Suspense tonight suspense brings you mr. Kirk Douglas as star but first a brief message from your announcer in America's finest hotels and restaurants wherever hospitality is the last word in luxury the first name in wines is CRE S.T.A. B.L.A.N.C.A. Cresta Blanca Cresta Blanca when you proudly poor Cresta Blanca California Burgundy or Sautern you pay guests the most gracious compliment possible for Cresta Blanca wines from the finest of the vines distinguish America's finest tables that's why when you serve Cresta Blanca wines you and your friends enjoy the best Shanley's Cresta Blanca wine company Livermore California and now Shanley brings you radio's outstanding theater of thrills suspense presented by Roma Wines that's R.O.M.A. Roma Wines of Fresno, California tonight starring mr. Kirk Douglas in the story of Markham's death a suspense play produced edited and directed for Shanley by William Spear you say Phil Martin's run dry well I didn't make it up my wife got it for a man hasn't written a word in six yes and I got it from Peters and his publisher they dropped him from their spring list well bye bye deed of American mystery writers I'm glad to see him go Phil Martin I thought that guy'd write from the grave I don't understand I guess it happens to the best of us hope he saved his money but I suspect he hasn't Phil Martin run dry I don't get it I don't get it no I didn't get it either unless you border on that fringe of abnormality which marks you as a writer you can't possibly understand the complete futility you feel when your talent is suddenly turned off like a water spot I spent as much time staring at the blank paper in my typewriter as I ordinarily spent in writing an entire novel oh and could sympathize with me because she loved me but I didn't need and stupid sympathy I'm sure it's only temporary temporary and I can't even write a decent ten-word telegram and it's no use and I'm afraid I'm through no you can't be not anyone as great as you though maybe you've done too much darling maybe a rest why don't you rest for a few months I've been resting well I mean get away yes that's my last chance dear I'm going to do just that I'm going abroad abroad oh honey when are we going we aren't going I am you're Philly is this a way of letting I mean oh don't worry dear I'm not running out on you I'll just be gone for a few months oh well just a few months yes alone and I told you when I first met you I'm a complex person I'm difficult to understand yes yes dear I know that I but I thought I understood you well you can't nobody can but I love you and I love you and but that doesn't change matters I'm going to England for a few months by myself you don't have a thing to worry about you keep your apartment and wait for me the rents paid through the first of the year I'll be back before that and Fleming was the beautiful not overly intelligent type of girl I've associated with since my divorce her only family was a half brother a petty hoodlum whose habit of always wearing gloves one of the imposing nickname of kid gloves that hadn't helped when he ran his car into a storefront killing two people just to block them where he'd held up a tavern kid gloves had gone to jail three months before I met and to serve 40 years for manslaughter and robbery a very corny plot the whole thing including and as I roamed around London I thought maybe a visit in this city of great mystery tradition would be my answer and it was the second day while wandering around aimlessly in the bomb doubt and still unrepaired section of Bloomsbury I stumbled onto my last inspiration quite by accident say when was all this hit right at the start of the wall sir oh then this isn't the bomb damage law no donny it's meant to pick the old house across the street at it the first time Jerry come over I'd almost say it was the first house to be in the war well it did it take only one bomb to level it like that well how many do you think it takes I've cleaned it up a bit now old house that too built back in 1750 really pretty well now lots of yanks made their digs there before the war that is thank you riders stayed there once when he was here what was his name ducky EP no no poll poll so you don't mean Edgar Allan Poe do you that's him that's him well Edgar Allan Poe once stayed in that house that's right American writer acquaintance of yours well well hardly a contemporary what oh nothing my little helmet was playing in the rubble there Tuesday last and dug out a box of junk maybe some of it was Mr. Poe's like to see it why yes certainly well it's vaguely possible I look through the battered steel box the woman provided me with a cup of tea as I spread the contents out in front of me it was thrilling somehow to think that these dusty things perhaps had once belonged to the man who had invented the detective story more than a hundred years ago as she went out and I replaced the trinkets I snagged the faded musty gray satin lining of the box and accidentally tore it trying to get it back together I only ripped it further I put my hand under the lining to straighten it something fell out it was a waterproof packet containing three yellowed sheets of paper written in a small fine hand at the bottom of the third page was the name Edgar Allan I slipped the packet into my pocket and returned the box oh find anything no just as you said a lot of worthless trinkets oh by the way I I ripped the lining as I was putting everything back oh that's all right oh no I'd like to give you something for your trouble and for my clumsy damage here and thank you so much five quid oh I say five quid but the old thing probably ain't worth a trip in a bit well your time your trouble in your courtesy are though thank you very much but five quid oh I say five pounds for an original Edgar Allan Poe manuscript it was a short story written by Poe during his brief stay in England many years before his rise and subsequent fall as I read and reread the manuscript I realized that it was an experiment in a completely new mystery technique here in effect was what Paul T. had never discovered in his thesis on the existence of only 32 basic dramatic situations suddenly I realized I was the only one who knew this story and that I could put it to better use than as a museum piece why here indeed was the 33rd situation why in my hands it could blossom forth as a novel of Fiona radio play I was about to be reborn and literary immortality was at my fingertips I began writing in London and all the way back home it took me six months to complete my work and then with everything finished I burned the original Poe composition and sent the novel off to the publisher then I called down will it be a big success darling big success well I've never been as confident of anything in my life I told you a rest was all I needed a change of scenery I'm glad I'm so glad I'm sorry dear oh look look and I'm going to be pretty busy for the next few weeks now I won't be able to see you very often I haven't but we'll see well I'm going to the mystery writers banquet tonight and tomorrow well okay but I'll come over for you an eight o'clock and for once will you try to be ready on time every year on the anniversary of Edgar Allen Poe's book the mystery writers of America hold a bank similar to the Academy Award banquet instead of awarding Oscars they give edgars for the outstanding works of the year all of a sudden everybody was looking at me I have a special Edgar to give this special award goes to the first writer to discover a new and startling different approach to the mystery story since the death of our patron saint the great Edgar Allen Poe himself Philip Martin for your novel Markham's death a special Edgar for an idea plagiarized from Edgar Allen Poe the end had justified the means and I knew that the original manuscript was now only ashes I was the only one who had ever seen it I was completely happy and enjoying my victory after the banquet in the quiet of my own home yes speaking this is Dr. Selgrove Dr. Selgrove yes I'm head of the Academy of American Letters I want to congratulate you Mr. Martin I was at the banquet tonight oh well thank you sir yes indeed I've been collecting data on Edward Allen Poe all my life your work was in the finest traditions of Poe well that is the supreme compliment doctor Mr. Martin what did you find behind the lining in that steel box in London what it was you wasn't it what I don't know what you're talking about yes in the truest Poe tradition so much so that I have reason to believe your idea was once pose now look doctor I I hope you haven't spread this misinformation around why you're wrong of course but well even the faintest suggestion could do me a repable harm well look how do you want me to disprove this ridiculous acquisition that will be fine doctor I'll be there around nine and as I set the receiver back on the hook I wondered just how much he actually knew and what I would have to do to silence him suspense Roma wines are bringing you Mr. Kirk Douglas in the story of Markham's death Roma wines presentation tonight in radio's outstanding theater of thrills suspense suspense radio's outstanding theater of thrills is presented by Roma wines that's our OMA Roma wines from the world's greatest reserves of fine wines now that autumn is here you'll be spending more evenings at home reading listening to the radio or entertaining friends now here's an easy delightful way to make the most of these pleasant hours simply serve delicious Roma California wines such as glorious Roma sherry with its nut-like taste ruby red Roma port or mellow Roma muscatel yes you'll find that Roma wines really help an evening along that's because Roma wines taste better they have a full rich body and fragrant bouquet you can find only in a fine wine tomorrow give your family and friends a real surprise treat them to better tasting Roma wines that's our OMA Roma wines America's largest selling wines and now Roma wines bring back to our Hollywood soundstage Kirk Douglas as Philip Martin in the story of Markham's death a play well-calculated to keep you in suspense the hands of the clock on the wall seem drug they move so slowly that day my appointment with Dr. Selgrove was for 9 p.m. I was to be at Anne's at 8 I figured about 20 minutes would wipe that slate clean I'll be ready in a minute I said I'd be here at 8 oh dear it's made already is it yes it's after a I thought it was only about 7 30 I'll hurry well there's no reason are we going out no and we're not going out as a matter of fact we're never going out again what I'm sorry and this is the last time we'll see each other but I went Phil I've I've I've told everyone told everyone that we were going to be married well you shouldn't have did I ever say I'd marry you know I was married once and it doesn't work for me this would be different what did I don't think so you see and you're taking up too much of my time but I wouldn't get in the way Phil you know you're also taking up too much of my thoughts I've probably hit that bad slump a few months ago because of you oh it wasn't your fault it was mine for not realizing it you really mean now look what about me what am I going to do you get over it here this should help take it just what you like a roll of nice clean you $50 bills feel better now you think you can buy everything with money don't well you can't and stop drumming with that letter opener well it takes care of everything doesn't it we're still friends no no we'll never be friends Phil Martin you're rotten you're rotten and you're conceited I said I don't like scenes goodbye as I left for a part and I paused to look at my watch it was 830 I noticed a man fade back into the darkness of a doorway but outside of the fact that he looked vaguely familiar I thought nothing more of it I felt as though a weight had been lifted from my shoulders at least from one shoulder and I was on my way to lift the weight from the other one the Academy of American letters was just a short distance from man's apartment Mr. Martin yes I take it you're Dr. Selgrove that's right sit down Mr. Martin I'll stand thank you you were at the banquet last night I remember seeing you and when I saw you I knew my search was over you fit the description just like the missing piece in a jigsaw puzzle I knew you were the man Mrs. Carruthers described who is Mrs. Carruthers the woman who gave you the steel box the box which must have contained the Edgar Allen Poe manuscript you so skillfully rewrote preposterous you deny that you were in London no but all that you found the box and examined it well no but I Mr. Martin a proper district and woman like Mrs. Carruthers couldn't forget a man who gave her five pound she could forget seeing him slip a packet into his pocket that is until someone came along and gave her ten pound to refresh her memory for ten pounds she probably dreamed up the whole story look you say you know something of Poe then you know that the time he spent in London was long before his prominence as an author why for all we know he didn't write a line during his entire stay there Mr. Martin I've devoted my life to gathering information about Edgar Allen Poe it's my hobby as well as my job I've been looking for one missing manuscript for a long time a manuscript whose existence I learned by quite by chance what are you talking about this letter which Edgar Allen Poe wrote to a cousin in Boston during his London visit fine piece isn't it well what about it let me read it to you he says my new theory for a tale of murder is a form of induction as opposed to deduction I refer to it as marcomism after the title character my first draft manuscript is stored behind a satin curtain built of steel to age and mellow until such a time as I may produce it without being turned mad I see you were overconfident Martin calling your novel Markham's death not only didn't you change the process you didn't even alter the name and if I should admit to all this what would be your price now mr. Martin money's of no consequence I'm a student a collector of American letters all I want from you is the manuscript impossible in return for my everlasting silence possessing the manuscript is payment enough I have no desire to ruin you unless of course it should become necessary for me to do so how would I know you wouldn't show it certainly you don't question my word the manuscript has been destroyed don't expect me to believe that it's the truth I burned it well if you want to be difficult I won't agree with you mr. market Martin pity you won't cooperate I'll just put this letter back in the safe and then tomorrow well we'll see panic fled with the return of code logic Dr. Selgrove was unquestionably dead I had to act quickly because speed was essential I knew that from what I myself had often written I took the letter in pocket it to be burned later in the privacy of my own home there will be no suspicious ashes for the police to sift the bookend was the only thing I touched I carefully fill the wash basin with hot water and drop the bookend into it smearing and obliterating any fingerprints now I had to work backwards the average murderer establishes his alibi first but in my case I had to establish it behind me and cover my time most people are careless about exact times and can be off many minutes especially in the recollection have you ever looked at your watch then had someone asked you the time only to find that you had to look again yes and would work as my alibi I couldn't confide in her but she was careless about time but what are the man I'd seen in your hall at 830 suddenly I knew it was Anne's brother kid gloves Fleming now that I thought about it I knew I recognized him from his pictures he'd obviously escaped from prison and had gone to Anne for help yes and would be more than happy to say I'd been with her until a quarter to nine unobserved I hurried back to her apartment house in front of the building I hailed a passing taxi and entered at precisely 9.5 the Milford Club on 59 not many taxis in this neighborhood are there were you waiting long 10 or 15 minutes I I wanted to be at the club by 9 it's almost that now that all I thought it was later oh well I'll get you there fast oh that's all right there's no hurry anything mr. Martin oh good evening Henry well not many coats being checked tonight are there no sir but look at all those hats let me see hmm seems as though I've misplaced my watch have you the time Henry why sure it's 20 minutes after 9 oh thanks I seem to be losing everything tonight oh what's wrong well I've dropped my notebook oh I must have dropped it in that taxi was it important well just to me I had some personal notes in there look I wonder Henry if you'd call the cab company for me and ask if it's turned in sure thanks my name and address I engraved in the cover as a matter of fact I even recall the name of the driver it struck me as unusual it was Alonzo P Alonzo I'll take care of it thanks oh and you might add that I'll post a $25 reward then I went down to see Lieutenant John Kirkland of Homicide we'd been classmates and I'd spent many an evening at headquarters discussing our favorite subject crime well well well hello hello Phil are you Johnny anything on the docket just routine mind if I sit in I want to get my mind off and and well what's matter you know Johnny the usual I I wrote Finney to our little romance and well she wasn't too happy about it still a dog with the women a kid oh say hey this is a coincidence remember that wild kid brother of Ann is kid brother oh oh you mean the one they call kid gloves well I remember reading about him why well he broke out of jail late this afternoon oh say Ann will certainly be worried else you won't have to worry anymore what yeah they caught him down at the railroad station trying to get out of town what are they bringing him in yeah stiff oh yeah the poor fool decided to shoot it out and he picked a crack shot like O'Malley to draw on oh well is O'Malley all right oh sure O'Malley's always all right but the kids dead this is gonna be tough on Ann even though they didn't get along he's still there her brother she'll get over it I guess it's better this way it's funny thing though he was still wearing those kid gloves and he had a roll of new $50 bills that would choke a horse now I understood Ann's brother had visited her just after I left and she'd given him the money well I was completely relaxed the only person who could possibly spoil my perfect story was dead oh pardon me so please hello this is Kirkland speaking oh when I see who for a Martin huh why why he's right here I said he's right here oh is it for me I just second though please yeah okay let me know I'll send him right up hey what's up Johnny I thought that call was for me no no it it wasn't for you feel it it was about you well about me yeah where were you this evening I told you I had dinner went over to see Ann and then met you weren't you any place else are you sure of course I'm sure say Johnny what is this a third degree do you remember what time you left and why well I must have left about a quarter of nine yes I'm sure of that it was just about nine when I caught my cat was anyone with you at Ann's no we were alone couldn't you be mistaken couldn't you been someplace else maybe at 815 or 830 no why why do you play right into my hands why do you make it impossible for me to help you what are you talking about murder Phil I'm I'm arresting you for murder in a few hours I'm going to be executed for the murder of Dr. Selgrove but the police don't know that yet you see although I'm innocent of the crime I'm scheduled to die for I'm powerless to save myself yes I backed out of my own crime successfully only I set myself squarely in the middle of a worse one the only way I can save myself is by telling that I was busy killing Dr. Selgrove at the time I'm supposed to have killed and Fleming I know that Ann was killed by a brother but there's no way of proving it the letter opener he plunged into her chest still had my fingerprints slightly smeared by his kid gloves robbery was ruled out because nothing was disturbed snooping neighbors had heard Ann and me quarrel and had heard her scream around a quarter of nine they suspected that I had hit her nothing more but it placed the time exactly exactly as I had placed myself in her company during that time well I see where they dug up another original hitherto unknown manuscript by Edgar Allen Poe in somebody's closet in Fordham New York it's all about a man who builds such a perfect alibi for himself that he gets executed for the wrong murder well I'm glad they only found it today after I had already written the above confession otherwise they'd say I'd been plagiarizing Poe again suspense the story of Markham's death starring Kirk Douglas presented by Roma Wines that's R-O-M-A Roma Wines America's largest selling wines yes Roma wines are America's largest selling wines and this is Truman Bradley to tell you the reason it's because Roma Wines taste better you see Roma gathers and presses only the choicest California grapes then with age old skills and unmatched wine making resources Roma master ventures guide this great treasure unhurriedly to peak taste richness these fine Roma wines are laid aside with mellow Roma wines of years before to await later selection for your enjoyment from the world's greatest reserves of fine wines this weekend enjoy the better taste of nut like Roma sherry fruity Roma port or fragrant Roma to K and always remember to ask for Roma that's R-O-M-A Roma Wines enjoyed by more Americans than any other wines Kirk Douglas may soon be seen in the Hal Wallace production I walk alone tonight suspense play was written by Bob Platt next Thursday same time you will hear Richard Nay as star of suspense produced and directed by William Spear for the Roma wine company of Fresno, California in the coming week suspense will present such stars as Louis Jourdan, June Havoc, Dennis O'Keefe, Marsha Hunt and others make it a point to listen each Thursday to suspense radio's outstanding theatre of thrills this is CBS the Columbia broadcasting system


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this lecture we are going to talk about large impacts and those effects that we've seen and those impacts that we've seen here on Earth specifically. So we want to know what the evidence is that impacts have occurred on the Earth. We see craters on the Moon. What do we see on the Earth that tells us that the Earth has been impacted just as much as the Moon? So let's get started today. And what we have is we do have evidence of impact craters. Are there craters on the Earth? And so let's get started. And what we have is the evidence for impacts on the Earth. And one of the big pieces of evidence is that yes, there are indeed craters on the Earth. And in fact, there are 190 confirmed craters that are at least 100 meters in size. If you think about that, that's about the size of a football field. So there are at least almost nearly 200 craters that are at least that size. So why does the Earth have so few craters when the Moon has so many? Well, there are a couple of different things that can happen. First of all, there are erosional processes that can occur that can wear down a crater over time. So craters like the one pictured here occur on the Earth, but they get worn down. And even if they only get worn down a very small amount each year, just a couple of millimeters, when you're talking about thousands and tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of years, those craters get completely wiped out. So craters on the Moon, we can see craters that formed a thousand years ago, and we can see craters that formed a million or a hundred million or even a billion years ago or even four billion years ago. So they're all still there, whereas erosional and geological processes, such as tectonics, creating new crust, volcanic activity, wipe out the craters here on Earth, leaving us with just a few of the more recent ones that are still present. Now also a difference between the Earth and the Moon is that small objects do not make it through the atmosphere. So smaller craters on Earth do not form as often because the atmosphere serves to burn up all those small objects. Meteors on the Moon smashing into the Moon will crash into it of any size, whether they be gigantic things that are miles across, or whether they be just microscopic pieces of dust crashing into the Moon. They all impact the Moon's surface. The smaller ones on Earth get burned up in the atmosphere. And of course, most of the Earth's surface at least is water. And when a meteorite smashes into the water, it does not leave an impact scar, so there's nothing to see behind it in those cases. So together all of those things give us a good reason why we do not see so many impacts on the Earth, but we do see enough to know that the Earth has been significantly impacted in the past. So let's look at how often some of these occur, how often does a meteorite impact occur, and we have our table here that will show us, depending on how often that things will strike us. So first of all, we do know that small meteors will burn up in the atmosphere every day. We see meteor showers when there are larger numbers of them, but certainly we are constantly being bombarded by small objects from outer space. Over decades' worth of time, meteorites will strike the Earth's surface and do some damage, and we can see here that things like a high altitude breakup of material can occur on the time scale of just a few decades. So those are ones that break up high in the atmosphere and explode, causing significant damage. Over tens of thousands of years, you will get major impacts that will cause localized devastation. So that's the range here, things in the 300 or so to 600 meter size range that will occur over tens of thousands of years. And when we get to the highest level, over hundreds of millions of years, there will be the extinction level events. So those will occur on 100 million year time scales. Those are objects 10 kilometers in size. So the very localized are these small ones. They will only damage the area where they happen to hit, and things far away will not really notice anything in the very small regions here. When you get things a little bit larger, they will have some global effect, but not as large as could be. And the extinction level events are the absolute strongest ones that can do the most damage. So let's look at a couple of these impacts that have occurred in the past. And one that is well known is the Tunguska event that occurred in Siberia in 1908. And in this case, the object exploded up high in the atmosphere, five miles above the Earth's surface, and flattened an area of a thousand square kilometers of forest. So we can see the image here. All these trees that are lying down, if you look at them from above, they're all radiating away from the central portion where this explosion occurred. So this is a tremendous amount of damage. All these trees are just laying flat down from this massive explosion that occurred. Now there have been more recent ones, smaller ones, one that occurred in Russia a few years ago that also had some damage. It was not near as big as the Tunguska level one, though. This would, if it were to occur over a major city, would devastate the city.  When we look at those, those have occurred at least five times in just the last half a billion years. So when we see those five times in about 500 million years, it leaves us an average of about every 100 million years there is an extinction level event. So the big ones are shown here with the yellow triangles are the big extinction events that have occurred. And we see how many species were eliminated each time. You can see how the number of species drops very drastically at each of these extinction events.  Certainly the one right here is pretty drastic. Some of the others are pretty big jumps as well that have occurred. The most recent one occurred about 65 million years ago, and that is related to the extinction of the dinosaurs. But it was not only the dinosaurs that went extinct at that time, about 75% of the species that existed at the time became extinct. So lots of them were lost. Now how do we know this occurred and how do we know it was an astronomical event? Well there's two pieces of evidence that we see. First of all, there is a crater off the Yucatan Peninsula that can be detected through a gravity maps of the Earth's surface. And that is one piece of evidence and that dates to about the time of 65 million years ago. There is also a layer of iridium in the crust that dates to this time. And interestingly enough we find dinosaur fossils below the iridium layer, but not above it. And it dates to the right time, and the fact that iridium is very rare in the Earth's crust, so finding a concentration of it is interesting. But we also know that iridium is more common in meteorites, so it lends another piece of evidence to the idea that the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by a massive impact. So what about future impacts? So what might happen in the future? Well certainly they will occur. There are future impacts. I gave you a table that showed the probabilities about how often these will hit. That of course is no guarantee as to when they will actually hit. A probability might say things might hit every 10,000 years, but you could get to only 1,000 years apart and then you might wait 30 or 40,000 years for the next one. It is all random and we are only looking at averages. So when will the next large event occur? Is it a decade from now, a century, a millennium, or even longer? When will that occur? We do know that there are thousands of objects that are known to cross the Earth's orbit. The vast majority of these are small, dark, and very difficult to detect. They do not reflect a lot of light and it is very difficult to know about them until they are almost on top of us. And it does not take a gigantic object to cause significant damage to the Earth. Something even just a few kilometers across would be a devastating impact and have significant effects on the surface of the Earth. And of course there are also many more. Some of these are ones that we've known. There are many more that we have yet to learn about and do not even know of their existence. So let's finish up here with our summary. What have we learned in this section? First of all, we do know that the Earth has been impacted by objects from space in the past. We can see that evidence. The larger impacts occur less frequently and the smaller impacts more frequently. But massive impacts can cause very significant damage including the extinction level events such as that that killed off the dinosaurs. So that concludes our lecture on large impacts here on the Earth. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then, have a great day everyone and I will see you in class.


is a biochemistry degree worth it. That's what we're gonna be talking about today, but before we get into that, make sure to gently tap the like button in order to defeat the evil YouTube algorithm. On this channel, we talk about personal finance, college degrees, careers, and opportunities that are gonna lead you to success, and we also go over how you can avoid some of the common financial traps that so many people end up falling for. If that sounds like something that interests you and you haven't done it already, go ahead and hit that subscribe button and ring the notification bell so that you never miss out. So what is biochemistry? Simply put, biochemistry is the study of life on a molecular basis. And another way to put that is it's the study of chemistry, but specifically the chemistry that happens within living beings. Now this is a relatively popular major, around 8,800 people graduate with a degree every year. Now this is a relatively flexible degree, but a few career paths you might go down would be cancer researcher, forensic scientist, and biotechnologist. Now with a biochemistry degree, you would expect to make around $47,000 a year starting out at 93,000 in mid-career pay. Now you could compare this to a really high paying degree like petroleum engineering or a really low paying degree like recreational therapy. And you would see that it's well above the average, but it's definitely not as high as something like engineering. Now this of course is a science degree which is part of the STEM degrees, and all STEM degrees are amazing, right? Well, actually not so. Some of the STEM degrees specifically, quite a few of the science STEM degrees aren't that good. And I know I get a lot of interesting reactions whenever I say that, a lot of people are amazed. Now you might become a biochemist for instance, and they make around $94,000 a year, or you might get into a leadership position, become a natural sciences manager, and they make around $129,000, or you might go into a lower paying job like a chemist or material scientist, and they make around $78,000 a year. Now the great thing about all of those careers that I just mentioned is you don't necessarily have to get anything more than just a bachelor's level degree. This can be pretty rare when it comes to a lot of the science related degrees where a lot of the time you're gonna have to get a master's or a doctorate just to get your foot in the door to get an entry level job.  Overall, this is definitely one of the better paying science degrees, so I'm gonna go ahead and give it an overall salary rating of eight out of 10. Next we're gonna talk about satisfaction and we're gonna start with meaning. And meaning is basically how much you think your career positively impacts the world. So people who graduated with a biochemistry degree showed a meaning score of about 59% according to pay scale and a really high meaning score is 90% and a really low one is 30%. So 59% is above average, that's pretty good. And this is relatively common with a lot of the science related degrees where people who graduate with a degree if they are actually able to get a job are relatively happy with their careers. Now when it comes to job satisfaction of a biochemistry career, for instance, its rating is around 70%, which again, the top level is about 90% and the bottom level is around 41%, so 70% is pretty good. I always like to mention the fact that sciences specifically biological sciences tend to be regretted. So they're the second most regretted major out of all of the different types of degrees. About 35% of the people who got a science degree regret their choice and the reason for that is because they have a very tough time finding a job with just a four year degree. Realistically, I think science degrees are better than a lot of the other degree choices, but I think people go into it with a perception that is just way off. They think they're gonna be able to get a job very easily and they find out the hard way.  And so that makes it extremely disappointing just because their perception of what they thought was gonna happen and what actually happened were very different. Whereas if somebody goes into an art degree, for instance, they're probably somewhat aware of the fact that they're not gonna be able to get a job. And so they're not gonna be as surprised when they start applying and they don't hear anything back. Or at the very least, they know that it's gonna be very difficult for them to get a job. They might have to go off on their own and kind of start their own thing in order to make money. Now, I always like to mention this. Satisfaction in general is just extremely subjective. It's gonna be different for everybody. For some people, this might be amazing. For others, it might be awful. It's really hard for me to give something a satisfaction score just because it's so subjective. And a lot of the time, it won't be about the career itself. Sometimes it's about what industry you end up working in or even what business you end up working for. So there's a lot of different variables here, but overall, I'm gonna go ahead and give this one an eight out of 10 when it comes to satisfaction. Next, we're gonna go over demand. And I've talked about this before, how science related degrees are probably the worst out of all of the STEM type degrees. Out of the four STEM, you know, you got science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Science is definitely gonna be the weakest one out of that bunch. And a lot of people who get science degrees end up having to go back to school, getting a master's or a doctorate. But with biochemistry, you might actually have a chance of getting a job with just a bachelor's degree. In fact, you might have a really good chance. So if you wanted to become a biochemist, for instance, it's growing at around 4% over the next 10 years, which is average. Natural science manager is growing around 5%, which is slightly faster than average. And chemical and material scientists are growing at 5% as well. Now, I know these statistics are probably completely different now with the current event that's happening in the world, which won't be named. But in 2018, the average unemployment rate for a college degree was 2.9%. And biology related degrees had an unemployment rate of 2.4%, so it was lower than average. Now, if you look up biochemistry degree on monster.com or indeed.com, you'll see that it only has around 165 results that pop up. Meaning only 165 job listings had the keyword biochemistry degree in them. To compare that to another degree like computer science, for instance, which has over 140,000, or anthropology, which isn't very good and only has 829, that is really, really bad. However, this isn't a perfect test by any means, just because companies aren't specifically advertising, you know, marketing to people who have biochemistry degrees doesn't mean that they wouldn't necessarily hire someone who has the degree. It might have more to do with the fact that a biochemistry degree is more rare than a biology degree or a chemistry degree. And it kind of covers both subsections, so you could probably apply to just about any job in biology and chemistry, which makes it much more flexible than either one. So for those reasons, I'm gonna go ahead and give biochemistry a seven out of 10 when it comes to demand. Next, we're gonna talk about X factors and that's everything else that we haven't talked about yet. So when you look at census data, people up to this point anyways that have earned a college degree will make around $2.4 million throughout a lifetime. Those who get a biological science degree, which is what biochemistry would fall under, earn slightly less, around 2.3 million over an entire lifespan. However, interestingly enough, if they start working with computers, for instance, they'll make around $3 million. So one issue with some of these science degrees is they teach you a skill set that's just a little bit too narrow and it might be difficult for you to bring that skill set into another type of career. Whereas something like business, for instance, you could probably use your business skills to work in just about any industry or any company. However, I think that science teaches you some soft and hard skills that might not directly lead to you getting another job. However, indirectly, they might lead to you, you know, learning skills that will eventually pay off. This is why you see that it's relatively flexible when you see them going into different types of careers. Now, when you look at a skill index where software engineering has a score of 88 out of 100 and industrial sewing has a score of eight out of 100, you'll see that biochemistry comes in at 42 out of 100, which is pretty mid-range. It's like good, but not great. But the skills index is mostly a measure of how much companies are willing to pay for that specific skill right now. It's not necessarily how valuable a skill is if that makes any sense. Now, when it comes to the risk of automation or outsourcing science related degrees, science related careers, they're usually relatively safe. Biochemists, for instance, have a 3% chance of being automated, which is extremely low. Now, difficulty-wise, tab.com says that biochemistry is in the top 10 most difficult degrees. I'm a little bit skeptical there. I think they basically added that up by seeing how many people ended up dropping out. But just because a lot of people dropped out doesn't necessarily mean it's more difficult. There's a lot of other factors that can go into that. And I do think biochemistry is a relatively difficult degree, but it's not gonna be as hard as engineering or physics. But again, that's pretty subjective. For some people, engineering and physics might be a lot easier than biochem. But overall, when it comes to X factors, I'm gonna give this one a seven out of 10. So some of the pros here are the job satisfaction tends to be relatively good. There's a lot of different fields of specialization that you could potentially go down, which is rare for a science degree. And there's a good chance that you can get a job with just a four year degree. And the likelihood of automation is relatively low. Some of the cons here are that there's gonna be a lot of memorization, and that's probably why it ranks relatively high in difficulty.  You're still gonna have to really try, make sure you do internships, make sure you network, et cetera. And there's honestly not a ton of demand.  So the overall score here is gonna be 7.5 out of 10. That's pretty good, especially for a science related degree. This one can definitely work out with you. You wanna make sure that you do your homework. You've got a plan. You know exactly what types of careers you're looking at. It's always a good idea to reach out to people in those careers and ask them what their opinions are on them and what you should do in order to get into their position. It also might be a good idea to learn extra skills as well. We're talking like mathematics, programming, something along those lines. Maybe even consider minoring or double majoring. Also, depending on what career path you're trying to go for, you might wanna look at other degrees like maybe chemical engineering, for instance. There's gonna be a lot of overlap there where chemical engineering grads can do a lot of the same jobs that biochem grads can do and a little bit more. In fact, quite a bit more. And then if you wanna fast track your research, I've been working on an exciting project, a tool that will be linked down in the description below, which is my college degree ranker. It's in version 1.1 right now, but I'm gonna be updating it pretty soon. And I'm basically trying to take all of the best numbers out from all over the internet from the best sources that I've vetted myself, making sure to put them all together and then I'm giving them a ranking. This makes it extremely easy for you to look at all of the different important factors that go into choosing your degree. And you can see all of them right next to each other as well. I'm also gonna be adding some other stuff to the Patreon here pretty soon, like a stock portfolio and some exclusive content. If you haven't done it already, go ahead and gently tap the like button, hit the subscribe button, ring the notification bell, comment down below, any thoughts, comments, criticisms, et cetera, that you have on the video. And before you leave, after you've shared the video, forgot that one, don't leave. Check out my other videos right here. I made them just for you.


Everybody forced here ripping 2022 mosaic football choice 10 box number 11 random team style You can always find these results at late in sports cards calm. Thanks for joining everybody and good luck Let's pull the nebula or two Silver Dan Marino dolphins Got mosaic rookie Jets breeze hall Red and yellow rookie Otto for the Cardinals are sorry the Bucks Kate Otten We go Bucks the red and yellow autos are non numbered The red and yellow parallels, however are that's Michael Pittman, Jr. These are by number to 80 10 of 80 Colts and Drew Brees two of 80 Saints Peacock rookie Cowboys Sam Williams Got red and green Sam Williams Cowboys and Mike Woods Cleveland Browns What is jungle James my favorite player is Rafael Devers Yeah, I do collect Silver March on Lattimore Saints was a rookie Evan Neil for the Giants David Ortiz my favorite all-time player redemption Kenneth Walker the third Seahawks on the rookie autumn was a choice red and yellow nice one Seahawks Who's your favorite player Donald Brown and yellow Justin Tucker 50 of 80 for the Ravens Gary Wilson debut red and yellow nice one Jets 25 of 80 Antonio Gibson Commanders 33 of 80 Red and green rookies Eagles Carson strong Cowboys Jake Ferguson silver rookie all the Doken Steelers Mosley Kirk E. Jalen Tolbert Cowboys Red and yellow rookie Otto Snoop Conner Jaguars Red and yellow Cardinals Marquis Brown number 23 of 80 God Giants Wanda Robinson 34 of 80 nice rookie there and a Michael Vic Falcons 4 of 80 Reading green rookies for the Bucks Logan Hall and the Bears Village Jones, Jr. He's on the big here We start hitting something big Silver Thelan Vikings and a mosaic rookie Sam Howell Commanders Another K-Dot and for the Bucks rookie red and yellow Otto Can't go to junior Ken Herbeck.  Like everybody Red and yellow rookie David Bell Browns 40 of 80 48 of 80, excuse me Kyle Pitts Falcons 16 of 80 and Peacock Dolphin Xavian Howard Spencer Studs Xavian Howard Red and green rookie Chiefs Trent McDuffie and Browns David Bell Okay, I still seven to go in the next one again We do have to fill up every single break if we want to give away that break credit It's full sellout promo full sellout promo $1,000 total being given away One spot on the break is one spot on the random at the end of the night silver rookie Browns Mike Woods Jose Patriots Kendrick Bourne Red and yellow rookie Otto commanders for Darian Mathis Hello Logan Thomas for the commanders number is 71 of 80 Vikings Dalvin Cook 50 of 80 and Kenny Pickett 34 of 80 Steelers Big rookie for the Steelers That is what is up right there. That's awesome Pittsburgh Casey K And look at this red and green or the the picket I slipped there Brock Purdy red and green rookie for the Niners nice card and a son Haskins Titans We get the picket mag for you Steelers Ram's silver Jalen Ramsey mosaic rookie Kyler Gordon Bears red and yellow rookie Otto Brian Cook Chiefs Red and yellow national pride Joe Borough Bengals 46 of 80 red and yellow Amon Ross St. Brown Lions number six of 80 And Derek Carr Raiders 37 of 80 red and green rookies got Vikings here Andrew Booth Jr. and Giants K-Bonthibbadoe K-Bonthibbadoe or the K-Bonthibbadoe Silver James Washington Dallas mosaic rookie Jeremy Rucker Jets Red and yellow rookie Otto Romeo Dobbs Packers Justin Herbert Chargers red and yellow numbered 42 of 80 Commander Spadarian map this 19 of 80 on the rookie red and yellow Biggest country stores in the USA That's kind of cool Trayvon digs number 24 of 80 for the Cowboys Let's go in there by some waiters Red and green rookie Johan Dots and commanders and Trent McDuffie Chiefs Come on Debbie look come on low numbered hits where's the black and gold at yeah Maybe they're all being saved for number four Chargers silver Justin Herbert mosaic Ezekiel Elliott Cowboys Alante Taylor rookie red and yellow Otto Saints Chiefs Len Dawson red and yellow 70 of 80. It's a legend right there. Rest in peace as well Seahawks Sean Alexander 30 of 80 And Colts rookie Alec Pierce 66 of 80 68 of 80 excuse me rookie red and green Niners Drake Jackson Jag Snoop Connor silver Corral rookie Panthers mosaic Rogers Packers Malik Willis rookie red and yellow Otto for the Titans there we go Titans bangles of the national pride Jamar Chase now 37 of 80 national pride chase and burrow in the break for you Red and yellow Shaq Barrett bucks who a black and gold behind it Is Kyler Gordon bears eight of eights rookie black and gold That's a nice low number the Shaq Barrett is 11 of 80 for the bucks He was almost the right Shaq Barrett I think so red and green lions josh Pascal and Titans Kyle Phillips Seahawks silver Tyler Lockett's with a mosaic rookie Treson Evner behind it for the bears They have a good one Donald rookie red and yellow Otto bills James Cook JC number 28 Red and yellows Eddie George Titans 10 of 80 Jaguars rookie Devin Lloyd 50 of 80 or 60 of 80 Bengals Trey Hendrickson 2 of 80 And red and green rookies on the back. We've got Jets Jermaine Johnson the second and Cardinals Trey McBride All right, we had some nice cards. I was hoping for more lone-over parallels. We had one black and gold No nebulas I hope we hit some big stuff bigger stuff in the next break. Thanks again everybody for joining. Congrats to those who got nice cards


Wow, it's so I mean, it's Wednesday and and if you don't know today's St. Patrick's Day and I feel like I have a little connection to this whole holiday being the Irish guy in this cut in this call So you have no idea how you double down today. Not only are you gonna get some really interesting information? I think I hope but you're also talking to St. Patrick. So Congratulations, you don't even have to wear green. It's a good day. All right. Maybe not. I'm not selling this am I all right? and I also want to clarify too so This is this is a gonna be a lot of information that I think is is new for folks And I'm really excited that we're gonna go down this route together Ask questions. I won't be able to see the questions while I'm giving this because I'm in full-screen mode for the prezo But go ahead and ask the questions. I'll be pulling a time to talk about it afterwards. Let's dig in. Let's go into it I love the Q&A portion almost more than I like doing this. So Like Marissa said, my name is Patrick McFadden. I do develop a relation stuff here at data stacks I also work quite a bit in our open source side. I do open source strategy Spend most of the time giving away software. That's what I do and I work a lot with open source projects I work with CNCF and I work for the Apache Software Foundation quite a bit. So this is just my world I live in but I'm also An Oracle DBA Yeah, for a long long time and I've been building data-driven apps for and I said 19 I'm not gonna tell you when a long time ago But you know, and I was just I was certified as an Oracle DBA because that's how you made money back in the day and You know that this is part of my journey of working in the application space and When we started when I started doing this it was generally the database was the machine over here and then you had some other machine that was running your application logic over here and you could actually see them and touch them and that may sound crazy today, but It meant that You had to really take care of all your infrastructure. So I remember back in like 2000 during the dot-com Every pitch because I was involved in that dot-com craziness But every company that started the first slide that you showed a VC is how you're gonna build your data center and because it was such a critical piece of the puzzle and Along that line, I wrote a really good book You should use a database This is a fake book. By the way, I don't think it's real, but I Think this is this is the most obvious thing that everyone says it back in day I mean, I can't remember applications that were written that didn't need a database and Especially it was one especially in the dot-com era when we were like had tens and hundreds of users We needed a database, but every application is data-driven and Because of that the database is such a critical piece of that That this is what I'm going to tell you today is stop using databases because they're too critical they've gotten way beyond what they need to be for you to be a successful developer or To be an SRE that develops a good application. I'm sorry that deploys applications into infrastructure Just stop using databases That's the end of my talk. I'll take any questions I'm kidding. I'm gonna prove this to you So this is like, you know a good range of applications, right? Is you know, you have these web and mobile you have microservices out there IOT all of these application types require the same thing a database and If you've been building any kind of applications, this is probably similar This looks similar to the stack that you're building, you know If it's if it's microservices, you're probably just distributing containers all over the place If you're doing web and mobile you have like your API gateway with what's happening on your own You know using like react.js or I mean sorry react or some sort of like Swift something like that on the mobile but it's always interacting eventually with the database and What IOT is pretty much the same, but it's very very bespoke right IOT is pouring Tons of data into you a database time series data into a database and in every case That database is kind of the center of the universe for everything. I don't know if anyone has seen this But someone at one point says data is the new oil What is it like slippery and expensive? Yes, it's that So when we when we talk about data is the new oil We want to make sure that you know It's it's not this really hard thing to pull out and we built that congratulations everybody We have Okay, did my slides advanced? Oh boy Hmm. I think we're are we falling behind here on my slides. You should be seeing an eye of sore on at this point mirth Yeah, I'm only seeing that hello. Here's my background slide Really? Hold on I'm gonna I'm gonna kick it See, this is why we we're doing it live Fine. I'm gonna reshare resharing here goes See, I knew that we were gonna be tempting the gods. Can you see that now? Yes Okay I'm gonna try again. I'm gonna hit present. Here we go. Okay. So here's my background Okay, everyone got that right and then you didn't can you see my book now? Yes, oh, yes, oh See We're all just traumatized by zoom at this point. We're not even can I ask questions? They're like, yeah zoom just did this to me. All right. Thanks everyone for putting up with me Now the pictures of things that I was talking about I'll just really catch us up here real quick So, yeah, here's my fake book about using a database and I thought that was kind of funny and without the visual cue It's not even funny anymore.  Let's go get beer Okay, so I'm telling you to stop using databases. This is the thing. I was talking about like everything that you do has one of these right and Then this is the slide that I was hoping you would see is and Marissa, do you see a really? Really bad Like I have so run slide. I sure do. Okay. Good. See I'm just gonna keep checking on this I'm gonna do check sums every like five slides. Okay. All right, so This is the world we live in right when the database becomes like this. It's tyrannical It's just like this is the center of the universe and we have to like go ask it Please can I have data? I wrote this perfectly in a perfect SQL statement and it's like hmm. I don't know and The issues that we've always run into is that Developers especially have to really know a lot about databases to use them to be effective and more importantly to get the most out of it If you don't if you're using something like my sequel it's very different from implementation from say Oracle and and if you're using No sequel database like Cassandra also very different and it requires it puts a lot of knowledge and This this thing where you have to go pray to the altar of the database to get the best Performance and the best use of that database I've been working on this for so long. I Forget sometimes that you know, I know how to optimize an SQL query for Oracle because I know how to optimize like table scans and row scans and Cassandra same thing. I know how to build partition keys and clustering columns that are proper that will give you submittal second Performance and works well in a huge thousand node cluster That's a lot of to expect from somebody who's starting or Let's say the first day that they're there and then so what we've done is we've created this whole the order of the sacred DBAs That we all have to like ask very politely and I was one of those people This is a group of people that whenever things are not going quite the way you expected them to That you call and say hey oracle DBA my query is slow and I I When I'm in the middle of doing like work as an oracle DBA I'm in this mode where hey I'm gonna listen to your question, but I don't think Sorry, just a minute The when I'm in the mode of being an oracle DBA I'm gonna be listening to questions and I'm gonna try to answer them Well in that mode I I'm in the I'm just gonna be like well I'm gonna help you the best I can but I'm gonna be hoping that someone's gonna know what they're doing because that's a lot of Questions I'm gonna get and you know this if you're a DBA. It's like hey, how come I'm you know my My query is two milliseconds slower than the last one. Well, I don't know Let me go check the index or things like that I mean it's just a lot of deep knowledge and in years when you start learning things like explain plan, right? And then this is I think this is where we we land with using databases is we have these design time trade-offs Design time trade-offs application and you know, we're gonna be building our application and it's this meeting You know where you're on the whiteboard and you're saying okay. Look we have this thing. What are we gonna build and In that meeting you have to make trade-off discussions saying What are my what are the needs of the application? What are the scaling requirements? How do I deploy it and each one of those comes with a trade-off and the trade-offs usually are your best guess and Sometimes they're not the best best guess because whenever you deploy it you learn that oh wait The scaling requirements are completely different or something else so this is a really hard and probably most stressful part of building your application like in a design phase is just making the right choices and Luckily in 2021 we have better choices that give us less of those problems And then here's this It's funny because we're doing this with a Linux foundation and CNCF. Of course we love cloud, but y'all love some cloud and That has changed so much of how we do things now and running databases now I think it from from a standpoint of Cloud and database not a whole lot has changed there has been some changes But you're still probably doing like a bare metal-ish type of deployment You're still under trying to understand a database, but that is changing that is hopefully going to change and we're getting to get to that in a minute, but The fact that you're deploying in cloud and you're probably not Racking up hardware anywhere because I can't even remember the last time I did that It gives us a whole lot of new opportunities, right and then Kubernetes come on now that is it's done Don't ask questions. Of course, it's taken over and for good reason The thing that I have really started to love about where Kubernetes lands in the in the grand scheme of building applications is You know, we've we've slowly abstracted layers over the years where we went from bare metal to virtual machines to containers We went from you know from bare metal that we install ourselves to instance types then eventually to Running containers in the cloud, but now Kubernetes and and all of those you had to kind of run yourself Now Kubernetes is abstracting the next layer, which is abstracting entire data centers You know Kubernetes is a data center abstraction is virtualized data center so I deployed an entire data center worth of an application and It is really amazing how that is the timing is perfect Because it keeps us from getting too locked into one thing like we want to move from on-prem But that means that we need to really understand the entire picture of deploying an application with something like Kubernetes because we're building the entire Virtual data center and it needs to be able to hold up to our application needs So this is where we get to the data services So I'm saying stop using databases, but use data services and this is a fundamental shift in your thinking in your deployment everything And I'm gonna go into why I don't think this will be too much of a shock but this is a this is something that I feel like we need to as a Community of application builders and database professionals. We need to start thinking about things in terms of data services Just like how we went from deploying containers on our own data centers to deploying in Kubernetes So a data service is pretty simple and there have been versions of this in the past This isn't too crazy, but this is we're getting into more a defined space now Data services are an abstraction layer The underlying the top line is the API's the developers need probably some sort of HTTP API like REST, GraphQL grpc the SQL cql document gremlin, you know, those are protocols that do work And can work on your database. However, the data service really wants to abstract the layer but he wants to hide the implementation from the underneath and This is what I think if you look at like the left side This is probably what you want to use mostly anyway because you're not thinking when you're using REST You're not thinking wow am I using You know am I using the right keys here for an optimized query? Well, that keeps our developers from having to overthink about what's going on below the line and the below the line It's the actual database itself And yes, we're still using someone's still using a database, but the data service is abstracting that layer away And you think about it in terms of how we deploy it. That's where it gets interesting So so there's some great examples of these out there this is there's So there's a lot of these, you know out there already and Hang on So whenever we have I'm sorry, there's a guy something happened outside. So Accio is a really interesting project by Facebook. It's a data service that has some really cool features like it abstracts is Geographics and things like that At no point does the Engineers that use it have any idea what database they're using or where it is and that's the point they want to bring in Engineers that are Gonna be ready to use or to build the front end part of Facebook and Instagram on the first day they don't want to have them to go through multiple days of Learning or multiple months of learning all the back-end data systems That's just not important and Accio takes away a lot of the really interesting things that That are great for keeping your application online But developers shouldn't have to worry about like data placement and a replication things like that So in it when we're using a database You have some things you can do here like for instance You're something you have to do like you have to make sure that the drivers installed that you have to Initialize that connection to the database you have to create a prepared statement Then you execute the statement and then you finally parse and use the result This is a blog diagram, but this is pretty much every database that you use There are some you know, there's some details in there, of course But I mean that's mainly what we have to do every time we want to use a database It doesn't matter if you're using Node.js or Java or whatever And I'm gonna check are my are my slides advancing Yes, they are okay, so you have to do that check some So When you use a database Is this is the way it should work, right? Well, what happens when using data services when we cut out a lot of that stuff from here, we're just executing a statement and parsing and using the results and What this eliminates is a lot of stuff a lot of the ceremony and we like to call it that but it's the Am I using the correct driver for the correct database? am I managing my connections properly and If I'm not what does that do to the database? Yeah, you know if you work a lot with like Oracle keeping open database connections forever is really a bad idea and so Pooling connection pooling that sort of things it puts a lot of burden inside of your application code and then eventually for application developers because all that gets You can you can hide it in implementation, but eventually, you know there's gonna have to be dealt with and When you're using data services over HTTP APIs, you're you're just providing an endpoint and those data services provide enough get-and-put operations so that developers on the front end can just keep moving and That's what we really want. That's the dream, right? and This is a great slide to show first of all danger iceberg, but it's also Shows the implementation like this is what we want. We want this top line to look. Oh, it's just this cute little iceberg out here It's very easy to use but that messy big mess details underneath is hidden and So there's a there's some stuff happening it I can't name there's a lot of these projects out there that I can't talk about I will talk about one that I can but because in the reason I can't talk about them because they haven't quite gone open source yet and but Think of all the hyperscalers the big companies that are doing scale operations They're all moving to data services and staying away from databases and mainly because of the messy details Why not have a small core group of people that manage database operations? Like what if I want to migrate from one database to another? Or I want to migrate from one data center to another You know things like that or I need to do some operations on my database that generally require me to have a Negotiation with developers. No, just abstract the whole thing as long as the API is online. Everything's good It gives you the ability to change things underneath All right. There we go oops so Here are the three things that I would consider criteria for data services oops back back You need to have on-demand scaling You need to be elastic meaning you just pay for what you need. So it goes up. It goes down and you need near 100% up time These things give you that maximum flexibility with a minimum amount of trade-offs and when you think about when you're building applications and You're having You're having these discussions built in this application build time These are three things that you would really love to say these are not at the problem. Yeah, are we gonna have enough? Yeah, we'll get whatever we want when we need it. Is it gonna be online no matter where we are in the world Yeah, should be up. No problem.  Nope It's not gonna do that because if we don't use it It's gonna scale back down and we're not gonna have to pay for it great Okay, moving on to the other thing spaces or tabs I'll let you figure that out for yourself But we have less of a Conversation around just data and man, I'll tell you this could really make your life better now open source is coming to the rescue on this one because cloud databases Have started to going down this route and we know that you know, there are cloud Surrealist databases out there or data services that basically are there to lock you into their service and It's pretty well known, you know, they they want you in their wall garden so if you're in cloud X and they have a Very bespoke data service that works inside of their cloud. They know if you move your data into it You're probably gonna be there for life, right? Because you know how it goes. Oh, someday We'll move our database to this other database and we'll be fine. It's no lock-in. Yeah That's called technical debt and you're never gonna get out of that so This is what's been really fun to watch with kubernetes is because we're virtualizing data centers and we can do this kind of stuff like, you know Create the entire application including the data layer. We can move this thing around So if I you know if I want to running GCP Amazon and Azure at the same time Totally fine. If I want to just run run at a time totally fine But it the data portion is the key to portability And open source to the rescue Open source helped us a long time ago. I remember when I was back in the 90s remember that I Was working with we had operating systems. We had to pay for a lot. I mean, it was Solaris was not cheap But you know here comes Linux and it changed our scale equation like instead of installing one big server We started installing tons of little ones and they were great and because we were using Linux open source change the economics of it same with all sorts of infrastructure Databases my sequel Cassandra Analytics like spark they've changed the the the whole game when it comes to economics of scale and Same thing's gonna happen with data services now I work like I said with kubernetes quite a bit now and This portability is really important, especially when it comes to building applications developers should be able to use their laptop You could run it, you know, if you still have on-prem software hardware great if you want to run it in the cloud great All of those things Should work just fine and not have to be really super different like you should not have to say well I'm gonna deploy on my laptop. It's gonna be completely different from what I'm gonna deploy in production Using kubernetes now we have the ability to build not only what we need but put it into a CICD pipeline So that the configuration is stored and get our virtual data centers run in any place that we can run kubernetes. So This this equation has changed quite a bit So I work on a couple of open source projects and I'm gonna kind of get into some like more specific examples and this is why I'm really one of the reasons I'm really passionate about it is because as someone who's been working with With open source databases and like Cassandra My sequel for years I'm seeing like this is like the next wave is where we now take the data layer data services into kubernetes and We just use all that good stuff that we've built over the years. I don't think we need a new database Not at all There's lots and great databases out there that do lots of great things, but What I do think is we need a new relationship with our databases in a cloud native architecture so I'm gonna go over some of these Real quickly and just give you a highlight of what they do and why we're you know What these open source projects are about why I think this is the right direction? So Stargate is a not only a cool name for a project But it also does things like Create HTTP API is like REST graph to L Document API's and it even does native format just like I was showing you before in another in another site but It it is built for deploying on kubernetes now This gives you this a lot of options and for developers it gives you lots of options because you can just choose the right API or client or framework and It abstracts away a lot of stuff and it's it's not easy because sometimes you have to think about What's underlying you know There is some thought when you deploy it about how you deploy it with your software or with your underlying database But you know, this is left up to the SREs and if we can provide that as or as SREs Our developers just are fine. They're gonna be just fine Because they're gonna want to use something like no JS and a REST API or graph QL and not think about oh Do I need to download a driver? That's don't need to do that. So It really gives us the ability to separate out our Traffic from our data traffic from the actual database itself and they can scale independently and Then as new API start popping up we can add those and start building out this whole infrastructure the architecture right now for what Stargate does is it has a the first layer is it's basically just it accepts HTTP calls from a variety of places and Then negotiates with the underlying databases right now it uses Cassandra because that was the first implementation there are other databases that are in In the pipeline as they say There's other open-source database projects that will that will participate in Stargate and make those happen And that's the point of this is making it just so that we could have a Meeting place for databases to present themselves as a data service And if you think about it in terms of like this is very modular just like how Kubernetes is very modular We can build out all the different parts in those parts Or how we deploy things into our infrastructure just like as we build storage network and Storage network and compute in Kubernetes. That's how we consume things. We can do the same things with our data layer the other project that I've been pretty heavily involved with is a project called Kate Sandra and This is a little more into the database side for sure, but what we're trying to do is take Cassandra and completely eliminate it as a an operations problem and make it easier for people to deploy it into Kubernetes, but Ultimately with a goal of making it so that it's just a data layer for code Kubernetes You're not really thinking about what the database is Yeah, I know the word Kate Sandra is a little bit of a mashup and it's cute, but You should be able to deploy it and have The three things that I talked about you should be able to have an always-on Elastic scaling high scaling data service without a lot of work It's it should be an SRE topic that's pretty simple and your developers should get what they need out of it so the Things that are built on we use an operator internally for Cassandra We we use Stargate so it implements Stargate to provide a data gateway. So when you deploy it it has It has all the services that you your developers need and then it uses It works with traffic in this case, but it works with others as well for Kubernetes ingress and then it has operations tools that run automatically in the background for all the operations tasks that normally you would have to do manually It does those automatically and this is When we put all this together with metrics and observability You get a pretty usable package that you deploy pretty easily you just deploy it Developers can use it in any way they need to you can deploy it anywhere And this is where open source really look at every one of these things as open source So if you want to deploy it on Amazon you want to deploy in Google you want to deploy it on your laptop totally cool and It's portable and it's you know We have an open source of freeze and freedom and freeze and beer This is free isn't freedom. You don't have to be tied up into a certain walled garden you can You can move it around however you need to and because these projects are all open source You can also do a lot of manipulation and changes It's one of the things with Kate Sandra. That's really exciting is It's a lot less about code Contributions from the community and if you look at the PRs It's a lot. It's it's a lot less about code and a whole lot more about configuration Deploying like how you deploy things so it's it's turning into a like a collection area of SRE knowledge around deploying scale applications and Kubernetes And then we use helm eventually for a lot of this stuff to get deployed Helm makes it easy. It's right now. This it's the the first class in the project, but We will I think we'll see soon it. It'll be departing. It'll split away from helm So the the idea here is whenever you're building applications and if you think about like all the things that interact with your data layer it's creating some distractions inside of Kubernetes that allow for that to happen. So if your web and mobile apps microservices, etc. Need a data service This will provide that in Kubernetes and it'll run on any infrastructure because it's just running in Kubernetes The the keys are really just making sure that you know, you have a stable or Kubernetes cluster and Some of the knowledge that we are building now is around things like making good storage choices how to work with ingress that sort of thing So back to my slide So Stargate is kind of the tip of the iceberg in this case where it's just like here's the here's this little nice light Little piece of ice floating on the water nothing to see here all that messy details handled automatically underneath the case Sandra and This is an interesting. This is what's interesting about this is that we're building up projects within projects. We're starting to wrap projects and projects, but Kubernetes is the destination for I think all of our application infrastructure eventually at least in the next 10 years and We're really trying to make this a place where everyone can gather and bring knowledge and share and create a community around Building data services and no matter what underlying database you have no matter what deployment infrastructure you're using So that is all I have and I promised I would leave plenty of room for questions. So I'm gonna do that real quick. All right Got a few I got few questions. I got one really good one and feel free to ask any questions you'd like in here I Let's see. I'm gonna should I it's my screen still sharing right now It is. Yep. All right Do you see my entire screen or do you see I? Don't even know what I'm showing anymore It's the full presentation screen the full PowerPoint screen. Okay. Got it. Okay. Um Um Do I have a series of sample projects based on this deployment? Um, well Kavita you asked a good question. There are a Lot of these parts like this. I like I'm assuming that you're talking about like the key Sandra Stargate Funny enough Data sacks Astra which is our is data sacks. It's a standard as a service Runs completely on this stack So we are we actually run this We have a We have a team and open source team that spends a lot of time on it But it's also being used to deploy our own service. So we not only believe in it. We Got a better company on it There are Yelp just did a really cool presentation lately It was in a meetup in London, but it's on YouTube, of course Yelp did one on how they use Stargate internally. Um, they're slowly migrating their things over to Kate sander as well Um, they're because sander shop Um, there are a few others that have not been public yet, but they are coming soon um For uh, you know, but if you look on the Kate sander website There's there is some discussion about like how like different deployment scenarios and how you would deploy it in your infrastructure as well Um Who are the main competitors to Stargate? uh It is the cloud databases and this is one of the reasons we believe that open source would be a really good move for this particular thing um And the reason being is that uh When you're like I said the like the dynamo db's the cosmos db's and I forget what to want to google a fire store You know they these are really good databases. Um, there's nothing wrong with them, but they are specific to that cloud and You know, it's just like there's nothing wrong with oracle oracle is a great database nothing wrong at all. Um, I made a great career building good stuff on it, but open source changes the economics and the dynamics of how you do your applications and If you're looking at a cloud database and that that can in that space Then yes, those are a competitor to what Stargate would be and you should look them in the same way. Um There's uh other open source projects that um, probably are come along Um, this is just starting to crack open. Um, I think that occhio Facebook is never open source that they just keep talking about it and I don't know if they ever will open source I talked to that team several times They seem pretty happy just developing and internally and talking about it I am okay so Maybe somebody I would love to see it out there Just because I think it's an open source ecosystem really thrives on having a lot of different choices and different different opinions Um, I don't have a demo. Um, I don't generally I should have a demo um It there are there are a lot of workshops around this if you were you know if you hit google look for a stargate Um, Kate sandred, uh, there's some workshops on actually how to do it And that's that's something that our developer relations team does quite a bit of um So information security, uh, good question. Um, and that it's actually one of the reasons that data services I didn't put it as a main reason, but it is definitely on the list of a good reason to have it and so thinking of in terms of like, uh Info sec when it comes to databases is I think one of the it it keeps um, sysos up at night mainly because You can break into a web server an app server You know if a if someone if a bad actor breaks into a web server or an app server The the thread exposure is a lot lower than if they get into your database and You know, that's you hear about like the worst hacks out there It's usually so and so got ahold of all the data in the database and that's just horrible um we uh We we've looked at like how to do some of these things first of all from an Information security abstraction is always the best plan But what it does inside of like for instance with stargate is it allows the implementation to maintain certain security standards So for instance, um inside a kubernetes deployment, you're going to have a certain security stands already You're going to have shared secrets and that sort of thing but um, one of the things that stargate enforces is things like tls And making sure that everything is firewalled and no open ports So, I mean If you look at like some of the best practices of running a database, this is fitting into that realm pretty well So, uh, let's see next question Does kesandra provide a feature for maintenance task? Yes, actually that is um, What there's two projects to patchy projects in there. Um, there's reaper and medusa, which are great greek names um They uh, they are there to do operations on kesandra in the back end. So you don't have to um reaper does uh, does repair maintenance, which is just part of an eventually consistent database and medusa does backups, um and there you can Is just part of your Deployment inside a kubernetes you can you can play it and specify how often you want those to run um You can deploy with backups on and uh destinations for backup files So for instance, if you want to dump them into a an object storage like s3 or something like that um All of those things should run automatically And it will give you the full observability and you know, it pipes all this stuff out to prometheus So you can in grafana so you can look and see exactly what's happening, but mostly it's just set it up run it and it'll run itself um Question was my sequel is open source. And why do we have to move on to stargate or case sandra? Yes, my sequel is an open source database. Um, my My proposition to you is why? And so it's kassandra kassandra is a database, but um my sequel kassandra I mean, there's all of these are open source postgres But what i'm talking about right now is data services In a cloud native way my sequel is a A database that can run in kubernetes But it does not run in the same way that kubernetes wants to run. For instance, if you need a lot more my sequel You you can't just add more nodes. Um, it doesn't do active active replication. So for instance, it's it's it's hard to case stay resilient There are ways to make it more resilient with like read replicas and things like that But mostly the data services and i'll tell you this I wouldn't be surprised if there was a my sequel implementation of stargate soon. I'm just gonna Here's a little preview. So, um stargate plus my sequel might be an option here for you Um, how long does this stack take to set up from scratch on a new project? Well with a helm install, uh, it's actually pretty easy. Um, I I have it running on my local laptop right now It it takes about five or ten minutes to if you're completely scratched to download all the containers You know get all the infrastructure going If you go to katsandra.io, there's a getting started button Um, and it will walk you through the basics. Um, if you're using something like kind on your desktop or mini cube And I think mostly it's just the time required is how much time it takes for the the containers to download Um, and then when you're setting up an actual cluster like inside katsandra cluster, um, depending on the size because we, uh Per node we put about a one to two minute delay on deploying each one just to let everything inside kubernetes settle down So, you know, that that's how long to go um from a from a developer standpoint, um Not very long. Um, we do a two hour workshop on katsandra and stargate and You can go from zero to fully running application within two hours Which and that's with a lot of explanation and blah blah blah and we even play games in our workshops. So Um, so not very long and that's the point is we want this to be a very fast and easy operation And if it isn't here's the thing I beg of you Please participate in the project by giving your opinion. We have a discord Um, there is prs and issues on github Like if it's like, hey, you know what this doesn't work the way I want it to Speak up. We would love to hear about it. That's what open source is about I mean, we really do value that kind of feedback and be a part of the project Um, is there an option for dynamic data masking? No, not yet, but that's interesting because that that fits inside of the security part and This is actually something that I think we'll find its way here pretty soon because this is something that, um Uh SREs especially Are looking for for instance if I have a data service that's pulling customer information And I need to put a rule on it say based on gdpr I should be able to do that at the operation deployment level Based on parameters and not leave it up to the developers because you know what happens whenever we leave it up to developers, right? Yep, that's right problems Um, how many data centers do I have around the world? Uh, I don't know have any data centers. I read everything Um, yeah, this isn't this isn't a uh astro just uses all the clouds So wherever the clouds have data centers, that's where we are. Um, but it's up to you Um, this is an open source project. You can deploy it anywhere you want so Um, but that's an interesting question Um ml support. Yes. Thank you. Great questions. Um, so ml pipeline support is not there yet However, um, there are some api considerations with this. Um I was just in a conversation this week about with somebody about Using this was like a patch of airflow and that sort of thing Um because of where it sits inside of the infrastructure um It it does lend itself to potentially being a part of an ml pipeline Um, and I think a lot of that is implementation like using apache pulsar flink Um airflow. I mean, there's there's a few options in there where you can start seeing how this might fit in a kubernetes deployment. Um the I'd say just stay tuned on this, but this is I this has been a topic that's coming up Especially in the data mesh world. I don't know if you've been involved in data mesh yet, but um kubernetes data mesh these are all topics that are starting to converge and uh Data service is a key part of that all right Any clue on the release of kassandra 4.0? Oh Pedro Yes, soon. Um, I will tell you uh as someone who's just as inside as everyone else, uh the There are only a couple of tickets left in beta 4 and we're I would suspect we're going to see a release candidate here pretty soon um and those of you who don't know about kassandra, um The the whole thing around kassandra 4.0 It's been a long time since we've released a major release and the reason being is because The biggest companies in the world that use kassandra are spending a lot of time to make sure that it is the most stable database on the planet Period because it runs the world's biggest workloads. So these are like the alibaba's the huawei's the apples Yahoo japan they're all really intimately involved with the stability of this database and so um The the project management committee will not release 4.0 until It is completely green on data all the data loss data Governance everything So and I think it's there. We actually have a lot of folks using kassandra 4.0 beta 4 in production right now If you go to the kassandra dot apache dot org, you'll see some of those um, but it's uh I think it's it's um Uh, it'll be soon um because we're just we're running out of things to break and it's the first time I've seen Any database this stable in my career? so That's my long answer, but yeah, thanks for asking And I think we're out of questions other than happy st. Patrick's day make tristam That's not a question is it? Okay, beautiful. Thank you so much patrick for your time today and thank you everyone so much for joining Just as a quick reminder, uh, this webinar was recorded and it will be posted to the linux foundation youtube later today Okay, thanks so much everyone. Bye