Welcome to Learning English, a daily 30-minute program from the Voice of America. I'm Ashley Thompson. And I'm Dan Novak. This program is designed for English learners. So we speak a little slower, and we use words and phrases, especially written for people learning English. On today's program, you will hear reports from Brian Lin and Faith Perlow. Later, Dan Novak presents this week's Education Report. Finally, John Russell brings us today's lesson of the day. But first, Brian Lin has this report on the recent earthquakes in Japan. A series of powerful earthquakes in western Japan have left at least 55 people dead and damaged thousands of buildings, automobiles, and boats. The first quake struck New Year's Day, registering 7.6 in magnitude or strength. The shaking caused major damage across Ishikawa prefecture. Japanese media reports said the quake destroyed tens of thousands of homes and cut water, power, and phone services in some areas. The mayor in the town of Suzu, near the quake's center, said up to 90% of homes may have been destroyed, Reuters news agency reported. The earthquake set off tsunami warnings along Japan's western coast. Officials ordered about 100,000 people to leave their homes Monday night. They were sent to schools and sports centers to take shelter. Many returned to their homes Tuesday after the warnings were lifted. Japan's meteorological agency said about 200 aftershocks had struck since the main quake and that more were expected in coming days. Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida told reporters the government had deployed teams that included military troops, police, and local rescuers. We have received reports that there are still many people waiting to be rescued under collapsed buildings, he said. Kishida added that saving lives is the top goal. Japan sits on the so-called Ring of Fire, a collection of volcanoes and fault lines found around the Pacific Basin. About 20% of the world's earthquakes of magnitude 6 or greater happen in that area. Monday's earthquake was Japan's deadliest since 2016. Emergency teams battled fires in several cities as rescuers searched for people trapped in wreckage. Shoeichi Kobayashi lives in the city of Wajima. He told Reuters he was at home celebrating new years with his wife and son when the quake hit and sent furniture flying across the house. I've never experienced a quake that powerful, Kobayashi said. In the city of Nanao, Fujiko Ueno said she was celebrating with about 20 people in her home when the earthquake struck. The quake caused walls to collapse onto a parked car. Ueno said no one in the group was injured. It all happened in the blink of an eye, she said. Toshitaka Katada is a University of Tokyo professor who specializes in disasters. He told the Associated Press that people were better prepared for this event because the area had been hit by quakes in recent years. There is probably no people on Earth other than Japanese who are so disaster ready, Katada said. Government officials said several nuclear centers in the area were operating normally. A 2011 earthquake and tsunami caused three reactors to melt down and release large amounts of radiation at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Center in Northeastern Japan. I'm Brian Lin. Every day, Juanita Mengel, a 67-year-old woman from the state of Ohio, wakes up and puts on her manufactured leg. The device is called a prosthetic. Then, Mengel does the same for Lola Pearl, her colorful, five-year-old cat. Lola Pearl is missing her back left leg. Mengel has many cats. Most of them have disabilities, but Lola Pearl is special. She is a therapy cat. And she and Mengel are partners of a kind. They are among 200 therapy cat teams registered in the United States by the non-profit group Pet Partners. The group helps humans and pets alike by setting them up into teams to provide animal assisted intervention. The teams visit hospitals, nursing homes, and schools and assist those in need. Taylor Chastain Griffin is the National Director of Animal Assisted Interventions at Pet Partners. She said a therapy animal is an animal who's been assessed based on their ability to meet new people and not just tolerate the interaction, but actively enjoy it. Chastain Griffin is a researcher who studies the effects of therapy cats. She said there needs to be more research done in cat therapy. She said that there is a lot of research on other therapy animals, like dogs, and many people are surprised to learn that cats can be therapy animals too. They go into a setting and people are like, whoa, there's a cat on a leash, what's happening? It kind of inspires people to connect in a way we haven't traditionally heard talked about in other therapy animal interventions, Chastain Griffin said. Besides dogs and cats, Pet Partners registers seven other species as therapy animals, including horses, rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, birds, many pigs, and llamas and alpacas. Mangle said Lola Pearl showed signs that she would make a good therapy cat soon after the animal joined her family. Mangle took her new cat to a meeting for amputees. She was so good with people, I just knew she would be a good therapy cat. People really were attracted to her too, Mangle said. Recently, people who attended a support group for amputees were able to meet Lola Pearl. They petted her as she woke up from a rest. On the side of the cat carrier she wrote in was a sign, therapy cat it read. Mangle was a traveling nurse when she was in a car accident that almost killed her. One of her legs could not be saved. Later she connected with a friend in the state of Missouri who had a severely injured kitten. Her legs were twisted together. An animal medical specialist worked to repair the damage, but in the end, they had to remove one of the baby cat's legs. That kitten was Lola Pearl. Mangle took Lola Pearl as her cat after talking with her friend. Despite the difficulties Mangle has faced, she is thankful for Lola Pearl and their work together. It's a really rewarding experience, she said. I get just as much out of it as the people that I visit. I'm Faith Perlow. The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, or UNESCO, says the period from birth to eight years old is one of remarkable brain development for children. The organization adds that it represents an important time for their development and education. The U.S. National Institutes of Health says that supporting children's early learning can lead to higher test scores and a better chance of staying in school and going to college. Studies even suggest early learning can lead to fewer teen pregnancies, improved mental health, and a longer life. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD, is made up of 38 democracies with market-based economies. The organization aims to build better policies for better lives. In a recent education study, the OECD found that most of its member countries provide care or education for children under five. In countries including Belgium, Denmark, France, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Norway, Spain, and Britain, at least 95% of three-year-olds are enrolled in an early education program. However, within OECD countries, there can be a large difference in enrollment. In the United States, for example, 80% of three- to five-year-olds in the capital city of Washington, D.C., are enrolled in early education programs. That is compared to 46% in the western states of North Dakota. The differences also exist in European countries like Greece, Lithuania, and Switzerland. Places with higher rates of women in the workforce usually have higher rates of enrollment for children under three. During the pandemic, the U.S. government provided an additional $24 billion to help childcare programs nationwide. The funding finally ended last October. The Century Foundation is a research organization in New York City. It estimates that one-third of the programs could close as a result. That affects more than 2.2 million children. The organization says that childcare is important for the economy at large since childcare permits parents to stay at work. Around the world, governments invest little in early childhood education, UNESCO says. About 6.6% of education budgets are put toward early education programs, 2% in poor countries. That is well below the targets of 10% by 2030 suggested by the children's organization UNICEF. In the U.S., parents can choose to put their children at age five in kindergarten or a childcare program. Kindergarten enrollment has dropped since the COVID-19 pandemic. Concerned about the virus or wanting to avoid online school, hundreds of thousands of families delayed the start of school for their young children. The Associated Press found that kindergarten enrollment remained down 5.2% in the 2022-2023 school year compared with the 2019-2020 school year. Debra Steipeck is a former head of the Graduate School of Education at Stanford University. She said kindergarten is where children learn to follow directions, learn good behavior, and get used to learning. Steipeck said missing that year of school can put kids at a disadvantage. Last year, ILA went to a children's program that met mainly outdoors instead of enrolling in kindergarten in the state of California. ILA now has to adjust to being inside a classroom and learning the right way to hold a pencil. It's harder, way, way harder, ILA said of the new way she learned to hold a pencil. Still, her mother, Hannah Levy, says it was the right decision to skip kindergarten.  There is plenty of time, she reasoned, for her daughter to develop study skills. I'm Dan Novak. Dan Novak joins me now to talk more about his report on early childhood education. Hi, Dan. Welcome to the show. Thanks for having me, Ashley. You said in the story that kids who miss a year of kindergarten come into first grade at a disadvantage. What does disadvantage mean? An advantage is something that helps make someone or something better or more likely to succeed than others. It also means a desirable feature or quality. This word can be used in many contexts. One advantage of having a car, for example, is being able to get to work quicker. So a disadvantage is something that causes difficulty or something that causes you to be less likely to succeed. Why does missing kindergarten put kids at a disadvantage? Well, kindergarten is usually at age five and the year right before the official beginning of school at first grade. In kindergarten, children learn good behavior, they learn to follow directions, and they get used to being in a classroom. So missing that development can put kids at a disadvantage compared to other kids that did attend kindergarten. Kindergarten enrollment is down in the U.S. and a large number of child care programs may close. Why is that? Well, as I mentioned in the story, 24 billion dollars of pandemic relief money expired last October. The money was important to keep the buildings open and raise pay for workers who are often very low paid. So experts predict that up to one-third of child care programs may close as a result of the lack of funding. And as for kindergarten, enrollment hasn't recovered since the pandemic. Enrollment has been down at all grades since 2020, but especially bad for kindergarten. Children are not required to attend kindergarten at many states. Whether that it's a problem that kids are missing kindergarten kind of depends on what they're doing instead. Are they getting taught by their parents? Are they attending a private program? Or maybe they're not learning at all. What they're doing that year can really determine how their schooling will go once they start first grade. Well, thanks for answering my questions today, Dan. You're welcome. In this next report, Brian Lin tells us about a United Nations finding about drug production. We learn that the UN found Myanmar has become the world's top opium producer. Pay careful attention to the word overtaken. We will talk more about it after the report. A United Nations report finds that Myanmar has overtaken Afghanistan as the world's top opium producer. The change came after Myanmar expanded its opium production for a third year. The UN reported. In Afghanistan, production fell sharply in 2023 after the Taliban placed a ban on poppy farming. The latest data on worldwide opium production was recently released in the UN's report, the Southeast Asia Opium Survey 2023. The report was released by the UN's Office of Drugs and Crime, or UNO DC. The report estimates opium crops in Afghanistan dropped an estimated 95% in 2023 after the Taliban's ban and enforcement efforts. During the same period, an increasing number of farmers in Myanmar turned to opium as a new crop. The increase in production follows a military takeover of the government in 2021 that pushed the country into a civil war. The situation has severely hurt Myanmar's economy. The UN report estimates poppy growth and processing in Myanmar grew 33% in 2022 and another 18% this year. That amounts to a total of 47,000 hectares. That is the most land Myanmar has used for opium production since 2013. Jeremy Douglas is the area representative for the UN ODC. He told VOA the country's economic and security situation have severely limited business possibilities and led more people to turn to opium farming to make money. Most families in Myanmar make their living off the land, but a World Bank report released in May found that nearly half of farming families said they worry about having enough food. That number was up from 26% from a year earlier. The UN ODC estimates Myanmar's farmers grew enough poppy this year to produce up to 1,080 metric tons of dry opium. This amounted to total earnings of up to $2.5 billion. Most of this money is believed to have gone to traffickers shipping the product across Asia and as far as Australia, often as heroin. Most of that heroin flows through neighboring Thailand on its way to other places. In September, Thai police seized over 440 packs of heroin along with some 15 million methamphetamine pills. A top Thai law enforcement official told VOA the $8.2 million drug seizure was the largest in the country's history. The UN ODC report notes Afghanistan's reduced opium production is expected to create a worldwide heroin shortage and drive prices higher. This is likely to lead even more farmers in Myanmar to start growing poppies. Douglas said such a shortage could also result in more heroin processed in the Golden Triangle area making its way beyond the Asia Pacific to Europe and North America. The Golden Triangle is a heavily criminalized area near the borders of Myanmar, Laos and Thailand. It is known for growing and producing large amounts of drugs. Afghan heroines started taking over the European and North American markets from the Golden Triangle more than 10 years ago. That change came as drug controllers in Southeast Asia started dealing mostly in methamphetamine. Douglas told VOA that even as Afghan production falls sharply, there is still large demand for opium on the world market. He said, it's highly likely that we're going to start seeing Golden Triangle heroin returning to markets that it hasn't been in for quite some years. I'm Brian Lin. Before the report, we asked you to pay careful attention to the word overtaken. Can you remember when you heard it? You heard it in the very first line of the story. Let's listen again. A United Nations report finds that Myanmar has overtaken Afghanistan as the world's top opium producer. Our main verb of interest is overtake. We spell it like this, O-V-E-R-T-A-K-E. One form of the verb overtake is the past participle, overtaken. It is spelled just like overtake, but has an N at the end of the word. Overtaken, the past participle, is the form you heard in the report. We use the past participle when an action has been completed. We will talk a little more about this idea later. So, what exactly does the verb overtake mean? One meaning is to move up to and past someone or something that is in front of you. You can also think of it as meaning to become more successful than something or someone else. When we say that Myanmar has overtaken Afghanistan as the world's top opium producer, we mean that Myanmar has moved past Afghanistan in terms of opium production. You will hear the verb overtake used in many situations. These situations often have a connection with competition. In politics, we might say that one party has overtaken another party in terms of popularity or votes, or we might say that one business has overtaken another business in terms of sales. We might also use overtake when we talk about sports competitions. One runner might overtake another runner at the end of the race, for example. One note about the use of the past participle. The report said Myanmar has overtaken Afghanistan as the world's top opium producer. This suggests that the action of overtaking has been completed, but it does not suggest exactly when. It would also be correct to use the past form of overtake, overtook. For example, you might say, Myanmar overtook Afghanistan as the world's top opium producer last year. If you would like to learn more about the differences between the two verb forms, has overtaken and overtook, be sure to check the resources in the everyday grammar and ask a teacher's sections of our website, learningenglish.voanews.com. And that's the lesson of the day. I'm John Russell. And that's our program for today. Join us again tomorrow to keep learning English through stories from around the world. I'm Ashley Thompson. And I'm Dan Novak.


Stevenson gets the two-nil victory over Immaculata here today at Mustang Stadium, Glenn Clark with Coach Graham Miller. Coach, imagine it's two-nil, but it seemed like it was even more dominant than that for you guys today. Imagine you're pretty proud of the effort that you got.  And I think that was for today for us. Immaculata, I thought, gave a very strong effort, but I thought we played some of our best soccer and we created some unbelievable chances. And 18 shots in the first half, you've got to put one of them at least in the back of the net. So 2-0, I think 2-0 may have flattered them a little bit, because I thought we had enough, you know, enough really good goal scoring opportunities that we could have been out of sight by half time. So we'll work on finishing. That'll be one of the key areas for the next two days before Eastern on Saturday. We need to talk about what it is that you're saying at the half, because now this is two games this week where you guys have come out and scored a goal in the first 90 seconds of the second half. So what is it that you're telling them in half time that you need to bottle up and replay forever? Well, you would like to think that I was getting on at them, but I'm usually pretty nice in the half-time team tucks. The goalkeeper might say differently over there. So, you know, I just told them to keep doing it. You know, we just had to be patient, not like rush it, not force it. Just keep doing the same we were doing. I mean, we created 18 chances in the first half, so we just had to keep going. And it was great. I mean, we always talk about the important points of the game. And that first 15 minutes in the second half to get those two goals really, really settled this down. And I think it was just an assured performance all around. The next time we see you, we're going to be in the Matt Commonwealth play. You have a couple more before then. What you're getting through, you know, you had a great start to the season, had a couple of bumps after that. How good do you feel about this team as a whole as you get ready for the start of conference play? You know, I'm excited for this team. You know, this team can do some good things in conference. We get two more games to keep learning, keep going. And this has been a grind this week, you know, three games in the space of five days. And it's been tough, but you saw today the energy, the intensity, so the fitness is there. And I expect us to do well in these last two non-conference. They'll both be tough on the road. And then we'll be ready for that conference game, but I'm really excited for these young guys. He is Coach Graham Miller. Coach, congratulations on a great win. We'll see you back here for the start of conference play. Thank you very much. He's Graham Miller. I'm Glenn Clark for GoMustangSports.com.


Hi and welcome to the session. Today we will learn about algebraic expressions. Let us learn how expressions are formed. So for that first of all let us see what is a constant and what is a variable. Constant is a symbol having fixed numerical value for example say 21 minus 5 etc. Now variable is a symbol various numerical values. The value of a variable is not fixed. Now variables are denoted by letters such as A, B, C, X, Y, P etc. Now let us see how algebraic expressions are formed. Algebraic expressions are formed by the combination of constants and variables did by some or all of the four fundamental operations that is addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Let us take an example. First of all let us combine the constant for variable X and X by multiplication. So we get 4X squared. Now we will combine minus 7X and Y by multiplication. So this will give us minus 7X, Y and lastly let us take a constant that is 11 and now we will combine all these three parts by addition. So we get 4X squared plus minus 7X, Y plus 11 which can also be written as 4X squared minus 7X, Y plus 11. So this is an algebraic expression but one thing that you must keep in mind that all these three parts separately are also algebraic expressions. Now let us see what are the terms of an algebraic expression. Let us consider this algebraic expression that is 4X squared minus 7X, Y plus 11. Here we got this algebraic expression by adding three parts that is 4X squared minus 7X, Y and 11. So here all these three parts are the three terms of the given algebraic expression. Now here we cannot say that 7X, Y is a term of this algebraic expression because the sign along with the part is known as a term. So minus 7X, Y is the term of this algebraic expression. Now let us move on to factors of a term of algebraic expression. Again we will consider the same algebraic expression that is 4X squared minus 7X, Y plus 11. Here the terms of this algebraic expression are 4X squared minus 7X, Y and 11. See the factors of that will be 4X and X because we got 4X squared by multiplying 4X and X. So these three are the factors of the term 4X squared. Similarly the factors of minus 7X, Y will be minus 7X and Y. Now 11 is a constant term because there are no literal factors along with it that is there are no variables. So 11 is the only factor of this term. Next let us see the coefficients of a term. Let us consider the same algebraic expression 4X squared minus 7X, Y plus 11. Here for the first term that is 4X squared let us find the coefficient of this term. The factors of this term are 4X and X. Now 4 is the numerical factor of this term. So the numerical factor of the given term is known as the numerical coefficient of the term or simply coefficient of the term. Now the coefficient of the term minus 7X, Y will be minus 7. Now if we have a term say XY then the coefficient of this term will be 1 as XY can be written as 1 into XY. So 1 is the numerical factor of this term. Similarly if we have a term minus X squared then X coefficient will be minus 1 because we can write minus X squared as minus 1 into X squared. So here minus 1 is the numerical factor of the given term. Let us consider a term 4X squared Y. Here 4 is the coefficient of the term and we can also say that 4 is the coefficient of X squared Y. That is the coefficient of the remaining factors. Similarly if we want to find out the coefficient of 4X squared then that will be Y. If I want to find out the coefficient 4Y then that will be equal to X squared. That means we can say that a coefficient can be a numerical factor or an algebraic factor or maybe the product of two or more factors. Now let us see what are like and unlike terms. Like terms are the terms which have seen algebraic factors and unlike terms are the terms which have different algebraic factors. Let us take an example. Suppose we have an algebraic expression 3PQ plus 5P minus 11PQ minus 4. Here in first term the algebraic factors that is the variable factors are P and Q. In second term the algebraic factor is P. In third term the algebraic factors are P and Q and in fourth term there is no algebraic factor. So here the first term and third term that is 3PQ and minus 11PQ have same algebraic factors that is P and Q. So that means 3PQ and minus 11PQ are like terms. Now let us see the unlike terms. Here 3PQ and 5P have different algebraic factors so that means 3PQ and 5P are unlike terms. Similarly 3PQ and minus 4 are unlike terms. Also 5P and minus 4 are unlike terms. So in this way we can find out like terms and unlike terms in a given algebraic expression. Now let us see what are monomials, binomials, binomials and polynomials. An expression with only one term is known as a monomial. For example fx squared minus 6a 11 etc are all monomials. Now expression with two unlike terms is called a binomial.  Next we have expression with three unlike terms is called a trinomial. For example 5x squared plus 2x plus 1 a plus b plus c etc are trinomials. Lastly we have polynomials. An expression with one or more is called a polynomial. That means polynomial is a general term used for algebraic expression. Here monomials, binomials and trinomials are all included in polynomials. So the examples of monomials, binomials and trinomials can be considered as the examples of polynomials. With this we finish this session. Hope you must have understood all the concepts. We are buying take care and have a nice day.


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we begin the first session along with me now I have Professor Bhai Chandra Puranik. So, he left a bit early yesterday he had some other meeting. So, now we are ready to take questions. Let me go to NMIT Bangalore 1105 NMIT I think this is the Nikte Minakshi College of Engineering Bangalore. Sir, can you explain three reservoir refrigeration system? I think you are talking about the three reservoir refrigeration system right, is that your question? Yes sir. See our standard thermodynamic understanding of refrigerator would be a cyclic device absorbed from the cold space. The required amount of heat Q1 rejects it to Q2 reject the required amount of heat Q2 to T2 which is supposed to be the ambient or slightly higher than that and we know from our second law of thermodynamics that some work is required to be done. Now the idea is we already have two reservoirs one at one and one at two. Let us assume that the work is obtained by running an engine between a high temperature reservoir T3 and the ambient T2. Suppose I run an engine which let us say absorbs Q3E from some high temperature reservoir this is greater than ambient rejects Q2E to the ambient reservoir at T2 and it is adjusted so that it produces a work W. We can link these two work transferred together and this essentially gives us the idea of a 3T refrigerator. If I consider these two together now then you will end up with a situation which looks like this you have a T3 which is higher than T ambient then you have a T2 which is nearly T ambient and you will have a T1 which is the cold space. Now you will have a cyclic device which will essentially have three interactions. It will absorb Q1 from the reservoir at T1 that is the refrigerated space. It will absorb Q3E at show near I am just combining from the hot reservoir and from the ambient reservoir to the ambient reservoir it will reject Q2 as well as Q2E so Q2 plus Q2E and this is a 3T refrigerator. When you apply second law to this the appropriate relation to apply is the Clausius inequality and the Clausius inequality applied to this would mean the heat absorbed divided by the temperature at which it is absorbed. So Q1 by T1 plus second one is Q3E T3 plus this is heat rejected so I write this as minus Q2 minus Q2E divided by T2. This has to be less than or at most equal to 0. This is the Clausius inequality which should be satisfied for such a refrigerator to work over to you. Now since you understand that this is a combination of an engine and a refrigerator consequently you can have a COP of sort for the refrigerator part you can have an efficiency for the engine part. So this is one situation because in principle there is no work required we do not have the standard COP but even then people define I think it is getting cluttered but let me try to go down. A COP based purely on thermal interactions can be defined as what we need to extract that is Q1 divided by what we need to provide as the driving energy source that is Q3E. This is a thermal COP. Notice that our normal efficiency or the normal coefficient of performance is the ratio between a heat flow rate and power absorption rate but this COP is purely thermal it is the ratio of two different heat flow rates over to you. Heat pump and reversible heat pump sir. No if you want it reversible then the equality should hold and then under that condition you can determine the ideal value of this thermal COP that will depend on T2, T3 and T1. So although our interactions in the definitions are only with T1 and T3 the ideal thermal COP will have T2 also involved in it. From this equation and the first law requirement that Q1 plus Q3E must equal Q2 plus Q2E you can eliminate the one which does not appear here that is Q2 and obtain an expression for the thermal COP in terms of T1, T2, T3. That is a half a page of algebra which you can do yourself over to you. Sir in property relation you have shown the area equivalence in PV diagram and ES diagram sir. Can you hold your mic slightly below I did not hear you properly. Okay sir in the property relation sir. Yes. As per the first law you told that area of PV diagram is equal to area of TS diagram but about the arrow mark how it will be sir or they are in the same arrow mark or something. See the area I think this is one of those major things which all of us should remember is this. First let us have a process in the PV diagram. If it is a PV diagram then a process on the PV diagram naturally represents a quasi-static process and the area under this diagram will be expansion work. If the corresponding process say this is state 1, this is state 2. If the corresponding representation of the same process on the TS diagram is something like this quasi-static process so you will have it as a continuous curve then the area under the curve is integral Tds but that is not equal to dq. This is that is not equal to the heat interaction because second law says that the heat interaction ds is greater than or equal to dq by T. So Tds will be greater than or equal to dq so integral of Tds will be greater than or equal to q that means even if you have a process which is adiabatic that is q equal to 0 it is likely that the area under this curve is positive. If it were a reversible process then naturally for a reversible process this will hold. Now extending this to a cycle if I have a cycle on the PV diagram and its corresponding depiction on the TS diagram the same thing will hold for a cycle this is the work done by the expansion mode through that cycle and this is integral cyclic integral of Tds for the cycle. So this will be by our relation greater than or equal to the total heat absorbed in the cycle assuming both are quasi-static. Once I show a continuous line the only assumption I need to make is quasi-static but if the cycle is reversible then and of course we are considering a fluid that means a simple compressible system then the only reversible mode of work is W expansion in that case this becomes W by second law equality this becomes q and since we know W work done in a cycle is the heat absorbed net heat absorbed in the cycle they have to be equal. Our Maxwell's relations are based on this equality and the mathematical properties of Jacobian over to you. PV diagram for the reciprocating compressor. PV diagram for the reciprocating compressor I think you should look up a text book because all I understand is the PV diagram of the reciprocating compressors can be idealized but under certain conditions it all it also depends on where the valves are set and whether there is a cutoff and all those are interesting diagram you should look at a books and if you want still more interesting diagrams PV diagrams look up the old steam engines book you will have many more interesting in your PV diagrams out there over to you. We have question. Good morning sir. Good morning. Sir can thermodynamics laws be applicable to our biological systems like human arts sir can we consider it as an open system. Yes, first thing is all biological system are necessarily open system because the we consume food we throw out waste stuff we perspire we breathe in and we breathe out. So all biological systems are open thermodynamic system and since thermodynamics is applicable wherever our standard laws of physics and chemistry are applicable. So they are applicable even to biological system having said that biological systems are very very complex systems. The structure is not as simple as just a collection of molecules as in a gas or liquid or a solid. So applying it to biological systems which are never in equilibrium and which are complex system is very difficult but yes thermodynamics is applicable to biological system. We may not have the ability to apply it as properly to biological systems as we can apply it to engines and refrigerators and fluids and maybe even combustion systems. If you really want to check out on this and discuss this there is an old book by I think Schrodinger on thermodynamics of biological systems. It is either one of those two famous people have written it either Heisenberg or Schrodinger. I have seen it in the library of the TIFR in Mumbai. Sir since human heart acts like a pump, can second law of thermodynamics be applicable sir? What is your question? Since human heart acts like a pump sir. Yeah okay the human heart I think in the discussion forum also there was a question. Yes the human heart is a pump but it is a biological pump. So if we the fluid mechanics of the human heart is very well known and using ultrasonic mapping the detailed volumetric efficiencies and all that have been experimentally determined that what they call ejection fraction and all that thing all pathologies do it absolutely routinely. But how is the energy converted from food particles or carbohydrates or whatever it is into that that is not yet fully perfectly assimilated. But yes it is a pump works like a proper pump and hence laws of thermodynamics are applicable to it. But remember that it is a biological system over to you. Can we call the heart is it a PMM1? No there is nothing in our real world which is PMM of any kind 1, 2 or whatever you care to define. The energy input for the heart? The energy input to the heart is the chemicals provided to it through blood and lymph indirectly through our food. It does not have to be a thermal pump or something which consumes normal work input over to you. Physical significance of cutoff ratio in the diesel engine sir. This is something to do with energy conversion we should not worry about it in thermodynamics. Thermodynamics we say give us the cutoff ratio give us the model for combustion process we analyze it further. The cutoff ratio will depend on the type of fuel the way the engine is cooled the way the engine is run. Engine technology beyond thermodynamics over to you. What is the third law of thermodynamics sir? We have not talked about any third law of thermodynamics so I will not say anything about it. Now I think I should now go to some other center the people here are asking me to switch. So thank you for this longest interaction. 1150 Godavath institutions, Atigre Kallapur over to you. Hello, go ahead. Good morning sir. Good morning. Sir in what situation Cp can be equal to Cv for a thermodynamic processor or a gas? First thing is Cp and Cv have nothing to do with a thermodynamic process. Cp and Cv are properties of a fluid and if you go to the exercises thing, if all of you do all the exercises properly you will not ask many of these questions. Go to exercise pr.3 in which you have to show that Cp minus Cv is function of only p, v and t of course in terms of partial derivatives. So anything on the right hand side if it turns out to be 0 there will be no difference between Cp and Cv. You can rewrite the right hand side in terms of the compressibility or the bulk modulus and you can show that if the compressibility is very low or if the bulk modulus is very high then Cp becomes approximately equal to Cv that is Cp minus Cv will turn out to be 0 and if you substitute the ideal gas equation of state on the right hand side you will get Cp minus Cv equal to r over to you. Yes sir, sir when we are considering the effective heat utilization by the insertion of the devices like economizer or any other device then how we are changing the thermodynamic cycle sir. In the sense when there is no economizer what is the thermodynamic cycle and with the insertion of effective heat utilization device that is economizer how will be the change in the thermodynamic cycle. See the on the on over the TS diagram for a Rankine cycle the economizer process is a part of the normal process from pump exit to boiler exit. It is the detail in the minor detail or detail in the way in which the heat is supplied through various areas in the boiler to the feed water which is getting heated and boiled. So our TS diagram does not change whether you have an economizer present or economizer not present over to you. Okay sir means we are not considering economizer into the. No if economizer is there the enthalpy rise in the economizer will be included in the our Q dot supplied. See we write for our boiler Q dot supplied is mass flow rate into H at boiler exit minus H at boiler inlet and this Q dot supplied includes everything that which is supplied in the economizer plus that which is supplied in the evaporator plus that which is supplied in the super heater. If you really look at the detail of the boiler as a thermodynamic device then perhaps we will model the boiler as partly economizer followed by the water balls followed by the drum followed by the super heater and in which case we will write individual energy balances or individual implications of first law and if necessary second law for each of these components. When we do the cycle analysis we do not go into the details of any one of the major components over to you. Sir one more question sir in ranking cycle we require condenser to condense the steam which is coming out from the turbine. Right. Sir can we send the water without the condenser also or to the boiler? Okay. You look at yesterday I mentioned in our cycle classification that ranking cycle is a vapour cycle, multi equipment cycle and although for large power plants it is invariably implemented as a closed cycle. When we have locomotives we do not want to carry that big condenser and it is cooling water or cooling air system around. So we have an open cycle we do not have a turbine there but we have an engine which does not exhaust the steam into a condenser. The steam is exhausted to the ambient. So the disadvantage is yes the cycle will work but then what you are exhausting from the turbine number one will have to come out at ambient pressure or a pressure very near the ambient. So if you condense it you can expand it to a still lower pressure half of ambient or even much lower than half of ambient depending on how well the condenser is designed and operated. So you will lose out on some power of the turbine but the feed pump also will have to now take fresh water which would be under ambient conditions. That is what the that is what is done in a steam locomotive. You have a water tank which is under ambient condition and the pump pumps it into the shell of the steam engine which is the boiler drum essentially over to you. Sir when we are considering the equation for entropy ds equal to dq by t and for a reversible process do not forget ds equals dq by t for a reversible process element. Do not just say ds equal to dq by t that is very dangerous because it is not correct ds is dq by t reversible otherwise if you just want to stop at dq by t you should say ds should be greater than or equal to dq by t over. And that t we are considering as what type of temperature sir atmospheric or final temperature. It is the temperature at the interface of the system at the boundary of the system across which that dq takes place. So see dq is an interaction two systems must be involved a receiving system which is the system under consideration and some donor system the source of that dq. So look at the since dq is an interaction it has to cross the boundary of the system. So find out the location on the boundary where that dq takes place find out what its temperature when the temperature is or was when the dq takes place and that is the temperature which goes in the denominator over to you. Thank you sir. Over to you sir. Over and out. There are a number of hands raised. So what I am going to do now is at any place I think we will restrict to two or at most three questions right. 1006 NIT Tiruchirapairi over to you. Hello sir good morning. The first question is is there any relation between Gibbs function and Helmholtz function and the exergy? They look similar but there is no direct relation because Helmholtz function and Gibbs function they are defined purely in terms of the current state of the system. The state of the environment does not enter into their definitions at all whereas availability and exergy although they look similar in format to the Gibbs function or the Helmholtz function the temperature and the pressure there in availability and exergy is the ambient temperature ambient pressure. So they have nothing to do with Helmholtz function and Gibbs function. Over to you. So what are the significance of isothermal compressibility volume expansion? For example if you take mu J T joule Thompson coefficient if it is 0 the ideal gas expansion during expansion the temperature exchange of temperature is equal to 0 and if it is positive temperature will decrease if it is negative temperature will increase. So likewise any significance is there for isothermal compressibility and volume expansion? See there is nothing isothermal compressibility just tells us how much do you need to increase the pressure to reduce the volume by a given fraction that is at isothermal condition that is without changing the temperature of the system. So there are two compressibilities we define one is as you said isothermal compressibility partial of V with respect to pressure at constant T 1 over V and we put a negative sign to make it a positive number because all stable materials when pressure increases volume decreases. This is isothermal compressibility and the other one you have is isentropic compressibility. This is related to the speed of sound. This is not directly related to the speed of sound that was your question about compressibility what was the other part that you talked about over to you. That is volume expansivity. See the compressibility is considered variation with pressure volume expansivity is the expansion coefficient. So for solids we have a linear expansion coefficient similarly for fluids we have the volumetric expansion coefficient. So there we keep the pressure constant determine the change in volume relative change in volume for a specified change in pressure. So this is you say volume expansivity. We call it the expansion coefficient volumetric expansion coefficient whereas both these things are compressibility. Reciprocal of compressibility is bulk modulus. It is exactly the reciprocal of this. So you will have an isentropic bulk modulus and an isothermal bulk modulus over to you. If we refer let us say that there are n number of equation of state. For calculating thermodynamic properties of new fluid for example refrigerant mixtures all these things. How to choose a proper equation of state. Is there any procedure or we have to develop a new equation of state for that. No you do not have to develop a new equation every time. Actually nowadays I am sure computer programs are available which will fit your data to any type of equations. Usually with the so called virial equation of state or virial form of equation of state where you write PV by RT in the form of a infinite series in one or two variables typically temperature and pressure that type of an equation is used. And I am sure standard statistical packages are available for you to select the right number of terms and the coefficients of those terms. Over to you. Thank you sir. Let me go to some other sentence now. One to one five Bajaj group of institutions Akbarpur over to you. Good morning sir. Good morning. Sir I want to ask that what is the difference between the Rankine cycle and the cycle on which the modern steam power plant works. The basic cycle is the Rankine cycle but it gets modified with two modifications. The first modification is reheat the expansion through the turbine is not in one go. So the high pressure turbine expands it up to some intermediate pressure then it is taken again to the boiler where it is heated again at that intermediate pressure and then it goes through the other turbine or the low pressure turbine where it expands up to the condenser pressure. This is one modification. The second modification is that there is regenerative feed heating typically 5, 6, sometimes 7 rarely feed heaters which improve the efficiency significantly. The modern Rankine plant is basically a Rankine plant with super heat and with regenerative feed heating. There are no other modifications. There are other pieces of equipment in the cycle which take care of control, safety, start up, sudden change in load and such thing. But the basic cycle is the Rankine cycle with super heat and with reheat and regeneration. Over to you. Sir my next question is I have seen on TS diagram of any the isobars in subcooled region are the two consecutive isobars are near to each other. But when we come to the super heat region the same two consecutive isobars have large difference. Earlier I thought that it is a case of change in specific heat at high temperature. No. But if we assume it is an ideal gas then. See the your question is in the subcooled region the various isobars are very near each other on the TS diagram. And the reason for that is very simple is that in the subcooled region the liquid is almost incompressible. And because of that there is hardly any effect of pressure. So you at a certain temperature if you change the pressure the entropy varies very little. You can see it from some detailed steam table. And because of this all the isotherms are all cluttered together. So much so that if you really sketch or plot the TS diagram to scale. You know particularly at low pressures you just cannot make out any difference between the isobars. They almost seem to all cluttered up just to the left of the saturated liquid line. Sir minus question to Dr. Bandarkar. How enthalpy deviation lines done in the psychometric chart and what they are significant. So the question was about enthalpy lines on the psychometric chart. And I think I did explain that the enthalpy you know the simple formula that we use for enthalpy is just C p times the temperature that is the dry bulb temperature. And that is because we have taken the reference at 0 degrees. And plus the specific humidity multiplied by this h f g at 0 which is 2 phi 0 1 plus C p times temperature. So all you have to do really is take a particular edge and vary the T. And what you will realize is that as you vary the T that for a particular edge you will get different values of omega and thus you plot the constant enthalpy lines. Now as far as what is it significant it is only in air conditioning processes you need to know how much heat transfer you have to put into the system or take out of the system if you want to achieve your process. So if you are cooling you will need to remove energy from the system and if you are heating and this is in cold climates you will need to put in energy into the system. And it is a very easy way of doing it just look up the two states that you want. So you want a particular dry bulb temperature and specific humidity or relative humidity mark the points and see the difference in the enthalpy lines passing through those and you know what you should be putting in or taking out that is about it. Thank you. Sir my next question is to Gayatunde sir. Yes go ahead I am here. Dr. Gayatunde sir. Sir you told us earlier that W net in case of Carnot cycle is very low as W positive and W negative are approximately equal to each other. And we know that the efficiency of a cycle is W net upon the total amount of heat input. So sir if W net is approximately equal to 0 then efficiency is also approximately equal to 0 but we say that between two even thermal energy reservoirs. Yeah I know what you are getting at see I did not say W net for the Carnot cycle is negligible. I said W net for the Carnot cycle see W net for any cycle is made up of a W plus and a W minus. So W net is W plus minus W minus. All I have said is the ratio of W plus or W minus to W plus is almost equal to 1 for Carnot cycle. So the efficiency of the Carnot cycle does not change. Suppose you have T equals 1000 K here and T equal to say 500 K here. Then the Carnot cycle working between the two if it takes in say 100 joules from the 1000 K reservoir it will reject 50 joules from the to the 500 K reservoir and it will provide you a W net of 50 joules no doubt about it but this W net will be made up of a W plus of something like of the order of say 1000 joules and W minus will be of the order of 950 joules. Consequently a small amount of friction or any excess any extraneous requirement will kill this difference and the cycle will not be able to deliver any work output W net is pretty small compared to W plus. I did not say W net is pretty small compared to this is which is Q 1. The relation between Q 1 and W net is through the Carnot efficiency which depends only on T 1 and T 2. It is this ratio that I was talking about 1000 to 50. So 50 to 1000 instead of this we would definitely prefer something like 50 joules made up of W plus equal to say 60 joules and W minus it is say 10 joules. This is definitely preferable over to you and this is the last question because I have to go to some other section other center. Sir can the value of gamma be 0 and 1. What is the value of gamma be 0 or 1? Gamma if you consider it ratio of C p and C v I do not think it will go over to 0 because C p and C v are usually of the same magnitude. But yes it can go to 1 if you have very complex molecules in the geysers form. For example if you take saturated water vapor at low pressures gamma turns out to be approximately equal to 1 and for when we say that for incompressible fluids C p equals C v almost exactly. So for that gamma will be 1 over and now I think it is time for me to go to some other center because 1 0 7 7 Federal Institute Ernakulam over to you. Good morning sir. Good morning. My question is related to second law problem SL 12. Sir could you just draw the TV diagram of that process showing the saturation problem? Yes, SL 12. So we have a cylinder piston assembly in which there are two stops. When the piston is at the upper stop it is 3 meter cube. When the piston is at the lower stop it is 1 meter cube. That means the system volume will always be between 1 meter cube and 3 meter cube it cannot go outside this range. The second one is the piston mass and atmospheric pressure are such that the piston floats at 500 kilo Pascal. That means when the system pressure is 500 kilo Pascal the volume is ready to change at and adjust itself to an appropriate value between 1 meter cube and 3 meter cube and remember that thing is 500 kilo Pascal. So the PV diagram will be something like this PV this is 1 meter cube let us say this is 3 meter cube and the pressure at which it will float is in kilo Pascal 500. Now that means the system can take a state at 500 kilo Pascal anywhere on this line. If you try to increase the pressure above 500 it will float up but will stop at 3 meter cube. If you cool it and bring it below 500 it will go along this line. So the process if it is a quasi-static process will have to be on this solid line which is shown here. Now once you understand this it is initially 1 mega Pascal and 500 degree C. So 1 mega Pascal means 1000 kilo Pascal. So it will be pressure somewhere here. So the initial state will be something like this. Details you can calculate because you can determine the volume. Specific volume at 1 mega Pascal and 500 degree C is given. So using that you can determine the mass and then all other properties. It is allowed to cool to 100 degree C by rejecting the heat to the atmosphere at 30 degree C. So at 100 degree C find out from the process where the state will be and you will find that it comes here, it comes here and may be then it goes down here finally giving you a final state here. I am not sure but I think the details of this process are there on the coordinators moodle otherwise I will try to put them up there in a few days. Over to you. Sir could you show the process on the TV diagram along with the saturation line in the TV diagram, temperature volume diagram along with the saturation curve. For that I will have to determine the details and then show it otherwise there is no difficulty in showing it on the TV diagram but on the TV diagram it depends on the process and where the condensation takes place. Here also in TV the link will be between these two but we may not have a horizontal line in between because the horizontal line is because of this constant pressure behavior. Sir I think in this problem at the end of this first constant volume heat rejection the substance is at the wet region. Yes that is possible you will have to determine what state A is which is this intermediate state and what state B is which is this intermediate state. You should not assume that this is a condensation process condensation process may begin somewhere here and may continue up to here or up to here. It is not necessary that this constant pressure process is the condensation process even the condensation can be partly at constant volume and then remaining partly at constant pressure. Yes go ahead. Consider a wet steam. Consider a wet steam having a very low drainage fraction contained in a rigid container which has diatomic wall. A wet steam having a low drainage fraction contained in a rigid container with a diatomic wall. If we remove heat from this wet steam if we remove heat from this wet steam at constant volume that is a process at constant volume actually if we show the process on the TV diagram the drainage fraction is increasing. But during the heat rejection process usually we will expect decrease in the drainage fraction. Sorry it will be better if you mark the state of the steam on the TV diagram with a very low drainage fraction and showing the constant volume heat rejection process. First thing is you have a constant volume chamber fixed volume it has a diatomic wall. So some Q is possible otherwise it is rigid. So your W expansion is 0. So you have 0. I would expect that the total W is 0 because you are not mentioning any stirrer or electrical work. I hope that is the assumption. And your initial state here is liquid plus vapor X near 0. Is that your initial state? Very small drainage fraction over to you. No, okay. Low drainage fraction not a accurately saturated liquid. Is it saturated liquid or is it saturated liquid with some small amount of vapor? Sir small amount of vapor, small amount of vapor like X is equal to 0.1 or like. Okay, say X equal to say 0.1. Now you have it a Q across this and what is the process? The process will have to be a constant volume process. So if you plot it on the PV diagram and let us say this is the volume will become fixed the process can only be like this. So let us say this is your initial state, state 1. And if you are you going to supply heat to it or are you going to reject heat to it? Reject heat, make it reject heat. Is Q greater than 0 or Q less than 0? Q is negative. Q is negative. Okay. Then this is a simple process. This process will be analyzed that delta E is Q minus 0, Q minus W. W is 0 according to our specification. So M into assuming this to be equal to delta U. So this will be M into U2 minus U1 will be equal to Q. So if Q is negative, U2 will be negative. U2 will be less than U1 and then U2 and V2 equals V1 that will give you the final state. Calculate the final state and depending on whether it gets a higher trinus fraction or lower trinus fraction will be determined based on this. My doubt was that actually if the heat is rejected, if the Q is negative, we will expect a condensation but here the dinos... No, no, no. Wait, wait, wait, wait. Again there is an assumption here. When heat is rejected, there is condensation when the pressure is maintained constant. Here you are forcing the volume to be constant. So do not make a general statement that when heat is rejected, there is condensation. That is true only when the pressure is maintained constant. Here you are saying a rigid container so you are maintaining the volume constant. During this process, temperature is also not remaining constant, is it true? Yeah, the temperature will also not change. For example, on this PV diagram, if this is the initial pressure P1, the process may go like this in which case your trinus fraction will increase, then pressure will decrease but the final state is given by this. Rigid container so V2 equals V1 and the second property which determines the final state is U2 which comes out of the first law. Sir, this is a case of phase change with both change in temperature and pressure. Yes, you are right. Over to you. Thank you sir. Thank you very much.


Hello howdy and good morning fishing freaks welcome on back to the channel. Glad you subscribed Glad you're here today hanging out with me on a fishing vlog a kind of a special one because we're gonna be looking at One of my very first fishing rods Taking it out and see it if it's still can catch fish So I just cleaned up the silver bullet is looking extra juicy got all the water spots off of it's wax and everything Coming off a goog and wick, you know white clock hands everywhere dirt and everything So just cleaned it up. It is really hard not to take out a good-looking clean boat And I was digging around looking for some camping gear and whatnot and I came across in the closet One of my very first this might actually be the very first Fishing rod I ever had so I want to talk about this for a minute So what makes this rod special is when when I was growing up as a kid my dad used to take me fishing in In his brown terry bass boat, I still remember that boat. He got me this pole. It's a telescoping Pole and it's really designed to catch brim and crappie and And all that but he would bass fish in the front of the boat and you know as a kid You're like casting around you're getting in your dad's way your mom's way or whatever when you're out there On the water a lot of times. I'm sure I'm gonna encounter that with him You know lures flying at you or whatever so this kind of pole a telescoping pole. There's no reel on it There's no casting per se. It's just kind of a placement You know fish around trees or fish around docks or just fish open water up in creeks or whatever We didn't have a huge bass boat. So we used to fish a lot of small waters. He would go and get me We'd go to the gas station.  Sometimes I'd have a bobber whatever he rigged me up So it was very entertaining for me and of course, you know, it just goes along I can still like smell the old two cycle Engine the gasoline the oil burning in the morning. It's just a lot of memories associated with this rod So it's definitely something I'm gonna, you know, hang it up hanging up in the in the tree house or the Cabin one of these days and just talk about it. So I thought while it's summertime Why not break out the old brim pole my original brim pole and see if we can rig it up and catch some fish The old-fashioned way how I used to catch them out of the back of the boat with my dad It's good to it. But first of all, we got to feed the chickens. They've been squawking at me They're pretty hungry putting you guys in on the little summer routine here at the tree house I usually come out here early mornings. It's still kind of cool water the yard. I feed the chickens And I've been giving them some water as well like a big water tub Because some of them like to cool off like that hang out easy girls easy The food is right here. Guess what? Food's right here Yeah, no girls know old hands. No, these are the ones. I really want to get the nutrition anyways because They're the ones laying eggs So we actually have some leftover salmon in here We've got a bunch of spinach spinach. It's got a lot of good nutrients for chickens And then we give them leftovers literally just we've got some of any leftover fruits vegetables. I think there's Some little crab cakes in there.  Oh Yeah, well Easter egg or nose it's where the goods are Also for those of you that are subscribed to the like life family channel if you're not it's linked down below But thank you for commenting and letting us know what these little fruits are These are actually Mexican plums. So we have these growing in the backyard and They are edible actually and I did a little research you can a lot of people make jams and stuff out of them They're kind of a sweet and sour. Just take a bite out of this one right here Mexican plum Trees they trees have like a really aggressive kind of gnarly bark on them Just look like that Got like a waxy exterior and then once you Break that skin Tastes like a plum.  Go fishing. I just got to tell y'all I am not getting tired of hearing that motor start up I kind of get a little grin every time I hear it because it's like getting into an old sports car or something Or a new sports car. It's just gnarly. I love it I would consider ourselves lucky today because all the way over here. We had some Overcast coming in actually a few little Sprinkles that have moved in it's really windy and usually this time of day White bass or schooling so right here. It's really choppy. I'm gonna try to find a calm spot and see if we can see something on top and Get the old fishing pole a workout Okay, also we have located a lot of fish. They're below the surface. They're not really coming up at this moment I'm hoping that they do We'll show you how this this rod works. So the line ties around these these two little little pegs right here these little brass Deals you just wrap your lineup on there And you don't want to have more line than the rods length because that makes it really difficult to fish But I've got it just a little loop knot around here at the end I've got some 10-pound tests fluorocarbon on here, and this just extends out One piece. Yeah, now they're all connected extends out into 10 feet. So why bam This time of year they're normally feeding on Small small baitfish. I'm gonna rig up this the spoon right here. I'm gonna be able to get it down a little deeper And I can swim it at the surface. I can just kind of drag it along figure eight it Hopefully we can get on them. Yeah, it's unlocated Starting to come up to the top here But I'm gonna need them to just go ahead and get real excited for me to catch them on this hole Cain pole Can't get to them. Oh got one got one got one. Yeah, baby. Yeah, baby first fish on the old school pole That's pretty cool right there. Yo little guy It's about the size that this rod is meant for No real need it. You just fling it on out there. Oh Boy that technique looks bad.  You can see them I'm just gonna figure eight it right here. You've had a taste Got him go no There's like hardly any hooks up to this thing There's two fish on the pole still doing it still doing it white bass These are little ones, but these are like Perfect size for right now.  Oh, gosh. That was a big one. I was chasing it right there What we got? Yeah Gotcha boy That's fun The rod just leans over. I want to talk about bringing back some memories I think I'm gonna try another spot. Let's see if I can get on some some more fish Like the water should just be erupting right now. I'm gonna see the eruptions Everybody got you That is number four. Well, there must be a lot of shad moving through here. I Would fully expect them to just go bonkers on some shad Up at the top, but those shad are like on the bottom So is anybody here familiar with this fishing pattern that I'm about to mention. It's It's called the scatter pattern and basically what happens is you've got these fish Located dialed and then all of a sudden They scatter they scatter see anybody familiar with that. Am I the only one raise your hand in the comments? Let me know what has happened is the shad which I thought with this overcast would be Staying up top because they're low light feeders if you don't plankton But they seem to be moving out deep in these these white bass are just kind of falling and they're they're scattered You can see some here that are falling the shad suspended and then there's some fish here on the bottom I'm not really sure what they are, but you can see at both sides here like the shad have just decided to move on and Being weird positions that I would not predict, but what is happening is the Sun is starting to come out So things are changing. I was anticipating massive schools On top just going crazy. It was gonna be easy for me to take my pole and just dangling like this Literally, I was just waiting on ran around a bunch just looking for those scenarios I haven't even seen the birds really lining the banks with with shad up shall let's this is normally like it Pretty typical summer pattern But you know the fish don't always read the rule books and I certainly didn't write the rule books I don't know they just said man. Sorry about it.  I can I can't I will let you know fish I just it's really hard to get a lure down in your face and keep it there Especially if there's only like a couple of you.  I want you ganged up ready to munch But I digress, but what I also want to do is try to catch some gills and then try to catch a bass Any kind of bass on this rod is gonna be ridiculous. It'll be funny if I can even get the fish in Looked up on the bass hooked up on the bass Gotta get old bass around the tire Well, I hooked him good something I really like about the Those must-have triple grips on our Guggen Guggen squad hard baits stick them good Especially in the summertime when their mouths are clumsy for next attempt. We're gonna take ourselves a wide gap Finesse hook I'm gonna take a five inch Dragon drop. This is something new. This right here has a really good shad profile. You got a pearl belly You got that green pumpkin back So it looks like a shad that's dying and there's a lot of shad that hang around marinas right now Different types of dock structures and whatnot. So this actually is not a bad technique for right now It's just gonna be the delivery Delivery system to get it there a 10 foot cane pole with really no hook set if if one grabs this thing I'm gonna it's gonna be hard to tell first of all Because when you pull up on this rod To check if a fish is there you really have no let like once you try to pull up on them And they feel it they're gonna let go you're not gonna be able to fastly quickly Drop back down and bring it back up Wendy Wendy My goodness I'm really just letting the lure do all the work. So I'm moving the boat. I'm Casting or placing the lure just ahead of me and then letting the line sink and by the time It's about parallel with me. I just lift it up and go to the next thing And I can cover this area Pretty good doing this. It's just gotta pay attention to the line. It starts moving I got him guys.   That was fun That was cool. I was actually able to get a hook set on it And and it swam out perfect way it swam to the other side of the boat actually I am going to rig up another one of those and just see if I can get maybe one a little bit bigger But checked it off the list. Why bam? I honestly don't even know my biggest bass on that rod It's probably about that size that that could have been quite honestly. Oh my god. Oh That was a good one. That was a good one. I didn't get a hook set in him. He was just running with it Dad go Oh He was taking off with it. I Wasn't paying attention. The wind is really kicking up now. It's blowing these clouds out of here We're about to receive the full wrath of the Texas heat. So I was able to get one bass.  I mean it it felt tasty. Now. I'm gonna fish it the way I remember the most which is with a cork or a bobber an indicator You know depending on wherever you are or whatever you call it. That's what I called it when I was a kid So I'm gonna take a bobber like this. I'm gonna find the smallest hook in my boat If I can scrap up a fly that would be phenomenal But I'm gonna try to find the smallest hook that I have and put it on here and see if we can get some Some gills or some sunfishes and that's the way I used to fish this rod When I was sitting in the back of my my dad's boat toss it out there up under a tree or whatever It is watch the bobber go down pull back on them sling them in the boat have a smile Maybe have a snack maybe a you know a little combo or a Starburst or skittles just whatever kind of snack dad got you from the Zippy mark and Wabam childhood memories made LFD shout out to you. That's my dad by the way for introducing me into fishing Well, she's a little breezy in here. I'm gonna give her a whirl Oh Did take it Be small another one got it got it There is your American standard bluegill pork chop of the lake Oh my gosh, there's another one on it another one on it They're coming out of woodworks for this thing. Oh my goodness One attack the bobber and the other one attacked the fly That is beautiful. My goodness Look how pretty this fish is. I mean that looks like a tropical reef fish That's awesome. See you buddy. You're aggressive. I like you Yeah What man? So we've got a bluegill and I believe this is a Oh, I Am forgetting my biology Apologize there's a bunch of them back here in their party Got it Well, I'm cleaning these suckers up in here with this pole tiny tiny but fun Take you again or at that beautiful creation right there. See ya.  I'm gonna come back and destroy these gills It's getting about time for summer bluegill catching cook.  We're gonna sign it off for today I was able to break out my old dusty childhood pole and get a variety of different species on it and It's kind of cool thinking about taking it on this little bluegill mission with me So that's what I'm gonna do next I've got a way to cook these bluegill that I want to try go ahead and smash that like button for Resurrecting a rod from the past and bringing back some old memories Maybe you've got something in your closet or in your garage that needs a little dusting off Just break it out. See what the old fishing technology used to be like it'll make you appreciate the new stuff We've got now until the next fishing adventure. I'm wishing you the best and all of your dangles. God bless you. We'll see you