Should I just... Yeah, you're just gonna sit there like that, right? So my friends, I have a very special guest today. This is my friend Jabba, also known as the hiking Viking and you're probably thinking... What's his real name? Yeah, what's his real name and why do we care about hiking? This is a bike channel. Yeah, well the hiking Viking liked him some biking last year. Whoa, and he rhymes and he's a really fun guy I met him a couple years ago when he was the crew chief for Scott Jurek's Attempt at running the Appalachian Trail for the second time and then we've got the hiking Viking out here. Just jam and look at him We connected because he's fun and he's goofy. Same, same. He's fun and goofy. Totally, totally, totally And then we were talking about adventures and he's like I want to ride The Great Divide and then maybe even more. Hold on. At first, I was while we were in that van together Scott's run, you know, you were talking to me about bike packing because I had never been introduced to the world of bike packing So I was learning about your adventures and how cool it is. You had your own signature bike, the Priority 600X adventure And I have my own signature backpack, the Mount Smith Zerk 40 and you know, it just kind of made sense I wanted to take this aging body into the new era of 40 plus, you know, years on this earth and biking just seemed like the, you know, the next step Totally. So you got me one of your bikes. I got you the 600X. Thanks, Priority. Thanks, Ryan You're welcome. I have yet to get one of your backpacks though. Well, thanks for sharing the wealth Okay, moving on. So when I say that he's known for hiking, I don't just mean like he goes on little day hikes He has hiked all of the long trails in the United States multiple times. Give us a quick resume Appalachian Trail twice, once in winter, starting in Maine in the first week of December Which is one of the latest starts on record for that, you know, going from Maine to I said a quick resume. But then I did this Continental Divide Trail, I've done the Pacific Coast Trail twice, and the Arizona Trail, the Colorado Trail twice I've done the You know, the the You just said it too fast. The Wind River route. I've done the Sierra High route I've done a bunch of other stuff Including the Jordan Trail in the Middle East from, you know, Syria to the Red Sea. That's cool So he is no stranger to long adventures. 30,000 miles at this point in my career. Walking. Walking. That's pretty cool Yeah, so he's no stranger to long adventures. We got him a bike because he wanted to, you know, dabble in bikepacking and what did you do last summer? Well, I mean anyone who starts bikepacking I can't imagine starts with any less than 5,000 miles. Yeah, why not? Some people start with maybe a weekend ride. No, but you had never done this before. I hadn't even taken your bike on an overnight trip yet. I hadn't even put more than I think 10 to 15 miles into a couple of the Training rides I went on with it. I hadn't even slapped the gear on it before the day before I was leaving To the southern border of Mexico to start the Great Divide bikepacking route going northbound. So you went in totally inexperienced. Just naked from the waist down. Yeah, and that's your style and I love that about you. Yeah, and so he just went to the bottom of New Mexico with it with the brand new bike The bottom of New Mexico, a brand new bike that was giving me a flat tire on the first day. There's the bacon strip And the sealant's just Flowing out. I probably don't even have any sealant left. Oh man. It was leaking as soon as I pulled it out of the car Yeah, that's user error by the way. That's user error. Not user error.  I'll tell you that much. Yeah, but I certainly had doubts pulling that. Okay This is taking a really long time to get into this. I've got time. Okay. They don't they have things to do Okay, so you're like I'm gonna ride the Great Divide all the way up And then I'm gonna ride the Western Wildlands route all the way back down How about 5,000 dish miles and I'd never even heard of the Western Wildlands route until like you know Maybe a month or two before I started. Yeah, again, cuz you're not you're not in the community Yeah, but you wanted to go on an adventure of a lifetime and you did How was the like first day? You're like I love moving faster than walking. Well, it was like first of all It was like the first week of June. Mm-hmm warm and it was very warm It was you know a hundred degrees a lot of days down there in the desert in New Mexico Hey, aren't you the real hiking Viking Viking? One of those things one of those guys maybe all of them all of them Fortunately, I was already acclimated because I'd already done 500 miles of backpacking in New Mexico just before that Yeah, no big deal. I was already acclimated to the desert. Thankfully, but the Most of the National actually all the National Forest in New Mexico was closed due to like catastrophic fires happening last year So I had to make my own route through New Mexico. Okay, but day one. I you know Yeah, I was on roads the whole time basically pavement. I think I threw down about 50 miles on day one So right on so and that was a late a later start That was the longest ride at that time of your life by far by far.  Fine fine.  But didn't didn't feel fine every day, but it certainly wasn't nearly as bad as some of the horror stories I'd heard I never I never ended up can you know contracting true saddle sores no open saddle sores And a single one you don't want doesn't mean it wasn't tender down there and painful at times You're there's a lot of tender. I've got a lot of you're pushing for the quick wait. No Family channel. No cushion for the bike seat. Yeah So you do your first day you have some mechanical issues you you don't know how to fix a bike No, no, no good thing you're on a 600. I've never changed a tire. Okay, I've never fixed anything on a bike YouTube exists, you know Yeah, he would call me There's something happening. Oh, okay, that's no problem What did you love most about it, I mean it's a much different way of moving your body than with your feet But it's still human-powered Well, you know what was interesting for me was that like You know with all the miles that I put on my body. I was also in the Marine Corps for four years in the infantry I've done a lot of wear and tear on this body with backpacking and you know with Marine Corps And with just being a four-sport athlete before that my back's not what it used to be my knees I want they used to be I've had a couple surgeries on one of my knees And what I discovered about bike packing is you can cover a lot of ground and with almost you know little to no Impact unless you're having catastrophic Accidents, which I didn't have any of those fortunately. You want to keep the rubber side down? That's a suggestion. I feel like But so I it was it agreed with my body. It was just a lot of fun to I like going fast, too It's like Ricky Bobby I want to go fast. Yeah, I hear you so like I periodically, you know, whenever I'd have a downhill a significant downhill I would have my phone, you know attached to my handlebars and I've just How fast can I get this thing going? Yeah, you know, I'd have my Gaia and my Strava going and I would see you know Like the stats of the day at the end of the day, like what was my top speed and there would be like 50 you like 15 miles an hour 50 56 57 I think I was at 57.8 like 8 was like my top speed The good thing about your bike is that you know the all the gears that you have the top gear is like Legit Crank you can really crack on that thing going downhill 600% gear ratio. No big deal. I mean, but that's cool Right like like let's put it this way for the couple of times. I was like biking with other bike bike packers I was always smoking them like they didn't have the high-end gear that I Loved it. Well, I loved following your adventure on Instagram I will put it right here or here or here wherever the hiking Viking. He's very entertaining as you can see lots of energy I love following the adventure because you're very good at telling stories if this guy's telling you you have a lot of good adventure You know, it's true. That's true. This guy's got a lot of really good energy. I know I know some I feed off of energy. Yeah, when I first met you I was like, oh, this guy's a lot of fun What rhymes with hiking for Viking and Vikings are warriors. That's right And you went through New Mexico Colorado the whole great divide and You know day by day, I'm guessing you're getting stronger. You're getting more comfortable You're figuring out different things on the bike changing changing up my gear as well Like different bike packing equipment just because you know, you want to learn you want you got to try different stuff to learn too Yeah, and what you maybe they haven't heard yet was it was never my intention to start the West Western Wildlands route Like in addition to the great divide like that was an idea I concocted while I was out there I was loving it that much. I was like, I don't want to stop at Canada When I got there, I figured since I gone this far Might as well turn around just keep on going because the endpoint on it will the northern terminus I should say my endpoint on the great divide route was gonna be the Canadian border I wasn't gonna do go all the way up But that's the same point for the Western Wildlands route that starts in the Canadian border So I was like, I'm already here. Yeah, let's just turn I'll be done in no time. It was not because it's downhill. Yeah So this was like a total force-gump moment. Yeah, you're like, I'm just gonna keep on going. I felt like back I'm I felt like back. Yeah, I might as well just turn back Keep right on going. It's an inspirational thing that you've never done this before. Yeah, you have no background But you started loving it immediately. Yeah, well, what did you love most about traveling by bike? Was it the speed? Was it that you could carry more gear because I know with backpack I got to eat better You get to eat better. Yeah, but backpacking you have to have all this dried foods and stuff cuz you're out in the middle of nowhere So you gotta carry it on your back. Yeah, the bike is carrying the weight Now, yeah, your muscles got to work But muscle soreness and muscle fatigue is totally different than like foot soreness and back soreness and shoulder soreness and hips Soreness and just like you're just exerting a total body differently with bike with backpack and then you are with bike packing So it doesn't mean that the bike pack is not challenging. It's just different, but it's easier in some respects I'm not saying it's like easy. I'm just saying in some respects It's easier because I imagine on backpacking trips. You might be camped out 12 miles from a town which is kind of far to walk I mean it's a half-day of hiking depending on your pace on a bike You can be like, I'm gonna zip into town and get some dinner and then come back and camp or yeah exactly And then just push on. Yeah, whatever it is. Yeah, so I had to carry less Equipment and less food pancakes, bacon, sausage and egg and cheese Oh and showering and cleaning your clothes is very important to keep maintaining good grundle hygiene Oh, yes, really. Is that why you didn't get those saddle sores? Probably. Yeah, man So you're probably the first human that I know of who did the double The whole great divide and then the Western Wildlands and one fell suit 5,000 miles four months, right? So I reached out to some people that like in the Instagram world who were like well-to-do In the bike packing like community and world and I stumbled upon a dude named Kurt refs nighter Oh, yeah, yeah who started bike packing roots exactly co-founder as far as I know and he also helped I think co-find the Western Wildlands route as well. Yeah. Yeah, I'm not super We're not like buds or anything. I just but you would be I we would be we had a few Interactions when I was just like getting my feet wet in this whole world and I you know pose the idea I was like, hey, I was like, what do you know about this Western Wildlands? I was like, well, it's what how rad I you know up to create and As far as I know Nobody has ever completed the full circuit of both the gdmbr and the Western Wildlands route He's like there's one guy out there right now And I don't know how far he's gotten and then I turned out later on down the road that that that guy stopped updating his Route and I don't think he ever completed your number one Doesn't matter but he's not it is interesting It's cool. I think more people are gonna like maybe hear your story and be like I want to do the double Well, let's put it this way like, you know, the gdmbr took you how long, you know, it's about like a month give or take So and a month to the You know to Normal person not saying you're no person but to a normal person a month is like a long journey to me I'm used to like four to seven month long journeys.  Yeah less than that But yeah, it was just like it felt right to keep going into like autumn.  Oh, yeah, so now you're gonna be the hiking biking biking for sure, whatever you want to call it I'm gonna call it that the I'm gonna call it Do you have any dreams in the future of other adventures? Well, certainly I There's been talks of potentially doing the Arizona Trail this way. Oh, yeah, we'll see about that Okay, and I would love to do an adventure with you sometime. We've been hoping we're gonna make it out We haven't been on a trail together since 2021 and were we even ever on the trail together? I don't think we were not much be fun Don't just ride side-by-side with you holding hands. Yeah, not this way So The I you know, it would be it'd be amazing to ride across Iceland It'd be amazing to you know ride down through Central America into South America Yeah, I mean geez like where wouldn't there be an interest to go ride?  I mean never read off. I should have like I Don't know like 10 to 15 miles to go.  I'm gonna go big I want to go far hard and my body said hey slow down dude is your first time being on a bike So but it's still like it's really it was rewarding it and like there's a lot of lessons Continuously, you know being taught to you on a daily basis, especially with a new mode of travel Absolutely, yeah, and it was really inspiring to see how quickly you Embraced it and loved it. Do you have any advice for somebody out there who's like, you know I would love to get into bikepacking, but I'm a little nervous because of this and this and this or the gear or the Terrain and my physical fitness. What would you say?  Yes challenging yourself It's fun and getting right over the edge of discomfort sometimes But you want to be at the end of the day like this is so I think I would say the biggest hurdle for most people Who have not who don't own a bike yet for it for this is deciding what bike to get and quite frankly Your bike was the perfect bike to use for it for especially for a new and you know You're not a new but like you put in so many miles and hours and Days and months in biking and then you like said hey, I want to make the just I made a solid bike Perfect for my application and you made a bike that was perfect for your application And it's so good that you you can be a literal like idiot when it comes to bikes And I was I kind of still am I had like that bike took a beating from me I was just unrelenting with how I would brutalize that thing and by and large no structural issues No drivetrain issues That that internal gearbox from gates and pinion and that carbon drivetrain. Yeah, it was amazing It's pretty cool like it really is. Yeah, you know just anything can break. It's mechanical Yeah, but the bike is strong and I did not pay him to say any of this very nice He didn't give me the bike. I'm not gonna lie like yeah, but honestly, I don't think there's another bike that makes sense for me Yeah, you know, yeah, if you ever ride another bike You're And you're gonna delete this video from the library Give me a quick Somebody out there might might be thinking I want to do the gg mbr or the Western Wildlands route What are they getting into as far as the route the terrain the beauty the magic moments trail magic? It's not without it's like challenging sections from time to time But honestly, it's all pretty darn rideable. Yeah, you know I mean, a lot of I think a lot of people's like concerns can be like when you're on like paved road with other vehicles on the road Slow down I didn't have and I know this isn't like everybody's experience. I didn't have any like significant issues With like drivers being, you know jerks. Yeah, I'm like, you know Swerving at me, you know, whatever like I had no issues. I I just trusted I put a lot of faith and trust in People and that's the price scared of a beer. I mean, I'm certainly not your average sized rider No, I'm a beat watt. Yeah, so I imagine it I'm not being involved in some of the more iffy situations that so other solo riders were but I did both You know, aside from nine days. I did all of those 5,000 miles solo. Yeah, and I was just really rewarding and You know, I honestly the biggest besides, you know Finding the right bike the biggest hurdle is just saying I'm gonna do it and then just doing it because You can come up with a thousand reasons why not to but really all you need is one reason why to and in this day and age when you know We're just getting Closed in more and more by our society and his concrete jungles and technology Like we need to get out more you need to get out more. Yeah, and the more that I'm outside the happier I am inside. I know that for a fact. It's a good. I like how you put that. Yeah, say that again The more I'm outside the happier. I am inside like that. It's literally the first time I ever said in my life And I don't know why that's deep man Hey, that was actually not being inappropriate Cool Anything else you want to talk about just kidding But again, you know, not everybody has the time to do a gigantic four-month. This is my career. Yeah This is what he does.   There's nothing better and you get to do that day after day Yeah, and whenever I come back from my adventures. I always feel a lot more connected to nature and to myself What's important?  Are you that way? Yeah? I mean when I'm out there like I mean that's where I can like connect Most deeply with like my emotional sides And if you don't think you have them, I mean go spend go try and go spend, you know a month outside For as or as long as you can the longer I am on a on an adventure the more and more introspective I get and the more and more in tune with myself I become and It's because there's nothing hiding you from yourself. There's nothing distracting you from yourself You're not staring at your phone all day long being bombarded by thousands of other Accounts trying to get you to you know buy their products or be like them or you get to like literally be with yourself Like that's the biggest like takeaway is that you get to like literally Find yourself. That's why I've been doing this for a decade, man I've been living this life for a decade and there's no the reason I keep doing it is because I Keep remaining in touch with myself more and more and more and in my audience has heard this But I always feel like my adventures make me a better human when I come back I am just more compassionate and more patient with people and myself just like gratitude gratitude Yeah, just appreciate the little things when you can like you appreciate a toilet You appreciate being like like this is there's things that allow you to have a different perspective and a different point of view to appreciate things when you when you like you know remove the You know the creature comforts the Compact, you know, excuse me like you just become More grateful.   I haven't seen my face since 2013 Really? Yeah, how does your girlfriend feel about that? She's only ever seen me with a beard. Wow. She better feel great Job up my man. You're so fun brother Thank you for coming and chatting with us.  I actually have that handle too Yeah, okay, I wish y'all the best on your adventures.  Yeah, yeah, we got a cute little dog We love you Emmy All right like and subscribe Subscribe and like


So we've been looking at problems in many block codes, so we're going to look at some problems in finite fields. So I think there's a question about factors, we should come to that later, but for now, let's just go through these questions and see if there's anything that's interesting or something that I should comment on which you have not seen explicitly in class. So the first few questions are very standard questions are constructions of finite fields. So here again the method is quite standard, what do you need for constructing GFP power m, meter power of alpha, degree m, over musical polynomial from what? Zp alpha, right? These are coefficients from Zp. So you need that and then we'll simply construct this GFP power m as polynomial degree, less than or equal to m minus 1 and Zp alpha, okay? And then for addition we simply do addition, there's no problem, addition of polynomials, model of p as for the positions, and for multiplication it's not below power of alpha, okay? So one question that is usually asked in the construction is to make a table for this field. The table usually means you have to make a table between the power representation and the vector representation, okay? So that's a very standard table. So in this field, for instance, you make a table between alpha i and the vector representation, okay? So this will go from i equals 0, which is 1 alpha, alpha square, assuming alpha is primitive, of course. So to take a primitive element, then go all the way to, that's the last variable, okay? So p power m minus 2, okay? And then here you have a notation, okay? So how do you figure this out? So the way you do it is you start with 1 alpha, alpha square, till about alpha power m minus 1, it will be just itself. Then for alpha power m, what will you do? It will depend on power of alpha, right? And then for alpha power m plus 1, you have to keep doing that repeatedly, just multiply by alpha, do model of power of alpha all the time, okay? And then you can fill it out. So this is a table which represents the field in many ways, right? So if you have to represent this field in a computer program and do manipulations, this is the table that you would remember. So of course there's no alpha, alpha will simply be indexed by the power. So it goes 0, 1, 2, p power m minus 1. And here you have that test, that test will be coefficient from z, right? So each vector here, for instance, a generic alpha power i, you will have a 0, 0, 1, 2, p power m minus 1. Each case comes at p, right? So this vector will be from 0, 1, 2, p power m minus 1, okay? So once you start it in a computer program, you can do any financial operation you want. So this is a table which is very useful in construction. Yes, is that a question? So if you define the construction of field files, then the alpha will automatically denote the primitive element of the program. So see, the question was about when is alpha primitive, right? That is the question. So if you do this, if you do the time of alpha, when is alpha primitive? It's not all the time, okay? So it may be primitive, may not be primitive. So if you pick your degree and reducible polynomial carefully, you can make it primitive, okay? So it's not... So here I have just assumed that alpha itself is primitive. In some cases, it may not be primitive. In that case, some alpha plus 1 or alpha plus 1. Some other element will be primitive. And then you make the table with that element. Okay, the table is always made with any primitive element. There is no point in making the table with any other element because it wouldn't be complete. Okay, so you make the table only with the primitive element. Okay, so if you look at the questions, most of them are basically addition and multiplication tables. So instead of making addition and multiplication tables, it's enough if you make this table, then so any addition and multiplication can be done with this, okay? And there are various constructions, some with what's called a primitive reducible polynomial, another is non-primitive reducible polynomial. So all these things you can try. So let me just define primitive reducible polynomial, if you like. Okay, so if you have power effects being reducible, between n and r and px, then the power effect is primitive, power effect i for which, i for which, power effect r for x bar r minus 1 is equal to p bar n minus 1. Okay, so that's the definition for primitive reducible polynomial. First of all, how do you know that there will be some i for which power effects will divide x bar r minus 1? Okay, so the right way to answer that is you can set the finite field with this power effect as the reducible polynomial, right? And then the root of that reducible polynomial will definitely divide x bar p bar n minus 1 and then separately the effects will divide x bar i minus 1 for some i. Okay, so if i equals p bar n minus 1, it will definitely divide. So when I say it's primitive, I want the smallest i for which it divides x bar i minus 1 to be p bar n minus 1. So here's an example. To take power effects equal to x bar 4 plus x bar 1, it will be the small and primitive. You can check that. On the other hand, to take power effects to be x bar 4 plus x bar 3 plus x bar plus x bar 5, it will be the small but not primitive. Do you see that? So what is the smallest i for which this polynomial will divide x bar i plus 1? It's 5, right? So this power effects divides x bar i plus 1. Now we are in binary, so the benefit and that's kind of the same. So it divides x bar 5 plus 1. So here's a non-binary example with 9 for instance. So you can take... So if you want a non-binary example, so another example, to take power effects to be x bar plus 1 instead of primitive. Yeah, I think so. There's one example like that. So x bar plus 1 in, it's at 3x. This is reducible. Am I right? How do I check that it's reducible? You can substitute x equals 0, x equals 1 and x equals 2. We never get 0. So it's reducible but not primitive. What is the smallest i for which this will divide? 4, right? So x bar 4 minus 1 is x bar plus 1 times. x bar minus 1, and then so x bar plus 1 divides. x bar 4 plus 1 and 4 minus 1 is 8. In particular, in these 3x and 4 we divide. So if it were primitive, what is the smallest i for which it should divide? 8. 8 minus 1. So there are other examples. So there's a 3x for which it will be... for instance, x bar plus 2 and the 3x for which it will be primitive or not. So these are primitive or not. So there are other examples that are personal. So around this construction, there can be questions like this. Of course, to understand it, another question is the isomorphism between two fields. So you have to identify corresponding polynomials and find roots for the polynomials and once you map it to the primitive elements that way, it's the isomorphism. So that's the idea of isomorphism. Identify which elements? The primitive element. So the question is how do you identify a primitive element? So usually, it's best to pick a primitive polynomial and construct your field. Okay? I see one. Okay. Can we map... We explicitly find the... We find explicitly the isomorphism. Okay. So we basically find the primitive polynomial, we find the primitive polynomial, find the roots of the primitive polynomial and build the fields. There will be roots. And map those to that to each other. You know that element is primitive and all the powers will map the elements and that gives you the isomorphism. Okay, that's the way of doing it. I think your solutions must talk about it. Do you have enough more? It's not straight to the isomorphism only. So you have to look for roots for the element. But the ways of doing it beyond the isomorphism is usually what the isomorphism is. Just try to define the elements till you get a primitive polynomial. Okay? So the isomorphism in all is not too critical from a coding point of view. Okay? The order is a little bit important. So let's take maybe for instance the third question. Okay? So the question here is it says, you take gf9, okay? And what gf9 is going to be? 0,1,0,5,4,5,6,7. The alpha is some primitive element. So the order of alpha is, okay? You have to find the order of the other elements. So you have to find the order of the other elements. So that is the standard formula I gave you. What is the order of alpha, right? It's what? 8,5,6,7. Yeah. So the order of alpha is going to be dcp of i comma alpha. So that's the formula to keep in mind. So you just apply that very, very easily. So it's also a little intuitive and nice formula to think about. Alpha itself, power of 8 goes to 1. Any other power depending on how it factors into alpha. So for instance, the order of alpha square would do up. It would be clear, right? 3 always factors, 3 already is a factor of 8. So you never have to raise it 2 again. So already the 2 is there. When you raise it, the 4 will be there. 1. Okay? So what about 3? 3 you can't do anything because 3 doesn't have any common factors with 8. So you have to raise it to 8. Okay? What about 4? It's going to be 2. Okay? So 4 is already there. 5. 8 again. 6. 6 is 4, right? And then the 2 is already there. If you raise it to the power 4, that's enough. Okay? And then what about 7? 8. 8. So you have this kind of a construction. All right? So there are some irreducible polynomials. I think there are 3 irreducible polynomials. And then there are 3 over 2 over 3. 3 or 4. 4, right? No, no, no. Yeah. Okay. So, no, no, no. So degree 2 would be 3. Degree 1 is 3 of them, right? So that's x minus 1 and x minus 2. So you have 3 of them. So in fact, one of these alpha powers will be equal to 2. Right? So in any construction you make in GF9, remember GF9 also contains GF3. You have 0 and 1 should also have 2. Some power of alpha will be in fact equal to 2. Okay, so if you do an action computation, you'll see it will be equal to 2. It's not very hard to do that. So we have 3 degree 1 irreducible polynomials and then 3 degree 2 irreducible polynomials and you can do that. Okay? So it's a little unusual to do these things in coding because usually we are obsessed with characteristic 2. Okay? Characteristic 2 is what is most interesting from a coding theory point. Okay? So the same exercise we will repeat for GF16 which is very easy. Then we also ask for GF32. So what will happen in GF32? Yeah, so if you have alpha primitive, the order of alpha is 31. Okay? So 31 cannot have a common factor of anything. So the order of every element becomes equal to 31. So the order of every alpha power i is i equals 1 to 30 equals 31. Of course, the order of 1 is 1 itself. Of course, 0 is not the function. Okay? So that's about all that. Okay? So let's move on to the web question. Okay? So then there are some simultaneous equations. So I want to look at that real quick just to get you a feel for what's happening here. So let's look at the 7th question first. First question. So you have alpha belonging to GF16 being primitive. This is the 7th question. Let's go over and decide the order of alpha first one. That's given to you. And then you give them two equations. Of course, y equals alpha power 14. And x power 3 equals alpha. Okay? And you will find x and y. Okay? So the first thing you need to do such problems is you need the table of GF16. Okay? Only then you can do any computation. So the first thing you should do when you see a problem involving GF16 in your exam or anything else, is to make that table. There are 16 elements in the table and you need to make that table. There's no other way. If you don't make the table, you can never do the computation. You quickly make the table. It's not very hard. If you practice it enough, it will come out very quickly. In fact, you can even mark it up if you like. Okay? So that you have the table ready with you. Okay? All right? So you quickly make the table on the side and then you can do the computation. Okay? So solving these kind of equations, what would you do if it's not finite field?  How do you do it? Yeah. So the trick is to factor x plus y plus y plus y, right? So how do you factor x plus y plus y plus y plus y? X plus y times? X squared minus x squared plus y plus y. You know that factor. So why is that factor useful? Well, x plus y is only given to you. Okay? And then that gives you x squared minus x squared plus y squared into a real number. And after that, what do you do?  X plus y times squared minus 2xy. Okay? That x plus y is again given to you. So ultimately, you get x squared. So once you find x plus y and xy, you can go to a quadratic equation and you'll get x and y individually. Okay? So such methods are, I mean, they're specifically elimination. If you're trying to eliminate one equation from the other, one variable from the other, how you do it is this thing. So you can also do it in the most straightforward way. Simply take x equals alpha plus 13 minus y and substitute it with the next one. You get a cubic equation and y. That might be quadratic directly. So that also might be easy enough, right? So that's something you can straight forward try out. If you want to do more fanciful position, you can do that also. Okay? Try one of the two. You will get one equation involving y or x. And then what do you do? Yeah. So in GF 16, that is a bit easier. It's a bit mechanical there. Okay? What do you do? One element after the other and find, which is easy. Okay? So in real numbers and all, you might need complicated formula for finding the roots. In GF 16, there's no, nearly no in the raw formula, but it's as good as simply substituting one element after the other and then figuring out what the root is. Is that clear? Okay? So let's try like the first attempt. Okay? So from the first equation, you see that y equals alpha plus 14 plus x. And then we substitute that into this. You put x for 3 plus alpha for 14 plus x whole power 3 equals alpha. So what happens if I expand this? Then alpha for 42. What is alpha for 42? Alpha for 12 plus 3 times, 3 is the same as 1, right? 3 times alpha for 14 squared, that will be alpha for 28, which is alpha for 13 times x plus. Another 3 times alpha for 14 times x squared. So that's just alpha for 14 x squared. That's what? x for 3. Okay? And that equals alpha. And then x for 3 cancels. And you get like a primary equation. Okay? So alpha for 14 x squared plus alpha for 14 x plus alpha plus alpha plus 12. Okay? So whatever that was. So that's what the table will help you to give you a simple answer there. Okay? So you might take the quadratic, quadratic, quadratic, quadratic, polynomial roots formula, right? So that might apply. It actually applies. But the problem is, characteristic 2 doesn't really apply. Okay? Because we will derive by 2. Right? So that's the formula. It's minus b plus or minus 5 root of b square minus 2. I see it for a c by 2 a. Okay? And we can't derive by 2. Okay? So that formula will not apply for a primary equation. It would be nice if that formula would apply, then you can actually compute it. So in the formula that will apply, you can't compute it directly. Okay? So you have to substitute one root of b square minus 2. Okay? So it's enough if you find one root. The other root is easy to find. Okay? So why? Okay? So you might know some other simple formula for product of root, sum of roots. That's the formula to apply. Okay? It's not that they go away. So if you write it as alpha 1, alpha 2, you get the same roots applying. Okay? So you simplify it a little bit. And find one root that can be found easily by computation. All right? So that's the way where we're solving these things. Okay? So there's also a similar question, question number 8, which is the same. Two cases. The exact same setup. Okay? As before. Well, they cannot give an equation like this. Okay? Instead of x power 3, it is x square. Okay? Okay? Here's something curious will happen. Okay? So I'm characterized in two phase. Squaring will not really give you an independent equation. Okay? So you square and x plus y will be right. Okay? So you square and x plus y will be right. X square plus y square. Well, it has to be equal to alpha plus 6. So this equation is really useless. Okay? So this just repeats what the first equation is. So the only equation you have to solve is x plus y equals alpha power 3. How many different solutions are there? You can take x to be an arbitrary element of g of 16. So there are 16 different solutions to x plus y equals alpha power 3. So that's what we do there. Okay? So only this. So this is repeated. Okay? So it's not right there. So it's same as this one. So you only have to solve this. So there are 16 parts. Okay? So if you add them you have the 16 parts of the solution. Okay? Part b is a very important question. So if you only have an equation x plus y equals alpha power 3 but then x plus y equals alpha. What will happen if you try and solve this? Because that's why it's alpha power 3. What should happen to x plus y squared? It should be alpha power 6. So here there is an inconsistency. Okay? So if there is no solution then it's g of 6. Okay? Of course there are real numbers and all are complex. So you can definitely find solutions. Okay? So it's not a problem but in g of 16 it's not going to work. Okay? And then there are other methods. You can use repeated spreading till you get to something like that. So I'm going to skip that. Let's move on to Okay? So questions 12 to 16 don't really apply. Okay? 12 to 16 don't apply. It's not for the quiz at least. There are more general problems. It's not going to work. Okay? So let me talk about the questions that are interesting. So 15 for instance I'll see the factor of the form x power n plus 1 over g of 2. Okay? So when I say g of 2 it means I want for each factor to be have only binary coefficients. Okay? So how do you factor x power n plus 1 over g of 2 based on what I use? I'm sorry? Yeah, x plus 1 will be a factor always. So those things you can find, but I want to factor completely. Okay? So the first step is to factor x power n plus 1 into linear factors over some extension field. Okay? So that's the first step. Okay? So you factor into linear factors and some g of 2 power n. Okay? So how do you go about finding this n such that you factor in g of 2 power n? Yeah. Yeah, that's the idea. So you have to find some root for x power n plus 1 in this g of 2 power n. Okay? So remember I have a root for see, if I take a primitive element of this alpha and primitive element here what is the order of alpha? Alpha of 1 2 power n minus 1 equals 1. Okay? So which means this primitive element is a root of okay? So primitive root I'll tell you what is primitive root root of x power 2 power n minus 1 plus 1. Right? So what do you mean the primitive root? So not only is alpha a root all the powers of alpha are exactly the distant roots of x power 2 power n minus 1 plus 1. So that's okay? Power of alpha are distant roots. Okay? So you know all this right? These are the results of finite fields. Okay? So you take the primitive element take all its powers they give you all the distant roots of x power 2 power n minus 1. Okay? So similarly if you find an element of order n in 2 power n gf2 power n okay? Suppose you find so in this gf2 power n suppose beta of 1 gf2 power n has x plus beta times x plus beta squared so 1, 2 x plus beta power n minus 1 then you have x plus beta power n the value of x plus beta power n it will actually x plus 1 okay? So that will matter So even k m that this has to work okay? Right? This has to be 2n gf2 power n Why is that? You know beta is the root of x power n plus 1 beta squared also a root beta power 3 is also a root of x there cannot be any repetition there right? beta is order n if there is a repetition in the order we did it so that cannot happen okay? So the trick is to factor x power n plus 1 into linear factors you have to find an element of order n in gf2 power n okay? So how do we do that? What are the elements? What are the elements of gf2 power n? Yeah What is that better than? So you have to sign the m such that n derives 2 power n minus 1 So that is the first step okay? So you find n sub n n sub n derives 2 power n minus 1 and then I can gain so alpha is a primitive element of in gf2 power n okay? Alpha is a primitive element of gf2 power n I can gain but alpha power what? 2 power n minus 1 divided by n that is order equals order equal to n why will the 2 power m minus 1 by n be a proper position? We have chosen m such that n has to divide 2 power m minus 1 okay? So let me ask you this question for every n are you guaranteed that n will divide 2 power m minus 1 1 minus condition you need on n n has to be 2 power m minus 1 this is follows from this so much little bit it's not too difficult to prove you can also prove it if you like okay? for every order n there will be n such that n divides 2 power m minus 1 n we run a even of course there's no question of n dividing 2 power m minus 1 for any n but then if n is even what can we do? okay? so you have repeated so now you have the factor is only x star k plus 1 so if 2 is also even what do you do? you keep repeating this till you get to n odd power when you get to n odd power you see this result and do the factorization okay? so now we've not done we have only factor over gf2 power m however we go from gf2 power m factors to gf2 factors what is the platomic process? so you find also the conjugates of beta okay? so you know beta's conjugates all will be in this set only right? you are just raising beta with different powers it will all be within this set so you do all of the common conjugates multiply them together you are guaranteed that the polynomial will be minimum so it will be inside the coefficient from gf so that's h for n plus 1 you can put linear factor in gf2 power m okay? and then we combine linear factors conjugates okay? factors over gf2 okay? so this is very similar to the previous idea that we had okay? except that now instead of m being itself p power m minus 1 it is some other number and you have to go to a suitable okay? so again condense yourself but once you find the beta like this the conjugates of beta will always be inside this set right? so you always find conjugates I square beta and then I square it again so it only powers of beta I can never leave any of these factors so you can prove these factors together to go to a smaller so let me just show you really quickly interesting so let's start over I'm not doing it there so let's for 5 plus 1 okay? so what is the m? right? n equals 4 right? 5 2 power number 1 which is 15 okay? so if you take alpha doing a primitive element of gf2 power gf15 what is the alpha power 3 x plus alpha power 6 x plus alpha power 1 x plus alpha power 9 and then x plus 1 okay? I know now 369 and 12 other are circled on the cross side element so all those 4 will multiply together in gg x power 4 plus x power 3 plus x power 3 plus x power 6 x power 5 plus 1 equals x plus 1 times x power 4 plus x power 3 plus x power 4 okay? so that's the idea in that transition let me show you x power 9 plus 1 okay? so what do we do for m? so the times of 6 is the correct answer mg of 64 from above other of 9 7 is 9 so this will factor us you know alpha star 7 so on okay? so what do we do the last some factor alpha x plus alpha power 63 right? so there I'll level that so maybe I should write it back so let's just do this let's just do this x plus alpha power 14 x plus alpha power 21 x plus alpha power 28 married x plus alpha power 35 x plus alpha power 42 x plus alpha power 48 49 and so you can also do the third alpha and do it in an organized way so we'll show this x plus alpha power 56 times x plus 1 okay? so that's the factor in our gf64 so now we should start combining conjugates so let's look at conjugates first 7 okay? so if you look at 7 alpha power 7 alpha power 14 alpha power 28 alpha power 56 what's the next one? 1, 1, 2, B sorry 39 and then that's it one more unique 39 is 98 that should be 35 right? so that's it those are the conjugates the next one will come back to alpha power 7 right? 2, where this left? alpha power 21 alpha power 42 32 go back to 21 again okay? so that's the combination of conjugates so you see this will give you x plus x plus 1 that's easy to find out this will give you some 6 degree minimal polynomial okay? so it depends on the table okay? so if you have a table you have to multiply it and simplify it it will give you some 6 degree minimal polynomial again it will factor as x plus 1 times x plus x plus 1 times minimal polynomial alpha power 7 okay? so you can write it in terms of that okay? that's yeah that's it so there's another way to quickly find that out if you like so in fact this minimal polynomial can be easily found so to do this factorization do actually 1 plus x power 3 you know that again so what will be left? it will actually be 1 plus x power 3 plus x power 6 okay? so you can quickly find it in reverse like that if you like but anyway so that's the that's the okay? so anything else will factor the same way okay? so the smallest field over which x power n plus 1 factors into linear factors is called the splitting field okay? for any polynomial that is true any polynomial if there is a field over which it splits there is a splitting field the complex num field is a splitting field that's all for any polynomial it won't be a splitting there is no one unifying splitting field right? so you have to find the difference splitting fields okay so I think that kind of brings us to the end of most problems that I wanted to discuss there are some other problems and we are welcome to look at it and the question the exam is tomorrow right? so the exam is for 25 marks done these two assignments okay? so we meet where are we meeting for the exam right up there do you know the room? so anyway find out the room and then from that I will see you guys okay? thanks I am sorry it's a 50 minute exam standard course


Why the narcissist is still with new supply? The narcissist appears to be happy with their new supply. Things seem to be going well for them and you thought that it would all be over after a few months but they're still together and it confuses you. Because how can the narcissist not be bored of them by now? How can the new supply not see all of the things that the narcissist is doing? How can there not be any problems? Something must have gone wrong by now. The reason why the narcissist is still with their new supply is because their new supply is a codependent, a people pleaser, someone who cares a lot about whether people like them, someone who has an emotional need to please others at the expense of their own needs and desires. They have an excessive emotional and psychological reliance on the narcissist. It's an illness, an addiction where they enable the narcissist's self-destructive behavior. They give them the ability and the opportunity to do it. By providing whatever is necessary, codependents function well in relationships where they're not getting anything out of it. They don't care about reciprocation so they're well suited to the narcissist. They're made for it. They don't know what a healthy relationship is meant to be like. They just want to be with someone. They don't want to be alone. They want to make someone happy, which is exactly what the narcissist was looking for. Someone who will overlook their faults and failures to meet certain standards because they don't want to be alone. So they will supply and empower the narcissist no matter what the narcissist does. They will justify it. They will make excuses as long as they don't have to be alone. So they will stay with the narcissist even though they're being exploited and abused because they're used to it. It's all they've ever known. So they can deal with things that you couldn't deal with, things that affected you, things that broke you down. Because they're toxic and unhealthy, they're able to deal with it. They expect to be lied to. They expect to be cheated on. They expect the narcissist to steal from them. They just don't want to be alone, which is perfect for the narcissist because now they can do whatever they want. They can live independently. They don't have to be domesticated or tame. They can be ratchet. They can act wild and crazy. They can be low class. They can have no moral values. And they will still be accepted and tolerated. So why would the narcissist ever leave? It's the perfect situation for them. They can just lay in their own filth. They can do whatever they want to do.  You shouldn't feel sad because they didn't do that with you. That's a good thing. You should be glad they didn't. Anyone who stays with the narcissist for a long period of time must have something seriously wrong with them. And most often people who do that are co-dependents. They can't be alone. They need to be with someone. And normal people can't be with co-dependents because they're very needy. They're overly attached. They're too emotionally dependent. They act like narcissists in many ways. They will force you to stay with them.  But a co-dependent can be with a narcissist because they will tolerate things that you wouldn't. They will pay little attention to it. So the narcissist is still with their new supply because they found someone who can put up with them, someone who can put up with their filth, which is not something that you should be jealous of because they're not with a good person. They're not with someone who is going to make their life better. They're with someone who is enabling the destructive behaviour. The narcissist will always look for situations that work easiest for them. They will always look for someone who is going to put up with them so that they don't have to change or make any improvements so that they can stay the same, which is the perfect situation for them because no matter what they do, their new supply is always going to be there waiting for them. But just because they're still together, it doesn't mean that things are better. It's a toxic situation. They haven't won. There is no winning with a narcissist. Thank you for watching. I hope this video resonates with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. If you would like to donate, my PayPal link is in the video description. Coaching Inquiries. You can email me at coaching.narchsurviver.uk. Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


And let me introduce the next speaker at the same time, so Kate Rose talking about combat surveillance and sartorial hacking. So big round of applause, thank you. Cool, I think we're getting started a little bit early here. Thank you so much for everybody for coming. I am Kate and I welcome you to adversarial fashion, sartorial hacking to combat surveillance. In my full-time job, I actually work to help organizations that do social good work to get the kind of technology and security resources that they need day to day.  So weird prints, definitely no stranger. Today's talk as a result is going to be a sample of the surveillance systems that utilize computer vision technology. Some art projects that other artists have come up with in order to counter or interfere with or engage with these systems and then you are going to get a full end-to-end tutorial on how you can do this yourself and design them on any kind of fabric or other application we call these surface designs to put on just about anything that you want. So buckle in, we're going to get going. I want you to mostly take away from this that is actually never been easier for all of these amazing designs that we read about and see online and even here in talks here at DEF CON to actually come out of the computer and into the real world and so we can put them people's hands a lot easier than we think we can. So we have our problem set which is that surveillance technology is everywhere, it is prolific, you've probably been in a couple of other talks that tell you how voluminous it is. Often that technology is implemented by folks who are themselves not AI experts, they are using stuff that's been quickly churned out, it's implemented in strange ways and in places that you wouldn't really think is a great idea. I think the big thing that I often have a huge issue with is that they generate these massive, kept forever, like highly sensitive PII-laden databases that are themselves sensitive to attack. So we can see an example here of how there was a border agency that was taking like photos of license plates and even of people at the border all breached. So we're going to go over a little example of kind of how these systems work just as a little background. I'm going to start with one that I think folks are very familiar with from the space which is facial recognitions, how does that work? You have an input image, it's usually a large field and there's a human being in it, it's broken down into quadrants and decided which quadrant or little section of the photo has something that is likely to be a person in it. It detects and puts a bounding box around it. So the idea is that it's going to crop in and then start running it through that fabulous deep neural network. This is an amazing sort of diagram from Open Face which is one of the libraries that uses this technology and then it runs it through these sort of other measurements. So we're looking at clustering, similarity detection, classification against a training set or sometimes in case it's against an identification set. So you can identify who that is right there. Thanks, Sylvester. Unfortunately there are some unintended consequences with the way that that particular type of methodology of how it goes through the technology works. There is a system in some cities in China that's implemented where if you are a J walker it uses facial recognition to try and identify and then shame you on giant billboards and then issue tickets occasionally.  So it actually then puts up her government ID, misspelled surname, all these kinds of things that I don't think you would really want blasted across the billboard. So now we're going to automate license plate readers which is kind of like the guts of this talk. It works a lot in the same way. So instead of being in this case it is in addition to being on streets it is also primarily on cop cars. So those have a couple of major components, the plate capture cameras which are sitting on the top and then you have a processor because this is a lot of information that's coming in all the time we'll get into how much and then there is a front end. So there's like an application that the police officers in the car can actually work with as well as store any of the data and then parse it later. So this is actually a sample. You can find all these by the way at the EFF website but this is actually a slide from the Anaheim Police Department training on how to use the resulting data and then go back through it. So you can see this blue line is actually a path that a cop car took and when it was looking for a particular plate and it can tell you like the number of plates scanned whether the target which is like the hot plate or the one that is under investigation that we're looking at. You see this like little tiny note right there where it's a little pin. That's how close you can get in terms of like figuring out kind of in what range that plate was spotted. So the big problem with this kind of technology is that unfortunately it is always on and it is basically everywhere tracking absolutely everyone. They can collect thousands of plates per minute from the EFF website. They say one vendor brags that its data set includes 6.5 billion scans and grows at a rate at 120 million data points every month. In aggregate over time the data can reveal a vehicle's historical travel. Those of you who were in Senator Wyden's talk the other day on cell phone companies and how they kind of keep all of this stuff forever and that it's just so voluminous and it gives this like intense tracking of like point by point of your day often your license plate can do the same thing. So just as dangerous to keep around forever with kind of no limitations whatsoever on its use. Unfortunately there is another unintended similar consequence. I live near Los Angeles. There are lots of malls that are actually in the LA area that have this technology that when you walk into the mall you get your little ticket and then when you come back to your car after you're done shopping you put it into the machine and it tells you where you're parked. Wow it's really convenient. Except that it's doing that because there is a license plate reader trained on absolutely every single spot and they marked your license plate when you came in. You have no way of knowing this but that data was then also packaged and sold to one of the vendors for ICE. So you don't have any way to know that where you're driving in places and you're just like using a convenience technology that involves your license plate who is actually running packaging and then reselling that and using it to often terrorize your neighbors. So there are two major methods for confounding the technology. I think there's probably more but I like bucketing them into these two. You can either block the collection of information or you can overload it with additional information. So when we are trying to prevent those scanners from actually reading in the correct kind of diagram of your face or your body or something different and in another one we're trying to replicate that detection over and over and over again. We'll actually go through these two examples. So we're actually going to focus a little bit more afterwards on obscuring with additional data. This is a Calvin and Hob strip. I'm going to just read it because it kind of gets to the point. Calvin says, I'm filling out a reader survey for chewing magazine. See, they ask how much money I spent on gum each week. So I wrote $500. For my age I put 43. And when they asked me what my favorite flavor is, I wrote garlic and curry. And Hob says, this magazine should have some amusing ads soon. And he says, I love messing with data. So artists have traditionally over the last couple of decades and more recently used both methods to especially mess with digital surveillance technology. So drones when they are seeking out targets they often look for a heat register of a person. So there's a fashion designer who has actually built anti drone camouflage apparel that is meant to block that heat signature using a reflective fabric. This one is a really cool example. A technologist and artist Adam Harvey worked with a bunch of makeup artists and came up with this thing called CV dazzle or computer vision dazzle. It's named after when people would, or I think back in World War II I believe they would put on the boats this sort of like wild black and white pattern that at a distance would kind of be hard to visually interpret. So taking inspiration from that there's things that you can do to a face that actually when you draw that little bounding box around it, it makes it really hard to run it through that neural network and effectively compare and match to different faces. So this is one of the face charts that they came up with. And then I also really love sitting on the idea too of the fact that the point of this project was also to develop resources for other people to use. So they have these sort of styling tips that you can find on the website. And then they also used face charts which are diagrams that makeup artists actually use to share styles, convey concepts and teach one another. So that him and a bunch of these makeup artist friends they developed an entire library of resources for you to use. He also then developed these stickers which you can see on this gentleman which can then just be kind of placed on your face instead of having to worry about having a full makeup kit which I think is an important accessibility note. So this one is pretty cool too.  This little sticker or tile that you can see on this other person is meant to sort of break up the form of the body. It makes the image confusing.  It's just kind of a floating torso and some legs. But as you can imagine the tile is kind of challenging because it only really works in one direction. This one I think is super funny. So instead of worrying about your face being recognized a artist named Leo Savaggio decided that you can just use his face. Go ahead. The printing files are online. You can just go ahead and take them, stick it on and it does work. It absolutely does read as a gentleman. It's pretty cool. It's called URME surveillance is the project. So that's been touring. And then back to Adam Harvey. Man, he's working over time. He developed this textile pattern called hyperface. So a lot of times when we're looking at those facial recognition images it's looking for some of these like density or suggestion of dimension. So you have like these little spots that might be a little like eye depressions, face and nose. The shadowing can be very important, often more so than like the little stick figure smiley. And you can see here that trying to basically replicate that in different sizes as many times as we can is we're trying to distract and get those bounding boxes around each of those parts of the image. Okay. So now we're sort of like from hyperface turning the corner into additional use of that overload of information. An artist named Simone Nikhil decided to basically use shirts that replicate people whose faces are very, very often found in data sets because they're celebrities. So in Facebook it kind of overloads the auto tagging function. And now my stuff. So this is a t-shirt that was developed to basically trigger automated license plate readers. We have basically open ale PR and then a couple of other commercial plate readers were used to make this. Here it is on an actual human. You can see that it reads in as a variety of different plates and then you have it also on the back. This particular API also tries to give you some information on what it thinks the vehicle orientation is and the color, which is kind of interesting. So apparently it's an SUV crossover. So you can see also I have this dress on right now. It is actually the text of the Fourth Amendment and it works pretty well. So we're going to try to get into, thank you. I hope this is visible, but this is a live video feed on one of the commercial applications called easy ale PR. You can see those bounding boxes lighting up. Excellent. So yeah, you can see also the captured number here is kind of interesting. The number of plates that it seems, there is the dress I have on right now. Lighten up like a Christmas tree. It really loves it. So some things just really seem to kind of scratch the itch for certain APIs. And we'll talk a little bit about why. And just a quick time check. I think we got the half sign, but I believe this is a 50 minute talk. Okay, just checking. Thank you. All right, cool. I was about to say I'm very frightened. I have a lot of slides left. So you can see it works on video feed. Very excited about that. And we're going to talk a little bit about why I used commercial apps and awesome how you can design your own. Some of you might be saying that looks super cool. I love it. Others might be saying I think I could do better than that. And you know what? The rest of this talk is for both of you because now you're going to learn how you can do that because art is for everyone. So you can pick your recognition system, anyone you like. You can try ALPRs as well. You can go for facial recognition. You can go for those whole people. And then you're going to look up those libraries and APIs. At the end of the talk, you're going to have a link to a bunch of these resources where you can try them. I'm also going to very much encourage you to use commercial applications.  They can be found everywhere. You can just pop open Snapchat or Apple's facial recognition in the photo function. Easy ALPR. There are so many. And it's an easy way to check your work. And it kind of is a binary output though. So you're either going to get a, you know, it'll respond to you or it won't. You can't really look under the hood and see those confidence scores or other markers. Apps usually also collect other tracking data. So I, you know, your mileage may vary. Please read the terms and conditions and make sure you're cool with all the stuff it's going to ingest while you use it. So I actually think this is really important for a couple of reasons, but mostly because of the way we're going to work together to design this experiment. So in the real world with government surveillance systems, I can't look under the hood. I usually am not going to get access to like even the training data sets that they used. I can't peel apart the neural network layer by layer and see the logic that it's using. I'm going to get as few outputs and success indicators as I will for commercial technology. So an ideal design experiment should be structured to be robust against those black box systems. And commercial applications can actually give us some of the similar effect that we're going to have. Something that I also found out even just in the course of this time at DEF CON is that if they are very similar, it is for a very good reason. And that's because often commercially sold applications that are used by state agencies have training data sets that are typically not statistically significant really from public data sets that are going to be online and used by some of these open systems. So I'm going to have you start then with your high confidence images. So in the case of open ALPR, there is a benchmark folder inside the repo. You can usually go dig through and find them. Or you can kind of collect your own. I suppose it's a little bit more painful. But playrecognizer.com also has a bunch of folders of them. Start with those high confidence images and we're going to talk about what that means. So when I read a photo into the API, it's going to spit out all that interesting information back at me, including a confidence score that it is this particular plate, what the area of the, in the photo that it is. And then it's going to give me back all that information about like I think it's an SUV crossover or you know maybe it's a Jeep Wrangler. I don't know. So now you're going to test your tolerances. You have this like awesome folder of very high confidence images. You're going to make gentle modifications to the source images to test the tolerance of those systems. I'm basically holding up a bunch of cards to the API and I'm asking it, what do you see? So shift the orientation. Change the sizing. Add and subtract parts of the image. You can cut them in halves. Rotate them. Slice and dice them. Change the colors and the contrast. Try also like moving them kind of sideways so that we've viewed at an angle. Some of these systems actually try to like clip and then rearrange them if they're at an angle. Some don't. You're going to want to find out. And I would say if you have this do it in whatever way is fastest for you. There are some libraries that will let you do this in Python. I actually personally have been using other kind of image modification products for I think like 10 years. So I'm just physically faster at doing it that way. But either way my preference is to just basically build up this giant stack of images and I've kept careful track of like how I've modified each one and like whether I'm trying all one state or different states and then I just batch test them. You can do this right from the command line. So just to touch briefly on what Pillow is. It's not the world's like most feature rich but it does have some things that I do recommend playing with and one of them is the dithering function. It just all it does is take an image and kind of guess at turning it into a black and white only image. And that is very very effective for kind of getting some of that feedback that you want in a decent amount of time. So let's take a look at kind of what I did. So here we have the license plate game. And this image is actually one that you'll start to see come up quite a bit just because it sort of ended up being this like stock photo for samples of different states plates. So I've run it through the API and honestly they all look pretty good. They work really well. I'm pretty confident at what they look like. And I think I don't know what the problem is with that last one down there. It's just not cooperating Wyoming. So now I've desaturated the image and you can see where a couple of dropped out. They're kind of not as confident as they used to be. And I'm going to now kind of run it through what I thought was that sort of dithering function. And you can see a couple more drop off as well. Also the images are kind of noisy.  So my process after that was sort of just to like keep carving out chunks of that noise. The thing that like makes it look messy and not designing. And see how often it still works. So this is an example of me testing my tolerances here. So I have this Nebraska plate.  I decided to change the font. Can I use the license plate font I found online? Can I cut up the letters? Can I rearrange them? Can I change the spacing? Can I get rid of like any suggestion of an outline around the box? What's going to work and what won't? So you can kind of look at these, guess in your head which ones are going to work. That wasn't what I expected. I'll be honest. So it can be very, very challenging. Especially I'm going to have you note the top one where the spacing is different from the bottom one. The hint, both of those aren't officially the way Nebraska is supposed to actually arrange its plates. So you might get some feedback that surprises you.   You start to get a gut sense of like what matters to this recognition system versus what does not. And often what features have disproportionate impact on whether it's a confident. So you can see the little screws here. Those like sort of design attributes that are like typical to a state plate.  Even if I carve out a bunch of it, it kind of expects to see something up there. And then the distance between the letters, that's also going to vary based on which state you're looking at. And some other stuff. So there's like on some state plates you have like registration stickers and other little suggestions of images. I actually carved out a much more complicated image that was in between those letters and replaced it with this little dash. Still worked. So I advise trying that as well. I think these are actually really important because what we're doing here also is developing these rules of thumb that you don't actually have to be, you know, you have to be a coder to replicate them and use them wisely. I think we want to be able to communicate to people in other disciplines like what matters and what doesn't. I love working also with like people across lots of different spectrums of talent, both in tech and art. And I think just developing a better vocabulary for us to talk to each other is a really, really big part of this exercise.  So here was mine. This is just what I found helpful. You might get, I think there's probably going to be a couple more axes if you're using like a facial recognition system. But you have either that your font and your design elements are hyper accurate. It looks a lot like a plate, like it lives in a little rectangle that the image expects to see. Or it doesn't. Or the design elements are not accurate. Obviously the ones that work really well are both accurate in both dimensions. And it's basically a photo of a plate. And I think that's super boring. So here we have some other things that actually still seem to work. So there was that state plate print I showed you where the font and design elements are more accurate. And it works pretty well. Even though there's like no little rectangles for things to live in. It doesn't look a lot like a plate. And then this fourth amendment print that I'm wearing right now, these all look a lot like a plate. But the font is inaccurate at all actually. And it is missing a couple of other design elements that it would expect to see. Still works. The awesome thing about figuring this out with whatever system you're using is those are awesome spaces to make art. You can really have a lot of fun. And that's where you learn that you have wiggle room to introduce design elements that you still think are kind of cool looking or that people would want to wear. So I wanted to touch on this because I get this question a lot. Which is why don't you just make your own plates that work really well? So let's look at the EU license plate standards to my friends from Europe. I can't wait to see what you do with this tutorial because you are going to have a much easier time. There are like there's amazing diagrams online of what it's supposed to look like by law. It defines very specific things like space between the characters, the width of the stroke, which font. It even has like a sort of order of operations of what the different letters and numbers mean versus the United States. So here's a list of just one state, Idaho, and it's coded by county and they're all different and it's only changes if the previous one all of them have been used. So that's one state. I made a little meme for this, which is from Ron Swanson from Parks and Rec where he says not to worry, I have a permit. And he just hands a piece of paper and just says I can do what I want. So, America. All right. So these are some of the things I ran into that did slow me down. They were challenging so just expect them and I think you'll have a good time. You have to balance whether or not it looks like a plate especially. I mean getting rid of that rectangle, it just doesn't like it. So you're going to have to struggle against that a little bit. Other desired design attributes, obviously I don't want to like have it always looks like just a pile of plates. It's worth the effort but I think you're just going to spend a little more time on it. Some states fonts and spacing don't work in other state plate formats and you might find yourself suddenly trying to like mix and match a little too much and then suddenly everything stops working on one side of the image and you're like dang it. Sometimes the API will also, as we saw in my example of the ones that are all modified in different ways, allow another state plate's lettering format to fake out what it expects to see for that state. As a result I've gotten ones where like it's clearly a plate that says Missouri on it but the API loves to tell me it's from Florida. I can't make a change. I can't figure out why. So deciding, I'm going to also spend a little time on this one which is deciding where to ethically source your plates, faces or any other images that you're going to use. So I did my best to find what I guess I would call out of use images. So things that are like functionally public, they're kind of like a stock image or something that's been reused a lot or it's on Wikipedia or you know it's just functionally something that it's so public that like you adding that to the set isn't really going to change much or they're functionally out of use. So you can go to junk yards and buy old ones. You could find them hanging on a wall of a restaurant or on eBay or on Craft Decor. So they're things that are people are not driving around. I also get the question a lot which is why don't you try to figure out whether or not they do belong to somebody? Because that costs a lot of money. Unfortunately, it is one of those things where like you're not supposed to be able to pull that information just from any plate on the street. If you do have enough money, anything is available to you, I do not have enough money. So I just have to do what is within my power as an artist and a good person and somebody who's trying very hard to like be a good example to do what I can without either being a millionaire or otherwise having access to perfect information. So please try your best. Also that is to say if you want to put your all in play all over a t-shirt, that's your decision. You know, might be then spotted around some other parts of town and you might find that beneficial. But I'm not the boss of you. So here's another amazing sample solution. Look at all these wonderful people's faces. Wouldn't they be fun to use on some kind of facial recognition project? Guess what? You can because none of these people exist. They are from uh, this person does not exist dot com. Awesome. Sort of generative adversarial network. I'm gonna flip back for a second. That just makes people and they don't look like or they're nobody. They might look like somebody. So just, you know, model that out as best you can. So now I have my images that work. I figured out I have this great pile. I want to put them on fabric. They look awesome. Anybody can design a pattern. I really truly believe everybody in this room would be capable. Like you may not think of yourself as like an art person or a fashion person but I'm so glad that you are in here because you are absolutely have all the skills at your disposal. Um, so we have a front to back. This is like the rest of this talk is gonna be like how do I deal with all of the stuff that I have and then making it to the point where it's useful because I've read a ton of papers on amazing adversarial patterns and pictures and all these things that work. It's really hard to find out how to access them. And I think everybody in this room could also be part of that change on how we put those in people's hands. So basics, uh, the half brick is the thing that you're going to see most often. If you have a bunch of like things that work, just putting them together in a line, uh, then moving it down one and shifting it over about halfway. Uh, gives you a pretty aesthetic pattern. Works pretty well. Uh, the diamond repeat is actually the basis of most seamless pattern making. You might actually want to like make note of this not just for fabric but I think any surface design. If you're thinking about it in your head, I'd love to put this on a car wrap or a mural or something interesting. You're going to have to know this. Uh, so I've changed the contrast a little bit so you can kind of better see what I'm doing here. Um, so you have these tiles that repeat. Uh, it's because each individual one, like I made this cool design. Let's imagine it's like a cluster of plates or something. I'm going to divide it into quadrants and then move the one from that side down to like, so if it's the top left, you're going to move it down to the bottom right and complete that with every single quadrant. And that is how you get, it's really hard to tell actually, but I have a plate cluster and a circuit cluster. And all I did was I chopped it into quadrants and then I moved them down each corner and then I filled in the middles and then I got a beautiful seamless print that looks pretty nifty. So you can say, uh, it sounds really hard and like it involves math. It does. I'm sorry. So here I'm going to try to give you some examples of things that don't need math. Uh, so here is again our, uh, our glamoflage, uh, facial type of t-shirt. Um, what they had done, the artist is to just create these like horizontal blocks and then they're a little bit different, the three of them, and they stacked them, staggered one on top of the other. Uh, this is really, really helpful because if you just go big enough, you could just slap a t-shirt right on it. It's really okay. You don't have to worry about whether it repeats and whether the edges fit together. So, uh, the contrast in the images that you're using for your facial recognition patterns are very, very important and then if you're like, oh, but I really like these colors and I want to make them work for my design. Uh, I think one of the things that's going to be really important to you then is to learn just a tiny little bit about color theory. I promise that this won't take very long. Uh, but tint shades and tones, so things that are mixed with white, mixed with black, and mixed with gray. Those are going to affect your contrast of your final image, so pay attention. Uh, things that look good together tend to be all the same tint tone shade levels. Uh, you're also going to find that when you're running this through image, uh, sort of image like editing software, um, you're going to want to like convert that to black and white once in a while and make sure you check, uh, the actual technology is sometimes sensitive to that. So that's why the top looks great and the bottom, not so great. Uh, you can actually then, if you're like, this sounds super hard, you can extract different colors like you have this DEF CON art, uh, from last year. Uh, those are part of color families, the things that are all next to each other on the color wheel. Uh, we have a really cool EFF t-shirt from last year which uses triads, which are two things next to each other and one opposite also tends to look very cool. Uh, and borrowing is okay.  I have the link list at the end of, uh, you know, like Adobe color or cooler or degrave.com you can use to then extract samples. Monochromatic is also super cool. We're all hackers and we all like wearing black. Easy enough. So let's put it all together. My example here, uh, we have our fake faces. I'm gonna do some complexity reduction. Pretty simple. Not gonna spend a ton of time on it and then do our derived color combination from some, uh, other prior art. So I now have this facial recognition triggering jacket. All I did was just replace some of the colors and kind of strip out a little bit of the noise. And yes, it works. It doesn't have to be so hard. Uh, so here we have the Apple's facial recognition on the image, on the jacket. It does actually do what it's supposed to. You could continue reducing noise and improving simplicity until it stops working. And then you're gonna get that information back on how you can make a pretty snappy pattern. So from pattern to production, this part's super important because I think we all have lots of great ideas, but getting it actually out there is a really big hurdle and perhaps been previously. Uh, fabric is not pixel perfect. I really love the whole like turtle, you know, AI thinks turtle is a gun project where it 3D printed a turtle that the pixels had moved around such that it, uh, interfered with the model to the point where it thought it was a weapon. Uh, but full adversarial models tend to need to be pixel perfect and they only work in one direction. Uh, soft goods have a lot of constraints that way. Set your expectations to wearable clothing with reasonably durable imagery. So what is reasonably durable? You have to think about a wraparound pattern like this one goes all the way around. Uh, does it work with the curvature of a body? So I am a plus sized person. I had to size up to make sure that things were not warped when they were either too small or fitting in a strange way. Um, as a result can you pick fabric or materials that are going to help you out in that endeavor? Should your garments be loose or structured? Uh, this is a picture of a raincoat. Might that actually be stiffer and be more reliable when I'm kind of at different angles or sitting down or standing up? Uh, you're going to want to test and test over and over again. I'm going to get into some of the ways that you can actually develop prototypes but I think each individual step is important. Flat digital prototype. Test it. If you're using a system that lets you do a digital mock-up like this one, go ahead and run it through. I know it's not a photo on a real person but it's helpful. Uh, and then you get your print prototype made. Test it again. They are often really good creator discounts on a lot of these sites and so you can order some samples for for quite cheap. So, uh, big thing here is that the digital printing process on fabric is made using a heat bonding dye injection process. It tries its best to get in between the fibers and it's not always very successful. So, uh, you're going to want to make sure you work with the texture of your fabric, not against it. Work in very high files. I've seen so many things go right because people like literally need more JPEG. Uh, so, uh, you can actually also order fabric samples. They're like $2 and they send you this giant box and it has like hex codes actually printed on them. So, uh, they they really try to help you out here. Uh, so it's easier and cheaper than ever to make them yourself. They only make each one you don't have to hold inventory, you don't have to buy 25 shirts and keep them in your closet and hope somebody buys every single one of them. They are made to order. Uh, it is very low risk. Uh, you can print on demand. You can print samples very rapidly. I have vendors that I've worked with that I've really liked, uh, printful. They have a really awesome way that you can get this dress right here, a little bit more expensive, but very nice quality. Uh, spoon flower where they can make fabric by the yard in like three different ways. They can do wallpaper, which is pretty cool. They can do gift wrap in case you like giving weird, nerdy gifts to people. Um, and then Will DeMache, which actually looms sweaters, have a little process way down. Before it used to be that you would have to like be an academic at like an institute, and you have to get a budget to like make sure that you could actually afford to, you know, print these things out. Um, 15, 20 bucks. It really isn't that bad. So I think it's also really important to bring the final garment cost down because people will take a chance on that concept clothing if they want to. Uh, printful shop that's a provider for all over printing in Los Angeles. Uh, so it actually also might not take as long to get here as you think it will. So manufacturing your own. As you wander into the world of drop ship, please, I had, I just felt obligated to put the slide in here. Please don't get scammed. Uh, please read the reviews. There are even on a creative idea that you think the world needs to see. I think that's really, really important and it's never been easier to do that. So you're going to balancing your manufacture quality, distance, shipping time to your happy customers and the wholesale price. This is really important. I was so inspired so there's a, uh, indigenous artist named Mona Cliff who's been working on putting QR codes into traditional beading. Um, it's still made methods. It does not have to be digital. Still works in these recognition systems, still can be read by, uh, machines. So the objective here just to kind of like sum that all up is we're lowering the barrier to entry on caring about surveillance. Everybody wears clothes ostensibly. Understanding how the technology works is hard. Buying clothes and wearing them is easy. Something you can engage with in a tactile way makes it fun how they should care about this thing. This is actually an anti-Paparazzi scarf when you try to hit it with a flash it blows out the photo. Very cool. And if we want people to care about surveillance I really feel like we're going to have to keep doing this in lots of areas. Um, you literally have to give people something they can hold in their hands and help them like understand and use it and they could try it themselves and really get a sense of how to test themselves. Be little citizen scientists and then start seeing that everywhere and I think clothes can be a great way to do that.  Uh, there are historical analog applications for fabric. This is actually a really cool thing but spies would have them either in the lines of their jacket or they would tie their hair up with them or put them in their knitting bags so that you could pull them out and they were quiet. They're printed on silk they're reasonably very durable and then they would say like okay I've used this letter transfer block this particular cipher and they would put pinpricks in them or embroidery in them to denote that they had like you know letter substitution like a substitution cipher put into fabrics and woven in they can be done big or small pretty cool and I wanted to put in those slides because I'd like to get thinking at the end of this talk sort of about how do we weave anti-surveillance design into the world. I think one of the big things that would have helped me a lot was how to work yourself maybe you watch this whole talk and decide I'm not very good at art and this all sounds very confusing and I'm not a fashionista but do you know somebody else who is who could maybe unleash a lot of creativity could you make them a tool that lets them not have to use code to take these systems and engage with them I think that's honestly the biggest thing that you know Android or on mobile devices in particular is a really awesome fast way to check your work so I think also we want to think about bigger not just people I think surfaces design can be anywhere I would absolutely love to have a mural up somewhere either in like Metro Los Angeles or any major city where cop cars go by all the time those databases as they pass by anything that you can do to make the dataset less useful they have to pay to store it they have to pay to analyze it just I think every little bit of being non-compliant is super helpful so think about like murals, billboards, clothing lines, posters for events like a hacker conference so I really don't want to getting better even in like the cycles of automation are so short now that I can barely keep track some of the anti-surveillance patterns created by other artists as I was doing research for this talk already no longer work happens but that's the point right so hacking surveillance systems shouldn't maybe I'm going to pause it not be about trying to outrun the arms race how do we normalize mimicry aesthetics and methodology that you can repeat every time these things catch up for continuous testing and iteration it's not a one and done process I think if you remember from the movie the fifth element I really love this guy so you know Bruce Willis looks out in the hallway and he sees what he thinks is an empty hallway and it turns out it's just the guy wearing a picture on his head it works I don't know so don't limit yourself so I have all the slides up at fashion.com you can see resource links those are the slides will actually be up right after this talk you'll also have resource links everything that I used you can use please treat this as a tutorial show me what you make and then I have the available designs so you can see how they were composited on to different types of dresses and I just love being able to do that I'm a researcher Dave Moss honestly the concept couldn't have happened without him he just mentioned in passing that the specificity on these systems are low they read billboards and fences and all kinds of junk so that unlocked a lot of creativity so maybe information you share could do the same for somebody else probably privacy and that is the end of my talk thank you so much everyone I really appreciate it so we do have some time for some questions if you have a question please come line up by me oh my twitter is Kate Rose be like the insect alright no questions is okay as well about the fact that a lot of these algorithms for surveillance are also used for safety critical systems and automation they also use what sorry they're also used for safety critical systems and automation like self-driving vehicles oh that's really really interesting I think one of the things just to repeat a little bit of the question that some of these are like safety driven systems as well so I don't necessarily always want to be you found a mistake I think there's actually been some really cool research in particular of showing how like salt lines on the road there's another talk that was given on how to like red team how to red team AI without being a chump I like that title and they had talked about the fact that if you salt the road in particular ways that messes up lane detection right to the company tell them what you found treat it like any other kind of exploit I actually think one of the things that kind of stinks about using license plates for so many different things is that like yeah it's it's pretty much something that anybody could do with any plate they want and I don't think as a result they should be used for highly sensitive things like incriminating you for awesome talk really like thanks did you find anything about testing particular design across multiple models and finding that you know something worked really really well in one model but like really failed with another model that you had and like what did you learn from that yeah great question so across the different open versus commercial systems that I was working on some of them are meant to be used as like a person who is maybe a lay person using their mobile device they are more sensitive they will basically take in a lot of information of anything they overvalue that like rectangular function a little bit more than anything else versus something that's kind of like reading things in as a flat image as the primary function of the API versus a video feed with a different conclusion but yes they definitely vary I think often folks and they should they frequently rewrite and make their own sort of like recognition algorithm that overvalues one thing over another maybe based on customer feedback I would love to get my hands on one that's used by state agencies apparently you can get them on ebay so if anybody wants to pitch in with me if your dress became really popular the software providers could just start filtering out all the text of the fourth amendment and then they'd never get false positives anymore so is the tooling in place that you could make it so that every dress has different text on it so it's very cool that you bring this up but it's possible yes it's one of the things that actually becomes really cool and interesting for me myself remaking those like without digital printing like remaking screens for a silk screen or remaking loom like your loom orders with a wholesaler that would be really hard now actually it's very easy so if I find that it's screened out or they just don't like my clothing anymore I can go on there dig in my pile of 20 minutes so I can outrun them for a while I think with your collective help as well if we're all coming at them from different angles it makes it a little harder so thank you great question one of the things I was thinking about immediately when you were talking about all the modifications is possibly automating that so you could just throw something at a machine at a model and then so you could quickly find something that was aesthetically pleasing that might look cool do you think that's reasonable or possible or how much of it was like you as a human had to figure out this would be a reasonable transformation I think it's super automatable honestly so some of even the technology that you were looking at that extracts pallets from different things kind of operates on functions that I imagine would be like most prolific web developer or else like a tool would be amazing but if people wanted to collaborate on that I'd be super open to it all the methods of things I was doing are if I use them in adobe it's just because my hands are faster than like literally figuring out how to code that image modification tool but it's very possible I would imagine that slider line that you just drop a bunch of icons in drag them around and it makes the repeat tile for you so it is some of it to some extent actually is already out there but yeah I think it would be pretty easy over time to work on that I know that I'm increasingly also really interested in like generative adversarial network says one tool to address that so instead of being processed by a robot not being in the manual processing and your face will be very carefully recognized wouldn't that happen I'm sorry I didn't quite catch the question so that that's a threat right so is there well how probable would it be that you are since you are broadcasting well distance then you would be screened manually making repeat yourself yes so what I'm saying wearing these manifests that you are well resistance therefore the automated system can flag you for manual processing so yeah that's true I think like honestly that that is just like one of the risk points that you have to incur when you're kind of working on this sort of stuff is that you know you can have I think you know the fact that plates are ingested so rapidly and these databases are gigantic and messy and implemented by people who are generally speaking not that they're not that thoughtful I really like don't mean to not flatter anybody but at the end of the day it's a tool to get a different job done and I think like the actual