Remember a Hallmark card when you'll carry enough to send the very best. To Bobby Driscoll in Knee Pants by Amel Schoemacher on the Hallmark Playhouse. Hallmark will bring you Hollywood's greatest stars in outstanding stories chosen by one of the world's best known authors. The distinguished novelist, Mr. James Hilton. This is James Hilton. Tonight on our Hallmark Playhouse we present Amel C. Schoemacher's delightful story of his own childhood which he very aptly titled Knee Pants. His adventures were not only amusing and worth the turn of this century. Those of us who were born about that time can't help but treasure our memories of it of so much that was wonderful no matter where we lived, New York or London or some little place nobody ever heard of. Teen year old Bobby Driscoll who last year won a richly deserved Academy Award as the best juvenile actor. And Mr. Frank Doss, before we begin the first act of Knee Pants. There are Hallmark cards for every memorable occasion on your calendar. For birthdays, anniversaries, holidays. Yes, for every occasion that calls for remembrance, for a friendly greeting or a say. There is a Hallmark card that says just what you want to say. The way you want to say it. And that identifying Hallmark on the back. Well, that says you carried enough to send the very best. Now Hallmark Playhouse presenting Knee Pants starring Bobby Driscoll. This century in uptown New York, it was the era when hobbled skirts were in style and horses were in clover. It was the time when the showmakers bought their first touring car, a spacious, handsome machine with a gleaming brass radiator, acetylene headlights and a burnished taillight that sparkled like diamonds and rubies. It was the period when a family fortified with a picnic hamper would go adventuring into Central Park to spend a very pleasant Sunday afternoon. And this day being Sunday, the showmakers were on their way. To the church we'll gently steal and the wedding bells will peel. You may go. I know my dear. Now, Mom, we did 21 last Sunday. Be still, Abel. Joseph, you're on the go. Why don't you move to the mother-in-law seat? But Dad, Mom isn't a mother-in-law. Ha! You slow down this instant. I am a veterinary surgeon. Here's a can of polish in the rag. Start shining the taillight. Ah, but we just got here.  Any chance you're oversleeping today, Dad? I don't think so. Oh, some fellas have all the luck. What's the matter with you? Oh, nothing. I'll start polishing. Thank you, Emil. When I return, I expect to be able to see my face. Please, Jeannie, if I rub this lamp hard enough, will you make my dream come true? It's real important. Hello, Emil. Oh, Mr. Bohaffi. Got any new giraffes in your zoo? No. Why are you rubbing that lamp so hard? I was pretending it was Aladdin's lamp and a Jeannie would appear and grab me my wish. No. What's your wish? To make Father sleep until it's dark. Then I can light the lamps of our automobile. I've never seen them yet. Emil, your Jeannie has arrived. Where? I don't see him. He's right here beside me. Now, he just whispered that you're going to ride home in the dark. Oh, that'd be wonderful, Mr. Bohaffi. Jeannie just instructed me to take this mat and let the air out of this tire like this. But Mr. Bohaffi will have a flat tire. It'll take about an hour to fix it. That's why you'll get home when it's dark. The Jeannie just told me. The horse-drawn fire wagons that charge madly down the street as if they really were going to a fire. You remember the spotted dog, the Dalmatian, who kept pace with the charging horses? And the exciting clang-clang of the fire bell? There were no shrieking sirens then. As a veterinary, Father Schoemacher spent quite a bit of his time at the firehouse and young Emil liked nothing better than to accompany him. And while Emil knew every horse in the fire station on 89th Street, his favorite was Old Smoky, a big dappled gray. Mr. Klein, is it true that you're going to send Smoky away? Yes, Emil. But Smoky's a real hero. How can you want to hurt him? I don't want to hurt him, son, but, well, he's pretty old.  I'm not going. This is more important. I'm not afraid of any old, true old officer. I was when I went to school, son. Dad! Dad, listen, do you know what they're going to do with Old Smoky? Yes, the law says the fire department must retire all their horses as they get automobile equipment. Naturally, the oldest horses must go first. But what's to become of them? Well, Emil, I guess the youngest ones will be sold quickly. They're fine horses and can still do a lot of work. But the old ones like Smoky... Yes? I just don't know. Oh, Dad, don't shoot him. I won't let them! No, please, Emil. Dad, isn't there some place where they take old horses, like they do old people? Well, yes, there is. There are several farms where horses can be put out to pasture. The only thing, son, is that it costs quite a bit of money for its feed and its keep. Dad, you give me 20 cents a week allowance. I can pay for Smoky's keep with that. I'd just spend it on ice cream and candy anyhow. It would be a lot better for my teeth if I don't have any more of that. Good sons. Don't you think 20 cents a week will be enough? Under the circumstances, it just might be. Yes, I'm quite sure, Emil. Remember when you hoped to be the toughest kid on the block? As tough as Lefty Scotty or Herbie Gomez, who weren't afraid to walk on 88th Street among the dreaded 88s?  Of course, you didn't listen. But when she said you were going to start dancing lessons and it would be nice for you to escort Delores drink her, then your world suddenly fell on you. The kids on the block, every last one of them, would call you a sissy. I'm going to run away from home, Lefty. That's what I'll do. Where are you going? Out West. Want some company? No, I'm going alone. I'm going to conceal my real name and be known only as Slim. No? Maybe it'd sound better if I called myself Silent Slim. Well, gee, when are you going to leave? Oh, I'm not. I can't go West. Why not? My uncle Lip lives out there, and he'd be sure to find me. But the West is big, so is my uncle. Maybe I could get Dr. Burns to tell Mother I was sick and had to live far out in the country where there were no dancing classes because they were bad for my heart. That's a good idea, Emil. No, that wouldn't work. Why not? My father's a horse doctor. He could tell. Well, gee, you're really a betrayer, aren't you? Maybe you'd better leave it up to me, huh? But what is there you can do? Well, I'm an adventurer, ain't I? You did? All right. I'll drink you here in the cellar any minute. You are? Well, maybe I'd better leave then. Depend on a person like Houdini.  I've only had an elephant. Yeah, do it with me. Make me disappear. Well, you're not an elephant. That's what you know. Yeah, that's what I'm afraid of. Well, Laura, I'll show you how to saw a woman in half. That's right. Then you're the woman. No! I dribbled Daria. Have you ever done this trick before, Lefty? Let's take out. Hey, what about the magic words you're supposed to say? You don't need any magic words with this trick. Mr. Beadle. With him, I could study to be a great artist. Then my mother won't neglect my wonderful talent and send me to dancing class. Mr. Beadle's no artist. He's a billboardy facer. He likes to draw on moustaches on the signs. Now we're going to take care of this burlesque poster here. Not nice for ladies to be dancing in tights, you know. Do you think it's all right, Mr. Beadle? What if Father Timothy should see us? Oh, Father Timothy. You know Father Timothy. We're going to do it. And right now, crossing the street from the church, there's no place for ladies dancing in tights. Oh, no. We're going to give her a long skirt that'll even cover her ankles. Now, you just fill in my outlines and you work rapidly, huh? Yes, sir. Yes, sir, ma'am. Oh. Father Timothy. Amen. Aren't you ashamed of yourself destroying other people's property? And you, Mr. Beadle... But Father, this picture may be the congregation. Father, it wouldn't even be nice for you to look at it. Well, Amel, you ought to go home immediately. I'll have a talk with your parents later. Oh, boy. Am I going to get it now? He also sees the player piano with a certain unpleasantness. For as he sat playing it, he wondered what dire punishment would be needed after him. Then Mother entered the music room and stared at him. Then Father followed in her footsteps and glared at him. And Amel wished he'd taken the precaution of inserting his big geography book in the place where it did most good. Then Mother said... Amel, Father Timothy sent this holy picture to you. And then Father said... Good boy, Amel. You knew that poster was blessed for me. As a reward, you don't have to go to dancing class. Then Amel said... Boy! No dancing lessons with the Loris drinkers. And Father said again... That's right, Amel. No dancing lessons. Monday you'll begin violin lessons with the Loris drinkers. In just a moment, we'll return to the second act of knee pants starring Bobby Driscoll. If ever there lived a master of words who fully understood and made use of their dramatic power, it was George Chapman, the Elizabethan poet who translated the epic poems of Homer, translated them into English verse whose beauty has enriched the minds and lives of men ever since. It was George Chapman who once said how strong an influence works in words. And you know that thought strikes home when you choose the message of a Hallmark reading card. Hallmark cards know, as you do, that the words you send to those you care for can influence their entire outlook in time of sorrow or on special festive days that are important to them. They must be the right words, as you would like to say them, to a friend who is ill or who's celebrating a birthday or anniversary. Yes, whatever the occasion, there's a Hallmark card that says just what you want to say, the way you want to say it. And what is true of the magic of words in a Hallmark card is equally true of everything else about its design and craftsmanship even to the fine texture of the paper. That is why when you ask any group of friends what name they think of in greeting cards when they want to send the very best, they quickly answer Hallmark cards. So do continue to look for that Hallmark on the back of every card you choose. For that Hallmark says, you cared enough to send the very best. You are invited to listen to a very special broadcast. Next Thursday evening, Hallmark Playhouse will present the dynamic story of Kansas City for the first time on the air. Broadcast direct from the Kansas City Music Hall. One full hour of thrilling drama that portrays the highlights of 100 fabulous years. We're proud to tell you that our stars will be Jane Wyman and Robert Young. And for this special broadcast, Ms. Wyman, Mr. Young and the entire cast will go to Kansas City. This promises to be one of the most exciting programs of the season, and I do hope you'll be listening. Back to the second act of Knee Pants starring Bobby Driscoll. There's so much to see to do to cram into a day. And with young Amel Schoemacher at the dawn of the 20th century, there never were enough hours to absorb the happy adventure of living. And then miraculously, he was 30. He came from public school to DeWitt Clinton High. He hadn't yet graduated from Knee Pants to Longies. Back for this picnic? No, Amel. I've been waiting for a long time. But I saw you yesterday, and look, I can't afford to have you hanging around me. But yesterday, you came over to my house and we studied together, and I explained the function of algebra. That was yesterday. Amel, my... Sis, when do you have a girl? Oh, we've been going steady for a long time. A long time? Yeah, sweet now. I think we're in luck. If you wouldn't understand that, you're just a kid. I won't do what you want to do, but just ignore me. Here she comes. Hiya, Dolores. Hey, sister De. She's beautiful. We have some punch, Dolores. I'm rather in the mood. Do get some, bestie. And bring one for Amel, too. Now look, Amel, remember, Dolores is my... I guess I'll be going home. Good girls. Why, but you're popular. Changed much, Amel. You look different. You look nice. And I didn't before.  And you act different, too, sort of sophisticated. That's because I'm an actress. Golly, I never knew an actress before. Who do you ask? What do you act you know? Pretty nothing, but you're as delicately as he is. You've read it, of course. Huh? Oh, sure. Well, I brought the play along to study. Would you read a scene with me? Well, I... We'll do the death scene. You see or know, we're about to die. You've always been in love with me. Only I don't know it. Why did I tell you? It's obvious. You've never read the play. Here, we'll hold the book together. I'll begin. The blood and the tears. May I open it? Amel, you don't say it that way. You say it with feeling, as if you're willing me... And read it. Farewell, Roxanne. Because today I die, I know that it will be today my own dearly beloved. And my heart so heavy with love, I have not told. No more shall my eyes drink the sight of you like wine. Never more with a look that is a kiss. Follow the sweet grace of God. How you read! Remember the way you have of pushing back a lock of hair with one hand from your forehead. And my heart cries out. You've got to... Shout and keeps crying. Dolores, there's going to be a freshman dance at school next Saturday.  Would you let me escort you? That's not in the play. Gosh, that'd be swell. Well, lefty. Oh, why, of course, Dolores. You don't think that I'd take a girl to a dance in knee pants, do you? You got your first pair of longies. Can I get a pair now? My dad was so tall and so wide. Do you think I can get a pair on my own? That's up to your father. There's a blue suit of longies hanging in the window on the banjo that says Natty, $7 credit. Mine is unallowed to hock anything. Oh, I don't want to hock anything, Mr. Mahoney. Mahoney, it calls me. My name's Dill. There ain't no Mahoney. Well, can't I see the suit in the window? Please, Mr. Dill. So why can't your papa come? I'm thinking of buying the suit for myself. All right, I'll get it out. I'll be back and see you later. Me, is that on you now? A quarter for lunch money and a nickel car there to get home. Well, I couldn't take that away from you. Tell you what, I'll allow you $2 in the suit you have on and you'll pay me $0.50 a week for the rest. Oh, golly, that'd be swell. Can I try it on? Sure, here. Put it halfway along. Yes, turn them up from the bottom. That's all. Nobody will know the difference. Now, what to do?  I got plenty of watches. But no suits. Like a gambler? Oh, just look at the vest with the... And that jacket for two of him. Oh, don't worry, Mom. I'm not too fixing it. Send them down to the cellar for the janitor to burn. Oh, Dad, I can't afford to throw them away. I just have to have a pair of longies. It's my girl to a dance. Oh, she's awful pretty. I kind of expected that. The men of our family is lovely as your mother. Oh, there's nobody like Mom. She's special. But Dolores is... Well, she's swell, too. Dolores? Strinker. You remember? Indeed I do. Fix this suit? No. No, Amy. I'm lucky to have folks like you. Well, I guess your mother and I are pretty lucky, too, so...  Parents are funny that way. You know something? I can hardly remember when I wore knee pants. Yesterday seemed so long ago. In 1900s it was quite an experience. Then a boy on his way to manhood could look around his world and believe it was getting better. He could see all the great new inventions that were coming along and imagine what a thrilling life they were going to make for him. There seemed no cloud in the sky at all. And though nowadays we know what clouds there were and still are, it is good to keep the bright days in our memories as we hope and work for the future happiness of children in this land and in all land. On May 28, the exhibition of the International Hallmark Art Award formally opens in Kansas City, home of Hallmark greeting cards, at the Rock Hill Nelson Gallery. You've probably heard of the exhibition, which has been on the tour of the principal cities of the United States, for it has been extensively reported in newspapers and magazines. It's one of the outstanding art events of modern times with the high purpose of stimulating the fine art of two nations and broadening public appreciation of art. If you're in Kansas City, you are cordially invited to see these paintings by French and American artists, which are winners of the $28,000 in prizes given by the makers of Hallmark cards. And may I again remind you about our special Hallmark Playhouse broadcast next Thursday, direct from Kansas City with your host, James Hilton, Jane Wyman and Robert Young. We think you'll want to tell your friends to listen in. Here again is James Hilton. Our best congratulations, Bobbi Disco, for your fine performance this evening. Thanks, Mr. Hilton. It was swell to be here. I sure wish I was going with you next week to Kansas City. That sounds fine. Well, we think so too, Bobbi, because the story of Kansas City is a really exciting one. And of course, we shall do a full hour broadcast with Jane Wyman and Robert Young as co-stars. I hope you'll be listening. I will be, Mr. Hilton. Good night. Good night, Bobbi. Our Hallmark Playhouse is every Thursday. Our director-producer is Bill Gay. Our music was composed and conducted by Lynn Murray, and our script tonight was adapted by Jack Rubin. Until next Thursday then, this is James Hilton saying good night. There are so lonely in stores that have been carefully selected to give you expert and friendly service. Remember Hallmark cards when you carry enough to send the very best. Bobbi Driscoll appeared through a special arrangement with Walt Disney, producer of Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island soon to be released in Technicolor and co-starring Bobbi Driscoll with the famous English actor Robert Newton. This is Frank Goss saying good night to you all until next week at this same time when Hallmark Playhouse presents the dynamic story of Kansas City, broadcast directly from Kansas City. A full hour of thrilling drama starring Jane Wyman and Robert Young on the Hallmark Playhouse.


Good morning, members of faculty and delegates. My name is Dr. Dhruv Narayan, and I'm a second year radiology resident at Maharishi Markandeswar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research. I'm gonna be presenting my paper today on the role of MRI in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions using dynamic contrast enhanced MR and diffusion-weighted imaging. So breast cancer accounts for about, is the second most common cancer in Indian women and is a significant cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Majority of lesions are benign, and therefore it is important to distinguish the benign from the malignant lesions. Conventional mammography and ultrasound with the cornerstones and diagnosis, however, they have been shown to have a high false positive rate in the detection of breast malignancies and therefore causing unwarranted biopsies. MRI techniques have been shown to have a higher diagnostic accuracy and therefore they can help reduce the number of unwarranted biopsies. Dynamic contrast enhanced images as well as diffusion-weighted images have been used as an adjunct to ultrasound and mammography to increase the diagnostic accuracy as well as monitor the response to all two treatment. The aims and objectives of the study were to evaluate the role of diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast enhanced imaging in differentiating between benign from malignant lesions and comparison of our findings with the histopathological diagnosis. A total of 30 patients who conducted work included in the study who presented with the palpable breast lump with either positive or negative ultrasound or mammographic findings. The MRI machine used in my study was the Multiva 1.5 Tesla machine with a dedicated breast erectile. Even T2 spare or FATSAT T2-weighted images were obtained in diffusion-weighted images using P values of 0 to 1,000 and ADC were calculated. Dynamic contrast enhanced images were performed with IV gadolinium, a single pre-contrast scan and four post-constructional contrast scans over a period of four minutes and 24 seconds was performed and our findings were compared with histopathological findings. So the results of my study have been tabulated which I'm going to discuss with you. So according to the pathological final diagnosis, out of 30 lesions, 10 were benign and 20 were malignant. Amongst the benign lesions, fibroadenoma was the most common benign pathology while intraducal carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion. All patients with benign lesions were less than 40 years of age while 13 out of 20 patients with malignant lesions were more than 30 years of age. The mammographic findings revealed that majority of the benign lesions were single and unilateral. All the malignant lesions in the study were unilateral. However, four out of 20 were multiple. Most common shape in the study was either round or oval accounting for six out of 10 benign breast lesions, four out of 10 breast lesions, benign breast lesions had irregular shape with cannulomatous mastitis accounting for two of such lesions. In my study, 18 out of 20 malignant breast lesions had an irregular shape on mammography with 11 shrinks back speculations. On mammography, architectural distortion and calcification were uncommonly seen with benign lesions whereas there were far more common with malignant lesions. Similarly, skin thickening and axillary lymphadenopathy also were far more common with malignant lesions as compared to benign lesions. None of the benign lesions showed temperature attraction whereas it was present in eight out of 20 malignant lesions. So mammography correctly characterized six out of 10 benign breast lesions as biolats two and three. However, one case of benanulomatous mastitis, two fibroadenomas and one intraductal papilloma were falsely characterized as malignant by mammography. Mammography correctly characterized 17 out of 20 lesions as malignant, which is biolats four of five. However, three cases of intraductal carcinoma were falsely characterized as benign. Moving on to the MR findings of my study, majority of the benign lesions were in the size range of two to five centimeters while 11 out of 20 lesions were more than five centimeters in size. The most common shape again was either round or oval and accounting for six out of 10 benign breast lesions. Four out of 10 benign breast lesions had an irregular shape with granulomatous mastitis accounting for two out of such cases. In my study, 17 out of 20 malignant breast lesions had an irregular shape with 13 of them showing speculations. So majority of the breast lesions were either hypo intense or heterogenense on T1, which proved to be benign, while 18 out of 20 malignant breast lesions were hypo intense on T1. Six benign cases showed hyper intense signal on T2 while 16 out of 20 malignant cases showed hypo intense signal on T2. On MRI again, architectural distortion and skin thickening was more commonly seen with malignant lesions as compared to benign lesions. However, in one case of granulomatous mastitis, skin thickening was present. One benign lesion also showed nipple retraction, whereas it was present in about half of the malignant lesions. Moving on to the enhancement patterns, six out of 10 benign lesions showed homogenous enhancement out of which three of them were fibrodenomas. Two cases of granulomatous mastitis showed rim enhancement. All the malignant lesions showed heterogeneous enhancement pattern on dynamic contrast images. Only two out of 10 benign preslations showed non-mass enhancement, both of which showed granulomatous mastitis. Two out of 20 malignant lesions showed non-mass enhancement with one case each of intraductal carcinoma and intradobidotarsinoma. The dynamic curve pattern of my lesions over seven out of 10 benign preslations showed a type one curve and the rest showed a type two dynamic curve. 15 out of 20 malignant lesions showed a type three dynamic curve. Four out of 20 malignant lesions showed a type two dynamic curve. One case of intraductal carcinoma showed a type one curve. Eight out of 10 benign lesions did not show restricted diffusion on DWI, whereas two cases of granulomatous mastitis did restrict. All the malignant lesions also showed restricted diffusion on DWI. Now I'm going to be presenting two cases which I have included in my study. This is a case of a 37-year-old female presenting with a lump in the left breast. In this, we can see that left breast shows multiple closely placed lesions in the lower inner quadrant at the seven to eight o'clock position. The masses of your hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on stir images, they also appear hyperintense on T2. The lesion shows slight speculation however no skin thickening, pectoral muscle invasion or chest wall invasion is seen. Slight nipple retraction was observed. On diffusion restriction, on diffusion weighted images, diffusion restriction was noted and a type three dynamic time intensity curve was obtained. This is the second case of an intraductal carcinoma. This is a 35-year-old female who complained of lump in the left breast. Here again we can see that there is a large irregularly shaped lesion with speculated margins in the left retroalular region which appears hyperintense on T1 and T2 images and hyperintense on stir, on spur. The lesion is seen extending superiorly to skin causing skin thickening and nipple retraction. However, no gross invasion of the pectoral muscles of the chest wall could be seen. It restricted on diffusion weighted images and showed a type three dynamic time intensity curve. So several conclusions were drawn from my study which were as follows. Among the benign lesions, fibroadenoma was the most common benign pathology and intraductal carcinoma was the most known malignant pathology. Mammography correctly characterized six out of 10 lesions as benign and 17 out of 20 lesions as malignant. However, three cases of intraductal carcinoma were falsely characterized as benign. MRI of the breast was far more accurate than mammography in differentiating between benign and breast lesions. MRI correctly characterized nine out of 10 lesions as benign and all malignant lesions as barats five. The sensitivity of DWI and dynamic contrast images was calculated as 95 and 95% respectively which remained 95% when a positive result from either of them was accepted as malignant. The specificity of DWI and dynamic contrast was calculated as 95 and 70% which increased to 80% when a positive result from either of them was accepted as a malignancy. Thank you for your time.


Hi, thank you so much for coming. My name is Joshua Smales. I'm a researcher at the University of Oxford Today I'm going to be talking about The CPDLC protocol used in aviation looking at attacks on the protocol and how to prevent them This talk is based on the work in the paper You talking to me exploring practical attacks on control pilot data link communications Which was done in collaboration with Daniel Moser, Matthew Smith, Martin Strohmeyer, Vincent Lenders and Ivan Martinovich This was presented at the CPSS workshop at AGCCS You can find the paper at this link or on Google Scholar So in this talk, we're first going to Introduce the CPDLC protocol then look at attacks on the protocol argue for their feasibility by looking at the message diagrams of the proposed attacks and through data collection and Then look at some countermeasures which might fix the attacks So first things first, let's look at some background of air traffic control and CPDLC So traditionally air traffic control is voice-based using a radio system It's used to direct aircraft within an airspace pilots communicate their intent and Air traffic controllers issue other commands the issue with this system is that it has a Low band width and is half duplex meaning only one Device can communicate at a time up or down Which means it's frequently congested especially as the number of aircraft in an airspace increases The CPDLC protocol that is controller pilot data link communications Attempts to fix some of these issues by replacing the traditional voice air traffic control with a text-based data link this has the benefits of reducing ambiguity due to the clear text messages much shorter communications which reduces the risk of a link becoming saturated and Allows parts of the system to be automated such as control handovers as we'll see soon It also allows for the opportunity to provide flight crew with additional useful information such as Maps built directly into the unit So here we have an example CPDLC message exchange in which an ATSU that is air traffic service units the air traffic controller tells the aircraft to climb to flight level 350 using the Climb to this altitude message identifier The aircraft responds with Wilco indicating that it will comply with the request Which follows the same format as voice air traffic control Except that we add these unambiguous identifiers onto the start of the message so that the system knows what type of message it is CPDLC doesn't have much security built-in and instead aims to focus on guaranteeing Availability and integrity as much as possible much like its voice-based predecessor We use checksums to reduce the impacts of noise But there is no guarantee of confidentiality with messages being transmitted in plain text and we rely on human operators to guarantee authenticity rather than some kind of authentication exchange All right, so now that that's out of the way. Let's look at a threat model for this system So we assume that any attacker has the following hardware a software-defined radio which can transmit in the VHF that is very high frequency band used by CPDLC a Suitable antenna and an amplifier We also assume that they have an encoder and decoder for the CPDLC protocol the dump VDL to Decoder is free and open source, but there is no Encoder freely available yet. However, the specification for CPDLC is published online So it should not be difficult to put one together We then assume that with this hardware an attacker is able to read all CPDLC communications within the radio horizon We also assume they can inject arbitrary messages and block and alter arbitrary messages through destructive interference We also operate on the assumption that they are unable to touch any Ground-based communication between ground stations as these are over wires And so more difficult to interfere with than radio communication So now that we've got that ground workouts of the way we can start looking at attacks on the protocol So the most basic form of attack is a message injection in which we set up our antenna between the ground station and the aircraft and we inject a Crafted message appearing to come from the legitimate ground station in this case we Injects the same climbs flight level 350 message that we saw in the earlier slide and The aircraft receives this command as legitimate and returns a will co-command to the ground station This alerts the ground station to the attack. So it is Unlikely that the attack would be very long-lived. So we need to look at More advanced attacks if we want to have more of an effect Before we start looking at these more advanced attacks I need to first introduce the concept of a control handover in CPDLC So much like voice-based air traffic control CPDLC is splits into control regions each of which is controlled by one ATSU as an aircraft moves between these control regions the ground stations need to Handover control and that's done through this message exchange So first log-on forwarding messages sent between the ground stations and then a Next data authority message is sent to the aircraft indicating the identifier of the new ATSU that it should connect to Another message is then sent over the ground To the new ground station indicating that the aircraft has been sent this message and then the new ATSU Sends a connection request to the aircraft which is confirmed occasionally there is a Termination request confirm handshake from the old ATSU under certain implementations of the protocol So we can use this handover to construct an attack in which we simply Inject the messages relevant to the handover Telling an aircraft to connect over to this ATSU X which is a Legitimates identifier for a ground station but one which is out of range So we can pose as that ground station without causing any issues So this exactly follows the CPD LC handover process So everything appears to be legitimate from the perspective of the aircraft And it will hand over to ATSU X without any issue The one problem that we run into is this termination confirm message Which will be returned to the old ATSU upon Completion of the handshake this will alerts the air traffic controller to the attack and Potentially cause them to reverse it We can get around this by Introducing message jamming to our attack. So we do this by Reactively emitting a burst of destructive interference to block specific messages from reaching the aircraft or the ground station This has been shown in other papers to be possible even reactively So we should be able to put together attacks that use this which are feasible in practice So one approach we can take is to block the termination confirm message we see here and that would result in a Handover attack which would Be hard to detect until the ATSU one attempts to issue a new command At which point the aircraft wouldn't respond because it had already handed over We can also put together this attack which is a little more complicated. So I'm just going to Walk us through it. So At its heart this is taking a legitimate handover between ATSU one and ATSU two and blocking and injecting the relevant messages to Make it appear to the aircraft that they are not in fact handing over to ATSU, but instead to ATSU X which is again controlled by our attacker We can see that this attack works by looking at it from the perspective of each of the involved parties So if we first look at it from the perspective of ATSU one by Blocking out all the messages which ATSU one would not see then we can see that it appears for all intents and purposes to be a legitimate handover to ATSU two and Then if we look at it from the perspective of the aircraft then it doesn't see any of the messages that we block and it only sees the injected messages with ATSU X and This this appears to be a legitimate handover to ATSU X And finally if we look at it from the perspective of ATSU two It again appears to be a legitimate handover between ATSU one and ATSU two so the result of this attack is that The legitimate ATSU studies one and two think that the aircraft is connected to ATSU two the aircraft is Instead connected to ATSU X which is controlled by our attacker So the impact of this attack is that we can inject arbitrary CPDLC commands to the aircraft from our ATSU X with a much lower risk of detection since any Wilco messages will be received by ATSU X and not the Legitimate ATSU this allows us to do things like direct the aircraft off of its intended flight path We can tell it's to switch frequencies for voice air traffic control We can instruct it to ascend or descend and we can do a number of other things such as declaring emergencies and more to detect this attack the human operators need to be able to either Detect unexpected or out-of-sequence messages such as the Such as the termination confirmed message that we saw in the first handover attack or notice a loss of voice communications or see that the Aircraft is moving Unexpectedly with no commands indicating that it was going to do so Or finally they can notice that the CPDLC communication has been Unusually quiet for some time However, all of these require the operator to be especially on ball in terms of looking for these attacks or in the case of aircraft movements It requires that the attack has already succeeded, which is Not what we want. We want to be able to detect attacks Before an attacker is able to tell an aircraft to move off its path We also did some data collection to assess the impact of these attacks So we set up a sensor collecting CPDLC messages above ETH Zurich overlooking the Zurich Airport we used a Raspberry Pi running the free dump VDL2 decoder and this map shows the Messages that we were able to detect so as you can see we were able to find messages up to hundreds of kilometers away So we assume that the attacker will be able to Detect messages within this range and perform attacks within this range So this gives the attacker a huge range within which they can perform the attacks This graph shows the number of CPDLC messages that we saw over time So across the 49 day collection period we saw 57,000 CPDLC messages And saw approximately one handover every six minutes within the range that we were collecting so This means that the attacker Doesn't need to do huge amounts of planning ahead of time to execute these attacks They can simply set up their antenna wait for a handover to occur attempt the attack if it fails Then they simply wait a bit for the next handover and attempt another attack shortly afterwards So we've made the case that this is a problem. So what are we going to do about it? Well, we've proposed a number of countermeasures to the attacks described Some of which are easier to implement than others. Some of which are more effective than others so the first of these countermeasures involves building a Graph of connections between the airspace regions. So this diagram on the right represents a potential map of adjacent airspace regions We draw an edge on the graph whenever airspaces are adjacent to one another so it's feasible for an aircraft to hand over between those two airspaces Whenever the aircraft receives a message instructing it to hand over between airspace regions it checks it against the graph and In the case of this handover, which we outline in red The edge doesn't exist on the graph. So we know that something is up In this case we propose the following exchange of messages In which the aircraft Tells the ATSU that it's unable to fulfill the handover and requests a fallback on voice communications This means that the pilots can Confirm that the handover is legitimate with the air traffic controller over voice This is really easy to implement in a backwards compatible manner because it doesn't require Any hardware changes other than a minor addition to the cpdlc units on board the aircraft and doesn't require enrollments across multiple devices however, it won't stop message injection attacks and it will only stop the handover attack in the case that's the Attack controlled ground station that we specify in our injected message is sufficiently far away from the airspace that the aircraft is currently in Another potential counter measure that we looked at was The idea of interference alerts so the cpdlc protocol is built into the cpdlc units, which means that we can check message exchanges against the understanding of the protocol To look for suspicious or non-standard message exchanges, which might indicate message injection or a man-in-the-middle attack We can also look for bursts of high Noise that is a low signal-to-noise ratio, which in which could indicate potential destructive interference And in each of these cases we once again reverts to voice communications using the same message exchange we looked at earlier This is backwards compatible and indeed it is compatible with the other counter measure that we just looked at but it may not catch very many attacks and It in particular may not catch the man-in-the-middle attacks that we looked at earlier Since as we discussed these appear to be entirely legitimate handover exchanges to both the aircraft and the air traffic controller A more robust counter measure that we propose Involves adding a public key infrastructure or pki system to the cpdlc protocol So this comes in the form of an additional box between the cpdlc unit and the radio antennas This box stores a private public key pair for the aircraft or atsu in question Alongside the public keys of other units in the network This unit insets any cpdlc messages before they are sent by the aircraft or atsu and adds a signature Along with additional information such as the sender recipients time stamp and what we call the home atsu of the unit in question Which we'll discuss in a moment Upon receiving a message the recipients pki units will Again inset the message check the message against the signature to Make sure that it's legitimate and then pass on the message to the cpdlc units This provides a guarantee of authenticity of origin which was not Not the case previously and we Don't encrypt messages to provide a safe fallback in the case that a key is not available Or that the unit in question doesn't have pki implemented So the diagram here shows a typical connection request confirm handshake, which is already in cpdlc But with these additional units so as you can see the The aircraft's message is signed by its key and the atsu's messages signed by its key And these are verified by the units before they're passed on In the case that the signature is not legitimate. We still pass the message onto the cpdlc units, but we alert the pilots in some way to Tell them that the message might be the results of an attack We also add the following message exchange to acquire and distribute keys So as mentioned a moment ago Um Each aircraft and atsu is designated a home atsu which is guaranteed to hold its public key This means that if an aircraft does an atsu doesn't recognize Sends a message then it can perform a key request response handshake as shown here to acquire the key in a secure way And then confirm the message so this um This here shows a connection request confirm handshake, but um The atsu doesn't know the key. So it verifies it before it confirms the cpdlc connection This results in a system which is more robust than the previous cpdlc system But is not backwards compatible since it requires both parties to be enrolled in order to perform the message exchange This um, this system has a number of Impacts the first being that it Prevents the basic message injection attacks that we saw at the start. So here we see the same attempted message injection attack as we saw at the beginning Except that the attacker does not have the key for the atsu so it's unable to provide the signature So this means the flight crew would still see the message But they would know that it might not be legitimate And so they could fall back on voice communications or attempts to verify the legitimacy in some other way It also prevents any message replay attacks thanks to the inclusion of timestamps So here we see an attempted message replay attack in which the atsu sends a legitimate Climb to flight level 350 instruction to the aircraft and then the attacker Captures this message and attempts to replay it However, thanks to the inclusion of this timestamp The message will be seen as being old and the aircraft can alert the flight crew that the message has probably been replayed This system is still potentially vulnerable to downgrade attacks in which the attacker sends a message claiming to not have yet implemented this system and um Asks the flight crew to downgrade to the unsigned variants of cpdlc However, this um This becomes much more difficult as more devices become enrolled onto this system as it becomes more and more Suspicious for an aircraft or atsu to ask for a downgrade so the flight crew will be able to um monitor for potential rogue commands However, this system may suffer from difficulties with enrolment as it requires additional hardware on both the atsu and the aircraft and getting new hardware in aviation through um approval and getting Manufacturers to get on board may be quite a challenging prospect So there are a number of directions which we can take this work in the future So firstly a um further security analysis of cpdlc would be incredibly useful to understand the full range of attacks beyond the ones that we've looked at here Um, there's certainly potential for larger scale attacks involving multiple attack control antennae to um Potentially attack multiple aircraft or ground stations at once It would also be useful to demonstrate the attacks that we've um looked at here on actual cpdlc hardware, which we have been unable to get our hands on just yet And similarly, uh, it would be useful to concretely implement some of the countermeasures that we've looked at here So there are a number of key takeaways from the work here The first thing is that cpdlc is fundamentally insecure. Um Of course, this was already a known issue since um messages aren't signed and there is no guarantee of authenticity However, we um in this work also showed that it is not sufficient to trust that the human operators Will be able to verify the system's security since the attacks that we looked at Look like entirely legitimate message exchanges to the human operators We show that attacks on cpdlc can cause significant disruption and delays And finally we showed that it was difficult but possible to fix some of the problems with cpdlc through um the countermeasures that we discussed Thank you so much for listening. There will be a q and a in the def con discord following this talk If you'd like to see more of this, um, please read the paper linked here And um, if you have any more questions, feel free to shoot me an email. Thank you


So good morning in the last lecture we talked about total synthesis of morphine by Gates and Larry Waverman's group. So today we will continue our discussion on the total synthesis of morphine by 2 more groups. The first one is from Parker's group and the second one is from James White and in the case of Parker's total synthesis he has used a tandem cyclization where you generate a radical. So that undergoes 6 endo and when it comes back it removes the phenyl thioretical and overall he took about you know 11 steps to complete the total synthesis of morphine from commercially available isomanily. Let us see is retrosynthesis and how he has planned this synthesis using the key radical cyclization reaction. So the first disconnection is this bond where this can be introduced using a hydroamination reaction first you remove the tosyl group followed by intramolecular hydroamination one should be able to introduce this particular bond. As well as you know later you want to have to introduce this double bond for that you have a hydroxyl handle so that can be used to introduce the double bond. Then this is the key reaction the key reaction is Phi XO key radical cyclization reaction you have a bromine so it can generate radical here. So that radical can add first Phi XO then this can add a 6 endo okay 6 endo and to form this radical that radical when it comes back this thio phenyl group will go out. So that is how the tetracyclic core structure of morphine was planned. And this can be obtained by a simple Midsnub reaction on this alcohol this corresponding phenol is the nucleophile okay and further retrosynthesis the fragment A can be obtained from isovaniline in few steps where basically you have to introduce a phenyl group and then homologate the aldehyde the other fragment that is fragment B can be obtained from this epoxide where you know you have to you know if you open this epoxide you will get this allylic alcohol and this can be obtained from metamethoxy phenethylamine using birch reduction and hydrolysis as key steps okay. So what are the key reactions one is birch reduction which we have already discussed the other key reaction which is used is Midsnub reaction. So Midsnub reaction is nothing but another method for making ester you start with the carboxylic acid and then treat with alcohol in the presence of triphenylposphine and diethyl aciodicorboxylate you form the corresponding ester this is the diethyl aciodicorboxylate one can also use diisopropyl diisocorboxylate. So basically what happens in this reaction this diiso will be reduced to get the corresponding hydrogen derivative and the triphenylposphine will be oxidized to triphenylposphine oxide and the overall process of esterification from carboxylic acid and alcohol is after forming the ester you get a water molecule. From the water molecule hydrogen goes to this diethyl isodicorboxylate and the oxygen goes to triphenylposphine oxide basically it is a dehydrating reaction and one can also call it as redox reaction because the reagents which we use for this particular transformation is dead and triphenylposphine the triphenylposphine gets oxidized and dead gets reduced. So during this redox reaction your alcohol and carboxylic acid are coupled to form the corresponding ester the mechanism is first the triphenylposphine attacks the nitrogen of diethyl isodicorboxylate then the other nitrogen picks up hydrogen from carboxylic acid. So you get a carboxylate anion and the positive charge is on the triphenylposphine. So now the other substrate oxygen of the hydroxyl group attacks the triphenylposphine. So you get RO pph3 plus this is the key intermediate in the mechanism for Metsunobi reaction as well as many related reactions. So this R1 the nucleophile can attack the R1 from the backside so that the RO bond can easily break to form triphenylposphine oxide. So that is why this attack of RCO2 minus is an SN2 reaction. So the carboxylate attacks the R1 from the backside and that forms the ester and triphenylposphine oxide. Here are some examples where you can see this is a menthol. So one can do Metsunobi reaction and look at the stereo center it is exactly opposite. Similarly so this is again secondary alcohol and you do Metsunobi reaction and followed by hydrolysis. If you hydrolyse then you get completely inverted hydroxyl group. So how the fragmented A was synthesized by Parker it took isovaniline and then brominated at this carbon using bromine and iron then he did this stabilized vitic to get the corresponding thioenol ether. So that is a fragment A which is used for Metsunobi reaction. For fragment B he started with metamethoxy phenyl ethyl amine and metal ammonia reduction that is birch reduction gave this diene and if you hydrolyse this enol ether you will get the ketone and also the double bond will migrate to give the more it was substituted and conjugated enol. So you get this alpha beta unsaturated ketone and during the process if you use tosyl chloride okay you can protect this amine as NH tosyl then methylite this NH to get N methyl as you know in morphine you need this N methyl okay. Then you have this enone that enone can be reduced using Lucia condition that is sodium borohydrate, cerium chloride you get the allylic alcohol and using the allylic alcohol serious center of course this is relative it is a resemic compound you can direct the epoxidation using the alcohol so you get the epoxide delivered from the same side of the hydroxyl group then you treat with Lewis acid titanium isopropoxide which opens the epoxide to get the corresponding allylic alcohol okay. So then between these two this can be protected selectively using TBDMS triplet so that is fragment B. So once you have fragment A and fragment B then carry out the Midsnopper reaction okay so first step is the Midsnopper reaction for combining the fragment A and fragment B to get this bicyclic compound. So this set the stage for the key phi exo radical cyclization followed by 6 endo and elimination of the cation phenol. So when you treat with ABN TBDH this will happen and before that this bulky TBDMS group can be cleaved using fluoride source to get the corresponding alcohol then you do the key reaction. So that key reaction as I said first it forms the radical that radical undergoes phi exo to give this intermediate and again this radical will further undergo 6 endo to give this radical now this will come back when it comes back you eliminate the phenyl trio radical okay. So now you form 4 rings the last ring is the 6 membered people in ring so that is formed by lithium and tertiary butanol in ammonia so here what happens first the endo cell group gets cleaved and then the hydroamination takes place to introduce the fifth ring. So now you have all the phi rings in correct place so what is to be done is you have to introduce a double bond here and also demethylate. So what is done you do swan oxidation so that will give you dihydrocodinone. So the dihydrocodinone has been already converted okay in the last lecture I talked about this dihydrocodinone has been already converted into morphine so this completes the formal synthesis of morphine by Parker's group. So Parker took about 11 steps to complete the total synthesis of morphine key steps are metronome reaction and tandem radical cyclization and he also started with simple starting material isovenylene which is commercially available and metametoxyphenylamin which also can be easily prepared the overall yield of this is 11.63 percent which is significantly higher than other methods reported as thus far okay. That brings me to the fourth total synthesis of morphine which was reported by James White why I want to discuss this was the earlier synthesis if I look at first one was racemic synthesis and the second and third were asymmetric synthesis but they were they synthesize the naturally occurring morphine whereas James White's group they wanted to synthesize the enantiomer of naturally occurring morphine that is plus morphine okay. So the key step in the total synthesis of James White's group is carbenoid CH insertion okay so that is another clever use of rhodium acetate catalyzed carbenoid CH insertion okay I will come back when I talk about the total synthesis. So the retrosynthetic analysis the first step is the reduction of the ketone to allylic alcohol and that can be obtained from this particular alcohol as you know oxidation and then introduction of double bond you will get this. The second key step is the Beckman rearrangement if you have a ketone and the Beckman rearrangement you can introduce this NH then you can methylate and the second key step is the CH insertion. So the CH insertion of that CH2 bond was done from this starting material. So you can see this one gets inserted at this carbenoid okay. So let us see how it was done when we talk about the total synthesis and here this CO bond was done using intramolecular SN2 like reaction and that can be obtained from this ketoldehyde using a Robinson annulation sequence. So if you look at this cyclohexenome as you know when you have cyclohexenome one reaction which should come to your mind is Robinson annulation sequence. So the Robinson annulation sequence was used to introduce this cyclohexenome and that can be obtained from this particular compound using asymmetric hydrogenation okay as you know Nairobi has developed several methods. So you have one modified version was used to highly stereo selectively reduce this double bond and this can be obtained from manually okay. This is the simple retro synthesis put forward by James Y and let us see how he has successfully accomplished the total synthesis of plus morphine starting from manually. And this is the mechanism for carbenoid CH insertion. So if you have a diazo compound and then if you treat with either copper or dirodeum tetracetate you get this carbenoid and that inserts to any CH bond and you will get like this okay. And there are many examples in the literature one of them is shown here. So here you have a diazo compound either it can insert here or it can insert here and this is the major product and this is the minor product so both are possible okay. Now let us see how White's group started the total synthesis and how they accomplished they started with esomanoline and then you do a Stobey condensation okay the Stobey condensation was done with dimethyl succinate, fluorimethoxide and dimethyl succinate. So you get this particular alpha beta unsaturated ester which is required for asymmetric hydrogenation at the same time you also have the CH2COH which is required for cyclization either at this carbenoid okay. So the asymmetric hydrogenation was done using this catalyst that catalyst is little complex okay so this is what you know the ligand which is used with the chiral the rhodium species so that gives this isomer this is a high enantiomeric excess was obtained and then the next step is the Fertilicab cyclization okay. The expected one was so whether it can undergo cyclization here but unfortunately what happened this cyclized at this curve so not ortho to hydroxyl group but it went to para so it says that the para is more reactive so in order to force this carboxylic acid to cyclize at ortho with respect to hydroxyl group you need to block the para position. So that was simply easily achieved by bromination so when you do the bromination it goes to the para position then you do the Fertilicab's acylation drama molecular Fertilicab's acylation now you can see it underwent it can undergo only at one place okay. So that is how this substituted tetralone must prepare then once you have this you do not need the bromine is not it the bromine served its purpose of forcing the carboxylic acid to undergo Fertilicab's acylation ortho to the hydroxyl. So reductive removal of bromine gave this tetralone the next step is the Robinson annihilation sequence. For doing the Robinson annihilation sequence first you have to hydrolyze this ester to carboxylic acid then you introduce an aldehyde here okay that was done by treatment with potassium hydride and methylformate so you introduce the aldehyde then you do the Robinson annihilation sequence when you do the Robinson annihilation sequence with methyl vinyl ketone so first the 1 4 addition takes place 1 4 addition takes place with methyl vinyl ketone and at the same time the carboxylic acid adds to the aldehyde to form this lactol type okay. Then sodium hydroxide will cyclize here to get the corresponding cyclohexenone at the same time the decarbonylation also takes place the decarbonylation takes place to give this tricyclic compound. So once you have this tricyclic compound so what is to be done you methylate this so esterification with disomethane you get the corresponding methyl ester and one has to be careful because you also have a phenolic hydroxyl group. So both carboxylic acid and phenolic hydroxyl group can be methylated if you treat with disomethane but careful treatment with 1 equivalent of disomethane one can selectively methylate the carboxylic acid and not the phenol. So once that is done then you have to cyclize this isn't it so that is done by treating with bromine firsts but as you know when you treat with bromine bromine also will go here isn't it yeah that is what happened because you brominated both this untreatment with DBU okay you can imagine how untreatment with DBU it will cyclize here it is possible because DBU also can isomerize the double bond. So it goes through this deconjugation double bond was deconjugated then the cyclization can take place you know it is an intramolecular SN2 reaction then followed by again migration of the double bond okay now double bond migrates again you get the tetrasubstituted compound but it is in conjugation with carbonyl group. So that is how it was done so what is next you have to reduce the carbonyl group to corresponding alcohol okay. So allylic alcohol was done then this bromine you do not need okay so reductively remove the bromine under hydrogen analysis condition your 4 rings are ready okay then the 5th ring white as I mentioned has used an intramolecular carbinoid CH insertion as the key reaction isn't it so that means you have to convert or you have to hydrolyze the ester to carboxylic acid convert that into diaso ketone okay. So first you protect this free hydroxyl group okay as mom ether then you hydrolyze the ester to carboxylic acid you have the carboxylic acid it is easy to convert a carboxylic acid into diaso ketone in 2 steps convert this into acid chloride by treating with oxalyl chloride to form the acyl chloride now you treat with diosamethane so you get the corresponding diaso ketone. So once you have this diaso ketone next what you do is treat with dirodium tetra acetate. So the dirodium retro acetate first it will form the corresponding dirodium carbinoid and it will undergo insertion at this CH so that will give you directly this compound okay. Now you have the pentacyclic compound so what is missing is you have to insert an NHM isn't it so that is normally done using a Beckman rearrangement you have a ketone then once you have ketone you can think of using Beckman rearrangement to carry out the ring expansion. So for that what you should do you should convert the carbonyl into oxyne so that was done by treating with hydroxylamine to get the oxyne and oxyne was made as a good leaving group okay by treating with para bromobenzene sulfonyl chloride so N-brosylate was formed then you do the Beckman rearrangement by treating with acetic acid. So that will give the Beckman rearrangement product that is the corresponding 6-membered lactam. The 6-membered lactam now one can easily methylate by treating with sodium iodide and methyl iodide you get the corresponding N-methylated compound and the carbonyl group also should be removed and the mom group also should be cleaved. So the mom group was cleaved using HBr in acetonitrile and the hydroxyl was oxidized and the Desmartine paraionine condition to get the ketone and the double bond was introduced okay in one part using phenyl acetyl chloride and mystic acid and reduce the ketone that is this one as well as remove the carbonyl that is lactam to corresponding amine was done in one step with lithium aluminium hydride and now what is left is the removal of the methoxy methyl group so that will give the morphine that was easily achieved using Lewis acid VBr3 at very low temperature one can do demethylation so that gave the corresponding natural product that is plus morphine which is the enantiomer of the naturally occurring morphine. So this is the first total synthesis of unnatural morphine okay so this was reported in 1997 in JOC again the starting material like other synthesis of morphine was isovaniline and he used two key reactions one is the carbinoid CHN session initially then later he used Beckman rearrangement to expand the 5-ambered ketone to 6-ambered lactam. So overall it took about 28 steps and yield was considering that it is 28 steps 3% overall it is quite good okay so with this I will stop and we have completed the 4 total synthesis of morphine and we will discuss some more synthesis of alkylides okay thank you.


Well, how do you radiate? You guys doing all right? It's May, it's warm, it's sunny outside. It's a beautiful Mother's Day weekend. And again, we just wanna thank all of you moms for literally bringing us into the world and we're grateful for you.  If you have a mom, they feel celebrated. And the one holiday of the year you don't wanna mess up on is Mother's Day. How many know that's the truth? Cause you will hear about it the rest of the year. Father's Day, you can skimp a little bit on, you know? You can just kinda, oh, dad, hey, thought you were gonna grill out. And it's all like, oh yeah, for sure. But Mom's Day, you do not wanna mess that up. And so hopefully all of you moms feel celebrated and we love you here at Radiant. And it's our privilege to have you here with us this weekend, whether it's online or in person or at Portage as well. I wanna invite you to turn with me in your Bibles to Colossians chapter one. This is part three of our series entitled Preeminent. The whole book of Colossians and the whole story of this letter that Paul wrote from a Roman prison to the Christians at Colisei is about the supremacy or the preeminence of Jesus Christ. Above all things, that Jesus is higher than and you feel on the blank. Anything that you can come up with, Jesus is higher, greater, wiser, stronger, more significant and more important. How many are grateful that in the world that we live in that oftentimes feels like things are out of control? There is one at the center of it all who is in control of it all. Who created it all will one day come back and reclaim it all, but in the middle is redeeming it all. He is greater and he's doing that in our lives and he's also doing it in the world that we live in. And so I wanna draw your attention today to verse number nine through 14 of chapter one. And I've entitled this message from darkness to light, from darkness to light. Paul writes these particular words beginning in verse number nine and it says, and so from the day we heard, we have not ceased to pray for you asking that you may be filled with the knowledge of his will and all spiritual wisdom and understanding. So as to walk in a manner worthy of the Lord, fully pleasing to him, bearing fruit in every good work and increasing in the knowledge of God, may you be strengthened with all power according to his glorious might for all endurance and patience with joy, giving thanks to the Father who has qualified you to share in the inheritance of the saints in light. For he has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us into the kingdom of his beloved son in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins. So what we just read is Paul's prayer wish for this church. That remember, Paul has never been to this church. Paul did not start this church. It's actually the overflow of his ministry. When he was at Ephesus and he planted the church at Ephesus, one of the disciples from Ephesus went and planted another church in Colise. So now Paul is writing these letters. He's in a Roman prison. He's soon probably to be martyred for his faith and he's writing this letter.  He gives kind of an initial snapshot of what his point is in the letter. And then he oftentimes will include a prayer. And this is Paul's prayer. We just read it. It was Paul's prayer for these believers. What in his heart as an apostle, as a spiritual parent, his desire is for these particular Christians, these disciples who are just starting out and following Jesus. And it's interesting that Paul uses this parental language and this prayer language throughout a lot of his epistles in Galatians chapter four, verse 19. He says, my little children, this is what he calls the Galatians. My little children for whom I am again in anguish of childbirth until Christ is formed in you. So Paul views himself as a parent who is praying and crying out to God that you and I and those believers that he's writing to would actually grow up into maturity so that Christ would be fully formed in us. I think it's appropriate on this weekend when we're talking about Colossians and we're celebrating Mother's Day that we acknowledge that behind a lot of our stories are praying parents or praying mothers. The prayers of a righteous mother avails much. And you know, every mother and every father for that matter, every parent, understands what Paul's saying when he's like, look, I'm praying earnestly for you that you would actually go on to maturity, that you would actually grow up into, as he says, be able to apprehend and claim the inheritance that is yours. Because what Paul understands and what he's focusing on in this prayer is he knows and he recognizes there's a difference between salvation as a experience or salvation that takes place in a moment and actually salvation or maturity that is a process. See, salvation or us being born again coming into a right relationship with God takes a moment. Think about these scriptures. Romans 10 verse 13 says, whoever calls upon the name of the Lord shall be saved. How long does it take you to call on the Lord? How many remember your prayer of salvation in the moment when Jesus saved you? It was like, help, I'm convicted of my sin. I know that I need to save your God, save me. And this is reiterated in Ephesians 2-8 when it says that we're saved by grace through faith that it's not of worksless any mentioned both. So we're saved by God's grace. And it's the gift of God. In other words, how long does it take to give a gift? Doesn't take real long unless it's my family at Christmas time. Now I grew up and it was like, you had to wait. They took a gift and you had to like rattle it around. How many have somebody in your family that takes forever to unwrap a present? And it just drives you crazy. It's like, they've got to, oh, this is really nice paper. Let's save the paper and they're like steaming the tape off of it and like unwrapping it and folding the paper. And in our family, the whole family had to watch each individual unwrap the gift, assemble the gift, play with the gift, donate the gift to the goodwill some years later before you could open your gift. Most humans though, gifts are given very quickly. It's like, I want to give this to you and you receive it. That's how salvation is. We're born again in a moment. Think about Jesus on the cross. He has the two criminals on either side of him and one of them cries out to him and he says, Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom. What did Jesus say to him? He says, oh, in about a decade you'll be ready to join me in paradise. No, this guy didn't have time. Jesus said today, today you will be with me in paradise. He went from criminal to crowned part of the royal family of heaven in a moment. That's what happens at salvation. We're saved. The spirit of the living God comes in and saves us. This is what Paul's making reference to down at the bottom in verse number 13 when he says he, Jesus, has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us into the kingdom of his beloved son in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins. This is what Paul's talking about. This is what happens when we're saved. We're taken out from under the domain of darkness and we're transferred spiritually into the kingdom of God. This happens in a moment. It's Egyptian deliverance language, by the way. If you recognize that he's making all of these allusions to language that they would have understood. God went into Egypt through Moses and in one day he delivered them out of Egyptian bondage out from under the domain of darkness. It took one day, think about that, 430 years of slavery. And in one night, God delivered them way down with the gold, the silver and the wealth of Egypt on their back delivered them out from the domain of darkness, one moment. That's what salvation does. But salvation happens in a moment but maturity is a process. You see, God took Egypt or he took Israel out of Egypt in one day but it took them 40 years in the wilderness to prepare them to go in and possess their inheritance. Why did it take 40 years? Was God not good at what he does? No, it was 40 years of them walking in a circle. If you were to look on a map of where God led them for an entire generation He just led them in circles, walking around the same set of mountains over and over and over again. There are a lot of Christians that get saved in a moment but then they never seem to grow up and mature. And you can look at it and you can say, well, they've been serving Jesus for 40 years. They should be a lot further along than they are right now. They've got 40 years of experience. No, they have one year of experience that they've repeated 40 times because they live their life going around the same mountains, around the same issues, experiencing the same temptations, refusing to yield to the same things and they're not maturing. Now, this is what Paul is praying. Paul is praying. Everything that we just read is this prayer of Paul that one aspect of it builds upon another and what he's talking about is maturity and that is the prayer for every parent is that our kids will come into maturity. That's what Paul's praying. Now listen, I remember 27 years ago when Jane and I knew we were about to become parents. We were very young, we were in our early 20s and we were married and we loved each other and wanted to build a family but when it came to how to have kids we had that part figured out but the part we didn't have figured out was how to be parents. We didn't know how to raise your kids to be fully functioning mature individuals. I'm a how guy. It's like, okay, I get the big picture but show me the how. It's like somebody the other day was trying to explain Bitcoin to me and I'm like, okay, so I get it. I know what paper money is, currency checks, credit cards, I get all that. Pastor Caleb was trying to explain Bitcoin to me. It's like, oh, it's cryptocurrency. It's all secured by blockchain and this happens and I'm just like, no, but where's the collateral? And they're just like, no, you're not getting it. I'm like, yeah, I'm not. I need the how behind it because behind every big what, there needs to be a how but just like Bitcoin is a mystery, raising kids can be a mystery. Now, next week, Jane and I are gonna celebrate the marriage of our youngest child, the last one to leave the house and we will officially be empty nesters and to my recollection, I think so far we've been pretty good parents. We haven't wrecked anybody. We haven't lost anybody and they're moving forward in life. Now, as I look back on raising kids, I recognize that there are certain processes that you go through in developing maturity in your kids. Now, you don't get them when they're six months old and sit them down on the couch and go, okay, here's the process. For the next six months and two weeks, we're gonna do this but then we're gonna shift gears to this and then we're gonna shift gears to this and then you've got a whole schedule, a whole blueprint laid out for them and then you're gonna arrive safely here, graduate high school, leave our house and that's gonna be awesome. It doesn't work that way but you do recognize that there are certain organic things, metrics, milestones, markers that are part of the process of seeing your children grow up. You know, you have a lot of grace for your kids when they're little, that you don't have for them when they're 30 living in your basement. You have a lot of grace when your eight year old comes to you and says, dad, there's a book fair. Can I have some money to go buy a book? But when they're 30 years old or 40 years old or they come to you and it's like, dad, can I have some lunch money? No, it's time for you to go get a job, it's time for you to grow up. Why? It's because there's an expectation of maturity. God has an expectation of maturity for us because salvation is different than maturity. Salvation is a moment, maturity is a process. Philippians chapter two is describing this process. It says, therefore, my beloved, as you have always obeyed so now, not as only in my presence, but much more in my absence, listen to this, work out your salvation with fear and trembling. For it is God who works in you both to will and to work for his good pleasure. So Paul is saying, look, it's time for you now. Salvation happens in a moment, but now you've got to work it out just like a parent saying, you've got to grow up and I'm gonna be here to help steer you. Here is my prayer for you.  But it takes working out. They have to work it out in the same way that God calls us to work out our maturity. This is what Paul wants for us. And I think this is important for us to understand because we have a subconscious mindset, oftentimes in Western Christianity, that all that matters is that we get saved so that someday we can go to heaven when we die and now we've got however many years on this planet to kind of do whatever we want to. It's kind of like the person that shows up at the airport four hours before their flight.  You can go to the food cart and you can go shop at the Best Buy vending machine, you can scroll through your phone but you've got all this window of time. And that sometimes is how we view our life. It's like, I prayed the prayer when I was a kid, I'm saved and someday I'm gonna go to heaven but now it doesn't really matter what I do in the time being. No, that is a misnomer. That's a misconception of what God wants for us because salvation is important but it's what comes out.  Every single one of us are in a maturing process and I'm not talking physical maturing process. Every single one of us are in a maturing process. The question is, whose path are we maturing on? Are we maturing in our understanding of the way of the world or are we maturing in our understanding of following Jesus? It's one or the two. Nobody stays stagnant, nobody stays the same. There is no flat, there is no pause, you're moving in one of two different directions. So I wanna show you tonight out of this prayer that Paul prays that he's not just stringing along this run-on sentence of spiritual rhetoric and ideas there, there's actually a chain block or a process that is found in this prayer that Paul understands is actually what I call the process of maturity that we need to recognize in us. Paul is praying like a parent and here's what he's praying.  It's that kind of prayer except it's spiritual and it's implications and I call it the process of maturity. So I wanna show you how this works here. The process of maturity, it starts in verse number nine where it says, Paul, I'm asking that you may be filled with the knowledge of his will and all spiritual wisdom and understanding. What's the first step in the process of maturity? Here it is. It's the pursuit of God. It's the pursuit of God. This is where Paul starts in his prayer. This is where our maturing process begins as followers of Jesus. It's the pursuit of God. What do I mean by that? Well, Jesus said in Matthew five or six, blessed are those who hunger and thirst after righteousness for they will be filled. So the question is, after we get saved, what is our appetite? Are we hungry for God or are we hungry for other things, competing things? Really, if there's genuine salvation, if there's a genuine encounter with God where we've recognized our sin as John preached so well last weekend, if the gospel has really brought transformation, faith, hope, and love into our hearts, then we will know the genuineness of that salvation experience because our heart is immediately hungry for God. It's like, I wanna go after God. I wanna know more about him. I wanna close a relationship with him.  That should scare us, actually. It's like, yeah, I love Jesus, but, or yeah, I love God, but, or what. When there's indifference or apathy in our heart, that's a moment for us to go back in what Paul says, examine yourself of whether you're really in the faith. I'm afraid that there are people who are right now in the church of Jesus Christ in America and around the world who actually think they're saved, but they're really not. They think they're saved because they pray to prayer, but their heart, there's absolutely no pursuit of God.  That's natural. When you're born into the kingdom of God, your natural desire should be for God. It says in Philippians 2, it is God who works in you both to desire and to work out his will, his good pleasure. And Paul's way of praying this is I'm praying that you would be filled with the knowledge of his will and all spiritual wisdom and understanding and what he's saying is, I want you to develop a hunger for God.  And the filling is what he's talking about, knowledge of God, spiritual understanding and wisdom. We gain knowledge and wisdom and understanding about things we are interested in, things that we are pursuing. If I bring up the profile on Facebook of somebody that you know or don't know or don't like and I begin to ask you questions about them, you're gonna be like, I don't know and I don't care. I don't know, I don't care. It's like, oh, what's their favorite color? I don't know. Why would I know that? It's like, oh, where did they go to school? I don't know. But if I pull up the picture of somebody that you are attracted to and you're pursuing in a relationship, you're gonna know all the details. Oh, I know, I know every detail. I know where they go to school. I know where they eat lunch. I know who their friends are. I know what kind of car they drive because I'm constantly looking for the car and no, you're not a stalker.  Jane and I will go to restaurants. Sometimes this year we'll be married 29 years. So when you've been married for 29 years, you kind of finish each other's sentences and you kind of know what the other person is thinking a lot of times. Jane and I will be in a restaurant and we'll look over at a couple and we'll look at each other and simultaneously go first date. You wanna know what we can tell? Cause their phones are down. You know when somebody's been dating for a while cause they're just at the same table but they're scrolling. Cause there's more interesting thing going on in the world than the person across. But first date, you're leaned in and it's like, huh, tell me, oh yeah, oh really? Fifth grade? Whoa, are you kidding me? I went to the same school. We did the same work book in fifth grade. Are you kidding me? What, do you want something? Do you need something? Can I get something for you? First date. Cause you're pursuing and so you become an expert on the details. You step into knowledge, wisdom and understanding of that individual. When there's an appetite in your heart you will pursue God. And you know the beautiful thing about God is God according to Philippians chapter two is actually the one who puts that desire in us to pursue him. And if we don't have that desire or pursuit we need to go back to God and say, give me that. Cause this is where it leads to. So in the process of maturity God gives us this appetite, this desire for him for his word. We go to the Bible and we immerse ourselves in the word of God. Not in order to collect data and information in order to leverage against other people or to create an understanding or a profile that somehow we are more spiritual and more intelligent on other people. That's Phariseeism. But we actually go the word of God because this has given us all the details about the one that we love most. Paul's like, I wanna see on the inside of you the pursuit of God that leads to number two which is the transformation of our hearts. The transformation of our hearts verse 10.  In other words, the way that you walk begins to change because of the one that you're pursuing. It begins to affect the way that you live begins to affect the things that you think about.  This is what the word of God does in our lives. It transforms us. See, the Bible is unlike any other book because it's the only book that when you're reading it, it's reading you. It's spirit.  They're not just history. These are living words and as you begin to deposit them into your heart, they begin to change you. They begin to transform you. Romans 12 verse two says, do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind so that you might prove what is the good, the acceptable and the perfect will of God for your life. What happens when we get the word of God on the inside of us, it begins to transform us instead of being conformed to what everybody else wants. And listen, when we live on a steady diet of social media and live on a steady diet of the philosophy and the thinking of this world, when we are ruled by the opinion of the mob and the masses, that will transform you as well.  We've all seen it, right? Somebody's dating somebody and they begin to change. Why? It's because I want to be pleasing to them. Whoever you want to please, this is what James meant when he said this. He said to be friends with the world is to be enemies with God. Why? It's because you can't please both. But when we receive the word of God, when we put the word of God in our life in a steady diet, again, not out of religious observation, but out of passion, here's what begins to happen. It changes us. James chapter one verse 21 says this, therefore receive with meekness the implanted word of God, which is able to save your soul. Now, you're saved in your spirit at the moment you're born again, but your soul, which is your mind, your heart, your inward being, it needs, it's a process of transformation. And the more we take God's word in this, it changes us. If you don't see change, listen, there is a direct correlation between those who consistently live and prioritize the word of God and prayer and intimacy with God and those whose lives begin to mature and transform. You can't, I wish, listen, I wish maturity was by osmosis. I wish we could just take the Bible and go, man, I really want that and just like this and download it. I wish there was a USB port in our forehead. You could just go, woop, like the matrix, you know? It's like, oh, now I know kung fu. I wish it worked like that, but it doesn't. We have to receive it with meekness, which means we humble ourselves. It's hard to humble ourselves to the word of God when we continually come back to the word of God and say God's word says this, culture says this, God's probably wrong because culture has figured it out. As if all of a sudden it's like, well, Jesus said those things, but he didn't have an accredited education and wasn't living in the 21st century. If Jesus was here, what do we think Jesus, who's the son of God, who is all knowing, all wise, do we think he's in the first century going, well, I'm telling you guys this now, but you'll see what I really believe in about 2,000 years when a woke world comes on the scene. No, to the degree that we receive his word in humility and say, God, I'm hungry for you, I'm pursuing you, it begins to transform our hearts and our minds which leads to number three in the process of maturity, which is a desire to please God. We end up wanting to please God. Verse number 10, the second part of it, it says it's a manner worthy of the Lord, fully pleasing him. Listen, do we wanna please God? Paul says in Galatians chapter one, verse 10, he says, am I now seeking the approval of man? If I were still seeking the approval of man, I could not be a servant of Christ. Am I seeking the approval of God or am I seeking the approval of man? Who's will are we trying to live out? Who are we trying to please? Cause you can't please everybody. Psychologists say that one of the most dangerous personality types is, there's lots of different categories for it, but basically it's a people pleaser.  It's never living in a place of stability. And so when we live our lives trying to please the world, you're only as good as your last thing that you did. But when you live your life to please God, fully pleasing him, you can have stability because God never changes. God never shifts. You see, our walk needs to be changed. Our walk needs to be altered because we're serving God. Think about it when a child begins to take their first steps.  And they just like, take that first step and then they fall. What do parents do?  No, it's like, that's awesome. You took your first step and it pleases you. Do you know what your kids see? They see that it pleases you. And when they see that it pleases you, they want to do it again. And they want to do it over again because they want to see the smile on your face. See, when we've lived, I'm not talking, the danger in this stuff is we can begin to turn them into tasks. Okay, now I got to check my box because I want to please God. I don't want him to be angry instead of when it's face to face, when Jesus has become real to us and we see the smile on his face, we begin to see who he is and what makes him happy. And we take that step and it pleases him. Now what happens is on the inside of us, there grows a desire to please God even more. Ephesians five, Paul writes, verse number eight through 10, for at one time you were darkness, but now you are the light and the Lord walk his children to the light for the fruit of light is found in all that is good and right and true. And try here, I love this. This is Paul under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. He says, and try to discern what the will of the Lord is. You would almost have thought that Paul says, and do what the will of God is, but he actually writes and try to discern what the will of the Lord is. That's different because it means it's exploration. It's like, I'm focused, God, what pleases you? I wanna know your heartbeat. I wanna know what pleases you, how I do it. It's not just the external going through the motions. It's a heart connection. It's God, I'm really trying to figure out what pleases you. Our dog, Boaz, who's a golden retriever. He knows three English words. He knows eat, because we all know that one. And one of the other words that he knows is walk. So Jane will say like, do you wanna go for a W-A-L-K?  Because as soon as he hears walk, his ears pop up and he's like, oh, we're going for a walk. He'll run for his leash. He knows, waiting at the front door, it's like, would you just give me a minute? It's incredible how intuitive dogs are. The other thing that he does is he knows when what he is doing is pleasing to me and when it's not. It's amazing to me how intuitive animals are and sometimes how rigid and unintuitive humans are when it comes to relating to God. I don't wanna relate to God and pleasing God just out of a physical observation. I wanna know his heart. I wanna walk in a manner. I want my behavior.  But I want him to be pleased. Not just think that he's pleased, but literally I have a desire in my life that I wanna please God. I wonder, do you have a desire on the inside of you that says, look, the number one thing I wanna do with my life is I wanna please God. Because I'll tell you right now, the world is captivated on pleasing self. I wanna please me. What makes me happy? What feels good? If it doesn't hurt anybody else, this is what I'm living my life for. It's pleasing me.  I pleased the old me, but I'm not pleasing the new me because you don't have the capacity to flourish as a human being the way God created you by living only to please yourself. But the way God has wired us is that we actually experience the fullness of life when we live to please Him in the process of dying to ourselves. Who are we living for? Sometimes we conflate the two and we say, well, I'm living for God but I'm living to please myself. Now, in the process of maturity, we've gotta come to the place where we learn to desire to please God, which leads to number four, which is fruitfulness in our lives. Verse number 10, he says, I want you to bear fruit in every good work, increasing in the knowledge of God. So he wants fruit to begin to come out of our lives. This is what you were created for. You were created to bear fruit. As a Christian, Jesus saved you. God loved you. He went to the cross. He rose from the dead, filled you with His Holy Spirit so that there would come fruit out of your lives, not just so that you would hold it all in and then one day show up to heaven. Listen, you were created for good works. Ephesians two, verse 10 says, you were created for good works. If fruit isn't coming out of our lives, then we're not living in the fullness of our purpose. I love what Jesus said in John 15. He said this to his disciples, no longer do I call you servants, for the servant does not know what his master is doing, but I've called you friends. For all that I've heard from my father, I've made known to you, you did not choose me, but I chose you. Why?  Guys, you didn't choose Jesus. Jesus chose you. He chose to love you. He chose to save you. And behind the what he did, there ought to be a gratefulness, but there also ought to be a, why did you do that, Jesus? I did it so you'd bear fruit. So that your life would multiply. So that other people's lives would be impacted so the kingdom would be extended. Number six, or number five, it leads to courageous endurance and strength. I love what Paul says in verse 11, may you be strengthened with all power according to his glorious might for all endurance and patience with joy. And then number six, verse number 12, he says, giving thanks to the Father who has qualified you to share in the inheritance of the saints of the light. It's a priority and a perspective shift. How many in this room by show of hands or even over at Portage or online by show of hands would say, and this only counts for those who are older, okay? So if you're under 25 and above, how many would say, I'm so glad that I know now that the things that I value and the way that I view the world today is vastly different than when I was 13 years old. But how many people could tell you when you were 13 years, like you're just trying to take all my fun. He never let me do anything. It's like, no, you're gonna thank me for this someday. No, not. He's the greatest boyfriend. So what if he carries hatchets and kills small puppies? I love him. No, I love him. You're not seeing him. And now at 29 years, like, mom, dad, thank you. My frontal lobe is fully developed. And now I understand, I see the world from a different perspective. Can I just tell you in our spiritual immaturity, we're gonna go through this process over and over and over. And there's gonna be moments where it's like, God, I don't understand. God, why aren't you doing what I want you to do? God, this is painful. God, this hurts. And then there's gonna come moments where you actually step in and gratitude and joy and thankfulness rise up out of your heart.  I'm so glad that my perspective and my mentality has shifted. Last scripture, Philippians 3.15. Paul writes, let those of us who are mature think this way. And if in anything you think otherwise, God will reveal that to you also. Only let us hold true to what we have attained. There's a way of thinking that leads to maturity. There's a way of thinking that demonstrates maturity. It's called perspective and priorities.  When they begin to think about others like a parent, when they begin to build their families and they begin to prioritize other people above themselves and they begin to see from a perspective, a bigger picture. This is what happens in a Christian's life. We begin to prioritize other people. That's a sure sign of maturity. We begin to see from a panoramic, eternal kingdom of God perspective. That's a sure sign of maturity. Paul says, those who are mature think this way. This is Paul's prayer.  Would you stand with me today? Lord Jesus, we're so grateful for the cross, for the gospel. We're so grateful that you're the one who started our salvation and you're also the one who will finish our salvation. You've not left us, you've sealed us under the day of redemption. He who began a good work in us will be faithful to complete it until the day of the Lord Jesus Christ. We believe that. We are wholly confident in that. And today, Lord, help us to yield to that. Lord, we don't wanna remain in a state of immaturity. With us at the center of the universe, Jesus, we say you are the center of it all.  Walking in a manner that's worthy of what you did to save us, Jesus, what you did to redeem us and rescue us out of the domain of darkness, where we were slaves, where we were captives, where we were spiritually blind and we were dead. Lord, we're so grateful that you didn't leave us there, but you came for us and you've transferred us through your blood into your kingdom, a kingdom of love, a kingdom of family, a kingdom where we're fully affirmed and called sons and daughters and where you put your spirit in us, called us friends. Lord, today I'm praying to help align our hearts with yours and to not just accept the terms of salvation, but to give ourselves to the process of maturity. Holy spirit, have your way in us. Have your way in us, Lord.  While your heads are bowed and your eyes are closed and this is just a moment of privacy between you and God. This afternoon when I was praying, I sensed the Holy Spirit highlighting not so much a call to salvation as much as a call to surrender, surrender to the process. And as I was talking and going around the horn on this cycle of, or this process of maturity, believe the Holy Spirit's highlighting places in our life where maybe we willingly have lived a place for ourselves, lived a place ourselves, or we know that there's places in our life where we're not walking worthy of what Jesus paid for us. Maybe there's an apathy in our hearts towards God, an apathy, lack of hunger and appetite towards the pursuit of God. And we're just saying Lord, you're the one who puts in us both the will to do it and the ability to do it. You promised that in Philippians two, both to will and to work, your good pleasure. And here we are saying God, we may not feel it, we may not have been doing it, but we're inviting you, we're surrendering, saying Holy Spirit, stir up hunger, obedience, and a desire to please you. And if in any part of that process you know you need God to step in and stir and realign some things and you need to surrender so God can do that. Just want to lead us in a prayer today, but I want you to indicate that. I just want you to raise your hand, just say that's me, that's where I'm at. I just need God to realign. I need God to stir up a desire and an appetite once again, because I really want to surrender. I want to yield to God. Let's pray right now. I'm just gonna pray over that and then we're gonna go back into worship. But Lord, today your promise is that you would perform this in us. We can't just muster it, Holy Spirit, you're the one who seals us. And this was Paul's prayer, God, I'm praying you would answer Paul's prayer. I'm praying that you would stir that prayer and that you would lead us in this process that our eyes would be on you, Jesus, the author and the finisher of our faith. God, give us endurance, give us patience, give us passion, fan into flame once again. Fan into flame once again. Fan into flame, a love for Jesus, a first love. Lord, fan in and blow upon the embers of our love and our obedience, our desire to please you. And we surrender, God. We say have your way. In Jesus' name, amen.