What a shot that is of a Scorpius Rex from behind a tree. Although now there's a tree in the middle of the fight. Uh, do I stop? Oh! Oh! Oh! Hello, Ronan! Welcome to the showcase of Indomible! Scorpius Rex, that's the one I so didn't just forget it there. Yes, here it is! And it is the one you wanted to see out of all the dinosaurs in the new DLC. Of course, of course it is. We're gonna take first a quick look at it in here. Then we're gonna jump in game and just see all its different animations. So first off, let's have a look. This is the Scorpius Rex 2015 A variant of skin. That looks quite nice. The other one is this. Now this one I think is more in line with like a toy. I'm pretty sure there's a Scorpius Rex toy that looks more like it, like the more classic. I kind of like A more. It has a bit more variety to it.  Sonar and Desert, which looks quite nice. Then you've got Death Valley is a little bit different. Then you've got Great Sandy, Champlain Valley, Salada Huascar, the Olympopoe River, which is actually really nice. The Quillian Mountains. Now this is what you're gonna want.  The white one got the black and the white. That's what you want! Because both look amazing. And that's the Quillian. Yukon River. Ooh, a little bit. It's whiter, but actually it's got a little bit. If you look closely, there is a bit of weird, purpley greenness going on with the skin there. Wow, fascinating. Salvabald, which usually is the dark color. In this case, it's not so much the Amazon rainforest. Now, if that doesn't look like a piranha, I don't know what does, man. But that's 100% a red-blade piranha. Mangrove forest? Yeah, that's all right. And the Gambian River basin of fairy. Wow, if this was Drasigold Evolution 1, this would be like the vivid skin, 100%. Now, let's have a look with going through all the patterns. So this is Sonarin with a green. Oh, I love the tox. Look at this quills on it. That looks so cool. I've yet to find, I mean, we're gonna find out whether it actually has a poisonous effect when it fights things. We've got the lithobates, which is the yellow. Again, looks really nice here. The Pulcherana, which is a white. The Papurana, which also looks really good. And the, was it a paleoflax? Out of all of those, I think my favorite is either the yellow or the green. I mean, I kind of like the yellow. I think the yellow suits it the most. So, next on to the Death Valley. So we'll just quickly skim through. Again, it's pretty much just gonna be the same. Then we'll go on to the Great Sandy. The Rana pattern looks quite nice with that. Oh, actually, the yellow looks really nice as well. Geez, oh, this is awesome. We'll have a look at the Chaplain with all the different variants. Yep, yep, not looking too bad. It kind of looks like a weird stonefish with its mouth that I look at. Because I never really get to look at Scorpius Rex in really close detail in the show. Because it's only, you know, the shots that you're allowed to see. But this, oh yeah, you get really appreciate its design. It looks so good. The Salado or Salo del Huesco and the Peleo Flax. That looks really nice with it. Now to Limpopo River. Out of all of these, these are my favorite. Limpopo River, not my favorite. Now on to the white. White and black looks gorgeous. White and yellow looks good too. Oh yeah, I think that's my favorite. Look at that, that looks so cool. I was hoping or was kind of interested to see whether they would put the Scorpius Rex Gen 3 from Jurassic World alive in this. But I don't know if they have. Just kind of looking through. So Yukon River, again, getting on my favorite. Probably go with the Little Bates. Little Bates looks good with the lighter colors. Little Bates looks great with any color actually. It's a safe. It's safe. If you go for Little Bates in whatever pattern, you're good. We'll go for Amazon Rainforest. I think maybe this one would be the Gen 3 from Jurassic World alive, but no. Oh the white looks good. The Pulcherana looks good. Oh yes, oh yes. Mangrove Rainforest ran a Chalcorana. Ran or a Chalcorana? It's okay. Probably that one. The Peleoflax looks quite good with that green. And finally, the Gambia. Gambia River Basin out of these. Ooh, that looks quite nice with the red tips. Papurana and Gambia. That looks so good. So not only do you have this, we'll switch back to the Baskin, I think. This is a basic. You actually have animation. So this is the idle animation. You now have a walking animation. So this is going to be great if you want screenshots or anything like that. And what would be, if my suggestion, is to add a green screen behind it. Would be, you know, just a flat green color. Would be amazing. If you get on that, I was going to say, Ludia in front of you. You've got a running animation. We're going to see all of these once we jump in game. You've got this little sleepy animation. You've got the actual little scritchie animation. And you've got an idle, which is, ah, the classic roar from Camp Cretaceous. You see the lightning flashes in the background. Ready? So are you ready for the release of Scorpius Rex? Let's go. So we're not going to showcase all of the, the, what do you call it, the free DLC options you get, all the decorations stuff. We'll do that in another video. This is just focusing on all the Scorpius Rex. Oh, look, look at the claw on it. Look at those, the feet. Wow, the feet are so small. It is a very, very hard-looking creature. It has to be said, its proportions are all over the place. But my God, do you not love it? So let's have a quick look at how it eats a goat, because that's the easiest thing to get out of the way. There you go. Have a goat. Thank you for the energy. Okay, we've actually got a drinking animation. So that's, that's the first, the first time ever in the world. Now, if you would mind killing the goat, that would be much appreciated. Please. Here we go. The hunt for the goat.  Oh, eats it in one. Oh, that was gorgeous. Oh, brilliant. Oh, we definitely need to see that again. Why not just destroying a vehicle? Yeah. Yeah, that's it. Imagine seeing that. Oh, it's like a horror movie. Oh, wow. So this is first person mode. Ooh, we can, we can hide the UI and we can just see it like this. So this is how tall we are in comparison to a Scorpius Rex. Ooh, yes. I wouldn't want to be here. That's for sure. I've got no body first. Start with no knees. You hear that music? I'm wondering if that's because I'm focused on the Scorpius Rex and Scorpius Rex has its own motif. Oh, if that's the case, this is so cool. I think it, oh, God, it's going on the head. I was gonna say, I don't remember hearing this kind of music at all. So, oh, I love it. It's running with what you call it, the raptor hands. Hello, my baby. All right, then. Oh, goat is running. Oh, goat is really on the run. Wow. Okay. I mean, I wasn't expecting it to run. Oh, wow. It's going to go right behind that tree, isn't it? You had to be in the most awkward position because I was here to get a good look at it. Yeah, no. Like right behind the tree. Anyway, okay. So that is how it eats the goat. Now, it's a question of how does it fare against everything else? So what, what, you know, what better thing to start with than an archaeon of the mammoth? I'm expecting this thing, you know, to, to pretty much kill it. Instantly. It's a bit like endoraptor, endominus rex. It's going to want to kill something as soon as it enters its territory. I'm assuming. Well, hopefully, scrub reflex doesn't kill anything else because why not release freaking bumpy into the mix as well? It actually does look different, I think. I'll definitely want to do a comparison between a regular iron calisaur and bumpy's face just if they did re-texture it at all and remake it. Because it definitely looks like adult bumpy. Right, that's why nothing's fighting because, uh, combat's off. Ah, I was like, why is, why is it not going for anything? Surely scrubby's rex should have killed something by now. That's why, because I turned it off. All right, let's see how scrubby's rex fights a triceratops. Ooh, this should be interesting. So, endoraptor did a jump to the side and kicked off it. Endominus rex did a bite. What will scrubby's rex do? Oh, it's a tail whip. I guess, you know, you got those poisons and this, uh, toxic quills. Oh, and a smash from the trike. Now, I made sure that scrubby's rex has got, like, way better stats than what it normally would have.  Oh, God. Yep, triceratops doesn't look too hot. I think it's go- Oh, is it gonna roll? Are we ending it? Yeah, we are. Oh, God. No, no. But is it poison? Is the question. Looks like scorpious rex is fine. It's 74. Yes, it is poisoned.  That's nice. I like it. Nice touch. So, scorpious rex is one of the few dinosaurs that is poisonous and actually looks like it is now going to finish off. The triceratops. All right, let's have a look. Oh, oh, biting behind the crest and takes it down. Lovely. I like the little side step it did there. That was nice. Well, yep, didn't start a chance against that one. And now you're going to get combatting for me, which means that you're going to be even tougher to take down. And it's dead. So it's on low health now and look at it. It looks so emaciated. Oh, it looks really weird. All right, let's release another one. Why don't we in this time? Oh, different camera angle. Is this a better? Hard to say. Hard to say. Sometimes it's like a proper cinematic shot, like within Dominus Rex and maybe we'll find one with this. Only the light was the other way around. I think it is. It's also aligned itself on the wrong side, which is a bit annoying, but it lined itself up and anything. Oh, no. Yep. There's something. Oh, okay. Oh, it's nibbling onto the leg. Oh, wow. Okay. That would be great to have seen from the other side, where there's actually light down this game and one side being absolutely pitch black. I was going to go for the game. Oh, well, at least we're going to see a little bit this time. Yeah. He's like, ah, not leaving it alone. Cheeky naughty. So I'm assuming that the Apatosaurus is now bleeding. Yeah, he's poisoned. Look at that. So Scorpius Rex can take on giant sauropods and it'll do exactly the same animation to Brachiosaurus and Dreadnoughtus and all that. Dead dinosaur. Oh, my God. That was fast. It died. Jesus. You're not going to be able to do much of it. Yoy. Run him, allosyphaly. Oh, no. Oh, I'm cutting. Exactly like the goat did. Oh, well, okay. Well, at least there's no, like, stomping on it like the Carnotaurus did. Jesus. Right. We're releasing another one. Because apparently this is taking far too long. And maybe we'll see them interact with each other too. If they interact with each other at all without killing each other, that is. I think they probably will. Oh, yes. It's like a really nice color scheme, this one as well. I just randomized the thing and look at that. That looks so cool. All right. We have a margassole being hunted by Scorpius. How is this we're going to go? Oh, oh, oh. Just like broke its neck there. I don't know what it did, but bite its leg and then just snap its neck. Something like that. But it was over quick. It's about to get interesting. Wake up, puppy. Take it on a newly colored Scorpius Rex. Now, puppy's already killed one. Now, will it be able to kill this one is the question? Look at its eyes. So cute. Oh, the slash across. I'm so sorry for any bumpy fans. This was never going to play out in Bumpy's favor.  I've got to admit, look at that color scheme, man. That is glorious. Head alongside. Oh, puppy, not looking too good. Is it over? No, no, we're going to do a roar. And then we'll have Bumpy come back to be killed or something. But it'll be interesting to see how it gets killed. Will it kill it the same way? Oh, oh. Oh, the other Scorpius Rex also intimidating it. Oh, a little bit of teamwork there. That was weird. Oh, Bumpy on 10%.  Yeah, Bumpy's just gone off to sleep. Well, you know what? I'd rather that was the case. I'd rather Bumpy died in it's sleep. However, I'd rather it didn't die and it was treated. Oh, never mind it died. But it does appear that their poison is incredibly fast reacting. More so than by Troodon or anything like that. But I guess maybe they were bleed. But the poison of freaking Scorpius Rex is absolutely lethal. Right, solid. We made another one. They're not killing the Archionithomimus. Fast enough for my liking. And you know what? At least this way, we're going to see another one. Oh, it's Ranner again. I think it is except for this time. It's a green. That looks so good. Look at you. Are you ready? Scorpius Rex taking on Archionithomimus. Oh, Jesus. Where did it throw it? Oh, there it is. So it grabs the head and just flings it across the floor. Let's release the power. And this isn't any normal power. No, this is a bioluminescent power. But because it's daylight, it just looks like a regular power. Which is quite nice. Right. So this time, I'm going to try not to lose it. We've got a para being chased by a Scorpius. And wow, Jesus. The leap on that was absolutely crazy. It likes to jump. By God, does it like to jump? Okay. Let's see if there is a unique sort of eating together animation. This could be quite interesting. We've got a lot more Scorpius Rex's knocking about now. So if these two eat together, of raw, what? Of three of them? Any dominant ones here? Well, that one was sort of. I'm so sorry, patchy. I'm so sorry. You're about to be jumped on. Oh, come on. Throne. So it kills patches and all small little theropod dinosaurs the same way. So it grabs it and flings them as it runs past. Wow. Fascinating. Okay, but a question is, how does it fare against something a bit a bit bigger? Something that can protect itself. Something from the same franchise. How about Toro? That's right. We have this game. Lovely. Just a little bit more darker colors than it has in, you know, Drafts of World Evolution 2 by default. But yeah, I was kind of wondering if we'd get an alternate to Toro with like the scars and stuff. It'd be a bit more burned. Burned toast. But no, not this time. Really not happy with how they're fighting. I don't even know if Conor Toros wants to fight. No, he's running away. Right. Conor Toros has chosen the right one that it wants to fight, I think. Although, I think there might be a glitch. Again, Conor Toros is doing this thing where it just like goes round. I think, yep, he's gonna fast. Oh, there. Oh, never mind. Okay, now it does it. Now it friggin' does it. The hate's straight away onto it. Yeah, you had to start there, didn't you? I was like, nah, they're definitely not gonna fight because they're doing this weird, like, where Conor Toros isn't even looking at anything. Oh, a bite from there. But Conor Toros will be poisoned. So it's gonna be quite tough to actually get finishing animations with Scobies for X because they need to have a fight. What? What was that? I have no idea what the heck that was. But it didn't work. It looked like it was trying to, like, jump over it and roll underneath it and bite it. And, wow, that was crazy. We need to release more. Ah, why not? Let's release some other souls into it as well. It's always fun. All right, well, you know, it wouldn't be complete. We're just gonna, like, release everything. Everything's gonna have a fight. It's not a battle royale. We'll do that later. But instead of me having to sit here for another three hours before something happens, because, apparently, that's how long it takes for them to fight, we just release everything in now.  Oh, come on. You two aren't supposed to fight each other. Oh, here we go. Alice saw against a Scorpius Rex, though. That's more like it. Let's see. Maybe we'll get that weird rotary animation.  Oh, the bites. Oh, the kick. Yes. That was beautiful. Oh, my God. That was brilliant. I loved it. We need to release some more Carnotaurus, because I think it did a different animation with the Carno. Come on, Mickey Ones.  Okay, here we go. Min me against a Scorpius. Like, there actually needs to be some sort of, like, lead up to this fight. Oh, yeah. Okay, fire enough. I don't think you entirely even hit it, but there you go. Just wallop. I was expecting just to kick it, like, bam, and boot it. And T-Rex against a Scorpius. This is the first time we've seen a Scorpius Rex take on a very large Carnival. Bigger than it.  But, of course, T-Rex will be poisoned, so it will be interesting. How's this going to go? Oh, another whack. Takes to very low health, and it's bleeding. Can Scorpius Rex finish it? I just want to see it finish it. Oh, a bite as well. Is this it? Is this how they're going to end it? Yep, they're going to end it like that.  Not the best place for a truck to be, if we're going to be honest. Oh, God. Yep, there's the throw. Oh, we're going to see it from this angle. So the Allosaurus like bites back, and then it's like, just kicks it in the neck. That's glorious. Carnotaurus, you have chosen a lovely one to go up against. A lovely green one. Right, come on. So it seems like they both do like a regular attack, and then with the Allosaurus, there's a special attack that the Scorpius Rex can do. Let's see if it works this time, and it can do it against the Carnotaurus. It's going to work out. Okay, maybe next time. Maybe this one. Maybe this one will do it. Come on. Come on, work, please.  You know you want to. It looked so, it looked like it tried to look so cool. It really did. Oh, my God. Oh, no, it did it again. No, it kind of looked so good. It looks like it's playing with it. It really does. Oh, no. It's like, Ah! Right, I just caught this because I thought this Carnot was just going to die by itself. However, it's not. And oh, there it is. And oh, down. So I think that is the same animation as how it killed Allosaurus. So those medium Carnivores seem to have the same kill animation. However, there's like a battle animation mid-battle that they do that is completely different. What a shot that is of a Scorpius Rex from behind a tree. Oh, my God. That looks so cool. Like it was just like peering round. Although now there's a tree in the middle of the fight. Do I stop? Oh, oh, the throw.  So that is how he's Scorpius Rex kills an indoor rabbit and bites it. Bam. Instant death. There's the roar. All right. Could this be it? Could this be the finisher? Oh, oh, yes it is. Oh, oh my God. Boing. So the Scorpius Rex finished in Dominus Rex just like every other carnivore. Just like the Allosaurus, just like the Carnitoris with a bite to the neck and a bung on the floor and killed it. So this leaves us with an interesting scenario. What happens when a Scorpius Rex manages to get out of a gate? Oh, we got something here.  Oh, I don't know. No, it's just running everybody out. Oh, is it this guy? Nope. Nope. Nope. And off he goes.  Oh, is it, is he alive? Oh, oh, nope, nope, nope, not for long. Nope. There he goes. Oh, so it just completely crushes the person and then eats him a hole. Oh my God, that is horrendous. Oh, there it goes. It's got a ringtone. Today the phone too. Can they get away from a Scorpius Rex? Oh, this one went flying. Jesus. No. God, numb done. I want this Indoraptor to win. I want to see Scorpius Rex's death animation because we've seen a lot of kills. But can we see, oh, oh, I think we are going to see a death animation. Yes. Oh my God. Oh, yes. Oh, yes. Are we ready? Are we ready, guys? That's fine. That's fine. Maybe one hit. Oh, okay. Okay. It dies very similar to everything else that Indoraptor kills. Okay, never mind. But how does Indominus Rex looking? Oh, this is such a good skin as well. Two against Scorpius Rex.  Oh, the bite. I think that's how Indominus Rex normally kills things. So no unique animation there. But hey, at least we got to see it. All right, then. How is it going to finish him? Is it going to be like normal or anything? Unique? No, I don't think so. Still kind of the same. I was hoping for something a bit different, but hey-ho. Okay, guys, this might be it. Oh my God.  Like, you ha- Well, that's about it. It took so long to prep this fight to get a Scorpius Rex to the point where it would lose to a Carnot and actually die and not run off and- Well, guys, we're going to have to wrap it up here because I don't know how much else I can really show. There's probably some other, like, really unique ones. Like maybe Scorpius Rex and a flyer takedown could be quite interesting. But I've been here for two hours and this is as much as I can probably muster of just staring at Scorpius Rex for this. But if you enjoyed this video, I'll leave it up to you to find the rest of the animations and until next time, I'll see you cuties later. Oh, bye-bye.


But I wanted to talk a bit about evolution because this is something that I study in the Lab of Giuseppe Testa. I start from very far, from what not a human is, but something very similar, which is, so when I talk with my friends about evolution, the first thing that comes to mind to people who are born in the 80s and in the 90s is Lucy. Lucy has been called the missing link between humans and monkeys. There's still a big fuss about creation and evolution, but let's fake that we all believe in evolution today. And basically for two million years, at least, there was a place in Ethiopia in Africa where there were these creatures who had some features that are very similar to humans and some that are decently similar to chimps. But basically I want you to keep in mind that these two individuals that we found in Ethiopia had erect walking, so they have a structure, their bones of the legs and their pelvis was in such a shape that allows for walking. And they also had a less pronounced snout, so a smaller mouth. I want you to keep in mind this for less of the talk. And also they didn't have these dagger-like canons that we see in chimps. So they had smaller teeth, a smaller face, and they were able to walk. So this is, I think, the first set of features that you can think about when you want to define what a human is. Long story short, Darwin had a theory of evolution that is basically, it's defined as a tree. So basically there are moments in which population of individuals or elements separate and become kind enough different to not be able to breed again or reproduce and become different enough to be defined as a species. So today we define species more or less, be very vague now. As population of individuals that are able to interpret, so they are fertile, they can have an offspring that is able to give offspring again. So this is a very old picture of human evolution, like a tree again, when there are also species that are not totally believed to have existed today. So it's basically a tree again. There are branches and leaves that go up to Homo sapiens, and they include the astrophotopithecus, which are these two guides here. But the point is, or my presentation is that evolution is not, is a bash more than a tree. So an important concept that also people studying evolution never really quite get is well described in Wikipedia. So I think that we will all be able to keep in mind in the future. Integration basically is a process that happens while two species are starting to exist and elements, individuals from two different species are able still to hybrid, to make hybrids that are able to give offspring. So again, there is this moment during which speciation is happening and genes and variants can flow from one group of people and a group of other people that are supposedly from different species. And this is important because in human evolution these happened many times and we see today, for instance, we all know more or less what Neanderthals are. If you combine all the variability in human population today, the Neanderthal genome is at least 20% of the Neanderthal genome is present somehow in current genomes. So it means that we were able to intermingle, let's say, and have fun together for a certain period of time. And actually, if you look at single individual, we won't have more than 5% more or less of Neanderthal genome in each of us. Maybe less. It's cool because there are shades of amount of Neanderthals that you find in people depending on where they come from because actually Neanderthals evolved in Europe mainly and they moved a bit to Asia but they were kind of absent in Africa, for instance. So you can see really different sub-population of humans that have different amounts of Neanderthals in DNA. And it will be cool maybe with 23andMe to find how much Neanderthal you are. So just to do that. So what are humans? What are humans? The question today is basically how do you define a human? So I think that an important element, set of elements that we find already in Omorectus, which was 2 million years ago, they were already able to run long distances. We know it because of their anatomy, where they lived because basically Omorectus is found in several continents and it's amazing because Omorectus was able to make very complex shapes to shape tools and weapons and the technology they were using in Africa, in Europe and in Asia was the same. So it means that we are able to translate generationally and across populations because you can imagine that these people were not living always at the same time and the same moment they were meeting again after generations and were sharing technologies, making fires, cooking. So I think that a human, at least a proto-human, a very, almost modern human is able to make fire, to travel long distances, to shape tools and share knowledge. Also there are people claiming that the first engraving, so a kind of art, very simple art was already present in Omorectus, but Neanderthals, instead, were the first, or at least together with Homo sapiens, able to make, to use symbolism, so to abstract, to think out of the box, to have art, sort of art, to make ornaments and stuff. I think all of you have played with these shells in the sand, like Neanderthals. There are studies that say that probably most of these holes are made by nature, it's not made by people, but I think you share all of you some aesthetics that were already present with Neanderthals, but for sure Neanderthals have some different aspects with humans, modern humans, that are evident. So for instance we have smaller teeth, smaller jaws, a smaller ridge, a broad ridge, and a different brain case. So and some people have put forward a theory that we evolved by something called self-domestication. So when you look at wild animals and domesticated animals, you often see that between the two there are differences that goes to tooth size, thickness of the jaw, muzzle projection, so much the mouses, and also the shape of the brain case, of course. So the idea is that, like we do with domestication, basically we breed animals to have more less stressful animals, animals that trust more humans, more sociable somehow, and also with certain physical traits, because sometimes we don't select the behavior, sometimes we select the shape, but we don't... So in most of the case when we do domesticated animals, I'm thinking only about dogs, I'm thinking about cows and whatever you... I mean there are different types of domesticated animals, some we eat, some we don't, depends on you also, but basically the point is that these differences, these structural differences are rooted mostly in the neurocrust. So some people try to explain why this domestication happens and appears in humans and domesticated animals, and we kind of agree there is some missing, not so important. So we kind of agree that the cellular reason for why we have these differences in reduced teeth, floppy ears, reduced jaws, white patches in the body, are partially a byproduct of selecting the animals for their behavior and partially for their aspects, but basically there is these cells that are present in the embryo, and they are cool because basically they exist only in the embryo, it's a population of cells that migrate through all the body of the embryo, and they differentiate it because you know that we are made of billions of cells and there are different cells with different shapes and different functions, and many that make up the fascia structures, the bones, the muscles come from the neurocrust. And basically going forward some people said, okay then it means that during evolution and during domestication what happens is that there is a selection for a less active neurocrust, so a less active neurocrust will translate into smaller bones as smaller fascial traits and so on. So the idea is that similarly, similarly to what observed in dogs and foxes, modern humans with respect to archaic samples show milder traits potentially due to this reduction on the neurocrust activity. And one disorder that we study in the lab is William's syndrome, in which we found that basically gene called Baswan B, when it's defective, generates individual with a smaller jaw and intellectual disability, so it amperes both fascial features, body features and intellect. And what we know now thanks to our research is that Baswan B controls a bridge, a switch during early embryo development where the stem cells of the embryo need to decide to go toward the neurocrust or toward the brain. So the idea is that with the lower amount of Baswan B has with respect to archaics and for instance also in case of patients with respect to healthy people, there is a switch between the face and the brain. And we're still investigating what is happening on the brain, but what we know for sure is what is happening on the face. And by the point is that this is not all the story. So we cannot ascribe to a single gene the evolution of humans. Of course since the neurocruster is doing so many things, you can think that a gene that controls the neurocrust can directly produce a lot of features of phenotypes, but it's not necessarily all the point and we don't believe that. So now we're studying also genes that don't do necessarily only the face or necessarily the neurocrust. We're studying genes that let's say because we know that in the last 400,000 years a lot of mutations we acquired where on genes that are not related to the face are strictly related to the brain synaptic regulations, you all know more or less that neurons work by synaptic activity. I'm simplifying a lot here. We know that the adrenaline which derives from the neurocrust can regulate stress responses. So we know that there is a crosstalk between the brain and the adrenaline, so the neurocrust derived tissues, and the neurons that is important for human behavior, but we know also that the modern face, the slender face, the smaller nose, and so on, appeared more or less 200,000 years ago, while the globular shape of the brain appeared only 40,000 years ago. So it means that a lot of other things happened that we need to clarify and we are trying to study in the lab of course how this happens in our models, but the point is that for instance also writing appeared only 6,000 years ago. So there is a combination of cultural and genetic mutations that happened during human evolution that we need to understand and they are not necessarily neurocrust derived. So the global view is that during evolution there has been a selection for tenderness, a selection for reduced reactive aggression, which is the aggression that you put in place when you react to something that is happening coming from outside. There is a main difference in psychology between reactive and proactive aggressiveness.  Reactive aggressiveness is the kind of aggressiveness that happens when you are threatened and it's one of those things that are selected during domestication. This is something that we are sure happened, changed in human evolution. So there is a step of neurocrust selection in which a reduced neurocrust might favor a bigger brain. So there is, we imagine that during evolution we went from wild to modern during different moments of selections that also required some interactions and some gym flow between populations and that's how basically we became humans. An important book that I want to suggest to people interested in the topic is The Goodness Paradox from Richard Wrangham. It's very cool. It starts from the idea that we were selected by being less reactive aggressive, less domesticates and we were more proactive aggressiveness. So we do more planned organized. I think we all know that recently, at least we've seen several times. So a bit like gyms but more complex. So this is all.


Welcome to the AI for Good Global Summit here in Geneva. My next guest is Cathy Kobe. She is a partner in EY's risk practice, advising clients on the risk and control implications of legacy and emerging technologies. Cathy, thank you for joining us. Thank you for that. So Cathy, to start with, AI, can it be a force for good? How can it be used to help deliver the UN sustainable development goals? Well, I think one of the great things that AI is really good for is actually synthesizing data into information. And if you think about all the areas where better information, more equitable collection of information, can help the SDGs. So if you think about just education, for example, being able to really understand each student individually in regards to whether they best able to learn, how can they learn? And then there's some great applications of using AI to basically synthesize a learning program for them. And so if we could now do that for every student around the world in their language, in their context, that could be so beneficial in regards to bringing up the education levels, which then impacts poverty and the ability to get a meaningful workforce. And similar advances like that are also available in health in regards to individuals that are in very remote locations that don't have access to great health care, being able to use AI for diagnoses just through a picture on a phone. So I think that's where there are some great uses of AI. So as we use AI more and more in our daily lives, what impact do you expect it to have on society and individuals of a role? Well, to me, I've always viewed AI as any technology is very agnostic. It's the intention behind its development. It's the use cases that are built. And my concern in my role in kind of focusing on trust AI is that the functionality being developed for AI I think is outpacing the governance model around it. Really having impactful conversations about what is this going to be used for? What kind of secondary impacts could it have? Are there areas of discrimination where we're building something that isn't going to be available or accessible to everyone within the world? And so I think that we need to kind of need to think about as a society, to put some governance, to each have a participation, participative role in regards to determining how we want to use this technology, how and some of the defining the problems. So I think a lot of this technology starts with defining what problems you want to solve. And so far, there's some criticisms that a lot of those problems are being designed in the scientific labs, which are not very diverse right now. Less than 20% of the developers are women. There's a very low participation from a number of minority groups around the world. Disabled individuals are not as involved. And so I think as a society, having those people at the design table, because they'll come to it with different problems and say, well, for my local experience, this is what I need AI to do for me. And if those problem statements get developed, I think that the technology companies will find them, will find the ability to solve them. So to develop AI systems and solutions safely, everyone should be included. It's a collaborative project, isn't it? It is. It is very much inclusive. And I think that there also needs to be a trust behind that because if the users perceive that this is being developed in a development lab without my participation, that the company that is sponsoring it is a kind of a black box to me just as the technology itself can be, it may not get adopted. And so a lot of people have said, well, it's interesting that people can be given very strong evidence that an AI health diagnostic system is up to 10% to 20% more accurate than doctors themselves. But they don't trust it. They can't have a relationship with it. And as well, they do realize that it does make mistakes. And they don't quite understand where those mistakes could occur. Could it happen to me? Can I ask questions on how it made this diagnosis? And so I think we also need to think about from that perspective, because we have great intentions and we can provide the technology. But if you don't provide the framework around it, the governance frameworks, the accountability frameworks, you won't get the adoption rates that will really allow it to have the full impact that it can have. Cathy, thank you very much. Thank you.


Behind me here, you can see some of the devastation of the flooding that we've had in Drew Counties, Lincoln Counties, and Deshae County hit probably the hardest. We've had, at one point, we had about 19.2 inches of rain in just over a few hours, and so anytime you have that much water in one place, you're going to have a lot of devastation. And so one of the things that I've been doing is communicating with folks on the ground in all of those counties, in all of my counties, and communicating with our farmers who've been directly impacted hundreds of thousands of acres underwater, which is a significant loss in crop loss. So we can't miss that, that significant of impact. We're seeing a lot of that water lately. The guys north of me were affected worse in the Roar, Dumas, Tiller area, but now all that water's coming down south, and what we had just a couple of days was just a few hundred acres, and now we got several thousand acres that look just like a lake. I mean, there's no high ground. Currently, we're out at Highway 1 at 43 Canal trying to patch a levee. At 43 Canal comes out of the bank. We can see another five foot of water. No telling how many thousand acres that were put under, and the county's out there doing that now, so it's pretty serious down here. Tuesday, I guess it started around four, four o'clock in the morning, and we got like 19 inches of rain by three o'clock that afternoon, somewhere in there, but I guess the official estimate was 19 inches, and by that afternoon, the water was already backing out of the creeks, and the boughs were rising. I got one pump that's probably 20 feet underwater. We couldn't even get to it in time. We just hope it gets out here as fast as we can when we can replant and hopefully salvage something out of this year.