There's something strange going on here. We're in Berlin, I think, but we have a Danish photographer and we're interviewing a Danish gentleman called Niels Speyer and we're going to talk about bike squared and I want to ask you to tell us about it. What is unique? What's different? Excitedly. What is really different here? What we've done is that we made the first all electrical e-bike so we're taking the chain out of the equation so we are not pulling on the back wheel with both a mechanical force and an electrical force but only with one force, the electrical. So what's going on is that the use of pedaling is actually pedaling the pedals around like you used to, generating electrical power right here in the crank box. So from that point on everything is controlled by our electrical controller and everything is electric. That means much more control over what's going on in the back wheel as much as it is of force going on in the crank box. That's the counter force that you feel when you're driving. This bicycle feels exactly like any ordinary bicycle to drive but we have all the advantages of having full electrical control over all aspects of it. As you notice on the steering, we don't have mechanical gearings up here since they're no mechanical parts. You don't have to operate some mechanical parts, some electronic parts and mix it all together. You just have completely gearing, a stepless continuous gearing or automatic gearing that's easier. On one side and on the other side you can turn on the bicycle and you're going to tell how you want to multiply your power with the help of the assistance from the battery. That's absolutely amazing. That comes in the category of it's obvious why didn't anyone do it? Why didn't I do it? That's wonderful. We just cleaned up the electrical bicycle and made the polished product. The range like any other electrical bicycle depends on the battery. If you put on a big battery, we get the same range as other electrical bicycles. This is an ordinary battery. No, this is what is for sale, there's a drive system. So this part with the motor and the battery and the interface. We expect our clients to be bicycle manufacturers doing bicycles and make them look very nice. This is just a test bike. It could vary from ones that have pedal X to ones that you only pedal in emergency or something. This very bike we have some community help us using that in a city of Denmark driving around helping people in the city. We have all of three wheel bikes where actually they have extra benefit of not having the straight line from the pedals to the back wheel but you can actually start making different designs of bicycles because you're not constrained by the chain anymore. So it also opens up new possibilities in the bike cycle design. Is it something that you think could be useful in underdeveloped countries as a pedal generator for your computer and lighting? Yeah, it's absolutely possible. It's also possible to use it as an exercise device but that's not the market we're looking into. We want to help people commute, especially commuting in big cities and solve problems with pollution and stuff like that. And we also want to help some people that might not be able to bicycle today to actually do it because they have a better product with a better feeling and more control. Okay, so could you get me really clear about what the benefits are then because I could imagine this might be lower cost. I could imagine it's more reliable. You talked about how it functions rather nicely or more versatile way. You know, you could adjust it so you have to pedal really hard if you want exercise or something. But in the marketplace, have you a feel for what people will perceive as the most important benefit? Yeah, I think we have two sectors here. One is that we have a commuting bicycle which is just nicer because we have one system working in both ends instead of two systems working together so we can make it more fluid. It's really like a perfect automatic gearing in a car when that came in in the 70s and 80s. So we get a better feeling, a better bicycling experience. That's one part of it when you commute to work. And the other end is it could be elderly people. It's more simplified. It's actually nicer to use a little like the electrical hand plane that compared to the old mechanical ones. They don't do anything and they could, someone who's very feeble could be tolerant of that. So that's one end of the spectrum. And the other end is the geometries, the fact that you can suddenly make different bicycle designs. So then again, bicycle manufacturers designing bicycles for handicapped, for example, with a low entrance point or three wheels where you, then you have suddenly have other possibilities of making designs adequate for people with different needs. No, that's absolutely. And I think that breeds on to other things. We at ID TechX, we're analysts. We travel our lives away and we've recently, for instance, been in Japan. We go there often. We've got Japanese office. I interviewed the man who's set up Terra Motors and he is largely doing it on a charitable basis. But basically he thinks that three wheelers can be modernized. And he's got people now in Bangladesh, India, all over the place. And the figures are amazing. That's huge. I mean, in Bangladesh, he says his people have got statistics that they are importing half a million from a electric pedal three wheelers electrically assisted a year as taxes. You know, it's the tuk-tuk alternative that's electric. It's the equivalent of an electric rickshaw. But they're basically this sort of hub motor. I mean, even in London, it's been an empowerment thing because they've got a slip of a girl peddling four fat men around London as a business. And she couldn't be in that business before. But now, thanks to an electric drive, she can be. So India, they Terra Motors were saying the number of polluting tuk-tuks to be replaced is about five and a half million a year. And in the Philippines, it's about 3.2 million total, not a year, but the massive speed list. So would you think that you could contribute something to that world where it's three wheels, not two? I mean, it seems to be the same thing. Well, I think that three wheels is definitely part of the market, the small rehire, maybe even colored vehicles and stuff like that. But the place where we can contribute is to get more people commuting by bicycles, making it easier to approach this kind of product without being a cyclist. It's getting like a household wear, like your blender in the kitchen and stuff like that. You acquire it in the same way. This thing should be the three, you know, the hire bikes. They have them in Berlin, don't they, that are electrical, but this could be an advance on that. But where I come from, London, they're not electrical, they're just pedal bikes. They're very heavy ones. And so it means not many people can, well, they're very popular, but we copied Paris, they did it first of all. But they have a limitation for people that are not very strong. A very important advantage we have in that case is that without all the mechanical parts, we have much less maintenance. So especially if you want to use it as a fleet bicycle, you don't, you need all that maintenance, people driving around, putting oil on the chains and repairing it. So that's a big deal for us, the maintenance part, when we sell fleets. Of course, yes, absolutely, excellent. And if it were, yeah, if it could be dismountable as, or even in that form used as a generator, come in, there's no reason why it could be used as a generator, so you can disconnect those connections and put it into something else. Excellent. Oh, that's very interesting. Well, wonderful. Good luck to you. Marvelous. And so you're really an intellectual property company, or you're selling the actual device, but you're not going to sell the bicycle or the water. Yeah, we actually found out that we need to get our clients up and up and driving the bicycle. So when we thought we were just selling the device, we have to sell some bicycles so they can get up riding the bicycle very fast. So that we were doing in the start, but for our core business, we sold this one with a battery and the motor. Nice. Very nice indeed. Well done. Congratulations. Absolutely excellent.


Yes, good morning, good afternoon, or good evening, depending on where you're logging from. It's my pleasure to welcome you to this second session of the Glossel and Soil Spectroscopy webinar. My name is Isabel Verbeck from the Global Soil Partnership Secretariat. Our today webinar will introduce you to a very important topic, soil spectroscopy for accurate measurement of soil physical and chemical soil properties. Before starting, I would like to remind you that the session is organized in a webinar format in which participants cannot activate their audio and camera. The meeting is recorded and the recording and presentation will be uploaded on the Glossel and Soil webpage. Excuse us for the delay of uploading the recording from last week, but we were very busy at the Global Soil Partnership with our annual plenary assembly, but we will do this within the end of this this week, this today webinar and the one from last week. So some technical information you are encouraged to post your question in the Q&A box, which will be moderated by my Glossel and colleagues. In addition, you can see also a chat box available that can be used for interacting between participants and please use the chat responsibly. If you have any technical issues you can write to me directly on the chat, I will be very happy to have them. Finally, I would like to invite you to join our new Facebook group, so Glossel and Soil Spectroscopy for my colleague, you will put the link now on the chat. So, before digging into Soil Spectroscopy with our renowned speaker, I would like to give the floor to my colleague Yip Bang, who will provide you with a bit of background on the Global Soil Partnership and Glossel and it will be moderating this session. Yip, over to you. Good morning, good afternoon, good evening, depending on where I log in. In the next few minutes, I will just briefly introduce a little bit to let us know give some brief information who is organizing this webinar and why we are organizing this webinar. This webinar is organized under the framework of the Global Soil Partnership, we call GSP. GSP is established in 2002 to position soils in a global agenda through collective actions. Our main objective is to promote sustainable soil management and improve soil governors to guarantee health and productive soils. The activities are downscaled through the R7 Regional Soil Partnership, also supported with our partners and our international governmental technical panel on soils. This ITPS is the highest body of our expert panels. Regarding the working area, we're working with a range of, a wide range of topics as you can see from a screen. On both of these topics, we also have different technical networks, for example, Glosselon, and for example, the international network of the black soil. If you have any information, you can find it in our website. Talking about the Glosselon, Glosselon is a global soil laboratory network is established in the 2017 to build and stress in the capacity of a laboratory in soil analysis and to respond to the need for harmonizing soil analytical data. In 2017, Glosselon, we started to work on the wet chemistry focused on a training harmonization and SOP standard operating procedures and execution of internal laboratory comparisons. In last year, we launched the Global Glosselon Initiative on Soil Spectroscopy, we also call dry chemistry. The main objective of this initiative is focused on the national capacity training. So that is why we organized the first series of the webinar to invite all the scientists, well-known scientists to share their knowledge to the world and let our colleagues and labs research groups around the world to know and to learn this technique. Last year, we also launched the international network on fertilizer analysis. For more information, you are very welcome to visit our website, also write email to me, write email to my colleague Lucrezia. In the end, I would like to introduce our coming webinars as some of you already joined the last webinar and second webinar and the third webinar will also focus on the general information about the soil spectroscopy. Our guest speaker today will be the next webinar speaker will be Alex McBrenney, professor. After that, because after some communication with countries, we realized that one of the most often asked the question is how to build a global spectral library and how to use the global spectral library. So we invited our guest speaker from Brazil and from France to give some good example from their country. In the last webinar, we will invite Iovendor from Eastern to talk something about the measurement. But please be noticed, this is just beginning of our webinar and more webinar will be coming with different languages and more interesting topics. So, thank you. Thank you very much again for joining this webinar. And now, and now it is. Now I have, now I have the great honor to give the floor to Professor put him on ministry from the University of Sydney, a very well known worldwide soil scientist. He's passionate about the role of soil in managing climate food, water, energy security and maintaining biodiversity. You can find more information about his research interest from his webpage. My colleague Isabel will soon post his webpage in the chat box. He's also former chair of international pedometrics working group. He and his team was one of the first research group who started to develop some function and packages for soil spectral data analysis using our program. I remember the first time I started to use our program for telemetrics modeling was in his team. Recently published a book soil spectral inference with our analysis digital analysis digital soil spectral using the R program environment, which is a very good material to learn how to use our program for soil spectral modeling. I highly recommend you to use this book for learning purposes. I'm currently collaborating with the University of Sydney to record a series of video course together with the code and the make it available for free on the gloss along website. By end of this year, this product is also part of our gloss no national capacity development program. In the meantime, I would also like to introduce another panelist that today, Professor Alex McBrenny, Dr. Alexander Wodox, Dr. Jose. Karen and Dr. Edwin John, they will be, they have, they all have intensive experience in soil spectroscopy and spatial modeling. They will be here help to us today and answer some questions in the QA session. So please feel free to post your questions in the QA box anytime. Without further ado, I would like now to give the floor to put him on please. Okay, I think you can share your screen now. Okay, thank you, Isabel. Thank you for the introduction. All good. Can you hear me now? Okay, and thanks to Global Soil Partnership for the invitation to present this webinar about soil spectroscopy. So my name is Abudiman Minasini. I'm from the University of Sydney. With me presenting this work, this work is a collective work that we do together, I'll acknowledge Watini who's not here today but Edward Jones is in the panel. Alex McBrenny is also in the panel, Jose Padarian and Alexander Wodoo. So good morning, good afternoon, good evening and good day in Australia. So before I begin, I'm here in Sydney. I would like to acknowledge the country where I'm presenting from. So I would like to acknowledge the Gadigal people of the Euro nation, which are the land I am standing today as the traditional students of Australia. Their long and rich history is about carrying the land and which we are doing today is about soil, about the land. So before I begin, I'll just clarify some terminologies about infrared. So this is about soil spectroscopy. And what I'm talking to you today is about infrared. So there are, as you see the slide here, the picture here, this is the electromagnetic spectrum. As you go from left to right, you have an increased wavelength, but also if you go from left to right, it's also decreasing the frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum. And within that electromagnetic spectrum, from the lowest wavelength to the highest wavelength in the middle, there is this infrared, which are very important for soil because it provides analysis of the soil. So it starts from the visible wavelength until what we call as the mid-infrared wavelength, which I will talk about today. So there are different definitions, but mostly what's agree is around 300 to 700 as the ultraviolet and then the blue and then the green and then so on, and then the red. So the 700 to 200, 2000, sorry, 700 to 2500 nanometer is what we call as the wavelength, what we call as a near infrared. And then the mid-infrared, what we define here in this presentation is 2500 to 25,000 nanometer. There are different definition as I say some literature divided into near infrared short with infrared and so on, but for the presentation for this presentation when I'm talking about near infrared, it's around 700 to 2500 when I'm talking about mid-infrared is 2500 to 25,000 nanometers. The structure of my presentation, this webinar is I'll be very general, I'll give you about what is the visible and NIR applications. And because continuing from last week, last week, the presenter has a Boston book has presented about some of the near infrared, so I'll continue it about the near infrared applications in soil science, and then how it's going to be used in the field. And then some words about how we calibrate the infrared so that it can predict about the soil data. And then lastly, I will talk about mid-infrared for accurate measurements. So let's begin. So first I'll talk about the near infrared applications in soil science. So, as we say before that near infrared is visible to near infrared is from 500 to 2500 nanometers. And the instrument, the standard instrument that people use is something like this one, or some other brands won't worry about it. In this study we've evaluated if we use the full length of the visible to the full length of near infrared that is from 500 to 2500 nanometers. So the top two, these are what we call the top of the range, the standard, the top of the range visible to near infrared spectrum. In this case, we have a more low cost spectrometer that for example this one, which only, which is only part of this infrared range, and another infrared spectrometer, which is only around from 900 to 1700. This one is shorter, shorter, shorter, shorter, shorter near infrared range is from around 1300 to 2450. So this is on top of it. The top one is the state of the art, the most complete spectrum of the soil. The last two are the low cost infrared spectrometers because nowadays you get more and more low cost spectrometers that are available. So can we do the same thing with the comparing the top end of the spectrometer. The first two that is the top end of the spectrometer the first two column is the top end of the spectrometer. And the last two are the limited range or lower cost spectrometer. So what you're seeing here is we are predicting different properties from soil carbon clay content pH CC of the soil the sand content of the soil and the exchangeable calcium. And what we are comparing the first two column is the top the standard spectrometers visible to me and refer that spectrometer. And the third column is the more low lower cost and the fourth column is a much lower cost spectrometer. Right. So and this is related to the error, but it's called the root mean square or the error of the model. So what we can see is that the first two, which are the standard spectrometer near infrared spectrometer, they will perform best, right, it will have lower error in predicting soil carbon clay content pH and so on. But the two, the two spectrometer, which are lower cost and but a limited range also perform as well, not not as good as the standard spectrometer but also can perform in some cases as well as the, the full standard spectrometer. So in terms of measurement of pH, they are almost perform as well as the full range spectrometer, for example, exchangeable calcium and also sand and CC they perform as well. Right. So that means that instead of using the standard the high of the end the one that is very expensive one, we can use a portable one that the small one that we can use. And lower cost so that we can use it in the field or in the lab for estimating soil properties. Immediately so we knowing that this one the one in the middle here the one called new spec. It's a lower cost spectrometer. We now can use it to as a tool for predicting a fertilizer recommendation. So this is working together with colleagues from the Indonesian in the Indonesian Center for Agriculture Development. They say they want to come up with a tool that they can give to the extension officers or the so that they can go out in the field and then measure the soil and then it will give them an indication about the fertility of the soil and for the fertilizer recommendation. So, the first thing that we do is that we calibrate the spectrometer the spectra with the soil properties that is measured in the lab. So don't worry too much about it so I don't want to highlight this the one on that is in this red box is that for clay pH organic carbon and total nitrogen we got the reasonable calibration 50 to 60% of the variance can be explained by the spectrometer. And in terms of the nutrients what we can estimate quite accurately is what we call as potential phosphorus or potential potassium that's all in other words they are total potassium or total phosphorus and also the how much phosphorus that is can be returned absorbed by the soil P retention exchangeable calcium exchangeable magnesium CEC and best base saturation. But the one that cannot be estimated accurately is available P or available K available phosphorus or available potassium will come back to it again. Later on but but having to know the basic soil properties having to know the properties of the soil that is related to how much it can absorb nutrients how much of is the capacity the CEC how much is potential available. We can develop a tool that give the tool to the extension officer that if this is the soil this is the spectra and then it will give you a estimate of the predictions of the soil properties. And using this kind of tools in in a in a in a mobile phone or a smartphone app, then you can do a fertilizer recommendation because over in the Indonesian Center for Agriculture they already have lots of trials fertilizer trials that fits this how much fertilizer and it's added and how much is the yield. This relationship already established that gives them an idea that given this information, we can use this infrared technology to estimate the fertilizer recommendation. This is for for farmer application. So this is one application that we that we work together with the Indonesian Center for Agriculture so that the tool is not just for our research but how we can translate from the research to application. And the next I'll talk about the near infrared for soil inference, because as you can see that the infrared spectrum of the soil. Although you can see that it's a spectrum, but it is sort of interpretable because it contains information about the minerals of the soil about the character of the minerals of the soil. About how much clay is in the soil. What we can do for research and for pedology purpose is that we can take this infrared and then go out in the field and measure it directly. So this work is by at Jones what we call as proximal sensing in soil profiles. So if we have a soil profiles, we go out and take a spectrometer and then we scan it and then it can give us an idea directly in the field about how much is the organic carbon distribution. And how much clay is distributed in the soil. In this example, this is in Australia, what we call as a duplicate soil, a texture contrast soil, you can see that on the on the on the surface soil up to 40 centimeter it's a sandy, but it hits this layer where it has a clay so infrared can give us directly in the field. So the actual amount of clay and the actual not the actual amount of the estimate of the clay and the estimate of the carbon in the soil but we can go further. It's not just a basic property, it's not just texture, not just pH, not just CC, but we can go further what we call as a spectral inference system that means that we have relationship that we, we, we know about if this is the texture, if this is the CC, then how much we can expect the field capacity would be, and so on. In doing that, we can also estimate the mineral composition that about what is the make up of this soil because, as we show earlier that the infrared contains information about the minerals composition of the soil so, for example, in this in this location in this soil, most of the top soil is sandy material so it's mostly quartz. And the clay that it has is a kaolin kaolinite clay. So as you go down the profile as it's increased the clay then you get a proportion how much is it due to quartz how much is it due to kaolinite and other minerals as well. In this example, the soil here on the B horizon has a calcium carbonate we can estimate that how much calcium carbonate it is, and the different types of clay that is this is not a pure kaolinite because it has a mixture with elite and and so on, a spec type. And the last one, this is a vertical soil, and then we can estimate that this the main mineral of this soil is a spec type and so on. So, using this infrared technology in the field we can be more certain we can get more information about the composition of the soil and about the, about the mineral of the soils. And finally, we can also estimate how about the quality of the soil, given this kind of texture given this kind of mineral, what would be the expected amount of solids amount of water that are available amount of water that are not available. And this is an estimate of the available water capacity of the soil, this is all based on the inference from the, which our colleague will talk about next week about the inference about how much water is in the soil given this, this, this, this input, this action and so on. In the summary, for example, if we want to use this soil as a function to grow crops, we can say that what is what can we learn from this soil set A, the top soil is sandy is a low available water capacity is low CC. And then by the, the B, B horizon 60 to 100 centimeters a heavy clay, but the heavy clay is kaolinite is not expensive. It's infertile that or it's not, not suitable for cropping potential, but slightly, it has moderate available water capacity has high calcium carbonate. The pH is neutral to high. And so it's quite fertile and the site see its clay, it's has a expensive clay, it is a spectacular clay is a moderate amount of calcium carbonate high available water capacity that is using this kind of information we can build a complete picture about the soil. So this is the second example. And the third example is, can we use this in the field, but not just over here we say that we dig a profile or take a soil core and then we scan it. But what we say that can we go out in the field and then if we embed the penetrate and bet the infrared in the penetrometer and we push it on the ground in the ground in the soil, can we get a direct measurement. And in this case that in Australian condition that we want to estimate soil carbon because a soil carbon is tradable in Australia. Here, we can give an example for different soils that with penetrometer, it goes it push it in on the soil and then it collects the spectra every centimeter and then each centimeter it predicts the carbon content of the soil.  So this is this is just an example. These are just examples of what we can take the near infrared spectrometer that is from the research base to the field doing application that is either for farmers or either for research or more for general analysis. So that's about near infrared and now I'll talk more about mid infrared for lab soil analysis. So the difference is that as we say before that the infrared is from 700 to 2500 nanometers. And then for for for mid infrared it's it's the other ways it should be from this way from 2500 to 2500 nanometers but it's usually expressed in terms of the frequency one over centimeter or the inverse of the of the wavelength so we won't worry about that too much. So what we can visually we can visually see that although these are different cells that the curve of the spectra or the for the near infrared is very small and the peak of that, each of this individual peak of this identified peak is very broad and very diffuse. But for mid infrared what is called it's the this is a fundamental molecular vibrations with well defined pics that within this big within this area, we can say that this is due to Calanite. This is quite, quite prominent, quite pronounced that this is the peak for Calanite. And there are some pics that's related to organic matter. So this pic is related to what's this picture. It is quite because it's a fundamental vibration mid infrared provides a well defined pics that so that it can provide more information about the soil solid. But the difference is that the near infrared is robust for field use. That means if you take it in the field and then you measure the infrared spectra will be clean. It's not going to be affected too much. Sorry, I mean that the spectra is not going to be distorted. The spectra is not going to be noisy because it's a the soil in the field is not supposed to you have a grounded and it can record the spectra because of the of the shorter wavelength. And it's suitable for field analysis but the mid infrared although it contains more information it can then the molecular vibrations fundamental pics, but it's not robust to fill use because it's quite sensitive to the environment. The surface roughness of the soil, and so on so it's not well suited in the field. Right, so that's why we're saying that mid infrared spectroscopy is suitable for lab analysis, that if you take your samples back in the lab, and then grind it and then homogenize it and then you use the mid interest in mid infrared spectroscopy or spectrometer, you will get good results for that will show you always share with you later on. Right, so this is just an example of the mid infrared spectrum where I say that it's very clear is that if you look at this peak here around 3700 this is quite quite prominent for kaolinite that you got this peak that is a triple. It looks like the crown of a king that triple triple is it's once you see that in the spectrum you know that this is kaolinite. And then you like you can see that this the shape is a is completely different from the killer that and for the memorial that or spectra. You can see the shape is quite different so they are fundamental fundamental vibration fundamental characteristic then you can see you can visualize except that you can visualize on your spectra. Right, so because of this fundamental peaks, then people have been questioning have been asking the question this is already 23 years ago in 1998, lesionic and colleagues in in South Australia they asked can meet infrared diffuse reflect the analysis replace all extractions. I mean if I take my samples in the lab and do the mid infrared diffuse reflectance analysis can I get the same results as if you take your samples and and do the lab analysis, I will going to answer that so this has been asked 23 years ago this has been researched 23 years ago, but the take up is still quite slow because I think, first is about the instrument about the which type of instrument about the instrument is still not widely used is still expensive. The analysis of the spectra which now I think it's not going to be a problem, because now you have a free software and which the, which there will be a cost later the year that will be given that you taking this spectra you can now do analysis that are that will be quite difficult 23 years ago, 23 years ago you make good use special software and so on. So before, before we begin about the soil, which soil properties can be used and which, which, which can be can be predicted. First I will talk about calibration and accuracy so this is one, one thing that he from FAO asked me that can you talk a little bit about calibration and accuracy, because there could be some misunderstanding. So what we have is the spectra. And what we want is soil properties. So the spectra looks something like this, although they are fundamental pigs that they tell you that this is claiming the role this that this is due to the alkyl or for the organic matter so this is organic soils and then there are some quarts and so on. But this are not, you cannot use that pick directly like in chemistry. So if you measure this this height of this peak or the area of this big lesson going it's not going to give you organic matter because it's a carbon content of the soil because the spectra of a soil. Because soil it contains a lot of different minerals and and organic materials and they interact, interact with each other so that is, it's not straightforward to interpret the, the pigs of the spectra. So we need to have some calibration that given this spectra. The calibration will calculate and then give you the properties so for example what is the texture what is the pH what is the CC and so on. To do that we need to go have this calibration function so how does the calibration functions. Right, so the calibration functions if it's a simple system for example, concentration of nutrient in water because there's no other. Information there's no other elements in the pure pure water then you can do a univariate calibration that means the height of the peak will tell you something about the concentration. But because the soil is a mixture of many other things many different things. Those pigs doesn't work why because it's a it's a combination even if this mixture of organic matter and different and clay it will have interaction interaction between the elements the soil have lots of elements, which will see about it's not going to give you a pure response or pure smooth. So we need to use the whole spectra but what we can do we need to use the whole spectra and use a calibration model to that will tell us that if this is the spectra this would be the clay content and so on so which is called a multi varied calibration. It's a multi varied it's not just one peak or single peak but the whole spectra and the whole spectra it's a people call it ultra spectral. Why outer spectral because the whole spectra is about 2000 variables right so in a in a in a on the drone or on the plane people call about hyperspectral hyperspectral image hyperspectral image contains around hundreds of bands. And multi spectral in the Lancet the satellite images contain multi spectral image, because it contain multiple bands for bands five and 11 bands or 20 bands but hyperspectral contains hundreds of bands but in the lab analysis lab and I am lab and I am we got ultra spectral you got thousands of wavelengths right, which are difficult to handle if you're using a standard linear regression models because you can use a linear regression models then then it's just a matter of what's your soul variables your interest and this this spectra you multiply by regression coefficients then you get some kind of calibration functions. But this kind of model doesn't work because the spectra as I say we got thousands of variables. Sometimes you got more predictor variables than the more than the samples, for example, we can get 2000 spectral values, and you only have 100 soil samples. So the linear regression breaks down. And in addition that the spectra highly highly correlated that means between one band to the other band. If I'm here and I'm here, they are correlated that means that the really the conventional linear relationship breaks down it doesn't work. So we need to do some kind of treatment to the spectra one solution some of the solution is called variable selection some of it reduction dimension reduction. And the one thing that people mostly use is the principle component analysis you might have heard about it. That means that this spectra if we multiply by some transformation matrix, it will give you a scores that means that this the spectra is now become variables that are reduced in dimensions but then they are not correlated and can be used in directly in modeling. So this is one way but there are different ways that we don't, I can't explain everything to you but I'll show you some examples of the results and one of them. One of the standard way that people call this partial v square regression, we won't go too much about it, but it's just taking the spectra and then it does some transformation about the spectra and give you the prediction. Right.  And that's why we need to do some accuracy measurements we need to plot. What is the measured value versus the predicted values. We need to measure some kind of statistics. The statistics that's in in the literature is called root mean square error that means how much error we expecting in the near infrared literature is called standard error of prediction, which maybe in statistics is kind of misleading but that's what people call it in the near infrared literature. It's called SCP standard error of prediction, don't ask me why but that's it. And the other one is about the mean error or bias about how much bias is the prediction so this is just an example this to is the measure this is the predicted. So this is one to one line so this is the ask where it's a point eight three two, I'll talk more about that ask where, but there's no bias because it's almost, if you plot one to one line, they are fall fall, mostly around the mean, but this one. There's some bias that means that all the prediction, all the measured values predicted higher than what it should be it has some bias on it. So this is what we call as a bias. And again, if you see that the ask where maintains the same that means that the linear relation there is a real linear relationship, and the linear relationship explained 83% of the variance but that is a bias. We need to take account of this bias in the prediction, while the root mean square error tells us about the spread, the spread of the, the error so this is measured value predicted values. So if we assume that it's normally distributed, then around four times of the standard error or we've been four times as proven square error will be two times standard deviation plus or minus this will be the spread of your, of your error which will, we'll talk about it later. So don't worry too much. This is not about statistic and then ask where I'm sure you've heard about ask where that is how much of the coefficient of determination that is how much variance is explained by the model. But so there's other prediction quality that people say that because the ask where if you compare these two, it will give you the same ask where but one is bias, it's not going to the ask where is giving a true indication, then people call it a concordant correlation coefficient, which measures the degree of the correlation. One to one line. So this is just an example that the Pearson correlation is 85% and 85% but the concordance this one is 81 and this one is 62 because this one has a slight bias towards it. So won't talk too much about it, but the one thing that that is that he asked me to tell to make a point to you that that when you read a literature when you read a paper, if you just rely on ask where you're going to, you can get a, you can get not true relationship unit to see the relationship and this is just an example that that famous statistician wrote that this for relationship or data set they all have the same mean the same variance and the same correlation. The ask where is 0.67 but obviously you can only trust the first one but not the other the other three. Right. So, so the, don't just trust the ask where value when you read the literature when you read the paper that says the ask where is such and such. If you look at the book look at the relationship before you, before, before you make a conclusion, right, and ask where because ask where the formula is that it's, it's one minus the residual over the variance of the data. So if you want to increase the ask where what you can do is that you can just increase the variance of the data that means that you'll, you'll have a better ask where this is just an example if this is a random value see the ask where it's just a point three. There's no relationship, right, there's no relationship, but if they are too highly leverage point highly this is the same data set this is the same data here, zero to three, but if you include some two high values here, you suddenly get a very high r square which is meaningless. The, what you need to do is that beside the ask where values beside the concordance very you need to look at the relationship you need to look at the error. You'll see that the error, this is point seven for the error, this is one point six, right. So the error ask where is, it's just one of the measure that you have to be careful about. So that's, that's the message. So, and now we're going to look at the mid infrared. How can we use how accurate is this mid infrared for measuring soil properties. We need to go through few soil soil properties and extensively soil properties and we can discuss about it. So as we say before, to make a prediction, we need a spectra but also we need a standard lab measurement, right we need the spectra and also let standard measurement to do this calibration functions. Fortunately, our colleague in the USDA, so survey laboratory. So they have a archive of more than 1717,000 soil profiles from the US with well documented and precise standard operating procedures, a lot of soil analysis. So they have the mid infrared spectrum they have the mid infrared spectra of each of those soil profiles, and then each accompanying it is the soil analysis of standard lab analysis. So with this uniform, with this uniform techniques in the laboratory and spectra we can know now we can be assured that what we're getting is not due to the random chance or due to and so on. So to do that we use a method called memory best learning or it's a local PLS method don't worry about it's just a method. So we take this the soil sample the whole 17,000 sorry, it's more than this around 50,000 samples. And then we divided 75 as a calibration 25 as a validation that means that 75% is going to be used to build a model and 25% is not going to be using the model so. So that we don't have a chance that we get to pick a good one or pick a bad one we repeated this procedure 10 times so that we can get a clear understanding of what it is right. So the first techniques also that we we try is this called deep learning. It's called a convolutional neural network so it's a new technique that takes spectra and then sort of do a scanning and then fit it into a neural network and then predict the functions. And CNN is mostly used in a in a image analysis is just like how Facebook recognize your friend. So that asking this how can that that algorithm, given the spectra how can it recognize our soil. So it turns out it did performance quite well. So in terms of total carbon organic carbon CC clay sand and PS. So this is around. So this is calibrated around 30 something 40,000 soil samples and it's validated around 110,000 soil samples right so this is a this is quite a complete data set. But it's it contains a different a range of a total carbon from zero to 10% organic carbon the same CC from the load to a high CC and from clay from zero to 80 plus percent and pH from around three to around nine. So it contains a huge range of values, because it was collected for the whole of us contains a range of soil and what we can see that we can get an R squared. Although I say that be careful when you use R squared. But if you look at the plot on the right one, the right head corner one the one that is called the CNN deep learning one. We can get an R squared or point nine five point nine six point nine seven point nine eight that means using a standard method of a mid infrared and calibrated against standard standard measurement we can get a very accurate measurements of a total carbon organic carbon and the organic carbon CC clay, sand, silk and pH directly. So that is a big plus right. So that's the basic properties that we are we know that the spectra is responding to but there are also different other properties that can be that have been mentioned and then we ask, can it be predicted. Again, the US laboratory they have about 200 soft physical chemical and biological properties. So we run some simulate modeling and then we want to figure which one is well predicted and which one is not well predicted. To do that we group it into four categories of assessment ABCD. So this is just for the so that we can understand it later. A that means that the performance to ask where it's very high. It got very low bias. It has high concordance and so on. So a and the the second rating is be it also get a very high R square. And the C is a moderate R square and the mean R square is around 0.67 or 0.7. And then the D one is the R square is lower around 0.4. Right. So we say ABCD so ABC is a high quality performance. C is the medium quality and D is low performance right so just remember ABCD and we'll go through it. So for so chemical properties before we begin we have a hypothesis that we say that properties because infrared what you're doing is getting the soil and you have infrared signature characterised trade, because it has to do with the mineral components with the surface chemistry of the soil. It will be well predicted, but properties that are related to a soil solution or so extraction chemistry should not be well predicted. Why because it's a characteristics even for the available P. For example, Bray P, Olson P or other types of extraction you still don't have a good correlation. That means that the soil it's not related to the soil surface because the infrared is only looking at the surface chemistry. And then elements in the higher concentration and related to the soil minerals should be well predicted. So this is our first, this is our hypothesis. And first we look at what is called the melee extraction, which is a mild acid that people use that with this extraction we can analyse a lot of elements. What we see is that elements that such as calcium, aluminium and magnesium and barium, because it is responding to the chemical element of the soil mineral albumin and is in a higher concentration is in high concentration it is well predicted because it is based A and group A and B, while the others like silicon, potassium, silicon and potassium is not well predicted. What we see is D and but like an iron sodium and magnesium is only mildly predicted so in other words it's mostly related to the range of the data. That means if it's in high concentration, such as this one, the calcium, aluminium, magnesium and barium, you can get well prediction because it's concentration is high enough and also it's related to the mineral content of the cell. So melee extraction is an extractor of the of the soil. It's only related to the high, the one that is with a high concentration. And for phosphorus, people want to know what's the available phosphorus. Unfortunately, available phosphorus such as water soluble phosphorus, very extractable phosphorus, all since extractable phosphorus, mainly extractable phosphorus cannot be predicted well because it's related to the soil solution, the extraction of the soil. But what can be predicted very well is the phosphorus retention or phosphorus retention capacity. That means that the measure of how much phosphorus that can be absorbed or retained by the soil, which is very useful in some tropical soils with a high iron and aluminium oxides. This is an expensive measure but mid-infrared can predict it very well. So phosphorus absorption, yes, but phosphorus in the solution, no. And then we look at the elemental concentration or the total concentration, total element concentration of the soil. And what we can see that it's quite amazing that the mid-infrared can characterize most of the abundant of the soil. For example, like something that's abundant is to do with aluminium, potassium, sodium, silicon, vanadium, burlyium, which is a minor trace elements but it's related to the mineral. The major element, potassium, aluminium, silicon, so this is the total concentration of the soil, well predicted, but also magnesium, iron, so the one that is coloured the red and the green, they are all very well predicted. And some of the ones that are not well predicted are the ones that has a low concentration, such as antimony or tungsten, which is low concentration that's a very tiny amount and is probably not related except that it's probably related to contamination and so on. We can see that a huge amount of major element, a huge amount of macronutrients, total macronutrients can be predicted reasonably well. And some of the heavy metals like nickel, copper, lead, cobalt and tin, even though these are not contaminated soils, these are natural agricultural soil, mostly agricultural soils and natural soils, they can be well predicted. And we look at silica, for example, this is silica, if we look at the prediction, using mid-infrared and we predict, we compare it if we just use the basic soil properties that we know is related to silica, the clay, sand, we can see the pH of the organic matter, we can see that we get much better information from the mid-infrared because the mid-infrared also contains information about the mineral of the soil while this one is a sort of indirect prediction. So mid-infrared itself is a good predictor in silica, now there's an interest because it's found that in some plants, especially rice, this is a very important macronutrients. But in terms of, again, in terms of extraction, this is in terms of saturation extract, electrical conductivity and all the elements that are in the saturation extract, we can't predict it because it's to do with the extraction method. It's something that mid-infrared cannot predict and organic matter, different types of organic matter, total carbon, organic carbon, inorganic carbon and carbon, labial carbon due to a potassium permanganate extract, we can predict it very, very accurately. The last square is 0.92 to 0.97, total nitrogen reasonably well. The particulate organic matter, which I'll explain later, is also predicted well and glucose, the beta-glucosidase is an enzyme activity in the soil, we can also predict it reasonably well. So something that we found that is not well predicted is still a sulfur, we still don't know why we can't predict well the sulfur. And nowadays, it's not just about total carbon, it's not just about the organic carbon, but different forms of organic matter. And if we differentiate it, there's a particulate organic matter that means that small organic fragments that has been decomposed less than two millimeters, but it's still not incorporated in the mineral of the soil. This is called particulate organic matter, and the lifetime is shorter because it's not protected, it can be consumed by microbes and so on. There's a mineral associated organic matter that is organic matter that is complex by the mineral, and then there's a resistant organic carbon such as chow or other organic carbon that has become resistant due to the process. Now people have sort of tried to differentiate it into particulate organic matter, mineral associated organic matter, resistant organic matter. We can have evidence that we can use it as well using mid-infrared, this kind of not just the total carbon, not just a total organic carbon, but also the different types of carbon, the particulate or the mineral associated and the resistant organic carbon can be well predicted. And finally we'll talk about soil physical properties. So the proposition again is that properties based on soil solid composition and surfaces can be should be well predicted, but if it's post base relationship it shouldn't be well predicted. We'll talk about it later. And people want to know, well, can it predict bulk density or not? And the answer is maybe an indication, but we have to realize about what is mid-infrared actually measure. So this is a field, this is going to affect the bulk density, right, about the aggregation, and in the mid-infrared lab analysis you take those soil and crush it and make it into this palette and scan it. Does it make sense that it can predict bulk density or aggregate stability? Probably not. But what it can give is an indication of that given this type of mineral, different types of clay and different mineral, this would be the likely bulk density. So although the R-square is 0.71, what we can say the error is 0.11, that means four times of this, that you're probably looking at an error about 0.4 or 0.5 of a unit of bulk density. So you just want to use it for a rough estimate that this is the given soil, what would be the approximate bulk density. Probably you can use it or estimate the bulk density and also aggregate stability in this measure is not that well predicted. I think it's to do with the aggregation. And the people what want to know is can it measure field capacity, can it measure water retention, can it measure available water capacity? It depends, right, so we have to know a little bit about soil physics. So when we measure field capacity what we say is, sorry, what we say is that this is to do with clod when we want to measure water retention. That is a wetter than one third bar or 33 kC, or PF2.5 in some measurements, is that we need to use clod because these are water that are available in between the aggregates. If you use crush samples or sieve samples you get different results. And you can see in this lab result we have clod data that are measured with clod and data that are based on sieve and dry samples, right. So if this is sieve and dry samples that look similar like this, we can have a high accuracy in measuring the water retention at 0.06 bar or 6 centimeters, or sorry, yeah, 6 centimeters, this is 100 centimeters, sorry, 60 centimeters, 100 centimeters, 300 centimeters. We call it the one third bar, the field capacity in the US. It's very accurately, but this is remember this is a sieve samples, right, sieve samples, but if it's a clod sample that looks like this, and you crush it and you measure it, the accuracy is relatively low. That means that it's a sea level, accuracy at the sea level. Similarly, if it's water retention at a wilting point, which the clod doesn't, you can use sieve sample, you can measure it very accurately, right, so depend what is, what is your purpose, right. So again, this is an example of field capacity, reasonably R squared, but if you like to look at the error, so the error is around 9%. If you look at the field capacity, the relationship is tighter, the error is 4%, so depend how much error you want to, if it's just a, if it's just a petro transfer functions that you are asking, you can probably use that. So in other words, one scan, this is all come from one scan, one scan, one sample you take the mid-infrared and it can give you all these properties, microbial, biomass, particulate organic matter, and so on, pH and so on. So one spectrum, you can get a lot of different properties that are well estimated and what we calculated that's about 50 soil properties that are well estimated and there are 50 properties that are reasonably well as reasonably estimated. So that's a good thing that means that you can, once one spectrum, you can do a lot of assessment, for example, for crop production or soil fertility, knowing the texture minerals and calcium carbon and pH will give you about the condition about the soil and about the soil carbon or pH that's the effect of management. What we can't do well is that we can only give you an estimate about the density and plant available water, what the MIR cannot do well is give you the effect of management but it can give you an indication about the physical condition and the ideal condition. But still, looking at if you want to assess it for soil production or fertility about nutrient cycling, carbon storage and so on, all these properties that are estimated from the single spectrum of the mid-infrared can give you a lot of information. So that's about it. So in summary, mid-infrared offers a rapid and highly accurate measurements of many physical chemical properties. So we counted that's about 50 properties that are well estimated and 50 other 50 properties that are reasonably well estimated or mediumly estimated. So it's related to the soil mineral components, surface chemistry. It is well estimated. If it's related to the extraction chemistry available nutrients, there's no reason why it can be predicted well. You can see it as an alternative to petrotransfer functions. And about the detail about how you process from the spectra into properties. This is in the book, a bit of promotion of course, but there will be a course later training course offered by there will be available at the FAO website very soon. And this is some acknowledgement to my colleagues in Indonesia and in the US for the collaboration. And thank you for your attention. Happy to take questions. Thank you very much. And thanks for this great presentation. Give us a very comprehensive review about using the soil spectroscopy to measure the different soil properties. And we have, we had quite a lot of questions and answered by colleagues from your team and totally more than 50 questions already. And we also saw some interesting questions would like to invite you to answer it live. The first question is the soil profile in many, many slides show a higher resolution in terms of the depth point on the order, or few millimeter. If I'm not wrong, how these readings were obtained in shoot or at the lab after collecting samples from the field. Okay, so I think it's it's not every. So it's not every millimeters. I put the question in the chat box so you can read it again for sure. Okay, thank you. So I think it's it's I think, maybe, maybe it looks too high risk, but it's not, it's not every centimeter. So the one that's on the profile I think it's every five centimeters that are that we do it in the profile. But now, using the penetrometer, which my, my colleagues have done it's a you can do it a continuous measurement so it's taking measurement every one centimeter. So manually manual, if it's manually. It's very tiring to scan every second, but now with the with the with the penetrometer automatic collection of penetrometer. So we can get measurements of every centimeter of the spectrum. So the second question I just posted in chat box would be possible to estimate the concentration of the soluble component in extracting solution. I think I think yeah I think that's one one possibility so because it's it's, if you can measure. So if you can measure, if you can measure the concentrations of the solution the extracted extracted solutions as well I think that could can be that that can be an option as well. Using different, different, different kind of. That's a different kind of spectrometer because that's to do with the liquid liquid, the transmittance of the. Yeah, I think this is the last question and we found it's quite interesting can be very interesting for many audiences about the estimating soil function. No, I don't think so. Okay. Why should it be. I mean, I think it's a, yeah many. Yeah, I think it should be, I think. I think it is to do with the biology, what, what, what biology signal because the biological signal of the bacteria or the, the, or, or fun guy or other other other organism. I don't think that the spectra can, can separate out. Thanks. I think that there are some new questions coming from QA box, Woody, please feel free if any of them you, you feel good to answer. Yeah, so one of the slide I think one of the slide I said, I said that these are the qualities but my chorizo is the one that cannot cannot be well cannot be estimated. So there's a microbial biomass. I think microbial biomass either they have different studies already that show that it can be estimated, especially the, the, the, the total biomass, the total microbial biomass the PLFA. I think there is a paper that already show that it's reasonably well estimated. And then the, and then it's RPD a good option. There's no, there's no one, there's no one measurement because RPD is exactly the same as R square so there's no one measurement that I think the, the, is that don't just pass one, one single index but look at, look at, look at the, the different instruments about the error about the, about the distribution and so on. Could we get a state areas but about the instruments, I think the instrument doesn't, it's not affecting too much I think if you're using one instrument that it should be well, but converting from one instrument to the other that's another, that's another issue because it could produce a different, different spectral signal but there are ways of trying to, trying to handle that. So, can we say, and I have all the information which is included in the visual and I would say yes, most, most probably, except for the, for the color which are, which the mid infrared that's not measure. Oh, that's the number of points affect the test for accuracy. Yes. Of course, you've got more points more data will get more, more representation and more accuracy. So how, how do we define a good prediction model so I don't think there's a one universal or one universal, some people like to say, or if we ask is greater than 0.6 or 0.7 then you get a good model but it depends I think it depends on the context as well. I mean, we shouldn't try to say that if it's the R-square or RPD greater than this then it's excellent or it's good if it's less than this is, it depends on the error and the uncertainty and what is your application. It's rapid but much time to spend in processing the data though this potentially negate this. So the mid infrared I think in the lab, I think one of the limitation is that we haven't, we didn't talk about this that the infrared is, it needs to be in the lab in the dry condition in the standard condition and it will perform better if it's also a grind in the finer, finer, finer soil. Yeah, there could be a trade off because the processing the, but I don't think the data analysis nowadays I don't think it's a, it's a limitation, because nowadays you can program it and it's it could be available so any any spectra is, it shouldn't be a problem. I think there is a continuous question, Tommy. So what is the preferred method of data calibrating and. I think that one, Alexander is responding by the text. Yeah, we can go next maybe. Okay, do you think MIR is going to replace this MIR future proximal sensing tool. I think it, it, I think the MIR is still has problems to use in the field I think it's still affected too much of the, they are portable mid infrared but I think it's, it's still. It's for soil is still challenging. Yeah, so there are values of using in this MIR in the field and there are values of using mid infrared in the lab. Do you need to build a regional calibration. It depends on your application so if you think that you want to use it as a as a lab that you take sample from the whole region I think it will be, it will be a good idea. But a lot of places, a lot of, even a lot of commercial labs. When they analyze the soil samples, they don't throw away the samples they keep it at least one month right, because of for for checking or for other issues I think if you're working with the if you're working with a commercial lab I think that's a that's a good resource that you can type into them that you can ask them to, to give them samples. They already analyzed that people already pay for them that you can build a library. Okay, I guess this will be the last one. The last one about ESP and EC. Yeah, yeah I'm not sure I think. I think most of the most of the data that we look at it's it's not. It's not well but maybe because of ESP they are because it changed some of the properties and if in case of extreme I think it could be in some cases it could be so it's it's not universal but in some cases. In some cases where I see that ESP and EC are predicted. Okay, okay. Thank you buddy. And in the last I just want to add that because from the chat box, and then many colleagues asked about this book, and I would like to say I would like to mention one more time is this book. It's not completely open access. So if you can find a way to borrow this book from your library or your university or your lab or can, can, can pay for this book, we will encourage you to use this book. Otherwise, we are currently working together with the University of Sydney and the, and the, the big team with the boogeyman and Alex, and we are currently recording some video course based on this book, and so give a training for the spectrum modeling using our program. And this video course will be online in our Glow Sloan world page by end of this year so everybody will benefit this video course and repeatedly, repeatedly watch this video course and then learn how to use our program for the spectrum modeling. So, a very big thanks. Thank you to our today presenter. And the, the today I think we reached almost 400 participants to join the second webinar on soil spectroscopy. My colleague is now posting the link to the other four webinars scheduled on soil spectroscopy and you all invited to join and register. I would like to check this page irregularly as another series of webinar on what chemistry health and safety equipment person quality assurance and quality control and the laboratory management will be organized in next few months. And the certificate will be issued, and it will be sent by email automatically after two weeks after the webinar so please be patient. Dear participants, the recording of the webinar will be shared with you all together with a small report and the presentation of our speaker of the day. Thank you all once again, and I wish you all a pleasant end of the day, or even. Thank you, Woody. Thank you. And all the panelists are helping with the questions. Thanks. Thank you. Bye.


What are you doing here? I don't know, man. It's going on, everyone. Sam here, playing sports cards. Rippin' 22, Topschrome, Sapphire Edition, baseball, five box break, number 30, random team style. Let's look again at your random results. As always, find these on the website, under the results tab, as well as the link that's in chat. So good luck, everybody. Again, triple case, at a total now of... 13. 13 to go. 13 to go, mega triple case, or triple case MLB. So let's get that filled up. This next break, with spots. Look at the size of the soda he has out there, too. Bro, he had to, I had to help him carry it. Look at the size of his, honestly, look at the size of the soda. What is that, like, a shot? You should have just put a nipple on it. Yeah. Oh, God, the SNS Express SMS message.  Andrew Miller and... God, I can't even imagine what that's gonna be. JP Crawford, gold, Tyler O'Neill to 50. Nice one there for the Cardinals. Grat St. Louis and Sonny Gray. What does it say? Cause I don't get, like, I signed up for SMS and I don't get it. I don't know why, are they all like, like a month later, I'll come in at one time. Weird. Like the only one who has that problem. We got a red, red off rip in the first box. Good luck, everybody. Mzika, sluggery union. Nice one there. So that's gonna be a, we could do a separate full on random for this one. Five of five, it's gonna be Vladimir Guerrero Jr. and Wanda Franco, so the Blue Jays and the Rays. So that'll just be a full on separate random at the end. Full on separate random. Base and base. Purple to 10, Jordan Lyles for the Rangers. Nice one there, what a box, dude. Gold, red and a, and a purple. It's not bad, not bad at all. Cunha, Stella, Anthony Bender and AJ Pollock. So Anthony comes into chat yesterday, Josh Shader. He was like, where's Sean? Has he been on vacation? Is there like, is he still on vacation? Paul's son came and Kyle's talking. We're like, no, no, no. He got back on Sunday or Monday and he worked Monday. Like he was here on Monday night. And he goes, what did he say? He was like, oh yeah, that's right. I remember annoying him. I mean, it's like my bad. By the way, the rays are Jerry F and the blue Jays is Garadam. So yeah, that is owned by two separate people. Got a gold coming up here. That is Rodolfo Castro. Nice one there, color match for the Pirates. That's Pittsburgh and Nico Goodrum. Base and a fish. Jeremy Pena Rookie, nice one there. Personals for the Shields. Yeah, shoot us, wait till channel two goes live, Ryan. And talk to Kyle. He'll be able to do it for sure. There shouldn't be an issue. So yeah, just let him know and he'll, he could do that for you. Brandon Woodruff, Matt Brash. Nice one there for the Mariners. Grats on that. Candler, the Candyman. Let's go, just 50. Miguel Rojas, Nicky Lopez. On to the next one. That is Cole, Flexin, and Matt's. One, two, left, three, four, middle, five, six, right. Unless it's owned by somebody with majority. So, good luck. That is gonna be a six. Again, if it is numbered, I'll do a separate random as well. It's, you know, similar to the, to the red. So all of those will go to the right. So all of these League leaders will go to whoever's shown on the right there. Hunter Greenroakey, Chris Bryant. Got an orange to 25. JT Brubaker, nice one there. Congrats, Pirates. Very nice, very nice. Paul with Star Wars spot. Tom with two in the finest mixer. John D with a spot and Penini one mixer. Thank you all there. And Jake McCarthy. Astros, Manny Machado. Chris Bubic and Chris Sale. Nice ones there. So down to 18 to go in that finest mixer. Now again, triple case MLB at 13 left. Let's get that filled up. 13 to go on MLB triple case. Again, very, very, a lot of spots have come in for that, which is awesome. Appreciate that, everyone. That is fantastic. Is that all teams or is that just 28? Yeah, 28 on that. So yeah, over halfway sold out. Getting close to the single digits. Josh Harrison, Slam Diego returns. Nice one there, Padres to 50. That's pretty cool. And Jack Mayfield, finished his burger, yeah. Like a bird. Pecs at it. Pecs at it. Mark Cannon and Danny Janssen. Orange, Devin Williams to 25 for the brew crew. Nice one, Milwaukee. Take that all day for sure. Nice Juan there. What's up, Shipe? Shipe. That is going to the right with Garrett Cole. Yeah, VK was dope, man. Robert Pools. Joshua A with a certified spot and Jeffrey P with a spot in the finest mixer. Thank you guys. My daughter got engaged. Hell yeah. Shipe is so lucky that Florida State won. Oh yeah. Because he, I would be absolutely making sure he was on the trash list this week. Oh, let's go, Shipe. But they ended up winning in covering, so. Thanks. Thanks, bro. Appreciate that. Point bowl, Walker Bueller. Nice one there to 10. Congrats on that. Super excited for it. For Dodgers. And Kurt Suzuki. Oh, that's pretty sick. I like that. Thanks, bro. I did. I did talk my smack. Yeah. And I did because they were playing while I was breaking and I kept calling because we have a group chat, me, Shipe and Kyle on Instagram. We just talked like betting stuff. Right. And I kept calling him Scammers. They told them, they were like, oh, I think FSU's gonna cover against Florida. I was like, all right, I'll take it.  I was like, oh, never mind. Yeah. Whoops. Wrecking them. There's Jake Croninworth Future Stars, the 50 nice one there at Padres. Very nice, very nice. Padres. And Mike Folti. Yes, he was. Yes, he was, girl. And base. The only thing he was, he asked me like four months ago, so I had to keep it in for freaking four months. Yeah, that's true. That's true.  High five, highway for the Dodgers to 50. Nice one there for the Doiers.  Yeah, I mean, I told my people's here. Yeah. But I couldn't tell anybody in my family. Right, understandable. Yeah, man. And Ryan Zimmerman. Orange is Anthony Santan there. Nice color match to 25 for the O's. Congrats, Ooze. Nice one there, Orioles. Brewers and Diamond Vex. Justin Dunn, Hoy Park. We've got another gold of Fernando Tatis, Junior to 50. Nice one there for the Padres. Congrats on that, Dominic Smith. Last box, good luck, everybody. We do have our top scroll mixer coming up next. And then triple case MLB. That is three cases of the brand new top scroll update. Nah, no one leaked it, but it was cool. It was a good time. She's happy. That's good. It matters. Yeah, exactly. It's got Kay with a spot in the mixer.  That is a purple Wilmer Flores. Nice one there too, 10 for the Giants. Rikidi, Nic Ahmed, Joey Gallo. Her dad. And Lars Newtbark. Oh no, my daughter got engaged while we were in over Thanksgiving. Adam Wainwright. Spencer Strida and going to the Blue Geese.  Do you remember who this is? Well, I don't watch Jeopardy. I don't watch Jeopardy, so I couldn't tell you. I don't remember him. There's a bartender from Manhattan that beat Jeopardy James and then went on to win like eight million dollars. I had, like, I remember James. I remember he was awesome. James, you know, sports better. He's even better than James. Yeah, that's pretty impressive. Whole size. There was some random bartender from Manhattan that went on Jeopardy and just couldn't lose. Really? Yeah. And gold Adrian Houser, 50. Congrats on that one. All right, gotta do a quick random for the, that's gonna be between the Blue Jays and the Rays. Jays, Blue, Jays, Rays, Rays. All right, again, everybody. We got the Red Five of Five slugger reunion, hometown friends catch up during pregame. Blue Jays and Rays got Vladdy and Wander. So roll the dice. Whatever team's on top. After three times, we'll get the card. One, two, and three. Going to the Blue Jays. Blue Jays top two meant to be. Congrats, Toronto. All right, again, that is this one right here. We've got gold of Adrian Houser, Fernando Tatis, High Five Highway, Jake Croninworth, Slam Diego returns, Matt Brash, Rodolfo Castro, Tyler O'Neill, Orange is the 25, JT Brubaker, Devin Williams, Anthony Santander, Purple Satin, Jordan Lyles, Walker Bueller, and Wilmer Flores. That will do it for the break, everybody. Thanks again for the film. Coming up next is that three box, or four box tops chrome mix.


This is Conrad Nagel inviting you to stay tuned for the next half hour for one of radio's outstanding dramatic productions on Proudly We Hail Proudly We Hail Another Proudly We Hail one of radio's outstanding dramatic half-hours transcribed coast-to-coast in cooperation with this station and presented by your army and your Air Force From Radio City, New York, here is your host and star on Proudly We Hail the distinguished star of the theater screen radio and television Conrad Nagel Thank you, Kenneth Banghard. Hello everyone. Welcome again to Proudly We Hail Journey with us to yesteryears we ride with a mounted patrol of the United States Cavalry for a thrilling story entitled Warpath We'll begin the first act in just a moment after this brief but very important message Can you hold down a man's job? If your answer is yes There's a man's job waiting for you in our rapidly expanding United States Army Visit your nearest United States Army and United States Air Force recruiting station and get all the details today And now with your star Conrad Nagel in the role of Lieutenant Frank Baldwin your army and your Air Force present the Proudly We Hail production Warpath We've been snowed in here at the ranch for three days now I was pretty bored at being cooped up so the second day I started roaming through the rambling old ranch house My grandfather started it back in the 90s and it's been added to every few years until now it sprawls all over the place My grandfather died when I was only five He came out of the Civil War a lieutenant Lieutenant Frank Baldwin My father named me after him Soon after the war he was ordered west to fight Indians when he retired the government gave him a land grant, which was the start of this ranch My father'd often told me my grandfather was a stickler for details Kept a complete account of the form of diaries of each day's activities all the years He served in the cavalry I've found the diaries in a dust-covered battered old army trunk And as I sat in my comfortable chair in front of the fire and read them I Saw myself as lieutenant Frank Baldwin of the United States capillary and soon I was transported back through the years Back to a day when the words frontier pioneers engines warpath meant something else than just another movie Cross the bridge of time and return to other days when men followed a star toward the west and the word frontier was a beckoning call Stand at sunset and look to the crouching mountains across the plains Listen to the rustling buffalo grass whisper of Tom Tom studying through the anxious night Listen carefully and you may hear the ghostly echo of a bugle call The creek of well-worn saddles the busy clink of accoutrements the muffled rhythmic tread of cavalry on the long trail They're guidance snapping proudly in the desert wind Well, what do you make of addiction? Well, hold up lieutenant. We'll have a look see Sergeant Oh the column trails about a day old around 20 horses War party traveling light heading up the sweetwater Probably the same bunch that ambushed Hennessey's wagon train will head up the sweetwater and make camp near Dolan I'll scout ahead with Kiva. I don't like to tell you army fellows about your business But I'd go mighty careful lieutenant Satantas one smart engine And it ain't just the car was on the warpath either. It's the command cheese the Cheyenne's there are apaholes I know all that Dixon. I know all that. I've got my orders and we'll push on all right I'll send Kiva back if everything's hunky-dory Come on Kiva Sergeant Brady Tell us about that time you shot the Indian from a mile off what for what you wouldn't believe it That must have been quite a wreck as you boys had up on the Nova walls Well, it was fair to middle of smithy child. There was 28 of us holding off 300 of white bears best What'd you do count them just the dead ones for eight days, didn't you? I wasn't keeping track of time But I reckon it was about that long till some of you souls are boys Could tear yourselves away from the comforts of Dodge City and come give us a hand Did you hear what they did to Hennessey?  Just remember horse. I've forgotten more about engines and you'll ever know I've lived with him smoke with him I'm trying to pull them like I have a word with you. All right See you boys later Funny Cassidy. Yeah, well, maybe so They ain't sorry. He's along He ain't known from the panhandle the big horn for nothing Yes, sit down Dixon I'm sending word back in general miles that we've had Indians and we're following it up the sweet water But I want reinforcements because I think it's a trap suppose you tell me what you think all right I think it's a trap too. I feel they've been watching us since we left the fort What have you seen to make you feel that well when you've been around these parts as long as I have you Don't have to see anything to know. You got trouble. All you got to do is feel it now No engine in his right mind would leave the trail We're following unless he wanted us to follow it. Suppose they were in a big hurry wouldn't matter how big a hurry a Blind man could follow this trail. Well, maybe you're right a rider from the battalion came in a few minutes ago He brought some good news. There was a big fight on the Anadarko two days ago Santata was captured and the Indians badly beaten So this might be the trail of some of the survivors. How many was in that fight the dispatch didn't say just said there Was a big fight and we whipped them Nevertheless, I had posted pickets up on the ridges there and warned them to stay awake and I put a strong guard around the horses That's right smart lieutenant and don't be surprised if you have about 300 blood mad command she's around your neck come down Yeah, I think I'll turn in Don't know when I'll get a chance to sleep again night Fine Dixon And up long a spell keep an eye had a look around see anything. No, but the feeling still there Don't hear any of those howling comances you mentioned hope you don't have to lieutenant Keep an eye. I'll try and follow the ridge up there. Good. We'll move our short leg Sergeant Brady What do you make of that? That is an Indian smoke sir more like a burning house. Take a squad of men and have a look. We'll wait here Don't eat sir. Here come the scouts take over the column sergeant. I'll write out to meet them. Yes, sir What is it Dixon settlers Kevin man and two women dead mate for the trap Lieutenant the valley is crawling with ancient sign if we ain't careful. We'll ride right into another Fetterman Fetterman disobeyed orders I have to follow my orders and orders. We're walking right into a trap. Have you seen any Indians lieutenant? You don't see them until they're ready for you to then it's too late.  I'm in I've got more orders to push on it'll I make contact with the Indians It's what we were sent out to do and I certainly can't turn back now with nothing more to go on than your hunches and mine That they're all around us. I've got to know for sure then too late nevertheless. We go on Just to make doubly sure I'll dispatch a rider back to the battalion and tell them to come on as fast as they can We can't wait here till they catch up No Dixon we can't all right. I guess you got to do what you got to do But Keeva and I both advise you to stay clear of that burning cabin You can't do anything for them folks there now, and it's a likely spot for an ambush. Can we go around it?   I'll have the men walk their mounts means about to go through We can get through it before dark. Well, that'll depend on a lot of things There's Keeva seems to be in somewhat of a hurry She would own quite like that for nothing Oh color lieutenant get me up into those rocks, then you come with me. I show you engine plenty engine Just stamp lieutenant Right here. I go look Isn't this the ridge but the canyon entrance?  I already take his count Don't understand it. There's only a dozen of them down there.  They're waiting for you to show up. Then you chase them into the canyon Now look carefully up and down the sides of it as far as you can see Yeah, but I don't jump on G. Husser that yeah And you can bet that around the band there are more of whether must be two or three hundred at least Three hundred to fifty ain't good odds Especially when they're waiting for you eat bad medicine down there. Yes. Yes, we better get out of here They're not going to stand there waiting forever Well, we don't show up. They'll come looking. They'll also be waiting for whoever they had up here to give them a signal Come on, man Dixon Maybe we can turn the tables on them. You mean wait here for them to come out after us. We don't wait for them to come I'll ride in with ten men We'll pick that narrow spot just ahead to place the rest of the column when we get to the canyon entrance instead of chasing the We'll turn and run if I know anything at all about Indians. They won't be able to resist chasing us Well, it's a good idea lieutenant. We either do that or get out of here fast. We do that Sergeant Brady too late lieutenant look Well At least we didn't walk into it. They'll have to come to us Yeah, what are they waiting for Dixon? There are no hurry just figuring out the best way to do the job quite a sight, isn't it? I'll have the men try to aim for the chiefs Man hold your fire until I give the orders. Wait a minute. They're not going to attack They're leaving Well now, what are you supposed? There's your answer the battalions caught up with us the Indians must have known it Yeah, I guess sending back that message wasn't such a bad idea. You couldn't have had it better one lieutenant Not and keep your hair on your head And life is free Nego starring in the role of lieutenant frank Baldwin in the proudly we hail production Warpath will return in just a moment for the second act Here's some great news for intelligent young men Your growing united states army needs qualified young officers and a brand new regulation says you can apply for ocs Officer candidate school before you enlist You must be at least 19 years old and able to pass the mental and physical exams for army officers A high school diploma is your best qualification If you're accepted you'll take 14 weeks of basic then to leadership school for eight weeks and be sent directly to ocs You'll be taught many interesting subjects and it will be a great day when you line up for your commission You'll be proud to be an officer in the united states army with good pay and allowances for quarters and food This is a great opportunity for young men and you should take advantage of it now If you think you can make the grade get all the details at your nearest united states army and united states air force recruiting station And now with your star conrad nagel in the role of lieutenant frank Baldwin. We present the second act of warpath Because I was a cavalry soldier Into the desert the battalion moves swallowed up in gray dust that powders and coats horses and men alike They follow a trail that twists and turns and seems to lead to nowhere They follow an elusive enemy that moves us silently and quickly as a desert wind Finally low on water with no water to be found they must give up the chase And so like an army of haggard ghosts They turn their failing mounts and return once more to the valley of the sweepwalker At mclellan's creek they make camp and take stock of their situation And report to general miles That is gentlemen Now The supply train should arrive before sundown tomorrow Now as you know, we're tied here until it does My scouts tell me that they have seen little indian sign in the past two days I think we can assume the main body continued on across the desert but With colonel mckenzie moving down from the north and davidson coming in from the west It can be sure they'll be swinging back this way However, we are powerless to move in any strength Until the supply train does arrive Now I want you to make mclellan creek with these supplies in another two hours Made right good time. Yeah, darn good. I bet the general will thank us himself Yeah, but I sure wish we had more of the boys riding along with us my hair to sit a little tighter If you had any hair Jim look Engines must be a hundred of give those horses the whip we're gonna run for Wagon train coming tonight lieutenant. Yes, sir.  I want him to be a guy just the two of us general No, there'll be six of you all together three privates and your crow friend kiva I want you to start right away travel just at night and hold up during the day They should get through I guess I don't have to tell you how well the trail is being watched. I'll keep it in mind general Well, Dixon's son will be up on another half hour We better start looking for a place to hold up another two hours of hard riding and we'd be at camp supply Yeah, but we've made out all right for two nights. Let's not spoil it by getting skelte You know For a lieutenant you might do all right If you can live long enough for view, that's a compliment Yeah, you better halt your men here I'll ride ahead and scare up kiva. Yeah, not much in the way of cover out here Yeah, wait a minute, it's too late to ride for it. Just mount men and fight on foot smith you hold horses And they're stopping keep it up, man Keep it up. They'll be back as soon as they get organized.  Don't get too sure. We'll keep firing to give it Get your arms around me, Nick Come on Come on. I'll give you a hand We make it work makes an old man before he's tired. They come again. You take him on the left kiva I'll take the right you three men hit the center They have water lieutenant. I tell you you've got to have water.  I got to have water to fill up the holes Watch him. He's going local.    We're not going to die of thirst That's for sure Look Look over there Are those rain clouds dixon? What do you say kiva? We get wet. We get plenty wet. You've got to be right. You just got to be right.  Do you think they'll attack on this nope The indians don't like fighting in the thunderstorm Won't hurt to keep your eyes open though. This is one rainstorm. I'll never forget he got Cool now. I'm going out to get smitty indians can't see me in this rain Smitty's dead. We can use his ammunition and his rifle need any help. Yeah, come on. We'll run for it Bring him back so they can't scalp him All right He moved he's alive Easy with him Off lieutenant. Yeah, it's probably just waiting till it gets dark Mitty's not gonna last long out here. He's got two slugs in his chest. I ain't either.  Oh, no, no you stay here. You best. Shall it anybody? We need you that's right dixon Well, you handle that buffalo gun's a sight to see so I guess it's up to you rath Soon as it's dark just find the trail and keep moving Snapple ever come on in man. Make it quick. I couldn't find the trail. I've been wandering around for hours Just lucky I found you again. See any engines? No, not a one And I can I'll have to try for it how smitty he's dead rath. Well, it's pretty close to daybreak I'll leave you my buffalo gun and just keep my coat I'll get help to you as quick as I can we'll be waiting for you dixon Keep your hair on look for an attack at sunrise at you One more attack many were done for I've got five shots left. I've got seven save my shot for self. I save one for harrington All right, I guess dixon didn't make it. No give a pope Scalp still on head sure would be a pleasure to keep it there and they stopped shooting Yes, they're lining up to try it again Well, we sure give them a good fight while it lasted make them good end too Take plenty with us to land of shadows Listen listen Listen to that There they are look at him come dixon Listen carefully and you may hear the ghostly echo of a bugle call The creek of well-worn saddles The busy clink of accoutrements the muffled rhythmic tread of cavalry on the long trail Their guidance whipping in the desert wind as they ride on into yesterday Our star conrad megal will return in just a moment with a word about next week's show Here's a special message The united states army needs young men men with ambition who want to continue their education If you can qualify the army will send you to one of its many fine technical schools The army trains its men in such interesting exciting fields as radio radar electronics mechanics Meteorology and many many others You'll not only get the finest training in the world But you'll have the special pride that goes with wearing a united states army uniform Today there are plenty of chances for a man to get ahead For our army is growing fast and ambitious young men can grow with it But why not learn for yourself about what the army has to offer Go to your nearest united states army and united states air force recruiting station Have a talk with a recruiting sergeant and learn all the facts This has been another program on proudly we hail presented transcribed in cooperation with this station By the united states army and the united states air force recruiting service proudly we hail stars conrad megal Supporting mr. Nagle in the role of dixon was joe dissatis Warpath was written by duet cup the music was composed and conducted by john guanier This program was produced under the supervision of charles and rogers productions and directed by charles wilks This is kenneth banghardt speaking and here again is your host and star Conrad nagle friends We hope you'll join us next week for proudly we hail for a suspense filled story full of surprises Our play is entitled the trial of gregarry windslow And it's a story with a twist that you won't want to miss until then Goodbye


Hey guys, what's up, this is East Side Steve with East Side Show SCP, and today I'm showing you the great old one, the playing cards of Cthulhu mythos. If you would like to order your own, please check out the video description or the pinned comment for links to order. If you would like to help support the show and also get yourself some pretty cool merchandise, please be sure to check out this video as well as the other unboxing videos I've done. There's a 54 card poker deck which features exclusive Cthulhu themed artworks based on Lovecraftian characters and scenes depicted. Basically the cards come in high quality printing with 300 GSM double copper paper embossed on both sides. The finishing is modified to protect the cards against scratches and stay ultra smooth for playability, while balancing a subtle amount of light off. And what you'll see here coming up is that the suit cards, the ace of spades is Hohenheim's heart, the ace of heart is the scary truth, ace of club is the creature from the woods, the ace of diamonds is the disciple of the abyss. Two is the investigator's heritage, three is Charmouth Village, four is the deep one's gaze, five is the shadow under water, six is the island of destruction. Seven is the last breath of the dead, eight is the mountains of madness, nine is the lighthouse and ten is the fish-gull. The Jack, Queen and King cards, which are slightly different for each suit, are based on Shubdigarath, Yogg-Sothoth, and Nyarlathotep. Finally the big and little jokers show a colored and a black and white silhouette portrait of HP Lovecraft, respectively holding a book out of which tentacles crawl. Probably if a million does sell a lot of these type of playing cards, usually HP Lovecraft and there's a couple of SCP stuff as well, but basically if you would like to get your hands on some Cthulhu cards and all that then check this out, I think you'll really like it. And who? I'm gonna let the rest of the video play so you can see all the cards in their glory. And of course if you want to order one, please check out the video description or the pinned comment. And as always, thank you everybody for some helpful support to show and also watching the awesome videos. Anyway, it's care everybody.


The Nigerian Navy has expressed confidence in the annual multinational maritime security exercise codenamed Obern Game Express, saying it will enhance the growth of the African continental free trade area. The chief of the naval staff, Vice Admiral Awal Gambo, set this on Friday in Lagos at the flag of ceremony of the Obern Game Express 2023, which took place on board the Nigerian Navy ship Kada at the Nevo dockyard in Lagos. Speaking, the CNS, who appreciated guests for attending the event, said that the essence of the exercise is to strengthen the security architecture of the maritime domain within the region for freedom of navigation without fear of attacks by criminal elements. Exit, and only on the part of the exercise, it has to be exercised from an engine and I mean it, this was known to exercise on the bigger, all important and all related fishing as well as the leader of World War II, Monty King. Monty King, prepared for the regional exercises to be conducted while people who were quite punctured and floated exercises were submitted on the floor. That's who conducted and asked and addressed Monty King's exercises on the floor. While Monty King's exercises were conducted while people who were quite punctured and floated exercises were submitted on the floor.