that you may fulfill it in your time? So this is what we see in the book of Colossians. Apostle Paul is encouraging Archipelus. He's saying Colossians chapter 4 verse 17 he says, And say to Archipelus, take heed to the ministry which you have received in the Lord that you may fulfill it. See, Apostle Paul is not directly declaring or directly saying this to Archipelus. But he is writing to the people of Colossians. Maybe Archipelus was in a leadership in certain leader and he was appointed or he was in charge of the people of Colossians. And here Apostle Paul is writing to the Colossians, the people and the Colossians to encourage the leader because in our journey with the Lord they would be ups and downs. We need encouragement. We need support to do what God has called us to do. Here Apostle Paul is encouraging Colossians to encourage the leader they have. Archipelus is saying that take heed, take special interest in the ministry that God has placed in you. And also in the other letter, in the letter to Philemon chapter 1 verse 2, he mentioned saying that Archipelus is a fellow soldier and to the church in your house. So some of the scholars still debate that Archipelus may be Philemon's son because Philemon was one of the person who encountered Lord who came into the knowledge of Christ through Apostle Paul and he had a ministry in his house. So some of the scholars are still debating but it's not confirmed that Archipelus may be Philemon's son. Why? Because he is inquiring about Philemon, Philemon's wife and then of Archipelus. Maybe Archipelus was Philemon's son or some other scholars talk about saying that maybe Archipelus was a pastor or a leader in the church. Okay, so that's still a debate. But what is important point here? Important, something important here is Apostle Paul is asking the people of Colossians to encourage your leader to do what God has called him to do. Because we need encouragement. So we need to quote on but take heed of the ministry that God has placed in us. See, it's not that every time we would be encouraged by the people or encouraged by a ministry leader's way we are but then we need to realize that this is God's work and it is God's ministry. We are serving God and we, the scripture says whatever you do, you do it unto the Lord. So whatever you're doing, you need to keep in mind that you're doing unto the Lord. So when you're doing unto the Lord, you will not expect encouragement or an appreciation from people around you. So you will not be a men pleaser, as simple as that. People look at me, my leaders look at me, people look at me or no but I do what I'm called to do by the Lord. My labor in the Lord, that Lord will reward me because the scripture says your labor in the Lord is not in vain. Your labor in the Lord is not in vain. Let's turn to 1 Corinthians chapter 15 verse 58. 1 Corinthians chapter 15 verse 58, the last verse in the chapter talks about therefore my beloved brethren be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that your labor not in vain in the Lord. Your labor in the Lord is not in vain. So here Apostle Paul is not talking about we serving in the Lord or we working for God. Work is something that is very limited. You say, okay, I work from 9 to 5 and that's it. Do not expect more from me. But here God is not calling us to work. He's asking us to labor. Labor means going beyond your time limit. Going that extra mile, doing everything for God. Above and beyond that has been expected because that's how God blesses us, isn't it? He never blesses us with a measure. Efficiency 320, how does God bless each one of us? Exceedingly, abundantly, above and beyond that we could ask, take or imagine. We are the representative of God. We are the ambassadors of God. So the nature of God should be in us. If God is asking us to work, we need to labor in Him. So in one of the comment in Mother Teresa's ministry, she says, I'm looking for volunteers to serve in my ministry but I don't want any volunteers to come and work in my ministry and I want them to labor. What does labor mean? Being ready to serve the Lord despite the time, night and day. Labor means somebody who's working very hard beyond their ability, beyond their strength, like complete strength. Sorry, complete strength. Depending on God, God, I've gone, I'm weak. I'm done with my strength. I need your strength to do what I have to do, depending on God. So each of us, when we are called into God's kingdom, we are not expected to work. We need to labor in the Lord, go beyond our ability. This is something that has been placed within us. It is not a favor that we are doing. It is something, a command. It is something that duty, that we need to do. Labor in the Lord, we need to labor in the Lord. That is one of the quality of God's servant. That I labor in the Lord. All say, I labor in the Lord because I receive that reward from Him.  Set your focus on God because your reward is from the Lord. Because the word of God says that every work that you do will not go unnoticed from God.   And he also looks at your heart attitude. You're saying, Lord, I'm doing this for you. I'm doing this for you. So whatever you do unto the Lord, Lord will reward you. Maybe this is the time that you're serving in a different ministry. My God would have called you for a greater call, a God would have called you for a greater ministry. But then, before God could allow you to step into the area of your ministry, He has asked you to serve in other ministries. So this is what the word of God says. If you're faithful in little things, He will bless you with much more. When you're faithful.  But when you serve, I encourage you friends, look up to the Lord saying, Lord, I'm doing it for you. As I'm serving you faithfully, I know my reward is from you. When you place me in a bigger ministry, you will help me. You will lead me. You will give me the help that I needed. You will add the destiny helpers into my ministry. Lord, as you're watching me, as I'm serving you faithfully. Now, how can we say that we serve God faithfully? Only when we actually put that work in our hand. When we faithfully serve is when we can look at God and say, Lord, I've served you faithfully. So whatever area you're doing, do it as though you're doing it unto Lord. Be God conscious. Every area you say, Lord, here I am. I'm doing this for you. Though it is very hard, it is very difficult. It is above and beyond my ability. It is costing all my strength. But I'm going beyond what I can do because you are in me. You are strengthening me. There is a heavenly call in Christ Jesus. We all move towards this heavenly call. So as we speak, it is a spiritual journey that Apostle Paul is talking about. This divine heavenly call that each of us should have this in our mind so that we can lay hold of it and work towards completing that heavenly call. So how do we fulfill our ministry? We see in Colossians chapter 4 verse 17. We are on page 107. Colossians chapter 4 verse 17. It says, yeah, take heed of your ministry. We finish labor in the Lord. Yeah. So page 108. The work flows out of our life in Christ Jesus. How does this work that we do flows out of Christ? Let's turn to Romans chapter 15 verse 17 to 19. It says, therefore, I have reason to glory in Christ Jesus in the things which pertain to God. For I will not dare to speak of any of those things which Christ has not accomplished through me in word and deed to make the Gentiles obedient in mighty signs and wonders by the power of the Spirit of God so that from Jerusalem and round about to Ierchem I have fulfilled preach the gospel of Christ. So we read also in Romans 17 to 19, the Passion Translation. We see that Paul is confident about the ministry that he was able to do through the help of Jesus Christ. So he recognized that this ministry is from God. It is not on his own. He knows the very dramatic encounter that he had on the way to the road of Damascus so that not Paul nor others will take the call that God has placed on Paul's life for granted. He had a very dramatic call so that each time when this thought comes when this doubt comes, knocks his mind and he has this question, am I called by God? Why should I endure all these suffering and trends? But each time when he has this doubt God reminds him of this dramatic call that he had on the road to Damascus saying that Apostle Paul it's not you on your own taking up this it is that I who called you. Do you remember that you were made blind that you lost your sight?  So it was not something that you have taken up on your own. It was I who called you. So similar way each of us, God has called us. God has called us. The very encounter that you may had with Jesus he will remind you till the end of your day that you have not chosen me but I have chosen you and I'm the God who is faithful to fulfill the call that I've placed in you. So with confidence, with boldness go ahead and do the ministry that God has called each of us because this is what God keeps reminding each of us every time. If you want to see your ministry being fruitful let John 15 be in your heart and mind that you may abide in him and he may abide in you so that you see the work of God bearing fruit in your life in your ministry where you are. So the minute we know that we are serving God we need to serve in boldness and in courage because this is not an earthly call it is not somebody who has appointed you from this earth but it is God's call. It's an heavenly call. You are the minister of God. You are the ambassador of Christ Jesus. You are the representative of the heavenly God. So you need to walk in boldness and in courage. So how do we walk in boldness and courage? We remember the instance, isn't it? After the death of Jesus and his resurrection what happened to the apostles? They flee. They were filled with fear. They ran away. Some of them were back to their work that they were doing but then God called them all back into one place though they were all fearful and came together in the upper room they all prayed. When prayed what happened? The spirit of the Lord the comfort to whom Jesus promised will abide with them forever came into them. Few minutes back the disciples were so fearful of people they were literally hiding behind the wall but after the encounter after being filled by the Holy Spirit here they are out speaking boldly addressing 3,000 men out there and Peter being a fisherman didn't have any eloquent in speech but then he is addressing each one of them with boldness and with courage with eloquent of speech now we didn't get this boldness, courage and speech the spirit of the Lord who guides in them enabling him to be bold, to be courageous to speak in knowledge of Christ the one who didn't have any academic skill he never went to a college or like the other Pharisees and Sadducees scribes who studied the scriptures or the Torah as well but from where is he speaking? the spirit of the Lord who is in you will guide you and will teach you when you align yourself to the will of God you see God speak and move in and through you now if the God can speak in and through Peter who was a very simple fisherman was so fearful do you think God will not do that through you and me? don't look down on yourself let's not look at you know that we are some we are not capable enough to do what God is called to do a God has made a wrong choice by calling each of us God is looking at each of us and saying, I have called you and I have not made a mistake by calling you the God who called you will equip you for that greater call He is ministering in and through you don't consider yourself less He knows your end from the beginning He knows our background He knows our weaknesses but God is saying I can glorify myself in your weakness when you trust me if you have weakness within you, praise God because that is the very area that God could help you work through because the people the 3000 people when they heard Peter minister to them they looked at Peter and they said he is a fisherman isn't he a fisherman from where did he get this knowledge from where did he get this courage the boldness thinking when we do God's call God himself will back us up he himself will back us up all we need to do is hold on to God be soaked in his word and in spirit God will lead each of us set our mind our heart aligned to what God has called us when we set our self right to what God has called us you see God will lead us God will lead us so let's end the session here and we will continue later from where we are stopped from page 110 okay we will pray let's ask God God here I am I surrender myself as I am into your hand so that I may be an ambassador a minister of God and help me to serve you with courage and with boldness Father God here I lift up each one of us in your hand of Father Lord despite our weakness Father we come before you declaring your strength over us Lord I pray that Lord as your word says in John 15 as we abide in you and you abide in us you will make us full of Father Lord I pray and declare your strength over each one of us Lord I pray that you will equip us in your word and in your spirit of Father you will lead us and guide us as the Lord you were with each of the servant of God so shall you be with us and you will lead us you will guide us will strengthen us to fulfill that call that you have called each of us and Lord because the scripture says the God called you is fulfilled enough to fulfill the call that he has called each of us thank you Lord that we are assured that you are holding our right hand and you are leading us in this journey and we are not alone but you with us thank you Father for that assurance thank you that you will never leave us nor forsake us thank you Lord thank you Father in Jesus name we pray amen amen thank you so much for joining today's session I hope it was a blessing to each one of us let's hold on to what God has laid hold on each of us thank you and God bless


In this presentation, we will take a look at a situation where a partner leaves a partnership and is paid something greater than the capital account. Here's going to be our chart of accounts here, our trial balance where we have the cash as the only asset, we've got the liabilities in orange, we've got the capital accounts and then we have no revenue and expenses. Remember that's important not to have the revenue expenses in essence being a post closing trial balance so that the capital accounts then represent the true capital accounts as of a point in time after having all temporary accounts closed out to them. In other words, the assets minus the liabilities will equal the equity section broken out between the owners, the partners. So we're going to say that M is going to leave the partnership here and it's going to get paid in this case in this time more than the capital account. And you might say, well, why would that happen if the assets minus the liabilities equals the capital accounts and the capital account for M is 151.200. Why would they get paid more than that? And it could be that that there's some things on the trial balance that aren't at fair market value. So especially things like equipment, possibly intangible things, possibly like goodwill in the partnership that's not represented on the trial balance. Especially something like goodwill, it might be thought that the partnership actually has higher value than what's being reflected, possibly because the equipment is valued more, possibly because there's some intangible to the partnership such as goodwill that is not being reflected. So in essence, there's kind of like a negotiation process between the partners to decide what would be the appropriate amount to pay a partner who leaves the partnership. So in this case, we're going to say that the partnership is actually worth more and M is going to receive 200,000 cash. So the partnership is going to pay the partner M who's leaving 200,000, decreasing the cash of the partnership. And we know that M's got to be off the books and M's on the books for a capital account of 151.200. So we're going to bring that down to zero. And then we have a difference of whatever that difference is, what do we got? Let's fully calculate it out here. We've got the 200,000 minus 151.200 of the 48,800. Now that's going to have to be allocated between the two remaining partners, B and L, and it's going to be reducing their capital accounts, which isn't really good for them, of course. It's reflecting the partnership, owing them less money. Now if the three partners had an equal sharing, we could just split that equally, but we're going to say here that the partnership original agreement was a three, two, five split. And so we know that if we add that up, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, that's up to ten. So then we would take a ratio of three to ten, two to ten, five to ten to break out between M, B, and L, respectively. We can't, however, use the same, I mean, the two partners remaining are B and L. So we can't use, however, the two tenth and five tenths of that 48,000 to allocate because that doesn't add up to 100%. So this interest is gone. What we could do is say, okay, we're left with two and five, which add up to seven, and then take two sevenths and five sevenths. So that should work. So what we're going to do is we're going to say that we have the difference of 200,000 minus 151,200 equals 48,800. And then we're going to multiply that times two over divided by seven. And that'll be the 13,942 or 43 about. It's going to be a debit reducing the capital accounts. And then the second one, of course, we could say it's just whatever needs to be remained. But we can also say 200,000 minus 151,200, 48,800, that same amount, times five over seven. That'll give us the 34,857. So 34,857. So that's what we have. And if we were to add this up, then the debits 151,200 plus the 13,942 plus the 34,857 add up to the 200,000. Posting this out, we see that the cash is going to go down by 200,000 to 350,000. We see that the capital account for M is going to go down to zero. It's that 151,200 going down by 151,200 to zero. And then B's capital account is going to go from 124,200 down by 13,943 to 110,257. And then L's capital account is at 264,600 goes down by 34,857 to 227,229,743. So if we look at our totals here, we see that the cash is going down. We see that the capital account is going down to zero. The difference then being allocated to the two remaining partners between the cash received and the capital that's being taken off the books, reducing the partnership agreement, these two partners, the remaining partners, capital accounts, because we paid out more than the capital account for the partner leaving. Note, what we're not doing is having like a gain or loss here on the sale that then closes out as we close out net income. Because it's not really part of net income. These two partners are kind of making a sale of the partnership in a way because this partner is leaving for less than the partnership. So they kind of have a loss basically on the sale of the partnership percentage, partnership share. But it's not revenue or expense to the partnership because the partnership is not generated or losing revenue. So although it does affect the capital accounts, reducing the capital accounts in this instance, it's not part of net income.


Hello, we are now going to discuss types of graphs. So there are several different types of graphs that can be used to visually represent data. This includes but is not limited to dot plots, stem plots, or stem and leaf plots as you may know them as, pie charts or circle graphs, line graphs, time series graphs, bar graphs, and Pareto charts. First let's start with the dot plot. It's literally a number not number line where dots are placed above the number line to represent frequencies of data values. So for instance, below the number line you have your data values. Each time it occurs, you put a dot above that data value. So as you can see we have 15 dots to represent the 15 students. So data was collected for the number of blue M&Ms in a standard bag. Let's create a dot plot for the given data for the number of blue M&Ms in a bag. So perhaps the most exciting thing for me about this question is blue M&Ms are actually included in bags of M&Ms during my lifetime. I was actually part of the poll where we got to vote on what color would be next. So that's why this question is awesome. So I have my number line. We need to list my data values. I go as low as 6. I go as high as 15. So I'm literally going to label my number line from 6 to 15. So go through each data value. You see that I have an 8. That means you put one dot or put a mark above 8. You have a 10. You have a 15. So a dot above 10 or dot above 15. You have a 9 and a 7, a dot above 9, a dot above 7. You have a 6 and a 7. That's a dot above 6, another dot above 7. You have an 8 with two 9s. So a dot above 8, two more dots above 9. You have three 8s in a row, tick, tack, toes. So add another three dots above 8. And then you have a 10. So put another dot above 10. So looking at this, you can tell that the highest frequency was 8. And then there was one unusual bag that had 15 blue M&Ms in it. But this is a nice way to visually represent the data. It allows us to see what's going on rather than looking at a bunch of numbers. A stem plot or stem and leaf plot represents data by separating each data value into two parts. You have a stem, which is usually your higher place value or your leftmost digit of a number. And then you have your leaf, which is your smaller place value. So the stem is usually your higher place value. And then your leaf is typically a lower place value. So in this case, I have a stem of 2 and a leaf of 0. This means 20. A stem of 2, a leaf of 3. This is read as 23 and so forth. You have a 5 as a stem and a 2 as a leaf. This is 52. You have a 5 as a stem and 5 as a leaf. This is 55. Oftentimes, you'll see a key at the bottom of your stem and leaf plots. And you'll see 5, line 2, or something like that. And that means 52. That'll tell you how to read the stem and leaf plot. So sometimes you see a key that tells you that the 5 represents a 10's place and the 2 represents a 1's place. Pie charts. It uses wedges in a circle to represent categories. The wedges are proportional in size to the percent of individuals or items in each category. The wedges do make up 100% of the data. So my entire circle represents 100%. So use the pie chart of hours Alex spent on activities one Saturday to answer the questions. What percent of the day did Alex spend studying? So we have 24 hours total in my pie chart.  That's what my numbers should add up to. What percent of the day did Alex spend studying? So to do this, all I have to do is find the studying hours and divide by the total hours. And then I'll convert to a percentage. So how many hours out of 24 did Alex spend studying? It appears that he spent four. Four out of 24. We'll divide those two numbers using your calculator and you get 0.17. So as a percentage, you move the decimal to the right two spots or you multiply by 100. That's 17% of Alex's Saturday was spent studying. Yikes. Well, studying is important, but to me, what's more important would be eating and sleeping. Who has time for that sometimes, right? Well, what percent of the day did Alex spend eating and sleeping? Well, out of 24 hours, how many hours did Alex spend eating and sleeping? Well, eating was two. Sleeping was seven. Not that, Alex. Not that. That's nine out of 24. Divide. When you divide those two, nine over 24 is actually going to give you. It'll actually give you 0.375, which remember to turn this into a percentage. Move the decimal to the right two spots and you get 37.5%. That is how long or what percent of the day Alex spent eating and sleeping. A line graph is a graph where the x-axis consists of data values and the y-axis consists of frequencies. So you have data values on the x-axis, frequencies on the y-axis. Frequency points are connected using line segments. In a time series graph, it displays data that has been collected at specific points in time. So literally for time series, my x-axis represents time. So time is my x-axis. All right, so for instance, you could look at plant height over 10 days. You have days one all the way through 10. And you can see the height of the plant gradually increasing. So that's the cool part about these sorts of graphs. They show these trends in data over time. So obviously, the plant's growing. We can see that. We can find out where the biggest growth occurred between what two days, where's the sharpest line. So that's just an example of line graphs and time series graphs. Data was collected for the number of customers who shopped at a newly opened store for the first 10 days. Create a time series graph. What is the trend? So this is going to be number of customers. That's what our little graph's going to display.   So I have 10 days that I have to put on here. So day one through day 10. So 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Then if you look at my customer counts, it looks like I go as low as 195, and I go as high as, well, 325. So I'm going to use a scaling of 50. So 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 is where I can stop. Because 325 is my highest value.  So on day one, we had 325. Let me be a little bit proper here. Day is my x-axis, and then frequency is my y-axis. I would write this vertically, but I don't feel like tilting my head sideways right now. All right, day two, you got 313. Day three, you have 291, so just below 300. Day four, you got 275. Not drawn to scale, by the way. Day five, you have 250. Day six, you also have 250. Day seven, 230. Day seven, 230. Day eight, you got 205. Day nine, 197, so just below 200. And day 10, you got 195. It's about the same as day nine, very close anyway. Then we'll connect our dots. Try and make the lines as straight as possible. Butchines can make inferences about this data based on the trend that you see. Like I said, graphs visually represent our data. And if you can notice, obviously what's happening is the customer count is decreasing based on the day. Over time, the trend is decreasing. So what is the trend? Number of customers is decreasing. And why would that be? We have to try and come up with explanations or hypotheses about why this could be. Well, I would say if this is a new store, obviously people are hyped up about a new store and they run special sales when they open. And then over time, the customer count or number of people coming in will level out. So to speak, this was actually the case for one of the grocery stores I worked for when we did our grand reopening. High customer count at first and it kind of trickled back back to normal. Now bar graphs, we're not gonna really make any, but a bar graph literally shows categories and each of the bars represents frequency of each of the categories or each of the things. So like total passenger complaints. You have number of complaints on your Y-axis. You have your airlines on your X-axis. And here you can tell, okay, United has the most complaints, then American, Delta and so forth. But you do need to be aware. Don't just look at graphs without thinking about them. Who do you think of these airlines has more customers? Probably United has more customers than Alaska. Probably United has more customers than Pinnacle. So keep that in mind. Don't just say, oh, United is just terrible or Americans just terrible. Think about how many customers they serve. Obviously more customers, there might be more complaints. A Pareto chart just consists of bars that are ordered by category size.  Literally the categories or the bars are put from largest to smallest. So United comes first, American, Delta, Alaska, Pinnacle and Airtrain. So all it is is a bar graph where the bars are in greatest to least order. And I also want to just give you a little bit of a fair warning here about graphs that deceive. So graphs can be misleading or one or more, one or both of the axes begin at non-zero values so that differences are exaggerated. So for instance, on my graph on the left, I have weekly grocery store sales. I start my scaling on the y-axis at zero and then I increment by 50,000 all the way till I get to 400,000. So if I look, store A, store B, store C, it looks like they relatively have the same sales. They're pretty close to one another. They're within $50,000 of each other. That's the range. But if you look at the graph on the right, weekly grocery store sales, I see that they start my y-axis at $270,000 and they use a scale of $10,000 till they get to 360. Now look at how this changes things. You see store A, the store B, it looks like there's a huge difference between them when it's only $50,000 in sales. So here they use this graph to make it look like store A is performing terribly while store B is excelling and doing awesome when it's only a $50,000 difference. So please watch your scales on your bar graphs. Dealerships can do this with gas mileage. They compare gas mileage on cars across different makes and models. So be very careful, look at your scale. Don't just look at something and believe it. So that's all I have for you for now. Hope you enjoyed. Thanks for watching.


Situated at the foothills of the Himalayan region, Northeast India can be developed into a tourist spot for all kinds of tourism. This region is surrounded by hill ranges and several swift and slow flowing rivers owing to its location at the foothills of the Himalayas. The unique geographical diversity has therefore attracted nature and adventure tourism as well. Flowing through the heart of Assam, the Brahmaputra bears witness to the thousand-year-old history of Assam. Several temples constructed in the Brahmaputra Valley in the ancient times bears testimony to the glorious early history of Assam. The Pikkok Island, as the name suggests, gets its name from the fact that it looks like a peacock with open feathers from a distance. This sacred island, Umananda, is mentioned as Posmasal or Posmahuyla in Kalikapurana and Yogini Tantra. The Umananda temple was built in 1694 in this sacred island of same name during the reign of Ahum King Godhadar Hingho. Seen from Kausarighat at Guwahati, this island is situated in the very midst of the mighty Brahmaputra. It is believed that Lord Shiva turned Kamdev into ashes for disturbing him in his prayers. According to another belief, Lord Shiva resides in this island to provide Ananda, i.e. happiness to Uma, his wife and hence the island is named Umananda. Since early times, this sacred island has been an attraction for pilgrims. Today, the presence of the rare species of golden langur is an attraction for both local and foreign tourists. Journey to this island through the flowing waters of the Brahmaputra is full of romance and thrill. Hondya Sol Hills, situated 12 km from Guwahati, is surrounded by the three streams, namely Hondya, Lolita and Kanta. Bukhisto Ashram, the Hermitage of Seys Bukhisto, is located in this enchanting hill of Hondya Sol. Chronicles of this enchanting hermitage include numerous legends, folk clothes and tales from the Puranas. It is a center of attraction for pilgrims and tourists alike. Kamikha is regarded as the holiest of all the sacred places in India. The temple of Goddess Kamikha, famous all over India, is situated in the Nilasol Hills and Guwahati. The Kalika Purana, Yogini Tantra and the Puranas abound in various stories and legends with regard to the origin of the Kamikha temple. The beauty of the tea gardens scattered all over Assam appeals to the eye. The scenic beauty of the rows of tea plants in the gardens of Assam is fascinating while the taste of Assam tea is appealing to the palate. And these put together might attract tourists to Assam. The Kajironga National Park, famous in the world for its one-horned rhino, is situated by the 37 national highway, 217 km east from Guwahati. Efficient supervision has led to the rise in population of the one-horned rhino, which now stands at an approximate number of 2,000. Tourists from all over the world visit the park to see the one-horned rhino, one of the oldest living species of mammals. Elephant rides and vehicles are provided to the tourists for tour inside the park. To see the rhino from close quarters while riding an elephant through the veil of mist in a wintry morning is a lifetime experience. Besides the boisterous movement of other birds and animals and their panic at the presence of others trills the tourists. Witnessing the herds of deer wandering in the park also provides a unique experience to the tourists. The park is open for tourists in the month of November every year with the onset of winter. Home to the one-horned rhino, the park also shelters the wild elephants. This vast expanse of about 860 sq km is sheltered not only to the one-horned rhino but also to several other rare species. The vastness and biodiversity therein is awe-inspiring which provides the tourists with a great sense of pleasure. Taking time away from the mechanical life and polluted environment and spending time in the vicinity of the park in the serene and tranquil atmosphere the tourists gain a unique sense of satisfaction. Touring the park one would realize that this vast expanse of land is nature's unique gift to the one-horned rhino. Besides the park is also home to various other species such as the deer, hog, wild buffaloes, tiger, bear, different types of monkeys and colourful birds. The diverse fauna of a forest determines the diversity of flora within it. Kajuranga National Park is rich in plant diversity too. Some plants require special temperature and environment for their flourishing growth. The presence of various kinds of orchids adds to the beauty of the park and is a delight to the tourist's eye. Folklows around the world regard the orchids as divine flowers. The hulok gibbons and cat lungus are also an asset to the park's wealth. It is one of the best tourist spots for the foreign tourists. The park has stars which provide a view of the place and its inhabitants from a safe distance and height. Almost 5.58% of its total landmass is covered by water bodies and swamps due to which it provides a suitable home for the fish eating animals and birds. More than 400 migratory birds flock to the park during the winter. The National Park is also home to several rare species of amphibians. Keeping in mind their biodiversity of the park and successful conservation of flora and fauna, the UNESCO had declared it a World Heritage Site in 1985. It is not only the park's rich biodiversity that attracts tourists from all over the world but also the well-arranged and efficient food and lodging facilities provided therein which has turned it into an attractive tourist spot for the foreign tourists. This is a matter of pride for the people of Assam. The Wanhon Rhino is Kajiranga's flagship animal. An excellent natural habitat for the Wanhon Rhino, Kajiranga National Park also provides parallel conservation to various rare species of flora and fauna. The park is the habitat of rare bird species such as the pelican among others. On average, more than 50,000 tourists, local and foreign, visit the park annually. As a result, Kajiranga National Park is considered as one of the major hotspots for wildlife tourism. The preservation of a forest cover not only ensures safety to the flora and fauna but also develops immensely the potential for wildlife tourism. The natural beauty of Assam may lure the nature lovers to this place for tourism. The Manus National Park in Barpita district is situated about 176 km away from Guwahati and is only 40 km away from Barpita Road. It is the only habitat for peacocks in Assam. It is another habitat for the Wanhon Rhino. With its enchanting natural beauty, the Manus National Park has a biodiversity that is unique to it. The boisterous Hilly River Manus that flows through the park adds to its scenic beauty. The tourists can enjoy the natural beauty of the park on a boat ride across this river. There is also provision for elephant ride in the park. The park also provides good food and lodging facilities to the tourists. Famed for its tigers, the park also has many rare species of animals and birds. Golden langur, pygmy hog, wild buffalo, hornbill and bengal florecan etc. are some of the species that add to the wealth and beauty of the park. Another spot for wildlife tourism in Assam is the Urang National Park which is only 150 km away from Guwahati and has an easy access to it. It is only 31 km away from Tejpur. The park is also known for its Wanhon Rhino. Besides, Assam has two more national parks, numerous sanctuaries and result forests. It is not enough that we bank on Khajiranga only for wildlife tourism. Assam's unparalleled natural beauty needs to be extensively publicized to attract the local and foreign tourists to this region. For this, it must be ensured that the tourists are provided with all necessary facilities. The tourism department of the Government of Assam has provided many facilities in this regard. Even in the private sector, extensive publicity of Assam's rare bounty may help in the large-kill development of the tourism industry. Situated 369 km east of Guwahati is Sipsagar, the ancient capital of the Ahom Kingdom. During the 600 years of reign, the Ahom kings constructed numerous memorials in and around Sipsagar. The presence of several Ahom monuments at Sipsagar has made it into a significant tourist spot. Situated right at the heart of the city is a very significant monument, the Hibodal. Constructed in 1794 by Queen Ambika, the wife of the Ahom Sorghudio Hibohingham. Numerous devotees of Lord Shiva come to this temple to light lamps and offer their prayers every day. Historical records state that the Ahom kings had constructed more than 50 dolls in Sipsagar only. Moreover, they also dug more than 300 ponds of various sizes in this area. Sipsagar can be properly developed into a site for heritage tourism and pilgrimage with proper emphasis on the ancient architecture of the Ahoms, reflected in the monuments constructed by them. Ronghor, Karinghor and Tolatholkor are examples of architectural edifice that reflect a unique asinist culture of the Ahom period. The Ronghor, built during 1696-1714 under the Ahom king Rudrakingho is acclaimed as the first amphitheater of the Asian continent. The tradition of celebrating Ronghalibihu in the open fields of Ronghor and showcasing of culture, including music and dance performances of all tribes of Assam continues even today since the days of the Ahom kings. Such a display of tradition and cultural heritage seems to be rare in the whole world. Assam's tourism sector may be developed by taking into account its multi-coloured cultural heritage.