Hi everyone and welcome back to another episode of our Pokemon VGC 2019 Battle Series. I hope you all well had a great weekend and are looking forward to kicking off with a brand new team on the channel today. Thank you so much for tuning in as well and I just need to give each and every one of you a huge big shout out for all of our comments and suggestions for a new team played on the channel this week. I put a poll up on the YouTube channel on Tuesday last week and asked you guys what you'd like to play. We've had a flurry of comments as well and they've all been amazing, but it came back unanimous that you guys would like to see a mega-monetric team put together. So this is what you can see on your screen in front of you right now. It's a little bit different. As always the team is down in the description below. There is a poker piece and a roll piece, but before we get into anything I will just quickly go over the team for you guys. So we've got the Monetric, which is going to be the mega of the team, going to be able to mega-evolve, has Lightning Rod, turns into Intimidate. We've got Volt Switch on there, Snarl, and then we've got Hidden Power Water as well to complement that. Kyogre to help us snipe those Primal Groudons. If we're in a nice position to be able to do that, you could also go something like Eerie Impulse, but I feel in this core, if we've got more options to deal with Primal Groudon, the better, because we haven't got too much ground immunity here. So having that option there will really help us alleviate that issue to some extent. Then we've got the Lunar Lair. It's going to have the Z move. It's going to have the signature Z move, the Lunar Liem Z. We've got Roar on there. It's a deterrent against Xerneists. If it decides to Geomancer, you've got a way to Roar it out. It also kind of helps us, if we want to Roar our own Kyogre to help with rather control or Intimidate Cycling, or Psychic Terrain Support, or anything like that. So we've got that there. Got Tailwind as well to support that Kyogre. If we can get Kyogre into a Tailwind with its Weather Up, then we can be very, very disruptive to our opponents, and it's a really powerful kind of common strategy that we see quite a lot. And we've got the Mungai's Beam and the Side Shock there, then we've got the Kyogre. We've got a Bulkier Kyogre with how we want to operate within this team. Now, I did think about running a more fast, defensive Kyogre in this team, but with how we want it to operate, it's going to be switching in a lot. We need that bulk to help it operate a little bit better, and we haven't got dual Intimidate here. So against things like Rikwaza that are throwing out this big dragoness sense, it does help us out a little bit more, just being that bit more bulky here. Then we've got Tapulia. It's going to be Skaft. It's going to complement the Lunar Lair with its Psychic Terrain. So we've got more powerful Side Shocks. We've got Magic Room on there to help us again against opposing Zonius if we want to set up, because if they do get set up, this team really is quite vulnerable to that set up. So denying the set up is very important for this team. We've got to keep that in mind when we're playing games this week. So the Magic Room there, we've got Skill Swap. It complements the Kyogre for in a position where we've got Lele Kyogre out in the field, and we're worried about weather disruption from our opponent's side. Then we can easy Skill Swap, get an advantage and throw out those water type attacks once again. Then we've got Side Kick and Moon Blast is just the coverage moves there. And Tabulele, as we know, does really well at covering things like Ultra and Acrosma, Requaza and Salamence. Things that do give us a little bit of an issue if we don't check them and Tabulele does that perfectly. Then we've got Cortana. Now, the one thing about Cortana was I really wanted the Focus Sash on there. We've already got the Z move elsewhere on the team, and, you know, we could go the Z move there. But Cortana, I was like, I just want to prolong its ability on the field. The Focus Sash does that. We can at least take one big attack and we can still do some damage back. Get maybe a good return. But obviously, we've got the Hydragan in the team that gives us some ground immunity. And I feel like we cannot calc against any fairy type attacks with Hydragan. So it really needs that Focus Sash. I didn't want to go down a route where we're completely bulking it out. It makes it pretty useless offensively, whereas the Focus Sash allows it to perform that role. It has got Tailwind, so a second Speed Control setter on the team. And it does give us some nice coverage elsewhere for things that we might otherwise struggle a little bit again. So coming back to the Cortana, though, that is why we've chose the Psychic Seed. We've got a really bulky set, so it kind of replicates an Assault Vest. But we've got the added bonus of having the Protect there on it as well. So Cortana in practice has been doing really well. Now, I went through a bunch of different teams with Mega-Monetrick, and this is one that I kind of settled on. This is one I feel like we can do very well within the format. So hopefully this week on the channel is going to be a lot of fun and we'll probably change things up next week. So do keep your comments coming for what you'd like to see mixed up with this team. We're going to add those in as we finish up with the team in the call next week before we move on to something else. But the Cortana, Psychic Seed, it's going to be able to take a bunch of attacks and do some really nice work, especially text things like Nailiga that we may struggle against if we can't get our Psychic terrain working and things like that. So that is the team in a nutshell. As always, it is down in the description below. There is a raw paste, poker paste. Check it out, try it out. And if you do try it out, do as always. Let me know what your thoughts are on the team. And if you do try it out and it inspires any thoughts for yourself, then obviously let me know how you get on with that as well. It's quite nice to see a team like this where we haven't got Incinero and Tapu Finian for a change. So just mixing it up a little bit on the channel this week and hopefully you guys enjoy it at home. But without further ado, let's get into it today. And if you do enjoy this content guys, as always, do drop a like on the video. It does really help the channel out a lot. Do subscribe to the channel as well for more Pokemon content and do leave your comments because I love hearing from you as you know and just your thoughts on the team, on the episodes, on anything that's been going on outside of the episodes.  And I will make sure to get back to you as soon as possible. It is hectic at the minute going on at home. And things are settling down so I should be able to get back to you all as soon as I can. But I do appreciate all the support and the comments that I get. But we've got a first opponent of the episode. So we'll jump straight into Team Preview. And our first opponent today is kicking off with a team of Salamence, Kyogre, Bronzong, Tapa Coco, Gengar and Groudon. So we've got that dual primal combination there. We've got the mega Gengar, probably the mega of the team, kind of dual megas as well between the Salamence and the Gengar. And then we've got the trick room setters on the team with the Salamence. It's got that intimidating support and the Bronzong with its trick room. So how are we going to deal with this? You know, like straight away Lunala jumps out of me and says, yes, choose me. But you've got to worry about that Tapa Coco. It can throw out a dazzling gleam. So then the Gengar will have to speed up Lunala and do some decent damage there. So I do probably want to check the Gengar with the Tapa Lele. It makes a lot of sense. Even if we haven't got our terrain set up and then the Lunala kind of covers the other things on the team. Now, what else do we want to bring? Cortana could be good here. Minetric could also be decent with its fake out to intimidate support, I should say. We definitely want our own Kyogre, I feel. But then I think it's a toss up between Cortana and Hydragan. Hydragan could be actually really good here if we can get rid of the Tapa Coco early doors. So I'm kind of leaning more towards that, if I'm honest. Yeah, we'll bring Hydragan. Let's go for it. So we'll get into this first one today.  The pollen count at the minute must be ridiculous. And I don't normally suffer as bad, but I've been really suffering the last two days. So if I'm a bit nasally and not myself and I look a bit puffy and around the eyes, then that is the reason why. So hopefully it doesn't come across too bad in the video. But yeah, hair fever is horrible. I really sympathize with any of you guys out there that do have it or any other allergies that affect you like this. Like I walk up in the middle of the night and my eyes are just like throbbing. But we are going to see my opponent lead out with Tapa Coco and Gengar here. So I mean, the psychic into the Gengar is pretty obvious, but I kind of don't want to leave it unchecked because it then has an easy way to get rid of our Lunala. One thing we could potentially do is set up a tailwind here. But I feel like when you're bringing the Gengar that you're kind of more probably inclined to have the Bronzong in the back. Although Groudon and Kyogre could also be in the back as well, so the tailwind could be good. But we could use this opportunity to just nuke the Tapa Coco, but tailwind here is really appealing. And I think I'd probably prefer to go for a tailwind rather than anything else. So we'll go for that and we'll check the Gengar like I say with this psychic, which should be able to take it down even out of Kyrae. So there we go. Gengar going to mega evolve, unless it's like a really bulky mega Gengar. But it does just protect. It's kind of obvious then we'll see this Coco maybe go for a zing move. But if it does, then we do get a tailwind up. I'm just going to see an electric web, which is fine because you do get a tailwind set. Then this next turn, we can attack into the Coco and go for that psychic into the Gengar. Although the Gengar might switch out this next turn. So that's something we've got to keep in mind. So the double up into the Coco might be a bit more appealing. There's not really anything my opponent has to switch into a psychic though. If this Gengar does switch out, except the Bronzong. So we could go for a Moongest Beam. I just worry about the Coco Bean, either a Salt Vest or Sashed. I think that's the one thing that I do worry about a little bit. That's why I kind of want to go Moongest Beam into that slot rather than the zing move and preserve the zing move for later on in this match. Yeah, we'll go for it because I do expect it to be Sashed, Coco. And I just don't want to waste the zing move into it just yet. The Gengar is going to switch out. Probably see Bronzong. Ah, Kyogre coming. She don't mind. We'll probably see another electric web from this Coco. But we will get a psychic into this Kyogre. My Bronnet needs to get two more electric webs off to actually start out at speeding us now. Well, the Lele anyway. And I think the nice thing about getting this damage off now is that we may put the Kyogre into zing move range by preserving it at least. Even after this electric web, it'll just nullify that tailwind. So we should still be faster than what my Bronnet can throw out. We do get the Moongest Beam. It doesn't quite take the Coco down, but at the next turn, Lele will still at speed the Coco because of our tailwind and we can zing move it into the Kyogre. It's whether or not the Kyogre protects her. That's the big thing, I think. We've got to be careful about when our tailwind does pitter out. So see, we've got how many turns? Two more turns. So we're pretty safe at the minute if that Gengar does come in. We'll go for the psychic into the Coco and then the zing move into the Kyogre. Let's see if we can take it. Ah, tap a Coco, actually protecting. That's interesting. There's the psychic. And here we go. Going to get the zing move. One problem about running the zing move is obviously I've got to cut this out every time we use it and we'll probably be using it most matches. So it's a little bit extra work, but it's fine. So we'll be right back when we come into the Kyogre slot and hopefully we can pick up that tail there. So into the Kyogre we go. Is it going to be enough to pick up the knockout though? It's going to be close, I think. Ah, we get it. So that's good. That's at least one thing down. Ooh, we get a critical hit. Would have been interesting to see if we got it otherwise. Gengar might come back in now. I'd imagine the Gengar probably protects this next turn to stall out our tailwind. So we can get rid of the, yeah, we can get rid of the Coco now. Probably want to switch Lunala out. It's a bit of a shame that our terrain, our shadow shield has been broken, but I mean, we do have Hydragan in that. That's the beauty, like once we get rid of the Coco, which we can do now. Coco actually going to switch out. Ground, I'm going to hit the field. So there's no bronze on the back, just as dual primals. And Hydragan really not a bad option to have here. Problem is that the Lele's going to be prime target for this Gengar the next turn, but we do have a Hydragan on the field because of the ghost typing of Lunala we're not trapped in. I wonder if the Gengar actually attacks here. It'd be interesting to see if it does. Thinking it can outspeed us. Nah, we're upon a plane, it's safe. And the psychic into the ground on is quite nice. Here regardless, so problem is the Lele's definitely going to go down this next turn. But we do check, we do check this Gengar with the Dark Pulse. The other thing is what we could do is probably just go for another tailwind or we've got the opportunity to because it's going to really help set up our Kyogre when it comes onto the field to get around that type of coco which otherwise would be a huge problem for us. So there's the Shadow Ball into the Lele. We'll go down, but if we get our tailwind up which we should do, this will open the door for Kyogre to come in and close this game out for us. So Hydragan doing all the work here and because we've got the focus sash as well, we don't need to worry about whatever even Dragon Claw coming out. Wow, okay, Hydragan not broken that. But yeah, now I think it's fine because we get Kyogre and we're in such a nice position now to pick up like the type of coco probably comes in for the ground on. It's what I would imagine because you probably want to try sack the coco. Yeah, yeah, but I still think we'll be all right as long as we can kind of utilize our tailwind turns effectively, that's what we need to do. Like dogpulse, the Gengar, water spout. Because then when the ground on comes back in, we've still got access to Ice Beam and Earth Power which would be more than enough. Yeah, we're going to see this and then the protect on the Gengar for sure. Makes sense just to sack the coco like this though. So it's not over, over. We've still got to, yeah. But I mean, even when the ground on comes back in this next turn, we can just dogpulse the Gengar that has to get a double protect to get around this and we can Ice Beam the ground on regardless which puts it kind of in range. And if the Gengar fails the double protect this next turn then it will go down to dogpulse for sure. So Hydragan doing some work, which is nice for us to kick off today. Shame that we haven't brought my net trick yet but we've still got one more game to go after this so hopefully we can bring it then the ground on does into the battlefield. I think even now like Kyogre should be able to deal with the ground on with Ice Beam effectively. We should take, it will take three precipice blades to get us. And like I say, the ground on, the Gengar needs to go for a double protect. The ground on needs to drag and claw the Hydragan here. We're not going to see the double protect here. We're going to see the dogpulse into the Gengar. It is going to be more than enough and we'll see what this ground on goes for. It goes for a precipice blades because it's concentrating down on to the Kyogre. It's kind of locked because then you're not concentrating down on the Hydragan, which leaves us open for an earth bar the next turn. So Hydragan doing a really nice job here, especially just taking that opportunity to get the tail end up when we needed to. And just having that added security of the focus there really helps us out. So I'm going to be able to close this one up very nicely here with an Ice Beam and a earth bar. We don't even need to worry about switching out at this point and there's the forfeit. So very good game to my opponent. Nice way for us to kick off today. So that's very good. Nice to get the Hydragan going as well because it's one of those Pokemon I think that it does have a hard time in the Ultra series, especially with all the fairy types going on. Scarf, Tapu, Lele, Xerneas. But when you don't see those sort of things and you can eliminate them, then it does a really good job. It really does. It's such a great Pokemon. It's done so well in past formats. It'd be nice to see it be able to get some limelight in the Ultra series. But it might be a bit too far for it to go. We'll hop over into our main screen while we await our next opponent of the episode. So hopefully it's not too long and we'll click out of Trainer Music. I've heard people don't like Trainer Music. They've heard it far too many times, but we'll go with No Cross My Vision 2 because why not? Why not? I've kind of been good with No Cross My Vision 2 recently. I've kind of held off playing it too much. Maybe once or twice a week. But we've got an next opponent from Japan. 1572 rated player. So we'll hop straight into Team Preview. Okay, so our next opponent today is running a team of Groudon, Incineroar, Salamence, Tapu, Fini, Xerneas, and Thunderous Incarnate. So we've got that Xerneadon build. It's quite standard other than the Thunderous there that's going to be a bit of a problem for our team to deal with. But right, I think Lunala's still going to be good here. It's a good countermeasure to the opposing Xerneas if it does decide to set up. Maybe we go Kyogar as well initially. Although, Minetric could be good in this match. Just to deter the Thunderous from throwing out any big electric type attacks, it's probably going to go torn and that's kind of why I want to have Lele in the back to switch in rather than anything else. Do we want Minetric here? I mean, it's good against Tapu, Fini, but then Cortana's just as good as well. So we could actually bring Kyogar, Tapu, Lele in the back and then Cortana. Yeah, I think I like that. So we'll lock in with that. We'll full goal Hydragan in this match because the Xerneas pressure there. Other than the Xerneas though, I mean, Hydragan does really well, but if my opponent brings Xerneas, it's going to sit on the field. It's going to be firing out attacks and that locks you out, bringing really Hydragan onto the field. And I think by leading Kyogar with Lunala, we should put enough pressure onto the Incineroar to kind of make it think twice about staying in because of the potential switch out into Tapu, Lele. We're going to see Incinero grow out on. Now, if my opponent's running a faster grow out on, we're going to be in an extremely strong position going into this first turn. We do have the fake out to worry about from the Incineroar, of course, which is cycled off right now, but we'll see who primal reverts first. I've got to imagine the grow out on well, yeah, so we'll get our rain up.  Kind of tempted just to do that really, preserve Lunala as well for later in this match, if I can. Yeah, I'm going to do it. I'm going to do it. I'm going to do it. There's not many times where you get yourself in a position like this, so, yeah, we'll just switch in Lele and go water spout. Like, even after a precipice blades, we should be in a good enough spot to take down the ground on if it decides to stay in. I doubt it does. I think it'll switch out. I think the Incineroar as well probably go fake out into the Kyoka here. So if we can catch that, that would be amazing. And then anything coming in on the switching and we'll be able to, we'll be able to nuke with a water spout here. So, we'll switch good old Lunala out. Keep the bat for later. There's Lele coming onto the field. We'll activate this psychic train. Now we know we're going to be taking impressive with blades from the ground on. I think if it stays in, there's a fake out. Yep. And, oh! Oh, it's a speed tie. Wow. Unless, hmm, it has to be a speed tie. There's no way the ground on goes for a roll there. Let me take a massive advantage like so early on in this game. Okay. Zoneus and... We're going to see Zoneus and Salamence. There's the Zone. There is the Zoneus. We can't roll it out though. That's the thing. That's going to be the type of thingy. So we'll get rid of our psychic train. But at this point, it doesn't really matter too much. How are we going to get around this? We need to, I think, hmm, good magic room and water spout. It gives us a bit more room to operate. Do we do that water spout? It's just a kind of one, like we've got cotton on the back, which will deal with these pretty effectively. But we need to get our psychic train out in the field. And if we magic room, we can't utilize our... We can't utilize our psychic train, our psychic seed, which makes it a bit harder. So, do we just double attack? Zoneus, I think, here. Yeah. And then the next turn, switch. We get a special defense drop. That would be huge. Yeah, there's the gym. So there's nothing we can do to really stop this. But we'll get enough damage onto it. All we need to do is try and maneuver our board position around where we can get our Lele back onto the field with the psychic train and then get Carton out and then deal with both of these things pretty, pretty effectively. But we need that psychic seed boost. And you've got to think twice about using the magic room because utilizing the magic room would have been really great. It would have given us an extra turn. But it's not going to be enough to effectively deal with how we need it to. So we're going to go get Lunala in. Do we protect Kyogre? Yeah, let's protect Kyogre here. Because maybe the Zoneus, it's not going to like taking a Skald at this point. But it's just all about now getting the Carton around to the field. The Finnees definitely in leaf blade range. So we've got that. Zoneus actually protecting here. He's going to protect on our Kyogre, protect. We're going to see. Finnega fall. I see wind. Okay. We'll break our Shadow Field, which does make Lunala a bit more vulnerable. I feel like you have to go Dazzling Gleam here because you're either going to take a Z-Moon from Lunala or you're going to take a Skald from Kyogre. And although we can't burn it, Skald's still going to do a decent amount of damage even after these boosts. And I would even say it might be in range. It'd be very close. I'm going to see Moonblast. It's going to be into Lunala. So we will lose Lunala here. It's fine. It's a shame we lost our Shadow Shield. And there's a Skald. Come on. Come on. Oh, it's so close. So close. So close. Heal Pulse. Oh no. That's not so good. So I think now what we'll do is we will get our Tabillelion to the field. I don't want to bring Kotaro until I lose something. We'll go for a Psy-Kick into... Did we go into it? Hmm. There's no point. And I could... Could be... Hmm. We could skill swap the Zernius. Take away its fairy or a boost. Um... And just protect. And if Lele... But with them unlocked in, it's... No, we'll be better off just Psy-Kick. Into... We're just going to proc a barrier on the finish. It's definitely a leaf blade range. You want to leave that low. And I'm just going to Psy-Kick into the Zernius here. And I'm just going to go for a Psy-Kick there. If we lose Lele, then that's fine. Because that opens the door for Kotaro to come in. Yeah, Minblast. We're going to go into the Kyogre, so we'll get this Psy-Kick off. He'll pass. Of course, we're going to continue to see that, I think. But that's alright. Because we just want to keep Zernius in a position where it's... You're probably going to chase down the Kyogre now. I think... I think that's what we'll do. That's what you would do. I'd imagine. Hmm. Minblast into Kyogre. Now into Lele. Huh. We could pick up a burn here, you know. And although you will get the Heal Pulse off with the Finny, you get a burn. That would be huge. Burn! Burn! Heal Pulse. Now we've got to make a little bit of a... a decision. Um... We get Kotaro onto the field. Do we attack the Zernius? Or do we get the Beast Boost attack in the Finny? Because there's a part of me that would think... Maybe you go for the Katana with the Zernius. But maybe there's a part of me that thinks you'd probably protect. Because I don't think we'd take two Moonblasts. That's the thing. Let's get rid of the Finny. Let's get rid of that Heal Pulse support. Yeah, they're going for that Protect. Okay, that's fine. Yeah, they want to try an Icy Windus. But this would be more than enough to take down the Finny. Get a Beast Boost and now we lock the game. I think my opponent then needed to attack. And I think you just need to attack the Katana to deal with it. Because now this Katana, as we'll hopefully see, it will take a Moonblast pretty comfortably. Um... We do have the Protect if you wanted to, but I think a Smart Strike plus one is going to be more than enough to take down this Zernius. But it was like... Yeah, so Moonblast... Into Katana. Psychic Seed Boost. Yeah, I mean, we take that pretty well. Smart Strike plus one. That's why I think you needed to like attack it last turn. Because you do that, well, actually takes it. Plus one Bulky Zone. And it's called enough to pick up the Kao there. So I think a little bit... I can see where my opponent was coming from there because they want to try and catch out us targeting the Zernius. But at that stage, it's like... The Tapu Fini is so disruptive to what we're trying to do and it's kind of obvious that you would want to go for that Speed Controller. I think you need to attack into the Katana. If you do that then... We get rid of the Fini, but then you can dazzle the next turn and you take away any kind of threat from the Katana by doing that anyway. But good games. I hope you guys have enjoyed today's games. Two wins to kick us off today. So that's good. That's good progress. And I hope to continue that for the rest of the week. We've seen a nice few options from the team. We haven't really seen very much of the Mega Minetric, which is the main man of the team. So hopefully going into tomorrow's episode, we'll see a bit more from Minetric as we go through this week. Thank you so much for tuning in, guys. I look forward to hearing your comments and hearing from you all very soon. And we'll be back with another episode tomorrow. So until then, take care of yourselves and bye-bye.


The Pentagon confirmed that a Russian hypersonic missile was shot down by a patriot. Ukrainian air forces have shot down Russian Kinzel hypersonic missile during an attack on the capital Kiev. Ukrainian Air Force announced. Ukrainian Air Force commander Mykola Olesyuk said the missile was shot down on May 4th with a U.S. provided Patriot air defense system. I congratulate the Ukrainian people on the historic event. Yes, we shot down the unparalleled Kinzel he said on the Telegram channel. Ukraine said the missile was fired during a drone attack on Kiev and other cities in the early hours on May 4th. Speaker of the Air Force of the Ukrainian Armed Forces Yuri Ignat said Kiev deliberately delayed confirming reports about the downing of the Kinzel. Patriot is a truly unique complex that can be loaded with several types of missiles at the same time and work out on different types of targets. It is not necessary to use an anti-aircraft missile, which is designed to shoot down ballistic targets. It can be much cheaper and more adapted to an UAV or a cruise missile. Brigadier General Patrick Ryder, spokesman of the Pentagon confirmed the statement of the Ukrainian side that the Russian Kinzel missile flying at hypersonic speed was shot down from the Patriot air defense missile system. I can confirm that Ukrainians did down a Russian missile by employing the Patriot missile defense system, Ryder said. As you know, that system is part of a broader range of air defense capabilities that the United States and the international community have provided to Ukraine. The Defense Department spokesman said. Ryder added that the U.S. and its partners would continue to rush ground-based air defense capabilities and munitions to help Ukraine control its sovereign skies and to help Ukraine defend its citizens from Russia. The armed forces of Ukraine became the first army in the world to shoot down a ballistic missile using the U.S. air defense system.


The journey of success is extremely boring, okay? But whoever can stick it out the longest and hang in there and do those little simple little things, the longest is gonna see the most success. This is what I believe. I'm sharing that with you for nothing.  So my questions are more so for everyone who's starting out. Basically, when was it, when you first started, what was the first thing that you decided to delegate was the first question?  And third is what's one thing you wish you knew when you started in real estate that you didn't know that you wish you had known from the beginning? You want me to jump in there, Tony? Sure, go ahead, all yours. So when I first got into the business as far as delegation goes, nothing.  You really shouldn't delegate anything because you don't know what to delegate.  You don't know the game. You don't know how to do a contract. You don't know how to build your business. You don't know how to market yourself. You don't know anything. So the first year should literally be you learning the business so that you can at some point in the future try to figure out what activities that you need to delegate. So in the beginning, there's really no delegation. It's all learning and trying to figure it all out. Until you've actually, see, this is one thing for me. I didn't hire an assistant until way past the point that I needed an assistant. Like I should have hired an assistant way before I did. But the thing was is I wanted to continue to do everything on my own as long as I could because I wanted to know the business inside and out. Because if I didn't know the business inside and out, I wouldn't know what to delegate. I wouldn't, and if I tell someone to do something but I don't know how to do it, then we're really kind of going backwards, you know? So, and the first system that I put in place, the first system I put in place, like the first real system I put in place is when I came back from the market. I did the same thing, but when I lost everything, when I, before I lost everything in the crash, my system was literally direct mail. Like I would send letters and postcards to owners. And because the market was exploding so much and prices were going up so high, those letters attracted attention and I got deals from that. That was kind of my system before I lost everything. And then when I came back, of course, I created the system of the weekly email, right? And so that turned into my system when I got back in the business. And then what was your third question? And what's the one thing you wish you knew when you first started? Oh my gosh, man. Where do I begin with that? I think that the most important thing that I wish I would have known is that your prospects and deals and everything else is you need to treat everyone like their family and not care if they buy or sell today. I wish someone would have told me that from day one and made me understand that it's about treating people like family and not caring if they buy or sell today or not and then building my database. Because if I would have known that, then I would have never lost everything. I would have just continued selling properties through the crash and I would have just continued to do better and better instead of losing everything, going bankrupt, sleeping in my car. So that's the biggest part of advice. And beyond that, talk to the most people. I want you to outwork every agent in your market. You know, this is what I want you to do. I want you to find the number one agent in your market. I want you to watch what they do and then I want you to do more than them. Okay, what I want you to do is I want you to find the number one agent in the market, the top agent. If you guys want to be the number one agent in your market. Okay, I was the number one renege agent in Alabama three different years. And what I did was I found the number one guy in the state and I looked to see what he was doing and I said, I can do that, right? What the actions and activities that successful people do is not really, it's not super complicated. It's not extremely hard. The hard part is, is that the activities that create success are routine. They're the same activities every day, day in and day out for years and years and years.  Most people can't, they can't deal with how boring that success, the journey of success is extremely boring. Okay?  You know what I mean?


Welcome back to the course on Nano Structured Materials, Synthesis, Properties, Self-Assembly and Applications. Today we are going to have the second lecture of module 2. In module 1 we gave two introductory lectures and in module 2 in the first lecture we started on Synthetic Methodologies and we would be continuing on that for 12 lectures and in the first lecture of module 2 we introduced the Sol Gel methodology and in the Sol Gel methodology we showed how you can prepare Nano Structured Materials starting from a Sol, how to make a Gel, then what is an Aero Gel, what is a Zero Gel and these kind of concepts we discussed in lecture 1 of module 2. We will be continuing on the Sol Gel method in this lecture also. So once you get the gels you have to dry the gels because the solvent is inside the pores although it is more or less like a solid and it is not flowing but you have to take out the solvent from the pores of the gels. Now if you take out the liquid from the pores and make a dried gel then it is called a Zero Gel and there are different processes by which you can dry these gels. For example you can get a Cryo Gel which results from freeze drying process. You can get an Aero Gel from a supercritical drying process which is normally performed inside an autoclave. Zero Gel is the result of gentle drying at temperature close to room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Now in this Sol Gel method what are the starting materials or the precursors? We use metal alkoxides or typically metal chlorides since they react with water readily. Example TEOS which is a very common starting material which is Tetra Ethoxy Cylane. So if Cylane is 4 Hydrogens are connected to silicon and if you remove those 4 Hydrogens with 4 Alkoxy groups here Ethoxy groups then it is a Tetra Ethoxy Cylane and this is one of the most common starting materials in Sol Gel synthesis of silica or silica based particles and this is TEOS. So you can start with TEOS then you can get a colloid with a broad range of solid particles which is dispersed in a liquid and then you sediment and centrifuge it and then dry and which will lead to hydrolysis and condensation. So that is the typical process from which you get a nanostructured material starting from metal alkoxides or metal chlorides then reacting with water and then drying it to get the final nanostructured materials. The two processes very important is hydrolysis and condensation. This can be shown as various stages for example in the polymeric citrate method where we are starting to we are going to make a nanostructured material through a route which involves polymerization and hence it is called a polymeric method is called a citrate method polymeric citrate method because we are going to use citric acid which will help in polymerizing. So what you see here is you see there is a magnetic stirrer and on that magnetic stirrer you have a beaker you can have a conical flask and there is a magnetic pellet here and once you turn on this instrument this magnetic stirrer then it will stir the solutions and you can see that there is a tube in which some liquid is there and there is a rubber tube through which a gas is passed which is typically nitrogen which is goes into this reaction vessel and so what you are doing is you are stirring in a absence of air or in the presence of nitrogen and you start with say ethylene glycol and titanium isopropoxide as your starting materials and then you can see slowly after some time a white precipitate or when you add citric acid and this is also being heated at some temperature like 60 degrees or so. So this white precipitate will dissolve after some time and you will get a clear salt. So you have added an alkoxide which is titanium isopropoxide you have added ethylene glycol and you have added citric acid and so you will and you dissolve it at around 60 degrees to get a clear salt and then you allow it to cool and settle down and slowly this will become more viscous because of condensation between citric acid and ethylene glycol and this will become darker and then it will become black that is the gel has formed and when you dry it little bit say around 135 degree centigrade you get this black mass of a polymeric gel and then you heat it at higher temperature and then you get the oxide nanostructured oxide of titanium which you wanted. Now this process is typically what is called a polymeric citrate method it is a sol-gel method which involves polymerization using citric acid and ethylene glycol. So you can follow either the colloidal route or the polymeric route to make to do this sol-gel chemistry. So typically if you follow the colloidal route you get colloidal sol and then a colloidal gel and you can dry it to get a hybrid organic inorganic membrane or you can sinter it at higher temperature to get a pure inorganic compound like TiO2 or zirconia or a oxide like barium titanium oxide through this route. The other way is the polymeric route where you add ethylene glycol or citric acid and then you get the sol like we showed and then a polymeric gel which is much darker in color and then dry it to get the organic inorganic membrane or you heat it higher when all the inorganic stuff will be burnt away leaving behind only the inorganic membrane. So you can get these final products either through the colloidal route or through the polymeric route. Now this kind of sol-gel chemistry is used in making membranes and one example as you can see here this is a multi-layer ceramic membrane which is made up of a macro porous support. So what you see is three layers one, two, three in which you have a macro porous layer, a mesoporous layer and a micro porous layer. And how you define this micro porous mesoporous or macro porous is by the pore size each of these membranes which you are making through sol-gel chemistry or colloidal processing. Normally sol-gel chemistry gives you mesoporous or micro porous layers. Now the definition of a micro porous layer is that the pore diameter should be less than 2 nanometers then it is called a micro porous solid. If the pore diameter is between 2 to 50 nanometers then these are called mesoporous structures. And if the pore diameter is much more than 50 nanometers then these are called macro porous structures. So together you see you can have a membrane which is made of all the three pore sizes.  Here it is mesoporous so it is between 2 nanometers and 50 nanometers and this is the macro porous layer which has pore diameters of around 50 nanometers or more. Now these can be used for a separation of various materials and you can do filtration through these multi-layer ceramic membranes and these have lot of applications in industry and elsewhere. So you can use sol-gel chemistry for the synthesis of micro and mesoporous membrane systems. Now as you see that you can get these kind of micro porous and mesoporous systems using sol-gel chemistry but you can do that using colloidal roots or the polymeric precursor root. So in the colloidal root you start with metal oxide and the solvent is alcohol and you do precipitation where and in this colloidal root the alkoxide concentration is very less compared to the water whereas in the polymeric root you do this kind of reaction in a system where the alkoxide is much larger than the amount of water nearly 2 to 4 times larger than the quantity of water. Here in the colloidal root the concentration of alkoxide is much less than that in water. Then in this colloidal root you get colloids in an aqueous medium which are separated due to repulsion between the particles and that is how agglomeration is prevented. In the polymeric root you get an inorganic polymer like from the condensation of ethylene glycol and citric acid you get a polymer and the agglomeration is prevented by the small size of these agglomerates. In the colloidal root you get a gel as a result of electrostatic effects as you see that the particles are prevented by the particle repulsion and there are some charges on the surfaces and you get a gel as a result of electrostatic effects. In the polymeric root you get the gel as a result of further polymerization. In most cases in the colloidal root you get crystalline particles that means the particles in which the atoms are regularly arranged over a long range. So they are called crystalline whereas in the polymeric precursor root the gel which you form as a result of polymerization leads to amorphous structures and most of the time in the polymeric root you get micro porous systems. So there are some little differences between the colloidal root and the polymeric root for making nano structured materials through these sol-gel based methods. Now this is a typical example of synthesis of alumina particles using the sol-gel method. So what you have here is the alkoxide here that you choose is aluminum alkoxide. It is tri-aluminium second layer of aluminum secondary butoxide and you hydrolyze it with water. So there is hydrolysis and you keep the temperature around 90 degree Celsius. So there is hydrolysis and then polycondensation and you get what is gamma alpha oxyhydroxide which is commonly called bohemite and this is a precipitate and then you heat it to remove the alcohol. You add some nitric acid to maintain stabilization and then you heat it at 80 degrees for the peptizing action to take place which will give you a stable salt and then after gelation you calcine them and you get mesoporous particles of between 2 to 50 nanometers and typically if the temperature of this calcination is kept around 400 degrees Celsius you get 4 diameters of around 3 nanometers. If you heat it at higher temperature like 800 degree centigrade then you get particles which are mesoporous and have average pore diameter of around 5 nanometers and these are gamma alumina. So you start with the aluminum alkoxide and you end up with gamma alumina nanostructure particles and with porosity of in the range of 3 to 5 nanometers and so you get mesoporous alumina using this sol-gel synthesis. This is a similar example except now instead of alumina you are going to make titanium. Titanium is TiO2 and TiO2 you have to if you have to prepare using the sol-gel synthesis you start with titanium isopropoxide and you take this titanium isopropoxide in isopropanol that is an alcohol.  Similarly to the synthesis of alumina you add nitric acid for stabilization and then peptization at 80 degree centigrade to get a stable salt and then you it undergoes gelation and further calcination at different temperatures gives particles of different size. So here the particle size varies from 20 nanometer to 50 nanometer if you depending on the temperature at which you calcine. So if you have to further calcining at 300 degree centigrade you get particles whose size or average diameter is 20 nanometers and if you look at its crystal structure using powder x-ray diffraction then you will find that this TiO2 has a structure which is called the anatase form of TiO2. TiO2 has three different forms one is anatase another is rutile and the third one is brukite. So in this methodology if you heat or calcine at 300 degree centigrade you get anatase form of TiO2 but if you heat at 600 degrees not only the particle size increases it goes to 50 nanometers you also change the structure of TiO2 you now get the rutile form of TiO2. So the both anatase and rutile structures have the same composition of TiO2 but they have different structures and depending on your temperature of calcination you can get either anatase or rutile. So this is a typical synthesis one of the most important nanostructured materials which is TiO2 which is used for many many applications using the sol-gel method using titanium alkoxides and hydrolysis and poly condensation and then calcination to get the final inorganic oxide which is titanium dioxide or TiO2 in two different forms at two different temperatures and of course the particle size changes at low temperature you always get smaller size particles at high temperatures you get higher size particles. So this is again a sol-gel example so we looked at alumina synthesis and then titanium synthesis and then this is a example of silica which is again a very important nanostructured material for many many applications. So again starting from silicon alkoxide with different alkoxides propoxy group you can vary them you can take ethoxy group, propoxy group, butoxy group you can vary them and once you react these alkoxides of silicon with ammonia and in some alcohol and then you hydrolyze it you add water under constant stirring you can get silica and you can get very nice spheres of silica which are of the order of few nanometers say 10, 20 nanometers. So we discussed three examples of some of the most important nanostructured materials used in large tons of kilograms are used thousands of tons of nanostructures tons of kilograms of these materials of titanium alumina and silica are used in industry. This is a synthesis of another very important material it is called PZT where P stands for lead Z for zirconium and T for titanium. So this is an oxide of lead zirconium and titanium and it is a very important dielectric oxide it is used in capacitors and many many other devices for example, as transducers etcetera. So this is a material which involves lead zirconium and titanium. So how you obtain this material using the sol-gel process is that you can start with an titanium and zirconium alkoxides. So you have this tetra propyl alkoxide of titanium and of zirconium and you take an alcohol dissolve them in alcohol. So this is propyl alcohol or propanol and then you add acetyl acetone ligand and then you add acetyl acetone and simultaneously you add lead acetate hydrated. So you dissolve it in water and add the solution of lead acetate. So basically it will have lead ions in solution. So you have titanium ions zirconium ions through these alkoxides in solution in isopropanol and you have lead ions in solution and you mix this and this liquid reaction mixture will be having all the three metal ions lead titanium and zirconium in the right proportion that you want and then you remove all the volatile that is the acetyl acetone and water and alcohol and you are left with a solid lead zirconium titanium oxide precursor and then you can dissolve in alcohol and you can coat it on a substrate and if you want to get the powder you heat it or anneal it between 575 to 700 degree centigrade and then you can get a polycrystalline film or nano crystalline film. So this is a process using sol-gel chemistry to get a polycrystalline PZT film. If you need a powder then you just dry it and you do not have to coat it but after this precursor you can dissolve this solid precursor will be you can heat it at high temperatures to get the oxide powder. However to coat it you have to dissolve in alcohol and then make a coating sol and then after coating you have to anneal the film for further applications. So this is another example now of making a very important material which is a p-doped indium tin oxide and indium tin oxide is a very important semiconducting material and is used in many many applications. So as a substrate, ITO is used as a substrate and this is prepared using condensation of a stoichiometric mixture of an alkoxide of indium. Here it is shown as tributoxyindium and you add to that tetrabutoxy tin. So you have indium and tin in a ratio of 10 is to 2 and then you heat it so that you get the gel and this will lead to p-doped indium tin oxide. So that is the reaction shown here where you have the tributoxyindium reacting with the tetrabutoxy tin to give you indium tin oxide which is a very important material. Now this polymer route of making nanostructured materials through the sol-gel polymerization route is again shown here where the two important steps are again shown where you have the hydrolysis step. So this is alkoxy-silane, tetraalkoxy-silane and on hydrolysis it loses alcohol which you have to remove and then you get this hydroxyl group in here and under you again further hydrolyze till you get all these hydroxyl groups which can then undergo polymerization condensation polymerization and yield to you finally these SIO-SI linked structures. So this is in short you have hydrolysis and then you have alcohol condensation and then you have alcohol condensation. So this is the reverse of this esterification and there is a reverse of this alcohol condensation is alcoholicis. So in hydrolysis reactions you replace an alkoxy group with the hydroxyl group and in the condensation reactions you involve the silanol groups the SIOH groups react or condense to form SIO-SI bonds which are called siloxane bonds and you get byproducts like alcohol and water. So this is to summarize these two important reactions which always take place in sol-gel chemistry. Now how do you adjust the processing parameters in a typical sol-gel method? So how do you control a sol-gel process? There are various controls you have some internal parameters and you have some external parameters. So the internal parameters which affect a sol-gel reaction is basically the nature of the metal atom and the alkyl or oxide groups present on it. The second thing which depends internally is the structure of the metal precursor. The factors which you can change from outside is like water or the amount of alkoxide that you take, the amount of catalyst that you add whether you do acid catalysis or basic catalysis that means whether it is acid hydrolysis the reaction which you catalyze is the hydrolysis or condensation of reactions. So that these are affected by the conditions present the acidic conditions or basic conditions will determine the extent of hydrolysis and condensation and the rates at which these hydrolysis and condensation takes place. So this can be controlled using the amount of acid or base that you add. Further you can vary the concentration of the solvent, you can vary the concentration of the precursor also the nature of solvent you can change and finally the temperature. So all these parameters will affect the rate of this sol-gel process and on that will depend on your final product. So again to tell you the mechanism of hydrolysis and condensation in the polymeric route you have the hydrolysis process if it is acid hydrolyzed then you the in the presence of water this proton will first protonate this oxygen and you get this and then it removes this alcohol ROH group and you get this silanol group introduced. So this is a typical acid hydrolysis which is guided by the initial attack by the proton on this oxygen. Now if you do further on this product so you have one alcoholic group and you can continue this further and replace the other alkoxide groups with alcoholic groups. You can also have a process like this you know where you have a water molecule and you have a water molecule which is reacting with this alkoxide and then giving you this product and then this ROH group leaves to give you this. Now if it is base catalyzed then you have the OH minus group which will react and will attach on the silicon and making this oxygen negative and then you get this SIO tri alkoxy group and with alcohol group here because one of this alkoxy group is which is a leaving group it will leave and so in total one ROH SIOH bond is formed the silanol bond is formed and one ROH group is eliminated. So this ROH group of course reacts with water and forms an alcohol group. Now this is the reaction mechanism for hydrolysis in the presence of acid or in the presence of base. Similarly you can have condensation in the presence of acid so you have two of these silanol groups and then they form SIO Si linkage in the presence of this proton which is protonating here on this oxygen and giving you a condensed product in which a SIO Si bond is formed. If you do a base condensation then you have hydroxyl group here to react and one water molecule leaves and you have this O minus group and this O minus group then reacts with another molecule of this alkoxy silane and you have this SIO Si bond with a loss of OH minus group. So you can have hydrolysis under acidic or basic conditions similarly you can have condensation in acidic or basic medium. So this is probably another clear picture of the mechanism of acid catalyzed hydrolysis. So you can see this we described in the previous slide too. So you have first protonation and then this water molecule reacts because now there is more there is this electron density or oxygen here can react on the silicon and then you get a delta positive charge on this water molecule and this delta positive charge remains here and so one alcohol group will leave creating one new SIO H linkage. This acid catalyzed reactions normally take place at pH of less than 2.2 and it has a fast protonation step and the silicon becomes electrophilic after the protonation and therefore is more susceptible to attack by water and the protonation becomes slower when more hydroxyl groups are present. Now in basic conditions the OH minus group attacks the silent tetraalcoxide silane and you get this kind of OH delta minus charge here and this also gets OR delta minus charge and then this OR minus leaves and you are left with a new silicon hydroxyl linkage and this base catalyzed reaction normally takes place at pH greater than 2.2 and it takes place where dissociation of water and hydroxyl ions and the attack of these hydroxyl ions on silicon. So that is how the base catalyzed hydrolysis takes place. When you have condensation of alkoxides this is the second step after hydrolysis you have condensation and when you have condensation of alkoxides under acidic conditions then you are going to create this SiOSI linkage and this will give you a linear kind of polymer. So acid catalyzed condensation always leads you to linear polymers and you can see these chains of linear polymers based on condensation of alkoxides. This is a scanning electron microscope picture of these kind of linear polymers. So this reaction occurs through the protonated silanol species Si dash HOR plus and results in linear polymers. This is under acidic conditions. Now what happens in basic conditions is that this condensation normally leads to branched compounds. So this kind of branched compounds you can see because this will bind here to form a silicon oxygen silicon bond and this silicon bond will give rise to this branching. So base catalyzed condensation always leads to branched polymers whereas acid catalyzed condensation leads to linear polymers. The base condensation will take place through the attack of a nucleophilic deprotonated silanol and which takes place on a neutral silicate species which is shown here and results in more branched polymers. So then the kind of morphologies, morphology means the shape of the particles of the polymers that you get under acid or basic conditions are different depending on where you are close to the gel point or far from the gel point etc. and also whether you are using acidic conditions or basic conditions. So if under acidic conditions you are doing this reaction and you are far from the gel point then you get this kind of linear polymers with very less branching and which are very loose. However if you use acidic conditions and you are near the gel point then you get entangled linear molecules. So lot of linear molecules which are kind of criss-crossing themselves. This is when you are close to the gel point and you are using acidic conditions. So here also you see long chains like you see in this case but there are more chains and there are more crossing each other. When you are at the gel point you will have additional cross links at the junctions. So wherever they meet you will have additional linkages if you are at the gel point. Now if you look under basic conditions and you are very far from the gel point then you see this kind of branched cluster kind of things. However when you are close to the gel point then you will see lot of growth and additions and lot of branching of course. Whereas if you are at the gel point you get nearly a connected structure with lot of branching but the whole thing gets interconnected when you are in the gel point. This is in the basic conditions. So if you compare the acidic and the basic condensation you see that under the acidic conditions you get more porous or more sparsely arranged chains whereas in basic conditions you get more close knit chains or clusters which have small lengths. However when they get interconnected especially at the gel point these small clusters are all networked together. So these are different type of morphologies or structures which you can observe at acidic and basic conditions. So the sol-gel derived silicon oxide networks under acid and basic conditions yield linear or randomly branched polymers and as you increase or come close to the gel point they will entangle and form additional branches. On the other hand if you use this was using acid catalyzed reactions. When you use base catalyzed conditions they yield highly branched clusters which do not interpenetrate prior to gelation and thus behave as discrete clusters. So this is when gelation is taken place. Before gelation they exist as independent clusters which are highly branched. Now what are the advantages of the sol-gel technique? So by the sol-gel technique you can make many different types of nanostructured materials. As you saw that we looked at examples of gamma alumina, anatase and rutile form of TiO2 or a dielectric ceramic like PZT lead zirconium titanate. So several different materials can be obtained in the nanostructured form using the sol-gel technique. The advantages of using this technique are as follows. You have control of the product morphology. So you can control the product porosity, the connectivity, the primary particle size during the processing of the material using the sol-gel technique. You can change the amount of water, the amount of alcohol, the amount of citric acid if you are using a polymer method. So all that comes in the processing and there are several ways of controlling the product morphology. Sol-gel method is cheap and the temperatures at which you are operating are not very high. Then you can easily shape the material once it is formed as a powder or you can make a film. Those powders can be compressed and make into monoliths. You can get very pure monophasic compounds that means the stoichiometry of the ions can be maintained by proper control. So homogeneous compounds or pure phases can be obtained. You can get very small particle sizes if you want. You can get 2, 3, 5, 20, 30 nanometer particles. So you can vary the particle size by varying the conditions of the sol-gel process. Then it is a relatively complex method. Of course you have to know some chemistry and you must know how to handle these chemicals. You must know when to avoid air like you pass nitrogen as we showed when you are doing a citrate-gel method synthesis. You stir the solution properly. You have to make a clear transparent sol which will settle to a gel. So some good handling and chemistry is required to use the sol-gel technique to the full potential. Depending on the advantages of the sol-gel technique you can not only get powders, you can get very thin film of these oxides. On various substrates you can coat them. Since you get a transparent sol, at that stage you can coat that sol on various substrates like glass or quartz or silicon and then you can dry them to make thin films of oxides. Those thin films of course once you coat with the sol have to be heated to get more mechanically stable films or ceramic films on the substrates. Another advantage is the uniform distribution of the components. So if you have lead, zirconium and titanium, three different metal ions in an oxide, so using the sol you can get very homogeneous solution because it is now not a solid and then if this homogeneous sol, not a solution, it is a homogeneous sol can give rise to very good quality of coatings or powders as you wish. So it is a better alternative approach to conventional production of glasses. So many times you make glasses using very high temperatures. Glasses are also called amorphous solids. So many times they are obtained using very high temperatures and then they are cooled very rapidly to obtain glasses. However with the sol gel technique it is very easy to get glasses or amorphous solids at much lower temperatures. You can control the addition of each dopant during the ceramic processing so you can really make compounds with several different ions using the sol gel process. The sol gel material can be obtained in various forms in bulk materials as thin films and as nano powders. So all these are various advantages of the sol gel technique. Now these sol gel produced powders or coatings have several applications and as you use this is an optical coating. So this is a glass on which there is a coating using a sol which is converted into a gel. So when it is a sol, this glass plate is dipped in a solution in that sol which is kept in a vessel and then it is taken out of that vessel and that coating. Here it is a transparent coating hence you can see through but it may have other properties depending on what was there in the sol. So you can have different properties of this glass by the coating of the material using the sol gel process. So if you coat with silica you can get some properties. If you go with titanium of some properties also what is the size of the nano particles in this sol gel derived titanium or zirconium film which is on top of the glass will determine its properties. For example the optical properties of this glass can be controlled by the kind of material you coat on that using the sol gel process. So if you coat a particular type of material may be it will cut down UV radiation. So only a visible range of radiation which is not harmful and pass through this glass or you can have glasses which will be transparent to some wavelength other than what is visible and for some specific applications may be you need only IR wavelength of light to pass through then it will require a coating of a different kind than one which passes through only visible. So these are applications for optical coatings then you can have similar optical coatings on the car windows you can have dense ceramics. So this is a dense ceramic which is made up of a nano crystalline or polycrystalline powder which was obtained by the sol gel method and then it was compacted and sintered to get this kind of a disc form which may have properties depending on what are the what is the compound by which you have made this disc. Now you can make thin films on top of some substrate like shown here using sol gel chemistry you can have powders. So the ceramics you can put it in a mold and get powder rods like this which have certain applications then you can just have a layer of uniform particles on a surface made through the sol gel process. So with all this what I wanted to discuss with you was the first method in the bottom up approach which is the sol gel method which we have discussed so far and we will be discussing other methods chemical roots or low temperature roots as they call which together form the bottom up approach to nano structured materials. So today we are finishing the second lecture of module 2 and we have basically discussed in these two lectures the chemistry and the processing and applications of a methodology which is the sol gel process to make nano structured materials which may be in powder form in thin film form or as fibers or discs. So many shapes and sizes you can make nano structured materials using the sol gel process. So you must remember that the sol gel process is a low temperature process which has wide applications and some of the general oxides which is used in industry in very very large amounts as I said thousands of tons may be millions of tons some of them we discussed alumina, gamma alumina, titanium dioxide or annates form and rutile form and lead zirconate titanate these are some very few examples there are thousands of other examples of making materials using the sol gel process. So in the next two lectures then we will discuss another low temperature method another bottom up approach to make nano structured materials and that is a method using micro emulsions. So we will discuss water micro emulsions and how they are useful in making nano materials with controlled size, shape and hence by which we can control the properties of those nano structured materials. So goodbye for now and then we will meet for the next lecture which will be the third lecture of module two. Thank you very much and see you again.


earliest we were at the beginning of interest in Kanbhaspar. we got together to see what we wanted to do. if we were happy we would have have worked harder. we would have done it in a beautiful way.


Hi, good morning, and welcome to today's products and focus as we'll see there the US markets We've been strongly after the on comments from putting that he is willing to help resolve the Ukrainian crisis peacefully and he's even gone to try and get the separatists and the Kiev government to sit down and discuss peace talks before the a lot of time for Certain regions to vote on a referendum to leave the Ukraine and there's also reports as well that Putin has come out and said that he'll remove his troops from the Eastern Ukraine border, which is yet to materialize But nevertheless, Russian stocks jumped 6% yesterday in the news and the US 30 is now just about had a bullish and gulfing pattern Following on from Tuesday's dismal day. We're now floating around the 16524 level getting quite close to potential resistance at 16598 and not that far away from all-time highs on the US markets yet again So if we move on to the UK 100, you can see a kind of a similar thing Canada hammer formation bounced off potential support there at 6774 We have to get beyond the short-term potential resistance at 6836 and onwards on to 6874 should the peace process and Continue diplomacy work out well Which is obviously a big ask with everything else is happening, but you never know What we've also got to see here is that the US 30 content in our US 30 Japan to do 5 is still trading below that potential Support at 14 2 1 9 even as dollar yen reverses course slightly with a lot of yen selling and more green back buying On the back of that peace process, but we're still on the wrong side of the line right now So I think Japan to do 5 still under some pressure moving on to the onto the dollar yen cross We are bound we are pretty much bang on that strategic level at 101 spot 80. We've talked about a lot of the last couple of months We are below the two SMEs and 21 of them appeared SMA other technical indicators are neutral But this is going to be heavily influenced by what happens in Ukraine and obviously some of the economic Announcements macro data that's due out over today and tomorrow if we jump on to crude west Texas You'll be able to see here that It's come off slightly from its from its high broke out strongly yesterday as the crude oil inventories were not as high as what the market was expecting And we are just just drifting around this 100 spot 61 level So that's a level that many traders will be looking at moving into the weekend. If I look at gold it completely Lost face yesterday on the back of the peace process or the potential Diplomacy I should say rather than peace process And this is a very very bearish candle We've got on gold smashing through multiple levels of potential support So we're below both moving averages below 1295 and now eyeing up the next potential support at 1267 Other technical indicators are neutral indicating it could still be further room for maneuver to the downside should Things continue to improve if we then look at your old dollar Which has been drifting down after a fantastic performance there on Tuesday We need to have a research We're actually showing a pattern here of lower highs and tips of the candles still eyeing up 3968 if we continues to see weakness on the dollar and comments from Yellen yesterday is obviously still quite quite dovish Many commentators believing if we jump on to cable that the UK is likely to increase rates before the US In 2015 and that's one of the things that going to continue to support GBP versus the US dollar in the near term and for as long as UK data keeps on supporting The growth in the economy. We expect that to continue. So still eyeing up potential resistances long-term resistance 2009 highs at one spot 70 42 Pause in for breath right now You'd expect it to be a little bit of a sell-off before we resume upwards momentum but it's all based now on the US and UK economic data and if we actually have a look at the economic calendar We've got our interest rate announcement today. That's expected to be unchanged. You've got euro announcements Unchanged US jobless claims that could impact cable and if we look on Friday a whole host of important Chinese CPI and PPI data Plus if you have a look here a whole host of UK industrial production data trade balance blah blah blah This here could be the catalyst to help us get quite close to that one spot 70 42 level on cable Should the upwards momentum continue and you notice here if you have a look at there my equities on here Barclays up 3.7% BT group is up 3.6% Barclays on the job cuts announced today about 16 17,000 people and BT group on very strong earnings that came out today and keep your eye on the Char form I can see there's a there's a number of clients in here one client in particular is posting a lot of incredibly useful technical analysis So do get a chance to have a look at that and make sure you make insights part of your layout as this gives you the insight track From our global analysts team of what's moving the markets and join me again tomorrow to find out what happened next