Hello everyone, so this week we are going to talk about searching algorithms this class is called introduction to data structures and So far we have worked with some data structures. We worked with an array based list We worked with a Python or excuse me a linked list And we talked about some abstract data types as well a queue a stack an unordered list a deck But a big part of data storage is being able to search it right so We will cover the basic search algorithms, and there really aren't that many And then we will use our discussion of search to talk about a way of doing searching really fast With a particular data structure, but let's just talk start out with really simple searching and how it works Okay, so throughout this These this week I'm going to be referring to Search handout to yours when I talk about the search handout I mean this thing so you should have a copy of it up somewhere and in it You will find the algorithms as well as the exercises that we will do during these lectures. Okay, so first of all, let's define what we mean by searching and the context of data structures and algorithms a Search algorithm determines Whether an item is present in a collection of items Easy enough. Is it there? Is it not true or false now many search algorithms in computing will also return The index of the item in a list. Where is it in your list? Right? This is going to be an integer What's the index is it at index zero? Is it at index three index four? Just knowing where it is in the list can be useful, right? So that's all searching is you're looking through a collection of items and the only collections we care about right now are lists To find out if the thing is there So we're going to talk about searching list data structures And there are really only three approaches pretty simple and pretty intuitive at least the first two are One is the first is the sequential or linear search We'll talk about that in this video then a smart sequential search and Finally a binary search, which is quite different probably than any algorithm you've seen so far Okay, so what is a sequential search or a linear search? Well, it's how you look for a book in a bookshelf That's not sorted or organized in any way if you want to find a book in this So list of books. Well, what would you do? You start at one end or the other and you go down the list and you say Is this it is this it is this it is this it and you just go in order you go sequentially or in a line That's the premise of sequential or linear search, right? If you've got an unordered list of things right like when I say unordered I mean the values are in any order whatsoever, right? They're the order that you put them into the list whether you used a panning or adding or inserting maybe you've removed stuff The order of the items in the list are based on those func methods that you call not their values, right? So there's really no better way to search an unordered list Than to start at one end at the start and just go down the list. All right So here's the algorithm for it. You can find this algorithm on your search sheet Or your search handout and this is written in pseudocode. This is not valid Python. This is not valid Java This is not valid anything. This is pseudocode, but it tells you how the the algorithm works So one of the things we're gonna do in this module is get practice tracing algorithms Okay, so when in doubt of how these algorithms work go to the pseudocode What we are mostly interested in them, right? So what we're interested in doing is finding the best search Okay, how do we determine how good a search is? well effectively, right This is an algorithm so we can apply a big O analysis to it and if you did the big O analysis of this algorithm, you would very quickly find that it is big O of n Okay, number of Things that are in the list. Okay So what were you are what I will ask you to do when you're thinking of searching is to count the number of Comparisons that we're doing as we search So a comparison is whenever whenever you search you have a target the thing you're looking for a Single comparison is when you compare this target to an element in a list That is one comparison When you go to the next element of a list and you compare it to the next element That's a second comparison. Okay, so when you are counting search algorithms I'm going to ask you in your homework to count the number of Comparisons you have to do between a target and an element in the list. That's the comparison. Okay When it comes down to the algorithm a single comparison basically equates to a single iteration of a loop All of these search algorithms. We're going to talk about this week run in a loop, right? So one iteration of the loop is equivalent to one comparison and that matches up That's going to match up with the big O kind of T event counting that you do It's the looping in the size of the list that are going to dominate how efficient these algorithms are Okay, so let's not get wrapped up in that too much at this point Let's do it by example and let's count and just make sure we understand how the different search algorithms operate Like I said, they're mostly straightforward except for binary search But let's make sure that we know them because you have to know them, right? You got to know how these different things work All right, so on the third page I believe it is of your handout you will find this example list And we're going to run through some examples on this list Okay, so switch over to your page three and then let's do these examples So we had a brief technical failure there I had intended to do this part on the whiteboard, but I had a technology failure So I will be doing some this interactively in the slides But I encourage you to follow along on the third page of your handout and kind of do what I'm doing here So we're gonna trace the linear search algorithm also known as the sequential search algorithm, and it's really quite intuitive, right? Basically what happens is here's the algorithm here on the right And this is on the first page of your handout A is the list of things we want to search. So in this case, I'm saying that A is a Python array-based list, but this same algorithm will work just fine for a linked list Though you'll have to change it just a little bit to handle dot next and things like that N is the number of elements in the list. Okay. Where am I getting that? I'm just getting it from this description right here So what's N? How many elements are in A? Well, I believe that there are eight elements in A Let's do it there. Okay eight elements in A Target is the item that we want to search for so I'm going to be doing this first example here Sequential search of unsorted lists. Let's look for number 332. Okay, so 332 is what I'm gonna be looking for here Excuse me. Sorry. This is gonna be a little dicey. I'm used to doing this on the board or paper not on a computer Alright, so let's look at the algorithm. So set found to none. Now again, this is pseudocode. It's not Python Set found to none and set loc variable to zero. Okay, so these are all variables that we're dealing with here While loc is less than N So while location is less than N the number of elements in the list and it's not been found Okay, found is none. So it's not found yet. Do the following if the target we're looking for is equal to a sub-location Set found equal to that location So this is an algorithm that is not returning true or false. It is returning the index Where is the item in the list and you can very easily check, you know, convert that to a true or false Is it greater than or equal to zero then? Yeah, it's true. You found it If it's the if you if the target is equal to the item at this index you found it hooray Otherwise set loc equal to loc plus one in other words move it up a slot. Okay So let's step through this and our target here is 3 3 2. Okay, so for those of you who struggle with your debugging I know this exercise may be a little painful for you Please follow this right make sure you can step through an algorithm by hand. It's an important skill to have Okay, so while location is less than n Okay, zero is less than eight. Loc is less than n and not found. Yeah, we haven't found it If target equal equal a sub-loc. Okay is three three two equal to a sub Zero look is zero right and what we're saying is location is basically right here. So is this element equal to the target? No, it is not equal to the target. So what do we do? If target will look set look equal to look plus one so move Location up a slot to here All right. Now we loop back around. Let me kill this.  Let me loop back around Loc is still less than n and we still haven't found it if target is equal to look Three three two equal to a sub-location. Why yes, it is it is here, right? Set found Equal to look. Okay, so my location is one and Then we go back up to the while loop, right? This is important that you understand this when you're tracing loops, right? I Have found it, but now I go back up to my while loop and check the condition While look is less than n it is one is less than n and not found Ah, but I have found something found is one So I exit my loop and I return found Okay, so that's it. It kind of climbs up the list sequentially looking for the target Okay, let's do the next example the next example. Our target is 91 Okay So this time Our target is 91 and we're gonna reset our algorithm Okay, and let's trace again the tracing of this you're like Dr. Lehmann, I know how this search is gonna go It's still really important that you get the skills of tracing down of seeing how Individual variables change as you go along. Okay, so we'll go through this one more time Actually, you know what for this one No, for this one, we'll go through it in detail for the next one. We'll go. We'll kind of skip ahead a little bit. Okay So set found equal to none set location equal to zero my target is 91 While location is less than n. That's true and not found do the following if the target is equal to a sub-loak Is it equal to it? No, so what do we do? Move a step. Locke gets locke plus one loop back around Locke is still less than n and it is still not found. So is the target equal to this? Nope. All right move the location again Loop back around neither of our loop conditions are met. So we compare is 91 is the target equal to this? Nope. Okay, we step Right, let's shorten it up now kind of all right. Is target equal to this? Nope. Okay, move again Our loop conditions are still met right basically while locke less than n This means have you walked off the end of the list if not keep looking and not found Have you found it once you found it stop? So that maybe is an important thing to call out, right? Linear search stops when it finds the first instance of a thing, right? So Target is 91. So is this equal is a sub-loak equal to the target? Yes, it is so what do I do? set found equal to the look Found is for I exit my fls block Come back up here and While locke is less than n it still is but it is now found. So I'm done. I exit the loop Come down here and return found. Okay, but back to the point If let's say we were searching for one two three If we were searching for one two three it would get here and it would stop right? The search algorithm is going to stop when it finds the first occasion of The target in the list and that's okay, right? All right, so How many comparisons did we do let's ask that question well for 91? We first compared the target to five three three two two comparisons six eight 91 so I in total I did five comparisons to find 91 right including the comparison to the actual value So I did five comparisons here now. Let's look at our next target, which is going to be 22 Okay, so as you quickly scan this list You'll see of course that 22 is not in the list now The computer doesn't know that the computer is not omniscient and it can't it can only perceive things one bit at a time Literally, so what's going to happen here? Let's count the comparisons again Now you know how linear search works look here is Our target our target is now 22 is 22 equal to this no Move our kind of where we're looking up a spot. Is it equal to this? Nope No Location no, no, no, no, no, okay. We're here All right, so now what happens right? We're at this last part of the loop and let's say we're just getting ready to inspect Location seven. Okay. We start our while loop is location less than n seven We're at location seven is less than eight and we still haven't found it. Okay if Target equal equals a sub loak. It does not right. It does not Three is not equal to 22 Then loke gets loke plus one. Okay, so loke is eight So loke is effectively saying here. Well, there is no here, right? so But we come back up to the while loop while loke is less than n is Eight less than eight No, eight is equal to eight less than or equal to would pass But that's not true loke is less than eight is loke is eight less than eight No, so the loop stops Right, we jump down to the end and we return found so when we return found here What are we returning? None, right? It's not there. We didn't find it. So if I get none back from the search algorithm I know the thing is not in the list. Okay, so that's the premise of sequential search It's very simple. You start at the beginning and you just kind of climb your way up and you say are you it? Are you it? Are you it? Are you it? Are you it? No? Okay, yes or no, and if you found it return the index of that thing. That's all there is to it All right, so let's answer some of these questions though How do you know in looking at this algorithm when the target is not present? Well when the location is equal to n You know that the target is not present. That's the case that we just ran into here Okay Second question you need to know the answers to these questions. All right At least when given this the pseudo code the linear search compares two objects for equality What method must be defined in a Python class for it to be comparable with an equality operator? Okay, so if you had a list of say bank accounts and you want to search through and ask question if a Sub-loak is equal equal to target and The lists full bank accounts and your target is a bank account What method do you have to define on the bank account class to compare them using the equal equal operator? Well, that is the underscore underscore eq method underscore underscore eq All right, if the data is sorted can we improve the efficiency? All right, well think about that for a second if this list were in order Could we do better? Well, the answer is yeah, of course it is. That's why we have two other search algorithms, right? We'll talk about those in a little bit so Other questions, let me back out of these All right, go back over here Now we're on to if you're filling in your search handout, we're on to the bottom of the second page Okay, so we're asking here the question the the slide in the chart are kind of asking the same thing How many comparisons are required when the target is present in the list? Okay, so again a comparison is comparing the target to a single element in the list an individual element of the list So in the best case The target is in the list. Where is that target going to be? In a sequential search. Well, the best case scenario is that the target is in the first slot It's in the slot at index zero, right? If it's in that first slot. You only need to do One comparison, right? You only need to do one comparison. I'm gonna get that center Hmm. There we go. It's a little better Interesting. All right In the best case, it's one comparison Okay In the worst case Let's suppose that the target is still in the list What's the worst case number of comparisons you have to do? Well The best case is it's at the beginning of the list You do one comparison. The worst case is that it's at the end of the list Okay, if you have n items in the list Then that means you need to do n comparisons Again in the worst case All right Okay, now Suppose the target is not in the list You're searching for something, but it isn't there Well, how do you know using sequential search if an item is not in the list? You know, it's not in the list Remember the answer to our previous question You know it is not in the list if the location is equal to n So what that is telling you is you got to go through the whole list To know that an item is not in it Okay So there's actually no distinction between the best case scenario and the worst case scenario here In both cases, let me just fix this up real quick In both cases You have to go through n items to find out All right, and that's kind of the the downside of sequential search It's an immensely simple algorithm, but if you have a million items 10 million items a billion items The only way you know for sure if something is not in the list is you have to go through and check all billion items Right that could be slow If you're especially if you're doing that check a lot for some reason you're searching a lot That could be slow If it's only a couple thousand items, yeah, whatever you're not going to notice that But if you get into really big data, this could be a problem searching for something that's not there, right? um So that's kind of a sequential search Next video we will improve upon this a little bit with a smart sequential search But we have to transform the data before we can do that. We'll talk about that next time


Okay guys, let's start our next talk We shall nangle here. So I'll give him a big applause, please Okay, everybody hear me, okay? Good to go cool So speaking today on operational security lessons from the dark web a few kind of mandatory disclaimers before we proceed The usual views and materials presented here do not represent a day of my employer's past present or maybe future I'm going to be talking about a number of dark web related criminal cases I'm not discussing guilt or innocence what I'm going to be discussing is evidence that was provided and What operational security mistakes that outlines and how to apply it for other? Enterprises Also, not going to be really discussing much the topic of parallel construction for anybody that doesn't know parallel construction is a Practice used by law enforcement where if they are either unwilling or unable to divulge how information was gathered Say by NSA surveillance that sort of thing they will essentially construct a parallel Explanation that will be presented in court as to how the information was gathered a Little bit about myself about 25 years in technology Shifted to security about 10 years ago have done a wide range of Public and private sector work everything ranging from two-person software startups up to Multinationals Currently working in the DC area and as you can see I have the cutest dog in the world Golds of this talk as I mentioned a little bit examine a number of criminal cases what mistakes were made and How the lessons learned from those mistakes can be applied to? non-criminal activities Starting with probably the most high-profile one and I won't go into kind of the build-up to the case that much And that's the dread pirate Robert Silk Road case But been in the news a lot most people are probably familiar with with the case at least at a high level Ross Ulbric was Arrested at a library in San Francisco While working on his laptop One of the primary security mistakes made there. He'd chosen to work at at a library use their Wi-Fi make sense He was sitting at his table with his back to the room Couldn't see anybody come in couldn't see what was going on the FBI agents that were there to arrest him Thought they probably needed to make sure they could get his laptop before he could lock it So they had a couple of FBI agents essentially Faked getting into a screaming argument He we'd all do this, you know looked up from his laptop looked around There was someone standing almost right behind him before he knew it laptops in their hands. They take it back They image the laptop He had encrypted the drive on the laptop Which would have helped if he'd been able to keep the FBI from getting to it before locking in One of the things he was accused of was ordering at the it was either five or six murders At least one all of those were arranged Through relatively anonymous means at least one of the quote-unquote hitmen Turned out to be a DEA agent. I'll actually talk about him later In that instance, they actually faked the murder of the person in question To the best of everyone's knowledge no murders actually occurred payments were made but no murders actually occurred There's an old New Yorker cartoon that probably everyone has seen that says on the internet no one knows you're a dog After this I'm considering there should be one that says on the internet no one knows you're not actually a hitman So FBI was able to successfully image his laptop he had Copious documentations documentation on Silk Road activities on the laptop he had a Personal journal on the laptop spanning many years Detailed his plans for Silk Road detailed activities on Silk Road also had a Large volume of chat logs between him and other administrators on Silk Road that were stored on his laptop completely unencrypted Interestingly enough in the very early days of Silk Road He made a post. I don't remember where it was Using the handle Altoid Basically saying hey has anybody heard of this Silk Road thing. I think it's pretty nifty Kind of I guess very early guerrilla marketing of Silk Road He then later on needed some some pretty basic coding Assistance posted to I think it was stack exchange site like that Under the same handle, but whatever board he was posting on to ask for programming advice Automatically made public the email address that you had registered the account under His email address that he used to register the account in that case was Ross Albrecht at gmail.com Some of the initial suspicion around him actually had very little to do with Silk Road itself He ordered I think nine fake IDs From a shipper in Canada Very high quality fake IDs. They were shipped the package set off some sort of alarm bells for customs and border protection They opened the package. They discovered what was inside. He had requested that it be shipped directly to the house He's living in in San Francisco They showed up knocked on his door said we'd like to have a little chat with you Weren't there to arrest him just wanted to have a little chat. He said no absolutely not slam the door in their faces Which is entirely his right to do But maybe shouldn't have had the IDs shipped to his to his home I Mentioned earlier. I wasn't going to talk about parallel construction. I'm gonna make myself a liar for a moment and talk about parallel construction a little bit One of the things the the law enforcement agencies investigating needed to do was try to find the actual servers in question One of the back-end servers they were trying to find turned out to be in Iceland the official story on How that was found was that? That server was misconfigured so Everything was served via tour except the captcha on the login screen Which was transmitted over regular internet? Rob Graham has a really good analysis of that points out why it's actually likely that probably wasn't what happened but The thing he does point out is through analysis of the evidence the US government released The server in question was horribly and securely Configured his theory which makes sense to me is that the server was actually found through widespread internet scanning by the NSA Looking for a couple of things that could link this server back to Back to Silk Road the server was allowing regular internet traffic. It just wasn't necessarily through the through the Serving of the captcha So some lessons learned from this case Configure system securely Don't if if you're doing sensitive work and you need for whatever reason to hide what you're doing Don't reuse your personal identifiers If you need to ship something Securely think about using a mail drop something like that. Don't have it sent to your home Also, don't send it from your home, which I'll get into a little bit later in one of the additional cases Know who to trust now this is a very difficult problem when you're dealing with an environment where people are At least somewhat anonymous. I mean how do you find well? I guess the question of how do you find a hitman you can trust period is a big one But how do you find a hitman you can trust when you can't? Do you ask for references for a hitman? I don't know But how do you find a hitman you can trust when? Anybody can claim to be a hitman and you have no way of knowing if they are or not This obviously goes a lot deeper than just hiring people to assassinate other people, but Be aware of your surroundings as I said if you're in a potentially hostile physically hostile environment Don't sit with your back to the room and Also, if something I mean if if there is a commotion and you need to look up shut your laptop and If you're doing sensitive work as much as possible don't document your activities You're just providing Basically free information for whoever your adversary is be it a nation-state whatever Next case wanted to look at is called Some that went under the well several aliases primary alias is Willie clock Young gentlemen in Uganda so legal name Ryan Gustafson Had a pretty successful counterfeiting operation Which was discovered after someone was found Trying to buy a three dollar and eighty five cent. I think cup of coffee with a counterfeit hundred dollar bill in Pittsburgh Managed to trace back. They thought it was to Uganda not sure who was coming from He again we see this a lot Reused in personal email address for one reason or another I still don't understand why his Jack Farrell alias He set up a pretty full-fledged Facebook page for The email address he used for that was the same email he used for his Passport application for a legitimate us passport in In addition he put he put a profile picture on this fake Facebook Page okay, you know make sense if you're creating a Facebook page You want to make it look as realistic as possible but he used a photo of himself that they were able to match via facial recognition to his State of Texas driver's license I Have two issues here if you're doing something like this why you're creating a Facebook profile for your alias and Given that you probably will never be meeting people in person under that name If you have to to make it look like a convincing person just pick a random photo of somebody So again, we have the don't reuse identifiers issues, and if you're trying to set up a cover identity The love and God don't use your real photo This kind of now loops back to the Silk Road case This is Appropriately enough the fake hitman who turned out to be a DEA agent Was incredibly corrupt among other things ended up stealing hundreds of thousands of dollars Went under that he was in contact with Dread Pirate Roberts under the Alias knob that was a legitimate part of the investigation. He also however created two additional Handles to communicate with Ross Albrecht French made and then one called death from above Neither neither the French made or death from above Handles were were part of the official investigation that weren't endorsed by the the people running the multi-agency investigation He communicated On as both French made and death from above using his DEA work laptop Not only that using his DEA work laptop that was set up because it was being used for the Endorsed communication his knob. It was set up to log everything So they have literal full video recordings of all of his communication Pretending to be a hitman trying to extort money out of him so on and so forth As I mentioned he ended up Attempting to abscond with a pretty large amount of money He transferred all of that into bank accounts that were in Let's just say locations with not super strict banking secrecy laws and he set them up in his own legal name With his full legitimate contact information home address phone number you name it So again, we we kind of keep coming back to things around Segregating your activities whether it's don't reuse identifiers or Don't use don't use a device that you know full well is going to be monitored to conduct sensitive operations additionally if you're needing to Communicate with somebody you don't want to trace back to you consider the use of aliases although once again Maybe don't use your personal photograph if you're creating a social media Presence for that Next case we're to talk about is shiny flakes. This was a pretty large-scale drug trafficking operation based out of Germany It's run by a 20 year old actually out of his childhood bedroom when police arrested him they confiscated about 48,000 euros in cash 320 kilograms of various drugs and Reportedly all this is somewhat debated about 325,000 euros in Bitcoin That then led to 38 additional raids Following that arrest He's since been been convicted One of the big mistakes that he made was almost every single shipment of drugs He sent was sent from the exact same DHL Package station it was DHL package station 145 Relatively close to his home. It was in a location that was under ongoing CCTV surveillance Once they figured that these were that's where the packages were coming from narrowed down immediately What what sort of area they needed to look in The other mistake that was made was encryption or actually complete in total lack thereof he Stored all of the information about customer transactions plans for what he was doing all that information In an unencrypted format on an unencrypted hard drive on his laptop again kind of linking back to Silk Road, he also had all of his plans for his activities As well as an unencrypted list of all of his logins and passwords for All of the various selling platforms. He was using all that sort of information So lessons learned if you're shipping something sensitive if you're for instance a whistleblower and you need to send a large volume of Paper documents to a reporter Maybe split those up into multiple shipments and scatter where you're sending them from Encrypt your data and again for the love of God don't document your activities Very recent case was Alphabet which kind of became one of the successors of Silk Road That and pretty much dominated the marketplace mostly in the area of Selling and purchasing illicit substances following the shutdown of silk Road Servers for that were located in Quebec the alleged administrator Was living in Thailand. I say alleged because there was very good evidence against him He chose to take his own life While awaiting extradition to the US That was shut down in this month. I think July 4th of this year Edits peak they estimated that Alphabet was making between $600,000 and $800,000 US in revenue Again welcome messages and password reset messages for Alphabet were sent using the administrator's hotmail account, which was I think His name is Alex. I think the Email address was pimp Alex numeric string at hotmail.com Which he also used for lots of other personal communication that sort of stuff Again lesson learn segregate your activities and your communications method if you're doing Performing some sort of sensitive active activity One last case that I wanted to talk about And this was a number of years ago. It's a little different in that it's not It's not actually a dark web case This was all all performed on clear net The arrest was made in 2014 Gentlemen from Russia by the name of Roman Selisnev Went under these various handles. What he would do is essentially when investigators got close He would shut down operations open-op operations immediately on Carter forums under a new alias One of the ways that they initially started suspecting that it was the same person is he would Start up under a new alias on a Carter forum and immediately be elevated to the highest trust levels Which normally you wouldn't see in that sort of environment for a for a new seller He was arrested in 2014 as I said He was on vacation in the Maldives found with a laptop with just under two million stolen credit cards on it He so as I mentioned the the Sites that he ran for selling stolen credit cards were on the clear net when he registered the domains for those He used his personal email address Most of the sites were served From a server from a provider in McLean, Virginia He also used that Server is basically his workstation. He did things like make travel plans order tickets Order tickets transmitting his passport number those sorts of things and again His like we saw before Laptop had a large volume of plaintext passwords for his sites that sort of thing Just stored unencrypted on the laptop Again, I'm apparently just gonna keep hammering this point until I'm done Don't document your activities unless there's a really good reason for it And again segregate your activities if you're using If you're using a system for sensitive activities that you don't want traced back to you Maybe don't use it to buy Airplane tickets for you and your wife to go on vacation the email address that he used for For registering the websites was also used for registering a PayPal account for himself and Sending his wife flowers, which is a wonderful thing to do, but maybe use a different email address for that So That ended a lot quicker than expected in conclusion Kind of a summary of the the common lessons learned we see here are configure systems securely Know who to trust which obviously in an anonymized environment is very difficult to do I don't have any solutions on that if someone does I would love to hear some ideas during the Q&A section Always be aware of your surroundings Don't document your activities encrypt your data and again Segregate your activities and communication methods Questions comments Can you Last last case with the Yeah, now you mentioned he got elevated to the highest level of trust The the assumption is that he knew people on when he would set up a new identity on a Carter forum He already knew people on those forums again were kind of no they did have established trust relationships so and typically how it works on a Carter forum is is you Register with a relatively low privilege account and until you can provide You know X number of stolen credit cards or something like that. They're worried you might be a Fed So they're not going to give you access to everything So any time you know I my assumption is that he communicated with you know Administrators of the forum said hey, this is actually n cucks and they said okay Can you prove it and he did whatever to prove it and then they said okay? We'll bump you up to the top Yeah, in the case where he Was shipping from one d. Agile station. Yeah, so the recommendation just be to like drive out Use a different station. Well, I think the recommendation is actually not only not just drive out to a remote location but a number of remote locations, you know using the whistleblower example because I mean You're all free to do what you want to do But I'm kind of focusing this on non-criminal enterprises using the whistleblower example, you know You have 10 reams of paper that you need to get to a reporter Maybe and I'm just picking you know a number at random maybe split that into 10 separate shipments Not necessarily drive to you know 10 cities each 100 miles from you But you know a couple of different towns maybe one a bit remote that sort of thing Like the timing of like what these users were active one of them like factors that led to them being taken away and captured so What would you recommend for like defending against correlation of tax and like I know that like Using like encrypted traffic in a public place is often suggested Yeah, it can be and you know this kind of touches on the whole parallel construction thing that I Referenced earlier, you know the concern obviously depending who you're worried about is you know Do do you have a nation-state attacker that is going to be able to easily break whatever? Transmission encryption you're using I Think probably the best thing is you know I I go back to the Ross Albrecht case and him being arrested at the library I honestly think him working from the library was probably a pretty good idea Him not being aware of his surroundings was one of the things that that led to his conviction but Going somewhere where you can essentially hide in plain sight along with a lot of other traffic Coffee shop library that sort of thing and but again, I mean this kind of comes back to the the Shipping issue, you know if you always go to the same Starbucks. That's two blocks from your house Um Yeah, you're gonna be somewhat hidden in the other traffic occurring at the Starbucks, but it's not that difficult to go Okay, so we watch everybody at the Starbucks and we think it's this guy now. What is you know, what is he doing? Yeah, yeah, and mixing up the locations as I as I referenced Always different can entirely different computers If if possible, yes, but I mean at the very least different very different computers different logins You know different use different email addresses, you know I almost every single one of these cases one of the pivotal things was the reuse of a personal email address Yeah, I mean there's there's certainly some advantage in In that although you do run the risk of so now they see that there's you know at this location There's basically two different traffic flows. They still know that one of them is whatever sensitive activity you're you're performing Again, I come back kind of to that hide-and-clean site Strategy anyone else? Okay. Thank you very much


berda mhaftaksama, m regist!!!!! 21 fourtyf whoa k avoida neid owa hansa wakama elu llecause wahia wajitera kuwajilili wakama kwaia 13 yei wajitera 20 kwaiko hi eyebrows nisha wakama tizi tomorrow ujirele kwaio ali na zelumifu kwaiba mou mou mawe kaika wakamaaire kwaiba mawe na wakama era avu mwge chiefa kwaiba mouke mouke kwaiba mouke kwaiba mouke nisha wakama isu wakamaere nisha wakamaere kwa m novela ni milyaтом wa bendejاشirip maybe breakout dashi Kwa m cupukshisi njakuja k Sa radwa hintus... kapwa bifhozp Instituntare S hate theuza of tamiwekワクシ siehtu when someone comes to ask fell mily planning services There's a lot of things they consider. If they want to get a baby soonest, maybe after months, or even after some few years, if they don't want to get a baby at all, or if they want to get a child in the next maybe five or ten years, so we don't only look at the safety protocols, we look at what this person needs. There are some people who need family planning, but they don't want the partner to see it. So there are family planning methods that are hideable, and some family planning methods that are not hideable, that's one criteria. There are some family planning methods that are not safe for a person to use, especially in pregnant and breastfeeding women, we don't give them oral contraceptive pills, we give them coils and etc. So when you are trying to use the family planning methods, we don't only look at the safety profile, of course it's there, but we have different profiles that we look for for the person to choose the best family planning method. An effective contraception allows a physical relationship without fear of an unwanted pregnancy and ensures freedom to have children when desired. Family planning has two major classifications. It can be either a long term or a short term. For the long term we also call them permanent family planning methods. For the long term they are also surgical methods. In men vasectomy which is cutting of the tubes that usually transport spams from the testis to the penis or to the urethra, so the connection between the testis and the urethra is cut and that is a permanent solution and that is a permanent form of contraceptive in men. In females the type of permanent contraceptive method we have is cutting of the fallopian tubes or blocking them. The fallopian tubes is the passageway of the egg that is coming from the ovary to the uterus, so if you also cut the passageway the spams that are coming into this female will not get access to the eggs because they have to pass through the fallopian tube and in this instance we have cut the fallopian tube. So there is no way for the sperm to reach the ovum. So that is another permanent method of contraceptive. For the temporary ones we also combine them into hormonal and non-hormonal methods. So for the hormonal methods they contain hormones as the name says. The type of hormone they contain can either be estrogen or it can be estrogen and progesterone combined. They also classified into long term and short term. So for example you've all heard of the pills the family planning, the ones that usually are taken every day. Those ones are either progesterone only pills and also known as POPs or combined oral contraceptives which have both estrogen and progesterone hence the name combined. So for them they are temporary methods and as long as you are taking the pills every day you have a form of contraception but once you discontinue taking the pills your fertility returns. So that is the shortest ones that as per duration concerns. Then the second temporary contraceptive method is called depo ameile the injection that the females usually get after every three months. So the depo contains progesterone only it doesn't have both estrogen and progesterone. Then if you go higher in the timing ladder we have implant or we call it implanone or jadel which gives you a contraceptive period of about five years. If you go higher in the family planning ladder in times of timing you also have the coils, IUCDs. For the coils you have two types you can either have a hormonal type which has a hormone or you have a non-hormonal type it just has a copper coil. So those ones are inserted through the cervix into the uterus and they can give a hormonal contraceptive period of up to ten years. So as I was saying earlier the type of contraceptive that you are using will depend on how long you want the contraceptive. The aim is to achieve contraception in maximum comfort and privacy with minimum cost and side effects. The safety of family planning is well documented it has complications but the complications that you get from family planning are not major complications. For example they include things such as excessive bleeding or having excessive menses. They can also include things as gaining weight. They include things as we call them thrombolik events but what they mean is clotting in different types in different parts of the body. For example if someone has a clot in the brain that manifests as stroke. If someone has a clot in the heart it manifests as MI or heart attack. If someone has a clot in the kidney it leads to kidney failure and if someone has a clot in the feet it causes painful and swollen feets which we call as DVT. But the safety is dependent on the type that you are using. For example for the oral contraceptive pills they give people those thrombolik events, those thrombosis in different parts of the body. But things like progesterone only pills which are called POPs they don't have those type of side effects. So I guess the type of side effects or complications or its safety as per say depends on the type of contraceptive or family planning that the person is using. The ABC approach employs population specific interventions that emphasize abstinence for youth and other unmarried persons including delay of sexual debut, mutual faithfulness and partner reduction for sexually active adults and correct and consistent use of condoms by those whose behavior places them at risk for transmitting or becoming infected with HIV. It depends are they sexually active or not. If they are sexually active and they are trying to avoid pregnancy it is advisable. We usually had the acronym A, B, C, A abstain, B, B faithful, C condoms and then now if that fails we go for the contraception. So advice youths to either abstain, be faithful or use condoms. If all that is not in line with them they can go for the contraceptive methods. So for the contraceptive methods still advise them not to go for the permanent ones because those ones are undiversible and you cannot just go back to your full fertility functioning. So if they are to choose the family planning methods they should choose the temporary ones. And finally here the doctors panting short. For oral contraceptive pills they have been found to reduce the risk of ovarian and uterine or endometrial cancers. So that is one of the non. When we are looking at family planning methods they are usually contraceptive benefits or non contraceptive benefits. These family planning methods are used to treat cases of abnormal uterine bleeding. And if you must use barrier methods, use condoms, if that doesn't work for you you should try and consider the family planning methods so to avoid unwanted pregnancies because pregnancies come with a lot of responsibilities.


Yeah, the maze everybody forced here up in 22 23 Merlin chrome hobby six box number six Find those results anytime a late sports cars commas do it sit a case hit here should see a case hit here refractor Simone for nonts Rose gold or red. I think it's rose gold rose gold. Yep two ninety nine is Luca Yovitch for Fiorentina This one looks a little more red than the others though It's like some of the pinks look a little more purple than the others, so Do you get a slight variance in some of them? It looks like Kalamuendo, Sylvab and Fika under 21 refractor KDB man city Rookie auto Rooney Bargy for Copenhagen a lot of Bargy autos Decent value and even the base auto for him though solid Merlin's Masters Frank Ricard AC Milan Zadirette that is a red right there That is a red Best of luck. Yeah, everybody Five of ten Javi Simons PSV Eindhoven Christopher J. There you go, buddy Team color match as well Javi Simons five of ten. It would match his current team to a red bull Nice card you go buddy Definitely a solid red to get any reds good take that though So yeah, and in Merlin the true red is to ten the red wave is the five Little different, but hey it's soccer, you know Parallels gonna do what Rookie refractor for Salisbury Yeah, is it? Yeah, I thought they were both to five. I thought is it on ages alchemy for My view fine is I think top strong red and red wave are both of five. I think I think fine It's your right though Azuzzi. It's one of them 275 bow and West Ham Fractor show Rookie for sociodad. I wonder if he's gonna transfer anytime soon He's pretty good It's a Merlin vintage here. Garnaccio nice one, man. You one's going to Jacob s Those will do pretty well. I think that the vintage Merlin refractors they weren't in last year So even like a guy with like Garnaccio that has had a lot of rookie cards so far or like Holland Like those will do pretty pretty decently. I think for non numbered and not super rare Lowry at least at first. They might you know as more box to get opens. Yeah It looks good graded, but if not, I'd probably just probably so refractor in cuckoo life-sick pick another one up later on Renaissance Vinnie jr. Real Madrid Congrats Nam queue on the SSP What a beauty Vinicius jr. We'll get it mag. That's awesome, man Looks so damn good this year Moodrick Merlin's masters See we get a match ball in this break, too Didn't have either last one Yovitch Fiorentina refractor Anybody in chat going to be buying Lorca when it comes out. I think that's Friday. I Was asking Caleb yesterday my hey Caleb, you any Lorca on a refractor is Raskin Rookie for Rangers I might rip some boxes. Maybe I'll just buy singles or something Blue refractor nice mean I mean it for Monaco to 75 Me no mean. Oh, sorry. I mean I mean you mean you know got two boxes Matisse tell I think I want to rip at least a couple boxes.  It's not like Disney. It's not just a license is made by Disney like they manufacture. It's a Disney TCG Refractor Auto Noah Lang for Club Rouge He's got a lot of autos in this too apparently see more autos of him today than anybody else Merlin's Masters Enzo Fernandez Chelsea Fractor Sadio Mane for Bayern Munich Disney Lorca now, yep Green Mojo very nice rookie magasa for Monaco 92 of 99 Got a nacho under 21 Marilyn rookie as a Susie rookie refractor for onion Sanjewa or Union SG I think as they go by Adis alchemy of Javi Marcia Ponzo, I have no I have no idea Alka rookie to 199 is Devine Obama for West Ham. I don't know much about it other than it's coming out. I want to rip some Refractor for Marseille is Mateo Guendosi Guendosi Merlin vintage rookie is a Susie for onion SG 121 do I Stadren a refractor out of yummy Dortmund Netto base pack and Merlin's Masters of KDB. All right We are getting there got some breaks to fill everybody Got breaks to fill Baseballs coming and that's good to see There's a match ball right there Got renaissance and match ball the same six boxer. That's the first time that's happened today, right? Is it first box or first case first case or first six boxer get refractor Bruno Yeah, it is by Ravensburger. Yep Should be pretty legit, but it's like Disney's very like Like hands-on with that one I think like they have the other Disney products by Ravensburger manufactures it, but Disney's like Their creative team was very involved in it. I believe Atomic Ealing jr. Rookie to 250 Hubei. That's a nice one Yeah, like it was like I think it was more collaborative than it was just like oh Ravensburger make this thing I Believe there was a little bit of a refractor rookie Lowry Rangers. That's what I heard I don't know 100% I don't know a ton about it Modric. I Know it's probably the one of the biggest gaming release severe outside of that MTG more of the rings set Sound by imagine the gathering guy. Yeah, so yeah, very uh Yeah, they took their time with the rail hatate Celtic refractor. It should be done very well for a TCG Rookie speckled to 150 show the root Benfica Get cut off Dengra Constitue Barrios rookie refractor at let it go It ain't done the Disney way. Oh boy. Kaka ages alchemy Neon green shimmer to 350 he'll go for a Hashi for Celtic on the color match refractor Marcus Rashford, Manu Sadio money on the vintage Merlin 121 Ben Segear Monaco Bastoni refractor inter After and thunderstorms rolling in Martin alley Merlin's masters match ball Is Timo Verner great color great color on this one? Red Bull Leipzig Timo Verner match ball signatures Leipzig congrats on that one. That's Bob C. I'll just say we'll make it. We literally have to it doesn't fit anything else Fractor For Maccabi hypha rookie is Mohammed Abu Fani neon green shimmer Luca Modric to 350 Ray Alma Drid Luca Romero refractor Sané Byron Geez rookie wave auto about set ditch to 150 Liverpool nice hit Anthony Merlin's masters Fractor and Bolo Monaco. How did that? How did that the fan? I Do that thing and then like five seconds later ended up on the ground somehow Refractor come of Inga Ray Alma Drid Wind tunnel or something vortex Clevert on the agents alchemy for IX Aqua speckle to 199 Frederick Federico Kiesa Hubey refractor Matueke for Chelsea vintage Merlin Martinelli arsenal Speckle rookie to 150 Nicholas Raskin Rangers on the rookie there Romero refractor for Lazio Salah Merlin's masters All the thunder came out of nowhere. Didn't hear anything now all of a sudden. That's all we hear Noosa. All right last couple boxes of Merlin for me today You guys we are behind we got to get these breaks filled up I'm Matt collegiate coming up soon and then NT PYT all teams on sale Bored ago now when I'm at collegiate and then for NT we are down to the Ravens Bengals Cowboys Lions Packers Jags Charter's Jets Eagles Seahawks and Bucks Brutally hot for like a week and before that honey rain anyway refractor Darwin Liverpool a Rose gold shimmer rookie to 299 Simone a dingra Union SG my new on the under 21 Man United Refractor Gabrielle Jay Zeus arsenal Roy Keane on the ages alchemy auto to 100 for Man United There go man you a lot more Like legend autos this time around Vinnie junior than last year Vinnie junior ages alchemy or is our Merlin's masters and that one Merlin's masters A little building shaking refractor Elling Hollands No, that's just a thunder around here man this Ali The Marseille just alchemy there pink mojo rickety 275 Savio PSV Fractured army Copenhagen refractor to Kettler AC Milan reti Susie are you also ball refractor for sporting? Sorry, we also see that real so see that For your sub all green refractor rookie nice a dingra for onion, San Joao 58 of 99 true green Gokpo Merlin's Masters gold atomic Is a rookie Mateo? Cancelieri 37 of 50 Lazio nice gold atomic there. They're not show vintage Merlin. Luca Modric Refractor skull Wilson Juan last box is hit a super Rose gold shimmer nice Jude Bellingham 259 to 299 Dortmund Suley on the inserts under 21 stars for Juventus Nico Gonzalez and Nicholas Gonzalez Fiorentina refractor warped pack here Just a refractor in it. Oh, it's an auto Pablo Torre There's no damage on this This will straighten out in a top loader. That was a little bit of a warped pack Yeah, that will straighten out in the top loader is not damaged. Let me be clear. That is not a damaged card Every now and then you get a little bend a little warp in these My head I'm gonna send a box just a little something there that might not be from Ever caused that to happen though the base not gonna base Take a little crease on the back Little something not like a crease along the whole thing.  That's a bright pink on that one is Moses Simone to 275 nunt Could be Moses Simon depending on where he's from I guess a Chesco refractor for Salzburg Not a French team, so I'm just gonna go with that Ealing jr. Nice Carvalho on the vintage Merlin rookie would Liverpool green mojo coming up is T-Boca or to us for real to 99 one of the better keepers of the past decade plus Sheldon Rupro key under 21 Benfica probably my no under 21 name our refractor PSG got a rookie speckle to 150 is A magasa again nice card there from Monaco Holland and who's the other there's three to go on the iMac Do a recap Get more I'm at collegiate tonight Merlin. There's more Merlin tomorrow if Natix live I'll be live at I think 11. I have it set 11 a.m. There's more for Kyle tomorrow, too They're gonna start feeling pretty quick guys. I don't think the product is gonna stay around 220 bucks for very long Usually goes out like a little bit like UCC chrome went from like 180 to like 200 over like the course of a couple weeks, so probably won't stay at 220 for a bit Especially at the single sale start out hot Neon green so we got 350 Mojric in for a Hashi to 299 Jovic Bellingham Adingra 275 Savio Simone and Bowen to 250 Ealing jr. To 199 Kiesa Obama to 150 is magasa Raskin and shelled the root to 99 Côte d'Ingra Magasa 75 Minamino to 50 Concelliery to 10 Zabby Simons First read of the day lowest number card of the day so far a Little tiny crease on this Pablo Torre. It's only at the right light. Can you really see it's like right above the tops logo? They were like warped in the packs. The thing what's that happen to us? We're sending a box of the Torre solid rookie auto there Keen to 100 man you Noah Lang Rooney Bargy To 150 is by set ditch for Liverpool. That's a nice one We've got a Renaissance Vinicius jr. Congrats to Real Madrid and matchball signatures for Leipzig is Timo Werner again These don't fit in anything but a mag. So they're all just gonna end up in the same Container nice one for Leipzig a lot of color on the part of the ball there that'll do it onto. I'm at collegiate football


One of the best things he grew about was the influence of my dad on it and the influence of dad on my standing up to bullies and other people.   When I got to Japan, I was told how to report to an office in the headquarters of the fort there. And when I reported there to a very dignified Lieutenant Colonel, later Colonel, later Brigadier General, he said, not only have I decided to take you into the Ranger Company, but I'm going to make you the company commander. I had a stab right there in the stomach, I didn't have one inch, one ounce of experience. So Roth graduated from West Point, was assigned to Eighth Army in Japan, and was selected to be the company commander of the Eighth Army Ranger Company, the only Ranger Company at the time. He was told he could not have any infantry soldiers, all the infantry units were short and he'd have to take his soldiers from special troops. He had two West Point buddies who were his other officers in the command. So Ralph took command of truck drivers, clerks, food service personnel, and turned them into Rangers. He did it in a relatively short time, a couple of months, and then they deployed over into theater. I remember that day very well. We were in North Korea at the time, about 20 miles south of the Alley. As far north as the U.S. Eighth Army or the Eighth Army had gotten during the war. The Eighth Army was getting ready to start its end the war campaign against the Chinese who we knew had come into the war at that time, come in with great strength. It was bitter cold end of November weather and Ralph was at the spot that the commander needed to be at the front with his men. There were several waves of Chinese that attacked and he defended them.  He was wounded in a mortar barrage and there were several Chinese barrages that took place. Ralph continued to fight even after he was wounded, never caring for himself, always caring for his men. It's always interesting to me that his prayer before he went to combat was, God, please let me take care of these men and don't get them killed. He obviously was wounded again during the fight, was attempted to be dragged off the battlefield by one of his men. They got him behind cover and he was still conscious and said, just leave me here and you guys withdraw the rest of the way. They disobeyed his order and carried him out of the combat situation. My typing teacher had a photograph of him that had been in the paper cut out and I noticed it because I had noticed his photograph earlier that morning in the morning paper and I thought, oh that's a cute young man. My father said, Jeannie that's not a cute young man, that's a wounded soldier. And as we left class got out, the teacher said, would some of you girls please go out and visit this young man. I know him, I know his family, I taught him in the seventh grade in his hometown. And she visited with me that afternoon and then began to come more often, two afternoons a week and then on the weekends and finally it got to be a steady thing. And 20, 23 weeks after we met we were married there in Columbus, Georgia. And I will always say to this day, he never asked me to marry him, instead he gave me a litany of why I should not marry him. He said, I will take you away from your family, you will be living by yourself, you'll be raising children by yourself, I may be killed in action, you'll have to take all over, you'll have to take over everything. And I of course was so in love I said, that doesn't matter, I can do it, I can do it. But indeed he did that, exactly what he said, I didn't mind at all. The impact that Ralph had after he retired was as much as he had on active duty. His goal was to make every infantry soldier, every infantry leader the best they could be. My overwhelming philosophy always when I was working with troops was be there, suffer the same hardships, get soaked from the rain just like they do, be cold just like they are cold, be there. He's the living embodiment of the Army values, our soldiers creed, and the Ranger creed. Can't beat that. He's that quiet leader, that quiet professional, who is an absolute torrent in combat, both in the Korean War and Vietnam. Doesn't ever expect praise, doesn't ever want to be known, will always give all of the credit to his men and his sergeants. But he is a true warrior and that's why we're recognizing him with a Medal of Honor. My life as an Army Ranger in the career has been one of the most exciting and interesting things I could have ever done. I'm glad that I was a participant. I'm glad that I had the assignments that I had. It was a good experience for me, a growth experience for me. I wish I could do it again.


Team keeping clean. We are that much closer to the Ravens Dolphins game And again like I told y'all before y'all know that these Dolphins games with the Ravens that they are just that much more special To me personally y'all already know what the situation is but since this game is so special and Since having a guest on to talk about the dolphins was so nice. I Had to do it twice. I had to do it twice It was only right and this guest that we're bringing on He's very familiar with the dolphins. He covers the dolphins in season out season whenever Let's get into it Feels like a dream Team keeping clean very very special guests in the building and talking about these Miami dolphins It's so nice that I had to do it twice. You know, we had TD fence talk on a couple days ago And now I got my boy Dougie So Doug let first let everybody know what they can find you with and exactly what it is that you do on your youtube channel YouTube.com says does he do wrong? I cover the Miami Dolphins year round. Don't matter OTA's training camp pre draft post draft Playoffs, hopefully Miami Dolphins year round. You never know. I saw somebody put out some um Some like super weird stat that was like, oh the dolphins Nobody's won more games in the dolphins like over the last 36 games something like that something like that. Yeah People they'll come up with stats for anything But anyway, one of the most important stats that matters In football in the national football league is a win But if your team won a loss and last week the dolphins won against the Patriots What what would be the the your favorite thing that you saw from that game last week against New England Defense the dolphins defense did whatever they wanted to against that Patriot offense At first the Patriot offense was moving the ball. They were kind of running Uh, and it was frustrating me a little bit their run games started going and the dolphins made the adjustments They needed to second half Completely shut down the run game completely shut down the offense that and the speed Tyree killed it whatever he wanted to against that Patriot defense that man was open Left and right. So those are the two things that I noticed the most that I was like, all right Well, this is something here Well, yeah, that's uh, that's good to hear. Terry Q was open all day. Hopefully there's not a repeat now on the flip side You talked about what you liked the most. What what didn't you like? What did you dislike the most in that Patriots game? Um, the the offensive line still struggled a little bit at the beginning that right side of the offensive line allowed too much pressure Will showed flashes, but he still had that inconsistency that he needs to work on He missed a few passes that he should have hit Um, and the run game wasn't going as much as I wanted to so most of the Disappointment for me came from the offensive side of the ball. Hmm. Okay. Okay. Well, I like that That's that's the news to my ears and us Ravens fans too. Um now uh with two of specifically What would you say? Because I mean I I've heard I listened to that clip from Ryan Fitzpatrick probably about two three times um where he talked about uh And I love how he put it too because I never thought about it like that when he was talking about What it takes to be a top 10 quarterback and he was like you really need to be elite or special as something um What would you say to his biggest attribute right now as a quarterback is his most special attribute? Probably what fitz said with his anticipation is accuracy He he knows where to put the ball to help his receiver out like that touchdown pass to Jalen Waddle on fourth and seven He put that ball exactly where it needed to be for Waddle to catch it keep running and then avoid the three tacklers around him That to me if you can keep being elite in that category will excel him Um, he just has to trust it more. It seems like sometimes he doesn't trust himself Hmm. Oh, yeah, that's big uh and speaking of big trust Um, Lamar Jackson Ravens quarterback Uh, what do you see from him that he where he could take advantage of uh dolphins defense? The dolphins always and it's been for years even before brian floris have had such a hard time With mobile quarterbacks for some reason. I don't know if it's they they would prefer to send pass rush then put up a spy But for some reason whether it was michael vick whether it was vince yang whether it was it didn't matter who it was If the guy was mobile the dolphins had a hard time containing him Um, especially, you know, because once they get outside the pocket and the play starts to fall apart Your corners don't really can't really cover these receivers if the routes are you know running all over the place So to me, that's what worries me the most what Lamar if we can't contain him and allow him to extend the play He's an arm to throw out wherever he wants to so to me That's the my biggest worry is contain him in the pocket and don't let him extend the play I mean, I wish that would have been a problem for the raven. I mean for the dolphins in the ravens game last year, but We saw how that went now. Um Ravens offensive line in that game. Uh, I mean really the whole team was in shambles But the offensive line it was very ugly uh to watching that game from last year Uh, but the dolphins right now, um, I know they have some injury issues With both their left and right tackle. Do you have any updates on that as of now? From one of me here in torn arm state, it was a toe issue, but he also had a vet rest day. So I'm if My assumptions right he should be okay Um, but austin jackson might not play because it's more of an ankle issue. So That one I feel like torn arm states more likely to play than austin jackson The dolphins even did bring in a right tackle from I think seattle he was from To kind of bolster up that offensive line because they definitely need that help. Okay, okay Well, yeah, hopefully nobody steps on anybody toes there They having those issues don't play dirty ravens. Don't do it. I know they might be tempted to it. Don't do it now. Um You got tyreek hill on one side and you mentioned how he did whatever he was wanted to do Wide open you got jaylon waddle on the other side and jaylon waddle. I remember I think it was um Was it on iam athlete? Maybe it was where he talked about that. He felt he might be fasted in tyreek hill.  Uh that could possibly step up citric wilson jr. Or surefield Number 14 he was he was with the 49ers the dolphins brought him in He's their fourth receiver another guy who um, you don't really hear right, especially with citric wilson jr You know, you heard splashes here and there with him with the cowboys comes here He's got that he's got that ability to take the plays take it over the top Especially if you're focusing on hill and waddle And like I said surefield he he made some really good plays in the in the preseason that Got him on the team.  Okay. And those are all guys that can score touchdowns, but on the defensive side last week Uh, y'all had a touchdown by uh melvin ingram. How has he in the dolphins pass rush looked? Good, um, very happy consistent pressure on mac jones and tray flowers didn't even play He was inactive because they just brought him in Two weeks ago two three weeks ago So once he gets incorporated He got that rotation going it's gonna be real dangerous, especially with this uh sealer and christian wilkins getting up front It's gonna be real dangerous. Oh And that is a familiar name right there because yeah, he he was drafted by the raven zack Uh, and yeah, he I guess I don't know what happened I just always remember him being super strong and I guess they they could never find a place for him But he found a home in miami and it apparently has been working out so good for zack Now, um, we talked about offense. We talked about some defense Uh, the what how is the dolphins and I know it's only been one game But how has a dolphin special teams been and even if you got a mix in a little bit of preseason How has dolphin special teams looked good surprisingly really good? Um I don't want to talk about sanders because I'm he I'm superstitious. I'm extremely superstitious So I'll leave that alone When comes to punt and kick uh coverage really good Not really allowing much because last year were they really bad at it allowing big chunk plays and allowing The opposing teams to get to their own 40 to 50 Um, but now they're really, you know Clamping down on that only allowing, you know, eight yards a game, you know a game on kick and palm returns. So Doing really good there and more stead that guy's got a leg on them and I'm very happy they brought him in so Thomas most it Yeah, oh from what the saints I think Yeah, okay Yeah, he's like a like a 12 year vet. Yeah. Yeah, he's been around for a long time man But hey, that that's the thing about kickers and punters and in some quarterbacks, of course They can play forever because they don't really get hit like that So I might have to tell my son. Hey, if you want to be a kicker, just let me know So you still make his money or whatever, but don't got to take the beating but anyway, um Predictions for this game at mt bank stadium We remember how last year went but we also remember how years in the past went to and how usually goes but last year Hey, y'all y'all got the most recent victory and it's all about what you have done for me lately This sunday at 1 p.m How do you think them dolphins are going to do or how do you think the games are going to turn out? the dolphins are Historically one in seven in your stadium the last time the miami dolphins beat baltimore in that stadium was 1997 with dammarino Um, it's been a very long time since the dolphins won in that stadium. Could it happen? Of course it could happen anything could happen um I think it'll be a close game But I don't I this is a game. I had the dolphins losing. Um Lamar jackson, I just think he's going to give us a fit. Um, and I don't know if twoa can match The amount of production that lamar might put up especially with Byron being hurt. So essentially we have x Shutting down only one receiver. Um, so to me personally, um It hurts me to say it, but i'm gonna i'm gonna give the ravens the nod. I'm gonna say 24 21 Okay, so a three point game. Yeah, I can see that happening. I I as well think it's gonna be one of those close stressful nail biting aggravating heart wrenching games Because I just I I like the moves that the dolphins have made this off season I love the aggression and it's like with the dolphins. I felt like, uh, after they got tarik hill I'm like, all right They're getting ready to chill for a little bit and I don't know where they sign up. I'm still so I'm like, okay All right. Well, they still trying to make moves. Um, so we'll see how it goes when but again appreciate you coming on the channel as always, um Hopefully, uh, the dolphins and ravens they could keep playing every year because I love these games are like really special to Dolphins and ravens. Um, so before we get out of here Let everybody know one more time where they could find you it You can find me anywhere with the name. Doug Lee do wrong. It's very peculiar twitter instagram everywhere. Doug Lee do wrong Appreciate you coming on. Thank you for taking the time team. Keep it clean. Y'all make sure y'all subscribe to his channel And we out Made it


Alright, it is episode number 682 of Let There Be Talk solo again. I'm enjoying doing the solo episodes and it seems like you guys are digging it too.   Peace myself back together. Welcome to what's today? Monday the 6th. Oh, it's Axl Rose's birthday.  Happy birthday to that man. It's an onslaught of Aquarius this week. It's like Duff, me and Axl and who else? Oh, my good buddy, Del James, all kinds of people all in one week. So thank you. I want to tell everybody for the happy birthday wishes and all the DMs and text and everything.   You know, it's so weird when you look at birthdays and you think like, yeah, it's just 57, but 60, that'll be a milestone. Then I'll have a big ripper party and everybody will say you're old, you're 60. But any birthday is a milestone. Let's just be honest.  And I don't sit there and go, oh man, I'm old. I just, I sit down and I go, okay. I'm doing exactly what I want to do. I want to do comedy. And I've been doing that for 14 years. This is my 14th year. I like to podcast. I love getting out there, meeting you guys. And, uh, you know, putting some sentences together that may make you laugh. Speaking of that, um, show next week, Elko, Nevada two nights, Elko, Nevada. And then the following week will be San Francisco homecoming show punchline February 22, 23, 24, 25. So both the dates are on the website. Dean Delray. I didn't know. Where do you come? I didn't know. There you go.  That's all I can do is I can say it in a microphone. I can say it on social media. I can type it up, put it out there. That's all I can do. And, uh, had a, had a good birthday. Had, uh, spent it with some friends. Headlined out in Palm Springs. Felt good. It's, it's so weird to headline on and off.  You do like 15 minute spots. And then maybe I go out and open for Burr or, or Joey Diaz or somebody and do 20, 25.   It's not all clunky. Like here's joke number four. Now here's joke number five. But, uh, anyway, it felt good. Got to see some old friends. It was wild. Some people I haven't seen in like 20, 25 years came out to the Palm Springs. Aqua Caliente casino. That's where I was. I did a one night or there. And, uh, the audience was amazing. It was a mix of, uh, red and blue. And that's always a great combination in a room when you get some people that are way into one joke. Yeah. Fuck. Yeah. That's funny. And then you do something else and I like, wait a minute.  That might be about me.  And they're looking at you like, you better win me back. Nah, man. That ain't how it works, man.  Like I said, and, uh, it was great out in Palm Springs. I can't think of a better place to spend my birthday than, uh, Palm Springs. I absolutely love the desert. I've been going like crazy since COVID. I've been going like crazy for years, but since COVID, I've really fallen in love with it out there. And, uh, a lot of the shops, a lot of the food, and then of course just the incredible mountains and desert scenery.  Hipped me to the store out there. It was called market market.   I'm like, uh, metrosexual. Remember those? Remember those guys? They didn't know.  So they're like, I think he's a metro.   You just smell clean. All right.   They're crazy. Right. Anyway, uh, I love to smell good. I love oils and, uh, incense. I like my house to smell good.  I like my, uh, armpits to smell good. I like to smell good. I don't, I shower, man.   Second hand.    Perfectly clean jeans. Now it just smells like someone's else.  I keep it clean out there. But, uh, so I go to the store in Mojave.  You know, like the grails, the proof of it. I love people that make stuff and, and, uh, work out outside the box on their own shit. So I go to the store all the time and I'm in there and they go, oh, by the way, we have a new store up the street. And the woman just kind of describes it as just a, uh, you know, it's a kind of a cool used clothing store. I say, I'll go check it out. I'm not a big, I used to be, I used to be way into like vintage clothes and, uh, you know, uh, just like cool, old Levi's and jackets, but they make such great shit now that blows that old vintage stuff away and fit and finish and everything. So I'm just kind of like, yeah, I'm not really into used clothes, but I decided to, uh, to go check it out. And this woman totally described the store wrong. I'm just, I'm blown away. So I pull up, it's in a, uh, like an old kind of, uh, outdoor indoor kind of a, you know, funky looking strip mall at the south end of Palm Springs. It looks like it's going to be bunk. I pull up. I'm like, what is this? See a couple of people walking out that address kind of like, uh, cowboys, actual cowboys, you know, those guys, they dress like cowboys in 2023. I love it. I don't knock anybody. My neighbor dresses like a cowboy. I call him cowboy Rob. He's just a straight up cowboy. Uh, and Los Angeles cowboy. Not not going to know. Matter of fact, I saw a couple of girls wearing, uh, ostrich cowboy boots.  You got different areas of boots. You got the pointy ones, the old Tony Amas, that look. Love it. And then, uh, then you've got the stoner almond brothers, Acme, uh, you know, the, uh, the square toe, that fucking, that boot. It's always brown. It's got the brass ring on the side.  And I love that show. Wild, wild West.  And then under the heel, he'd have like a little grenade or smoke bomb or some kind of sniffing salt and knock people out.   And it just ruined the brand new pair of boots. Oh man. Hot wheel track was flying. Hot wheel. But, uh, anyway, so I go into the store market, market opened up the door.  It's 40,000 square feet. It's an old supermarket and all the walls are knocked out. And it's got like exposed air conditioning ducks and everything.  And then, you know, people instead of having a state sales, they put it in the shop now. And it was, it blew my mind. I mean, there was like furniture in there.  They had that. If you wanted to look straight up Mad Men, they had that furniture. And then the corners, they had clothing and paintings, like rad paintings and old photos. There's this incredible photo of, uh, Martin Luther King, his first, uh, his first headshot. It was like an authentic photo. It was insane, man.  And it was, it was so big. You could have a football game in there easily. Uh, so if you're on Palm Springs, man, go check this place out. Market, market, really, really insane. And then Mojave Flea is a great shop. I spent out to Joshua tree, of course, and went out to a pioneer town and just the weather was perfect and just kind of cruised around in the, uh, you know, that old West town. And I hadn't been in a, in a bit. I hadn't been out there in probably about four months cause they did the Marcus King tour. And then of course I was dealing with my mom and everything. So I have not been out to the desert in a while. And it was, uh, great to get back out there and, uh, and, uh, felt good, little decompress, do some comedy, came back and, uh, had some good food with some friends, did a comedy all weekend. It was at the store. I was at the improv. I was at the laugh factory. I was everywhere. By the way, comedy store has dropped a box set vinyl box set 50 year anniversary of the comedy store. And it's albums of all these different eras. And, uh, I had the, uh, the honor of being on one of the records and you can also stream it right now on iTunes, which is just amazing to be part of that. I'm just, today was the first day I heard it. And it, uh, it choked me up, man. It choked me up a little bit because I was just like, kind of, I'm part of these, you see these names and you're just like, I'm, I'm in there. That is just incredible. And my joke is fucking, it's not half bad. It's recorded in the main room. I was, uh, it was a rockin night and the, the audio quality of it sounds great. So I was really, uh, happy to be part of that. And, uh, yeah, go check it out. There's so many people on this. I get the vinyl cause in case it ever goes out of print, man, don't miss out on this full 50 year anniversary. It's like old jokes from people in the seventies and eighties and nineties. And it's just a history lesson in comedy all on, uh, vinyl or streaming if you want, but, uh, thanks comedy store for having me. Very, very cool. I forgot to mention speaking of, uh, of, uh, going places. I forgot to mention last episode that when I was in New York, I ended up going to see in the, uh, Virgil Abloh, uh, exhibit in Brooklyn at the Brooklyn museum. And, oh man, this thing is incredible. They got a whole section of the museum dedicated to Virgil and all of his, uh, you know, all of his designs and his, his art and the sneakers and, and just, it just has this kind of beautiful combo of hip hop and sneaker culture and fashion all in one. It's ending at the end of the month. I'm so happy I got to see it because it really knocked me out. It was, it wasn't really, uh, big, but it was well worth it. And, uh, just for me, just alone to see all the sneakers that he did, there was some that never came out and then there was, uh, you know, he did that big Louis Vuitton collab for a few years. He was, uh, designing for them. There was something in there that knocked me out and really took me back to the seventies when I was young and it was a bat kite. It was a Louis Vuitton bat kite. Now I don't know if you've grown up in the seventies or eighties or if you are, uh, you know, grew up in the nineties or whatever, I haven't really looked and I should have looked on, on, uh, I'm sure they're on eBay all over, but the old school bat kite, it's so weird to think about how simple life was pre-internet.  They had different ones. They had the standard one where you had the wood sticks and you kind of made a cross like a Jesus Christ. You know, cross and then the kite, you stretch the kite over the crosses. Now it's more kind of like the, uh, you know, almost the Christian version of a kite, just real safe. And, you know, you're out with your parents flying a kite like, yeah, we've got a kite.  The tail made it to sore all cool. But then there was the evil kite. That was more of my speed. And it was shaped like a bat, like Batman, the Batman logo. It was always made of plastic. And I remember specifically, you know, you'd buy rolls of string and I would try to get like five rolls and make that thing go up like two, three miles in the sky to where you can't see it.  Just slicing a string. You slice a string or it's kite. It goes soaring. And then there was always that kite failure where you're flying it and it got caught up on a power line or, or the string broke and went like a mile away in someone's yard. Anyway, there it was.  And I thought, man, I wish I had that. I don't care what it costs just to put in the house somehow hang it to where it looked like it was constantly flying, you know, in your house.  Kites was the last time somebody talked about a kite on a, on a podcast. You don't get that anywhere else. Shit. Kite flying. Yeah, that's what kind of thug I am.  He just flew kites. You did some waterborne fights.   You did water weenies. Wiping slide.  When you were young pre internet now internet.   Or shooting guns.  God damn man. Kite flying. That wasn't even on my list to talk about, but I'm just such an organic flower. When I do solo episodes. I'm like, man, I just fucking, I just tell it how it is. Oh, anyway. So comedy store. It's got the 50 year anniversary out and very cool. Hoping to get the tracks onto XM radio sometime in the next few weeks. I got to figure that out on sound exchange.   Like, oh fuck, I forgot. I got to make a video for the Elko shows.  I got to write jokes.  I got to book a flight. Oh man. I got to do a podcast. It's just crazy. It's just unbelievable. Also, I want to shout out right now the patreoners. God, thank you so much. And there's some special ones out there this week. Emily Arante. I hope I said that right. Just she is the top. Hey, Triana this month. Emily Arante. Also Bernie Guerrero and Robin Yates Robin Yates. I've talked about her over and over on this podcast. She is just a, a just a pure soul. Just a constant great positive influence on me. Always saying like, I love your podcast. I love your comedy. And she's just, man, it's so good. Colton. Forsy. Forsy. So some new patreoners there and some old friends. Thank you all for joining up. It means the world to me. And I will be doing a zoom fest tomorrow. I know that for a fact. And because I don't think I have a set tomorrow. So if you are on patreon, look for the zoom fest. I'm ready. I'm ready to bring you the zoomies. Episode is brought to you by standard and strange speaking of clothing. All my clothing I pick up at standard and strange.com. Check them out on the Instagram or their website or their stores in New Mexico. New York City. And Oakland slash Berkeley. Unbelievable denim leather boots. Solid humans. Just everything I wear comes from there now. Hands down. It's just a one stop shop for me. Denim color. I wear the momotaros. I love the real McCoy jackets. I've been rocking a real McCoy. I've been buying a new one. I've been wearing a leather jacket. A leather jacket. A leather jacket. A leather jacket. A leather jacket. I've been wearing a leather jacket. A leather jacket recently in a Y2. Car coat. So those are in the mix now. Standard and strange.com. Also. If you have a dog. Me goes dog. Me goes dog as the queen. As dog food made in Malibu, California.


Muskrat moonshine So let's go do this Inside trails and restaurant, they have a little tavern called Crockett's Tavern and They have an extraordinary Menu for alcoholic drinks because normally when you go into any of these you know Disney World resorts They have like the same stuff mostly when it comes to alcoholic drinks, you know what I mean I feel like that's every single place. That's every place, you know, I mean the rum swizzle all of those Oh, there's a Bahama Mama, but here they actually have a Whole entire menu dedicated to different other cool stuff like moonshine a moonshine mojito There is a lot of ghillie wampa moonshine margarita There is a lot So we're gonna try one of these but we noticed that they have kind of like a drive-thru window out there And since there's no seats here, we're gonna go pick it up at the drive-thru That sounds fun. You got a love for worldliness. I Actually, I don't mind.  Yeah, she is gonna pick which of these fantastic Drinks, I'm gonna have and I don't know what it is until you pick it. Okay, so I'm excited How about you go away? Wait, you want me to go away? I take this and I order the drink Okay, and then I come to you and surprise you with it sounds like a plan. Okay. All right Nate's gone Which one is the strongest one you have anything with white lightning white lightning, okay? He's lemonade's probably the stronger that will be the that will be the one that I take. Okay. Yeah, that sounds like a winner Okay, this smells terrible. I can literally smell the alcohol coming off of it. I hope he hates it I hope he hates it the worst part about going anywhere with Nate is he always disappears So now I have no idea where he is Consideration what I'd like. No, I didn't really not at all What is it? What is it a white lightning lemonade?   Yeah, you know what you would You would you fit right in here You know what this is very relaxing nothing goes better with rocking chairs and lemonade and moonshine I like it a lot. It's very peaceful here. Very quiet Yeah, I gotta point something out about that lightning lemonade It had such a sweet taste in the start, but then when you got down to that ice things changed quickly Almost time for some dinner time.  I'm going to swing away And don't even think about parking your golf cart here, you know Not here not today What are you doing in there? What are you doing? Are you going on that slide? All right, come down now. It's time to go to dinner No, yes, come on you get down right now Come on, let's go. It's dinner time. Where you going? I'm not sure how this is gonna go but we just ran into a couple people that watched the vlog and the husband just scared the wife so She's like you should get him So I'm gonna attempt to try to scare him and then we're gonna try to catch it on the vlog to put it on there I think it's funny Be met up with our friends Hey, and look at it's a happy birthday bag. I don't know who that's for Oh, yeah, I bet But we're gonna go in the trails end. This is gonna be great Wait, I get a happy I get a happy birthday What beans and Bud Light Have you seen ears like that never never ever Is this a dinner napkin That is amazing wait, there's something on the back This is just too much fake beans and Bud Light guys if you don't know what this stands for Please watch our monorail crawls with Josh and Taylor During the boardwalk one when oh Yeah, hot cheese or something and he thought it was baked beans Yes, so check out the Epcot resort monorail. I've got resort call Big cheese Alright, thank you All right, we're going up so included in the buffet is a soft drink tea orange juice lemonade All that fun stuff Brian will will fill as much as you need it He had to explain what refillable meant to us I asked for my ice on the side so that that way he didn't have to refill it that much But let's take a look at what they got to eat You know things are gonna be good when the first thing I see is chili and white chicken chili What?  Oh my war This is amazing And they got salads What Hey, they got your shrimp over here. Yep shrimp cocktail Then we got corn beans zucchini and squash.  Oh Look at that warm cornbread breadsticks Soldered rolls This is gonna be good. I Might need to get wheeled out of here. Oh Boy Well, if I'm gonna start somewhere first thing first, I like the chili White chicken chili Yum yum yum yum yum yum I'm gonna try to eat in proper etiquette So I'm gonna have soup first and then I'm gonna skip the salad have dessert and then try some ribs At a kid Look at Yipps plate Salad zucchini very nice Soup was phenomenal, but I'm gonna skip dessert actually I know I said that backwards and I thought it was funny, but now I'm going for some good old fixings. I Like the plates they use here Don't you? Very nice a little bit of corn a Little bit of beans a little bit of mashed potato. I Do the mashed potato? Yep, a little bit of gravy. I'm singing to her Why now some fried chicken. Oh, I'll take a leg I'll take a little rip No She's gonna try the veggie pasta. It's got some pesto in it and wagon wheels. I think you'll like it Look at yeah, I keep going I'm going up for my second helping and I gotta say the brisket stole my heart my heart Will now be found inside trails and with the brisket So good so good I wonder if this bread box opens Look at that Look at that Everybody's now on desserts. I'm still eating brisket Yes, the meat sweats I'm telling you the brisket is just so delicious. I just keep going up I think I'm waiting from the put out a new Brisket, and then I'm going up for some more and then I'll get to some desserts So if you ever been to hooptie-doo, you know about the shortcake and Oh my lord Good good good I'm officially following brisket now. It's time for some desserts You got strawberry swirl cheesecake coconut hay bales red velvet cupcakes Turtle granaries oh and this one's really nifty pecan pie oh And also sugar cookies and chocolate chip cookies. I Really have to walk it off now Dessert was good. I didn't even film it. I ate it so quick I had the strawberry shortcake that you get at the hooptie-doo. It's so delicious But overall I really like trails and I really really really really really liked it Well, that's gonna do it. Yeah, it was so good. I didn't even film my dessert I ate it so much. I had strawberry shortcake. I ate it so much. I ate it so fast and so much It was great. Thank you Melinda and Christopher Chris yeah for inviting us out. We had a great time and thank you for my hanky. Oh Yeah, in my ears. My favorite thing was the brisket if you couldn't tell Yeah, he had like almost the whole animal. I had a lot of brisket.  We'll see you next time


Welcome back. So, up till now we have considered a simple schematic for an open system. So, let me draw that again here and for every time I come here and draw the open system will look slightly different, but that does not matter. We are drawing an arbitrary open system with one inlet and one outlet. So, let me just draw it again. So, this is my open system now for today and this is the inlet and this is the exit and it is interacting with the surroundings and having some kind of heat and work transfer with the surroundings. So, we will have a usual convention. We will draw a Q dot. So, this is heat transfer per unit time. So, it is a heat transfer rate that we are considering. Similarly, we will draw a W dot. The W dot you will notice often is given a subscript S. We will come to the subscript S later, but let me just put it along here and this W dot that is this work transfer is work done by the system. We will follow the same convention that work done by the system is positive and we will draw it similarly here. This work includes all kinds of external work, expansion work, stirrer work, electrical work, anything that can be done to the system or by the system except to push fluid in and out of the system. So, for example, this is an open system and mass crosses in and out of the boundaries. So, there is some effort required in pushing the mass in and some effort required in pushing the mass out that is not considered in this W dot. Now, to analyze the system one will realize that it is easier to go to a closed system and make an analysis and it will also enable us to understand what is this extra work involved in pushing in the fluid and pushing out the fluid and to consider this what one does is apart from this system that we have considered here which I will label as CV for control volume. We will also consider two plugs and this is what we will name as an inlet plug and an outlet plug. So, let me just put this here. So, I have drawn an inlet plug and an outlet plug. So, what are these plugs? So, one should consider closed system with this control volume and one of the two plugs and why is that? Let me just tell you consider that there is some mass in the control volume and at time t it is here at the exit. At time t plus delta t some part of the mass moves into the shaded region at the exit and of course, this will depend on what is the area at the exit, what is the velocity at the exit, what is the density at the exit. So, this is the amount that will come out in the exit and we are going to consider this as what is called as the exit plug that is all the mass that has come out of the system through the exit in the small time delta t that we are considering from t to delta t. Similarly, the inlet plug is something where mass has entering the system from time t to t plus delta t. So, this is what it is here this is t this is t plus delta t and this is the amount of mass this hashed region here is the amount of mass that enters the system the control volume in a small time delta t. So, these are the plugs which determine how much mass enters the control volume and how much mass exits the control volume in a small time delta t. Now, you will notice that we have considered a control volume which is probably not changing its volume with time that is fine we can always extrapolate it and make it change with time. These two plugs are not part of the control volume, but we have added them and you will realize that we can create a closed system with the control volume and one of the plugs. So, for example, I can have a control mass system that is a closed system where I will say it includes the volume in this control volume. So, this is unshaded part is the control volume and I will take at time t the closed system to include this C v that is the control volume plus the inlet plug. So, this is what is included in the inlet plug. Now, you realize that at time t plus delta t whatever mass is here would have gotten up to here and we will assume that there is I mean there is no mass which is transferring across this boundary every mass that was considered up to this point that is here and it occupies all this volume and whatever some mass is here it occupies now some of this volume here in this exit volume I mean all the volume in this exit volume. So, the same mass which was occupying the control volume plus this inlet plug at time t now occupies the volume control C v plus this exit plug at t plus delta t. So, in a sense what we have is the closed system which includes C v plus the inlet plug at time t and it is the same closed system without any transfer of mass across the boundaries if we consider at time t plus delta t the C v plus the exit. So, this is the closed system that we will consider and you will realize that you must have a neat look at this system before we go ahead and try to analyze what happens to conservation of mass and also the conservation of energy. So, we will take that up in the next snippet. Thank you.