Welcome to Monet Café. I'm artist Susan Jenkins and this is the third in a series of dramatic sky paintings. I love dramatic skies. And if you haven't subscribed to this channel I hope you will. We have a lot of free learning and a lot of fun. Here's the reference image that's from a site called unsplash.com. You can find me at Susan Jenkins Artists. They have great copyright free reference images. The photographer is Zakaria Zayane and he is from Morocco. I will provide a link to this photo in the description of this video. Alright now what am I working on today? The pastel surface is pastel matte. I love this paper and I like to get it in the white. It comes in other colors but with white I can tone it whatever color I want. Now what on earth am I doing with a painting of roses? This painting is part of proof that you can repurpose pastel paper. This is the third not only in the dramatic sky series but in the repurposed recycled pastel papers. And this pastel matte is so water friendly you can run it under the sink and wash off any pastel. Now the reason the roses are still showing is because I did a watercolor under painting. And watercolor basically stains the surface so you can't remove it. But all is not lost. I can still paint on this even with the image that is showing. I decided I was going to try acrylic ink. I thought it might be a little too light. I decided to use this golden fluid acrylics. The color is quinacridone nickel azo gold. I will have a link to this in the description of this video. Now I chose this color because of this beautiful orangey gold. But it's very translucent so you can still see the image through it. I wasn't even sure if the pastels would apply with a thick application like this. I didn't even add water. Now I'm using my basic little pastel set. I call it my in-between set. It's where I put pastels in between paintings rather than going ahead and putting them back in my studio set. I'm still out of town since my mother's passing away. I'm still staying with my dad. So I'm working with my studio on the go. Now this is just a little harder pastel. They're called Prismacolor new pastels. And I'm using it to sketch in the large shapes. I'm not getting too detailed at this point. But because of the ghost image that's there I needed some sort of roadmap because it can be a little confusing. But you just learn to tune out the image that's there.  It's you're not even paying attention to the image that's underneath. And by the way like I always say use whatever you have. Artists learn to be very resourceful so you don't have to go by all these products. You can probably make something else work with what's already in your studio. And here I'm using a darker pastel to block in some of the darker shapes. You're going to see me blending in a minute. I use a blending tool that I'll describe that I had to find once again because I'm away from my studio and I forgot some of my supplies. But basically I'm just getting in a little value study and getting my darkest darks. Now look at the reference image. Obviously that rock is the darkest dark. But the foreground is also pretty dark. We've got a little thin almost like a little thin sheet of a wave coming up on the surface so I didn't want to cover all of that. Now I'm blocking in the clouds that are darker and I almost always say in my videos with pastels it's best to work dark to light or put your darker layers down first because I can always lighten them up. I typically will put in like I'm doing now. I know these clouds are not going to be this dark. They're not going to be as dark as the rock as you can see in the reference image. But I'm blocking them in knowing that other pastels I layer on top are going to give them not only the colors that I want but it's going to knock that value down a bit lighter to make them appear more cloud like. Now here's my little blending tool. I found in one of my dad's boxes of something he had delivered some little packing peanuts. I typically like to use. Sometimes I'll use a chamois cloth. It works great on this pastel matte paper. I didn't have any of that. Sometimes I'll use a piece of pipe foam insulation that you can buy at a hardware store.  But these little packing peanuts worked great and I loved the size. They're the perfect little size almost the size of pastels often I break my pastels in half to be about this size and they kind of get into all the little spaces. Now see how I'm I'm actually grabbing some of the pastel and using it it'll still be on the packing peanut to make lighter values other places in the painting. Now I'm back to a dark I think this is a dark dark but then I gradually am going to get lighter values at that bank of whether it's rocks in the distance but it actually looked like it was kind of like a city like there's a coastline wrapping around the water and you'll see at the end where I decided to add some little lights like there might be little people camping or little houses back there and I thought that added a nice touch and I always love a reference image that has a sense of depth to me it was much more interesting to have those far distant rocks or cityscape whatever than it would have benefit was just a flat line so I think it added depth and interest to the image overall. Now I think I actually am yeah I'm actually using that darkest dark and I'm not doing a very heavy touch to this a light touch but I'm going to lighten it up with another pastel just like I'm going to do the clouds you see once I've blended the clouds they actually already look more cloud like and now I'm using kind of a magenta tone I'm getting in like I like to say first you get in your big shapes then you get in your big colors and block it off and in areas then you can go in and work on the details so right now I'm kind of zoning out and I'm just seeing value and color and sometimes I'll do something I call it color notes and it's just a little reminder to myself and that's a reminder that the sun where the sun is shining it is going to be lighter on the water down there that's why I put that little orange down there now remember when I said I like to put the darker values down first and then get to the lighter values I noticed that the sun I could have just grabbed a really light yellowy super light yellow but I thought it would be a lot more interesting the sun actually did have if I looked closely subtleties of other colors in it so that's why I'm getting down kind of some oranges and pinks in there and then I'll add me a little mark of bright yellow later to indicate the lightest part of the sun and I also like I said before I wasn't totally sure of how the pastel mat was going to layer would it receive a lot of layers first of all I repurposed it I washed the original pastel off then I washed it in the sink then I added the golden fluid acrylic on it would it receive a lot of layers and so I was kind of testing my son here to see how it was going to work and it did work I I actually even at the end of the painting I I got another little bit of really bright even brighter than this like a whitish yellow down and it worked quite well so another experiment gone right thank goodness right and by the way I've only sped this up slightly so you can still follow me but you won't have to watch every little stroke and the video would result in being you know a couple of hours long so that's why sometimes I'll just speed it up a bit and I feel like you can with these YouTube videos you can pause it actually I think you might be able to do some kind of a slow-mo feature on on YouTube I'm not sure I'll have to check that out but now as you can see like I said before I'm using other pastels to layer on top of my my dark cloud shapes that I had made another thing that I like to do that I've mentioned in the previous two dramatic sky paintings like I said this is the third not only on repurposed pastel paper the other papers were the first one was on Sennelier La Carte pastel card it's not water-friendly but I brushed off the previous painting and created this painting the second surface was you art 400 brushed off a previous sunflower painting and painted this dramatic skies so this was proof that you can take a painting you're not happy with and scrub it off in some cases even wash it and reuse the paper so back to my point in all three of these lessons I'd like to share how my strategy is to give some harmony to the sky and the land and to do that I incorporate some of the same colors the color palette feels harmonious so I will take colors from the sky and add it to the foreground or to the water and vice versa so when you're using a reference image that has a sky it doesn't just have to be water it could be a field it's usually more painterly and beautiful to me if you pull those colors from the sky a bit down into the land and like I said vice versa it creates congruency and harmony in the painting you can probably also see that now that I've added a few things we are almost totally zoning out on the former image that was there and it actually kind of worked in my favor how I turned my paper that some of the lighter areas of the original image were in the areas of the sun and the water in this image so that worked quite well even though I do layer over those now I'm just kind of getting me some little kind of almost sketchy marks to remember where this little thin sheet of water is coming up onto the land and hopefully you can see in the reference image that there's like two levels of that there's the one that's further up on the land closer to the rock and it's kind of like one of the waves that has receded and it's it's a little bit lighter than the the ground the sand that's in the foreground the second one is like a second wave that's receding and it's the one that the sun is really reflecting on it's not quite as dry as the one that's on the land so it's really got a lot of light and pinks and you actually see the sun's reflection in that second one that you'll see me develop soon I noticed that there was like a haze in the sky right above the horizon line where that either the rocks or the city or whatever you imagine that to be so I wanted it's a little bit darker in value than what's so bright around the sun and I'm using a neutral pastel here and this is again just kind of blocking in but I will eventually make that area brighter underneath the sun just keep in mind that the elements around the sun are naturally and logically going to be lighter in value and brighter and lighter in color so you know and then eventually things that go away from the sun from the horizon line perspective are going to get a little bit more neutral and not quite as bright all right now I'm using my little handy-dandy blending tool to kind of blend in that one thin sheet of a wave that has lapped up onto the shore and this blending tool really kind of flattens it out and makes it more realistic and believable as a thin wave now this is still the blocking in phase notice I still have areas that aren't covered so I'm still thinking of value and color and getting it down to where I cover the majority of the surface before I get to any specific detail and again I noticed that the water that's a little further away from the sun in this area I'm working on is a little darker and cooler that's another thing I didn't mention before things away from the sun are going to be cooler typically in color temperature and the reason is they're not near the sun the sun warms things up so it's so great that a lot of these things with painting are just logical you know if you just turn your brain on and paint you're like oh that makes sense so I really liked this blue here's another little sort of an illusion that happens often when you're painting often we look at a color that we pick up in our hand and it may seem to be the exact color that you need you go and even just put it up to your painting and you can instantly see it may either look darker or lighter or brighter in color or duller in color and that's because color and value is relative it's relative to what surface it's on and in this case of course I already have the beautiful glowing warm underpainting that's going to influence what the color looks like when I put it down and I also have a lot of dark things in the image like the rocks in the foreground so that influences how these colors and values look when you put them down so always kind of hold it up test it sometimes you can even make a little mark to test it and it may be totally different than what you thought when you walked over to your pastel palette and picked it up and so a lot of this is just kind of trial and error and playing with color and it's a lot of fun really it's like I said there's so many neat illusions that happen with color and value as you're painting a good analogy of this has have you ever tried to repaint a room yourself or house yourself and you go into the store Lowe's or Home Depot or wherever your store is and whatever country we have people all over the world and Monique have a watching and I don't like to be so egocentric that it's all America so whatever hardware store you have you go you pick out some paint looks like the perfect color for your wall you bring it home all my goodness all of a sudden this color you thought was a nice neutral gray has a green tint or it may have a pink tint and you're like it didn't look that way at all in the store well it all has to do with lighting and surrounding colors and values so that's exactly what's happening when we're painting and we have these little color value challenges that you know it's not that hard to do just bring it up to your painting and make a little mark or hold it up and test it and you'll be able to pick the right color and value as you pay attention to that now I'm just using you can see my little new pastel now I am before I block in some of these areas I wanted to get a little bit better roadmap as to where some of these waves are notice in the reference image underneath the wave we've got the sun in the back right so as the wave is crashing the side that's closer to the viewer that part that's kind of underneath the crashing wave is going to be a little bit darker in value so once again I'm establishing that and just like the clouds they won't end up as dark as I put them down but I will layer on them to get them the right color and value on top of this little bit of a darker base and by the way as you can see here some of this footage is real time but in sections I do speed it up once again to help the video not to be so incredibly long this is the end of the commentary portion of this video but keep watching because you're going to see me create the entire painting here to some lovely music here on Monet Cafe but this is also the portion where my patrons from my patreon page I'll explain what that is in a minute we'll get the real-time footage from here out all of the remaining footage will be real time for my patrons and a patron basically is someone who supports this channel Monet Cafe it really helps me to keep producing these free videos also get better equipment and it's also a way that a patron can get some extra content and often I like to do that I give them not only extra content from some of the videos some extra real time sometimes extra commentary they also get to share their images with me their finished paintings we have a homework album I have a lot of other fun things that we do I have a page exclusively an Instagram page exclusive to my patrons I have a Facebook group exclusive to my patrons I have a discord group a discord server that that's where my patrons really just enjoy each other and learn from each other it's really really just such a great place for people to congregate and just talk about art like the concept of Monet has always been get yourself a cup of coffee and hang out with some other artistically-minded people and have some fun so to become a patron it's $5 a month once again it does support this channel for a price of a cup of coffee basically isn't that sad that sometimes a cup of coffee is like $5 and I want to send a special shout out to my patrons and thank you so much for my existing patrons your support has meant so much to me during this time of my mother's passing like I said before it was pretty unexpected she's had some health challenges over the past couple of years but it was a stroke and it was definitely not something we saw coming and if you're a patron of mine you know that at the same time simultaneously to this happen my husband and I have been caring for my mother-in-law my his mom in our home who has terminal cancer we have a hospice care and she's come to live with us in our home so while we were doing that my own mother passed away they live three hours away so I'm here at my father's home my mother and father's home just helping him to get established in living life on his own here and fortunately my sister and brother-in-law live across the street so they work during the day but that will be you know nice so anyway not to get on a tangent but my point is that during this time being away from my home studio I've actually had to close or it's called putting your Etsy shop in vacation mode where I sell my original paintings so my Etsy shop is in vacation mode if you click on it whenever you see the link at the end of this video or wherever I will reopen my Etsy shop when I return home but all of these paintings will be available in my Etsy shop so my patrons and their support has really helped me as I've had to close down or not be able to have some of the other income sources I had so God bless you patrons thank you so much and it has been a true blessing in many more ways than financial because you guys are so encouraging and such a beautiful part of my life and I just want to thank you all personally God bless you patrons so that's the perfect segue into this portion which will be real-time patreon-only content and once again Monet cafe I will always be bringing these free videos for you enjoy this music while I paint keep in mind some of the things I've already mentioned as to my strategies also don't go anywhere I will be back at the end of the video now here's that music I promised a couple of minutes ago I can't quit talking to you guys this is where I'm adding the final sprinkles on the cake if you want to call it and it's that reflection from the Sun and how beautifully the light and color from the sky around the Sun is reflecting down into that little pool of wave that's receding back into the ocean and you can see with my color palette I gave it a bit more of an orangey magenta color palette rather than all pink and blue that's more pink and blue in the sky I feel like pink and blue is a little cliche it reminds me of like baby gifts so I wanted to make it a bit more dramatic with some of those orangey reds as well and here is where I'm adding that little stroke like a little gestural stroke that suggests the reflection of the Sun into the water it doesn't have to be really solid it it's better if it's just suggestive I wanted to zoom in here so you can see me adding the little lights on the shoreline I believe in the reference image if you looked really closely it looked like there might be some little lights it was hard to tell because it was really far away but I thought it would add interest to the painting up back here I'm adding a few it's best if they're random and they have they should be smaller obviously in the distance and I'm not pressing very hard at all if I did it would look unrealistic because you're not going to see the lights back that far very much at all and especially where the Sun's shining down so don't you think I think that added some interest it also balanced out the composition I think because we've got the Sun kind of weighted and the reflection of the Sun on the right and then the lights on the left so I felt it make made for a very interesting composition so I really enjoyed creating this painting I liked the dark mood all of the three paintings I've done in the dramatic sky series have been a bit dark and moody perhaps it's where I'm at in life and just you know losing my mama and she loved beautiful skies took photographs of them all the time but I liked the blue color I gave the waves because it was getting more towards a night scene and getting darker so I hope you enjoyed this I hope you'll subscribe to this channel if you haven't already if you're not a patron of mine consider becoming a patron we have a lot of fun and as always blessed and happy painting


There we go, carry on. So we've got our second data frame there by just chucking out some of the values from our previous data frame. Let's go on and add a new column to our original data frame here. So remember that's how to do it. You say data underscore two and just put these square brackets and then the name of the column in inverted commas and I'm going to add this list, but look at this list. This list is a list of text strings, A, B, A, B, A, B. So what we can say let's, well let's just execute that. You'll see. Let's see what it looks like. So let's add this. So let's imagine something. Let's imagine this was a mission hemoglobin values of a set of patients. This was that patients, each individual patient's white cell count. And let's imagine that the patients belong to two groups. Either the patient was in group A or group B. So that would be normal kind of analysis that we would be interested in. And now the beauty of pandas, you can split your data frames up. I'm going to create a new data frame called data underscore four. I'm going to take data two and I'm going to use this method, the group by method. And I wanted to go to the groups column. So data underscore two dot. So you'll have to learn when you square brackets, when to use these round brackets, when to use a dot, you'll get used to it. So I want to group by this. So it's going to look down this column and it's going to see I find A's and B's. If there were C's, I would find C's. If it was a lot of other words, it will just group all the similar ones together. Let's do that and I'll show you what the result is. Now this is really magic as I say there. Look at this. Still columns via one and via two, but now it's made two individual groups. It will only take the values that had fell into the A group and the B group. So if you had two groups and you wanted to compare them to each other, you'll want to do statistical analysis comparing the two groups. It'll actually split your data frame like that. Now we can see there were seven patients in group A and six patients in group B and in the group A patients, that was their mean, that was their standard deviation, etc. And that really is the power. So that's a short introduction to pandas. Let me show you how we're going to use pandas most of the time. We're going to import a spreadsheet. Now in spreadsheet software in Microsoft Excel, it usually exports it as excel s or xlsx files. You can also in the library office open office, export it as open document spreadsheet format. But you can also ask those programs to export it as a CSV file comma separated values. And this is the one I'm going to use here. So inside of the same folder, now I'm just going to show you here, I'm in my desktop healthcare research lectures folder on my computer. That is where this notebook lives. And I've put this CSV file in exactly the same folder as where this notebook lives. That means I don't have to refer to, I don't have to type in the whole, the whole wherever it was see desktop, whatever for Mac, Windows, all different. I don't have to do that. I can just put the name of the file. But please, if you want to keep it simple like this, put your spreadsheet file in the same folder as where your notebook lives, it'll find it easily. Now PD pandas, we know what that is, dot, so not series, not data frame. This time I'm going to say read CSV and there's a read XLS, read XLSX. So if you've saved your spreadsheet file in a different format, there's a read, there's all sorts of read ones that you could do. So it's going to take this whole spreadsheet and it's going to put it inside of this computer bucket called data five. And let's do that. And I just want to show you when you import a spreadsheet file, is to see what data type it's going to be. Yes, indeed, it is a data frame. So it's going to look exactly like this. So if you import a whole spreadsheet, remember data frame allows for lots of different columns, it is going to be that. Now there's a quick way that you can just check if things imported properly. And that's using this method head. So if I typed in data dot five, let me show you data underscore five dot, if I say H and hit tab, head is the one, double click on that, open and close, the default is five. So see that that was in blue, you don't have to put that if you leave it empty, it's going to accept an argument default of five. It's just going to show me the first five rows. And it's just a quick, you don't want to, if you have a spreadsheet with thousands and thousands of rows, you don't want to print them all out to the scheme, but you just want to make sure things imported properly. So just that. And there's our beautiful little spreadsheet. And I'm only showing the first five rows, you can see there the index always starts counting at zero. So let me run through the spreadsheet quickly, because this is the one we're going to use most of the time. It's mock, MOOC mock there you see. So mock, this mock data doesn't come from any real patient. But we have file column, the patient's file, their age, their gender, delay from the time they had symptoms until they came to the hospital, how long they stayed in the hospital, they go to ICU, what is their retroviral disease status, was a CD4 count done, NAN is a term used in computer language is quite a lot if it finds an empty space or something that's not a value in a value column with values, it's going to put NAN stands for not a number. And it's very nice to have that done, because these values will be excluded when you do statistical analysis on the values in this column. Admission heart rate, admission temperature, admission C reactive protein, admission white cell count, admission HP, was there at surgery, was there finding of a rupture of the appendix, this is appendix data, appendix sent away for astrology, was there information, yes or no, did the patient develop any complications while they stayed in hospital and what was their modified Alvarado score, you don't have to worry about this clinical setting at all, you don't have to know anything about appendicitis, we won't go into dealing with a clinical situation as much, I just want to show you now how to do statistical analysis on this data set that we have. Now it might very well be, I just want to show you that you don't like this index, you can change any of these columns to be the index, don't be silly about it though, you see the file contains unique numbers and if you're quite ever interested in doing that, you can say data underscore five, that is the data frames name, dot set underscore index, open and close these brackets and just put the name in quotation marks, the name of, you have to type it in exactly, that was file was the name of that column and I'm going to print to the screen the first three after making my change, let's do that, now file becomes the index, file becomes the index, sometimes though you only want to display the last few lines that makes it very quickly to see how many of your rows actually imported, so instead of head there's also a tail, let's just do the last three and you can see the last three up to file number 150, so there are 150 patients in our data set, so that's a quick introduction to pandas, look through it again, familiarize yourself with it, play with it, it might look slightly daunting especially this first bit, we are not going to construct things in this way but I just wanted to slowly introduce you to pandas, this is the way we're going to do it by just importing spreadsheet files and start playing with them, excellent see you in the next lecture


Greetings, aspirants. Welcome to one another special video brought to you by Shankarae's Academy. I don't have to tell you what the video is about because you have already read it in the title. But still, in this video we are going to see the prelims questions of the year 2022, which reflected from the Hindu News Analysis Program of Shankarae's Academy. See the questions that we are going to discuss today is based on set A and the answers that we are going to discuss today is based on Shankarae's Academy's answer key. See in some of the cases we were able to arrive at the answer directly based on our Hindu News Analysis Program and in some other cases we were able to improve the probability. For example, we were able to improve the probability to 50-50 chance of getting a question right. And having said that, we are delighted to find out around 40 questions reflected from our Hindu News Analysis Program. I suggest the aspirants to watch the video fully. And without any further ado, let's see the questions. Now we are going to take third question. See the question is about Indian economy. And since it is a three statement question, we can try applying elimination techniques. In this, let us start with statement one. It is given us, if inflation is too high, RBI is likely to buy government securities. See if you had watched our Hindu News Analysis on 19th March 2021. In that analysis, we had clearly seen what happens while RBI is selling a bond and while buying a bond. In that analysis, we saw that by selling bonds, RBI controls the surplus money flow in the economy and thus reducing inflation. And by buying bonds from the government, RBI injects money into the economy. And thus it increases the liquidity in the economy. So from this information, we can conclude that statement one is incorrect. See like I said earlier, it is a three statement question. Now let us see whether by elimination technique can we arrive at the right answer. As we can look at the options here, we found out that statement one is incorrect. And option B is the only option which does not have statement one in it. So the correct answer here is option B, two and three only. So if you had watched 19th March 2021 analysis, you would have arrived at the right answer. And after this, we are going to see sixth question. Take a look at this question. It is about foreign owned e-commerce firms. See it is a two statement question. Let us start with statement one. See in our 7th December 2019 analysis, we saw that the foreign e-commerce firms cannot sell their own goods in addition to offering their platforms as marketplace. So from this information, we can say that statement one is incorrect. Now coming to statement two, see on the very same day, we had mentioned that there is limitation for how much an e-commerce firm can own. See it is as per 2018 notification. In that notification, it is mentioned that an inventory of a vendor having more than 25% of purchase from marketplace entities or from its group companies will be deemed to be controlled. And while discussing that, we saw the example of Amazon also. From this, we can say that statement two is correct. And the question is asked for the correct statement. So you can easily arrive at the correct answer which is option B. And after this, let us take question number 18. See it talks about rits in the Indian constitution. It is a three statement question and in these three statements, two rits are given. One is mandamus and the other one is cure unto. See on our June 9 2020 analysis, we have discussed in detail about all of the rits. In that analysis, we had clearly mentioned information about when can a mandamus be declared. See it can be issued by Supreme Court to any public official to perform the official duties. Under it is issued if a public official refused or failed to perform the official duty. So from this, we can easily understand that mandamus lie against any government company. And in that analysis, we also saw that it cannot be issued against a president, private bodies and governors. So with this information, you can easily eliminate options containing statement two because statement two says that it cannot be issued against a government company. So statement two is incorrect. Since it is a three statement question, we are going to try elimination technique here. So we are going to eliminate options which have statement two in it. So the correct answer here is option C. So from this single analysis, we are able to answer this question. Moving on, let us see about question 26. See it asks what the term livant means. See we have discussed about livant in our 11th September 2021 discussion. On that day, we saw that there is a terror group called the Islamic State of livant and it existed in the livant countries. And we also clearly saw that livant country denotes a vast geographical region situated in the eastern Mediterranean. From this itself, it is clear that the correct answer is option A. So those who have listened to this discussion could have easily attempted this question and arrived at the correct answer. Now moving on to the next question. See it is 27th question of set A and it is about Afghanistan. The question asks about the bordering countries of Afghanistan. We have seen its borders many a times in our discussion. For example, take this practice question that was discussed on 18th May 2020. Here clearly we have stated the bordering countries. And what are the bordering countries of Afghanistan? It includes Pakistan, India, China, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Iran. And by this knowledge, you can arrive at the correct answer, which is option C here. Now let us take this next question, which is 35th question. See this is about Qubit. Qubit is short form for quantum bits. If you take our 6th December 2020 analysis, while discussing about quantum computing, we saw that quantum computing uses quantum bits or qubits. So from this we can easily arrive at the correct answer, which is option B. See it is fairly a direct question. Now moving on to 37th question, which is on biofilm. See on 9th January 2022, we had a detailed discussion about biofilms. Actually we have covered all points mentioned in this question. While beginning the article discussion itself, we saw that biofilms use ranges from medicine to food industry. And later on, we saw how biofilm is advantageous in the food industry. So it is clear that it has various uses around food. From this we can say that statement 2 is correct. Then in that analysis we saw that they have resistance to antibiotics. And they can show 1500 times more resistance to antibiotics as compared to free floating bacteria. And this makes statement 3 as correct. And after that we also saw biofilms can also cause severe infections in hospitalized patients as they can grow on implanted medical devices such as catheters and pacemakers. So from this it is clear that statement 1 is also correct. So we can easily arrive at the correct answer, which is option D. See what does this mean? This means that a single discussion on a particular topic has helped us to answer this question. Now let us move on to the next question, which is 58th question. It talks about Miyawaki method. See just a few days before the prelims examination, specifically on May 31st 2022 analysis we discussed about this topic. In that discussion we have mentioned that the aim of Miyawaki method is to grow urban forest and expand the green cover by afforestation. So through this, it has revolutionized the concept of urban afforestation as the backyards have been turned into mini forest. So if you have watched this analysis, there is no doubt for you, you can easily arrive at the correct answer which is option C. Now after this let us take the 63rd question. See the question talks about credit rating agencies in India. See it is a three statement question, so we have to apply elimination technique here. Go through all of the statements once and take the easiest one and find out whether that statement is correct or not. So here I am going to take statement one. It says that in India credit rating agencies are regulated by Reserve Bank of India. See if you remember our discussion on 17th October 2020, we can easily say that statement one is incorrect. It is because in that discussion we mentioned that credit rating agencies in India are regulated by Securities and Exchange Board of India that is SEBI. And like I said, this is a three statement question and we have to try applying elimination technique. If you find out that statement one is incorrect, then you have to check the options. And which option does not have statement one in it? It is option B. It is quite straightforward, right? Here for this question you have to just remember only one fact. Credit rating agencies are regulated by SEBI, not RBI. If you know this, then you can easily arrive at the correct answer. And we have discussed this crucial fact on our 17th October 2020 analysis. Now after this let us take 68th question. See we have seen the statement maintaining price stability by controlling inflation many a times. For example, take this discussion on 3rd April 2021. There while discussing about inflation targeting, the faculty mentioned that monetary policy strategy is the one which is used by central banks for maintaining inflation at a certain level or within a specific range. We also saw that the primary objective of monetary policy is to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth. And this is done by rising or lowering the interest rates based on above target or below target inflation. See usually the central banks follow a policy of keeping inflation sufficiently low. So from this it is very clear that in a monetary policy strategy to maintain price stability the central banks keep the inflation low. Therefore the answer should be central bank. See the options here. The options do not have the term central bank. Rather they have the name of India's central bank which is Reserve Bank of India. And thus if you had gone through 3rd April 2021 analysis you would have marked the option D. Now after this let us go to 75th question. See it talks about the body which is constituted under Environment Protection Act 1986. What are all the bodies given in the options? Central Water Commission, Central Ground Water Board, Central Ground Water Authority and National Water Development Agency. It is a straightforward question. On our 5th May 2021 analysis we had discussed about Central Ground Water Authority. And in that analysis we had seen that it is constituted under section 3 of Environment Protection Act 1986. And if you had watched the analysis it would have been easy for you to arrive at the correct answer which is Option C, Central Ground Water Authority. And after this let us take the question 80. See the question is about green washing. And the options given are regarding the definition of green washing. See on our October 17, 2019 analysis we saw the difference between green and green wash. See green wash is opposite to green. Generally we say green for environmentally friendly actions. But green wash refers to the process of conveying the falls information to manipulate people to think that it is actually environment friendly. The word is used when a company or a government is against the environment but provides misinformation to develop a green environmental image. So if you had watched this analysis then you know that Option A here is the correct answer. Option A says that conveying a false impression that a company's products are eco-friendly and environmentally sound. So this is the more apt answer here. And after this now let us see question number 85. See this statement is about UN clause. See we have seen a lot of times about UN clause in our daily news analysis. For example on December 14, 2021 we saw about some of the features of UN clause. In that discussion we saw that a coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles. And it is measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention. So from this we know that the territorial sea limit is up to 12 nautical miles. And we also saw that the coastal state has full sovereignty in the region. So the state is free to set laws and regulate the use of any resource in this region. And from this information you can come to the conclusion that statement one is correct. And you can eliminate option B because it does not have statement one in it. And on the very same day we also saw that the coastal state has sovereignty over the airspace above the territorial sea, the seabed and subsoil beneath the territorial sea. And most importantly we saw that the foreign vessels in the region are given the right of innocent passage. So second statement here is also correct. Now we are left with statement three. If we find whether the statement is right or not then we can accurately arrive at the answer. See again on December 14, 2021 analysis we saw that the limit of exclusive economic zone is 200 nautical miles from the baseline. So from this you can come to the conclusion that statement three is also correct. After knowing that all the three statements are correct you can easily arrive at the correct answer which is option D. See we have seen the exact points on 13th April 2021 analysis as well. So aspirants give it a glance. And after this we are going to take 86th question. In this question few facts about Senkaku islands are given. You have to find which of the options given are correct. See we have discussed about the issue regarding Senkaku islands several times in our daily news analysis. For example on June 23, 2020 analysis we saw exclusively about Senkaku islands. In that discussion we saw that Senkaku islands are a group of uninhabited islands in the east China Sea. They are located east of mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Ishigaki city of Japan. But this territory is disputed between Japan, Taiwan and China. So from this you can accurately say that the correct answer is option B only. See other options here are totally irrelevant to the Senkaku islands. It is not an artificial island and America did not set up any permanent military base there to help Taiwan and option D is also irrelevant. So if you had seen June 23, 2020 analysis you would have easily answered this question. And after this let us take 95th question. See this question is about Ramanuja. The question asks which of the following statements correctly represents the teachings of Ramanuja. See the correct answer here is option A. The best means of salvation was devotion. We have discussed about this in our daily news analysis on Feb 11, 2022. See since Ramanuja made news several times the question was asked. And if you have watched Feb 11, 2022 analysis you could have accurately answered this question because it is kind of a straightforward question. Now let us take this 97th question. See the question is about lymphocytes, B cells and T cells. That is B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. See we had a detailed discussion about this on 16th August 2020. See there we clearly saw that these lymphocytes they are a part of the immune system. Also we saw that B cells are responsible for producing army of proteins called as antibodies. And these antibodies are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses and toxins. Now we know that bacteria and viruses are nothing but pathogens right. From this we know that option D in the question is correct. Option D says that they protect the body from diseases caused by pathogens. And this is true for B cells. Now coming to T cells we saw that they have the potential to recognize diverse antigens from pathogens, tumors and the environment. And through immunological memory T cells respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered. This simply means that T cells also protect the body from pathogens. So the option D is also true for T cells. Therefore the correct answer here is option D. So based on the analysis on 16th August 2020 you can easily arrive at the correct answer. Now let us take up this next question which is question number 100. See it is about acid rain. It asks the causes of acid rain. See we may have dealt with this topic separately. But during several discussions whenever we have mentioned about acid rain the causes of acid rain were also mentioned. For example take this discussion on 27th October 2021. There we were seeing about a report on thermal power plants. In that discussion itself the faculty was covering the harmful impacts of sulphur dioxide. There it was mentioned that acid rain results when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents. See the sulphur dioxide and the nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form sulphuric acid and nitric acids. These then mix with water and other materials before falling to ground as acid rain. So it is very clear that sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are essential for acid rain. So we have sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in statement 2 and 4. If we find out this we can easily arrive at the answer which is option B. Here fortunately other options do not have 2 and 4 together. So no need for any doubt here. You can choose the correct answer with confidence. Now let us take 73rd question. See the question is about 5th schedule of constitution. More specifically it is about the consequences when a particular area is brought under 5th schedule of the constitution. See here the answer for this question can be arrived quite directly. On our 28th May 2022 analysis we had discussed about some previous questions. And in that a similar question was discussed which spoke about the declaration of transfer of tribal land to private parties for mining as null and void. So from this we can infer that if a particular area is brought under 5th schedule then it prevents the transfer of land of tribal people to non-tribal people. Like I said it is a very direct question. But you have to know about the 5th schedule and the consequences of bringing an area under 5th schedule. And we discussed this on 28th May 2022 analysis. Now let us take this next question which is question number 20. See it is about deputy speaker of Lok Sabha. See in our 11th September 2020 analysis we discussed about deputy speaker. And in that we clearly mentioned the date of election of deputy speaker is fixed by speaker. And from this we can conclude that statement one is correct. Using elimination technique we can eliminate options C and D because they do not have statement one in them. Look at the options A and B. Both the options have statement one and three in them. So what is the odd one out? It is option B which has statement two extra. So here we have to check only statement two. Here again in the 11th September 2020 analysis we saw that from 11th Lok Sabha there had been a consensus that the speaker comes from the ruling party and the post of deputy speaker goes to the main opposition party of the house. And this was not the case up to 10th Lok Sabha where both the speaker and the deputy speaker come from the ruling party. So what is the second statement here? It says that there is a mandatory provision that election of candidates deputy speaker of Lok Sabha shall be from either the principal opposition party or the ruling party. See in the analysis we saw it is based on consensus. So there is no mandatory provision here. And this makes statement two incorrect. And if you remember this then you can easily arrive at the answer which is option A one and three only. And after this we are going to take question number 13. See it is about constitutional amendment. It is a three statement question hence we are going to apply elimination technique. Let us take statement one. On 11th December 2019 in the news analysis we had clearly discussed that any bill amending the constitution does not require the prior permission of the president. But in the question it is given that a bill amending the constitution requires prior recommendation of the president. So with the information from the analysis we can conclude that statement one is incorrect. See since it is a three statement question if we find out that statement one is incorrect we can easily arrive at the correct answer which is option B. We have arrived at the correct answer here and this question using elimination technique. And regarding the other two statements we have discussed that also in the 11th December 2019 analysis. We clearly discussed that the president has an obligation to give assent to any constitutional amendment bill and constitutional amendment bill must be passed by both the houses separately with the special majority. And there is no provision for joint sitting. And if you had watched this analysis which is 11th December 2019 analysis you would have been able to answer the question correctly. Now let us take the next question which is question number 17. See this question is about attorney general. We have seen this topic many times. Now if you take May 1st 2021 discussion we saw that attorney general's term of office is not fixed by constitution. Also there is no mention about the procedure and grounds for his removal. And the attorney general holds office during the plasher of president. He may also quit his office by submitting his resignation to the president. Additionally the faculty also mentioned that conventionally attorney general resigns when the government resigns or is replaced. This is because attorney general is appointed based on the advice of council of ministers headed by prime minister. So it is very clear that even though attorney general resigns when the government resigns it is not done as per constitution rather it is a convention. So here statement 2 is incorrect. Now coming to the first statement while seeing about attorney general the faculty mentioned that under article 88 attorney general takes part in the proceedings of both the houses of the parliament or their joint sitting and any committee of the parliament of which he may be named as a member. Here take part is nothing but participating. That means statement 1 is true for attorney general. And we have seen this fact in other discussions as well. For example we have seen this on 28th February 2021 analysis and 1st July 2020 analysis. See in these discussions we have displayed the article 88 and has told that along with the attorney general the ministers also hold the power to take part in the proceedings of both the houses of the parliament or their joint sitting and any committee of the parliament of which he may be named as a member. So what is the catch word here? Statement 1 says that attorney general and solicitor general of India are the only officers of the government who are allowed to participate in the meetings of the parliament. Here the catch word is only. From the analysis we saw that even ministers have the power to take part in the proceedings. So from this information we can conclude that statement 1 is incorrect. As both the statements are incorrect the correct answer is option B neither 1 nor 2. So as far as question 17 is concerned if you had watched May 1st 2021 analysis you would have been able to answer this question. Now let us take this 11th question. See it is about contempt of quotes. See it is a multiple statement question so we can try applying elimination technique here. Read all the statements once. Here I am going to start with statement 3 because it is very simple. It says constitution of India defines civil contempt and criminal contempt. See in our Hindu news analysis dated August 2 2020 we had clearly discussed that contempt of court is well defined in contempt of court act 1971 and not in constitution. See here we have talked about article 129 and article 215 also. See in these two articles of the constitution the term contempt of court is mentioned. But the definition of it is not given in these two articles. So with this information we can come to the conclusion that statement 3 is incorrect. So by elimination technique we can eliminate two options here. What are those options? They are option C and option D. Now we have option A and B. In these two options the common statements given are 1 and 2. So we know both 1 and 2 statements should be in the answer. Now we have to find out whether statement 4 is right or not. The statement 4 states that in India the parliament is vested with the powers to make laws on contempt of court. And if you see August 17 2020 Hindu news analysis in that analysis we discussed that the laws regarding contempt of court are made by parliament. And this is given in article 142. So from this information we can conclude that statement 4 is correct. If we find out statement 4 is correct then the correct option here is option B. So if you had watched these two discussions then you would have arrived at the correct answer. And after this let us take question number 16. See this is about anti-defection law. It is a two statement question and we are going to go through both of the statements one by one. The first statement says that nominated legislator cannot join any political party within six months. See on our March 15 2021 analysis we had discussed about anti-defection law. And in that discussion we mentioned that when a nominated legislator is not belonging to any party then he or she can join a party within six months. And if they join any political party after six months then they will be disqualified. So with this information we can come to the conclusion that statement one is incorrect because in the statement it is given that a nominated member cannot join political party within six months but that is not true. If we find out that statement one is incorrect then we can eliminate options A and C. Now coming to second statement it says that the law does not provide any time frame within which the presiding officer has to decide a defection case. See on our November 28 2020 analysis we discussed that in 10th schedule there is no time limit for the speaker in deciding cases relating to anti-defection. So with this information we can conclude that statement two is correct. And if you had watched both of these analysis you would have also arrived at the correct answer which is option B2 only. Now let us move on to the next question which is 39th question. See we have discussed about COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine groups many a times in our discussions. If you take our December 27 2021 discussion it was clearly mentioned that COVID shield is adenovirus based vaccine and we also saw that mRNA vaccines include Pfizer BioNTech vaccine called us Comernati and the Moderna vaccine called us Spike Vax. And from this we can easily say that statement one is incorrect because in statement one it is given as COVID shield uses mRNA platform. So by eliminating statement one from the options we can easily arrive at the correct answer which is option B. Now other than this on the same day we have also seen that whole inactivated coronavirus vaccine includes Sinovac and Covaxin. From this it is very clear that statement three is correct. And regarding statement two we have separately seen about Sputnik 5 vaccine on May 19th 2021 analysis. We mentioned that Sputnik 5 is the world's first registered vaccine and it is a viral vector vaccine for COVID-19. This means that statement two is correct. So from this we know that different discussions have covered information related to this question. Now moving on to next question which is 44th question. See this question might seem big but it is actually very easy if you have listened to our discussion. Majorly the question is about WHO air quality guidelines. See we have discussed this in detail on our 23rd September 2021 Hindu News Analysis. There we saw the prior short term and long term limits for the pollutants and then we saw the updated limits also. And there we clearly mentioned that short term limit is for 24 hours. So the first statement is about short term as well as long term limits for particulate matter 2.5. Shortly referred as PM 2.5. See we have discussed about short term and long term limits for both PM 2.5 and PM 10 in 23rd September 2021 discussion. It was mentioned that the recommended long term limit is reduced to 5 micrograms per cubic meter for PM 2.5 and it is reduced to 15 micrograms per cubic meter for PM 10 levels. And similarly the short term limits have also been reduced. It has been reduced to 15 for PM 2.5 level and 45 for PM 10 levels. So from this information it is very clear that statement one is correct. We saw that the long term limit is 5 micrograms per cubic meter and short term limit is 15 micrograms per cubic meter for PM 2.5. And that is what is given in statement one also. So if we find out that statement one is correct then you can easily eliminate option C which does not have statement one in the option. Now on the same day we also saw the need for updated WHO air quality guidelines while seeing that we mentioned the harmful effects of particulate matter that is PM 2.5 and PM 10. It was clearly said that both PM 2.5 and PM 10 they are capable of penetrating deep into the lungs and we saw that PM 2.5 is more dangerous as it can enter the bloodstream. So from this it is very clear that even though PM 10 can enter the lungs it cannot enter the bloodstream. This makes statement three as incorrect. So from this we can eliminate option A also because option A has statement three in it but just now we saw that statement three is incorrect. Now let us take the simple statement which is statement four. This was also discussed many times whenever we saw about air pollutants and especially about ozone. For example on 20th august 2021 discussion about smog towers we saw that when ozone is close to the ground it is bad for human health because ozone can damage lung tissue and can cause respiratory illness like asthma. And this makes it clear that ozone triggers asthma. So statement four is correct and from this we can arrive at the correct answer which is option B. Now after this let us go to question number 15. See it talks about the exclusive powers of Lok Sabha. See this is also a three statement question we are going to try elimination technique. See on our May 7th 2022 analysis we had discussed about national emergency and in that we clearly mentioned that it has to be approved by both the House of the Parliament that is both Lok Sabha and Rajesh Sabha. So this makes statement one incorrect. If we find out that statement one is incorrect then we can eliminate options A and C because these two options have statement one in them. Now coming to statement two it says that Lok Sabha has exclusive power regarding passing emotion of no confidence against the council of ministers. See on our 9th March 2022 analysis specifically under prelims practice session while discussing a statement we clearly mentioned that no confidence motion can only be passed in Lok Sabha which means it is an exclusive power of Lok Sabha and if you find out that statement two is correct then you can easily arrive at the correct answer which is option B. After this let us take 6th to 6th question. See it is regarding India's membership in various organizations. What are all the organizations given? The first one is Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank the second one is Missile Technology Control Regime the third one is Shanghai Cooperation Organization. See in our January 10th 2022 analysis we discussed that India is a member to Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank and on our May 14th 2022 analysis we saw that India is a member of Shanghai Cooperation Organization also. So from these two analysis we can conclude that India is a member of both AIIB and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. So now check the options given. What are all the options that have both one and three in it? Only option D has both statement one and three in it. So from this we can easily conclude that the correct answer is option D one two and three. Now let us see 25th question. See it is a power-based question and fortunately it is not like other power-based questions where the options where only one pair is correct, only two pairs are correct etc. This question has options like any other question. So in this discussion we can apply elimination technique using the facts learned in our discussion. Take the first pair here. What is given in the first pair? It is given us Namchabarva Garvel Himalaya. See we have seen about Namchabarva in our discussions whenever we have learned about Brahmabutra river. For example take this discussion on 8th March 2021. We saw that in Tibet Brahmabutra flows eastwards parallel to the Himalayas and then it reaches Namchabarva mountain where it takes a U-turn and this U-turn is known as the Great Bend and then it enters India in Arunachal Pradesh through a gorge. So it is clear that Namchabarva is in Tibet. Now let us come to the Garvel Himalaya's part. See on November 2nd 2021 analysis we were discussing about Chardham Yatra. We saw that all the four temple shrines of Chardham are located in Garvel Himalaya's range of Uttarkan. So that means that Namchabarva is neither in Garvel Himalaya's nor in Uttarakhand. And this is why our first pair here is incorrect and from this you can easily eliminate options A and C. Now let us take the second pair. What is the second pair here? It is Nanda Devi and Kumaun Himalayas. See on our February 10th 2021 analysis we saw about Uttarkhand. On that day we saw that Nanda Devi is one of the high mountains in Uttarakhand. We also saw that Uttarkhand's entire area contains the ranges of Himadri, Himachal and the Shivaliks which is broadly known as Kumaun Himalayas. So it is clear that Nanda Devi is in Kumaun Himalayas. And if we find this we can easily arrive at the option B which is the correct answer. Now moving on to next question which is 47th question. See regarding this question we can approach in two ways. One is by knowing which is actually not a bird and the other is eliminating the birds in the options. Both these are possible if you have watched our analysis regularly. Now let us see the first way. Here we are going to look into 16th June 2020 Hindu news analysis. At that time when we discussed about Kaveri Besan we also saw its biodiversity which includes the prominent fauna and flora. Particularly Golden Maghseer was mentioned. The faculty said that Kaveri river ecology has abundance of fish species called Golden Maghseer. So it is clear that Golden Maghseer is a fish and not a bird. So the correct answer here is option A and this is one way. Now let us see the second way. See we did not see about Indian Nights are directly. But on 2nd March 2022 analysis we mentioned that in the bird survey great yard nightjar was recorded. We also displayed the image of this bird. So from this you can come to the conclusion that nightjar species is a bird species. Now you understand why we are displaying images of fauna and flora in our discussion. See from this information we can eliminate option B and even before this discussion which happened on 3rd February 2022 we saw about Asian water bird senses and there we saw that water birds include ibis and spoonbill species. So from this it is very clear that option C and option D are also birds so we can arrive at the correct answer which is option A. Now let us take next question which is question number 12. See in this question the first statement is about advocates and the second statement is about bar council. See on our June 2nd 2020 analysis we have covered bar council of India and its roles. There we saw the bar council of India sets standards for legal education and grants recognition to universities whose degree in law will serve as qualification for enrollment as an advocate. So from this it is very clear that statement 2 is correct. If statement 2 is correct then we can eliminate options A and D. Then you have 50 percentage probability of attempting the question correctly. Now let us take this question which is question number 14. It is about ministers referred in Indian constitution. See in our 26th May 2019 analysis we clearly mentioned that the total number of ministers including the prime minister should not exceed 15 percentage of total members of Lok Sabha and this information makes the statement 2 correct. If we find out that statement 2 is correct then we can eliminate options A and D and this gives you 50 percentage chance of attempting the question correctly. Now moving on to the next question which is 46th question. See this question is about polyethylene terephthalate. See this element you would have commonly heard it as PET bottles or containers etc. Pet bottles. Now on our 24th March 2022 analysis we saw about plastic waste related audit report. The report was brand audit report 2021. Now in the practice question discussion session we had a question on types of plastic wastes and while discussing statement 1 in that question which was about PET that is polyethylene terephthalate the faculty mentioned that PET containers can be recycled and from this statement it is very clear that the statement 3 is correct. So we can eliminate options B and C which do not have statement 3 in it. Now we are left with options A and D and this gives us 50-50 chance of attempting this question correctly. Now let us see the 79th question. See the question is about T board in India. It is a multiple statement question so we have to go through the statements. Let us see the most easiest one statement 1 the T board is a statutory body. See on our August 13 2020 analysis we discussed that the T board is a statutory body under T Act 1953. So if we find out that statement 1 is correct using elimination technique we can eliminate the options B and C and this gives you 50 percentage probability of attempting the question correctly. Now moving on to next question. See this is the 84th question. It is about solar installations. See among the three statements that are given in the question we have seen about statement number three. This is about India's largest floating solar photovoltaic project. We discussed this on 11th March 2021 Hindu news analysis and there we saw that largest floating solar project is being commissioned in Telangana but the question here mentions it as Goa. So we can eliminate statement three from the options thereby eliminating options C and D. So now we have two options left that is option A and B and this means that you have 50 percentage probability of attempting the question correctly. Now let us take up this next question which is the 98th question. See it is about nanoparticles. On 8th August 2021 analysis we had discussion about this topic. On that day we saw that nanoparticle is a nanomaterial. It includes the naturally occurring nanoparticles also such as volcanic ash, sea spray and smoke. See this shows that nanoparticles also occur naturally. Hence it is very clear that statement one is incorrect because in statement one it is given that nanoparticles do not exist in nature. If we find that statement one is incorrect we can eliminate options A and C and this gives you 50 percentage chance of attempting this question correctly. And with this let us move on to the next question which is 48th question. See in this question we are dealing with the solar storms. See it asks about the possible effects of solar storms. Now if you see 6th February 2022 analysis we have covered solar storms in detail and in that analysis we have seen many effects of solar storms. See we saw that they produce dazzling northern lights display in parts of atmosphere and they can also disrupt satellites and various forms of electronic communications. Then we saw that they can disrupt satellites and electrical power grids. And in addition to this if you take 27th September 2020 discussion on aurora there we have explained how auroras are caused by the sun. There we saw that solar wind and solar storms lead to auroras. So from these points it is clear that statement three that is power grids could be damaged is correct and also statement four that is intense auroras could occur over much of earth and this statement is also correct. If you see the options only two options have both the statement three and statement four. What are those options? Those options are option C and option D. So from this we arrive at a 50 percentage probability of attempting this question correctly. Now after this let us take the question number 78. See it is about UN General Assembly and specifically it is about observer status. Look at the first statement. See the first statement is about the non-member states. Know that the first statement is correct. On our 18th May 2021 analysis we saw about India-Palestine relations. There we saw that in the year 2012 India co-sponsored and voted in favor of UNGA resolution that enabled Palestine to become a non-member observer state. So from this it is very clear that observer status is provided to even non-member states. Now coming to second statement it is about inter-governmental organizations and their observer status. In our target series of the year 2020 we covered many topics particularly in January 2020 target video while discussing about Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The faculty noted that it has observer status at UN General Assembly since 2005 and we also saw that Shanghai Cooperation Organization is an inter-governmental organization and this means that statement two is also correct. Now look at the options given. See only two options that is option A and option D have both statement one and two in them and thus it gives you 50 percentage probability of attempting this question correctly. Now after this we are going to take 81st question. See it is related to high and low clouds and their role in global warming. See through our discussions we can get a 50 percentage probability of arriving at the correct answer in this question. Let me tell you how if you remember just a few days before prelims examination that is on 14th May 2022 analysis we discussed a previous year question on cirrus cloud thinning and in that discussion we saw that cirrus cloud is a high cloud. This means that it is a high altitude cloud. See the question here is about high clouds and low clouds so here we can take cirrus cloud as an example of high altitude clouds. On 14th May 2022 analysis our faculty said that cirrus clouds observe more sunlight than they reflect. So replacing cirrus clouds in the place of high clouds we can come to the conclusion that first half of the first statement which says that high clouds primarily reflect solar radiation is wrong because in the analysis we saw that cirrus clouds observe more sunlight than they reflect. If that statement is correct then the statement which is given in the question which says primarily it reflect the solar radiation is wrong. Then we also saw that they prevent long wave terrestrial radiation from escaping into space and after this the faculty mentioned in the audio that these clouds have a climate impact similar to greenhouse gases. Well this is the fact which is important for us. See having impact like greenhouse gases means they trap heat and they warm the earth which in turn leads to global warming. See we have discussed this aspect many a times. For example on our 27th October 2021 discussion also we saw this. See in the practice question our faculty explained about greenhouse gases. While doing so the faculty mentioned that greenhouse gases result in global warming because they trap heat. So from these two discussions it is very clear that cirrus clouds that is the high clouds they have an impact similar to greenhouse gases which is warming the globe. But in the statement it is given us high clouds cool the surface of earth. So the first statement is entirely wrong. If we know that statement one is wrong then you can eliminate option A and C. Now you are left with two options which is option B and D and this gives you 50 percentage chance of attempting the question correctly. Now let us take this next question which is 28th question. It is about monazite. See if you remember we had a detailed discussion on this topic on 14th November 2021. We saw on that day that monazite contains 10 to 12 percentage of thorium dioxide. So it is a major commercial source for thorium. Additionally the same day we also saw that monazite is a mineral mainly containing rare earth elements and it contains 45 to 60 percentage of rare earth elements oxides. Now apart from this it was also concluded that monazite is the principal source of rare earth and thorium in India. So from these statements it is clear that statement one and statement two are correct. And then the same day we also saw that Indian rare earth limited I-R-E-L is the only entity which has been permitted to produce and process monazite. And it is also the only entity which handles monazite for domestic use as well as for the export. And we also saw that I-R-E-L which is Indian rare earths limited is wholly owned by government of India and it is under the administrative control of department of atomic energy. So from this it is clear that a government entity is the one that is empowered to process and export monazite. So this makes the statement four correct. So from this you are left with two options option B and option D. See the problem is with third statement because on that same day we saw monazite occurs in the beach sand mineral along the coastal tracks. But we did not say whether it occurs in the entire coastal track or not. Therefore in this question you have a 50-50 chance of attempting it correctly. But if you read the third statement again it has the term entire which is superlative. See we know that generally a statement with the superlative word is often incorrect in prelims examination. So using this logic you can eliminate statement three and arrive at the correct answer which is option B 1 2 1 4 only. Now let us take the next question which is 43rd question in set A. The question is related to one of the significance of wetlands and what is the significance that they are talking about. It is the wetlands function as kidneys of earth. If you remember our 7th february 2022 analysis while discussing about basai wetlands we saw the general significance of wetlands. There it was mentioned that wetlands are kidneys of earth because they clean the environment of pollutants. Now if you look in the question there is no mention of the term pollutant but if you observe carefully we have heavy metals absorption and this is mentioned in option D. Here you have to recollect our other discussion that happened on 27th july 2021. There we saw in detail about heavy metals. We also saw heavy metal pollution and in that analysis it was mentioned by the faculty that mainly these heavy metals acts as pollutants because they localize and they lie dormant for some time. So from this it is very clear that heavy metals are pollutants. So this is how you have to make connection from what you have learnt. So from these two discussions it is clear that wetlands or kidneys of earth because they clean the environment of pollutants and we saw that heavy metals are also pollutants and option D is the closest option that we can get and hence you could have chosen option D as the right answer. And with this we have come to the end of discussing prelims questions of the year 2022 which reflected from the in the news analysis program of Shankar AAS Academy. I hope you understand the importance of current affairs and you start preparing for it regularly. And with this we have come to the end. If you find the video useful like share and comment and do subscribe to Shankar AAS Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.


Welcome back everyone to SuperCloud 3, live here in Palo Alto. I'm John Furrier, Dave Vellante. This is theCUBE's SuperCloud 3, our third episode of our quarterly series of SuperCloud. Soon we'll have a physical event bringing everything together, hopefully in 2024. Of course, SuperCloud 4 is coming up in October. It's going to be all about AI and we have here our distinguished CUBE collective analyst, quasi-analyst on theCUBE, Howie Xu. Only kidding, he's really the SVP of engineering at Palo Alto Networks with AI and ML. Howie, you're practically an analyst here on theCUBE so many times. We love having you contribute your knowledge to our community, I want to say thank you and thanks for coming on SuperCloud 3. Very glad to be here. Hello everyone. Hello Dave, John. Great to see you. Yeah, and we've, the SuperCloud wave is going. You were there from the first one, two and three. So let's get into it. SuperCloud 3, are there any revisions to our earlier statements around what's changed because a lot's changed. Lama 2's out. So you have my security now as a co-pilot today with Microsoft, yesterday with Microsoft. The developer community in open source is booming since we last talked. It continues to rise. Last time we talked there was January and I actually mentioned the English language is going to be the programming language and then Andre Capati actually tweeted a couple of months later. So now it's actually understood by everyone. You got your, you're on the wave and it's great to have you here. Let's unpack the security AI story because if you look at the impact of AI mainly around these operational aspects. So security is very operational. The pace of play is high, defense has got to be the priority, attackers are coming in. AI now, you're seeing the augmentations with a big theme of SuperCloud 1 and 2 is that data driving everything. So with all this new data coming in, what are you seeing that's changing quickly in the architecture of this distributed computing next gen cloud, SuperCloud? Yeah, I think security just like any other industry is going to be data and the AI industry. Data is very important, as you said. I think another thing that's, I wanna say unique but for security industry, it's roughly $200 billion industry, half service and a half product, half service that means a lot of the work, human professional work and then there is a lot of the high end and then there is a lot of the repetitive work. I think AI is here to automate a lot of that and then there's always a number in the last about five or 10 years people throughout in the last five or 10 years which is always at a given time there are about four million or five million SOC or security professional openings unfilled. So that leaves a lot of the room for AI to come in. People talk about the job replacement or whatnot. I would say even before that, how to fill the void of that four million, five million, unfilled the jobs. So I think there's a lot of the human repetitive work. There's a huge potential to remove that. Dave, I loved what you said when ChatGPT first came out which you call AI heard around the world, multiple references to that because it did wake up the mainstream to see that kind of so-called magic. For insiders, we kind of knew this was coming around but I loved your take on ChatGPTs.  And I think one of the trends we're hearing in SuperCloud Howie is that the creative intellectual capital of the human is augmented significantly with AI.  This is very much not talked about much. It's mostly gloom and doom.  But in fact, SuperCloud is the next frontier of IT. It's going to actually, it should help people. It should be an intellectual scale. If they lean in, right? Yeah, I think the kind of the example I've been using in the last six months or so is that, imagine you suddenly are able to hire five very smart interns, right? They don't necessarily know a lot of domain knowledge but they are very smart interns. You can teach them to do things and then suddenly, you only need to pay those interns $20 a month. And what are you going to do? The funny thing is for most people in the industry, they don't know how to deal with it, right?  I think in the next year or two, we are going to either learn it or be forced to learn it or I think we are on that trajectory. So that's one. The other analogy I will always use is it's almost like people say, hey, what is the kind of the jobs going away or whatnot? The way I look at it is like a programmer, for instance. You always have lots of programmers. You always have tech lead, right? Managers, it's almost like in about three, five years, programmers are all upgraded, promoted to be tech leads and then managers because a lot of the lower level things will be done by not today yet, right? The co-pilot is good but now can do all of the coding. But I think in three or five years, a lot of the coding, it can be done by the co-pilots but you still need to understand architecture. You still need to understand from the business to the tech stack, right? So that job is not going away. And I think- You mean the systems thinking kind of the architectural? System thinking, architecture, right? Future proof, you know- That's not going away. That's not going away, right? Maybe 20, 30 years, but in the foreseeable future, I don't see that going away. I do see, and if you look at a code, GitHub co-pilot, what I see is it can do auto-completion of a functioning but it cannot do auto-completion of a file. I think we will see auto-completion of a file but a file is still not the entire software stack, right? Someone has to do that, yes. And I heard Walter Isaacson the other day pumping in his book for a musk. And he was saying, you know, all these jobs, everybody, you know, he was forever, machines have replaced humans in menial tasks and manual tasks and, you know, the blue collar, white collar people never complained and now it's changing, right?  But to your point, it's going to create new opportunities that never existed. Now John, the other thing is we'd love to talk about competition on theCUBE. And you called the chat GPT your Netscape moment when you first saw the Netscape browser. And then Howie, what you said at the time in January was, hey, a hundred million get you into the game of building LLMs. And I think the numbers, you're proven right because the numbers just coming down further. And that's why we said, we didn't think that open AI was going to be able to maintain its first mover advantage. Now having, since then, open AI's- And that was what you said. That's what I said. You would disagree.  You're not walking that back. If anything, you're doubling down on it. What's your current thinking on what it takes to get into the game? The foundation model, right? In January, I said a hundred million would it be the ballpark. I stick to that. I think, you know, over the last few months you saw open AI raised a huge round, right? You know, and then they didn't say that explicitly, but people are saying that, oh, in the future, you know, open AI is going to train the model with a billion dollar budget, right? You know, I think people are saying that. So a hundred million dollars seem to be wrong. But on the other hand, you saw, you know, just a llama to release the yesterday, right? The, you know, the consensus, right? Of course they didn't tell people, you know, the consensus from the community is it's roughly 20 million dollar training.  No, but I think you were right about that because your point was it's a lot less than people think. And so that was really your main point. You threw a number out a hundred million. It's actually now. And then your question was, does open AI become a first mover advantage? Right. And we said yes. And my main premise was scale. You said yes. I said yes. And my rationale was in light of even the cost side was the first mover had scale. If they get to scale, they get to skate velocity, but I'd also said open source would win. So at that time, we tell of the iPhone Android moment. Good analyst does. Hedges as bets. No, no, no, but it's a long to power law. So you have the primary model at the head of the long tail, but the mid tail and tail of open source, you get smaller models are emerging. Collectively as large. We had also said that it's not one model rules the world. It's not going to be one model. Yes. It's a power law. And you're going to see some proprietary big models up top that are hard to replicate with scale, but those trade offs, they have public information hallucinations. And then you're going to see a fat torso develop and then a long tail and open source and proprietary domain model. So the other thing that we debate, which I'd love to get how he starts on or is this a trend that is going to favor incumbents or disruptors? What do you think? Yeah. So I think that the analogy I would use, look at the cloud transformation, right? What happened the way is a lot of the traditional incumbent enterprise software didn't make it, either didn't make it or it didn't thrive during this cloud transformation. But a few small number of them actually made it and it thrived. That's the Microsoft Adobe of the world. So in terms of the percentage, in terms of the quantity of the incumbents that made it, cloud transformation, it's small. But the net impact of that small number of the incumbents that made it, like if you think about Microsoft Adobe, the value creation in terms of the market cap, in terms of the business value aggregate together, I would say they are probably combined is actually more than the rest of the, I don't know, five or 10 or even potentially 20 SaaS company combined, which is kind of in some ways I'm saying that small number of incumbents that are able to make it, the impact that they are going to make is just proportional. Because of their size. Because of the data, because of the size, the customer reach, we all know for enterprise software at least, right? Customer reach is a big deal. And so doesn't that make it more like the internet, which I would argue favored incumbents more than disruptors because of that advantage? We've debated this on the podcast. What do you think? Look, there are, again, I stick to what I just said, right? Small number of incumbents that are going to make it, in terms of the total value creation, you know, they are actually going to have a data advantage. But if you look at the total number of companies, the top 20, top 30 interesting players five, 10 years from now, I would say a good number of them are the startups today. I know one thing for sure. Everybody else is going to get disrupted, not withstanding the technology business, but all of us. Howie, thanks for making my point, by the way. I just won the podcast. We'll hit on podcast Friday. We'll see. We'll see. No, no, but the thesis went up, but he's right. In most inflection, and this is, again, the power dynamic, what he's mentioning, in all these inflection points, where you have clear visibility on at least a 10 to 20, 30-year stare of the future, and everyone agrees that this is happening, the abstraction gets built, and the simplification of the old world gets done, and incumbents don't thrive in that environment. They either get replaced, they become extinct, or transform, and the extent that they transform, they have leverage if they do it right. So, and we think, unlike the mainframe to Mini, and Mini to LAN, and PC, PC LAN, is that they're more agile now to adapt. So I expect Microsoft, they did that. Look at them. Look at Microsoft right now versus, say, AWS. We just heard Matt Garmin. They're in a great position, too. Amazon's not losing, but my condo's winning the PR game. But you guys are contributing yourselves. I beg to differ. So they are losing, in my opinion, at least for small sample of the customers I talk to, I'm aware of, they were or they are AWS shops, but now they are thinking about the Azure, right? I think, I don't think we can underestimate that trend. Yeah, and the $30 subscription is only going to accelerate Azure services. Okay, but there's an example of an incumbent. Okay, so I'm saying the incumbents are going to win, but you're saying AWS is ripe for disruption. Well, they are being, his point is right. They are being disrupted, but they still not the second cloud. They're still number one. They're still winning. It's just for the first time in their history, when, if you went back two years ago, and pulled an Amazon customer and said, hey, would you like to go to Azure? We'll pay you to move to Azure. They weren't moving, even if they were paid to. The incentives, and today that's changed. And his point is right on, and Microsoft is starting to chip away at the loyal Amazon customers to move over. By the way, go back six months ago, when China GPD first came out, all the first week, all of the energies were focusing on, it's going to replace the search engine. I was one of the few people actually stood out and say, no, the biggest change is actually the impact is on cloud. I think six months later, I mean, we're still talking about disrupting search, but it's going to be a little bit further away. I think the enterprise software is really proven to be, where most of the energy is. And we were with you on that, and we were first, and you were right, and that's not going to stop, by the way. I think you're going to see the gloves come off from Amazon. And by the way, the market of builders versus hosting is an interesting paradigm. Because right now, if you look at the adoption of, say AI, are we in a builder mode or are we in a hosting mode? So as things start going, where's that, I say hosting, you know, generically, meaning moving to the cloud. Obviously you host AI on the cloud or on Brem. When you build an app, you've got to host it somewhere. Yeah, the other thing, you know, a lot of people, I saw a lot of people talking about today, you know, hey, six months later after China GPD was out, how come there are not so many killer applications? Right? And I don't know about the consumer side, but at least for the business side, I disagree, because you know, I think there will be a lot, but enterprise software usually takes time to build, right? You know, it's not just split second, you have a next generation, it takes some time, you know, for the API to mature, for the software to sort of adapt to this new kind of the large language model being the platform, right, re-platform it. I think in six, 12, 18 months, there will be a lot of the killer applications entering in three, five years.  Chat GPD is a killer application. But that's a good point, that's the thing on this one. People are saying that other than Chat GPD, what else? Well, hold on, this is a great point, because you can't just put a wrapper around Chat GPD, those are fake apps and so forth. Exactly, with no differentiation. No, but he's right, this is a really big point, because what is the gestation period of these apps? And you know, the conversation that's having, we should be having is, what's the acceleration compression timetable? Because one of the premises is that AI accelerates value, so the time to value or product market fit can be accelerating. So if that's now available, I think you're going to see ventures pop up fast and hit escape velocity. What's your take on that? How fast does AI change the game on product market fit and time to value? Yeah, I kind of said it. If you look at a cloud, right, you know, AWS came out, EC2, 2007-ish, right, it probably took at least five years before most people even understood it, right. I think at this time it will take a much shorter time. But it's not going to be five months, right. That's why six months later, you don't see co-pollets left and right. There are a lot of announcements, but that's a different story. The real products, it takes time too. I think the digestion of this new platform, it's, you are talking about year or two, right. Then there will be playbook, there will be best practice. And in three, five years it should be every year. I think it's the tsunami of apps. We heard yesterday about the, someone was talking about an example of software for house managing housing. Outside of managing one or two units to 300 is a gap. The cost to build the software is going to get lower. Therefore, these markets that were unreachable before are going to be open. That's why I do think, I do agree with the disruption. SAS gets disrupted in my view. Cloud, okay, so cloud and SAS. So it's going to be really interesting to see 10 years down who makes it through. AWS, potential disruption, Salesforce, service now. These guys going to be stronger or weaker 10 years from now? I think stronger. I mean, Howie makes a great point. And I keep coming back to the power law. If you look at, Matt Farman just talked about it, about proprietary models and you got third party models, then open source has got a slew of long tail, unique things coming out that might look small on paper, but have evergreen and unique domain expertise. And collectively they're large. Like audiences and the power law will stretch out and the head and the neck and the torso will be much fatter and then the long tail. So if that happens, then apps will take the same trajectory in my opinion. And the economics are irrelevant based upon the cost to build them and the available markets that are out there. So I think- I would even stretch this a little bit further. We have been talking about big company incumbents, right? I think that there is also another thing I'm seeing that is to start a company, to do a project, to turn out a product that people, lots of people would use, you probably don't need an army of people anymore, right? Think about a mid-journey, 11 people, right? Got entire world sort of around it. And I think talking about the programmer's job evolution I was referring to just now, I think what's going to happen is in the past, if I'm a product manager, probably I need to hire 10 people in order for me to do anything. Today, I can just leverage AI technology, right? And then get going without the 10 people. So you were asking me right before the show, we were chatting, hey, in the Starbland landscape, what's happening? And I felt like entrepreneurship will evolve a little bit towards the solopreneur, right? We'll see a lot more solopreneur than the traditional version of the entrepreneur. Because they got a smaller team. Because they have co-pilots, they have AI, their tech stack is not the same as before. And they can get a lot done. It's almost abstracted away. The tech stack could be abstracted away. Essentially, your CTO could be a co-pilot. And you can talk to it. And we're talking about super cloud, right? The definition of cloud is evolving. Definition of cloud in the past is compute storage. Now it's the large language model abstraction, right? And scale and data play a huge role in that. Data will be a huge thing. Okay, so final question before we wrap up here. The role of data has come out, if you believe the long tail of open source models, foundation models coming out, the role of data becomes the new IP. So intellectual knowledge, human knowledge, we check that it's IP. Data is valuable. Your thoughts on data as intellectual property? Yeah, I talk about it from a few different dimensions. One, we were talking about foundation model. People say, well, all the internet data has been already ingested, there's no room to grow, right? I actually disagree. One is there is, especially in the enterprise software, there's so much proprietary data that has yet to be understood, ingested to those foundation models yet, right? So that's one area. The other thing, I actually agree with Elon Musk last Friday, he was talking about, hey, the future, a lot of the data, the model will generate, they're just like AlphaGo, AlphaZero, AlphaGo sort of the be the world champion four by one, but AlphaZero is like, hands down why? Because it generates a lot of data automatically. So that's that. So let's just focus. The last thing I wanted to just focus on the enterprise side, right? Enterprise software. All the big companies, right? Have advantage by definition. That's a good story. The not so good story is, you still need to do a lot of work to understand what sort of data you have. What's the gap, right? Privacy issue, right? Do you really capture, did you capture 100% data you need to do the value or you only capture 60%? Do you have a plan, do you have an understanding? I think that will differentiate, especially for the incumbents, if you are kind of a very keen on those kind of things, understand the gap or understand the type of work, then you can potentially thrive. Otherwise, you have a lip service, yeah. We are the incumbents, we have the data, we have all the data, we have more data. But when you double click, triple click, that's not a case. I'll give you just one quick example. Sarah Gore, the ex general partner of Greylock, my good friend, I invited her to Palo Alto Network leadership. I did a five-sided chat, right? I asked her about the data side, and then she said she's backing up one of the co-pilot, the Github co-pilot architect, right? That person left. I'm not going to talk about what exactly he's doing, but his notion is, hey, I'm going to do a vertical area, and I know those company have all the data, so he went to those companies and then he found out. In order for me to go to co-pilot for the vertical areas, a lot of the data he needs is not there because they didn't care to collect those data because they didn't curate those data. So he now has to think, I wouldn't think from scratch, but think much harder than he originally thought, at least. So the point I'm trying to make is, it's not just the volume, you have it, you need to double click, triple click, and I would say that's quality data, quality, quality terms, the quantity. And then there's a paper, you were talking about the open source model, there was a paper just two months ago or so, less is more, you can use a thousand, high quality, fine-tuned data, Q&A, to get a very pretty high quality, sort of the llama-based, fine-tuned model, it's only a thousand, you don't need a gazillion. And that's very, very telling, quality, it's the quality, not the quantity. Yeah, and the startup community is booming, great insight. Howie, thanks so much for being part of our CUBE community and collective, your contributions are awesome. Love hearing the masterclass and what you're thinking. Love your blog posts, you post a lot on LinkedIn, check out Howie Shoe on LinkedIn, he's got a lot of great content. Of course, it's also the SVP of engineering for AI and ML at Palo Alto Networks. Howie, great to see you and thanks for coming on SuperCloud. Thank you. All right, I'm Jeffery David Lother at Howie Shoe here for the CUBE conversation around AI and SuperCloud 3, laying it all out. And don't forget, SuperCloud 4 is an October market calendar, so that's going to be all about AI. So we're going to go deep. We'll be right back with Silver Cup 3 after this short break.