Okay. Hello, everyone. I'm Sylvain Beau, working for Red Hat, and I'm replacing my colleague that was supposed to do the presentation, and today we're going to talk about Skydive. Last year, we did a presentation about Skydive, so I don't know how many of you saw the presentation. Did someone? No? Okay. Okay. One person. Okay. So what is Skydive? Skydive is a real-time network topology and protocol analyzer.  So the reason why we started this project is that networking is obviously very complex. For example, right now, you could have, like, on your cloud, you could have, like, an open stack, and on top of this, you can have a Kubernetes. Each one with a different SDN. So the complexity is huge. It changes a lot. So, basically, VMs and containers are created and deleted all the time, so it's very, very dynamic. There are, often, you make use of tunneling, so you have, like, VXLand, GRE, Genevieve stuff, so it can make troubleshooting complicated. And, yeah, that's the main use case for Skydive, which is troubleshooting, and there was a complete lack of open-source tooling for troubleshooting. You were basically stuck with the IP net NS, and all the usual toolbox, but that's not enough. So our goal was to design a software that is agnostic to the SDN, and not SDN, but any platform, so we are not tied to open stack, but we can work with it. We are not tied to Kubernetes, but same. We want to be able to do this troubleshooting and this analysis in real time, but also to be able to do this as a post-martem stuff. So, for example, basically, a user created a VM. He had connectivity issues. He deleted everything, and so we had to find a way to be able to go back in time and to see what happened. And we wanted something very lightweight, easy to deploy, because if you have an issue in production, you don't want to deploy a very complex software. So it's a single binary. You put it on the machines, and you're good to go, basically. So you can really be seen as a toolbox. You can use it in every way you want, but one very often used use case is just the visualization, just to be able to see what's in your infrastructure. So you can barely see here, but that's your network topology. So here you can see, for example, a top-of-rack switch, and on each part of this top-of-rack switch, there is a machine, and in the different nodes and stuff, there are the physical interfaces, the networked-in spaces, the open-v-switch bridges, stuff like that. And you can, of course, you can zoom, you can zoom out, you can restrict the view, because it can be huge on your infrastructure. You can click on every node and get information, so precise information, the MTU, the names of the containers and stuff. So another stuff you can do with Skydive is capture traffic to be able to troubleshoot. So on this screenshot here, you can see the node on the left, the yellow one. So this one is, we are capturing the traffic on this node, and when you click on this node, you can get all the flows. So that's the arrays at the right. So you can see the different TCP flows with the source IP and destination IP, and you can even have more information on a specific node. So you can see that we look at the link layer, the network layer, the application layer. We get the metrics. So we see the number of packets, number of bytes for this flow, the start and the stop. We also measure the RTT, so different information on the flow. We also compute something that is useful, which is the tracking ID. So for example, if you have two VMs talking on SSH together, well, the traffic goes on different interfaces, and sometimes there are two new links, so the traffic can be encapsulated. So we compute what we call a tracking ID, which allows us to follow this SSH traffic on all the nodes of your infrastructure. So if you, we selected one flow, and all the yellow nodes were the interfaces where this traffic was seen. As we collect all the metrics for the interfaces metrics and the flow metrics, we are able to graph them. So we developed a graphana plugin for this. It's available directly from your graphana installation. It's, I think, the graphana marketplace, something like this. And here you can, this plugin directly talks to the Skydive API, and you can draw like the bandwidth for a specific VM or for a user of your cloud or whatever you want. So that's a demo of Skydive, which is an action. So here you have the, oh, it's a pretty huge infrastructure. So the yellow part is the top of our switch and all the nodes. And so you can expand different, like in this case, it's the namespace, and you can create the capture. So for capture, you select one node, one source node, and the destination, and it will create, it will capture the traffic on the pass between those two interfaces. We created an ICMP, BPS filter. So that's it. And then we can also inject traffic. So it was the same mechanism. You select nodes and stuff. So that's, okay. So now a very short slide on the architecture, very, very top level. At the center of Skydive, there is a graph engine. So basically, we create nodes and edges, and we store the information on the nodes as metadata. And as I said, as we want to do the post-mortem analysis, every change on this graph is archived. So we are able to create, to recreate the graph as it was at a specific point of time. So like two years ago, what was my, how was my network topology? And so this graph is populated by probes, and we will see more later. And so the way you interact and you get information from this graph is using the API, and this API is serving, is accepting a syntax which is called the Gremlin language. The Gremlin language is a graph traversal language. And so it looks like what you see on the top. So here it's a very, very basic query that we do on the command line. We just ask Skydive the nodes that our name, that have a specific name. So for this case, it was my Ethernet interface. And so it gives you all the nodes that match as a json. And so if you go back to the example, the use case I showed you before. So with the tracking, so the traffic where my SSH traffic was seen on white, there is the Gremlin query corresponding to this. So we identified a flow. We got the trafficking idea of this flow. And then we ask Skydive the nodes that have seen this flow. And well, same for the graphana. The graphana plugin accepts a Gremlin query. So basically what you can graph anything that you want. So here we are graphing the ICMPV for traffic. And we are aggregating all the flows. So now a more precise architecture slide. So we have two components, Skydive. The first, what you see on the left, which is what we call the agents. Basically it has to be started on all the machines of your infrastructure. So your compute nodes or your Kubernetes nodes. And so they have probes and they collect their local topology. And they send this topology to one or more analyzers, which so aggregates all those local graphs and creates a big graph with it. And it serves the API and the web UI. And it stores everything in a database. So it's pretty common design. In our case, we support elastic search mainly. And so on the agents, where do we get the information from? So first, we talk to the net link. So it gives us information about the interfaces. We also talk to ETH tool to get to know what the features that are supported by this interface or this card. We also collect all the network namespaces that are, that exist on this node. We talk to OpenVswitch using the OVSDB protocol. We talk to Docker, to Kubernetes, to Neutron and so on. And even sockets, which is a probe that I will describe later. So that's, now we are going to see what's new since last year. Because basically that's what we already had last year. So we added a way to capture traffic using DPDK. So for high performance use cases. We are now able to capture traffic on OVS. So we were able to capture traffic on OVS, but on the whole bridge. Now we are going to, you can capture only the traffic for a specific port. We fetched the routing tables, the RP tables for the nodes. So we worked closely with the IBM team and we worked on adding support for the power architectures. So this is available for OpenStack and you also have the Docker image for the power architecture. We also have improvements on the deployment side of Skydive. We have a nice uncivil library to deploy on your infrastructure. There is also the blog post which describes how to install Skydive and makes use of the uncivil network stuff so that you can get information for using LLDP about your switch. So your Skydive is populated with your switches, for instance.  So that's another feature we have since last year is workflows. So basically if you, with Skydive, typical stuff that you want to do is to check the connectivity between two machines. Basically what you would do, you would select the node, you would create, capture the traffic on the right point of your infrastructure, you will generate some traffic and then you will query the Gramlean API to see if the flow that you injected was seen properly. So workflows is basically a way to automate those actions. It's the bad side is that it's JavaScript. You have to write it in JavaScript. But the nice thing is that you can run it most everywhere. You can run it in your browser. You can run it as a separate Node.js program. So if you want to have a separate system interacting with Skydive and you can also, there is a JavaScript engine embedded into Skydive. So you can have Skydive execute your workflows. So and you have one to create a workflow. It will appear in the web UI and you can have a nice way to trigger your workflows. We also have a new Kubernetes probe that was created a few months ago. So it's still an early stage of this probe. It's basically synchronized the Kubernetes resources and put them into the Skydive graph. So we support many Kubernetes resources, the namespace, the service, the pods and some others. What we do with simply importing these resources is not enough. We create links between those resources. So for example, you can have what pods are part of a service or you can see the network policy. So which pods this network policy applies to. And you can also go down to the, so that's the application layer, obviously. And but you can also go down to the physical layer.  So it's pretty easy to deploy Skydive on your Kubernetes. It makes use of Demonset so it will run on all your nodes. There is also a hand chart which is available. And so that's what it looks like here. So it's pretty messy, but you can see here there is the mini cube and then the service and the pods and on the right side there are links to the physical machine and its Docker containers. What's new, we also have a way to capture traffic using eBPF. So last year we had the pick up IF packets and OVS. But for better performance, we created this probe. So it's separated in two parts, the kernel space and user space. So the kernel space obviously is where the eBPF bytecode runs. So it's attached on a socket and then so we get the eskiba from the kernel and we create a flow table on the kernel side. And also when we see a packet, we try to find which flow it maps to. So we compute a session key which is basically an hash of all the layers we saw in the packet and we also maintain the counters. So we are able to give you metrics on those flows. And periodically this flow table on the kernel side is synchronized with the user space side. And when we do this we compute a few stuff, a few more stuff like a UID, a striking ID, and then we are able to do the mapping between the topology. So how to do this is very easy. That's another capture type. So you just select this. This is the part of this probe. It's really, really, really simple. It's 300 lines of C. So it's really tiny. And then at the end we can see that we compute the hash using the FNV hash function. So really, really simple stuff. So regarding the performances, it's a bit comparing, like comparing APOLT and O-Ranges, but I'm going to do this. Why? Because it's the eBPF capture, the flow probe is not a complete, feature complete. There is no support for tunneling, no TACP reassembly, no IPv4 defragmentation, so it's still a work in progress. And it's pretty, it's not very easy to measure the performance as it does not account as the Skydive process. So this summarizes a bit the pros and cons for different capture types. So for IF packets, you have basically supports for every kernel. But the overhead is huge, but there is no limitation. We support all the Skydive features are supported with IF packets. There is, it's not really a capture type, but we have eBPF, so you can restrict the amount of traffic you want just by specifying eBPF filters. So this way, you don't have everything, so you have no packet metrics and stuff, but still you can do really useful things. And then you have eBPF, but you have to use a recent kernel. The overhead is really, really small, but no classification. So if we do, this is not really a small benchmark. So we were using Hyper, Skydive was pinned on just one core. And so if we generated traffic we're using and with a capture, with an IF packet at four gigabytes, we started to sell packet drops. So if we specify eBPF filter, so I did not put the filter, but it's only specific flags of the TCP flags, we were able to capture and analyze 15 gigabytes. And on eBPF it was 2027. Basically, the overhead as we, what we do is really, really simple. It's, there is almost no overhead. So one bottleneck was the way we, when we ask Skydive the flows and it returns the flows, it was returning the flows as JSON objects and the serialization was just killing it. So what we did was we switched from JSON to protobuf over Websocket. And that reduced a lot of the query time. Another use of eBPF in Skydive is that what we call the socket info. So basically, we want to see which process is talking to which process and what container is talking to which container. And so it's to mimic the equivalent of the SS command. And so far to do this, first we used slash probe parsing, which was invaluable. And so we found this very nice library which is TCP Tracer eBPF, which makes use of eBPF to do this. And we integrated it as a probe in Skydive. So we put on as metadata, as metadata on the host, we have a list of all the sockets active. So who's listening? Who's connecting to who? And you can write gremlin queries. So we can ask which host is hosting the HTTP process. We can see, we can ask who's talking to the <IP_ADDRESS>.10 address on the HTTPS part. And you can also, when you select flows, you can also go back to the sockets that generated those flows. So with this, we have, we can show you a nice view of the flow, what we call the flow matrix. So you can see the nodes are the, it's an open stack deployment. So you can see which process is talking to who. So not run the HTTP, which is going to talking to OVSDB and stuff. And now for the roadmap, we plan to add hybrid capture. So what we meet by hybrid capture, we want to capture the first packet. So to do a huge analysis, so we look at the DHTPS, even the application layer. So what's inside this packet? And then for the other packets, we can do just lightweight capture with eBPF. We don't have to do a full analysis of all the packets. And we want to use, we want to increase the use of eBPF because we, right now, the way we retrieve the network name spaces is just by passing slash broke. And so we are not notified of new network name spaces. And we want to see, we are investigating about using eBPF to be able to get retransmission counters from the Linux stack. And so another thing we did this last year is that we thought that maybe it could be useful for some projects to have a graph engine. So it's, as I said, it's, we, with a full story. So we extracted this from Skydive to create a dedicated component, which is called Steffi. That gives us a nice joke. And you can integrate it in your tool. And there is also an LLDP probe, which is just being developed right now. And that's pretty much it, if you have any questions. What is LLDP? LLDP, it's linked to be able to discover the topology. So basically your switch sends packets every seconds to give you. And so just on your machine, you can know if you are on this specific switch and on what part of the switch and the link, the speed of the link on those information is to be, to discover the topology. Hi. Is there anything specific required to run on Kubernetes? Is it tested across different providers? Or is it expected to just work? It's expected to just work, yeah. You mean by providers, you mean? Yeah. So yeah, it works on open shifts because we tested. So yeah. Basically, it's supposed to work. Okay. Thank you very much.


Hello, welcome to the Daily Decrypt. I'm your host Amanda and today's episode is brought to you by Dash The onset of 2016 brought a flurry of speculations How exactly did Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies do in 2015? Bitcoin.com forums have been hot with charts and the Daily Decrypt has combed through them to bring you the best here at the top 15 Bitcoin's market cap is currently smaller than that of silver silver is smaller than the personal wealth of say Bill Gates and Bill Gates has less wealth than the net assets of say Apple and on and on through the Fed's balance sheet banknotes gold and stock markets once we've gone through the questionable wealth calculations of debt and derivatives We see Bitcoin right here tiny in the corner in the last two years The total number of Bitcoin wallets has gone from almost nil to 12 million the regions with the highest rates of increased Bitcoin usage Have been Brazil, Philippines, Indonesia, France, Bangladesh, UK, New Zealand, India, Canada and Ukraine There's been a rough doubling of Bitcoin transaction volume every year since 2012 this increase in popularity Is perhaps not surprising due to Bitcoin's predictable inflation rate what began as a 50 bitcoins per 10 minutes inflation rate is Currently 25 that will be halved once again come summer 2016 When 12.5 bitcoins per 10 minutes will be created the halving will continue every four years until 2032 when 99 percent of bitcoins will be mined how much will that be well It will be almost 21 million which is the total amount of bitcoins that will ever be mined the past couple of years have also seen an influx of Legacy financial actors who've been wondering if their business models can see a piece of blockchain action and banks aren't the only ones Venture capital firms have also been pouring money into Bitcoin related startups Exponentially so but underneath all that shiny glitter is what really makes Bitcoin work, which is its miners vast majority of bitcoins are mined by people who've come together to form pools the composition and hashing power of these pools changes from year to year and speaking of hashing power Every time bitcoins miners upgrade to better faster machines, which increases their hash rate the Bitcoin protocol Automatically adjusts the difficulty of the mathematical problems that they must solve to keep the production of new coins steady and consistent While most Bitcoin metrics have gone up over time thus far There is one that has continued to go down and that is bitcoins volatility the wild highs and lows just ain't what they used to be What does adoption look like on the street the number of Bitcoin ATMs in the world went from zero in 2013 to today's count of over 500 and the number of brick-and-mortar storefront locations Which accept Bitcoin for payment is over? 7500 will 2016 see bitcoins 2015 trends continue will another cryptocurrency perhaps become a serious competitor for the first time Leave us your speculations in the comments below Today's episode has been brought to you by Dash a currency which offers instant Confirmations via use of its masternode network It's called instant X and to show it in action this dash and drink vending machine will be debuted at the upcoming Miami Bitcoin Conference you can learn more at dash.org We're independent members of the LTB network check out our podcast there if you like and today's magic word is confirmation Bye now


Okay, so you've had a chance to kind of talk a little bit about if you have had a direct conversation with someone about their disability, how did that go for you? You know, this is one of those tender topics that, you know, when we're when we're with young children, we often say don't stare, don't look, you know, and even as we get older, it's like the elephant in the room, we don't want to directly ask somebody, well, what is it like for you? Kids sometimes don't have that same kind of shyness, right? Like they do want to know things like how do you go to the bathroom? That's a really important question for children. You know, how do you sleep at night? You know, so and child to child, they'll often ask each other very direct questions that adult to adult, we would be mortified to ask a question like how do you go to the bathroom, right? So we're, you know, here to be able to talk about what are some of those attitudes, what holds us back and the research that the Canadian government did about this question found that about 75% of people said that they know somebody with a disability, I'm just looking for the slide, there it is, and about half claim to have asked the person directly about their disability, but sometimes on these kinds of surveys there's a bit of a tendency of overreparting, I would bet not as many have actually had that direct conversation as perhaps said they had, and maybe that's reflective of the conversations in this room as well. What else did this study find? Three-tenths of Canadians said there is somebody with a disability in my workplace, so one might think that the fact that, you know, the person who sorts the mail or who does the filing has an intellectual disability or that somebody with a physical disability is working in the cubicle next to you, one might think that that actually would have a positive attitude on adult attitudes towards, or positive influence on adult attitudes towards disability, but in fact there is no evidence at all that having somebody working beside you with a disability is going to have a major impact on a person's attitude about inclusion, because as adults we're setting, you know, like a lot of our attitudes are set as I referred to a couple of minutes ago, it's much more powerful to have someone at the desk beside you in grade one than when you're 45 years old, and that of course makes sense to the early childhood practitioners in this room. What else? They asked questions on this survey about what do you think are the negatives that persons with disability experience in Canada and Canadians reported, of course, prejudice. They could understand that intellectually that persons with disabilities are often discriminated against. There's a case in Manitoba right now where an agency was attempting to open a group home for two men with intellectual disabilities in a rural community, a bedroom community about half an hour outside Winnipeg City Limits, and the town said we don't want those people living here. They're not from that community originally, but the agency wanted to open the group home there, and, you know, the municipality has voted against it, and now it looks as though it's going to be working its way up to human rights, the human rights sport as a violation. But that's the kind of thing I'm talking about prejudice. So when we asked Canadians, well, what do you think we should do about that problem, they came up with some answers. They said, well, we need more public awareness. We need to increase public acceptance of persons with disabilities, and that makes a lot of sense. And in fact, right now the Canadian Association for Community Living is engaged in a big social media campaign. Some of you may have seen this ad appearing. If you can't read the writing right up at the top, it says chances are he'll never cure cancer, walk on the moon or be Prime Minister. But then again, neither will you. And this is called the no excuses campaign. And you'll see billboards, you'll see ads in the major newspapers. Maybe you've seen those in papers here in Alberta, I'm not sure. But, you know, this is an attempt by the largest advocacy association for persons with intellectual disabilities to do some of that, you know, attitude correction. So please watch for those. I got, and there's a whole series of them. This isn't the only one. Okay, what else? They asked a question to persons responding to the survey about do you know of any government legislation or conventions or policies or programs that support persons with disabilities? And people just blanked. They didn't know this one at all. And I'm just curious, you know, if I asked the question in this room, can you name some of the government policies that tell us about what we should be doing on behalf of persons with disabilities? I want to believe that in this room we would score better than the average Canadian did. Because in fact, only 2% of Canadians were able to name the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and only 1% referred to the Canadian Human Rights Code. And these, of course, are two overarching national pieces of, you know, legislation that tell us it's not okay to say you can't live in my neighborhood. You know, when we're in grade two, we say you can't come to my birthday party. And it's kind of the same attitude that we're seeing in this one community in Manitoba. So when we look at the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, of course it gives strength to the rights of every type of Canadian. All types of Canadians, regardless of color, regardless of religion, regardless of race, regardless of gender, regardless of sexual orientation, and regardless of mental or physical disability. This was a remarkable step in Canada that we recognized at a national level that persons with disabilities have the same rights as every other Canadian does. Big step forward for us. And, of course, our Human Rights Act at a national level, and I'm sure that Alberta's code would be congruent with that, is that it is up to service providers to accommodate, you know, including people with disabilities. So if we have a blind person employed in our workplace, we may need to have braille signs. And you'll see more and more public buildings with elevator signs, for example, that are in braille, as well as the numbers. And that's an example of accommodation that's going on. So as service providers, it's not okay for us to say, you know, you can't come to my program because you're not toilet trained, for example, which is a story I heard not that long ago about a program who denied access to a child with cerebral palsy because she wasn't toilet trained. And the nursery school teacher said, well, she'll be embarrassed in front of her friends. Well, hello. The fact is this little girl will maybe never be toilet trained. Does that mean she can't go to preschool? Does that mean she can't go to elementary school? No, it is up to the service providers to accommodate. What else? Here in Alberta, I was very pleased to see the kind of transformation that's going on in your province with respect to inclusion. So your inclusive child care program, you know, has some really strong value statements about children being children first, and that parents should have the same kind of access to programs in their community as any other parent would have. And that a quality child care program can meet the needs of all children, the special programs have been shut down over the years. And it's in the mainstream that children with special support needs are getting what they need from us. You're setting the direction framework, and I know there's information about that on your tables. Talks very clearly about this is a way of thinking and acting. I love those two things together. It's not just enough to talk about it. We need to walk the talk. So thinking and acting together is what inclusion is based on. And we need to have universal acceptance and, you know, and belonging for all kids, all students. It's a values-based approach. And number 10 in the setting the direction framework refers particularly to the government's intent to help you all to develop a model of support, you know, for children with additional support needs that works in the community. The most natural environment, not the special program, but the neighborhood play school, the magic puddle play school is where it's going to happen. And I love the part about a seamless transition into grade one, because that's often a bit of a rocky place, right? Just around the time that the child is really, you know, succeeding in the preschool environment. Now we've got to move them into a new, much bigger system with some barriers that sometimes get in the way. It's up to us to get rid of those barriers. That's on that onus is on us as service providers. You know, internationally, we've got a couple more I want to draw to your attention. Of course, there's the Convention on the Rights of the Child, not that long ago, November 20th. We celebrated Canada's signing on to that. And Article 23 within the convention speaks specifically to the rights of children with disabilities and that they need to be included in their communities. And very recently, we had the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This was the first convention in the 21st century. And it talked about a change of attitude in society is needed. Back to what my keynote theme is all about. Yeah, we need to change attitudes in order to guarantee the rights of persons with disabilities around the world. And I'm a big believer, as I think many of you are, that the place to change those attitudes is by getting it right in the early years. We can work towards an inclusive Canada, baby steps at the beginning, stories like Sean's are what inspire us to keep fighting the good fight. So then my question back to you is, have you got that attitude? And by that, I mean that good kind of attitude, not that bad kind of attitude. And, you know, the research is really clear around this. You can have all the wonderful training, you can have all the physical modifications, you can have all the pieces of specialized equipment, you can have, you know, consultants that come in and provide additional supports. But if the staff attitude is lacking, inclusion will not be in place. So it is your attitude that's absolutely critical to making this work. And so where do our attitudes come from? We talk about that they come from when, you know, the time we're little kids. I'm going to date myself a little bit. Anybody recognize this guy, Mr. Magoo? When I was a kid, Mr. Magoo cartoons were considered to be quite hysterical. And this, of course, was the story of an old man who was blind, who was always being hit by trains and falling off cliffs and terrible things happen to him. And everybody laughed at that. I don't think we'd expect to see Mr. Magoo on Canadian Children's Television today. Right? I mean, we've rethought the messages. But like, what do we share with children? What do they see reflected in their environment? What kind of books have you got? What kind of posters are there in this afternoon? I'll be showing you lots more photos, and I brought some examples of things that I'll pass around for you to see. Where do our attitudes come from and how do we influence that? We want to be using people first language. We want to be referring to the child first before the special need. When I hear about special needs children, I just cringe. All children have needs. And at any time, an individual child may have some special needs, right? But let's talk about the child first.  And then we talk about what are their additional needs and what do we need to do to support them? We want to be talking about what they can do rather than what they cannot do. There's an interesting theory that's being put out by disability advocates these days about a social model of disability, which suggests it's not the person's physical state that is the disabling condition. It's what's going on in society around them, right? So the problem is out there, not inside the person. And I really like that as sort of a conceptual framework for what it is that we do. And we've changed our language over the years, like we've gotten rid of Mr. Magoo. I'll give you an example here in Alberta. You used to have the Alberta Association for the Mentally Retarded. And these days it's called, you know, Community Living Alberta. In Manitoba we used to have an organization called the Society for Crippled Children and Adults. And now it's called the Society for Manitobans with Disabilities. Those kind of small changes in language show us where is our focus? Are we talking about the negatives? Or are we talking about these people's rights to live in the community and to be counted as citizens? So there's a bit of an attitude continuum that's gone on over time. At the beginning there was a lot of rejection. Like my grandmother being told by the health professionals at that time, you have two other children send your son to an institution. There's no place for that child here. And we still have programs that say, well, if your child's not totally trained, they can't come. And that's that rejecting kind of attitude. We also have attitudes of accepting or tolerance, like, okay, in theory, it's a good idea to have inclusion, but not in my backyard, right? I like the idea of children with disabilities going to school, but when they're in my child's classroom, does that mean my child gets less of a learning experience? You know, we accept, but we're not really comfortable with it yet. And then we have this idea of romanticizing. Many of us found our way into inclusion this way. I'll save all the little children. This wonderful place will be the rescue, right? Sometimes we say, well, let's let the child with a disability win, even though they don't deserve to win. We may accept behaviors from kids with special needs that we wouldn't accept from our typically developing children. So there's a bit of a romantic attitude there. Where I want to head towards where I hope that you're on board that inclusion train with me is to get us to a place where we're truly celebrating diversity, where we're not saying, you know, that person is different from me, but rather, we're all humans together. There's been some British studies that have looked at attitudes in the early childhood field. And some of this is really quite interesting stuff. Just going to give you a couple of the points that they came up with. They talked about providers who provide the best outcome for children are people who identify, understand and break down barriers to participation and belonging. Three strong action words. Understand what the problem is. Identify it first, understand why it's there. And then what are we going to do about it? It implies action on our part as advocates for inclusion. And sometimes the British study tells us it means that we've got to really change attitudes back to that again. We've got to find a way to help correct and transform negative attitudes. These are the things that they said were true about the best providers in Britain when they looked at early childhood programs. They got to know the kids well. They built respectful relationships. They helped children to make choices like, Hey, I mean, these are the things that you do every day in your work with children. So it's not that you need to have a PhD in inclusion to make this work, but you've got to see children as children and families as families. And you've got to have a positive can do attitude. You've got to be the kind of person that says we can make this happen as opposed to being the one who says but but but there's always going to be those but but but but we can get around them. People who work in these British programs said, you know what, we believe in what we're doing. We believe in quality and quality inclusion go together. And if we can create these wonderful learning environments, all the children benefit from them. And that's really the beliefs that we have in our special link quality inclusion rating scale. And I mean, one day, maybe I'll come back and do training only on how to use this tool. In fact, I was here in Edmonton earlier this year with grit doing that same kind of training. But these values about inclusion are really at the heart of the work the special link has been engaged in over the years. And there are a series of principles. These are like our overarching beliefs and values, things like zero reject the idea that we don't say you can't come if you're not toilet trained. And this idea of naturally occurring proportions, we know that children with special needs are out there. Are they in our programs? Right? And the same way that they are in the community, we should see those numbers reflected in our own early childhood programs. And they get to come the same days and the same hours as other families do. We don't say, well, you can only come two hours on Tuesday, because mom and dad need to work just like Sean's parents did.


Hey dropshippers, and welcome back to our YouTube channel. Today's video will be all about starting a print on demand dropshipping business in the UK. So if this is something that will interest you or you plan on starting a print on demand venture in the UK, then stay tuned. As we're all aware, print on demand is a popular online venture that offers one-of-a-kind items that your customers will indefinitely love. We know that with this business model, you can offer custom-made items on a per-order basis, which means that you'll never have to maintain physical stock. And as a result, you can enjoy a great amount of profit while taking advantage of the low business risk. Okay, so let's first start off by covering is selling print on demand products a profitable business venture? Well, believe it or not, but selling POD products is one of the most lucrative business ventures within the UK. Comcap actually reports that the global digital printing market is bound to reach £27.8 billion come 2026. Not only that, but the e-commerce industry within the UK has a low market competition, which means that you must be selling winning items and extend reliable service to your customers if you want to stay ahead of the competition. So can anybody start a POD dropshipping business? Absolutely. Just always remember that like a regular UK business, you have UK income tax obligations and custom duties too for full. Remember that these obligations are necessary in order for you to run your business legally. And if you don't comply with these requirements, you can face financial penalties and business suspensions. Despite all these legal nibs and jibs, POD dropshipping in the UK is an extremely easy industry to enter. Your online business has the potential to do extremely well if you just follow the correct processes. That sums up our frequently asked questions, so let's dive straight into the top 17 print on demand products to dropship in the UK. To kick off our list, we have tote bags, which is an essential everyday item. So basically tote bags serve as fashion accessories or reusable grocery bags. You'll find many tote bags available in canvas, cotton, woven and other eco-friendly variations. They usually come in open-zip or fastened options and you can offer them in a variety of sizes and colors. These tote bags make a great POD item as you can fully customise them using text and graphics. Our next POD item are all over print hoodies. As the name suggests, it is a piece of clothing made of cotton with full vibrant prints. Usually all over hoodies are unisex and available in a variety of sizes. You can even dropship pockets, buttons or zipped variations. Next up on our POD list are mugs. So mugs are actually one of the top POD products and are loved by any type of customer. You can offer these POD mugs as personalized gifts or kitchen must-haves. You can even sell POD mugs that change color or images when holding cold or hot liquid. Remember the more unique features your POD mug has means the more increased perceived value it will receive. When it comes to the different types of mugs, you can offer them in steel, plastic or ceramic materials. And always remember to offer your customers various mug size options. Fourth up on our POD list are coasters. So our coffee mugs and drinking glasses can leave stains on tabletops. And that's exactly where these POD coasters come in to prevent spills and stains. So when dropshipping POD coasters, you can offer them in glass, wooden, ceramic or acrylic choices. These coasters are extremely customizable so you should offer various coaster prints for your customers to choose from. Always remember to offer these coasters in various sizes and shapes and you can sell them individually or in sets. Remember that coasters are the perfect match for coffee mugs or drinking glasses so make sure to cross all these items together. Next up we have POD stickers. So stickers give a great personal touch to one's belongings and aside from that, the use of stickers can also help businesses bold their brands by showcasing their logos. For customizable stickers you can offer holograms, metallic stampings, special inks, embossed and other great options. There are also vinyl, glossy mats and transparent stickers that you can sell. Like any product you shouldn't share that you offer your customers a great variety of sticker options to choose from. And on top of that you shouldn't share that you have both waterproof and heat resistant sticker options. Up next on our POD list are yoga mats. And for anybody who loves exercising or relaxing their bodies, this would be the perfect POD product to dropship. Remember that aside from vinyl yoga mats, there are also eco-friendly variations. And of course always remember to offer your yoga mats in various sizes, shapes and print designs for your customers to choose from. Coming in at number 7 we have POD fanny packs. I mean who doesn't love making a trendy fashion statement whilst conveniently securing your essential belongings? Well the POD fanny pack is definitely your answer. If you don't know what fanny packs are they basically parches with bolts that can either be worn around your hips or over the shoulders. I like to wear mine over my shoulders because it's quite swag. Generally fanny packs are made from different fabrics, however the new varieties include waterproof features which is made from plastic. The great thing about this product is that you can obviously customize it with quirky designs, customizable prints or even personalized names. Coming in at number 8 are phone cases which is another superb POD product that we can offer to our UK audience. I mean we all love a customized phone case because it adds a personal touch to our phones. When dropshipping these customizable phone cases you should offer cases that suit different phone models. You can also consider customizing hot, gel, silicone, leather and other printable materials. And the great thing about these customizable phone cases is that you can increase your average order value. So for example you can cross-sell special accessories such as keychains, key rings, lanyards and popsockets. Next up on our POD dropshipping list are socks which are daily essentials. You can offer these attractive socks in knitted, dye sublimated, solid colored or printed options. Generally unique socks are loved by both children and adults so you should consider selling different sizes to cater for your unique UK audience. Coming in at number 10 on our POD list are backpacks and these items are extremely practical because they carry literally everything from small items to bulky belongings. So when customizing backpacks you can offer printing of personalized ticks, graphics and all over print options. Apart from the designs, styles that come with pockets and compartments are a must. So when dropshipping these POD backpacks you should consider offering them in various styles and sizes especially on materials we are able to print designs on them. Up next we have POD drawstring bags which is another practical item to hold belongings. Due to their easy to customize nature, drawstring bags are the best selling POD products in the UK. The most popular types of drawstring bags you'll find include canvas, mesh and nylon. Remember that these drawstring bags are also eco-friendly substitutes for shopping plastic bags. And because this is a POD product you can add one of the kind prints such as quotations, personalized names, graphics and all over prints. Coming in at number 12 on our list we have magnets which are popular souvenir items and they also make great refrigerator ornaments. There are hundreds and thousands of numerous types of magnets that you can customize and sell. In particular you can offer ceramic, polyvinyl, rubber, silicone, metal and other great options. Since magnets are everywhere nowadays take advantage of this item's popularity by adding your brand logo to the designs. Coming in at number 13 we have unisex t-shirts which are one of the most popular products to dropship in the POD industry. From classic T's to V-necks we can put any design on t-shirts. And because they are here around necessity t-shirts are a great source of income for dropshipping. Remember that these personalize names, statements, photos and messages that you can print on t-shirts. And of course add graphics and all over print options too. Another great way to upsize by offering matching t-shirts for couples on anniversaries or for families during reunions. Coming in at number 14 on our top POD products list are keychains and these items can function as name plates, key holders and bag accessories. There are a variety of keychains made from different shapes and materials. And in particular you can find keychains made from fabric, plastic, neoprene, wood, leather and other materials. Some keychains are pre-designed while others also allow for engraving which makes it a great gift option too. Remember that keychains are generally low cost and handy so you can sell them in bundles at special rates such as bar 10 at 10% worth. Coming in at number 15 are POD notebooks and whether you're using a notebook to jot down some notes or for journaling, customized notebooks is a great idea because they'll always be in demand. POD notebooks come in ruled, dotted, plain and gridded pages and you can even offer the personalization of pages such as the addition of names, colors and graphics. You usually find notebooks with either hard plastic, paper or leather covers that you're able to print on and to add aesthetic to the notebook cover you can add wraparound string, page dividers and even pen holders within the notebook. Our second and last POD products are aprons. Cooking or gardening can be more enticing when you're wearing creative aprons. Remember to offer these customizable aprons in fabrics that are both absorbent, washable and waterproof. Of course offer aprons in different styles and sizes with a variety of customized prints and designs for your customers to choose from. And to end our POD product list off we have posters. Posters can showcase self-portraits, inspirational words and other works of art. They can also serve as gifts for loved ones or decor to plain walls. Posters generally come in different sizes and you can offer them in a vast variety of materials. These materials usually include foam, PVC, paperboard, acrylic and other durable materials. The great news is that you can print whatever your heart desires on posters. Now I'm going to walk you through the top POD supplies that you can use to drop ship the trending print on demand products I've just mentioned. And kicking off our POD supplies list we have InkThreadable. InkThreadable is the eco-friendly UK company that integrates sustainable processes and materials when producing POD items. They house a domestic distribution center within the UK which means that your UK customers should receive their orders within 7 working days. They also provide a vast range of high quality POD products. However working with this supplier can be quite expensive and shipping outside of the UK can take some time. The next POD company is the most popular supplier within the print on demand game and that is of course Printful. So starting off with this supplier Printful utilizes many printing methods to produce high quality POD drop shipping products. They also extend a 20% discount for sample orders. The great thing about this supplier is that they also offer branding solutions to online sellers. They allow for the addition of logos and branding labels to packages. By using this feature drop shippers can establish their brands because it increases brand awareness. However setting the shipping arrangements on Printful can be extremely complex. Not only that but compared to other POD suppliers out there, profit margins with Printful are quite low. And that's why it's extremely important to set flexible prices and to market one of the kind products to attract customers. Our next POD supplier is Redbubble. Redbubble offers over 70 product ideas on its site for drop shippers to choose from. Redbubble also adopts a marketplace like setup which means that buyers can easily search for products. This way you'll be able to establish a substantial customer base without spending too much cash on marketing. And the best advantage of them all is that Redbubble is integrated with AutoDS. So that means that the processes from product finding to order performance means that it can all be automated. However Redbubble's vast selection of products doesn't always guarantee good quality products. And you should also expect low shipping times for some items from Redbubble. Another POD supplier favorite is Printify and they work with numerous print on demand service providers in the UK. That just essentially means that they provide drop shippers with the opportunity to work with numerous print partners. They also provide a premium package with a 20% discount on all orders upon sign up. And they're also integrated with popular selling channels such as Shopify, Wix and eBay. However, despite having several print providers, online sellers can sometimes find it really difficult to pick the right partner. And in relation to that, the product quality also depends on the print provider. Our next POD company is Contrado and this supplier has its own production facility. That means that you can expect consistent quality of the POD products that you drop ship to the UK. Their facility ensures low waste, low carbon and swift production methods. However, this POD company has a limited product category and quite a few of the items are expensive. But even with a limited product catalog, you can ensure that you're sourcing high quality items that will satisfy your customers' expectations. Next up on our POD suppliers list, we have Snuggle. So the great thing about Snuggle is that it doesn't require minimum order requirements. Thus, you can score huge discounts from bulk orders on Snuggle. They also utilize modern printing techniques. And as a result, you can get high standard printer products at competitive prices. However, Snuggle only offers a few product options just for now, which essentially means that you'll have less freedom to customize your POD products. Our seventh POD supplier is 215 and 215 has domestic centers located within the UK, which means that UK customers will receive their orders between one to five working days. They also provide real-time updates, which improves the overall customer experience. And the supplier integrates with different e-commerce platforms such as Etsy, Shopify and more. However, keep in mind that you are limited to a selection of POD products on 215. And our final POD supplier is Gelato, which is an extremely seller-friendly platform. The great thing about the supplier is that there is no minimum order requirements on its products and it utilizes top quality equipment to produce unique POD products. Not only that, but Gelato integrates with e-commerce platforms for easier product listings and selling procedures. However, working with Gelato can be more expensive than other POD suppliers out there, and you have limited customization options on some of their items. Now we're going to dive straight into how you can start your own POD business in the UK by following these six easy steps. Step one is to conduct product research for finding best-selling products in the UK. So let's briefly go through some of the effective product finding methods that you can use to find those best sellers. So first up, we can search suppliers' trending products, and to do this, we can filter the search results according to the best-selling category. This way we'll know what products clients search and buy the most of. And once we've gathered enough ideas, we can add these products straight to our stores. Another method we can use is Google Trends, and by searching for relevant keywords, we'll be able to see how many searches a specific product gained in the UK. Once you have knowledge of this data, you'll easily be able to make a decision of what products you should be importing to your online store. The next old faithful method that you can use is to analyze your competition. You can use the Coal Inspector, which is the spy tool for Shopify stores. And with this, you'll gain knowledge on what other sellers are offering and how much sales they are making from their product listings. Our final method is that you can use our Autodesk Product Research tool, which is an all-in-one product-finding solution for UK dropshipping businesses. You can filter search results such as UK warehouses, suppliers, price ranges, and more. This tool also allows you to search millions of items from several suppliers in just a few seconds. Step two is to now select a UK POD supplier, and here are some factors to consider when choosing your dropshipping supplier. First up, make sure they have a wide selection of print-on-demand products for your customers to choose from. Next up, make sure that your supplier has good customer reviews. When products and services get high positive feedback, you know that your supplier is doing something good and they are reliable. Next, ensure that you note the minimum order quantity policy of your supplier. Remember, you only want to give what your customers ask for and not source more than the demand. Therefore, suppliers with no MOQ policy go at the top of our list. Next, make sure that your supplier offers great customer service. Offering good customer service isn't essential to any business out there. Not only that, but it also differentiates your business from your competition and it helps you establish a more loyal customer base. Next up, make sure that you offer fast shipping times. Remember, the speed of shipping equates to customer satisfaction. That means the faster you deliver orders means the happier your customers will become, and the more than likely you purchase from your store again. And finally, make sure that you have practical and clear return and exchange policies. Step three is to select a selling channel for your store, and this basically means what platform you will choose to host your online store on. So our top performing UK selling channels are Shopify, Wix and eBay. Let's run through them together. So starting off with Shopify, this platform does not generate any free organic traffic, which means that you'll have to incorporate effective marketing techniques in order to attract a substantial UK audience. Other than that, you can enjoy English POD product listings on Shopify because it has no selling limits, and Shopify stores are fully customizable, allowing you to produce a unique store. So when it comes to Wix, Wix lacks organic traffic too. However, you can optimize your POD product listings, and because Wix is a website builder, you can create a unique store from scratch. Now in contrast to Shopify and Wix, eBay is actually a marketplace. Therefore, you can enjoy free organic traffic on the platform. Apart from that, eBay offers free seller accounts, which is helpful to beginners in e-commerce when building their stores. However, on the downside, when using this platform, you can't fully customize your eBay store. You're only limited to a few things that you can do. Step four is to create one-of-a-kind print-on-demand designs for your products. And ways to produce these extraordinary creations for your POD products is to one, create them yourselves, two, hire designers or from Fiverr, or three, purchase pre-designed templates from creative markets. Step five is to show your online store to the world, and you can do this by effectively marketing your POD items. Let's go through some of the essential marketing techniques you can use for the different selling channels. So let's start off with Shopify and Wix. Since these platforms don't generate organic traffic, we need to utilize proven marketing tools to attract UK customers to our store. We can do this by using Facebook ads, influencer marketing, email marketing, and of course, a blog. When it comes to eBay, eBay already generates a significant amount of organic traffic. However, the competition in this marketplace is huge. That there means that we have to incorporate effective marketing methods in order to stay steps ahead of your type competition. You can do this by utilizing promoted listing standards or promoted listings advanced. Remember, the article version of this video covers all the marketing methods in depth. So make sure to check it out if you are confused or want to know the difference between all methods. Step six is to launch your UK POD business, and here are some tips to consider. Firstly, make sure to offer a diverse selection of your print-on-demand items. Secondly, order test samples from your suppliers first so you can ensure that you are delivering high-quality products to your customers. Thirdly, to consistently stay at the top, make sure that you are conducting thorough product research. And fourthly, make sure you are selling the right products according to your target UK markets. Well done, you've made it to the end. Unfortunately, I will not be seeing you in the next video as this is my final video for our YouTube channel. I will however be seeing you in the comments section of our other social media channels. On that note, make sure to join our Facebook and Discord community and interact with me on our YouTube community. Thank you for all the love and support on my videos throughout the previous months of this year. I'll miss you dropshippers and good luck on your journeys as always. Bye for now!


Hi, and welcome back to a second video dealing with linear homogeneous recurrence relations. In this video, we're going to introduce the concepts of the characteristic equation and characteristic roots for linear homogeneous recurrence relations of orders one or two. So let's think back to an example we saw in class where the recurrence relation was given by a sub n is equal to two times a sub n minus one. This is a linear homogeneous first order recurrence relation. We saw that a closed form solution to this recurrence relation was a of n equals two to the nth power. Similar reasoning should convince you that if I have any similar recurrence relation where r here is just a constant, just a single number, then a sub, then a of n equals r to the nth power will be a solution to that one. So building from this, what happens when we have a linear second order homogeneous recurrence relation like this one? You should first check to see that just peeling off the numbers and making exponential functions out of them, which worked for the starter example, does not work here. These two things are not closed formula solutions to the recurrence relation. However, maybe there is some number out there, let's call it r, such that a of n equals r to the nth is a solution. So we're going to make this guess and then see what would have to follow. Well, if r to the nth power is a solution, then if I plug that formula in for the terms of the recurrence relation, I should get this formula. Now, all those formulas have a lot of factors of r, so if we divide off both sides of this equation by r to the n minus 2, that will give me this formula, which now no longer has any n's in it. If I get all the terms onto one side of the equation, I see an equation that would not be out of place in a high school algebra class. This equation which we get from inserting the initial guess of r to the nth power into the recurrence relation and then simplifying is called the characteristic equation for the recurrence relation. Here are a couple more examples. The first one is a simple first order recurrence relation. We first substitute the formula in for the recurrence relation, simplify, and then get this equal to zero. So the simple linear equation r minus 3 equals zero is the characteristic equation for this recurrence relation. The second example here is a linear homogeneous second order recurrence relation. Substitute the r to the nth power formula in for the recurrence relation, then simplify, and then get this equal to zero. The quadratic you see here is the characteristic equation for the second order recurrence relation. One last concept for this video is the characteristic roots for a recurrence relation. These are just the algebraic roots of the characteristic equation. That is what you would get by actually solving the characteristic equation once you have set it up. In the first example from earlier, the characteristic equation was this, and so when we factor it, we see that the characteristic roots are one and two. In that simple first order example from the last slide, we have this characteristic equation, and so obviously the characteristic root, there's only one of them this time is r equals 3. Again, there's only one of these because this was a first order recurrence relation. Generally speaking, a second order recurrence relation should have two roots, although in some cases those roots may be a single root that's repeated or two imaginary roots. The last example here gave us this characteristic equation, and by factoring the characteristic equation, we see that the roots are three and two. Finally, note that not all quadratic equations can be solved easily by factoring as we know, and so sometimes we may have to use the quadratic formula to get at these characteristic roots. Thanks for watching.


Recently, we covered the unusual connections which have been made between the ancient Egyptian civilization and the Australian continent. The strange, yet not often discussed discoveries such as that of Tutankhamen's vast Boomerang collection, the vast and extremely controversial hieroglyphs discovered near Queensland, known as the Gosford Glyphs, locally known for centuries as the Wojwoj hieroglyphs, which clearly depict the burial ceremony of an Egyptian god, the cross-specific voyage undertaken, and a pyramid supposedly constructed upon the continent. There is, however, so much more. At Tin Can Bay, the chosen location of this once existing ancient Egyptian pyramid, for some reason over the last century, a massive cover-up operation has ensued. The pyramid subsequently bulldozed onto a barge and the stone dumped off Fraser Island. The 10 to 12 men who were involved in this lengthy, destructive, and highly criminal task all signed secrecy agreements with the Australian government, agreeing to never tell anyone of their operation to rob Australians and the rest of the world of a truly historical understanding. Many people have researched this destroyed controversial structure, and through extensive excavations and fact-finding exhibitions have fortunately confirmed its past existence beyond any doubt. Although other ancient ruins have been found in the area, all have been extensively researched by individuals funded by organizations who would prefer that they arrive at certain conclusions. Thus, they may have largely been put down as being built in the last 200 years in many academic papers. However, many independent investigators have spent over 20 years attempting to decipher the pyramid's mysterious existence. The pyramid was noted as existing by the very first white explorers to the area. The Aboriginal population had been aware of the structure for millennia. During numerous excavations of the Tin Can Bay area, several large stone statues were recovered. It is difficult to deny an attempted suppression of the pyramid's discovery when you are made aware of the fact that out of the five animal statues uncovered at the site, only one survives. Thanks to being buried within archives at the time of the other statue's disappearances, a creature not native to Australia, explaining the presence of ancient Egyptian-style mummification rites once practiced among the Tories Strait Islanders and Cape York aboriginal tribes, as well as associated rites and beliefs, have also paralleled the same teachings of the religion of Osiris. Although many scholars, funded for many different conclusions, have all attempted to discredit the pyramid as a modern knock-off, this is in staunch rejection of the overwhelming and very real evidence in the form of cultural artifacts, which paint a very different picture of events, events which occurred within antiquity. I have to wonder, why a story based entirely in fiction is passed off as the truth? One of our favorite set of artifacts defending a factual account of history, have to be the scarab beetles which, while certain authorities clearly attempt to keep the lid on Egyptian culture within Australia, cannot seem to get away from. These beautiful things just keep being unearthed, the first such artifact which managed to make it to popular attention before disappearing forever, was a specimen made of chert dug up by a workman in 1976. The truth, it appears, is indeed out there. It is just a case of finding it. In 1879, British archaeologist Weynman Dixon successfully retrieved a number of mysterious artifacts from within the infamous lower northern shaft of the Great Pyramid of Khufu. One of these artifacts was a small piece of a square wooden rod, which has since disappeared. The only artifact to conveniently go missing, and the only artifact which could have produced an accurate dating for what seems was a rather elaborate prior attempt to overcome a sophisticated array of blocking stones and vertical passageways, which confront all who try to breach the innermost sanctums of this mysterious pyramid. The reason for this past mission, or indeed who undertook such an attempt, remain a mystery, but their motive will soon become clear. One of Weynman's other finds, resembling a small grappling hook with two rivets, matches two holes in a square rod still lodged up in the vertical northern shaft, clearly left by these wannabe tomb raiders. It seems that these highly talented acrobatic grave robbers couldn't make it any further, and once one becomes aware of the existence of a large hidden chamber built into the pyramid's design, placed just above this unexplored shaft, you will inevitably begin to wonder, what could possibly be hiding up there? Indeed, it's a well-known fact that the builders of these structures were notorious for their superhuman efforts in concealment.  The upper region of this northern shaft constitutes the last remaining unexplored areas due to the impossible access angle. We know it's there, and all we have to do is apply existing technology in getting in there, Rudolf Gattenbrink told the press. It must be noted, although the mention of tombs has been made, the evidence to suggest such is based solely upon a number of parchment and a single mark found within an interior chamber of the pyramid, naming a gang and the fourth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh, Khufu. Egyptologists have taken these fragmentary factors and concluded that all pyramids were therefore built as tombs, the great one being built over a 10 to 20 year period concluding around 2560 BC. It seems the entire thesis of ancient Egyptian legacy is built around a few mentions of the pyramids as tombs. No mummies or burial artefacts except a tiny box claimed to be that of the sarcophagus of Khufu has ever been found in the pyramids. Additionally, and perhaps more importantly, Khufu's Egyptian civilization, along with all subsequent and prior dynasties, cataloged tremendous details regarding their existence, yet all, for some reason, seemingly forget to mention the construction of the biggest, most mysterious structures on earth, or indeed how they did it. What could there possibly be hidden within this chamber? This unexplored and clearly sought after secret room, a room which is seemingly unrobable. With mainstream Egyptologists, archaeologists and academic historians alike insisting that these amazing pyramids were once unquestionably tombs which were robbed completely over the millennia. Whatever this room contains may settle this once and for all. All over the earth ancient structures can be found, megaliths made of quarried stones many tons in weight. They are often found to have been perched atop one another with no mortar and seemingly little effort. One hench, for example, underwent a restoration effort shortly after the Second World War, a project which consisted of several cranes, diggers, trucks and lorries. One has to wonder, if one goes by currently accepted timelines, of course, just how did such primitive people manage to build these amazing enormous structures? Structures such as the very ancient gateway in Tonka, still consisting of three 40-ton lumps of coral, the granite stones within the king's chamber at Kufu weighing in at 80 tons, or the stone of the south at Baalbek in Lebanon, the largest officially recorded worked monolith on earth weighing in at a staggering 1242 tons. There is of course other theories, and although to some, one in particular may not seem at all possible, it is far more of a viable option than currently attested archaeological views. Along with Stonehenge, another site we tend to unravel in the future, although a lot more modern is Coral Castle, an Ullite limestone structure that was built in Florida, and in particular, Edward Leedskallen, the man who built it. With the aid of a somewhat suspect black box, often spotted atop of his confusing array of multi-ton lifting wooden contraptions. This leads us on to our main topic of the video. It seems that Edward, like a few other known individuals throughout history, may have deciphered a piece of lost knowledge, information which allowed them to create rudimentary lifting devices with the ability of lifting stones many tons in weight effortlessly. In the small pockets of the world where advanced ancient cultures lived, prospered and vanished into history, places where their ancient ruins remain untouched by all but nature. These were found describing these exact technologies. Sites such as Pumapunka, Stonehenge, and in particular, Easter Island, where not only does there still exist accounts of the huge moi statues, floated along the coast by way of strange chants, the places in which the priests hid within the caves also still exist. These rituals in apparent frequency. Could this be a form of lost knowledge, or technology? Which was responsible for the building of the many unexplained sites found around the world. Vibrational technology, capable of making any inorganic object regardless of size, weightless? This would have allowed craft, previously impossible of flight, to float across the heavens, vindicating many historical accounts of Viminas. Additionally, the levitation of physical objects by tapping into their atomic resonance is currently being redeveloped. The University of Bristol in England has created a handheld device with an array of speakers that can levitate light materials with sound alone. The more time that passes, and the more technologically advanced we become, the more we begin to understand these amazing ancient structures. And although, for some, the realizations that these technological epiphanies induce, for example, accepting the possibility of a past highly advanced ancient civilization, which ended with an equally as possible global cataclysm, could be seen as altering of a worldview to understand what's true is far from detrimental.


Let's check this out. You are mentioning that this is Basin with a special geographic footage I would love to see that footage. Here's what is going on because my first impression Watching this a couple things a Crocodile seems very very slow. They're they're usually really fast at the moment And also the thing is I will probably get this guy on the water or maybe just the nose The nostrils are are showing then shoots up for a bigger surprise. I'd be surprised This little creature goes like yeah, it could be fine But also for the viewer could be kind of interesting to see You know, maybe you can drink. I mean I'm adding stuff. I know you don't have to do that I'm just saying it could be kind of need to see Down here drinking Head goes up a couple of steps all the while the nostrils come closer Then it shoots up, but you know, I told you on the same if you don't want to change this But the main thing is that the attack seems really really slow I'm also surprised that this reaction doesn't come sooner. You would think that if this Is around here and I'm imagining the rest is on the water It's just the head comes out here. There's gonna be water splashing that creature is so Not to use it, but it's so tuned in to a tax like that.  I mean Creature suffering, but that movement while it's being bitten sure Here just seems like the the crocodiles very stiff like this moving up seems to be mostly in one axis going up Then kind of turning over while kind of sitting here. Nothing's moving. It's kind of pivots off the neck turns around So to me it feels like even if this would be the footage I think For I mean, it's horrible to say for entertainment value I mean all depends what this is for right if you just want to replicate the footage And that's a different thing But for me in terms of adding things and contrast and all kind of stuff like I said Up on the water just the nostrils are coming forward and you can always have some wood debris and some other stuff Flowing maybe this way or other ways. There's always stuff moving So you think that the nostrils are kind of part of the other stuff that's moving I would just extend the surface so you got a nice actual horizon You can put some trees just here. Maybe I don't know whatever you want to do But it could be kind of neat to just have stuff floating so you think nostrils are part of it Then the sudden surprise Once you hear I would do a classic I would say classic I'm assuming a crocodile is doing that and not an alligator or vice versa There is my limit of crocodile alligator knowledge, but a Classic thing is that they turn around so as he does this it would turn turn turn and then you know give this give this person crazy action for a Bigger contrasting moment and then you can go on the water And then you can always at the ends of that come up again like just the face comes up and You'll yell in the one last dunk on the water. I mean that could be something and it could be cool some Once it gets into here some handheld camera that kind of follows the action kind of pans over This way you can't need But that is absolutely up to you But again, I would say email me let me know about the national geographic footage I'm curious what that looks like and then let me know what your intentions are if you just want to Use it as you know somewhat inspiration and then add things to it Do you want to keep this photo real in terms of the footage in the movement, right? Is the animation going to be photo real or do you want to make this a bit more stylized? Those are all questions that I would Think about now was still in a fairly rough stage You still have that you know the option to change your timing and change Motion so it fits that style before you get too far into it. All right. That's it. Thank you All right, there's an email you can sign up you can start whenever you want you can submit whatever you want You get 16 submissions either way a like and subscribe would be awesome. All right. Thank you


The Jack Benny program quality of product is essential to continuing success Lucky strike means fine tobacco so round so firm so fully packed so free and easy on the draw LS MFT MFT MFT you bet and how lucky strike means fine tobacco so round so firm so fully packed so free and easy on the draw Independent tobacco experts present at the tobacco auction can see the makers of lucky strike consistently select and buy the finer The lighter the naturally milder lucky strike tobacco this fine lucky strike tobacco means real deep down smoking and joy So it's not that smoke of fine tobacco lucky strike And now ladies and gentlemen as you all know last Tuesday was VE day But as person Truman said we still have a problem and here he is Jack Benny talking and on the president didn't mean me he meant Japan Japan that little body of land surrounded by mimits But getting back to VE day this morning has been a story week hasn't it done? I certainly hasn't Jack when you were overseas. I'll bet you have no idea the Germans would surrender when they did What would you mind repeating that down? I said when you were overseas I'll bet you had no idea the Germans would surrender when they did Don are you kidding? What look now that it can be told let me tell you now wait a minute Jack You're not going to tell me that you planned the invasion.  I didn't call for anything if you didn't go overseas to entertain the boys Why did you go down when Churchill comes over here and hands you a note from Eisenhower?  Hello Jack. Hello, John. Hi everybody. Hey, you're pretty happy tonight Why shouldn't I be even though we still have work to do at least the fighting in Europe is over That's right, and Mary you want to know something Jack's taking credit for the whole thing Oh for heaven's sake Jack, what do you know about military affairs? Listen sister I was in the Navy during the last war and if I must say so myself I was a darn good sailor some sailor that was 27 years ago, and you still haven't got your 85 points Mary don't be funny. I helped make naval history.  Anyway, John was talking about what I did in this war That's right, Mary and Jack claims that he went overseas because I was an hour sent for it. Eisenhower sent for you?  He came over to my house I wasn't home, so we walked around to the back porch and stuck it in the milk bottle So naturally I Come in Mr. Benny. Yes, you may not remember me after all these years But I was in the name you the same time you were a great leg. Yes, sir. The name is Flanagan. Oh, I can see one very class.  We'll have a bite and talk over all the time Hey Benny remember the first day you joined the Navy You got out of ship saluted novices like your thumb and you know about that. They know about that I'll never forget you hang in there by your suspenders They called you Benny the human yo-yo Look Flanigan remember the time you had a watch tattooed on your wrist, so you wouldn't have to buy one Now go sit down. That's terrible. Where was I? On the back porch with a milk bottle Oh, yes Well, I left the note from Eisenhower packed it fast as I could grab the first plane and when I arrived overseas Who do you think I met? The milk man. He had the milk first You're not gonna believe anything I say there's no use letting me in. Oh, Mr. Benny. What do you matter about? Oh, nothing Larry. It's just that I've been telling Mary and Don about my military accomplishments, and they don't believe me Oh, well, why don't you tell to me mr. Benny? I believe you. You won't get sure it's in my contract Oh, oh, yes, well clear kid. Hmm. You see like when I was overseas I perfected a new system to dive by me You did yes, and it doesn't state my system. I took a bomber of 5,000 feet putting the guys You flew a dive on it Certainly What are you laughing at? You're the only man I know who blacks out on a merry-go-round That only happened once I was reaching for the brass ring and the buckle book on my safety belt Anyway Larry, I'll tell you more about it later. Let's have your song now. Okay Hey Benny Now what?  Plan again. Oh, oh, oh, for two weeks we had to stand on a dock and float food at you Larry go ahead and sing Throwing food at me they could at least open the age You know Larry Stevens very good Larry and now as I started to tell you after I perfected the dive bomber I came back Hey, Jackson. Hello, Libby. You clowns getting any laughs? Hello, Phil. What do you hear from Vermouth Vermont? All right. All right, Jackson. So I made a mistake last week that can happen to anybody I know but it was written right in the script French removed and you called it French Vermont All right. I'm sorry Don't you know the difference between Vermouth and Vermont?  Now wait a minute, Jackson. You ain't gonna hang that on me I've been on the wagon for three months and I haven't touched the drop Well, congratulations for three months you haven't had a suit Say Phil, this is the first time I ever noticed it You got blue eyes I want to see two Well, you can take our word for it. You're very pretty Say Phil, how's your nightclub doing now that the curfew has been lifted? Oh, well, Libby, swell. You know, he listed the ban on racing, too That won't make no difference to me, Jackson. We never serve many horses anyway I may not make any difference to you, but Crosby is very happy about it. He can race his horses again Yeah, now that the curfew is listed, they won't have to come in by midnight I don't want to change the subject, but you know, next Sunday we're broadcasting from San Francisco And we're leaving tonight, so I want you all to... Now take it Hello? Long distance? Just a minute, Mary, it's for you, clean field New Jersey Oh, it must be Mama Hello? Hello, Mama, I was going to call you right after the show Happy Mother's Day It's good to hear your voice, too Please, Papa He's in the refrigerator reading a newspaper What? Oh, all the other lights have burned out What a family. How's your sister, Bay? I'll find out Say Mama, how's her heaven's sake when? What happened, Mary? She got her nose caught in the vacuum cleaner I knew she could do it You couldn't remove the vacuum cleaner, so you sent for the head of the FBI? I wonder how she breathes with that vacuum cleaner on her nose Mama, how can Bay breathe with a nose stuck in the vacuum cleaner? Oh, you keep it running Look, Mary, we're doing a program Mama, I've got to hang up now, so I'll write you a law Mary, please Cousin Bobby got out of the Army under the new system? Well Long, he was discharged and had enough points left over to buy a happy Mother's Day You know, Mary, I like your mother In fact, today we should all pay tribute to the one person to whom we owe so much It's for myself, I can say, all that I am today I owe to my mother Now, wait a minute, Jackson You ain't going to blame any sweet little old lady on that We'll just take your vermouth and go back to Vermont Now, kids, as I thought it would say before Many. When are you going to get to that clever stuff? What? You know that part where you go Wait a minute, wait a minute I don't do that, you're talking about the commercials Yeah, that's the stuff I like Well, those guys rush out and say, Right, sir, yes, sir, you bet Lucky strike means fine tobacco So round, so firm, so fully packed So free and easy on the job Way a matter And a train cricket, you got Cricket? Yeah, the one that goes tick, tick, tick, tick, tick How is that a man did that? When are you going to get to that? That comes later at the end of the show Well, hurry up, get through with your stuff Well, yes, you're holding things down All right, all right, planning and sit down Now, kids, as I thought it would tell you We're all meeting tonight at the station A half hour before our train leaves I got to run home now Because I got some last minute packing to do What time is it now, Jack? I don't know, my tattoo isn't running I mean, my watch isn't running Now, Phil, you and the rest of the gang Finish the program and see that Nobody misses a train Okay, Jackson So long, kid See you later After I'm late and I've got to hurry Come on, help me I've always started packing for you, boys Oh, swell How far have you gotten?  Uh, new blade?  I'm about half done Good And say, Rochester, I've been meaning to tell you I might be entertaining some important delegates From the conference, like, well, like Anthony Eden And I want you to be very dignified Dignified?  This is Jack Benny, star of the cinema legitimate drama and wireless Ordered black photographs, two for shilling Man of the army, marines, or his majesty's navy, hot price Hey, come again? Oh, this is most dispensing Most dispensing Right home, I'll tell you Cheerio, that's it That's better, I guess, sir You tell her, sir He said you caught toss this afternoon Unless you pay in advance for your pond I have to begin Before we get to San Francisco Now you finish packing While I go into my vault And get some money Well, I better cross over the moat to the safe Oh, who goes there? Oh, it's only me, Ed I want to get into my safe Oh, it's you, Mr. Benny Yes Well, we're having very lovely weather now, Ed It's spring again Spring? That must be nice By the way, Ed I've got some good news for you The war in Europe is over Germany surrendered on Tuesday Oh, that's wonderful Did they, uh... They catch the kaiser? No, no, Ed That was... Oh, I'll explain it to you some other time Right now I'd like to open my safe Very good, sir Shall I put on my blindfold? Of course not, Ed Of course not, I trust you Now, let's see The combination is right to 45 Left to 160 Back to 15 Then left to 110 There How much money will I need? I'll be in San Francisco for 10 days I'll be hotel bills, meals, entertainment, tips $15 ought to be enough Maybe I should take 20 Nah, if I take a lot, I'll just spend it I'll take 15 But then again, maybe I'll need 20 Oh, well, I'll play safe and take 17.50 There Bye, Mr. Benny Goodbye, Ed See you in the fall I'll be here Well, come on, Rochester We better wait in the station Rochester, check my bag I'm going up to the information booth To make sure about the time I train leaves Yes, sir And, pardon me Are you the information clerk? Well, what do you think I am in this cage? A bird of paradise?  Well, which train do you want to go on? The Lark or the Owl? What's the difference? The Lark and same silly Look, I want to go on the The evening on track by For Anaheim, Azusa, and Cuckamonga Well, there's no need to tell Here I am We'll be back in just a minute With a very important message But first here's my good friend L.A. Speed Racer For the... Quality of product is essential To continuing success Lucky strike means fine tobacco And that's quality where fine quality counts Right in the tobacco itself Yes, lucky strike means fine tobacco The finer, the lighter, the naturally milder Lucky strike tobacco So smoke that smoke of fine tobacco Lucky strike So round, so firm, so fully packed So free and easy on the draw The famous tobacco auctioneer Is here on tonight's program And Mr. L.A. Speed Rigs of Goldsboro, North Carolina And Mr. Effie Boone of Lexington, Kentucky And Mr. Effie Boone of Lexington, Kentucky L.S.M.F.T. L.S.M.F.T. L.S.M.F.T. Fine tobacco makes a fine cigarette So smoke that smoke of fine tobacco Lucky strike So round, so firm, so fully packed So free and easy on the draw the draw. Ladies and gentlemen, it seems like more than a coincidence that Mother's Day should fall on the first Sunday after VE Day, and the very glowing tributes have been played to mothers everywhere. At this moment, I wish it were possible to tune in on the hearts and thoughts of the mothers whose fighting sons are far away from home. And then we would learn the true meaning of VE Day and Mother's Day. They probably wouldn't express their feelings in a lot of fancy words. Perhaps they couldn't. But then they don't have to because we can see in their faces not only sorrow and anxiety, but courage and faith. Mothers who have given the most and asked the least are doing the hardest job to be done in war. Staying at home, waiting. So today our thoughts and prayers are with all mothers, as well as the hope that by next Mother's Day their journeys will come marching home.


Okay, so I will talk about Solidity's roadmap for 2020. Having said that, the Solidity project is not a project that has fixed roadmaps. And this is also one reason why we're having this summit here to talk about future features and agree if we want to have them and how. So there is one thing we very much focus on, and that is completely set, and that is the re-implementation of the code generator using our Intermediate Language UL. We are currently, yeah, roughly at 50% implementation of the full language features. And yeah, we'll talk more about that later. And then a second important thing is the SMT checker, so our formal verification tool. We would also like to get almost full coverage of the whole language until the end of the year. But yeah, for both these topics, we'll have to see how far we can. And then maybe more interesting for you. We plan to have at least one, maybe two breaking releases with new breaking features. Some features can, of course, also be introduced in non-breaking releases. And yeah, I would just like to highlight some of the breaking features that I myself find interesting. And for one, this is a feature that makes the copying semantics more explicit and also makes at least reference types immutable by default. So if you want to have a memory array where you can change values, then you have to specifically mention that at the point of declaration. There will be a discussion session on that topic on day two at 7 p.m. CST. And then another topic, save math by default. This is arithmetic overflow checking at runtime introduced automatically by the compiler. We did not introduce that for a long time for two reasons. The first is that we think that the existing optimizer has a hard time dealing with that. And the second is that it can introduce new bugs, but we see that everyone is just using the save math library. And because of that, we would like to have a discussion on whether we should introduce that by default or not. And that discussion will be on today at 3.40 p.m. Then another interesting feature is call data variables. We already have the call data location specifier for function parameters of external functions, but there's no really big reason why call data cannot be used for any other variables. So local variables and parameters in internal functions. And I think this could yield nice performance improvements because it does not, so because when you have a memory variable and just use that for call data content, then you always need a copy to memory which could be unnecessary. And in addition, it guarantees that you can modify the content of such variables. Then another interesting topic is language server. So during the last, actually it's last week's few months, we noticed that people have a hard time debugging solidity code and just in general working with, so in general the development process could be better. And because of that, we thought about implementing a language server as part of the compiler. Language server is an initiative started by Microsoft to standardize the interface between compilers and debuggers and IDEs. And as soon as you have a language server for a language implemented, then any IDE that also has language server support can work with that language. So this is a nice generic way to provide access to compiler features. And the cool thing about that is things like go to definition are probably rather easy to implement for us. And while server IDEs already might have that feature, the interesting thing about implementing it in the compiler itself is that when you use the go to definition feature in the IDE, it uses exactly the same code that does the identifier resolution during code generation. So you're 100% sure that it goes to exactly the same definition that is referenced in the final code. Yeah, tomorrow at 4.30 PM. And then yeah, also in the same direction we want to improve the output of the compiler that can be used for debuggers or more general, I don't know how would you call it, code inspection routines. This is an initiative that was started by the Truffle team last year, or maybe even two years ago. And some more teams joined in in the meantime. And yeah, the discussion about that will be today at 8.50 PM. And yeah, two things that we always do in parallel regardless of specific features is improving the new Yule-based optimizer and improving the WebAssembly output. And these two are kind of interconnected. And yeah, talking about Yule, let's go a bit more into detail about Yule because there are still some misconceptions around about Yule. Yule is a simplistic intermediate language we have been using for quite a long time, at least for parts of the compiler. And the idea behind Yule is that it should be human readable and not only machine readable. And we hope that we can build our Yule optimizer or currently, yeah, we hope that it has that feature to generate code that is still readable by humans even after the optimization. There will be two sessions around Yule. One of them is about Yule Plus. That is an extension of Yule developed by Nick Dodson and that is today at 10 past five. And then right after that at 5.40, a discussion group about new features for Yule. And yeah, our hope with Yule is that it allows people to understand much more what is happening behind the scenes in the compiler that it allows to actually inspect the generated optimized Yule code that is then very, very close to EVM bytecode. And it allows this Yule code to be fully audited and because of that, you do not have to rely on yeah, a definition of the Solidity language or absence of bugs in the compiler. Yeah, let me just quickly check the time. Okay. Yeah, and the nice thing about Yule is that it has very few features but it is a structured language. So it has four loops, user defined functions and so on. And it is extensible and typed which allows it to be used for different, yeah, different purposes. For example, we're thinking about yeah, adding memory allocation features to the optimizer that allows lifetime tracking of memory objects and out of bounds access and so on. And yeah, all this will hopefully be covered in the discussion later today. As far as the Yule code generation in the Solidity compiler is concerned, we are pretty far ready. So early I said 50% but yeah, 50% of the features does not mean 50% of the smart contracts out there. So please try it out whether it already works for your smart contracts and you can try it with Sol-C-minus-minus-minus This shows you the, yeah, originally generated intermediate code for the smart contract but this is usually not something you would like to look at because we are writing the code generator in a highly modular way which means we have many, many different functions for each tiny functionality that constantly call each other and the optimizer will inline all that and most of these functions in the end just do nothing. So what you would like to look at is the output of Sol-C-minus-optimized, minus-minus IR-optimized. This is a bit weird. So if you just use minus-minus IR-optimized it will show you the intermediate code after optimization but if optimization means no optimization so if you did not switch on the optimizer then it will be the same as before optimization so please always use these two flags together and having said that you will output from Solidity is still experimental so we might change any of these flags in the future we might introduce different built-in functions and so on so this is still experimental while UL itself is not experimental anymore so if you want to take your code and use it as input then this is pretty safe I never say it's foolproof because no software ever is but it should be pretty safe and it is being used out there already then one last thing about the S&T checker there is a session at day two on 6 p.m. about more or less formal aspects of Solidity a formal specification language and I'm not the expert on the S&T checker in the Solidity compiler that would be Leo but he told me that it can do already quite a lot it does function abstraction which is really nice so when you call a function internally it does not always inline it but instead it tries to infer properties of the function and just use these functions and I think invariants are not yet implemented but this is something on the roadmap and also one of the main topics of this session on day two