Proudly we hail from New York City where the American stage begins here is another program with a cast of outstanding players. Public Service Time has been made available by this station for your Army and your Air Force to bring you this story as proudly we hail the spirit that pioneered America. Our stories entitled Yellowstone Kelly, the story of the soldier, hunter, Army Scout, Luther Sage Kelly, who helped blaze the trails into Wyoming. Our first act curtain will rise in just a moment but first young man if you're interested in continuing your education here is important news for you. The senior service of our armed forces, the United States Army, urgently needs qualified technicians to operate and maintain the many kinds of equipment that science has brought into being. Right now men are being trained in such varied fields as radio, radar, meteorology, mechanics, electronics, photography, and many many others. This training is given by the finest technical training schools in the world. It's an excellent opportunity for young men with intelligence and ambition. It can be the start of a great career for you. For full details visit your nearest United States Army and United States Air Force Recruiting Station. Do it today. And now your Army and your Air Force present the proudly we hail production Yellowstone Kelly.  It's lying Luther no matter what you say. It ain't really lying. Chuck at least it won't do anyone any harm. But what if we get caught Lou? You know they could put us in jail. Well I'll have to lie the most.  Well you go in first. I'll wait for you here. Chuck, lying's only wrong when it hurts someone. What we're going to tell them can't even hurt ourselves. Just as I said Luther you go first. If you make it I'll give it a try. Well if that's the way you feel I don't know what Luther. I don't care if you never come in. You getting mad Luther? Mad at me? Chuck I think your tongue is stronger in your spine.  It's still lying Luther. I know I know you think it's wrong. Not very wrong Luther at least the way you explain it. I ain't got all day Chuck. Thought we agreed on this last night. Well if you don't get caught Luther I'll come in right after you. How soon right after? After everything's I mean after you tell them your story and if they believe it. Shouldn't take more than ten minutes. I'll be there. I hope so Chuck because you promised me and it's better you lie to them than a lie to me. No matter what I do I'll be lying to someone. What can I do for you? I want to join the army. No you don't. That's not as easy as all that just wanting to. There's questions to be answered. I reckon I can answer them. Bring that chair up to the desk. Now get out the papers. Name Kelly full name Luther S. The S is for Sage. You folks think you'd be a wise man to give you that for a middle name. Was my mother's name for she wed. Where do you live? Lima New York. Born where? Geneva New York. When? Geneva New York. That's where you answered that. Can you tell me when? July twenty seventh. I'm old enough to be a soldier sergeant. You calling me a sergeant won't make me one. I'm a corporal at two stripes you know. You forgot to give me the year of your birth. Why is it so important I'm healthy and I'm strong. What's the year it's important. Eight eighteen eighteen forty nine. Yeah yeah yeah that's it. Eight eighteen forty nine. One and ten and five and forty nine and sixty five and a boy. You're not old enough yet. Maybe it was forty eight. Yeah yeah yeah that's it. It could have been forty seven. Forty seven what would eight eighteen forty seven make me old enough. Forty nine is right isn't it. Yeah it is. He's a friend of mine. You in yet Luther. Ten minutes Chuck you should have waited. Corporal was just telling me that I'm too young. Sixteen's too young. But Luther you said that I'd lie about my age. And you didn't. Wouldn't have done much good Kelly we'd have found out sometime. What do we do now. Wait a year. Then if your folks say it's all right you can join when you're seventy. I'll be back then I'll be back with them. But you were gonna lie about your age. Couldn't lie Chuck when I got in there I wouldn't hurt anyone Luther nobody but me Chuck and but you said last night I know I know I got to thinking Chuck if a man a lie he'll steal. And if they'll steal or go on other things yeah yeah I see what you mean. I'll come back next year with you Luther. I'm certain my folks will say all right too. I forgot the lock stuck in a back door. Why are you so out of breath. Been in a fight with your friend Chuck.  Leashways not one another.  Mom net next year what ever it is for next year Luther can wait until next year. Next year will you let me be a soldier. The corporal said I could be with your permission. So that's why you're so excited. Next year you may have other ideas Luther sage Kelly so until you may forget it mom but I won't know mom I won't forget it. Luther Kelly didn't forget it. He came back to see the corporal a year later with his mother's permission allowing that he could be a soldier. It was March of 1865 when Luther took his basic training on Governor's Island in New York Harbor as a private and company G of the 10th Infantry Regiment. He soldiered the winter at Fort Ripley Minnesota and in the spring of 1866 was promoted to Corporal and assigned to Fort Wadsworth in the Dakota Territory when Corporal Kelly I sent for you because I have a job that I feel you can do perhaps better than any other soldier in camp. Thank you Captain I can only do my best. What is it sir. Our rations are getting low. If were to replenish a mule train has to get through to Sork Center. I'm not a mule driver. I know I know Kelly I know we have other drivers. And what'll I do. Kelly you've been pretty good as a scout in this territory. I want you to lead a mule train back to Minnesota. But a scout. Now the river is overflowed as banks so you'll have to find a new trail because the regular one is underwater. Well can't we drive the train sort of parallel to the old route. No Kelly the bridge is washed out at the main junction. You never get the teams across. Sir I think we can go west a little and then backtrack northeast enough to get around the floods. You'll have three wagons with drivers. You can start early tomorrow morning. Captain for the instructions were clear. Captain if it's all right with you I just assumed start right away we can get 10 miles for sundown. I like that spirit corporal. Even you're ready. The wagons are loaded with some food and extra blankets. We're not stopping here so why hold the mules. Some's wrong with the harness on the left side. Got a repair kit. Haven't we. I remember checking it off of my list before we started. Yeah we got a kid and I guess we better fix it before we go any further. Can't you stop these mules. Not only slow starters they're slow stoppers as well.  Let me look and see. This can't be fixed. Well we've got spare straps. Corporal Kelly we used the last two spares yesterday. My job is to pick the trail yours is to keep this wagon roll. I know. Maybe this cow hide out of my boot hold a strap together till we reach. Center. After all we've only got another two days traveling ago. We can get harness leather it's soft center. I'm worried that part of the harness gets most of the pool. We're both worried driver but we got a chance at. Let's get aboard. I don't take much stock in your command. Listen you long velvet coated nags get a move on.  Corporal that was a strong pull one of the cow hide loops just snapped. How many loops did you make made a dozen all separate so as one going bad won't mean too much harm. Better cut left to that pine Nol and keep her on as high ground as you can. Rims are sinking in the mud already. Listen. I don't hear nothing. I think another loop just snapped or maybe if we make a cross pine over the other loops that might help let's try it. Here mules obeyed for once seldom know what they expect of them here you like to break and I'll bind this belt over the loops. Hey what about your pants if you're you haven't eaten too much in these pants fit extra tight anyway they'll stay put we gotta make up last time we're going to reach sock center tomorrow with the help of the belt for my pants and the cow hide laces from your boots we'll make it. Trip is over you mean half the trip we still got to return well that'll be easier cause the trails are drying up fast. I thought so extended be bigger than this just a handful of buildings size don't interest me as long as our rations are here I'll check in at the store and you and the other men pull a wagon to the rear loading platform I guess you mean one at a time that store won't have three loading platform yeah any way you say just load the stuff as fast as you can as we can yep want to start back to Widesworth tonight me and the other men were kind of figuring out an evening's entertainment this town's too small for all of us we'll do better after we get home no chance of some time out after we load we we can get an early start in the morning we no chance talk we'll be well rested no you won't know you won't after one of your nights out come on now we got along all right so far let's get the job done and then we'll have us a time yes it can't win you over Kelly oh by the way don't forget the harness piece you were gonna get I won't you get the wagons loaded while I check off the grubblist with a storekeeper I'll take care of the harness trap while you're in the store I'll pull around back don't forget the stress I won't we got here by the grace of a pair of cow hide bootlaces and don't forget them mules you mean the slow starters and the slow stoppers yeah you know it's a funny thing mules is a lot like people some people and what would you be meaning by that well you take that off mule and generally he's got one of the sweetest dispositions are going what you might say a real nice fella yeah go on and then for no good reason he'll get an idea in his head plant them front feet bow his neck and stand as steady as a rock I can talk my fool head off and he just stand you might say he may he make me do his bid that's a mighty lot of talk about a mule and if I've been adding up correctly you'll figure that off mule should be rightly named Kelly all right now I didn't say no such thing but being you're in a palaver and mood well I I mean can it be that you've seen the error of your ways mister get yourself down off that wagon now we've been through some trying times on this trip but if you think for one minute I'm going to let a mule skinner take over the rain I can use a little muscle on them supplies you're gonna be ready to roll in an hour yes and fella keep an eye on that off mule you are listening to the proudly we hail production Yellowstone Kelly will return in just a moment for the second act among the proudest men in uniform today are the soldiers of the Army's airborne service their exploits are once again making history and their prowess in battle is earning them new fame right now the Army is accepting applications for direct assignment to the airborne from men who voluntarily enlist it's an opportunity to associate with a top-notch group of men in an outfit that's second to none young men if you'd like to find out more about qualifying for the airborne why don't you visit your local Army and Air Force recruiting station learn how you can enlist directly for service in this exciting outfit whose paratroopers are the envy of all service men the recruiting sergeant will give you full information you are listening to proudly we hail and now we present the second act of Yellowstone Kelly Luther Sage Kelly was an old soldier before the age of 20 he already had a three-year hitch under his belt he wanted to explore more of America's undeveloped territory so he started out after his discharge to have a look at the upper areas of the Missouri River with what training he had in service he fell himself ready to be a scout when there must be someone who can do it major saw you for weeks we've been trying to get mail toted from Fort Peck look it's piling up and some of it must be important lieutenant I'm not as interested in the quantity or its importance as I am yes major as I am and who killed the last two male writers well can't we send soldiers but the mail this time yeah I know it is her to hire a civilian scouts we need our own man here at Grufford just in case well after the last two writers were scalp cleaning a whistle we may have trouble finding anybody else for the job there must be one in this region who knows the route and can outwit Indians with killing ideas for three days we try to locate one but lieutenant I have an idea might work in fact he might be crazy enough to want to try it know someone major now I don't know him but I heard of him a couple of times fellow named Kelly captain press got it Ford Watsworth made him a week ago and came here to replenish his ammunition what about Kelly Prescott said he was a soldier out of service now humdinger when it come to leading Russian trains across unmapped regions and that Kelly was staying in this area doing some scouting along the Missouri now if he works his way down the Buford should we last round him for the job we can ask him the most he can say is no you seem to think that he'll say yes I got a hunch he will Prescott said this man Kelly would make a darn good scout with a little more Indian experience well if it's the experience he needs this will be to his column all right I'll have him report to you if he comes to the fort Rufus something's wrong I think I hear something too sounds don't say it not lying anywhere Lucy I think it's engines he's sneaking up on us why in places does he yell you figure it loose I never could understand an engine but it dismount and hide the horses Rufus I don't like the looks of this looks well man we can't see 20 feet it's a dot and well let's hide the horses in the clump of birches over there maybe this engine isn't alone easy there boy easy there come on boy Kelly I ain't got a sense we'd better walk back to back or at least stand that way because if we don't there are more of them Lucy that arrow came from the north looks like the engine we heard was decoying for his friend engines may travel alone or in groups but hardly ever in pairs that means maybe we surrounded and don't know it they sound good hitting trees Rufus ever get shot with an hour ain't a nice way to die well we got to make a break for it Luther before they circle us too tight you got any ideas just one then saving it for last causes the only one I have I'll fight as long as you will lose here we can fight our way out of this I hope we can't fight through them if they're half a tribe but we can't outsmart them at least we can try scouting is one thing Luther but matching wits with you don't know how many engines is another thing unleash the horses Rufus and give him a good slap in her shank make them run towards that saddle valley between those two hills without horses we'll be in a pretty pickle yeah you're right well whatever it is we'll be in it for sure without horses you lose them but get the mail bags before you do well they're gone it's mighty quiet you got any more ideas listen here that yeah what listen those bushes cracking yeah now I do our troubles are over over you mean over sure these engines out here are mighty short of horses not after us as much as after our animals come on roof long walk to Fort Buford especially with these male sex Kelly got back to Buford alright and made his report to Major Sawyer carrying mail and losing horses wasn't exactly what Luther sage Kelly had in mind when he once posted that someday he'd be the best darn army scout in the Yellowstone region couple of winners found him hunting and trapping along the milk river in Montana and in the seasons in between he explored the Yellowstone River it's every crook and cranny would be remembered by the former his woodsman fame continued to spread until General George foresight asked him to scout the Missouri and Yellowstone River regions for the army during the war with the suit peace with the Indians sent Kelly back to his hunting and trapping when in 1876 hey Kelly I hear at General Miles is looking for someone be a scout I'm not too interested right now Smitty we're out for bear this trip yeah I know but I thought you'd be my interest is the word come on let's get a trot going it Miles has good reputation in these parks let's get the bear and forget the scouting just for a while you know General Miles has had scouts before this time he wants a new one the real tough one who can fight as well a scout I'm for fighting a bear with this rifle and for fighting no one else you being a soldier one should hit it off real good as General Miles still not interested Smitty I'm after Bear Miles ain't interested in no weakland I hear he wants a scout who can lick a bear let's Smitty I think did you see something I think we got us bear 100 yards northeast that cover your partridge on the wing something must be scared of them to make them rise like that well sure we leave the horses here they might as well all brewing might smell them before it smells us now if we spread apart we can close in butter on the old boy you still think it's a bear I know it is fact I can see him now hold up a minute did you get him Kelly allowed one bullet for him come on he's a beaut lots of meat and lots of hide you can have it all well you wanted to Kelly besides what'll I do with meat in the bear skin I'll take the left front paw you can give the meat to that family of settlers we passed yesterday skin to make good blanket no won't least not for our doors it's too heavy when it gets wet shall we dress him here no let's make a sled and drag him to the settlers first I'm taking the paw he's heavier than I thought look at that paw it's a foot across the open palm so what you gonna do with it Kelly ain't eatable not for me Smitty you'll take it I'll take yeah the general miles as soon as I get through oh miles won't want a bear is Paul Kelly you like this one I bet size being a foot across how's it different from any other oh this one will be different sort of a calling card personally engraved with my name give me a knife it's pointed sharper than mine general Nelson miles was mighty impressed by this unique card the bears paw and which was carved the name of Luther Kelly miles hired Kelly and made him chief army scout for the district of Yellowstone it was the pinnacle but not the end of a career that started when Luther Kelly couldn't lie about his age when close to 50 years old Kelly went to Alaska to explore the region for a railroad for the army nobody called him Fairbanks in the Spanish-American War he was a captain of volunteers in the Philippines but nobody called him Manila to the day he died in Paradise California in 1928 it was always Yellowstone Kelly young men when you volunteer for service in the United States Army today you can rest assured that your best talents and natural skills will be considered in giving you an assignment to your liking yes today's modern army fits the right men to the right jobs and real merit is recognized with faster promotions and more opportunities now more than ever before men with above average ability are finding better jobs and more important assignments in the U.S. Army why not investigate an army enlistment for yourself today and find out just what you stand to gain full information is available at your nearest U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force recruiting station this has been another program on proudly we hail present a transcribed in cooperation with this station proudly we hail is produced by the recruiting publicity center for the United States Army and United States Air Force recruiting service this is Kenneth Banghart speaking and inviting you to tune in the same station next week for another interesting story on proudly we hail


I'm with you on that. I have more toilet paper. How are you doing morning? We are going through significant boom here in Western Australia a massive shortage of labor I'm currently in the last stages of joining the police But I feel like I'm missing on a fine financial golden carrot. Is there any tips? Abiet vague I know look Here's one thing I can let you guys know as well, right? If you're only relying on your income I don't care what that income is to see you and your family into the future You are out of your mind. You don't understand our current economic systems No matter where you are because this is the name of the game, right? Unless you're into the making five hundred thousand dollars a year or two hundred thousand more than two and you need to make You need to be making more than two hundred thousand dollars a year right now counting the United States to have a hope in the hell of building a large enough nest egg right to Take care of family may be just you and your partner or yourself or you and children and elders or whatever, right? The way that you accumulate wealth Right to become financially independent you have to Invest in things now. It's up to you what you consider wealth to be right if you're you consider wealth to be your family your community food security and all this then you can go by property in certain places and Build a collective where you can have that right? That's a great way to be if you consider wealth to be education health Community family building something sustainable that is anti fragile Highly recommended that'll last longer than any of the markets that you see right now taking place if your idea so you don't just make capital and Money salary and sit sit back and say well Someone will build it for me or I'll move somewhere that has that When the time is ready, you know when I'm ready when I retire I'll move somewhere like that you you're out of your mind Right If you think building wealth is accumulating assets and you think you can do that just by your salary You're out of your mind right and so on and so forth. Okay.  But I can't tell you how many people have I've talked to in senior citizens that they sit there They might some of them extremely multimillionaires right extremely wealthy some of them not right But one commonality that I've seen with a lot of them is They turned to me and say I I wanted to do this. I wish I did this I'm going to do this, but they never get it done. All right They didn't they didn't do what they wanted to do throughout their existence And they thought they could do it when they retired because they built up a lot of capital Stupid Okay, don't go down that route if there's something that you want to do in your retirement start doing it now So you build enough knowledge experience And if you get to be that old you can do it really well And if you don't get to be that old you get knocked out at a game early on then at least you've done You've experienced some of your life some of the pleasures in your life that you wanted to have During the time when you were alive. Okay.  Let's clear that out. Okay guys That's really important Because people get a little confused here a little bit Some people do that's what I'm seeing with with this not you guys in general But when I talk with people um, I'm working, you know, there's many hours a day and This this this I'm like, oh man So sad so sad


In 1980, South African photographer David Goldblatt took this photograph of two young girls and an adult leader. They were engaged in some sort of discussion and the girls are, one of them is laughing, the other one is looking up with with pride and expectation to the to the woman who is sharing some sort of story. It seems a completely normal photograph and yet beyond the palm trees in the background just in the corners where we can't see just our frame lies the bizarre unhealthy crazy world of South African 1980s apartheid.  How's it? How's it? David Goldblatt had been photographing in the mining towns around Johannesburg of which Boxburg was one for many years since the 1940s at least and he was commissioned to take some photographs of Boxburg which is a town in the mining areas in in Joberg where there is a what the time it was a whites only suburb that there was there were no black people allowed to live there they could come in they could work they could clean houses they could do all the menial things that that ended up being the the the domain of black people at the time and the town was extremely dependent on this this black labor both from it from a physical point of view of doing all the menial jobs but also from a financial point of view so because right under the very feet of these people where the mines the gold mines in Johannesburg which are the richest gold mines in the world so underneath these feet the the black people were breaking their backs in hellish conditions in insane weird Dante-like places treated as second-class citizens by a political ruling class of Africanas now if you were wanting to document this inhumanity of apartheid it might be simple to sort of sit there and go oh well we're going to show all the brutality we're going to show the violence we're going to show the anger we're going to show all that that's that hatred that we should probably feel towards these white people these are presses that is so often in life the situation is far more nuanced than that about four years after this photograph was taken my family and I emigrated to South Africa and instead of turning left when we came out of the the airport in Joberg and heading towards boxburg we turned right and ended up in a suburb called Vaughan Valley which is only about 40 k's away from boxburg aside from that distance there is very little to distinguish between the suburb that we were in and boxburg both at the time were white suburbs the houses looked the same the way people dressed looked the same the schools that I went to and the schools that these children go to are the same they are all government schools and in those days there was a lot of uniformity in South Africa especially in the white areas that the ruling africanas had fashioned a world in their vision it was a vision that was confident it was a vision that had an assurity just as much as you see on the faces of these children in these photographs and of the young adults they are almost rock solid in their belief that what they are doing is totally normal that there is nothing wrong with the world that they live in the world that they inhabit this is how it should be this is how it was always been and this is how it is always going to be but of course those faces of those two young girls at the beginning so happy so confident so looking up to their their adults and their betters for guidance and for security little did they know that of course the very crack the cracks are beginning to show in South Africa the apartheid the facade of apartheid was beginning to crumble and of course eventually it would come crashing down the things that David Goldblatt does not show I think are telling and he only shows us little glimpses of the troubles that were brewing in the townships the the the the underlying current of violence that at this point hadn't really seeped into the white suburbs because at the time adults especially non politically active adults simply looked at what was going on as something happening on the TV something happening elsewhere it didn't really affect us and that's an odd thing to look at especially at this remove where people would say why why would you not be up in arms about apartheid why would you not be raging against the machine to coin a phrase but for a lot of the adults it was just something that happened elsewhere it did not affect them so in David Goldblatt's photographs occasionally you see a police truck zooming past you pay occasionally see an army funeral where boyhood friends have gone up to the border and there was a border war at the time in Angola and they have unfortunately had to bury one of their friends but aside from that you very rarely see anything that suggests in these photographs that there was an undercurrent of tension on violence except occasionally you see it in people's faces you see a little bit of uncertainty you see a little bit of I'm not quite sure written in the lines written behind the irons it would be very easy taking these photographs to paint the africana and in boxburg the people certainly the white people who are being photographed are predominantly africans as a caracature as a pantomime villain and and that I feel would be lessening so much of the of the of what makes these photographs work because it would be easy to dismiss a pantomime villain but by painting these people in their banality in their extreme ordinariness that he's saying to us look you know these people they are just like you there is no difference between you and them this could have been you and certainly from my own experiences living and growing up in South Africa as a child who looked towards my elders who looked towards the teachers who listened and did not question the teachers because hey you know we're nine and ten eleven twelve you know years old with we are not politically aware people we didn't question any of it it never raised even a half a comment you know it was it was that so unremarkably ordinary now I know when I've said I've said something like that in the past about another video that these photographs they are they are difficult they are difficult for me to look at because I am now as an adult and more socially aware so more politically aware and now more fully formed if you will in terms of you know sort of my opinions about these things I look at them and I see what David Goblak was seeing that there's kind of this this this terrible you know sort of yeah there's this terrible way that people just accepted the the the brutalities of of a part of the humanities of it as just normal and and I of course I did too at the time not through any sort of desire to be but that's just the way it was and and I also feel conflicted strongly conflicted because I look at these photographs and I feel nostalgic because I see the man pushing the lawn mower with his you know outside of his house and that is the suburb is not what's not the actual server but that is it looks near as damn it the suburb that I grew up in that is my childhood on these photographs and they're held up as something that is for what was and still is for a lot of people a very hurtful and a very difficult and upsetting time in their lives to think about David Goblak photographed all of these images and all the other sort of documentary photography that he did in black and white because he felt that he didn't want to give apartheid any sort of beauty to take the edges off this this that inhumanity that the the the bizarre way that everything just certainly for the white people just felt so normal those photographs of boxburg taken in the 1980s paint such a stark picture of how for the white ruling people in South Africa that that period of apartheid was that it was full of confidence it was full of prosperity it was full of an understanding or belief an unshakable belief that they were right you only have to look at the faces of those girls and of that that woman as they sit there on that neatly trimmed lawn the sun shining down and know that 13 years just as those girls were growing up as as they were becoming possibly parents themselves a man called chris honey was assassinated in one of the suburbs of boxburg and he was part of the ANC and that almost almost through South Africa into civil war this nondescript cookie cutter suburb with its plain average people was almost the fuse the touch point for something that could have completely ripped South Africa apart none of that none of those tensions are shown in these photographs none of that is even suggested in this photograph of those girls so when we know when we know that we can see the world that is rushing headlong to water but it's going to destroy all that confidence that is going to shake their beliefs to its very core this is when we understand that not always do we have to see all the things in a photograph obviously to feel its true impact


It was 12! Hey, come here! Go check with him!  Stop! Stop! Stop! That was 12! And he thinks it was on 12, but 32 actually did get his arm in there before 12 swiped at the ball. So he's wrong.


Hello and welcome today to this new experiment on the electro discharge machining process. I think I had earlier illustrated about the EDM drill which was a limited degree of freedom system. Here today we would be illustrating another kind of machine, the electro discharge machine where actually any kind of topology, any kind of operation can be done in a die syncing mode. I think I had earlier illustrated the basic principle I just like to recall that of the EDM process. So, there is actually a tool which is made the cathode and then there is a workpiece which is the anode and there is always a discharge or stream of electrons which comes from the cathode all the way to the anode to create an ablation or heat treatment of the surface to its melting point and there is always a tendency to formulate a melt pool because of this fast electron hitting on the surface of the anode workpiece. And because of that there is always also a momentary electron pressure which is created near the surface which gets dissuaded away very quickly and actually there is some kind of a low pressure region created because when the electron goes into the anodic material the surrounding medium comes and occupies its place, but it has a high inertia level because it being fluid the molecules are heavy to move. And so there is a typically a delay or a lag in filling up the sudden void which has been created by electrons depreciating into the anode because of which there is a low pressure region. So, the melt pool formulation because of the strike of the electrons along with this sudden creation of the low pressure region would actually get all this molten material off into the dielectric fluid and if you circulate the fluid then you ensure that you carry away the material which comes in this way to create the pocket which is like the machined area or the machined surface. So, this is basically the basic principle of the EDM process I think I had derived it earlier made many illustrations today we will see it practically how it happens. This right here is a EDM tool electro discharge machine and you can see that there is a you know servo controlled stage here which actually is able to feed the tool and take it close to the workpiece surface here the again the tool is the cathode and the workpiece is the anode here. There are several discharges or nozzles of the dielectric fluid in this region of the machining zone and the EDM oil which is actually some kind of hydrocarbon is flowed at a certain pressure at a certain flow rate within this material. So, it always creates a sort of area or a zone where there is a immersion of the workpiece and there is some dielectric between the tool and the workpiece. This EDM can be used because principally it is a die sinking operation I remember the way we had solved the electric field between the two plates which would lead to the automatic leveling of one surface with respect to the other and parallelism between the surfaces. So, in the same process whatever is on the tool gets imprinted on the surface it is same as any other identical process like may be ECM where the same die sinking operation would happen. So, here I would show a set of characteristics which are possible by this EDM machine. You can see here two surfaces this is the tool surface this is the tool surface made in copper and this is actually made in mild steel this is the machined surface and you can see that it is exactly the replica of another one another. So, the tool surface is the exact replica of this workpiece surface and the way it has been achieved is again through EDM there is a very good setting of these two surfaces which means that when the machining had been done probably these cavities removed the materials from the respective zones in an identical manner thus creating a surface topology like this. So, EDM that way is a very important process for the industry another issue here is that any kind of hardness of the material if it is provided it is conducting can be machined using the EDM process which may not be a case in metal to metal contact machining where the question of hardness always bothers the tool engineer and there is always a tendency of the tools to get worn out faster if the materials have slight fluctuation in the hardness value. So, here it is independent of that because the process itself is a thermal ablation process it is not any kind of contact which is creating the removal in the EDM process. So, in a way that is also very beneficial there are other issues or aspects related to the EDM for example, if you were to sort of map this complex architecture this is like the comma. So, if you were to map this architecture into let us say the workpiece surface very easily you can probably do using this non-conventional EDM process whereas such a thing if you were to really machine on a CNC lathe would probably take a lot of time also sometimes it is even not feasible and you cannot get this quality or this finish to do the operation as you can have in this particular EDM operation. So, you can see here for example, this so this has been embedded into a tungsten carbide material which has a very high hardness value which typically is used sometimes for even tooling in the case of contact machining and you can see exactly this comma has been embedded on to the surface of this tungsten carbide and this is only possible and you can see the finish of the machining here the exact shape has been sort of printed on to the surface which again gives you a very good illustration of the power behind this EDM machining process. You can also go very small and this course has a mandate of mostly I would say micro channel based fabrication. So, you can actually look into the micro features and surfaces which can be machined using this process and I would just like to illustrate that in the EDM there are these collets which have been specially designed for holding such micro architectures there is typically a head for this collet which comes off and then there is a possibility that you can you know there is if you look at it very closely there are jaws on this collet which would be able to grip this small tool and give a certain positive pressure as the cap slides in and bolts itself to the remaining portion of the collet itself of self pushing action is there and this would close off. So, that it can tighten the tool for example, supposing I were to put this small probably about close to 2 mm diameter of or 1 and a half mm diameter of copper and what to suppose do a similar kind of drilling action on the top of this surface. So, there is a very easy way to do it you just put it inside this collet and close the cap and. So, therefore, you can obtain the necessary pressure and now it has become a sort of tool which can be further held into the system and used to give a down feed into the work piece which can create a whole of probably the same size or same value you have seen similar kind of holes done before in EDM drill which is the dedicated system for the drilling action this is a multi tasking system. So, not only it can do the EDM machining, but it can also do even EDM drilling. One of the advantages that this machine has to offer is that it actually is able to create blind pockets within systems. So, supposing you were to create a micro channel inside a or on the surface of a metal piece where the lower end of the channel is closed really. So, it is like a blind pocket. So, you can easily use this EDM tool for doing such blind blind pockets you also saw that this particular example was a case where you were doing the blind pocket you can see this is a blind pocket and there are several such pockets which have been created here. So, it is not really a through machining operation that would happen in some of the other cases like EDM drilling etcetera. You can also make various shapes for example, you know if you look at this feature size closely this is like a pointed tip, but it is more on a flat that this tip has been created. So, in some cases you may have to use this for writing something like maybe a square channel. So, you can easily monitor or change the taper and use this as a tool and scribe on the surface. So, that wherever it goes creates a blind channel on that particular surface. So, in a nutshell that is about the capability and the quality of the machining and now we will get started with the real machining operation where we want to actually use a work piece and cut a very complex slot here using a tool which is like a comma. So, this is like a the shape of a comma and I would just like to cut this or embed this into this otherwise hard work piece which has been already clamped in the system. So, there is a tool there is a work piece holder there is a bed for the work piece and you can actually clamp the work piece here by using this gripper this vice and subsequently there is a collet specially designed for this particular tool which would hold this tool in place and you can actually mount this tool all the way to some distance inside and then tighten this lead screw right here which actually gives pressure to hold this particular tool in its place inside the collet the collet of course is connected to the stage for the translation of the tool and as I earlier defined the stage is actually servo control. So, let me just illustrate a little bit about why it is servo control. You see the EDM process is about establishing of a breakdown electric field of the medium where there is a spark discharge which happens between the cathode and the anode. I think I had earlier illustrated it in great details that how the EDM process would actually go and what are the numerical aspects of the process. So, here the question always is the inter electrode distance and this distance has to be below a certain value for the field to go above the breakdown field of the medium. So, that there is always a sparking condition which is arrived at and supposing if you were to look at a surface which was wavy like and there is another surface which is wavy like there may be a case where there are hills on one of these surface the tool surface and pointing out to a hills on the workpiece surface. So, there is always a minimum distance condition based on that there may be a case that in the tool surface among the waviness on the surface of the tool a crater which is there or let us say a valley which is there may be pointing to another valley on the workpiece surface which can be the condition for the maximum distance and then there can be a hill to a valley or a valley to a hill between the two electrodes. So, in all the events there are different distances which are formulated with the minimum distance between two hills pointing each other between the electrodes the anode and the cathode. You have to remember that irrespective of how hard we tried to finish machine there is always going to be some kind of roughness in the topology on the surface which would be the cause of these hills and valleys and therefore, if there is a voltage v between the cathode and the anode and the electric field you know is voltage per unit distance. So, smaller is the distance the higher is the electric field. So, therefore, a hill facing a hill with minimum distance would correspond to a maximum electric field and if this field goes down the breakdown field there will be a discharge and this discharge would create the distance to again increase because now the spark has come it has stricken the workpiece surface it has created a melt pool the melt pool goes away and this is now a crater facing the hill. So, in a similar manner once this process has been de-established and the dielectric fluid has destroyed the ion column the possibility of another spark does not happen unless the voltage is increased a little bit or the distance is decreased a little bit. So, a servo control here is very important to that monitoring of the voltage across the gap and trying to make the distance go down to another value where the breakdown field will be hit upon. So, always there is a control based on the gap voltage monitoring and this voltage should be over and above a certain value assuming a small inter electrode distance. So, that the field always goes down the breakdown field and in fact, there is a PID which has been designed here where it can actually give the servo a command to go either towards the workpiece or away from the workpiece based on if you want a sparking or a de-sparking condition in the machine. And in fact, what we are trying to do is we want to give a pulsed signal rather than a complete DC signal and then there is a tendency of some relaxation time given in the process because we want to get rid of the ion column every time it is formulated. So, this is another important issue I think I had mentioned during my earlier classes where I had talked about that you do not want to repeat the spark to go in the same zone again. And how is the spark really created? It is a plasma which is formulated in the medium with ions and electrons and the electrons rushing towards the workpiece surface and so therefore, a continuous flow of the system would ensure that the column gets destroyed once the spark has been delivered from the anode to the cathode. However, this is a operation which is a little bit laid back because of the high inertial level of the medium with which you are flowing and there is always a tendency of some time gaps between which there may be the reestablishment of another sparking process particularly because the path that has been formulated here is a conducting path. So, you have to ensure that you give it enough relaxation time where the voltage is a pulsed voltage between some v value and 0 so that once the voltage comes to the 0 value you get that time for relaxing the medium so that the new material can flow in the dielectric fluid can flow in and destroy the ion column so that the same spot cannot be used for sparking twice and one of the reasons why in medium operations you see spark dance all around is that whenever actually doing the servo control to take the distance or you know change the inter electrode gap there may be another region which comes up where there is a hill facing a hill and a problem of minimum distance and maximum electric field comes where there is another spark. So, the spark would be dependent on wherever the hills are facing each other on a surface provided there is servo control and on the other hand we have ensured that by giving a switch on switch off time and a pulse signal for a particular amount of time during one cycle you are actually letting the medium to relax so the ion column vanishes away and it is ready for the next discharge process to happen. So, with this I think the fundamental part of the machining that you need to understand this kind of done we want to now go ahead and do the machining. So, the first thing here that we need to take care for the machining is the tool positioning system and we had done a similar kind of operation earlier in the EDM easy drill. So, here there is a manual system of control which is given by these two axes motion controlling axes access and then also there is a control which is given to the servo system right here which drives this tool and goes towards the workpiece actually and doing this is not a problem because you can actually use these up and down arrows in order to do this controlling. So, you can actually press up and down and let the tool either go away or towards the workpiece surface. So, here what we are first trying to do is to sort of position the tool in a manner so that it is in the center of this particular workpiece we want to drill this hole or we want to do this blind pocket we want to machine with EDM exactly the geometrical center of this particular cylindrical workpiece surface. So, in order to do that we tentatively move this tool in the x and y direction ok. So, basically you can take it all the way to the center here and then also you know in the y axis towards the center the machine is designed in a manner so that it has two covers as you can see here right here and these are you know the sort of ceiling self ceiling covers because ultimately this is going to contain the EDM oil etcetera like a tank it is going to behave like a tank. So, there are some seals or ceilings which are there on both ends here you can see which would actually prevent any leakage from happening, but why the covers are open is that you have to manually do the adjustment by seeing across the x and y axis in this direction as well as in this direction and you are able to position the tool based on that particular reference. So, once the tool has been positioned and you can actually take it down a little bit more tentatively in the geometrical center in fact a better idea would also be to sort of you know mark this tool with some kind of a die and take the impression on the workpiece surface to actually locate that where the tool if it is a complex architecture is positioned with respect to the work piece. So, we just take this down a little further and then tentatively we can actually see that it is in the geometrical center from both sides. So, once we do that then we leave it to how you know to the controller to do the programming action. Let us actually investigate what is there on the controller. So, in fact there is this punching box which is there in this machine for doing the various or punching the various commands and this right here the screen what you can see is the display of the controller. So, this is actually the controller unit which would do the servo control action and here what we can do is by standing at a little bit distance we can actually do this controlling. So, there are various aspects of the controller and the first aspect that I would like to mention is that irrespective of whatever may be the display here you have to escape the existing command. Right now it is in that mode it is initialized. So, therefore, anything on this controller which says escape there is a button for the escape you just do this escape to quit any of the programs that may have been running from the earlier runs or any of the process settings that may have been restored from the earlier runs. So, once the position has been escaped. So, this is how the program you know looks like on the display and if you look at the line which is towards the end of this in the bottom portion of the screen you can find various functions f 1 to f 10 where it is indicated individually what f 1 f 2 or as a matter of fact f 5 f 9 f 10 would do. So, here the first goal that we have is to actually go and enter into a program which is already been done it is a good idea to sort of modify an existing program and save it under a new name rather than doing the job setting although that option is already there as f 9 to do the direct job setting. But we generally prefer because there are lines written in a program. So, in order to avoid the wastage of time you can actually save this program in a different name etcetera once you have remodified the program. So, we go to f 10 first and you can see that it has led to another sort of command line where it is talking about program number selection the start block for the program the end block for the program even the about the program about option and then some two other options EZ guru and tech which actually gives you the detailed description of the process as such or the process details related to the EDM and then there is a f 7 which is corresponding to save as and similarly f 10 which is actually related to the flags. So, the flags actually can be obtained on the right upper corner of the screen here where it talks about various options like whether the buzzer should be off or on whether the Z lock should be off or on servo whether it isn't going to be in the normal position whether the display is going to be in the absolute mode or the incremental mode. So, all these different aspects are being looked at as the basic initial guidelines for setting up a process cut. So, we want to first actually change some of these flag properties and you can say that you know it is about the way that the machine would read the programs to an extent and here in this particular case what is important to us is that right now the buzzer as you can see is in the off mode we want to make this into the on mode because then we will give it an indication of the start and stopping of the process or even when there is a no gap you know in between the electrodes there would be a buzzer sounding off. So, what we are going to do is to sort of go to the flags and then use this cursor up cursor and go all the way to the you know you can see the text getting reddened as you toggle between the various options. So, you can go all the way up to the buzzer and then with the page up and page down you can actually turn this back on. So, that now the buzzer is actually turned on and similarly you can do the z lock which means that you can lock the z axis the servo can be in the normal mode of operation and then of course the display can be in the absolute mode of operation. So, these are some of the details machining details which are important to be saved here in this process. So, once we have done that we go to F 10 again back because now we are talking about the job set option. So, we just go to that job set option and you can see here that as soon as it has been done we are in a position to actually set up the x y and z values using the various functions and try to make a sort of reference 0 for the machine from which the machining would start to take place. So, we want to first now set up the z value and make it auto position on the surface so that the gap can be close to 0 this could be the 0 reference we did the similar manner of the easy drill as well. So, you go all the way to this toggle board or this you know punching board and there is a auto positioning option right here which we have to sort of press now. So, that there is a slow movement of the machine until the machine touches the surface that is in question. So, you can see the buzzer now sounding which indicates that the gap has closed of the machine again we go back to F 10 because we had to escape that mode in order to do this saving option and then we already have the flag set. So, we go to the again the F 10 with the job setting. So, we are back to the same screen here and you can say that there are different these x y z values which we now need to 0. So, the first thing we want to do as the gap has closed on and it has been set to 0 between the electrode and the workpiece surface is to basically go to the z value using F 4 and you can see the rudder curves are coming on to the z value here and we want to set this value to 0. So, we punch 0 in the punch board here and automatically this would be accepted as 0 value for the particular system. So, you basically once you have type 0 you set enter value. So, that this is the machine 0 for the z axis do a similar thing for both the other x and y. So, we go to F 2 which indicates the x motion make that 0 as well 0 and enter and similarly go to F 3 which makes y and then you basically make that 0 and enter. So, that these all x y z's are now set to machine reference position through which the machining process will begin 0 0 0. So, once we have done that then the question of going into the program happens because supposing we want to actually set up a certain time on value or pulse time or several other aspects related to the machining we had to now individually go and modify the command blocks. So, this whole thing is called block of several commands and there are several such blocks in series which would actually start at a certain position here you can see S option meaning thereby this is the start of the block and E option which is end of the block. So, there is a scanning of the blocks you know the scanning of the commands in a line by line manner in a block by block manner till the whole program gets completed. So, basically now we come to set up this program actually and for doing that the first thing we have to do is to sort of vary the start and the end positions on the various command lines that you can see here in this particular case for example, the start position is at line 4 and then position is at 5. So, I would like to build my program where I want to start it in the line 1 itself. So, what I am going to do is to sort of go to this F 10 program mode the F 10 here is program mode and then I can actually take this cursor to the you can see the cursor being moving across the various command lines. So, I will go to this first line the first block of the command and I will make this the start position the new start position by pressing F 2. So, you can see that the start has come from line 4 to line 1 because of that. Similarly, if I can go scroll down here maybe command 3 is the one where I want to really end the machining process. So, I can make this F 3 so that the end has now shifted and the program is now between the line 1 and the line 3. So, it executes line 1 first then in the same sequence it executes line 2 and then it executes line 3. Then we can change the independent values of the x y and z and the way that we want to do it is by following the conventional CNC nomenclature. I think let me just recall that the CNC programming in that aspect when particularly you are doing the absolute positioning mode you have to consider that whenever the tool is moving away from the work piece or tool is moving away from the job it is treated to be the positive z motion. So, actually the movement here being a sort of dye sinking activity is mostly along the mostly along the vertical motion unless we decide to sort of you know print a whole channel or a whole feature over several different lengths of the work piece. So, only that even we need to use a different value of x y every time, but here for example we are just wanting to dye sink a particular complex shape into the system. So, we want to only use the z axis for that and here we will say that if we are going into the work piece and into or towards the work piece the z axis would be negative. So, basically what we are going to do on the CNC program is to give a negative value of the z axis. So, that this tool can actually dye sink into the work piece and mind you we had already set up a reference zero position before from which the drilling would actually start to take place within the work piece material. So, let us now go back to the screen here and try to change the various parameters and for doing that I would just like to illustrate that there are you can see several parameters on this command line of course this the block has x y and z values which does make sense, but then there are different other options like I P I B T on small t V G S E N A S E N T W and R D. So, I am going to now slowly describe one by one what these parameters do or what they mean and for that I have to refer back to the manual of this particular process where the different parameters are given of course as you may understand the x y and z values do represent the x y z displacements. So, the case in this machine can vary between minus 999 to about 9999 millimetres range and similarly the same goes to for y as well as z. So, that is about defined by the state size of this machine which it has and how it can move and the span can be accordingly programmed. The other aspect is the sparking current I P which is actually the fourth the fifth line on this particular block where it says I P and this basically is commensurate with the sparking current. So, this is really the current at the time of sparking of initiating of the spark from the tool to the electrode surface there is a line I B which actually suggests the pulse current. So, therefore, this is actually just pre-sparking condition where you have given the voltage pulse to the system there is a certain current which flows and that is limited by that. So, here as per the machine manufacturer a maximum of 200 ampere can be programmed for normal machining purposes in the I P value and it can start from 0 anywhere to 200 ampere. Similarly, the I B value that is the pulse current value can be set between 0 and 5 amperes you have to understand one thing that the current which is the sparking current is much higher in comparison to the pulse current because of the fact that sparking actually is a electron discharge and this happens at a extremely high value of charge. So, basically the point from which the spark has emanated is actually across the dielectric gap and we are measuring the current flow across that gap which would only correspond when the electric field breakdown has happened of the medium and which means that the amount of charge that has been stored in the particular instant or moment of time on the tool electrode the cathode is so high that it results in a very high momentary discharge of that electron and one of the reasons why the current value is very very high in that particular case. There is also a T on here which represents what is the portion of the pulse where the voltage actually from the power supply is on you will of course add a duty cycle factor do it which means that further you can actually make a hundred percent duty cycle where this whole time on that means the time for which the voltage is supplied to the electrode is utilized or you can make a subsequently lesser percentage where you have a on time and off time in the same pulse. So, if you are creating a time on here the manufacturer again says the pulse on time can vary anywhere between 0.25 to about 4000 microseconds and you know you can place the percentage duty cycle anywhere between 1 to 12 percent. So, the maximum utilization that you can make of a whole T on is only about 12 percent the whole time that you are suggesting here. In this particular case for the particular sample that is in use we want to use IP value of about 10 amperes and this is more an experiential gathering and there is some kind of a literature survey which you have to do for different materials to come to this particular estimation the IP value we want has about 5 amperes and then the T on the pulse on time here that we are setting is about 75 microseconds with the duty cycle of 3 percent meaning thereby about 2 microseconds between that 75 microseconds is actually the on time and the remaining 73 microseconds is the off time. So, that is how the duty cycle is signifying. So, therefore the actual time for which the voltage is being supplied to the tool is very small in comparison to the full pulse on time that has been set here and then of course you have the gap voltage a gap voltage as you know is has to be said commensurate with the breakdown field the field depends on two properties again one is the voltage difference between the tool and the workpiece and another is the gap between them the gap in this case is extremely small making the voltage to be reasonably high so that the electric field goes to a very high level overall. So, here the voltage that we are going to set is about 40 volts although there is an option of going all the way to about 150 volts and in some cases up to 240 volts. So, that can be probably there is a selection switch in the setup menu where you can vary the voltage between 150 to 240 volts. So, that the maximum limit can be extended that way there is also a SEM which actually means sensitivity of motion of the quill or the tool holder in this particular case and we need to actually illustrate what is the level of sensitivity of motion meaning what is the response and how important this is for determining the you know the voltage gap or determining the servo conditions. So, if I say that it is a high sensitive system therefore a lot of emphasis is given on to the gap in comparison of I say it is a low sensitive system and then again you have a anti arc sensitivity and the sensitivity in this case can be changed between 1 and 10 meaning thereby one is on a lower sensitivity scale that means the gap may be not so much material for controlling the servo and 10 is probably the highest on the sensitivity scale meaning thereby the gap is very highly sensitive and servo controls based on almost the gap value this is how it has been set by the manufacturer and then ASN is basically the anti arc sensitivity you have to remember sometimes that instead of making a spark there is a arc formulation which happens in this process because of the tool dwells or the voltage pulse or the I would say the ion column dwells in a particular region for a longer time there is a continuous flow of electrons from the tool cathode to the tool cathode to the workpiece anode and this is the condition which we must avoid in EDM because EDM actually is about all spark machining it's not really arc machining and for preventing that for happening one of the reasons is why we do the flow of the dielectric is to sort of destroy the arc columning formulated but sometimes it doesn't happen and therefore there is an aspect of the sensitivity of the system here again that how sensitive the system should be to this anti arc you know so here we are making less sensitive because of the fact that maybe the machining of this material is not that hard okay in this particular case it is only mild steel that we are going to machine with the copper tool in the shape of a comma that has been earlier demonstrated to you and then of course there is these two other parameters TW and RD which actually the total working time which in this case comes out to be about close to between the start and end of the block it's about close to 11 so close to about 11 and a half seconds you know if you look at all the three different times working times it's 3 plus 4 plus 4.2 so 11.2 seconds so that's how we are programming it although you know we can actually go all the way up to 30 seconds to support the machining operation in this particular case as defined in the controller by the manufacturer and then of course the retraction distance is the sort of you know distance up to which the electrode will move away from the job and you should take due care so as to avoid any collision while setting up this parameter because naturally if it collides then there is no you know I mean there is no reason why retraction should happen okay so the retraction distance in this case can be set all the way to 20 mm so that we are actually keeping this value at about 2 mm whenever there is a case where there is some kind of a shorting the tool would automatically retract to a distance of about 2 mm thus creating an inter electrode gap of the same value that's what this whole system is about so we have kind of will programmed our controller in a manner so you know you can see that in the line one you have x y and z values all zeros and we have kept the IP the current to be 10 amperes the IB to be 5 amperes the t on to be about 150 microseconds the the percentage duty cycle that you would like to give is about 3 percent which meaning therefore meaning thereby that we use the total pulse on time for about 4.5 microseconds obviously because this is an initial cut we are trying to at the first step trying to just give a hard cut to the hard surface and beyond a point when the cutting would start we can actually subsequently reduce these t on times the VG value the voltage gap voltage is about 40 volts in the first case the sensitivity of the quail is about 4 and the anti arc sensitivity is kept at 1 and also the working time is kept at about close to 3 seconds and the Rd that is the retraction distance is about 2 mm so when we go to the next step you see there are this is the first cut really that would happen after the initial surface has been sort of hardened okay and here you can see that the only change that is there is in the Y in the Z value and the Z value is minus 12 meaning thereby that it goes 12 mm within the the surface I would like to just illustrate here that it's just as per CNC programming you have a surface an absolute mode so anywhere the tool approaches the surface or goes into the surface is treated as negative and the tool goes up away from the surface it is treated as positive Z axis motion in this case it is a negative Z axis motion just in case of drilling or hole making where you are going within the surface so therefore it has to be negative so minus 12 and then of course we have IP value now this is said to be about 8 amps because now the hard cutting which was actually needing a lot of sparking current is no longer left over because the surface integrity has been lost in this particular case because of the first cut so this is set at 8 amp airs there is a total you know the IP value of about 5 amp airs in this case and the T on also has been reduced to 75 microseconds with a 3% duty cycle meaning thereby about 2 seconds or 2.5 seconds I would say the weight period or the dwell period for the voltage to be on or it's that 3% of the total time cycle being used for the actual voltage being added on the tool the gap voltage is kept at 40 volts it doesn't change much because and then sensitivity of the quill has increased a little bit because now the motion of the the the tool because it is going into the depth of the workpiece becomes a little bit critical and this the sensitivity should be hired for the servo controller to be able to close the monitor the inter electrode gap because of that the arc sensitivity also is enhanced a little bit okay to two and then you have the TW the working time is now increased to about four seconds and rd the traction distance also is increased because it is already get to a depth of about 19 millimeters so the retraction depth is now kept at about 5 millimeters so these parameters are set almost by experiential in a experiential manner with a prior cutting experience of the particular tool with the particular electrode surface that we are talking about also in the end step now there is a final motion of the tool where you can go the additional 7 millimeters over and above the 12 which had been cut in the last step because it is an absolute mode of programming we say z equal to minus 19 here from the surface okay just as the first step was minus 12 so the the total amount of motion would be in absolute coordinate mode be referred to as minus 19 although the actual motion between the two positions is only about 7 millimeters so you have IP here slightly lower current value because this is sort of the end of the process okay so you need not keep the spark current to be a very high this ensures also a kind of finish on the surface a fine finishing on the surface because of smaller current value the IB current is also the kept as about 5 amperes okay and then the t-on has been now reduced to 50 microseconds and utilizing 3% of that times about 1.5 microseconds is the really the application of the voltage pulse and then the VG value the inter electrode voltage is kept at about 40 volts same the voltage doesn't change much because this is the quantity which controls actually the the servo gap okay or the servo motion the gap voltage is the main quantity for that the sensitivity in this case is even higher because it has gone down further to 19 mm so the sensitivity is given on a scale of 7 year close to 10 and similarly the arc sensitivity also is increased to 3 and total working time here is kept slightly above what happened in the earlier minus 12 steps so because it's actually at a certain depth okay and we want to make sure and also it's for a lower current value so you want to make sure that the whole whole has been completely carved out up to the depth of minus 19 millimeters one of the reasons why we are keeping the working time to be about 0.2 seconds more than the earlier step and then of course you have about 10 millimeters of retraction distance because it's further down the hole therefore the retraction distance is in this case has been increased so having said that this completes the end of the program this is the end block and we are now all ready to go for the machine to do the micro machining activity so now we want to close this tank remember this is the ED tank which is used for the dielectric fluid the fluid will actually fill all the way up to the tool so that it immerses the tool as well as the workpiece on the in between the oil dielectric medium and then you will have force flow through these nozzles okay which will always maintain a circulation in the zone of machining and it's very important for destroying the iron column created again and again so I'm going to now close this tank and this as you know is like a sort of liquid tight compartment and therefore there are these heavy duty clamps which would do the job of meshing the two sides together with a seal in between so that the oil doesn't come out okay now we'll go for the next step which is filling of this tank beyond which will start the machine so here now we would like to give a little bit of illustration about the dielectric dispensing system associated with this machine and for doing that what is important is that there are different valves on this machine as you can see which perform different functions one of them is to actually control the flow in the local zone over this particular area right here which does the machine machining so supposing there is a earlier machined area from which there are excerpts like chips etc coming out of the process so you had to wash them with high pressure fluid and for doing that you need a high pressure to be injected to this particular zone okay by circulating the dielectric fluid and pressing it in a manner so that it flows in this particular zone so what we are going to do is to use again the punch box here right here if you look at the punch box there is an option of you know oil flow or pump flow in this particular case here a given by this option where I will switch it on and this generates a certain pressure in the system which actually leads to the oil flow and what I'm going to do is to sort of if you look at this area if you focus on to this area you can see that by changing the position of the valve I can actually flush this area with the dielectric fluid okay which is flowing to sort of ensure that all the chips etc are carried away from that area once the process begins it should be clean completely clean okay so there are these nozzles which are now firing this can be after some washing time closed okay and then whatever is being pumped is right now drained out from the system because the chips need to be drained out so you wait for some time that whatever chips have been washed off goes out of the system and then what you do is the following you basically use this lever and try to close the valve so that the EDM oil in the tank can now start rising you can see that the oil level is now started to rise okay because of the closure of the valve it is not been trained anymore and one important thing here is basically the level of the oil which is basically given by this indicator here which can actually change positions and which can also give you an illustration up to what level will prevent sparking or you know in air dry air so you don't want it to be a dry EDM process so you want to at least ensure that this pointer is in the level of the at least the tool holder which is actually placed somewhere here okay so now once it has been set up it gives you a complete control of the process and you can fill this tank up with the EDM fluid and then perform the EDM operation on this particular sample cut you can see the EDM oil level coming up okay it'll come all the way up to this indicator here and will stop the pump after that so now we are actually left with the situation when more or less the as you can see here the pointer is quite dissolved I mean quite submerged within the dielectric fluid and now we have also started the flow in these regions by opening the valves for the nozzles in that particular EDM area and we all need to do the machining finally so you if you focus on particular toggle switch or the this punching box you see there is a spark option which is here so all you need to do is to create this spark on so that there is a EDM action which is now happening if you go close by in the tooling system you can see that there is a spark which would be created okay because of this particular process and this this is spark here can be easily visualized if you switch off this lamp actually and you can see here that there is a intermittent sparking action which is actually coming okay in the zone which is being machined and you will have the exact die of the process sent into the system so that you have a part made in the particular syncing system there is some kind of a vaporization action which does happen which you can capture on the camera and one of the reasons why that is so is that there is going to be a paralysis of the EDM oil to some extent which will also create subsequently a layer deposited over the tool side of the surface okay so there is some kind of a chemical pyrolysis along with the physical breakdown of the ions and the electrons which happens in this particular process which creates you know the which creates a problem sometimes for the EDM because if a tool were not to be dressed properly and used in EDM for a long time the pyrolytic layer which deposits out of the breakdown of the EDM oil would cause the the current to somehow get blocked and the EDM can be a self-stopping process in that case so you need to sort of after two three runs take out to the material and be able to sort of you know dress it properly so that the pyrolytic layer on the surface gets removed every time so as you can see now the tool has returned back to its initial position after doing the EDM machining I just take up this punch board and then I just try to switch off the pump by pressing this and then we need to somehow drain this EDM oil which has been filled up in the tank so I am going to go ahead and just make this lever in the on position so that the EDM can get drained and the oil is actually now going out and you can see that the oil level inside this tank is receding so it has to go all the way to you know the bottom before we can retrieve the workpiece and as I will show you there is a cut which has happened to this workpiece actually in this particular case by removing the workpiece okay so we wait for the oil to sort of subside down and then we can actually retrieve the workpiece so you have to just open these clamps here okay and just declamp this so that you can open up the box okay in both the cases and this is how so you can actually open this cover as well as this and then the whole idea is to be able to extract this workpiece okay from this jig here so I will just like to show you how the EDM process has been done on this particular workpiece okay and I will just get rid of the oil and you can see that the shape that we were intending to was that comma shaped object okay of which the electrode was is being now imprinted onto this surface and this can go up to all the way from hundreds of microns to almost about few tons of mms and that's the advantage behind EDM that it can go up to any extent so just because we are talking about micro here we have taken the workpiece out and the process is still not completed it's 19 mm depth which was actually earlier shown in the CNC code we just wanted to show you that how this shallow channel or shallow feature would look like on a surface however I will just show you another workpiece which has been recently completed which would actually would correspond to the you know higher feature depth okay this is the case of 18-19 mm you can see that the comma has been inserted all the way to about 19 mm in this particular case also okay so therefore I would say that you know various depths particularly from few tens of mic a few tens of millimeters to all the way to the micron levels can be made using this very important and useful process one of the things you have to remember about EDM is that it is really a non-contact process and irrespective of how hard the material is you can still be able to machining because the way that machining happens here is purely by thermal ablation of course there is an issue about the final surface texture and the roughness which is again very important parameter as I have illustrated several times earlier in the lecture and there are different studies which talk about what would be the ideal machining parameters for the roughness to minimize in the particular case but in any event sometimes particularly in construction of micro devices we may need hybrid processes where at the first step the basic machining is done using EDM and in the next step again some other etching process or suitable fine process has to be done over the EDM in order to obtain a smoother channel a smoother surface or a smoother micro device as the objective of this courses.


What's up everybody, Jason here for Jasper's Gage Brace app, huh? Jasper's football hit packs, random pack rate that features Malhomes, Herber, Burl plus more. Little XR box giveaway inside is sold out here, guys. So again, the 22 totals box will take the 22 customer names and the 22 numbers, randomize them. Whatever pack number you get is what pack you will open up for you. And of course, some cards are graded, some are raw. Please note that some of the raw cards may come with some imperfections. There's some of the sell sheet hits right there, some very, very big cards, and of course just to be transparent right there, we have all the hits right there as well. So from there to there, can you pick it at the top? Can you pick it at the bottom right there as well? So some nice stuff for that, we're going to be giving away here in these hit packs, guys. All right, so we did have to fill up three different fillers, but we did it, guys. 17, 18, and 19, those are the winners, and then from Ed to down to Michael got those straight up. There are the 22 numbers. Let's click dice roll. Let's randomize the names and numbers one and a four or five times. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, five times, five, five, Michael Johnson down to Nico Martin. Five times here. One, two, three, four, five, five times, five, five, 20, down to 19, and then the way it came out here, guys, let me show you guys really quick. So Michael, you have Pack 20, Alan Murdov with Pack 16, Tim with 11, John with 21, Daniel with 9, Logan with 14, Michael Johnson with 1, James with 17, Jacob with 8, James with 15, Chad with 6, Ed with 12, Raymond with 10, John with 7, Michael with 18, Simon with 3, Jacob with 5, Michael with 4, Chad Coleman with 13, Joshua Hoffman with 22, Nicole with 22, and then Nico Martin with 19. So we're going to actually distribute these hits out alphabetically, just to make it a little easier. See you later, man. And then we're going to also, I'm going to also really quickly is also to is print out the labels. All right, guys. So here are the names again, Football Edition, and then again we're going to start out with Alan Murdov. All right. Here we go. So Alan Murdov, 16, and this one says Football. Here we go, 16. Well, a little Jaylen Hertz certified potential, 21 out of 30, and that is from 2021 certified. So it's technically a second year. It's still a very nice Jaylen Hertz. So there you go, man. Nice little hit there. All right, Chad Coleman, you're going up next 13. We got a Julio Jones, select collegiate draft picks, one-on-one. Very nice. Nice, Bruno. Bruno. I've seen that in Rex, too. Chad Guambo, you're up next, pack six. And how about a Kenny Pickett, rookie patch autograph from Spectra. Nice three-color patch. Very nice. 18 out of 35. Very solid here right there, man. All right, Daniel. Pack nine. And how about a Zenith Z Jersey, two out of 50, our patch autograph of Jaylen Hertz from 2020 through the Zenith. That's a very nice one. Next one, Ed with pack 12. And how about an Aaron Rajers? That is actually one out of five, 2014 National Treasures, great signatures black, PSA nine, autograph 10. And that was a cell sheet hit right there, right? Yep. Nice hit right there. All right, Jacob with two of them from Chronicle 17 and 18. Right. Nice. Eight and five. Eight and five. How about a Kenny Pickett from Impeccable, 10.99, rookie landscape, and we have a Tyreek Hill, nice. That was a cell sheet as well, three-color patch and autograph to 25. All right, James, about two straight ups, 17 and 15. Nice, Justin, Herbert, nine, five, 10. Three-color patch and autograph, little blue color match, number seven out of 10. Beautiful hit right there, man. And look, Kurt Warner, patch autograph, little silhouette, and that is four out of 10. All right, here we go. John, continuing on, number 21. And how about a Jaylen Hertz as a cell sheet as well?  Solid hit right there. It's a rookie from Legacy. Nuka's unloading some Jaylen Hertz, I see. All right, John, Teyanga, seven, and we have a Teddy Bridgewater, one-on-one, little Superfractor, PSA-10, that's second year of Teddy Bridgewater as well. It's pretty nice. Solid man, Joshua Hoffman with two. Here's two boxes of XR football. There you go. So we'll have to go pull those for you, man, but congrats, two boxes of XR football. It's pretty nice. All right, Logan, pack 14. Javante Williams, NFL Shield rookie patch autograph from NT football. Solid hit, buddy. That's a nice one right there, man. I'm Michael Johnson, but that's a couple straight up actually, look at that, nice. Pack 21 and 18, so here's one, let's get 20 right there, we're going older, so 21. All right, here we go, no problem, Logan, congrats, buddy. We've got a brief haul, RPA from Impeccable to 99. We have a bust, that is a Jerry Rice, PSA-10, autograph 10, number to 49, very nice, it's a good hit to 18, and a Chris Olave, RPA to 125. Couple nice hits there, they also got a sell sheet, so sell sheet wise, there's really not that many left, I think we just have the Joe Burrow and the Patrick Mahomes rookie. Also, those are still in play, guys, for the remaining X amount of packs. All right, Michael Robinson, last pack mojo, pack four, and there goes the Joe Burrow, 2022 absolute, 6 out of 10, autograph, graded a 9, 5, 10, and a gem plus two, really, really rare on these absolutes, because they're a little bit thicker cards, they have always a little beat up. It's a very, very nice hit there. All right, Nico, 19, no problem, Michael, congrats buddy. Got a John L. away from Flawless, little collegiate, 6 out of 10, campus and legends. All right, Nicole Martinez, pack 22, I must hit the wire. And we got a Jalen Lotto, PSA-9, autograph championship, or auto championship ticket, 9 out of 49, Raymond, pack 10, down to the final three. Then we got a Ozzie Newsom to 20, bust, Flawless, autograph. All right, Simon, straight up, pack three. There's a Patrick Mahomes, little collegiate rookie ticket. Solid hit right there, buddy. Nice, nice. I believe that was the last sell sheet hit there. So nicely right there, Simon. All right, and last but not least, Tim got that from Chronicles pack 17, pack 11. Looks like it's going to be great a car. Let's see what this bad boy does. Ooh, look at that Desmond Ritter, dude. Didn't grade too well, but Black is always really tough to grade, so I don't know why whoever had this graded it. But, look at that, Falcons patch, autograph, number to, what, 15? Very solid hit right there, man. He's going to get a chance to start, so we'll see how that goes. But if you don't like it in that, you can always pop it out. Very nice Desmond Ritter, though. All righty, guys, and there you go. That was it. That was the hit packs, guys. So appreciate it again for you guys that bought into this. I mean, obviously, if we sell out the last hit pack, which is the basketball edition, down to six and 24 with two fillers, we can give away some money. So I'll put your guys' names in the list. If that does sell out tonight, you guys will have a chance to win some extra money. So I appreciate it, guys. I'll paste your guys' names in here. Like I said, you guys will have the opportunity, hopefully, if it does sell out. So I appreciate it, guys. Jaspyscasebreak.com.


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this lecture, we are going to continue talking about Venus specifically this time looking at the atmosphere and some of the exploration of Venus that has occurred. So, let's get started. What we know is we have explored Venus going back to 1962. Not that many years after the first satellites were launched into space. We had our first planetary encounter with Mariner 2 flying by Venus. In 1970, we had our first information from the surface. Now, while we can see Venus from Earth, we cannot see the surface. It is completely shrouded in clouds. And Venera 7 in 1970 gave us the first images of the surface of Venus. And you can see one of those here for all the rocky areas in the region where the Venera probe landed. Now, in order to see it in more detail, we need radar. And the Magellan craft orbited Venus from 1990 to 1994 and gave us a detailed radar maps of the surface allowing us to study the surface in detail for the first time. So, Venus has been explored but not as well explored perhaps as Mars will look at or our moon but probably better explored than Mercury. Although again, it is difficult in ordinary visible light because Mercury we can map the complete surface whereas Venus, we need to do that through radar. And to make visible maps, we need to get down below those cloud layers. So, what about those cloud layers in the atmosphere? Well, the atmosphere of Venus is very thick and that prevents us from seeing the surface either from Earth or even from orbit. So, we actually have to go down below the cloud layers in order to see what the surface looks like. Its composition is quite different than Earth's. It is 96% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen and little bits of other compounds including things like sulfuric acid, highly corrosive compounds. This is one of the reasons it's been very difficult to land and explore the surface of Venus. It has a temperature that is not conducive and a lot of corrosive compounds. So, it has an extremely high pressure, 90 times Earth's pressure. How do we relate that? Well, that would be about the equivalent of a kilometer below the ocean surface. So, if you go down a kilometer in the ocean, the pressure of all the water you feel there would be similar to what you would feel just standing on the surface of Venus. It also has a high temperature of 700 Kelvin. So, high temperature, high pressure, corrosive compounds. This craft that do land on the surface don't last a very long time. So, while we've had a few pictures, most of the studies of Venus have been done from orbit. Now, let's look at the atmosphere in a little more detail here. And here we can see the breakdown of what we see for Earth. This we've already looked at as compared to Venus and as compared to Mars. So, we'll come to Mars later on in these lectures. But we see Venus is a big difference in the amount of carbon dioxide. Venus's atmosphere almost completely carbon dioxide, as is that of Mars. Nitrogen, very prevalent in Earth, is much less in the other two planets, as are some of the other compounds, especially, of course, oxygen. Oxygen, very rare in Venus, pretty rare in Mars, neither of them anywhere near an amount that we could breathe, but very prevalent in Earth. So let's look at a sketch of this and see how the temperature varies. There we see the extremely hot temperatures on the surface, over 700 kelvins. And to put that into perspective, that is more than twice as about twice as hot as an oven on a very high temperature. So, if an oven is set to 400 or 450 degrees Fahrenheit, we're looking at close to double that on the surface of Venus. Now, the bottom area is actually relatively clear. So, if we look down here, this is very transparent, you have nice clear skies when you get down below. However, we have all of these clouds here, sulfuric acid clouds, which make it difficult for anything traveling down through the atmosphere we would have to pass through those and those would have a corrosive effect on the anything coming through there. So, sulfuric acid will dissolve some metals. So, certain metals and electronic equipment would be damaged by that. And then you get further up above and we see that the temperature does decrease to something a little closer to what we're used to seeing as you rise up and get higher up towards these clouds and gets to something closer to what we have in Earth's atmosphere. But the surface temperature is incredibly high. Why? Why does Venus have such a high temperature making it the hottest planet in the solar system? Well, the temperatures were measured and this was kind of a surprise that at 800 degrees Fahrenheit, 700 Kelvin, that was the temperature when this was hot. Well, this is, again, the greenhouse effect. So, we see the sunlight coming into Earth. Some is reflected back to space. Some is absorbed and re-radiated as heat. So, the heat is what warms the Earth. A little bit that some is absorbed by those greenhouse gases. Now, remember that Venus has a very high percentage of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases and therefore insulates Venus, keeping a lot of the heat in. It's got all of those clouds. Again, that increases the heat. So, it is essentially what we're going to call a runaway greenhouse effect where the material runs away. And this is, again, similar to what happens to Earth, but much stronger because of that higher level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. So, I said this is what we call a runaway greenhouse effect. So, why is Venus so hot? Well, we call it the runaway greenhouse effect. Venus may have once been very similar to Earth. It may have had oceans many billions of years ago. However, it was closer to the sun and any increased temperatures would have caused more water and more carbon dioxide to be put into the atmosphere. As we know, these are both greenhouse gases, so they would help retain more heat, warming things up. And that would cause more water to be evaporated from any oceans that existed. Now, how do we get water, get rid of carbon dioxide on Earth? Well, some through living organisms, some through the, or much of it through the oceans. So, a lot of carbon dioxide is absorbed in the oceans and becomes carbonate rocks and therefore is trapped and kept out of the atmosphere. If you lose the oceans, lose more ocean, and there's less water, there's less water to then get the carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, and you're continuing to put more and more of these greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and it amplifies this. So, it continues this, more heat is retained, until eventually, again, an equilibrium is reached. So, Venus does not continue to get hotter and hotter and hotter. It's reached a kind of balance or enough heat can escape to balance that which makes it through the clouds. Could water have existed in the past? Possibly and probably likely that there was water that Venus could have had as much water as Earth. So, it's quite possible. So, are we seeing Earth's future? Well, in the short answer, yeah, we are seeing Earth's future. Regardless of what goes on with climate change, the sun is continuing to heat up, and we'll do so. Now, this will take hundreds of millions of years, but over the next few hundred million years, the Earth will continue to warm and more water will then be released, and it's quite likely that the Earth will go through something much like Venus and become uninhabitable in several hundred million years. So, let's go ahead and finish up with our summary. And what we've looked at this time, first of all, Venus is explored by a good number of spacecraft. We looked at a few of them here. We talked about Venus's extremely thick atmosphere, mostly carbon dioxide, and how did it get so hot? We call that the runaway greenhouse effect, that it has heated Venus's surface to extremely high temperatures. So, that concludes this lecture on Venus, atmosphere, and exploration. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So, until then, have a great day, everyone, and I will see you in class.