Good morning, everyone and welcome to our second coffee tasting here at DevCoff. I'm joined today by Teresa from Double Shot. Good morning, Teresa. Good morning, everyone. And today we're going to be brewing the Mbachi coffee if you're playing along with our coffee kit, but use any coffee you've got and that would be great. We'd love to have your questions. Teresa is interested in questions around coffee brewing techniques and things like this. So please put those in the Q&A and I'll pass them along to her verbally. Also yesterday, some people had asked about some alternative brewing techniques. Yesterday we saw the clever dripper and so today Teresa has prepared some stuff with Aeropress with us, but I think she's ready to talk about pretty much any brewing technique that typically occurs with hand coffee. And with that, Teresa, can you tell us some about this coffee? Where does it come from? Great. Thank you. Once again, welcome here in our cafe. My name is Teresa and I'm responsible for education in Double Shot Roastery. So whatever question you have, shoot and I would love to answer all of them. So today's coffee we prepared for you. It's called Mbachi. The Mbachi is the name of the family which lives in Colombia. So it's our Colombian farmer. And this is one of the farmers we are cooperating with for the longest time, almost for 10 years. Until today, we have every fresh crop of this farmer. We used to call this coffee Carlos Mbachi by the father of the family, but right now he has two or three daughters and sons. So now it's just the name of the whole family. So as you noticed, you have some description of the coffee here under the name. There's a set of plums, sugarcane and lemongrass. I will go for that a little bit later. What does it mean and how does it get there in the taste? Because it's not the artificial taste, it's the natural taste of the coffee. But at first I would love to talk about ira press because I heard that you requested to see one of these petots. But after that, if you want, we can also follow with, for example, we 60 or French press or whatever you choose. So for every filter coffee, what we need is hot water. Definitely the water shouldn't be boiling, but near to boiling. So I have my set on a 96 degrees of Celsius. Then we have need some freshly grounded coffee. I pre-grounded my coffee because I didn't want to disturb us with the sound of the grinder. And especially for our press, we need paper filters. So for those of you who are not familiar with this equipment, it's really clever one for for traveling, for example, because it's light and you can stock it in your backpack and do it whenever you are. It has three parts. So it has this part where the paper filter is sitting. So there are paper filters, which are original to the ira press. So if you bought the ira press, you had your filters already there. You put the paper filter on the bottom and as with every other filter method, you need to rinse the filter first because we want to get rid of this paper taste in the filter. Then we have this middle part where we put the filter afterwards. We put the coffee inside, pour hot water and then we use this plunger or how to say it, which we put on the top and we gently press it. So that's the reason why we call it ira press. So at first I will rinse the filter with the hot water. Don't forget to get rid of this water to not dilute it, your coffee. Then you put their grounded coffee about the grind size. It should be some like mildly coarse, not too fine, like a powder, but not too coarse like the like sand or something like that. So it's somewhere in the middle. About the new recipe, for all filter methods, there is a universal recipe which goes for 60 grams of coffee per one liter of water. Because here we are limited by the size of the ira press, there is quite a stable recipe I'm using that's 15 grams of coffee per 250 grams of water. So I put all the ira press with this special glass kettle on the bottom, or you can use some solid muck because we will pressing hard on it, so do not use something really fragile. This is the special one, special glass one, but I would recommend you to use a normal muck or if you are somewhere outside this kind of metal muck. So I put the coffee there, then I'll follow with the water, and it's good to pour just a little bit of water, start your stopwatch, and gently stir. This phase we call pre-infusion, this is the moment where the gases which are locked in the roasted beans, mainly CO2, carbon dioxide, it's locked in the beans and we want them a little bit to get out to the gas, so we will achieve much more rich flavor. So we let that sit just a little bit of water for 30 seconds, and after 30 seconds we follow with the rest of the water. So I put there 15 grams of coffee, now I'm filling it with 250 grams of water. I'll give it just a little stir again, and then I will put there the plunger, and I will try to maintain the under pressure, so I will put it there and slightly pulling it up, so that creates under pressure here, and that means that we'll stop the dripping of the coffee. So as you can see, a little bit of coffee went down, but not all of it. If I wouldn't close it properly and didn't do this under pressure, the most of the coffee brew would go down without proper extraction. So we want to a little bit prolong the time of contact of the coffee and the watcher, and after two, two and a half minutes, we want to gently press it down to filter the coffee. So for the filtering, for the pressing time, we'll put it from the scale away. Now we are waiting. So the contact time of the watcher and the coffee depends on the grind size of the coffee. So as finer you grind the coffee, then shorter the time of the contact of the coffee and the watcher. If you grind oppositely your coffee two cores, or if you, for example, get some gift of the back of the coffee, which is already pre-grinded, and you see that the grind size is two cores, then you just let it sit down there for more than a two and a half minutes. So for example, three or four minutes. So now it's two and a half minutes for me, for my grind size, and I will now just gently pressing it down. So this is why this is called Aeropress because there is this small amount of air and we are pressing with it. But do not have the idea that it is some kind of same like with espresso machine because the pressure you are making is not significantly bigger than one bar of the atmospheric pressure. So comparing with espresso machine, there you have a pressure of nine bars, which is produced with the rotational pump. So this is nothing like espresso. But it's a clever way how to filter your coffee. So after pressing all the water down, we have a nice cup of coffee. So one question that came in while you were doing this was because the Aeropress is so small, do you have any suggestions about people who need to brew more than one cup at a time, like for them and their partner? So there are some possibilities how to do that. One thing is to do what we call bypass. That means that, for example, you put in the Aeropress more coffee, for example, 30 grams of coffee, you fill it with the water as much as you need, and then after that you will dilute it with the hot water. So you will do something like the Americano. But I'm not really a big fan of that. I think that the taste is not that rich that it could be. So if you need more coffee, the one possibility I would choose is to brew it again, just do it another set of your coffee. Or if you have a bigger party, obviously there are some better ways how to brew your coffee. For example, in v60 where you cannot do at least half a liter of coffee at once or use some electrical filter method. But as far as you are stuck with the Aeropress, I would suggest just do one more round and do the coffee again if you want to do more than one cup of coffee. I think this is the one disadvantage that Aeropress has, that it's too small. So given that piece of advice, would you suggest that you make your own cup of coffee? Make your partner's cup of coffee first. You know, it's a life lesson here. Oh, it depends. When I do the coffee for my partner, I would usually share one cup and then we do it again. Oh, that's clever. Or it depends on the emergency situation. That's clever. I like that. Somebody else has asked if you can talk a little about the difference in taste expectations or how the coffee is going to taste coming through, say, in Aeropress versus the French Press. That's a good question. So basically, the main difference between the Aeropress and the French Press is that in Aeropress, we are using this paper filter. This is what will do the most tasteable difference. In contrary, sorry. So in contrary, in French Press, you have this metal filter. So through the metal filter, always get some of the smallest particles, the fines. When we are grinding, there are all times some fine particles, which will go through the metal filter. That means that your coffee from French Press will be a little bit like a dirt. It wouldn't look like the Aeropress we just saw, whereas it's a clear coffee. This means just a disadvantage from the point of view. The visibility is different, but if you taste it, in French Press, the taste will be much richer, sweeter, and almost a little too bitter for someone, because there are these small particles. Contrary to that, the Aeropress and all the other methods which are using paper filter, the taste will be clear and with a higher acidity and also a little bit not so heavy body. So from French Press, we call this dispersion on your tongue that is heavy body because it's really full of these small particles, but the Aeropress will be a little bit clearer and lighter. This is mostly, it depends on your taste. So someone would prefer French Press because it has this richer taste and can achieve also the taste of sweetness, higher sweetness and higher bitterness, but the Aeropress will be a little bit more acidic and it depends what you like. Okay, and so it seems like what you're saying as well as then that I would expect a similar set of tastes and notes from say the Aeropress and the V60 because they're both using paper filter. Yeah, okay, that makes sense, but the V60s are continuously dripping method of brewing, so it's not immersion, I guess. Okay. Yeah, definitely there is also this question about, we call it, so the V60 is from the, it's the part of the brewing methods we called as you said, pour over, which are constantly dripping through, but the Aeropress and French Press is what we call full immersion because there is all the time, all the particles are immersed in the water. So that means that this slightly heavier body from the full immersion method and even clearer and even lighter body from a pour over method. So if we would say, let's say that this would be like a heavier body, most sweet and bitter taste, this will be something in the middle and V60 will be a little bit clearer and more clear, sorry, and with a little bit of enhanced acidity compared to Aeropress and the French Press. But basically the taste shouldn't be like too different. Still you should get these notes of sugarcane and plums and lemongrass in all of them, just the intensity will be different. Okay, that makes sense. We also have a question around pre-infusion and they write pre-infusion methods are usually seen with pour overs, I assume they're talking about like the V60. What is the benefit of pre-infusing for immersion style like the Aeropress or French Press? Basically it's not that important. The pre-infusion I did because I have really fresh coffee roasted just two days before. So there is this problem of the CO2 which basically like pressing against the water. So just water can't go so much into the molecules of the coffee such easily comparing to when it's a little bit degassed. So if you have really really fresh coffee one, two days after roasting then I would go for pre-infusion even for the full immersion coffee, but you have a point that it's not that much important compared to pour overs. In pour overs we definitely want to pre-infusion every time. This is mainly because as you can see this is the conic pattern of the V60 that if you pour water over the grounds, the water will get on the bottom not so easily like if you pour all the water into this shape of the brewer. So definitely if you have a pour over method you want to help the water to get to the bottom as fast as is possible. Also the pre-infusion is the way how to as I said to get the water to all the particles and same time so that all the particles will open in the same time and will extract same time. That makes sense. It sounds like the pre-infusion then is important especially because the aero press is so small whereas maybe on something like a French press where you've got a liter of water it's less important because there's so much water moving around. Okay. One of the things we had talked about in the pre-game of this session and you had referenced earlier was these words at the bottom, plums, sugarcane, and lemongrass. And I'd asked you where do these words come from? Like did the embachi family suggest them? Did you well do something magical to come up with them? Do you have a random word generator? Okay so who does this magical thing? It's actually microbes. So the taste of the coffee mainly like consists from a few things. One is what we call the terroir. So there is a way that there's a thing that where the coffee grows on which type of soil and how attitude and how much rain and how much sunlight there was during the season that makes some part of the taste. Then is the type of variety. So for example here you can read kattura. Kattura is the one of the variety of arabica. And then there is a really important thing and it's the method of processing. So we have a washed processing written here. That means that after picking the cherries of the coffee you put them to the depalper so it will scratch the skin out of the cherry. You will get rid of the skin and you have the beans covered by this pulp, sugar pulp. Then you will leave it in some water tanks for example from 24 to 48 hours. And during this time there is this process of fermentation. And it depends if the fermentation is underwater with less of oxygen or there's another method, a natural process where you do not use water and just let the cherries sun dry. So if it's happening on the sun and on the air there's another part of another type of fermentation. Another type of microbes and yeast is involving in the process. And this yeast and microbes during the fermentation will process the sugars in the in a pulp. And after that it will resolve in another taste of the coffee. So if we after that after this scratching of the pulp then letting the ferment in the underwater, then drying and then sending to the roastery. In the roastery when we roasted the coffee we tasted it. It's called capping so we cop it, and after that we like a team in the roastery just decide what to write here. So this is not like also it could be a little bit different if same coffee will roast another roaster, will follow another type of roasting process. Then the resulting taste will be different. So it can happen that from the same farmer two different roasters would have another descriptors. So we call this descriptors and these are natural ways how the coffee should taste. If you taste it regularly and if you taste it with someone who can follow this taste you can learn it. It's not something you have to be like born for as more you taste as more you can feel it. That makes a lot of sense. It's one of the better explanations of that whole process that I've ever had so I really appreciate that a lot. There's been some more questions that have come up around brewing methods and I wanted to drive back towards brewing. Somebody was asking specifically what's your coffee to water ratio for v60 but also your recommended ratio but also how does that change for different kinds of brewing methods or is the ratio relatively fixed? I would say that I would fix the brew ratio for all alternative methods. So let's say we have some brew ratio for espresso and everything else every brewing method and doesn't matter really if it's the full immersion or if it's a pour over I would recommend to stack with the same 60 grams per one liter of water. This is what we called golden standard. It was established in 60s and then later again in 90s there was too big part of tasting and it was established that this is the best ratio which people like to taste not just the professional whom prepared the coffee but like general public. So I would stack with the same ratio for everything and I would just count it how much of the coffee I would like to prepare and definitely it will result in another taste if you add or if you decrease the amount of the coffee. As more coffee you use per same amount of water the taste will be somehow stronger but there is the trick that that you can you can dilute the amount of the coffee in just some part of the water. So if you have some part of water and the coffee and if you are increasing the amount of the coffee there won't be enough of water to dilute it. So basically if for example you are using let's say that my my it was 15 to 250 and if I would put there as I suggested for this bypass 30 grams of coffee I would I would be afraid that it won't dilute it enough and that you are just wasting your coffee and the the taste of the coffee won't be better of the brew it would be just it wouldn't be stronger because there's not enough water to pull the taste out of the coffee it actually paradoxically be weaker okay um and you're saying 60 grams per liter of coffee okay yeah so 15 to 250 becomes sorry it's I've only had one cup this morning so I was unable to do that math quickly and I went out talking through it out loud oh this is my second so well we're coming up on the end of our time here so I'll ask you two quick questions which hopefully will be easy to answer the first is um there's been some conversation around reusable filters in the aero press and I presume reusable filters and some other methods do you have an opinion on reusable filters at all good bad we were just we were just the tube types one was made of cloth and second one was made from metal filter and I actually I had a better result with the metal filter but it was really special one which was two layers on the top so the the result was almost the same like from the paper filter so I would recommend this I'm I'm not sure about the brand who is making but it was some Japanese factory who produced this kind of filter it was like the two layers of the metal filter connected with some some metal rim and I would suggest it to use it if you are really considered with the with the zero waste but on the other hand the paper filters you can also put it you can compost it you can put it to your compost I hope no that makes sense the correct word um and then the last question and then we'll we'll say idea and let everyone go to the next sessions and finish their coffee is when you get up in the morning what is your brewing method I'm usually I was used to brew the v60 and actually this is my favorite coffee from our roastery so I drank like hundreds of kilos of that but as far as I'm now stuck in a home office so with my partner we are brewing on a on a mocha master this is the electric filter so we do like one liter at once and then we drink it through the morning so very cool very cool thank you so much this was fantastic I really appreciate it and I hope everyone enjoys the rest of their sessions today at depth call post your coffee pictures online


It works okay. Yeah, I'm the technology guy. I'm the technology guy, and I just Wired this together. Okay Well greetings and salutations this is Retsun nor and I'm Calling this program the hither and yawn program. Did you hear that phrase before hither and yawn? Yeah, that's I didn't hear about it until I heard somebody mentioned it on national public radio And I asked a guy at the library about it. He said well that means like Here and beyond and I said oh well that sounds pretty good. I guess yawn beyond so I'm gonna call this hither and beyond because we might be talking about the here and now and the beyond and So this is the name of the program hither and yawn I'm Retsun nor and I'm gonna let my guest introduce himself. Well. My name is hither you're yawn We could do it that way He's hither and I'm yawn here the hither from Hadley And I'm yawn from Hadley. So it's not like a Scandinavian yawn It's it's more like a philosophical kind of yawn I'm giving you a person here that is actually an Ivy League Graduate and I didn't even know what the Ivy League was I said well, what is the Ivy League and he had to explain it to me What is the Ivy League the Ivy League? The Ivy League is comprised of eight prestigious universities all located in the Northeast geographically I Believe it's comprised of Brown University Dartmouth College Princeton Harvard Yale Columbia Cornell and University of Pennsylvania or UPenn Now these colleges are just in the Northeast They don't have like these Ivy League colleges like in California because I was hearing about this Big college scandal and the guy at Stanford was Getting all kinds of money to get kids in his sailing program I couldn't believe that there was a sailing program in college, but Sailing I said who who who does sailing in college like some kind of Ivy League people There's nobody that does sailing So I haven't told you this yawn, but we in the Ivy League never have scandals. They're not technically scandals. They're allegations and strong Strong Okay, well, they were just talking about it on the news today that they were convicting this The sailing coach from Stanford because he accepted like about a half a million dollars Stanford not an Ivy League college. So that's not an Ivy League college. So you're safe. You're safe. Yeah Continue to apply to the Ivy League people that there they really are prestigious and and good I think that there are some things because they're so Established that are just inherently Difficult to deal with these days, but I think everything that has a long history is that way in some some respect or other Well, the Ivy League colleges are like the really expensive colleges. So I'm guessing most of the people that go to these colleges Usually have money. I thought Amherst College was an Ivy League college But you said it's not because it's not one of those Special colleges that have a graduate program, right? Well Ivy there. Okay. So Amherst College is a special college I'll just call it that college That college is a great college. It is considered. I believe a little Ivy because they've taken Let's say freedom with some of the terminology. There's also I think different Ivy like groups in other nations I've heard that there's a consortium or rather. There's a group in England. There are Well-established and equally reputable. That's the whole idea. I guess is they say that's a mixture of prestige academic success and I Know I I heard that some people go to England they're Rhodes scholars and I don't really understand what that is Do you know what that is? No, I think that those are people that study cartology and construction of roads I Think it's Rhodes R. H. I don't even know how to spell R. H. O. D. E Yes, there's something it's the Rhodes scholar. Those are then they must go to England and because that's how they spell Rhodes in England That's the old English. Okay. Well, we have to point out that this guy is a local celebrity He does comedy at some places around the area here. So he is technically a little bit of a character so You'll have to kind of pardon some of the information here We might have some information that might get people annoyed. I know I would say filter the information but To those who are listening and those who aren't listening filter everything Okay, well another impressive fact about this person. That's here He's his name is Martin. He likes me to say I need to park my car and Harvard. Yeah And he said he likes me to say that I don't see anything wrong with that I wouldn't mind going to Harvard, but I'd probably want to go to the divinity school I don't think that I want to go to the regular school because I'm into the paranormal So I'd like to study paranormal stuff at Harvard Divinity, but I don't know if they even offer that That's what I would call the alternative spiritual movement there as opposed to the traditional spiritual movement, which would probably be some of these Established religions that they don't really believe in some of these things, but I happen to believe in some of these kind of paranormal concepts The Indians of course they they tend to Worship ghosts and spirits and things like that, but we all know about the Indians. Don't we? What about the Indians? I'm gonna go with Native Americans, right? Okay, he's that's another thing he likes to point out a political correctness here I don't call it. There's a billion people that call themselves Indians already But I am I do try to push the politically correct button a lot That's because he's an Ivy League He's an Ivy League and what was the college that you went to by the way? It was a university Oh, it was a university. That's right. It was the The greatest Ivy League university, of course the color of my skin the color of the world Brown University Okay, I Remember some guy that wrote a book He was talking on national radio a national public radio. I think about a year or so ago He was talking about some of these Ivy League colleges years ago The students would bring their slaves to the college so they were allowed to bring their slaves to the college when slavery was The the thing to do I guess it's like now like the thousand dollar iPhone You have a thousand dollar iPhone now, but maybe 200 years ago. You'd have a your own personal slave So what's your comment about that idea? I like I like how you brought up a couple of interesting points already the I was looking into the Ivy League and it turns out that Seven of those eight colleges were founded by strong like religious councils and and divinity, you know people of religious orders Calvinists the the Church of England and then For example Brown was Baptist although Brown is the only one that apparently in its con in the way It was written people were not expected to pass any religious tests or have any sort of Particular belief, but the council was headed by a number of Baptists. I believe Protestants and other Christians at the time Except for Cornell Cornell was not established until 1865 I think in celebration or rather in recognition of the battle of Gettysburg Okay, that's unofficial. That's interesting Well official and it's a little bit maybe Inflammatory statement, but I think that it's interesting year, right? And what interesting year they certainly didn't take slaves to campus at that point Your point about slaves being allowed on campus. That's true And in fact, there were not even a mixing of genders not to skip past the race issue too quickly But there was not even mixing of genders so amongst the you know The white elite that went to these schools the women were always kept separately and when I was looking into this It's very interesting to know that Columbia never had a sister school as far as I understand. They were also the Let's just go past that the the seven sisters, which is a mountain range down here they apparently are associated with Seven different all female or mostly female if not all female colleges including Mount Holyoke Smith well as Lee Vassar Barnard There's a couple others and I apologize for not knowing them But the because for example Animal House is a is a satiric story about guys from Dartmouth He sees come down two hours and party at Smith and at Holyoke because that's where they used to have Okay, and I remember because when I went to a school in the 60s a lot of stuff was Separate when I was in elementary school the girls playground was on one side of the school and Boys playground was on the other side of the school there So I grew up from elementary school all the way through college in a sex segregated Sex segregated Educational system even when I went to UMass we had the men's dorms and the women's dorms They didn't have co-ed dorms The co-ed dorms came after I left and I graduated in 1972 by the way at UMass I wasn't really an Ivy League guy, and I just kind of went to one of the regular colleges Of course at that time colleges didn't cost that much in this day and age people are Going to college and paying all outdoors, and I'm not really even sure now if If it's really worthwhile for people to be spending all that money to go to college because I read a book in the 70s the book was called the case against college I thought it was kind of an interesting idea, and I'm thinking that you know in this day and age We don't really need brick and mortar stores because you can order stuff online So why do we need brick and mortar colleges? It's only because the college students tend to be Social junkies they like to be interacting with each other and potting and stuff So they want to go to a regular school. They want to pay all outdoors so they can go potting at these schools So I think that they could just get their education through the computer. What do you think about that idea? I I want to say that partying and socializing is an integral Invaluable part of college education especially in this country with a culture that is so Closed in xenophobia that these children rather this generation of children Don't have a lot of perspective on what's going on out there. So you know what let them mingle so you're you're promoting the idea that when these students at the colleges kind of interact with other Cultures that a kind of gives them a better perspective on things there. It's not like Somebody that has a lot of money and they get in through the side door By paying a sailing coach money to get into Stanford or something like that. It's not that way at all. You're saying that these are Quote regular kind of students that they actually are qualified to go to college They don't really have like parents that want to have a building named after them or something like that Some of them do no doubt some of them absolutely do and some of my classmates when I went to Brown University class of 94 I remember that several people were extremely wealthy and what struck me a member thinking back then was I Didn't even know that some of these people were so wealthy because they just seemed so straightforward and normal and Plus of my I think I would say naivete About the financial situation. I didn't get slipped in the back door. My dad wasn't able to Tip the admissions council of Brown. He did offer to wash the dishes for 16 years and that's how I got into Brown Under the you know bring a meal and a child program to your Ivy League None of that's true. I actually earned my way into Brown. I did really well in in high school and then I discovered Drugs and brown women and I know that sounds bad, but since I went to Brown, we know that we're talking about Well, this is one of those things that's part of our society now that Drugs and women seems to be more on the minds of people than their educational background Can I say real quickly Ivy League drugs top notch Ivy League women? Okay, well when I went to UMass, I was actually kind of not wanting to deal with anybody from Amherst, Mount Holyoke, a Smith I might want to interact with people from Hampshire College because Hampshire Hampshire College was considered kind of an alternative College and that was the focus on the school of education when I went there it was alternative education So I felt comfortable with maybe dealing with Hampshire College people, but these other people I wasn't really comfortable With but now what you're feeling about this Hampshire College situation that they seem to be having financial difficulties my Idea is that because this is not a time where alternative ideas Really kind of like part of the mainstream. They kind of want everybody to be thinking the same They they don't want people thinking outside the box Although the people that think outside the box are probably the more successful people I Think I think that's a good statement. I don't know that I don't know exactly what's going on with Hampshire College I do know that when I went to college and probably to this present day It is or was one of the most expensive colleges. So as far as cost of education That's not exclusive to any of the Ivy Leagues the difference is and I'm gonna say is the tongue-in-cheek It's actually worth it when you go to an Ivy League College for example, Harvard not to pump their spirits, but Has one of the largest endowments of you know, it has the largest endowment of any academic institution in the world You know, so it's not only are they you know fostering an amazing community of Future leaders and and and great Individuals, but they're also, you know getting feedback and money From these people, you know, I think of the last I think I just read the of the last Gosh, it's got to be ten presidents There was maybe not that many but there's been quite a few presidents in a row starting with Bush senior that Went to or were affiliated with went to at some point in Ivy League College was Yale part of that Ivy League Yes, some of them just went to graduate school like law school, for example, right Obama went to Harvard Graduate school not gonna say which one I'm not positive Trump attended as an undergraduate University of Pennsylvania okay, well, I Try not to talk too much about Trump because it's constantly in news on a daily basis And I get kind of tired listening to news about Trump so I try to avoid dealing with a Trump stuff there cuz anytime you turn on National Public Radio, they'll always mention Trump there Six as a matter of fact, I think that our National Public Radio was a little bit biased against Trump because they tend to interview people that Kind of make bad comments about Trump I did get surprised today that they actually had two different perspectives They had a Republican guy in a Democratic a woman that was Talking about a situation So I was surprised that they had actually two different people there because usually they'll just have one person and the one person Is always kind of denigrating Donald Trump But I really don't like to be talking about Donald Trump because you can turn on any talk show radio And they'll talk about Donald Trump So I have only one thing to say for certain about him and that is he really is I'm not sir I was zealous here anymore about having a wall. I say let him have that wall on the one condition that he actually goes out there and builds it Well, Trump has enough money so he can always have somebody know the joke is that he actually should do some work So so you're thinking that he needs to lay down a brick and have a photo session there That's what they do in this day and age. They'll come over and they'll have a photo session No, I think you should literally be out there in blue jeans and a trousers or whatever Let's say overalls and and wicker hat and he should build that wall himself and then he'll get an appreciation of what he's talking about Okay, well Donald Trump has his Bad characteristics as well as everybody else. So I really just think that everybody has some kind of A problem what they're mentioning on the radio was they call this Twitter Twitter trash that people start using Twitter and start trashing each other And you know what kind of wall does work the only wall that could work I'd say they build one big long Walmart along the border and the front will be towards the United States Where everyone loves the shop will be happy and in the back the employees can come in So that's the back door approach to the only wall that's gonna work The back door approach that coming into the United States. Mexicans come in and work anyway to Fund our big corporations like Walmart. So why not make a great Situation where we can go shopping. There's a wall Mart are on the border and in the back That's where the employees come in and go home. Okay. Well Unfortunately, even though I graduated from college On my job since 1975 have been part-time jobs. So I'm kind of leaning more towards the people that are low-income people I Think they call them economically disadvantaged is like you call it the politically correct We're a franchise. I also like that. I my Walmart idea is it's a joke Okay, he's joking well, I Do like the idea of having People coming in to do stuff, but that's what the Saudi Arabians do they kind of hire people from other countries to do stuff and Abuse them and everything because these are rich people the Saudi Arabians But this is a theory that I have say that if ISIS Was as rich as the Saudi Arabians. We'd be praising ISIS. We said, oh, yeah, we love those ISIS people They have all this money and everything we don't like those Saudi Arabians because they're a bunch of trouble makers so if the foot was on the The shoe was on the other foot is If you say that some of these other people might have more money so we're kind of having a more of a Institutional capitalistic approach towards a worldwide Kind of dealings with other people just like they were saying like people in Yemen They're attacking the Saudis. Well, the Saudis have been attacking the Yemenis and the Yemenis are starving That I've heard. Yes. I can only say one thing for certain about the Middle East. I I find it Ironic and perhaps a little bit offensive I don't know to the people of Iran and Iraq that in English we only separate their country names by one letter Okay, I mean they're very different. I Don't really know the difference between Iran and Iraq only I think that one is that one form of a Religion and the other is another form of a religion We don't really want to deal with some of these issues because These are issues that are happening around the world that Everybody has to be dealing with I think one of the reasons why we're having problems with immigration Is that people are trying to get away from some of these Situations that they're experiencing in Africa, South America People are having problems like in South America with gangs and they don't want to be staying there So they're heading up towards the United States. Although we do have gangs in the United States Well, you know, yeah And I think what's also very pertinent to point out is that a lot of the strife and the hardships that they're trying to avoid are caused by guess who the United States of America because we poke our Nose into not only everyone politically, but also financially and we run a lot of the financial market And we dictate a lot of what people experience and how they experience it and we have caused Probably well besides the wars we've caused, you know, I mean People as the last you know means a resort will do what they can to survive and if they think they can come here make something of it ironically because It's so hard in their country and the true irony is that it's probably because of how good it is here You know, it's it's it's it's actually a little bit deeper and I agree that it's something it's hard to really Wrap up into a conversation. It's very very deep. I know that the the economic situation is one of the primary forces for the immigration but We have homeless people in the United States. They can't afford the price of Housing for example, I was going to mention that This last weekend. I saw them actually I use the word attack although they Person told me he wouldn't use the word attack, but I'm using that word that are the homeless people that were in back back of the big Why supermarket? They were kind of attacked they had a big dumpster and they went in and took all their mattresses and everything out from behind the woods there that they were kind of living there for quite a long time these homeless people Big why owns that property? I Guess they were given a warning that they need to get get out of the property there So they gave them notice and then they went in there and took all their stuff out of there So it was kind of like an attack on the homeless people. Of course, they'll just go from one place to another They they might not go on that side where big why is they might go on the opposite side there So they'll just they'll just move from one location to another, but I'm kind of guessing that a homeless people a homeless for a reason because the prices around here for Living is so expensive that Not too many people can afford to be paying the prices. I actually inquired at one of the new Buildings that's being built in this area and I inquired I said well, you know, I have somebody that might be interested in Renting and they gave me information. They wanted to 1950 I'm gonna round it off to two thousand dollars a month for one bedroom place I couldn't believe it. I said you wanted two thousand dollars for a one-bedroom place Then I asked at another place. I said, you know, I was inquiring about getting a place and they said yeah Well, we have a four bedroom house. That's two thousand dollars a month. I said well, that's a little better You have four bedrooms instead of one bedroom, but it's still two thousand dollars a month.  Is that what you pay? No, I paid only a thousand dollars for this phone. Oh, yeah, he's got the thousand dollar iPhone I was impressed with that. I I gotta say I figured out the reason you had asked me why was someone by a thousand dollar phone and Honestly, it's because it's a lot easier than carrying a thousand dollars around Okay, well, they might be a particular reason but say if Apple came out with some new fangled phone that would cost two thousand dollars Would you be the first one in line the day after Thanksgiving say you'd stand in line at midnight to go get your two thousand dollar phone You'd be like standing in line say that they got a this is a black Friday special You'll get the two thousand dollar phone for only fifteen hundred dollars And I'm guessing you'd be the first one in line to get one No, that's not necessarily true not necessarily true run with the only caveat that that's one of my superpowers now that I'm Disabled and I use a wheelchair. It's not visible on the screen right now. Is that I don't have to ever ever stand in line Okay, that's another reason he has a new fang old Wheelchair that he uses you were gonna show me this this thing that That you have for the wheelchair. It's some kind of a thing I you know you'll have to explain what the story is because it's kind of a high-tech thing so I made this out of a brick and Mud and spit on my free time last winter That's not true. It's called the smart drive. I was able to get it through Medicare It's been approved as a medical device and what it does is it links right here aren't to any manual chair that Just they kind of give a coupling or they give you some kind of thing you would Attach to the axle of your my manual wheelchair, for example this thing locks on and from here It pushes kind of has a tank like wheel in the sense that it can rotate sideways and forward and backward We don't have the room, but I didn't have I don't have my watch ordinarily it is controlled by Bluetooth signal through my watch and You would tap it to start it It tap it to stop the speed the top speeds about five and a half miles an hour And you have to of course guide it by turning as you ordinarily as I ordinarily would turn my wheelchair I want to point out that although it's called a smart drive It would be happily dumb enough to push me up the cliff if I ask it to yeah You was telling me that they might not not allow Everybody to use this device what would be the reason for that when I went to go Try out the device to see if it was a good fit for me And so they I could ask insurance or through my insurance for it They tested me to make sure that my executive functioning or that my brain was working Well enough to be able to make decisions and because this thing really can cause damage if you're not Conscientious and you're not aware of it. So this is basically an Ivy League item Well, I did go to the Ivy League and it is mine. So technically yes, you're correct I did want to point something out real quick before we passed the the topic too quickly about homeless people And I think that the biggest problem is something I read is not my original idea The biggest problem with the poor is not a lack of character or opportunity. It's a lack of cash there's a great story that talks about Social scientists that went to India on the other side of the world and they They They what they did is they they took IQ tests and they gave the same farmers Different versions of the IQ test when they were furthest away from and when they actually harvested Their whatever I think was sugar cane What they what they had pointed out what they realized was unique about this population was that 60% or more of their income Came in one day of the year So they tested them during this time when they had everything covered and they had money And they also tested them six months before whenever it was in the year They were the least maybe a month before the time they harvest and they found an actual 15 point That's significant. That's an as a statistically significant difference in the same people They found a 15 point difference or increase in IQ Just in that fact alone they were able to Present those findings. I don't know where but well Some of these in other words in other words I think when you don't have money you have to make bad decisions You're forcing to bad decisions and you're forced to I mean everyone has to live right they they no longer can live behind Big why but guess what they're not gonna get an apartment tomorrow. They're gonna have to live somewhere and so in many ways In their challenge is the lack of having cash and it seems that As a as a as a culture work complicit. We're okay with it Who doesn't see a homeless person every day? Well, they mentioned on the news today This was a statistic that they mentioned on national public radio. This he said in Los Angeles 40,000 people found places to stay but 55,000 people were made homeless so the homeless still outdid the Population that did find a place to stay so Not just a difference like a 15,000 people. That's 55,000 people that still don't have homes, right and that's California and I think that that might be true when a lot of the warm weather Areas, but there's people that are homeless in like Massachusetts like I interviewed the guy that was homeless just recently and He's been outside, you know, he stays outside in January with his sleeping bag and everything So he's actually outside and he's 69 years old a homeless person there So there are people that are year-round in Massachusetts homeless They had two people that died over there in Greenfield During the winter time, I guess they had tents set up near McDonald's and I know McDonald's in Greenfield because I'd stopped there once in a while and McDonald's is usually open 24 hours So you can always run to McDonald's to use the bathroom or whatever, but two people were found dead that I Had tents near McDonald's over there and Greenfield So that just goes to show that the homeless population does have a lot of problems with Dealing with the climate here in Massachusetts. I don't know how they could be living outside in January As homeless people, but there are people that are homeless You yourself are not homeless. You have a place to stay. I'm hopeful Okay, I'm hopeful. I have my own place. Yeah. Yeah, and I is it subsidized place or something Yeah, I live in the Hadley Housing Authority or in Golden Showers. I'm sorry Golden Court It's just that everyone pisses all over each other there believe me It's subsidized housing. So it's 30% of my income which is, you know, a fortunate Advantage So if you make more money, they'll charge you more is that basically how that works? Yeah And up to a certain amount there is a market value for that unit And so if you did by chance have a certain amount of income you could learn you could pay up to the maximum amount It's worth. Okay. I noticed that they were building a lot of Units over there in that area. They kind of like having places available for people you think that they're already filled up Those are private Duplexes and or condos So if they either are or not filled up, but they're gonna be privately owned. Oh, so that's a different Thing all together has nothing to do with public housing, right? It just happens to be very Happily luckily next to it. Well, yeah, I was thinking that they were building these Public houses over there because I drive by there. I said, oh look at all these places They're having available to the the public but wait, I wish I would move into one Yeah, they look like they're kind of expensive but You think that they might be charging two thousand dollars a month for one of those places are probably more I Think I'm just gonna say too much They charge too much for those places unless unless you're an Amherst College graduate You probably can't afford to live there and you don't have to pay your student loans Well the student loan thing that's another issue about the college is the case against college I think that people are spending too much money to go to college in my opinion. I think that Sometimes it might not be worth the money to go to college. I'm going back to the college thing I would think that if somebody spends two hundred thousand dollars on a Ferrari As opposed to two hundred thousand dollars for a college education at least down the road They'll still be able to make their two hundred thousand or more back with their Ferrari, but you may not necessarily be able to get your two hundred thousand back that easily from school well, I'll tell you what I think I Don't think a Ferrari would look as good up on my wall as my graduation diploma Well, the the diploma is impressive if you come from an Ivy League school But if you come like from UMass where I went, I think UMass has its good points and bad points When I'm kind of annoyed about with UMass is that they keep building these buildings They're building every every year since I've been there I started there in 1968 and it seems like every year they are always putting up some kind of building there There's constant construction going on there It's the brick-and-mortar concept that I was talking about and I think that You know sooner or later the brick-and-mortar stuff is going to not be as Easy to deal with like in the retail business that most people are now Going instead of going to the brick-and-mortar stores They're ordering stuff online and I'm thinking the college students may say that I don't want to be spending all that kind of money to go to college. I'd rather do something online. It might be More economical you're claiming that the social life in the school is a Good thing. I'm claiming that it may not necessarily be a good thing You remember that they have on St. Patrick's Day around here. They get all Drunk there because I'll tell you a story about my personal college life experience So I was accepted to Amherst College. Okay. I like to call it that college and I didn't go because my older brother was attending there and He was my older brother, you know what I mean? So I went to Brown instead, but I did come to Amherst College and I'll tell you what I met a lovely young lady that first time I came to Amherst College and We ended up, you know really enjoying a nice How was it you can say this cosmic relationship Another seat copulation, that's what it was. Yeah, I never would have had that opportunity had I not gone to a great school And my brother as well. Okay, so you I did a successfully have a Relationship with somebody when I went to college. I think I dated twice when I was at college I'm not really an extrovert. So I really wasn't into that social life That's why I have a kind of a mindset that I'm thinking that the social life is For what I call social junkies But I'm using that as a derogatory term because most people tend to want to be You know outgoing and stuff. I happen to be just the opposite. I'm more of an introvert as opposed to an extrovert So maybe college's life might be good for extroverts, but not necessarily good for introverts Maybe the introvert would be better off just using the computer. I you know, I don't know what to say about that I can tell you One joke that is that it's a good thing that the world is not flat because we would have lost a whole generation of children Staring at their cell phones. They just would have walked off the edge You know because you look at college campuses when I go by UMass, which is one of the places I do comedy When I go by there, I still see what I see in the city and in the bus stops There's no city around here, but you know, I see people staring at their devices at their palms. It gives you a little bit of a of a thought of You talked about the allegory of the caves by Plato and You know, I'm more I wasn't alive when Plato was alive like you were but I think more of Wally and other Jack Reacher These are, you know, some more contemporary versions of something of the same in the Wally picture, you know, although It's you know, not a great corporation that runs it or gave it up put it out there It's an excellent and beautiful story, but it does talk about almost how divisive these devices Are becoming or could become in this story People end up not talking to each other or looking even though that for example, we're nice to each other Right, we would be talking through our phones even at this proximity. It goes on to be a little more, you know Exaggerated in the Jack Reacher example. The idea is that this person who You know, it's a famous. I think series written by somebody by an author. I believe and This gentleman he spent his life, you know It's Fighting for the US military and all that stuff, right?  I can always edit stuff out. It depends on how bad it is.  Who's really awake? Who's really alive? Who's free of debt? Who's free of? Indignity population 425 million. It's overcrowded. We're underpaid and we're meant to be agitated with each other because we're Retreated terribly and we're put into a situation where Plato's allegory that caves make great sense We are so in ravine Enraptured in it and wrapped inside this technology and our our materialistic accomplishments and our social connections that we don't realize that we're losing touch with each other and our true fundamental civil rights and our true ability to get together and be common and to share things rather than to Distribute them on a digital media that is written down somewhere forever That's not preservation. That's not history. That's paranoia. That's decadence of the elite Well, I I don't personally even carry a phone around with me because I'm from the 60s and I'm not really that interested in those kind of devices. I have seen you at Mountain Farms Mall area, right? Yeah, okay, every single camera that's hooked up through those security devices Eventually we'll have the facial recognition Software to be able to place you believe it or not with or without a cell phone because you do have a cell phone So your Location can be tracked and we've all I think well, I think I think that's one of the problems with the phones I think that people I don't realize that that they are being Attracted by either the government or private corporations They were just mentioning on the news today about some kind of breach with the southern border that They had hacked into Some government files. They were keeping track of the License plates something are going back and forth there and keeping track of that information about the people there And now they're getting that information somewhere else who knows what they're gonna be doing with that information maybe What I'm thinking is that? You know about government surveillance. I'm thinking that people from the United States Might be heading to Mexico to go to the nude beach and the government surveillance wants to Go cover the nude beach. That's my idea. Well, Mexican beaches are hot Okay, that I'm Mexican. Okay. Well, you like those nude beaches. I like beaches. Oh, not necessarily nude beaches I love beaches when they're new to all righty. Are we talking about the same thing? Well, thanks. I mean, we want to talk about real quickly because I got to get going But we wanted to talk about the term Handicap. Oh, yeah, I mentioned that on my notes. You notice that I have a Notebook from the dollar store and he's got a thousand dollar iPhone there.  I don't know if you noticed. Oh, yeah, I guess they probably figured that that might be Okay, well, so he seemed to be bent out of shape when I use the word handicapped And I said I didn't know what he was talking about. So you need to explain what that our word really means Technically, I wouldn't say I was bent out of shape. I just I'm disabled. So Please I was just what is what what is teasing the the okay So the thing that we talked about was the I did my masters in psychology and so I can verify that These are true facts that the term handicapped is a quip or put together of the terms rather In England in old in England back in the day when someone was disabled The only occupation or possibility of occupation was to put a cap in their hand and beg for alms Eventually that turned into handicapped and that is the origin of the term It's nefarious those of us that are in the trenches. So to speak prefer words such as disabled Maybe it's not a handicapped parking spot. Maybe it's an accessible parking spot. I Personally over at the Goodwin library and Hadley Asked and had them remove the handicapped word from the accessible entrance because I felt it was redundant and also derogatory, but most people don't know that So Actually do it or they were just saying yeah, yeah, yeah, well, they did they actually did it Okay, they agreed with me. There's a sign to a person using a wheelchair as there is usually and then I said Handicapped accessible parkway. I went to the director of the library. I said, I think that is redundant Over does it? I did explain to him the origin of the word handicapped And he was enlightened and kind enough to help my community where I am the unofficial and unelected mayor To remove that word from that sign and I thought that was really awesome and I hope that you know by putting Devices down and talking to people we can you know actually get back in touch with What it's like to be social because it's funny how we talked a little bit about being social in college. These kids don't know How the hell to talk to each other All they can do is go online and tell whether they like each other's cell.  That's I wouldn't call that funny. That's that's really sad It's kind of goofy because they should know that you know, they're going so close to the edge Oh, I have to I have to get the picture here. I'm over here at the Grand Canyon I think you're getting to the edge yawn of Dark humor. Yeah, this is this is a story that I heard on national public radio And this this has been great. I very much. I'm happy. My name is hither I'm really happy to have been here today. Thank you very much yawn hither and yawn show here. We're hither and yawn, so I'm hoping that You pass on the information with your phone there and say that hither and yawn Thumbs up thumbs down, you know in scuba diving this means let's get out of here. It's an emergency Does that mean that there's sharks approaching could be this is actually shark That's what they say when I came down the road because When you're a male shark he actually he told me he studied what oceanography marine biology marine biology So you know all about that stuff. I did You don't really do anything with it now, but you had all kinds of knowledge about terrible thing to say I think all about marine biology all the time.  I do. I think that the Devastating litter in our oceans is devastating. I think sharks are our friends and I want to just put this out there I think in this kind of a world instead of trying to just be nice to sharks We need to pick another species in the ocean to make fun of so I just want everyone to know as a marine biologist from Brown University class 94 that Dolphins are dolphins are whores Okay, well, that's his interpretation our friends. Thank you very much. My name has been hither and I'm yawn and we're gonna Sign off I'm gonna give you the peace sign from the 60s. What kind of sign. Oh, he's giving the peace sign I'll give you the If people want to check out my comedy they can go to YouTube Martin Vega comedian you have to know to spell comedian and How do you spell comedian? I spell it correctly, but how do you do is I don't know the thing you should do is don't judge The content by the number of visits. Oh Yeah, because some people are more interested in pornography than regular information Honey, you should say that I do have a song about gonorrhea, but there is no pornography Okay, well, I think that's one of the problems with the with the phones there.  They're already on their way from two years old They're ready to go over there I applied when I was two. Yeah. Well, that's what my dad started working in the kitchen so the The pre the preschool stuff is important Make sure you go to one of these $50,000 preschools there has send your kid to the preschool there And they'll be working their way up to Brown. Is that it? I think that's the way to go man. Yeah Yeah, you know that the world is 80% that's the way to go Go to one of these expensive preschools and you're you're on your way To one of these Ivy League schools You don't need to go to the back door there and pay some sailing coach to get in You don't want to pay a sailor and I also want to say it's important to not drink your milk kids Yeah, because there's different forms of milk What is it these coconut milk? You know that we have more choices for milk in the supermarket than we do for presidential candidates in this big ass country Well, I don't know I gotta go. It's been real. Thanks, John


The battle for the soul of human status is slowly gaining momentum and is expected to reach a crescendo on Saturday when all the candidates contesting the election will test their popularity. According to the independent national electoral commission INEC, seventeen candidates on the platforms of different political parties are seeking to govern him or however only four are viewed as the major contenders, O Puzo Dimmadi in incumbent governor and flag bearer of the all progressive congress APC is seeking a second term, making him the candidate to be. Authors are Samu Alanyao of the People's Democratic Party, PDP, Arthur Nachono of the Labour Party, LP and Lincoln Ogunowe of the Action Alliance, AA. Jonino's life is Declan Eme Lumba, commissioner for information Emo State. Commissioner, good to have you on plus politics. Good to have you on plus politics. What is the development now in Emo, in the backdrop of politicking on the one hand and the contention with NLC on the other hand? Is Emo working or has Emo come to a gridlock of assault? Can you hear me very well? I can hear you. I said in the backdrop of NLC's threat and the call for strike, is Emo still working? Emo still working. Emo still working. Find that everybody is going about his business, life is going. And then they are talking about it. It is not being felt anymore. The workers are being of their business. Nobody is of their business. The only thing which is very unfortunate is that government. Was the Emo State government in any way shape or form involved in the physical abuse of the NLC president? The alleged involvement of the Emo State. Nothing was almost itself involved. So it is your belief that it was more a political or partisan machination to embarrass the Emo State government. I can hear you. Can you hear me? I said is it your belief or can one deduce from what you said that it was almost a partisan machination to embarrass the Emo State government? Okay, I said can one deduce from your earlier remarks that it was a partisan machination to embarrass the Emo State government? Yeah, I was just actually landed before the commission. I was going to say for some for more. You know, from the year of Emo State, the mantle of the NLC president was going to fight instead. Of course they have the mission in the local NLC in Emo State. So it was that the mission that we said that we are also aware that even he himself, the president of NLC, came up with a partisan objective. In fact, he asked for some challenges in the mission. And one is the head of the international relations in NLC. He came up with a lot of challenges in the NLC once he scored the election in Emo State. We see it well with no position. Who won the elections coming in the year today on the channel. So there is no doubt that the thing has a partisan coloration. The situation in Emo, proud to even electioneering campaigns, has been so dire and a bit frenzied. Now that the electioneering campaigns are going on, do you think that voters will come out on Saturday? Do you think that in the backdrop of the security scenario in Emo, the voters, voters, the electors, if they will come out on Saturday? In the backdrop of the security situation, that precede the electioneering campaigns, I said in the backdrop of the security situation, scenario that precede the electioneering campaigns, I think in the backdrop of the security situation, I can tell you clearly that there is nothing like the backdrop of the security situation. The security situation in this case has escalated the problems. When the people that were here on the 12th and voters on the 12th time and time again, that they should come out, excise their franchise, that they should come out on Saturday as they go. Just telling Emo lights now, why would you think they should vote for the principal again? Why should they elect him? Why did you elect my governor? Yes, that's the question. He had done tremendously well. When he came in in 2020 tremendously well, he was with digital skills. And this people are now in a position to very, very drastically reduce. We are able to revamp the health sector, which when completed, he came and cleared that backlog and promoted, they are very happy. He had paid pensioners, paid the pensioners about how many youths have adopted himself, continue with his good work. Mr. Commissioner, if he has paid workers that consistently, how come he is having this in Broglie or Ferrari with the NLC, for which one of the reasons they have enumerated is the fact that he has not paid some workers, and has deliberately cleared some workers as ghost workers. That is not true. He has been in union. He has been in the union since 2017. He has been in the union since 2017. So he has an agenda. The question is how can he go in salary? I want to repeat myself, but I can consider that he will do it. He will only say that there is no doubt about that. So all that he said in public care is abusing his position కింన న spiceg zodahap, మూంపచన, తతింటి మూదిలుంచాధనజెం destroy the work under it ఇదిని. ఆయారికి పజ౪చింల౸ం ఉహిన్నాచాynamనూ రహిలుర్ధె  expenditures  nuit  darker  Ι y оля n  ऽ  Ba 只有  part- nothing호 kack charger nkapi nkapi was the only state that has that unfortunate picture. was it true that when that election was taking place, that the place was attacked by hoodlums and the place was vandalized, was it true? was it true that when that election was taking place, that the place was attacked by hoodlums and the place was vandalized, was it true?


Hey, my name is Craig. This is the first time I've been to Osmond DevCon. I want to thank you all for having me here, and I've learned a ton of things from everybody, so I really appreciate that. So I'm going to talk about porting Osmond CommBb to media tech chips. I've been working on it for a couple of years, maybe, maybe a year. So about eight or so years ago, I started working with Osmond CommBb on the Motorola phones. I was just trying to make myself a phone that I enjoyed more, that was open. I wanted to know what was inside of it and try to make a phone that was less distracting, so not all the screen and Android and whatever else. So just some background on things I've done over the past eight years. I've messed around a lot with Android, and pulling Zygote out, so that's the Java UI and just stop that process, and then do devion change route and some terminal stuff and CLI tools. I did it on this Moto Active watch and Geeks phone key on, and then I also messed around for a while trying to pull layer one into NuttX, which is something some other people worked on too, NuttXBB. Didn't really make a whole lot of progress there, but in that currently the thing I was working on mostly, besides this are post-market OS, so just trying to make like a frame buffer console with some other things. I wrote a gesture recognition thing, kind of like palm pilot graffiti to work on that. That's just kind of background of the stuff that I've done. So the target devices for what I'm working on. The first one is the Siphon Dream G2, which has 6235 chip inside of it that previous people have developed U-boot that you can load into it. There's Osmocon or in Osmocon BB can interact with a boot ROM protocol that's available on most MediaTek chips. So you can do things like read, write memory, load a big chunk in a memory, as well as jump to an address in memory. So that's how they kind of formulated a way to load things into RAM and run them, and that's how they run U-boot. There was some code for just that loader in Media in Osmocon BB for that phone. Fernvale is a project by Bunny Kwan and Sean Cross. They developed open hardware platform that includes MediaTek 6262 chip. They spent some time reversing. It uses the same boot ROM protocol, so you can load code into it and run it. There's a little project called Fernvale that interacts with a little program that they load to let you experiment with reading and writing and manipulating like a screen and things like that. There's also lots of CIM 800 modules that have 6260 or 6261, and they're just barely different. I have many watch phones that have 6261 inside them. My personal phone has a 6735 in it, which I don't really have direct source for, but some corollary source for it. It's 4GLTE, and then there's this newer Orange Pi 4G IoT, which has almost the same chip as this thing. It's also 4GLTE, and then there's some other leaked sources and stuff. I'll get to that in a second. So those are the target devices. My hope is to get stuff working on the Siphon Dream G2 since there's a data sheet that's rather complete. I don't know of any other data sheets that are complete for the other ships. Then from there, move on to Fernvale and CIM 800. CIM 800, you can buy that like five to 10 bucks on eBay. So I think it'd be a really great platform for people to keep working on getting layer one, working on it and different experiments that people want to do. This is my fancy org mode presentation. Okay, so what I've done so far. So I've poked around on lots of different MediaTek devices with a brawn protocol. I can interact with this phone and pull out of memory where it keeps its config registers, and it tells me that it's got this 6735 chip, and I've got this simple Python script that I've searched around on different devices to find that config block in memory. Because it starts with the chip. So that's this simple serial script that I wrote, part of somebody else's project, MTK Open Tools. So I did that. Actually, okay. So the other thing I've done is I've, so Fernley has support for the serial. UART, actually it's serial over USB device in 6260, and I took some of that code and a little bit of like a Blinky Lite code that they had, and put that into firmware for Osmocom, and maybe I'll just show that real quick maybe. So it's funny because I was describing some of these things and then Powell had all these questions about like, how does it work, so let's see, I'll go in their screen and better make it bigger. Is that big enough? Maybe make it bigger, so. Okay, that's probably big enough. All right, so I'll have the common source. Not that one. I want to go into Fernley. So here's, this is Fernley, and so this is the host program. It tells it to wait for the serial device to come up. This is the serial device. It's a USB serial device. This is an initial firmware that gets loaded inside the device that then lets them interact with it, kind of like our Osmolode stuff. Then the second one is a little bit more extensive firmware. You can just run that one by itself, and then it just automatically connects right here on the host, and then you can just type in read-write and different things like test the screen or detect button pushes and things like that. Then you can also specify a third arg that's another firmware to load then after that, and you can see here I've got some firmware compiled for the 6260. It says Layer 1. It's not Layer 1. Not hardly. Yeah, it wants to, yeah. So then, see if I can get this to work. Huh? Oh no. Of course. Let's see if it's there or not. Let's see. Ford, Fernvale. It's there. So what was this a deal? Demo, God's, be nice. Cat, cat, cat, cat. Yeah, should be good. Oh, okay. I think I know what the deal is. So, I'll just do this real quick. There we go. Okay, that's probably the deal. Hopefully. Yeah, okay. Try this again. Yeah, okay, great. So, you can see that I'm sending out 1s and 0s from the firmware, and it's Blinky Light. I added in this too, which reads out the chip number out of the config block. So, yeah, if you notice, this is not any one of the, what is it, eight different training sequences. Yeah, right. I don't know. That's a good question. I did actually observe, I was trying to print out a whole bunch of debugging information via serial when I was trying to bring up the RF system, and it seemed like the things were out of order. So, maybe there's some problem there somewhere. I'm not sure. Oh, yeah. So, how do you make it load your custom firmware?  Right, yeah, I think a diagram of this would be pretty nice. So, there's a boot ROM, and it's like a first-stage bootloader. If you interact with the UART port in a certain way with some magic numbers, it initiates this protocol, and then you can read and write memory and jump to an address. So, it just writes a block of firmware into the RAM and then jumps to it. So. So, it's something similar to what we have with Calypso phones. Absolutely. You have to briefly press this red button and okay. Absolutely, yeah, yeah. Okay, so that's one thing I've done. Another thing I've done is taken the code that's in U-boot. So, in the U-boot code that they made for the Siphon Dream G2, there was a TX burst kind of demo command that you could run, and there was little bits of some support for the transceiver chips in Osmocom already that they copied and put in there and added to, and then I took that and pulled it back into Osmocom. So, now we have more header files and things like that in my branch for the MT6235. So, I got that TX burst thing working back on the in Osmocom firmware on the Siphon Dream G2, and today actually Piotr helped me understand that all that does right now is it has the like the ARM core controls the transceiver and just turns it on to transmit. There's no DSP that's generating any kind of data yet. So, that's the next thing I would probably work on there. And then try to do another demo. Hopefully, there's not too many demos. I mean, I figured demos are good, right? Let's see. So here, I'm gonna run this loader, which is gonna load onto this Siphon Dream G2 I have here. It's kind of picky, so it doesn't always, it's not always nice, but hopefully it'll work. Ah! Okay, that was just the antenna, good. There we go. I can reconnect the antenna. I have to hold the button down on this device in order to get it to load all the firmware. Okay, so now it's loaded. Can reconnect the antenna that I have, which actually disables the antenna on the device. And then I can interact with the device. So, yeah, you can see here, I got received a Pong, so I just ping Pong. And then I added the TXBurst as a command for the MTK loader, just because it was the easiest way to get it in there. And actually, I need to start the other bit here, this one. Okay, so here, I've got my SDR connected up with a couple of tenuators, and I should be able to do a transmit. And so if I change the AirCN, you can see that it's going along in little chunks and it's something. And that's something that, I really just copied the code from you back into Osmocom, but I mean, I've been spending most of my time after I got this done trying to understand every little bit of code, so, yeah. Okay, so there's another demo, that's that one. All right, so let's go back to here. So there's that bit. And what's that? Oh, well, it's, yeah, it's all kind of contained, right? It's not on the air, it's, I had to go find this fancy connector somewhere that plugs in, so it turns off the antenna. Yeah, right, yeah, thank you. I was very concerned about that when I came here. I got like a year or so ago, I got my ham radio technician class license because in America, there's a 900 meter band that's open for technician class license. Obviously not open for the kind of transmissions, but I thought I'd get a little bit legal. Yeah, right, there you go, fairly legal. Okay, so, yeah, so the next thing I've been working on a lot, actually a while ago I made a, there's, oh, okay, I should probably show this first. This is kind of a collection of all the leaked sources that I know about. So all those are either 6260 or 61. And then there's also this one here, which is for 6795, it's quite a bit newer. It's got things that look like baseband firmware for LTE. So it also has some things that look like they interact with the transceiver that they use with that, which is this MT-61-69. So theoretically, if I can get enough information and it's similar enough, I could maybe do that same TX burst with the much newer chips. Okay, so that's, I don't wanna go back up here. Yeah, so a little while back, I took one of those leaked sources and I made a little make file that I can define different chips. I include a whole bunch of stuff that I figured out. And so a few more ifs in here and there. And this allows me to not build anything that I can run, but I use save temps here and that lets me, there's a lot of if-defs all over the place, tons. And so it was really hard to follow the code. So I did this to kind of follow the code so I could look for the function I'm looking for, see what other functions it calls, try to figure out what addresses it was using for registers and whatnot. So that was one strategy I used to try to figure things out. I did recently start to use this Gehidra provided by the NSA so that I can reverse engineer. I don't know, this is my first entry into reverse engineering, so I know that I should be using IDA Pro, but I don't have that. I've tried that a little bit and it should be good for me because I actually use ED to do most of my editing. So it's similarly obscure. But so, and actually I guess I was looking at some other stuff here. I found this function called, okay so to explain this, one of the resources has a .elf file that's got the symbols in it and so this is what I'm decompiling here and I found this great function. It's a L1D, which I think is layer one daemon, DSP put transmit data. So this should be the function I need, it'll just be, as Holger was saying the other day, it should be easy. I just have to take this function and just take the facts out and re-implement it and it'll be easy. But I started with this other, this one, L1D. You started with the init thing. Yeah, right, yeah, I know. Well and the thing is some amount of things are already in it with the code that people have already worked on, but I suspect that they didn't do anything with the DSP at all. So I'm wondering if maybe, so this is this L1D init, which is different than, so the code that already exists in that TX burst does some RF init and there's a function called L1D RF init and what they did pretty much matches with what the leak source code does, which I don't think probably includes this one, which is the DSP init and then later on there's a, or well there's a, yeah there's a DSP init, oh DSP wake up, that's the other one. So obviously there's some things here. What I was looking in here for initially was the next step was gonna be like try to get the device to sync with the BTS. So looking at the frequency burst in like the SCCH and SCCH. So I started trying to find that in the source code and there's just nothing there. So what I suspect is that the leak source code doesn't have any of the C code that interacts with the DSP. I haven't really confirmed that yet, but I suspect it because I found a lot of references to things that aren't available in C files. And so looking here, I'm hopeful that by looking through here and maybe I can get, and actually I think I got that TXT. Oh, I was doing a search for L1D DSP and that's how I found that transmit data stuff. So yeah, so I'm looking through this, I'm gonna look through this and try to figure out what it's doing. I found one really exciting discovery is that a lot of the DSP codes manipulating an address that I've never seen referenced anywhere. So that's kind of exciting because I feel like there's probably just a whole block of registers that are communicating with the DSP. So that's kind of exciting to kind of know where it is, even though I don't know what it is. Let's see, what else? Yeah, so the leak sources and then so that there is a data sheet for the 6235 that pretty well describes these two interfaces to the transceiver, I think, so the baseband serial interface and baseband parallel interface. The way I understand, I don't actually know what the system on chip architecture is precisely, there's certainly an ARM core. I don't know if there's a separate core. I'm not much of an expert with hardware. So maybe a separate core for baseband or not, but I think there's not. I think there might be an ARM core, a DSP core inside the SOC and then outside that is the transceiver chip. That's kind of my idea right now. So this BSI and BPI, which is parallel interface, interact with the transceiver and this is what that TX burst is using to configure the transceiver to open things up. Both, so there's baseband serial interface and baseband parallel interface. The way I understand it right now is that for both of these, there's a TDMA driven mode that you can use and there's also a immediate mode that can be used and the code currently is using the immediate mode and like the TX bursts when they initialize things and when they do the burst, they have a lot of things where they wait a little bit of time based on the TDMA clock. So they've got a function to basically pull the TDMA clock and wait five qubits or something. Depending on, and those numbers that they put in there I don't even know what they are. I tried to add them up, tried to match them with some particular burst type and it just, I don't even know what it is. There's a whole bunch of configuration in the source and I also found a GSM layer one document, it's like a, here's how you interact with the layer one firmware document for MediaTek that I had not seen until like a month ago and that had a whole bunch of really interesting information. It describes a whole bunch of kind of like timing diagrams, the TDMA and various like tuning adjustments that you can make for the basic timing of different things inside of layer one of their firmware. And I found the .h files for different transceiver chips where they have a big chunk of qubit timings for different aspects of transmission and reception, ramp up, ramp down, stuff like that. Yeah, and the parallel access is like just like kind of immediate like on off directly connected to the pins of the transceiver. So like in the transmit, there's one where you turn on the PA or something like that. Yeah, and so I have a whole bunch of notes on like what all the code means in the transmit burst and I've done the static analysis like I was showing with the Gehidra. My plan is to probably work on the synchronization with the BTS, the kind of RX stuff next. And I definitely want to take the many, many pages of notes that I have and call less them into wiki entries and stuff on the Osmocom site. And that's pretty much it for the real things that I've done that aren't vaporware. I have lots of vaporware ideas, so we'll share those for another time. So that's it, right? Span, yeah, yeah, bye. Yeah, we are first off, thanks for the presentation and continuing the work that started, I mean, nine years ago when first looking at the MediaTek platform. And what I just remembered from back then is that there's this, I think there was a separate firm where for calibration purposes, there's Cal, KAL stuff, I think. Okay. Which implements a rather minimal layer one. So maybe it's easier to look at this. And that's like a binary somewhere? Or? I think so. So I think relinkable object somewhere with debug information. Oh, okay, yeah. So because it's a lot, yeah, simpler. Right, yeah, yeah, right, okay. Cool, awesome. So maybe it's a hypothetical feature. I was just thinking, so it's maybe a next step or a lot of steps afterwards. So at some point, so now we are running layer one only in there, but so it seems like actually you can run a lot of stuff there, like as in a mobile phone, let's say. So at some point, I guess you can run even Linux there. So I'm just wondering what could be the interface like? So if you basically run layer one on the same sock with... So is there some kind of interface available for this kind of communication or we should create one? What do you mean by interface? You mean? Well, I mean, so you want to communicate probably from user space to the kernel and then the kernel has to set up some registers or whatever, I guess. You mean like on the device? Yeah. Okay. Yeah, I mean I certainly thought of like two things. Certainly I felt like it might be important to maintain the ability to run like the mobile app on the host and do experiments like that. So maintain that kind of Osmocon connection there. And then, yeah, certainly I would plan on trying to run something, some OS like NutX. I think the 62, 60 and one maybe don't have enough something to run Linux. So maybe it'd be NutX, I don't know. They already have NutX for it. The Bunny and Chris, Sean did that. So yeah, the plan would be definitely to have a usable system just on the phone. Yeah. If I can add to that, I think, of course, it's like talking about step 30 before. I mean, since the protocol between the layer one and layer two and higher is right now spoken over UART, you could actually have the layer one in the kernel and then have something like a serial, virtual serial port to user space. So you can run the unmodified mobile program on user space talking not over real serial line to a remote processor, but really talking to over virtual serial port to the local layer one inside the kernel. But that's normal. That's great, yeah. I mean, I imagined that maybe at some point I would do something in a phone, no, for example. I don't know. I'm not gonna do much. My goal is to make a phone that I like and the phone that I like is extremely minimal. So I'll do the bare minimum, especially if it's also helpful to others. And somebody else can take that serial port and make it a phone adapter or something so that it can be used for people that want a UI. So thanks. Thanks. Yeah. Thank you.


I'm Chris Turner. I work from Macquarie Ltd in Oxford, England, a small consulting company. For me, this conference is really, really important because it was a serious attempt to address the link between land governance and climate change. There's a lot of talk about that, but we're still struggling towards understanding that link and how it works. And in that context, a lot of discussion is about mitigation and adaptation, and I think we've got to really nail down on the critical link between current forms of land governance, which are all about extraction and dominance of land grabbing and big capital in the land governance picture. The link between that and the causes of climate change is what really concerns us, is to keep that limit below 1.5 degrees. And I think that's the issue we've really got to bear down on, and that didn't really get addressed sufficiently in this conference. It began to be, and I think the conference was a great opener for that discussion. Lots of people are talking about taking that forward. Once again, wonderful conference, great atmosphere, very friendly, very open debate, and I really enjoyed being here.