There's nothing quite like the first week when a new fighting game comes out. And for me, DNF Duel has been a ton of fun. The right matches you're about to see now are right after my first set of right matches with Swiftmaster, and I was just starting to get the hang of the character and how I wanted to play him. And honestly, I think I might be starting to get addicted to this game. It's really good. Oh, this is exactly what I wanted! Oh, this is right after the last recording, and this is the guy that just beat me. This is the rematch I've been waiting for. If you didn't see the last video, my Swiftmaster was brand new to the game, and we went through some struggles, but now I'm feeling a little more confident. Nothing changed between now and then, except my confidence levels, so get ready. Oh, Hurricane. I'm also gonna play a little more patient. Oh, okay, okay, he's got range. That's Vanguard's big thing. He's got range. I gotta respect that. I gotta respect it. I gotta respect you, but not always. Not always. I'm not always gonna respect you. I can't give you the level of respect you want. He's stuck in the wind. He's stuck. He got nowhere to go. The wind was calling him home. God, I am low. Oh, did you see that dash out? Oh my God, he swung it so, he swung that so high! Damn! I got nervous. I got nervous. Okay, okay. I've also gotta just shorten my buttons down. There we go, Hurricane. God, look at the range we have too, though. Damn, I wasn't there. I wasn't close enough. Hurricane, reach. Okay, can't jump, can't jump. It's too obvious. We've been approaching like that too many times. He caught me throwing out the wind. Damn. Okay, well, wait, wait, hold on. We could still win the set. We need to win the set at this point. We can promote. He promoted off me. No, no, no, no, no, no. We gotta put him back. We gotta put him back. This is it. This is the set that will determine who stays promoted and who stays devoted. He clicked a button. He clicked a button, and he does so much damage to Swiftmaster. Love that. Love that for me. Okay. Oh God, I gotta just block after that, though. I dashed in. I gotta stop playing aggressive defense. Just let me play door-world defense. I'm not clicking a button, dude. I just wasted so much bar. Damn, I jumped again. If I would have just hit mediums, I might have been able to just slide through and get a hit. Woo. So this, this is the competition. DP, get him off me. Damn, he hit me through the wind. I'm exhausted. I'm exhausted. There's some more hurricanes out. Just get some chip damage. Make him a little angry. That couldn't have felt good. Medium was too slow there. Whoa, whoa, whoa. He knows the combos. He knows how to combo into a super Ivan practice, but actually, mine's probably pretty easy. I could just wind it out. Oh no. All right. I do have my speed boost though. So if I just run at him, we might be able to close it. He sweet me from mid-screen. I did not think you would be able to sweet me like that. We lost the set. No. Rematch, rematch, please. Give me the rematch. Please give me the rematch. No. A mirror match. You know what? I'll take a mirror match. Let's see what happens here. He also started with the medium. All right. I'm exhausted. I'll back up now. Oh, that's good. I don't really use that in the back tornado a lot. All right. He's doing the corner combos well. He went for the overhead. I didn't block. Loops. Loops. Loops. I didn't block high again. Well, so far the good news is that I do what he does. Oh God. Damn. He do be cooking though. I kid. I tell a lie. I didn't block the overhead. I didn't block the overhead. Block the overhead, force him to do something else. Okay. Okay. God, that tornado was pretty good, huh? All right. We should be able to finish him off here. Damn, DP. I'll also DP. I'll also DP. I got no, I got no quads against DP. Damn the wind move. God, those tornadoes. I'll take it. Little chip damage from the friendly tornado. Do a backflip real quick. I'm feeling good. Okay, DP. That tornadoes are good at good projectile matchups. Damn, damn. I do be mashing. I do be mashing. Why did I mash DP though? He didn't kill me there. He could have. Wow. He threw. Oh, we got very lucky there. But I'll still take the win. I mean, we need as many wins as we can get. Okay. Very winnable set here. Just let's go 2-0 and let's rank up. Let's go 2-0 and get out of here. Okay. He knows that when he gets full screen, I like to throw that out.  God, that moves good too. Grabbed. That was kind of crispy. A little crispy grab every now and again. Never hurt nobody. Got him getting cooked this game. I should have popped it. I should have popped it. I should have popped it. He might have still been immune. I don't know if he's still immune to it in tornado form. But damn. Okay. Focus up. Focus up. Huge damage. Huge damage.  Damn, this is bad. Get off of me again. Oh, don't throw that out. I didn't. I meant to do the back tornado, not back air suction. Damn. All right. We lost another one. Hold on. We got to finish up the set with the win. Damn. I'm not even talking. I'm so focused on Swiftmaster. But we could still make this work. I'm going to immediate tornado, back tornado. Damn. Kept at the pressure. God, you can't. You can't have trade there or at least not with the standing medium. All right.  Get him off of me again. Okay. Double hurricane. Double hurricane twice. That's how you get the games. That's how you lock it up. They never expect double hurricane. All right. We got to pop. We got to pop tornadoes first. What? How did he win that? How did he win that trade? We both knew about the double hurricanes. The damage Swiftmaster does to Swiftmaster is crazy. The hell, the really just melts away. Lock it up, baby. We're going to take the set and the rank points we needed those. We really need to win this next set 2-0. Oh, now this is what I'm talking about. 44 matches, 54% win ratio. These are the kind of matches I need right now. I need to learn. So let's see if I can learn with some wins. I know you learn more from defeat, but honestly, I'm trying to get some victories under my belt. All right. Remember, all we have to do is overwhelm him. This guy has a gun, so I'm going to go ahead and assume that he... I'm going to pop the tornadoes. That was not a projectile. Nice. Oh, he rolled. That was sick. That was devious. Okay. I don't know why I tried to DP there, to be honest. All right. We're a little low. We're a little low. Damn. He just double shot me. He just double shot me. That was crazy. Do I just go in now? Okay. All right. Okay. Okay. Okay. Damn. I couldn't get over that. DP. DP. We're going to take that round. That was a clean round. I focused up. I did what I wanted to do and I brought it home. Okay. Let's do that again. Speed. Grab. Oh, yeah. Now we're cooking. Now we're cooking, boys. They're clean and professional. We're going to bring over on set one. We might be able to rank up here. All right. So now I'm starting to get it. When they play slow, it gives me more time for my brain to keep up with what Swiftmaster's trying to do. He hasn't stopped us yet. Okay. He's starting to figure out the defensive schemes he's got though. Devious mix. God, that medium hits so far. I could just DP and win right now. Well, I did tell you, I was going to DP away. Did I? That's all that really takes. All right. He hasn't stopped us yet. Okay. I put myself in the corner. We are playing very smart right now. The tornadoes was not the one I wanted there. I don't think we all know that I was going for the standard route. Oh, grab again. Okay. He just shot me that time. Oh, I didn't get there. I didn't get there in time to mix. I tried to jump over. Okay. He's got a round. He's got a round. Oh, this is a thinking man's game. This is a thinking man's game. I'm going to run up to grab. He did not want me to hit him that time. I can't do anything there. Okay. I'm dashing it out, dude. This is the scariest game ever. That was so smart. It was so, he was so patient there. That was a thinking man's round, dude. That was, that was all thinking. God, once I get the speed boost, it is a lot easier though. Okay. Let's see if he can actually stop it. No, I wasn't an answer. It only worked for him last time because I didn't do that. Damn, I'm getting cooked now. I'm getting cooked now. Damn, he hit me before it worked. That is so good.  That did so much damage. All right, all right, all right. Round two. I'm focused. We're going to start with the same thing. Grab again. Can't believe that hit me. I can't believe that hit me. I deserve that one. That was bad. Grab again. DP understandable. He tried to grab me. I was out of the range. We'll take the round. I'm focused up right now. He still has not found an answer for that, which is good for us. That round started devastating.  There we go. Grab again. Damn, I tried to DP. I tried to DP. He DP two. That was sick. I knew he would DP. I knew he would DP. So I took my time. I blocked it. That was a great set, honestly. But I don't think we rank up. No, we just get to have one win. So you know we got to go for another set. You know we got to double dip and try to promote again. Okay, we are here with the final set and we are going up against Ghostblade. Let me just skate on it. We might as well take our time, right? Oh, Ghostblade is also a really cool character. But now's not the time to admit that he's cool looking. Now is the time for me to just absolutely go in and try to play the game. Oh, God, I'm not playing the game. We're cooking. I love when I get to cook. I love when I get to cook. I love when I get to cook. I love when Swiftmaster could just run in and throw wind at people, dude. That's all I'm trying to do. Let me get this quick rank up. Hold on real quick. Hold on. Oh, cook on him. Oh, I went too hard. Okay, he's getting to play the game now. It's always bad for us when they get to play the game. Oh, you can't. You can't just block, dude. I'm going to run up and grab. Oh, that is so that's a scary situation to be in, though. There we go. Back to Silver 3, baby. After a long, long time, we did make it back. Can we cement our place in Silver 3, though, with a quick win? That's what I want to see. I want to cement our place here. Let me cement it. Okay, that was bad. I didn't go low. Damn. Got to remember to go low there. There we go. That's a knockdown. Knockdown means I could have set up to mix up there, but I forgot. I was so happy. I finally got the knockdown. I completely forgot. Grab. Oh, we're getting knocked down again. Gotcha. Grab. Tornado. Just jump back to tornado. Very hard to make a comeback against that, but we'll just take it. Was that round one? That was round one. So we can still have another round to think of stuff to do. Oh, he did back dash. Nice. Oh, come on. You got to open up. You got to open up, dude. Oh, there we go. That. Yeah, that will convert. Let's see if I can get the knockdown. We do. Just walk and grab. God, I love this character. I feel like this video is definitely the video of learning. I feel like I definitely get this character to a little bit better of a level now. I still need to learn more combos, but right now I'm feeling good and that's where we'll leave it off. So if you want to see more DTF, definitely let me know by hitting the like button and subscribe. Let me know who you're playing down below in the comments. But other than that, I've been doubted though it. I'm good out of here.


Welcome to the 2015 NCHA World Finals, I'm here with the non-pro world champion, Joe Howard Williamson. Congratulations Joe. Thank you very much ma'am, I appreciate it. Now you came into this event some $30,000 ahead of the second place getter. What were you thinking? What was your game plan? That you could just have fun now or are you still taking it really seriously? Well I think maybe mathematically there was still a chance that Mary Joe could catch me and you never count her out because she's the best but I really thought with any luck at all I'd get along the first night and not have to worry about that and yes I kind of just decided to try to go show my horse the best I could but I didn't show all that good the first two nights, I got to check both times things didn't really go all that good but tonight things come together, I still had a late draw tonight but I marked a 2-21 and I believe I got a check and I was real proud of my horse and glad that I got through a run and showed good and everything in the year up. Now as you say you had quite a few actually really tough competitors, Mary Joe Mellon was one, Dan Hanson, I mean they've won several world championships each, how did it feel competing against them all year? Well it's tough competing and there's lots of people that haven't won the world that are tough competitors too. This is my fourth time to win the world but I can promise you one thing there's probably 20 or 30 or more people out there that can show just as good or better than I can so I'm very aware of that and I counted a real privilege to be able to show against those people and also be able to come out on top sometimes. So what made you want to chase it this year? Oh you know I don't know, I'm 61 and you know I don't know how long my reflexes will be good enough to compete at this level and I had a real nice horse and in the very first year he became crippled really after the first 10 days. I went to 10 cuttings and I believe I won all 10 of them and I thought okay here we go, well I come out of the house and go to feed the next morning after the tent show and he's crippled and I had my other horse Woody's Bad Boy who is a great horse and just as good as the that horse I'm talking about I got on him and really had a lot of success at Augusta and West Monroe Louisiana on him and I just decided you know what that other horse might get well and I'm just gonna run at it because I had a lot of money won real early and the other horse didn't get well all that quick and he's just now really getting well but I bought another couple of horses and I had one old horse nothing but a hound dog and I believe he's 16 or 17 I even showed him some so I showed five horses this year and it really increased my horsemanship and helped me cut better and everything because I had to adapt every time I changed horses sometimes I change horses every day so I had to cut the kind of cattle that fit them I had to ride them better I had to have a lot of help Austin Shepherd helped me a lot Matt Gaines helped me a bunch with them several other people did too so I had to have a lot of help to make the change over every day you can't do it on your own can you I can't maybe somebody can maybe somebody can't I don't know I can't I learned a long time ago this is 21 years I believe I've made the world finals in a row and I can tell you one thing that if you do it by yourself that's very unusual and something else you're awful lonesome yes and I mean being on the road that's part of what everybody loves because life can be tough as you well know and it's the community that really makes it memorable wouldn't you say yes it's the people you meet and the experiences you have that really is what you carry on in life congratulations God bless you thank you


Hi, I'm Officer Hannah Ruiz. I'm the Community Resource Officer out of District 2. Right now we're coming up with some ideas for businesses, whether you're open or closed, tips to keep your businesses safe. One of the things that we like to encourage is businesses keeping any valuables out of sight, out of their front windows, anywhere they're visible, where it can be seen from the windows or front doorways. Also, keeping shrubbery in any trees trimmed so that it's still visible whether people are walking by or driving by. Also, the lighting is essential.  Also, doors. Big thing is on your doors, check your deadbolt locks, keeping them secured and locked, and also checking the lips. That way they're not easily pried open. If you have any other further questions for us, you can call at 720-913-100 and that's District 2.


So, good morning everyone, thank you very much for joining us for our webinar. Today we're going to be looking at the two MSCs that we're launching in the Development Studies Department at SOAS. One is the MSC in International Development and the other is the MSC in Humanitarian Action. I've been watching the names of people logging in and I've certainly seen some names that I recognise from the applications that I've seen coming through. So, it's really great to see you, welcome to you, welcome to everyone else. Those who are interested in the program, those who have already applied and been accepted to the program, it's a time to discuss, to know what the details of the program are and for me to present a little bit about the way that we'll be teaching. The first thing to point out is that we're launching these two online programs for reasons of wanting to include more people in the master's programs that we offer. So at the moment our programs are all in the Development Studies Department, our programs are all on campus. This means that people have to leave their jobs, maybe move to London and commit to full-time or part-time study. The idea of the online programs is that we'll be able to cast that net further and that we'll be able to build up even more diverse groups and discussions to look at these issues of humanitarian action and international development. So we're starting from these principles, the SOAS ethos of Progressives, Critical Thinking and Development Studies and the pedagogy of distance learning is designed to be inclusive, to be accessible, to be user-friendly and flexible and then we're sharing this ethos and design and pedagogy with the University of London, so the degrees are run through the University of London itself. This, when we say flexible and accessible, it means that we're expecting that students will be able to study at the same time as keeping going with their caring responsibilities, their professional responsibilities and that they're not expected to come to London at any stage in their degree. The whole program is delivered online. It's not delivered at a particular point of time. There are ongoing discussions that you can contribute to when your work or your caring responsibilities permit. So we're expecting a long-term discussion between people in different parts of the world who have different kinds of schedules and timings. If we move first of all to the, I should say at the beginning, I should say now, if you have any questions, please feel free to tighten them into the little box on the right-hand side. That will pop up and I'll be able to answer those questions as we go through. So as you probably already know, there are two programs that we're launching. These are our first two distance learning programs. The distance learning MSc in international development draws on an already established 20-year history of the development studies department. We've been training on-campus MSc students for about 20 years and we have a reputation as being a department that takes a critical view of development studies and also looks at progressive kinds of solutions. So we have a mainstream that which is presented in development policy and a lot of development implementation. And then we have a critique of that, which is brought from a predominantly a political economy perspective. And then we look to see what kinds of ways can be employed in order to improve the way that development is conceptualized, theorized and practiced in real-world examples. So we're looking at a thorough and interdisciplinary and analytical understanding of processes of change in developing regions, a specialized knowledge of particular case studies as well as overall trends, skills to think in politically relevant terms and analytical skills and understandings of practical methodologies to proceed to professional employment and or PhD research. So we see the MSc as part of a journey of professional learning to better understand the processes of development in which we are involved. The schedule, sorry, this is the core module, the program based on a core module, this is something that gives you the key principles and theories of the development program. So we start off with a battle of ideas in development, looking at ways of imposing and inventing development, looking at development as neoclassical Marxist or structural economics. We look at development as neoliberalism, good governance state or the new institutionalism. We look at processes of contesting development, alternative development, post-development and decolonization. And in the contesting development, from the contesting development perspective, the human and sustainable development paradigm. So we take a whole body of electrical literature that has shaped the way that we think about what development is, how development takes place, what power is involved and how changes are made within those systems and structures of power. Within the way that we think about development, we have always the question of whose development, of whose interests are being forwarded, what power is involved in forwarding those interests. So we look at the way that development can be measured from utilitarian to multidimensional perspectives. We look at property and inequality at international and national levels and gender within the development paradigm. And then we use these kinds of ways of thinking, these theories, to look at the way that development is the shapes nation states and globalization. And looking at the way that all of these processes are brought together gives an overall perspective of the processes of development that can be measured, can be analyzed, and then can be used to prove a policy, whether that's non-governmental organization policy, governmental policy, or analytical and theoretical contributions. The structure of the International Development Programme has scored the Pliscoeconomy and Sociology of Development. That's the slide that I've just been presenting. So those are the kind of key debates that shape the programme. And then that module is taken first, and that is a compulsion part of the programme. Then you move towards two guided development studies modules, which are taken either in the development studies department or that related development that I talked in other parts of SOAS. And one of the things that is commendable about these programmes is that we've maximised the collaboration across SOAS to allow people to select the modules that they need that will best serve their intellectual and professional interests. So there are four modules that are taken over the course of the two-year programme, and then this culminates in a 60-credit development studies dissertation. Now, that dissertation is not done in one gulp. What happens is that between the modules, there are structured moments in which the dissertation skills are taught. So first of all, you're encouraged to find your dissertation topic, what kind of research question you'd like to address. Then you have a research module that looks at developing a reading list. And then you have a research module that looks at building up your disciplinary and analytical arguments. And then finally, when you get to write the dissertation, you already have the majority of the work done, and the dissertation more or less is able to write itself. So this station uses 60 credits, and the modules are 30 credits. So this means the dissertation carries more weights. And that is where you're going towards. This is the kind of prize of your MSc programme, an independent piece of research on a subject that you find to be of particular significance within the field of international development. And that subject can be pretty much anything that concerns international development. You can talk about the parameters of your project with your supervisor, what kind of a project makes a good research question, what kinds of data are going to be available to you, what forms of analysis you will be putting onto that data. And that will mean that by the end of your programme, you have a document, a 10,000-word document, which is kind of broadly equivalent to a book chapter or an article in a journal that is of your own independent research and your own analytical argument. So when choosing your credits, I think one of the key things to consider is what intellectual tools you need in order to carry out that research. If you have any idea at the beginning of the programme what you'd like to write your dissertation on, make sure you get the modules that you need. Do you need to know about human security? Do you need to know about gender? Do you need to know about migration? If you do, then make sure that you take the modules and those topics in order to equip yourself intellectually with all the tools that you need in order to carry out the research for your dissertation. If we move back to the distance learning, MSc and humanitarian action, whilst the international development draws very much on the established reputation of the department, the development studies department, the humanitarian action is more of a growth area for us and it's something that we are designing in order to draw from across the school, not only in so as, and we have the privilege of having Baroness Valerie Amos as our director and she has a reputation in the humanitarian world from her work with Occhi and the United Nations and also whilst working with the British government. So we have within the school across the school a huge wealth of experience, professional experience and academic expertise in humanitarian action and we're bringing that together in order to inform this new MSc in humanitarian action. Both degrees, I should say, are designed for people who are wanting to work in these areas. Of course, it's absolutely fine if you want to make a master's degree to improve yourself for your personal interests or study. But both of them are also designed in order to move people from maybe from one line of work into another line of work or from one level of work into a higher level of policy making or analysis or research. So we do expect the degrees to be professionally helpful to you in your career of progression. So I've had one question here about the dissertation. Are all 60 credits in the final dissertation or is it split between the proposal and the final written dissertation? And the answer is that the mark of the dissertation goes to the final product of the dissertation. And before that, you'll receive feedback from your supervisor which will guide the way that you take your dissertation forward. So the humanitarian action degree, a thorough and interdisciplinary academic understanding of humanitarian action, a specialized knowledge of particular case studies as well as overall trends, skills to think in politically relevant, policy relevant terms and analytical skills and then a practical methodology is to proceed to professional employment and or PhD research. Now there's one point that quite often comes up in conversations about science and that's about the reach of our organization, the reach of the university because it's associated very strongly with research in Africa, Asia and the Middle East which is where a lot of our expertise lies but I would stress also that in the development studies department we have people who work on Latin America, we have people who work on globalization which of course involves all areas of the world and we have people who work in Eastern Europe as well. So we don't have, well we do have a clear expertise in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. We do also work on and colleagues do work on other areas of the world and on international issues and I think that's really worth stating both with regard to the international development degree and with regard to the humanitarian action. It's not that we are looking only at humanitarian action as it operates on the African continent for example. We will be looking also at issues of my, plus the Mediterranean issues of humanitarianism within Europe. And so the core module, as I looked through the core module of the international development degree, the core module of the humanitarian action degree is called humanitarian principles and practice and this sets out the key areas of humanitarian study which are the humanitarian principles, the history of humanitarianism and principles, needs assessment, early warning, evaluation and monitoring. These are the nuts and bolts of how it is that humanitarianism is practiced, how humanitarian organizations operate and what kinds of perspectives they take on measuring humanitarian need. Secondly, the architecture. How is it that humanitarian organizations operate between themselves and with the states in which they're working and with host populations? So how is power negotiated in humanitarian crisis? Whose agenda is forwarded through humanitarianism? We look at permanent and complex emergencies. This is something that came to humanitarianism kind of after the end of the Cold War, the idea that an emergency is not necessarily something that takes place at a particular moment in time but actually can continue in emergency conditions for generations and sometimes. We also look at the interests and power from the global south. This is a voice that is very often missing from humanitarian debates or their set of voices that is very often missing from humanitarian debates. The idea of an emergency, an emergency that can be described in terms of numbers and areas affected is very much counter to the experience of many people living in those areas in that they see layers of different forms of insecurity and violence that affect them at different periods of time and sometimes become critical. So we're looking to see what authors are writing from the global south but also to include other forms of ridding. So we'll be looking at activist voices and blogs and that sort of thing from the global south, from people who are involved either in humanitarian crisis or in responding to those humanitarian crisis. And we'll also be looking at remittances and resilience and the idea that people who suffer from humanitarian crisis have all sorts of other ways of surviving not just through the provision of humanitarian aid. They have maybe relatives who are living abroad and are able to send money into the areas that have been affected by crisis or disaster. They may have ways of operating within the community or regionally that will mitigate the effects of the disaster. So instead of looking only at a kind of provision model of the global north intervening in the global south, we'll look at how it is that people manage the opportunities and the risks that are presenting to them. Okay, so I've got a couple of questions coming up here. How much is the MSc humanitarian action and what's the cost of the length? So all of the prices can be found on the website. One of the characteristics of these online courses is that it's possible to play in installments. So if you're trying to plan what your outgoings will be with your studies, then look at the possibility of paying. I mean, the possibility is there to pay in installments that you pay for each module as you go through. And the course lasts for two years. So it's basically two year part-time study. And under some circumstances, it can be achieved in slightly less than that, but the norm is to have a two year study. It is possible having said that to take some time out and come back to the course. So again, going back to the idea of flexibility that I talked about in the beginning of the program, we want to make the programs fit around people's commitments and ensure that people are able to take what they need at the moment that they need in order to move forward with their studies. And so I've got a question here. Can you clarify the difference definitions between the international development and humanitarian action? I sort of see them on a continuum, but just wondering how you, the school, have drawn the line to distinguish them. The programs seem to be very similar with the exception of the core module. And that's true. I'd say the core module, the way that you choose your electives and your dissertation will be what characterizes your program. So it's true that the core module is what kind of uniquely identifies it. But then if you're moving, if you're moving, if you see the program always as looking towards the dissertation, what will your dissertation topic be? The scope of international development is not usually concerned with issues like war, crisis, environmental catastrophe, famine, migration. These are things that are kind of a little bit, they may be part of the development discussion, but to focus entirely on those kinds of topics will be more on the humanitarian action side. And also the responses that are made to those kinds of actions, but those kinds of crises. So humanitarian action is very much about the interaction between the crisis and the response that is given to it. So if you were to be interested, for example, in the responses that are given to malnutrition in South Sudan, that would be a dissertation that is more suited to the humanitarian action program. And you would take your electives in order to know regionally about South Sudan, to know about nutrition, to know about humanitarian assistance. If you were to look at the state formation of South Sudan, you'd be more inclined to take the international development program and learn about state formulation, learn about democratization, learn about the interaction between development conflict, and that would take you towards a dissertation that can look at processes of state formation, albeit in very violent conditions, which may amount at some moments to humanitarian disaster. But you're right in terms of the pattern of it on the face of it, it does look like they're very similar, but in terms of the kinds of electives. Similarly, the electives, there's an elective, for example, on critical and human security. I would imagine that would be taken more by people who are taking humanitarian action program than by people who are taking humanitarian, so the international development. And if you were to take humanitarian action, migration, international security, and let's say the environment, then that would be very much different of a program to somebody who was taking international development, gender, civil society, and political economy, something along those lines. So it's the combination and the dissertation that also gives some characteristic to each of the programs. So I've got another question here. Hi, Zoe, I have two questions. How many hours of study per week should we expect for the MSc in international development? If we can do the course in two years, and two, can we complete the course in one year if we do it full time? So in terms of hours of study, we work on the basis that you'll spend about 10, 10 to 15 hours of study. That having been said per week.   The weeks that you have an assignment due or that you're working out to assignment, clearly will be kind of more heavily invested than the weeks, maybe at the beginning of the course, which are more light touch and quite a lot of getting to know each other in the group and that sort of thing. So there'll be some variation. You'll be able to take control of your own time as well in that if you see a deadline coming up in 10 weeks time, you can know that you either will be able to put more time in towards the end or you need to get it started a little bit earlier. There are also gaps between the modules. So you take the first module, then there's a little gap and there's a research element there as well. So it's not that you have to do 10 or 15 hours a week throughout the year. There's only two full talk modules in each year. You cannot do it one year full time. That's because, I mean, the main reason for that is that you have to pass the core module before passing on to the rest of the degree. So that module have to take by itself. It is possible once you've passed the core module to kind of accelerate a little bit in the way that you're doing it and start to take some modules side by side. So that means that the quickest it's possible to take the course in one year and a half. So how many students are expected to be in the first cohort? So that is a question that is quite difficult to answer, but also it may not be relevant because the way that the program is taught is that the discussion in seminar groups is limited to a capacity of 15 per group. So you'll get to know the people in your seminar group, but won't necessarily get to know the people in the rest of the people in your cohort until you go on and take other electives where you might interact with them. Hello. Hello to people who are saying hello, that's quite sweet. Nonetheless, I seem to be losing a little strength. Okay. Can I ask for the international development, what is the difference between the two guided modules and the elective modules? Okay, that's a good question. It's something that in all honesty, it's not quite clear on the website, so I explain it now, which is to say that we are encouraging people to take two modules within the development studies department. We're insisting that people take modules in the area of development studies, but because we're doing this across SOAS, there are some modules that are taught outside of the development studies department that also count as modules. There's particularly those that are taught by CDES on environment, for example, and climate change. Those modules count as development studies modules. So anything that sounds a bit development-y is what we call a guided module. And the other one can be completely free, so you can take something international diplomacy or something that has very little to do with development. And that's the kind of open elective module. Will there be set assignment questions for each module or will students be expected to develop their own questions, not including the session? And if questions are set, are they provided at such a course or a full term? So yes, there are set questions and they're provided at the beginning of the term, so exactly that you get the whole term to work towards one of the questions. And the inquiry that I answered a couple of minutes ago about how much time we were expected to tweak, the week that you choose for the topic of your essay is clearly gonna be the week that you invest most and you may find yourself doing some readings for that week, in another week before or afterwards. And that's the reason that you may not have exactly the same number of hours of study each week. Yeah, and your records, not including the dissertation, that's absolutely right, that it's you, the student who sorts out your research question in consultation with your supervisor. So when it comes to the dissertation, you have a free hand in terms of choosing your area of study. What are the real requirements to attend this course? All of the requirements are on the Facebook, are on the internet, on the website for the department. So you can see under the two pages concerning these two courses what the requirements are. We're looking essentially for a first degree in a relevant subject. Nonetheless, we understand people are using the program to change from one subject to another subject. So if their personal statement, their supporting statement is able to convince us that they're prepared intellectually to take a degree of this nature, then we will take into account things like professional experience and other sorts of academic or professional training that you've had. Do you have any faculty with experience or focus on developing the possibilities or some experience? With the region. So we don't, I don't think we have anybody who works particularly with the specific region. But in the sense that that's not a problem. I mean, in no sense is it a problem in that the dissertation supervision is provided as much on the basis of disciplinary overlap as it is with geographical overlap. And the reason I say that is we have a lot of people in the faculty, maybe 25. There's no way that we can cover all parts of the world, but there is a way in which we can cover all dissertations that are on relevant subjects because we able to link up thematic overlaps between students and supervisors or disciplinary overlap. So if you want to write from an anthropological perspective or from a political science perspective, there will be somebody who can guide you in terms of how to structure a station, what kinds of approaches to take, what kinds of literature to be consulting. And the geographical overlap can be helpful, but also I don't think it's necessarily a prerequisite to supervision. I'll just, seems to be a little bit of a pause on the questions returned to the humanitarian principles. This is actually the, in practice, this is the juiciest part. The third part is really the juiciest part. In terms of explaining how it is that humanitarianism, humanitarian action continues to take place despite the sorts of weaknesses and failings that his demonstrators have in the past. So we'll be looking at what critiques have been made of humanitarian action. And I think, I mean, really amongst them are questions of accountability and responsibility. Also questions of colonial history, who's disaster is this? Who is intervening? Who is being assisted? How those sorts of things, and then meeting these critiques and explanation of the longevity of humanitarian action. I think there's something very kind of political and also emotional that is being performed in the giving of humanitarian assistance. These kinds of dichotomies that humanitarian action sets up. So we have the question of security that has become very significant in issues of humanitarian action in the last 10 years or so, particularly with increased humanitarian work in Afghanistan and some other places, the complete failure of humanitarian action in areas that were held by so-called Islamic State in northern Iraq and Syria, and also the complete failure of humanitarian action in Yemen. And we have to take those kinds of failures very seriously when looking forward in humanitarian action, how is it that it's possible to intervene in these spaces that have become very, very much more hostile to humanitarian work that was operating there? So the idea of security for humanitarian workers has been married with the idea of remoteness and the use of technology to gauge needs, to gauge assessment and to gauge who is receiving what, how successful it was as an intervention and what kinds of outcomes that it had. Another kind of dichotomy is set up by the questions of responsibility to protect that's R2P and sovereignty. So sovereignty being the government's right to govern the territory without interference, which comes into conflict with the idea of responsibility to protect. Once that responsibility passes from like, once it's been deemed that the government is not protecting its population, responsibility passes to United Nations or to other interested parties. And that is clearly a derogation of sovereignty. So how do we see those things as working together? And then two more kind of dichotomies that are set up. One is the idea of witness versus access. And this is something that the ICRC kind of first full humanitarian organization with an extremely long history has always, has always tackled the idea of getting access to people in order to serve their humanitarian needs, their ethnic needs, their needs as human beings and what kinds of compromises are established in that process. And then other organizations and MSF would be an example under some circumstances, prefer instead to bear witness to say, look, these abuses are taking place, we can't stand by and simply bring in food for populations if they're being attacked by government troops. And then finally another, the finally the dichotomy that is established between relief and asylum for a long time, humanitarian action has been given in places that are remote from where the humanitarian aid originates. So put it in concrete terms, aid originates in the North and has been largely given on the continent of Africa. Now we're looking at humanitarian context that span continents that provide the humanitarian conditions, for example, on Greek islands when migrants have come from Syria or from across the Mediterranean and those people are being given humanitarian assistance when what they want is actually assigned them. So humanitarian assistance becomes something of a palliative to those people whose actual needs are much more politically based, security based and are not served simply by being given the kind of bare minimum that is needed for survival. And I think the new challenges that are facing humanitarian organizations in Europe as a result of the migration across the Mediterranean in the last few years is going to start to percolate the way that we think about how assistance is given and what kinds of compromises it has always involved in terms of kind of containment of populations and control of populations. At the same time, we're seeing a new phenomenon which is the criminalization of humanitarian action, we see that in the Mediterranean and we've seen it on the border between America and Mexico. And this is, in a sense, a new chapter in humanitarian activity that we haven't really seen at all until now and which we haven't seen since the end of the Cold War, clearly before the end of the Cold War, there was a lot more restriction in terms of who could provide assistance where an underworld circumstances. So these kind of restrictions on humanitarian workers are also part of the discussion about how humanitarian action takes place. So this, similar to the international development course, has the core module of the humanitarian principles and practice followed by two guided options within the development studies department or nearby departments that deal with development related issues. One elective module which is freely chosen from across any of the modules that are offered in SOAS and then the distation in development studies. So that's the end of my presentation. Thank you very much for your questions. If there are any more questions, do feel free to ask them now and I'll do my best to respond to anything that arises. Okay, yeah, that's a great question. With the program, we get access to library resources. So SOAS has a famed library here in London. For those who are not in London, I'd like to just mention it's about 35 degrees today. So we're experiencing a really lovely bit of summer. Anybody who can come to London has full access to the SOAS library. So if you are kind of nearby or are able to make that journey, then that's something that is a good idea is to just feel kind of study life, to experience the library and what it's like. But the entire program can be taken without any journeys to London or any use of the resources that we have in London. So academic journals now are almost all academic journals now are published online. I think probably because they're all and all of the resources that you will need, all of the core readings and the additional readings are available in electronic form. So you'll either be able to download them from the site or you'll be able to access the SOAS library database through the interactive module page. So all of the readings can be gained remotely. Oh, are you able to take a look at actual learning environment? I don't think there's any way of doing that, unfortunately. There's a lot of universities that use it or something similar. So if you've taken an undergraduate course in the last probably 10 years, you will have had some kind of experience of the online virtual learning environment. It's not too dissimilar from, what can we say?  I mean, it's like Facebook or eBay or something which is that it's not really like those. I'll describe it as best I can. So each week you have a little paragraph about what the subject of the topic of the work is followed by the key readings. There may be a little video, there may be something interactive, a little quiz or something. And it's on the basis of those readings that the discussion is generated and takes place. So I think this links to another question that someone's asking on the, sorry. So the virtual learning environment gives you all of the resources that you need, including contact with the tutor and contact with your colleagues. So there is an interface there where you're able to carry on the discussion in your own time of the modules, sorry, of the readings. And each week builds up kind of over the course of the module to provide complementary theoretical understanding, analytical understanding that leads to the creation of your essay which takes place at the end of the term. And that essay also is submitted to the portal. So basically once you have access to the virtual learning environment, you have access to all of the kind of background material including the description of the topic, all of the readings, the discussion forum, any quizzes, videos, additional material that is involved for that week. And it gives you the portal to hand it back at the end of the term. Is there an in-person optional orientation at the beginning of the school year? There's no in-person kind of orientation. Well, there is a series of E activities when you are encouraged to get to know each other within the cohort because obviously if you're talking with people kind of across the world at different times and different time zones at different stages in the professional development, it's nice to know sort of more or less who they are. So there's a little kind of get to know you session at the beginning of each module where you'll be invited to kind of say who you are, where you live, what you're afraid for the restaurant is and then people say, oh, I haven't been to Lego so I want to go to the restaurant next time I go there and start to build up some rapport there. But again, all of it takes place online through the virtual learning environment and all takes place in that one space. Where can we find the module? So there is an outline of the module. If you go to the SOAS webpage and look for the distance learning programs under the tab, there's a tab that says structure. I think the module is under the structure for the international development that is called the political economy and sociology of development. So the humanitarian action is called humanitarian principles and practice and you'll see that basically will be presented pretty much what I've talked about today in terms of the areas of study and the different themes that goes through those areas of study. We've put quite a lot of information online. If there's anything that you feel will be helpful that is not there, please do join me in email and I'll make sure that that goes out. We've got some questions and answers there. We've got the structure, we've got the entry requirements, costing whatever else is all on the SOAS webpage under you can go either to the development studies department and then navigate through from there or you can go straight to the front page. There's a part of the page that says distance learning and that will take you straight through to the degrees. Does this program parallel in-person course are the online modules asynchronous or is there a schedule of meetings? So these programs don't have parallels on campus although there are versions that are at least similar in their content. I think the major difference is the mode of delivery. So as I said, the international development program draws on the reputation that we have in the development studies department and the development studies degree that we've been teaching for at least 15 or 20 years. That's not to say that it's exactly the same because the structure of the on-campus program is a little bit different. There are two core modules. There are four elective modules and then there's the station as well. So the delivery and that's taught over two, 10 week term. So the delivery is kind of cut in a different way and is differently presented in terms of the themes and the lectures. The human zone action doesn't have an on-campus version at all although we're working to provide one next year. So that will have something similar to the humanitarian action but it will be called humanitarianism, aid and conflict and we'll draw not only on the humanitarian work that is done across SOAS but also on our violence conflict and development on campus master's program which has also got a long-standing reputation now for I think 10 or is it 20 years? 20 years it is. So there are, I mean clearly with the same faculty with the same people they have the same research interests and teaching interests but we are providing something quite specific when we are making these online versions. And as I said, I think the kind of professional development preparation to work in development organizations or humanitarian organizations is more accentuated and purposeful in the online programs because we're aware that people are continuing their professional degree. Many of them have already got several years of professional experience behind them whereas many of the students who come on campus are pretty much at the start of their professional career and don't have such a professional experience that they can bring to the table. So just for, I missed that question. There are the online modules asynchronous or other schedule meetings, they're asynchronous. So you come to the discussion when you need to come to the discussion that's as much a practicality issue as anything else. One of the joys of online is that we have people literally from all over the world and it doesn't make sense to have a specific time zone because that will obviously be three o'clock in the morning for some people and then two o'clock in the afternoon for others. So it's asynchronous and you come to it when you need to. Are there different energy points to the program and that is a convincing study in September or January or July. So there are two energy moments. One is in October, so we'll be launching the first cover in October and the second is in April. So that means that's the core modules will run twice a year and people come in when it's right for them to come in. I think that's speaking to the idea of flexibility and accessibility as well because not everybody has a schedule that allows them to come in in October. So yes, October is one and April is the other. Is there an official web on the online session and how do we get connected to it? So yeah, the official website of the online programs is the soassoas.ac.uk. If you go there and navigate to distance learning you'll find both of these programs that I've been describing today. Are there career development resources available to students in the program to help parents, students with career opportunities? So I think the main resource that you have there is the strength of the cohort. We have a careers service and so as students you would be able to avail yourself of that careers service. But I think given that you're likely to have in your cohort, 14 people who are already working in development or development type organizations, humanitarian organizations, will have a fantastic network within the cohort of people who will have networks of friends and colleagues that will be able to help each other out. And I think one of the key things about it being online and the people continue with their career while studying is that they will be able to help each other out with contacts and opportunities. Okay, if there are any other questions then I'm willing to answer them, Dan's typing. If not, I'll just put my email down here. I assume you can all see each other's or at least in mine. You can find me online. My name is Zoe Married. I think there's only one in the world. There's only only one at Saras. If you have other questions about the programs please feel very free to email me and I'll get back to you if we need to have a bunch out. We can do that as well, Skype. That is all fine. Funding opportunities and scholarships. Scholarships are all dealt with on the Saras Scholarships page. Those come up at various moments through the year. That's not something that we in the department have control over, but there are certainly various sources of funding that exist that we're able to consult with the scholarships page there. So thank you very much for taking part in the discussion. Thanks particularly to the people who put in questions there. I think all of those were things that I could have mentioned and it was great to get the prompt. So thank you for those. And as I said, I do feel free to get in touch by email or by phone and I'll do all I can to answer any questions that arise.


The one thing I want to show you guys this week is how not to have these sad floppy pancakes. I have been on a quest for what's the secret magic to get those big, thick, fluffy pancakes and it's actually really simple and I want to show it to you right now. The first thing we're going to do is mix together our dry ingredients. So first I got some flour, then a little sugar, a little salt. Here's where the first secret is. You actually should use two leavening agents. I have here both baking soda and baking powder and these are what's called super basic. When you were a kid and you would make a volcano, you would mix acid, vinegar with base, baking soda and it would make a sort of explosion of volcano and that's actually what we're going to try to accomplish here. So I'm going to put these two guys in. I'm going to mix this up. It takes a two seconds. You just want to make sure everything's combined. There we go. Believe that over here. Now we're going to mix up our wet ingredients. So here's the other secret. Like I said, when you're making that volcano, you need an acid, which is the vinegar and a base, which is the baking soda. For us, we're going to use buttermilk, which causes the chemical leavening reaction. Into the buttermilk, I'm going to put in two eggs and then I'm going to add vanilla. The other key is melted, cooled butter. You don't want it to be hot and you're adding it to this cold buttermilk because then it will seize up. So you want it to be melted so that when you mix this all together, it's going to actually mix. And then we want to really stir this up. All right. We're about done with that. Another secret to really fluffy pancakes. And even if you don't want fluffy pancakes, this is a secret for making pancakes. Don't mix it a lot. So all you're going to do is you're going to pour this in here and then you're going to mix this. You're going to just keep mixing it really gently. So now that we're done with that, I'm just going to leave this here for 10 minutes and then I'm going to come back and we're going to get these cooked up. Bye. So it's been 10 minutes and I am ready to get these pancakes started because I have a lot of energy. It's been 10 minutes. My final secret to making pancakes that look really nice is don't put butter in your pan. That's going to make it look all crackly and bumpy. If you don't put butter in your pan, you're going to get that nice smooth pancake look and you're not going to have to throw away the first pancake, like people say. I like to make pretty big pancakes, but I also like to use an ice cream scoop or a quarter cup scoop or some kind of scoop so that they're kind of equal in size. And I said this batter is like kind of thick, so I want it to be round. So I'm just going to make it round. You can do whatever you want. It's your pancake. You can make it a letter, star, silver dollar ones. Just use a small scoop. You want to make big ones like this? Use a scoop twice. You can have four pancakes that are the size of a quarter of this one. And then you've got the same amount of pancake. Pancake math, it's very complicated. Four pancakes equals one pancake, but they're all good. And then I'm just going to leave it to cook for two minutes, three minutes, until it's dry around the edges. OK, we're going to try. We're going to try to flip this one. I think we're good. I don't know if you can see this, but you can see that this is really thick. So now my pancake's done. I'm going to take it off and I'm going to start making more. If you're going to make a lot of pancakes, you could put your oven on super, super low and put them on a sheet tray and put them in there to stay warm. And then the best thing that I find about a Sunday morning is that this first pancake is your pancake. I always just keep a little tiny bowl of maple syrup right next to me and dip this in and then eat it. Hmm, this guy is really, really good. Look how sad this original stack of pancakes now looks against these giant monsters that I made. And it really came down to a couple simple tricks and it's going to look this delicious. I can't wait for you guys to try them at home. If you like breakfast food, check out more One Thing videos.


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Hi, this is Osopil Bharti and we are here at Open Source Summit in Vancouver and today we have with us Amanda Brock, CEO and founder of Open UK. Amanda, it's great to have you on the show. Thank you very much for having me along. Yeah, I would of course love to talk about Open UK, what it is and of course your own open source journey, why you started. So let's start with Open UK. What is it? Okay, so Open UK is an unusual organization. We are the industry organization for open technology for the UK and that's open source software, open hardware and open data. Now we sort of broke the mold in that we focus on people. We are about the business of open technology but we focus on individuals in our geographic location. We don't care if they work for UK companies, international companies, homegrown companies, you know, it doesn't really matter. We focus on the individual and the fact that they're in the UK, whoever they work for and the companies follow along behind and what that's meant is that we've brought together the most incredible group of people who are leadership across the UK and open technology. It's just been a phenomenal experience and we operate on three pillars. So community, that leadership community, I've just talked to you about legal and policy, taking their voice, their collective voice and having impact on laws and policies in the UK and then learning, building the skills for the future. You talked about, you know, first of all hardware, software and other things but you said your focus is more on people. Absolutely. So what I want to talk about because when we look at, you know, any technology or if you talk about open source in general, mostly, you know, you have geeks who love to talk about code but the fact is that open source is actually less about code, it's about collaboration. Absolutely. And sometimes, you know, if you look at people who have created projects, they may not be very good communicator, you know, they are like introverts, they just created a code but their projects are being used by millions of users. So I want to talk to you about the people or human aspect of code and open source. What was, you know, what kind of initiated that, hey, let's put focus on people. First of all, my background is that I'm a lawyer, right? I was a lawyer for 25 years. I haven't been a lawyer for the last five and I've been working for Open UK for most of those. So for me, tech was about IP and relationships, about individuals and their relationships with each other. So if you create a piece of code and nobody comes along and uses that code, there's not much point, right? And we see particularly as we watch things like government start to use open source software, their initial policy is always to save costs, without exception. They want to avoid lock-in, they want to create code that's recycled and reused. The problem is that if you simply create code and put it on GitHub, nobody's ever going to come along and use it, right? So you have to be able to communicate to others. You have to build a community around it. You have to have collaboration, contributions, and then all sorts of things that you might not get from a software engineer like documentation, like training, like skills development that happens when other people come into your community. So we see this whole ecosystem of people around the code and for me they are more important because they're what creates the code. The code does not dictate them. It's the other way around for me. So that's really where we came from. Right. One more aspect of open source is not in addition to people aspect is also it has to be sustainable as well. Absolutely. If just one person writing the code in a free time or if a company contribute or donate a code or a charity is not going to be sustainable. So how do you also ensure that the folks are not doing charity as I'm contributing to open source but it's tied to their own because today even if you look at Linux Foundation reports, a lot of developers today are on the payroll of big companies. It's not the moonlight as a developer at night and do something else today. So talk about the sustainability point. That's an interesting question, right? So there is some pushback on that. So we don't currently demonstrate well whether individuals are contributing as part of their company role or in their own time as they're themselves off their own back. So I've mentioned that I was a lawyer. I worked for a company called Canonical for five years and I set up the legal team there and one of the things we did was look at our employment contracts to give people the ability to contribute in their own time and that's something even today 15 years later that companies are often still working on is to allow their employees to do their own thing and you have to think how do you differentiate what that individual is doing in the course of their work and what are they doing off their own back, right? So we used to work on the basis that if your manager had asked you to do something you were doing it for the company and if you were just going in you know tinkering with a project or making your own contributions that was your thing and that differentiation is hard to make and we don't have good statistics around it. So when we look at GitHub we can't really analyze when people contribute which basis they're doing it on and Open UK does a lot of research and reporting. We are about to do our next survey starts next Tuesday which I think is the 16th, 17th of May and then we will do reporting around that and we focus a lot on the economics and understanding these things but as we go year on year we get further into some of these questions and understanding more about why the developers contribute when they contribute. So Jim was talking this morning in his keynote about the fact that we see open source increase when there's a recession but somebody else was pointing out to me that's because a lot of the developers who are unemployed have time to make contributions so we don't track whether they're doing it you know in the course of their work are you actively employed at the moment. I absolutely agree with you however though most of the developers we've seen contribute their contributions effectively become their CV and they've become people who are highly employable and in the last decade really sought after and it's probably no better way to show an employer your skills as an engineer than to be doing open source. And since you mentioned canonical if you can remember the early days of canonical canonical kind of created a kind of you know whole business for all the deviant developers you know most of them become open to developers most of them became canonical employees so that you know a lot of deviant developers you know so and you know a lot of these open source companies so that's what I was talking about the sustainability is very important also I think that as we move further in our lives when we're college students we have a lot of free time when we get married then we have kids and then you have to bills to pay and then you have less time so even today when we look at the whole cloud native land escape order a lot of folks they are on the company and whatever the work work they're doing is you know so yes but the challenge is that it becomes hard to track and the whole model of open source is also not much about tracking people use different handles. It's interesting yeah so it's one of the things you may have noticed with Ubuntu and this was a conscious decision that we didn't at least then ever have anybody registered to use it so we couldn't prove how many users we had which we needed in certain circumstances because it was antithetical it was against the grain of what we we did now developers had come out of the Debian movement you know Ubuntu was based on that so it was really important to them and I think that that point that you make though about the shift so 15 years ago a lot of people contributing were doing it in their own time and they were in roles where their day job was proprietary engineering and in the last five 10 years that shifted so you know developers who have cut their teeth on open source who demonstrate a good history in that space and have these very cutting-edge innovative skills particularly today with things like languages like our Rust you know and when we start to see things like memory safety being talked about by the White House then you're starting to see an open source language that is low in terms of its energy consumption which is more secure in terms of memory safety than a lot of things that we're looking at so you know you are really seeing open source come to the fore and therefore you are seeing more and more people who started life contributing maybe when they're in high school maybe as a hobbyist but those people now working in it I want to talk about you know you earlier mentioned about government when we look at Europe you know I'm looking at Europe in general you know I'm not you know political but open source Linux kernel it came from Europe you know and there is a big huge community of kernel developers in Europe a lot of projects culturally Europe is totally different than the US you know a lot of folks get involved there a lot of contribution comes out a lot of adoption if you look at the whole Munich you know project with the you know Linux adoption there so a lot of you know grass level movement is there but we don't see a lot of companies coming and releasing their open source code so what I want to understand from you when you look at the European space yeah when you can a lot of government policies which are like but sometimes the policies are like not very well so the thing is the lawmakers they may want open source but they don't understand open source so what kind of challenges you see in Europe when it comes to talking with the government entities to embrace open source in the right manner you've talked about two different things so there is the piece around scale ups right and I can't really speak for the rest of you when we look at Europe the UK is number one in open source Germany's behind it and France a long way behind Germany they're growing faster than the UK is but we are aware and earlier this year we hit three million GitHub accounts now that's four and a half percent of the UK population and that's more than any country in the world India's got about nine million way more than ours but per capita much less so we have this really strong grassroots movement in the UK as well as a lot of leadership and what I see there you know as opposed to the rest of Europe is that we are seeing startup start to scale in the UK we've got SNCC we've got we've worked jet stack you know a bunch of companies that are coming through however historically we didn't have them and I think there's a couple of reasons one is around skills so we have great engineers but we lack some of the other skills around business commercialization so we are actively working on educating people in that space to bring those skills to the UK the other thing that we we're not so good at is risk right we don't like failure failure is embarrassing if you're British you know it's a bit frowned upon so we need more of that sort of hoots burn attitude and risk tolerance that you get particularly in the Bay Area for our startups to grow and the third thing we need is funding on decent terms from people who understand open and open source if you wanted to grow and they're not dissimilar to what you need for a proprietary companies to scale more and we are seeing the UK with more unicorns now than the whole of the rest of Europe you know they're very proud of that so you know the the government want us to be the next Silicon Valley and to do that they're going to have to get a better understanding of open source because I think everybody here understands it's the future of innovation so there's that piece about business then separately government you know what does government have to understand well I don't know if you've been in the open SSF room today but they had a lady speaking from the White House who also spoke at Open UK's conference in February and she's talking again about digitalization she's talking about the fact that all companies are using software now which means they're using open source so they've got to start to understand it but governments the public sector our infrastructure and our national critical infrastructure today is built on open source software and you've got a lot of the people who are working on that who haven't really understood the ways to do it how to do it you know the best way possible so there's a big educational piece there and there's a piece around security and governments have never been more concerned about bad actors and nation states than they are today so we see the White House drive that conversation you know really on a security level but that will I think evolve into the broader curation conversation that we heard Eric Brewer talking about this morning you know making sure that we don't just have good technical hygiene but good governance as well as security as we came out of lockdown in the UK we hosted COP26 and that really focused people in the UK on sustainability not sustainability in the way we were talking about it before for engineering but sustainability and an environmental landscape and the sustainable development goals from the UN and we actually held our first big event at COP26 which allowed Open UK to really participate in setting this sustainability agenda and I mentioned earlier you know Rust as a language uses less energy than many of the others and I think we will now see an increasing focus on that kind of thing I mean we created a blueprint for data centres we've done one for electric vehicle charging which look at the landscape and bring together the technologies and I think there's a natural there's a natural positioning for open source in that and I think we'll see it have a much more elevated status in the next few years in that sustainability agenda plus they want to learn to collaborate and there's nobody better to teach collaboration than the open source community what do you think is driving this you know when governments are looking at open source is it the commercial success of open source today also these foundations are playing a very big role in creating an event playing field around the project so vendors can contribute so talk about that I think it's inevitability so whilst you may not have these massive open source vendors there is a level so we have a bid out for about half a billion in the UK in healthcare right now and there is an alternative to the big vendor a consortium that's been put together and there are open source players and amongst that consortium so I think we are seeing challenges I think also infrastructure is built an open source the platform economy the cloud economy is built an open source and it doesn't really matter how you try and get around it it just is you know the impact that kubernetes cloud native open stack the impact they've all had has shifted the utilisation of open source now it's not always well understood that that's what's under there but I think there's a realisation today that your national infrastructure is sitting on top of that therefore we need it to be secure and well maintained and we need it to be well curated so I think there is a shift in understanding I think there is still probably more opening up to go on but even things like log for J shelf for J when we saw that vulnerability the companies that struggled most were the ones that had undisclosed open source right so this the work we're doing around the open source ecosystem and the open source governance and things like s bombs you know we used to create things like s bombs 15 years ago at canonical we had to our customers wanted to know what was in there they had been to distribution that was a standard practice so this is not new being adopted by federal government or required by federal government is new the the UK and Europe haven't quite gone down the same route and we're waiting for the UK legislation I suspect that they will follow suit and I think s bomb will be part of it but it won't be the key focus that it initially was in the US you know in 2021 with the executive order that was the thing now we're seeing a more holistic broader approach coming out of the US that I expect we'll see and then there's also been a great deal of pushback on what the EU is done I don't really want to be too critical of them but it hasn't gone well for them I'm thank you so much for taking time out today and of course talk about open UK and also share all those insights about where the industry is heading thanks for those and I would love to have you back on the show brilliant thank you very much for having me and I hope to join you again


Hello, learners! I welcome you to this session. In this session, we will discuss some other important aspects of trial balance. In the previous video, we have discussed about the concept of trial balance, the format of trial balance that is generally used, as well as the importance of trial balance, which gives us an understanding that trial balance is an important part in the system of recording the transactions. So, on the basis of the correctness of the trial balance, on the basis of the agreement of the trial balance, we can move towards the preparation of final accounts or we can check the errors if we have done any mistakes in the process of recording the transactions. So, let us move to the main topics that we are going to discuss in this particular video. So, after this video, we will be able to know the situations when the trial balance is agreed, as well as when the trial balance does not agree. And the important part is that the mechanism, how the trial balance becomes agreed. And we will discuss the different types of errors, as well as how to look at the errors. So, this will help you in understanding about the importance and how the trial balance is prepared, what is the purpose and how the trial balance gives us an automatic indication towards the correctness of the records that we have maintained. Now, let us move with the situations that may arise. So, when the trial balance agree, it indicates that the process of recording the transactions in the journal, then posting them in a ledger are arachmetically correct. Secondly, it gives us the indication to move forward for the preparation of final accounts. So, this is all about when the trial balance is agreed. But at the same time, we must see the opposite picture of this. Means, when the trial balance does not agree. There may be situations when the trial balance does not agree. So, if the trial balance does not agree, what are the indications for us? The indications are that some mistakes may have been done in the process of recording the transactions or posting the transactions or balancing the ledgers. In any part, any mistakes may have been committed. And that is why the trial balance does not agree. So, it indicates the presence of errors in the process of recording the transactions. Now, before going to the part of discussing the errors that is given by trial balance, that is indicated by trial balance, let us first see the mechanism, how the trial balance is agreed. So, for that we have to start from the stage of the journal. You know about the journalizing process. In this process, for every debit entry, we make a credit entry. So, in this particular example, it's just an imaginary figures with imaginary accounts. Here, we have debited the furniture account and we have credited the cash account. Means, the transaction is we purchase furniture for cash. And on the debit side, we have recorded the amount is rupees 10,000 and the amount recorded on the credit side against cash account is 10,000. So, amount is the same on debit side as well as on the credit side in the process of journalizing the transaction. For the next transaction, we have debited the purchase account and we have credited the cash account. If you see the amount is the same, means on the debit side against cash purchase account, we have recorded rupees 5,000 and on the credit side means against the account cash account, we have recorded rupees 5,000. So, both the amounts are the same on the debit side as well as on the credit side. So, this is the system of recording the transactions in the journal book, where each transaction is recorded by recording the aspects of that particular transaction. We have recorded both the aspects, debit as well as credit aspects and we have recorded the amount of the transaction on both the sides and on the both sides, the amount are the same. Now, each of the debit account in the journal is posted to the respective leisure account in the leisure book with the same amount. Means, for the furniture account, we will have one particular account in the leisure book. For the purchase account, we will have one particular account in the leisure book and we will also record the opposite entries in the cash book. So, each of the credit account in the journal will be posted to the respective leisure accounts with the same amount. So, it means both the accounts, the debit as well as the credit account have been posted to the respective accounts in the leisure book or in the cash book. So, both the aspects have been posted with the same amount. Now, total debit amount is always equal to total credit amount because as we have recorded the same amount on both the sides that is debit and credit in the journal and the same amount is posted to the leisure. So, the total debit and total credit amount will be equal. So, after balancing the leisure accounts, we will prepare the trial balance. So, when we will prepare the trial balance, the debit and credit leisure balances will be recorded in the trial balance with the same amount. Means, if we prepare the leisure account of the furniture account and we post the account from the journal to the leisure, so we will post them with the amount of rupees 10,000. When that particular furniture account will be balanced, the balance will be rupees 10,000 on the debit side. When we will record this particular account on the debit side of the trial balance, the same amount will be recorded on the debit side of the trial balance. So, in this way the credit accounts will also be recorded in the trial balance with the same amount that is coming from the journal and leisure and then leisure balancing. So, all the debit balances and credit balances of the leisure will be recorded in the trial balance. And therefore, trial balance is defined as a list of leisure balances. As all the amounts throughout the process are the same, so the total of debit amount and the total of credit amount will be same in case of trial balance also. Now, in trial balance, if the total debit balance is equal to total credit balance, then it is called that the trial balance is agreed. So, if it is agreed, we can go for the preparation of final accounts. But if the total debit balance is not equal to total credit balance, then it is called that the trial balance does not agree. If the trial balance does not agree, We have to move backward. We have to check why the trial balance does not agree. Even we know that in the entire process we posted, we recorded the same figure against the lasers. So this is very interesting. Now, when the trial balance agree, we are now here the detection of errors. So when the trial balance agree, it means the arachmetical accuracy of the recording and posting and balancing of the lasers. And so we will move to the next step. When the trial balance does not agree, we have to detect the errors that we have committed either in recording the transactions in journal or in posting the transactions from journal to laser or in balancing the laser or in some other part. So when the trial balance agree, we generally say that the process of recording the transactions are arachmetically correct. Here, important point is that even though the process is arachmetically correct, the recording is arachmetically correct, some mistakes may have been there. But the trial balance is unable to detect such errors. So we can classify the errors that may be present in the process of recording the transactions into two groups. Errors disclosed by trial balance and the errors not disclosed by trial balance. So errors disclosed by trial balance, let us first have a discussion on that. Let us first see the causes of disagreement. So this will give us the indication where we have committed the mistakes or why we have committed the mistakes. So omission to post any aspect of a transaction from journal to laser. If we do not post one particular account, one particular laser from the journal to the laser, then the trial balance will not agree because one aspect has not been posted. So one side will be laser. Then recording a wrong amount against an account. Suppose in the example that we have given, furniture account debit, cash account credit, in the furniture account we have recorded 10,000 and in cash account we have recorded rupees 8,000. So this will again make the trial balance disagree. Then we may commit a mistake in calculating the subsidiary books or the laser account. We may also commit mistakes in balancing the laser account. Then we may omit to record a balance of any laser in the trial balance. Then in totaling the columns of the trial balance we may commit some error. Then in totaling the cash or bank balances also there may be some errors. All these make your trial balance disagree and therefore we have to see where are the errors. Means we have to locate the errors. Now how to locate the errors? So here are some of the ways of locating the errors. What we have to do? We have to recheck the total of debit and credit columns of trial balance. We have to check whether all laser balances have been incorporated in trial balance or not. Then we can compare the amount against each laser in the trial balance with the amount of laser accounts in the laser book. Then we can check the cash book. Then we can check the bank balance. We can also check the opponent balances of laser accounts with the balance sheet of the last year. So we are moving backward. If the trial balance does not agree we are moving backward. Then we can check the serial of sundry debtors as well as sundry creditors to ensure that all the debtors and creditors have been included. We can again check the entries in the journal book. So journal book is recorded on the basis of some documentary evidence. So we have to check them again if our trial balance does not agree. Now let us move to the another part. That is the errors not disclosed by trial balance. So in this case the trial balance which agreed means both the amount column of trial balance, debit amount column and credit amount column will agree. Still there will be some errors. These types of errors are number one, error of omission. Means when a transaction is completely omitted to be recorded in the books. For example credit purchase of goods. So if we omit to record this particular transaction it will give us some wrong information. But the trial balance will agree because we have not recorded the entire transaction. Then second one is error of commission. This type of error may arise due to incorrect posting. Then incorrect addition or wrong entry in the original record. Then compensating error. This type of errors are compensated by errors of equal amounts. So this type of error is committed at the time of laser posting. For example if we post one particular account, one particular laser with the amount of rupees 2000 which was originally 4000. And if we record or we post another laser with rupees 4000 which was correct was rupees 2000 then that will compensate the 2000. So this will compensate and the trial balance will not be able to detect death. The trial balance will agree. Errors in principle. This type of error arises from misapplication of the principles of the voluntary system. So this will not affect your trial balance but it will affect the final account. For example if we record the credit purchase of furniture in the purchase account. Then the entry will be there but your final account will give some wrong information irrespective of the fact that the trial balance is agreed. So generally the purchase of furniture on credit is recorded as furniture account debit and we credit the supplier from whom we have purchased the furniture on credit. Instead of that if we record it against the purchase account then it will increase the amount of purchase and it will not show any amount against the furniture account. So this is the error in principle. Duplicating errors. So this type of error arises when a transaction is recorded twice in the journal or posted twice in the laser with the same amount. So this is all about the different errors. That some errors are located by trial balance some or not. So let us see the summary of this particular video. In this video we have discussed the situation that may arise on agreement or disagreement of trial balance. How the trial balance is agreed. The mechanism through which the trial balance becomes automatically agreed or disagree. When the trial balance does not agree it indicates the presence of some errors in the process of bookkeeping and the means of locating the errors disclosed by trial balance. We have also discussed the errors which are not disclosed by the trial balance. These errors are error of commission, error of omission, compensating error, error in principle, duplicating errors. Thank you very much. Hope you have enjoyed the video. Thank you.