This video is to try and clear up and hopefully get one step closer to resolving what the issue is with these particular boards. Now this here is a genuine Hyland board. This is the first one I bought. I did something wrong on it. I blew out the 24 volt regulator but I managed to knack of the tracks on that. This is the D882 here. I think that's what happened as I knackered one of these up. I don't know why it's got to this where it's been taken off but there's something I need to show you. I said we're going to start off by just getting rid of that for a minute and I'm just going to show you now this is what I'm going to be using for doing these check is not this because it's got a big bust bit on there. That's going to be seen there so that's no good at all. This one that they all have the same failing because it's got these two pots in here which will make a difference when I'm measuring these pots and bits and pick these resistors and so we can use this one and we're going to try and revive this. This has got on here just same as on this other working one. It has marked up amps. I don't know how long you can see that from there. Let's just see. Marked up amps. And yeah so we've got a little bit of a reference here to what's going on but because we know some of the parts here we can't measure any of that but what we can also see as well is on the 5 volts like that but on these 5 volts I have noticed that you can actually see where it says 5 volts like here. If you can see this one here you can actually see where it says 5 volts so for those who sometimes make a bit of a pickle about which one see the 5v on there well it should it should say 5v1 because it's 5.1 volt rather than have the extra character you just do 5v1 and we know it's 5.1 volt. Right so you can see that on there and you can also see it on these ones as well. These ones even though it's not that easy to see them you know the 4148s do come in a strip. I knew that to remove showing up the 5 volts. Yeah but now there's something I wanted to because there's been quite a lot of response to this video and that's great that is great but a few of the things I've heard is talking about VA which is voltage amps and how much you should use and within this circuit so okay let's look at it like this this circuit is 0 to 30 volts or not 31 volts really but you know on a specs it's not 30 volts 2 milliamps to 3 amps so let's say we just take the 30 and the 3 and we times now we've got 90 so that's 90 watts of power but this is 90 watts of power in the ideal world and it doesn't work like that. Every single thing that we're doing there's going to be a loss every component everything is going to create a loss there's nothing you you got voltage current going through this transistor there's a heat sink here for a reason and that's because it's going to generate heat this is all lost energy and so if you were to get yourself let's say 90 VA for 90 watts you're going to find yourself when you're starting to actually use that power because of the losses you're not actually going to get your 90 VA so you want to go up a little a little bit higher some people say to use less VA well if that's the case you're never going to get your power you you're not going to get anything for nothing this is one of the ways that all this works is there's no free lunch here if you're going to be using power through a circuit well this circuit needs power to run these components all require a little bit of juice just for themselves so if you were to be really strict 90 watts let's say just 90 watts 90 VA just call it like that for the argument sake and then you were trying to get 90 watts out of it you're asking for you know one to one you you you want the ideal thing and it's not going to work like that so what you want to do then is you want to make sure because you don't want to go in any higher than 24 volts I'm going to show you something now that might start here is this is my on AC and we're going to measure now I've got them two joined here in the middle because this is two 12 volt outputs and so I've joined the two middle ones which would go into this here this middle pot here on here which doesn't actually connect to anything it's just there to keep it out away if you've got just one straight 24 volt output you wouldn't have that and that's fine and you just connect these either way it doesn't really matter into here because it's AC so it's alternating so what we should expect to see then let's say we're supposed to be between 220 and 240 volts here so let's just say 230 volts and that's what I've got this set onto here 230 volts this is my variable AC supply so I can drop it down a bit or take it up a little bit but for this I'm just going to show you at 240 volts what the actual output here is what you get now this is 12 volts okay 12 volts each side combined together 24 volts so let's just switch it on if you look at the meter we've got about 27 volts there okay when I were to get to 240 we've got 28 volts yeah that's about 240 could actually go to 265 on this one but we're not going to because we don't need that so we've got more than what it says it says hey we only need 24 volts and that's absolutely true we only need 24 volts and this is the thing about line regulation now as well when this has a circuit put on this it will drop to 24 volts around it's going to be a little bit of difference because the line voltage goes up and down a little bit and so it will go up and down on here a little bit now when it comes to being regulated normally the bigger transformer the better the regulation yeah because you're not trying to it's like if you've got yourself a little 1000cc car and you're driving around full blast everywhere because you know you want your full speed out of it everywhere but that engine's only just designed for it it's going to run into problems you're going to run into so I'm just going to turn the voltage off because I just wanted to show that for now somebody said something about a strain you don't go above 24 volts going in that's what it asks for here strictly 24 volts so you don't go above it and the reason why that is is because by the time you get this converted into DC if you wanted to quickly do the calculation on that just times your 24 by 1.414 and that will give you around about 33 34 volts and that's what you need for this circuit because you're going to lose a little tiny bit remember you're already going to get 31 volts tops but it requires that extra to do everything else on the board so 24 volts tops if you have under the amount of VA that you need it will pull it down and when it's pulling it down if your current if your circuit requires that much and it starts pulling down the line regulation that means that you you're not going to have your 24 volts anymore it's going to be dropping down dropping out of it and as you're using circuitry that doesn't want that to be happening uh you'll find what you're going to find is you're not going to have the output that you want no that that will be the main thing of it you just won't have the output that you want now there's something else I've noticed about the circuit and I've let me just put that out the way there the camera's getting knocked about everything let me just connect this in this is our 24 volts going in alternating current now you want to run this you know normally you need a load on it really to be honest with you but uh you just keep it in always have a heatsink on your main output pass transistor like I said when I I went over the boards and what I found you've got to make sure that you've got these uh I am 41 48 correct and you haven't got the five volt one in the place how do you find that out well you know what you do is you'd have a a power supply and you'd run it up to because you're looking for five volts you go up slowly but to go up the five volts your current limit because you don't want to pull a lot of current through this you could just current limits that's 25 milliamps something like that and then as it's going up to the five volts and it just starts going over the five volts you'll see it starts taking current and it's at that five what they can see then you're on the five volt thing the other diode they're not going to work like that and you can actually they can test them different to that anyway for the forward and the sorry because they they are just literally high-speed switching diodes they don't have the uh the zener effect and that's what you're going to be looking for on your five-volt ones so these are all incorrect and you can actually see like I say on these diodes here you can see where it says five volts on the other ones it's not very easy to tell them at all on here this makes a difference to the value of this so let me just put a bit closer to you see on here so yeah this uh this value here is 270k this should adjust the value and you should be able to see as you adjust this the value of this change on this it works and all of these ones these are the original highland right but this isn't and and this makes no difference across here again this one makes no difference across here they are different again like the you know these are these are uh jaco these are chong this is whatever it's called and this one's on here is another one it's very similar sounding but it is a different uh and you can almost see as well the on the sides of these almost looks like it's well it looks like it's just weird on the side but on this one it looks a lot more straight cut a lot more but it just looks like it's i don't know correct that one looks like it's all sort of blown out a little bit as well so let me show you let me show you um on here because we can still see this cut uh right so let's just pop this out of here for a second and just turn this up turn now i'm going to show you the difference when this uh when this turns now all the other resistors are all okay from what i can tell they all seem to be okay it's a bit hard as check the capacitors but i think that this is going to make a big difference because this is how you get to tune the low voltage but this isn't this you know this the actual thing works i took one out of another pack so i've got another four of these well for the duff ones anyway so far it works yeah it is a hundred k and that's what it's supposed to be it is a hundred k it's a little bit above about 103k and it goes down to you know just a couple of your owns i'm not sure why it's not working on those but let me show you on this one anyway now this doesn't need to be on for this and it's not because it's the uh the things are off there the connector so what i'm going to do then is i'm just going to put this where's my little twiddly d let me just put that on one side doesn't matter about positive or minus now mine should be set oh come back in mine should be set right about 28k i think it's supposed to be if i can actually get these to go on there there you go about 20k all right and if i were to adjust this around let me just get my connection if i were to adjust this around i can go up and i can go down yeah now if i do the same on this one i am to do the same one here oh let me get that in there see now on that one look 20 it's 200 uh let's just do that and it doesn't matter how it just started clicking ten it's the right so if i right so it should have gone down a bit like this because i'm not like these on here probably but it doesn't matter how much i twist this just keep going down for a bit even though it's not uh it just stays the same 268 and this is on a genuine board but i'm not quite sure what i was just getting on here at the moment i mean everything seems like it's okay but there's a possibility i got these messed up there is a possibility i need to snip them out and try them i've got replacements so i can replace that anything i need to uh but and if we look again on here this is one of the the ones built up and if i just do the same thing here and it is the same across the other ones i've checked them all so there we go we've got that one on there again it's at its full go 270k it don't matter that's clicking so i've turned the right way around and it doesn't make any difference whatsoever i'm here this works this is my worker for using less va than the board will require you under full load well that that's going to unbalance things you want to get what you need 90 va let's say with a bit of overhead and what you'll find for that is a 120 va transformer 12 by 12 will do ideal or just a 24 volt straight output would do ideal now somebody also said about the current now i've seen the manual yeah it says absolutely uh three amp maximum and i think that's because if you were to try and pull a heavier load through this i've had four amps out of mine if you and that's at a lower voltage layer so i wasn't going at 90 watts but i did have four amps out briefly um it didn't stop i just didn't want to keep pulling it like that because the circuit is not really made for that i'm using 12 volt bulb uh trying to get um you know 55 watts out of it this is a 55 volt bulb and it would run to four amps now again a lot of this is going to depend on your transformer if you're using one of the old types transformers the i and e and i types uh you know you might need slightly higher this is a toroidal so i i lose less eddy currents out of there it's more efficient on one of the i e's e i's uh and that's one of the reasons why i use them to over engineer it a little bit that's better if we were going to put 28 volts nominal direct once it's got a little bit of dropage on it because the circuit sits on it then that would be too much for this it'd be too much for these these are only good for 36 volts uh 18 either way 36 um as a full swing but that's ideal because it's just less than that really once we go into dc around the board and i'm going to try and work out what it is i'm just going to look to see if i put any of these in the wrong way around so i'm going to just take out because there's only two five volts so i'm going to take out two five volts and just make sure they're correct if they're not uh means you know money to review the wrong so first one's here it's going to be here where are we putting a little bit of solder on that just makes it easier to tabs are there they're the little uh leads i'm just going to pull that a bit straight so that hopefully when i warm that it'll just drop out hopefully put this down like this i do actually have a piece of apparatus to help me to help me do it there right there here we are we'll know things where patience is really a virtue i don't want to damage it see i'm trying to do it as gentle as possible so i don't want to damage it so i need to be able to test it almost through come on pull it long ways a little tiny bit and then just get it from the back here there we go you've got to be really careful not to damage the tracks sometimes when i'm doing things like this i don't even i don't even bother what i'll do is i just cut it the right thing just to just attack it on the top so let's have a little uh let's have a little play with this then well all right so i'm going to set this now to uh i'm going to set it to uh six volts right and i'm going to set the current uh to now if i just move that across so you can see on the side six volts here i'm going to set the current but i don't know 30 milliamps 30 uh milliamps there we go so that's what i set to there yeah so basically when i turn this on now what we should do is put this into the the voltage uh the whole part which i'm going to i'm going to move this across so you see where it says uh six point i can now drop this down here if we go uh the stripe part to negative the cathode and then the anode to the positive what you'll see on the screen over there is a is a straight through connection right there it is up to 30 milliamp i'm reducing and it's pulling them it's pulling the power down but if i do it this way nothing should happen nothing now what we're going to be hoping is that as i start turning this up we'll start seeing the current go across because we get to the zener voltage okay so around about now we should start seeing the current going up and there we go so we get to the five point one it lets in full current and we'd limit it down to 30 so that is a five point one volt zener diode so that's in the correct place that's good news and all you're doing now is get the other one out okay so on the other side of here we've got our five and a row turns across five and a row so our zener's here damaging the trace and that's no good it took that solder here we go so now we're going to do the same thing with this one again we can see we get a dead short on it to make sure that we do have it not working one way so this should just pull the voltage in the the current the voltage has come down okay voltage up current down voltage down current up and now this this way around we're on four point nine volts so this way around correctly and now if we uh we start just going up there again five okay so it's gone over and that's it we got it's just gone slightly over there to do that five point two but again it's doing its job so we can say that they are in the correct place on that okay guys so we've gotten this far and I know this is the one that should work anyway I'm not bothered with the voltage regulator there just for a moment we're just going to nick these things off here yep we're just going to nick these things off here and the connections from here and also the pots so I've got a ten-term pot on my voltage and that should be another one kicking about I'll find in a second uh for this the LED indicator on here is actually on the board something I'll probably make a different uh a change to as in when let's take these out of here now there is one I'm showing you this because I just wanted to show you that well this is it you're going to get to see with me and we're going to wind up the voltage on this as well and just see uh just see if we've got any problems from there from the get go um one of me will wind up the voltage just turn it up slowly and get this on could do the here's the current it's already pre-made up you see for the other one so I'll try it in here because I know that these are the correct way around as well so you know if we go to the right it turns the currents up and go to the left it turns the current down but I can't remember it should be like this I presume it's supposed to be like this uh and it's still anti-clockwise in the range of it no matter which way do it let's get this in here I'm going to turn that down in the backgrounds so I don't know SDR radio all right guys all right so here we go then so I've got a camera over there just looking at what we're going to we're going to look for this current jump it just starts going up too high as I as I start to um putting up that power there you know let me just check that we got that socket on there we go it will indicate that it's come on now I'm hoping you can see that all right run zero volts uh we need an output monitor so I'm going to put our voltage on here I'm just going to see that we're sure I don't have too much of that light in it there we go that's for DC um because it's in auto range it will jump about a bit as it's and as it's um doing the power going up the voltage positive out and negative out I'm hoping that's going to fit in there it does I should just fit in there I've checked as well and now the resistance is adjusted when I probe here on resistance and I alter this this now adjusts right let's give it a go then and your fingers crossed so we're going to go down with the power on there nothing untoward going on on the uh current side of things and as I go up to 20 volts 40 by right if there was a problem on that you'd have probably seen that already but that is actually going up in current isn't it that's going up in current the way it shouldn't be going up in current let me just adjust that and just let's just look at that again we're watching that current going up we don't want it to go up I mean that's a three amp dial all right so as we're turning this up and you've watched that current start going up that's when we know there's a problem all right so we're just going to we're just going to discontinue that test now because we know there's a problem we know there is a problem because the current's going up the way it's going up that was creeping up 500 milliamps going up towards an amp and just for having that sat there doing that that should not happen then it's going to put it down again just out of QSNL I can look back on the video but I was I wasn't looking at this at all I wasn't looking at this at all so I don't know what happened over there so let me just check that up again we are actually getting that but just oh as soon as that current starts moving I'm gonna so it that says it's on six volts but it's dropping oh we're looking at current going up see that's not good at all no no that's not good at all so we have definitely got some major issue there and we're not going to continue the test right I'll have to get another good look at it and see what's going on I've just noticed this glaring mistake it's here it's not working it's just there short and directly and if you look closely these are the two original boards and if you look closely but those are the keen sharp eye you'll see straight away that one of these caps is the wrong way around these big old caps here negative negative I've got a positive side here and even though I only took it up to a few volts you can all almost see if you look at the top of the caps there you can see one sort of push down in either one's puffed up very slightly you can see it more from looking at the top I suppose so we're going to take this out we're going to replace it and and try this one again and then hopefully we'll have a better result we're going to take that off there and we're going to hope that we haven't done any more damage and yeah less chance of damaging all right so let's do a quick little um do you want to put another cap in there look at what damage romego may not have done to this cap oh sorry what am I doing I'm on resistance I just don't know oh come on blimey sometimes I wonder how I get up in the morning without hurting myself uh okay that's having a bit of a 2.7 millifarad oh that's not the correct capacitance it's not correct so also we need another cap but that no I did have that push nicely for a minute all right no this of course is bodged here but hey it'll do the job and we're going to clamp this back up move these bits out of the way let's shift that out of the way let's shift everything out of the way that we want this we want this we can put this in for the voltage a 10-term pop just for more accuracy on the voltage I'm going to put that in there like that where now I'm just going to connect back into there I'm not even going to bother looking at the board again because if I didn't see that until today if I didn't see that until today but never mind right uh now we want um we want to check what voltages are coming out so that I believe is ground that I believe is positive quick little check on the board out yep it is quick got that turned all the way down so it's starting off with zero oh quick quick just a quick clamp for this because uh it does say even though it's not pulling any current let's just ignore it let's put the clamp on there and uh I'm just going to check that stop the spring from firing right down we go um I'm expecting to see that's on zero so I'm just going to turn it off one part of a turn all right so as I start going up in the voltage what we don't want to see is that current going up the way it was before and so far we're not so far everything seems to be okay all right so we're on 200 200 volts 240 okay so we just sit at that this is on at two and a half volts it seems to be going up it seems to be going up we seem to be going up we're going up we're going up we're going up very nice we're going up we're going up we're going up we're going to get to our 31 volt limit and that is the limit there so now on this one it seems I'm thrilled because that means there's another one here that works now I'm going to go back down to zero and this is where I can use my little trimmer here and adjust that down to as close to zero as possible it's got to get it to sit on it that's going up we want to go down this way catch up with itself because that is quite way really ah right I didn't press play on the other one I didn't press uh look at this look we can bring this all the way down let's just see where that settles so that's zero volts and then when we go back up the voltage we should go to 31 volts it was 31.5 before isn't it so let's just turn this up turn it up 31.45 there we go and that's locked hopefully we go straight back down again to zero oh this is quite a bit of resistance on these just turning this part and I don't mean a pun over you know what I said I just it's just quite difficult certainly well then we'll just see what that settles to oh dear there's hopefully that should go back down to zero it doesn't it's like we can just tweak it down a little tiny bit get a few more little place that part but then I'll be sort of like just happy with that however this turns I'm just going to leave it maybe just the warm and do is there any type of warmth going in there I can't feel anything so we've probably been okay but as soon as you pull the load on this of course then now uh there was a problem so okay we can say what this is good because now there's two working ones of these and did you know we're two working ones of these you can actually join the outputs together because they're linear so now we can have up to naught to 60 volts at three amps or not 36 amps at least that's what you're supposed to be able to do with that being linear be cool if you could anyway right so now we know that works I'm just going to back this off back it down to zero because that's good and now we're going to start doing some comparison in resistances across the boards and bits and pieces I don't want to do too much while it's on because if you start putting stuff across and it makes any of these become circuits you can just blow them up anyway I'm sure uh I don't know enough not to make that happen while pausing we can certainly take some measurements when the power's off and not connected so we give a go at that now


Judge Terry A. Dowdy issued an injunction barring some officials in the White House, CISA, FBI, Homeland Security from contacting social media companies about moderating content. Part of the thing that became more to light was a sometimes semi-formal relationship between government organizations and these platforms. Outside of anything that was monitored publicly or listed publicly, this was just a little chit chat. We would like for the government's communication with these kinds of companies to be more public than it was.


Good evening aspirants, welcome to Hindu news analysis by Shankarayas Academy for the date 24th May 2020. These are the news articles chosen for today's discussion and they belong to different areas of UPSC syllabus such as international relations, geography, science and technology, biodiversity, etc. The page numbers for these news articles from different editions of Hindu newspaper is also given here for your reference. Along with this, the handwritten notes provided in this discussion will be available in the PDF format in the description box and also in the comment section. Let's move on to the first news discussion for today. The first discussion for today is based on this news article which reports about a massive data breach that was carried out on job and resume aggregator services. In the analysis of this news article, we will see about dark-knit detail like what it is, how it is used, what are its features, who are using it, how payments are done, etc. The syllabus that is relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. Through the data breach reported in the news, a cyber-criminal gang has taken control of personal information of about 2.9 crore Indian individuals. Cyber criminals use such personal information for carrying out identity thefts, scams, corporate espionage and also for wide range of illegal activities. And it is said that the personal data of these individuals were found to be available for free download in the dark-knit. This was confirmed by a US-based cyber intelligence firm called as Cybel Inc. And the news article states that the leak of data was made to get attention and the strategy which was used is same as the strategy which was used by a hacking group called as shiny hunters. See these shiny hunters were in news earlier this month for the data breach which they carried out in various firms such as Tokopedia and others. Here know that Tokopedia is an Indonesian e-commerce platform. So in this context only, in today's scenario dark-knit is very important. And whenever we learn about dark-knit or dark-web, we will also be hearing the term deep-web. Deep-web refers to those data or content in the web that a typical search engine like Google is unable to find. A large chunk of the internet is still untouched by the ordinary world and the worldwide web which we see is only the tip of an iceberg. See internet has around 4 billion websites existing on servers around the globe. And for the most of the people the web is limited to less than 100 websites and majority of this limited collection is in the form of Google sites and services. So what are available in deep-web? Government databases, libraries, writings of activists in countries that have strict internet control and several other things are available in the deep-web. Even a private network that is out of reach of standard search engines can be tagged as deep-web. And know that most of the deep-web contains nothing harmful and it consists mainly of databases, libraries and academic writings. In simple terms, deep-web is nothing but that part of the internet that is not accessible by normal search engines. While most of the deep-web is harmless, a small part of it is still harmful and this is where dark-net comes into play. So what is dark-net then? Dark-net is also known as dark-web.   So what is the most popular browser that is used to explore the contents in the dark-net? It is the browser which is known as Tor or the onion router and Tor is the short form of this, the onion router. Now Tor can be used to visit normal internet websites but it also has numerous hidden websites and services which cannot be accessed on the regular internet. And the onion routers protocol is called as the Tor hidden service protocol instead of the hypertext transfer protocol which is a HTTP that is normally used in a weblink. Now the feature of Tor is that both the clients and servers do not know the IP addresses of each other. IP addresses usually help in investigations to reach the device that is used by a criminal or the network which is accessed for the criminal activity. But identifying the IP address of a device that used Tor is reportedly said as very difficult. Experts say that with traditional methods one may not be able to locate a criminal who use the onion router. Apart from this, there are also friend-to-friend networks in the dark-net. Such networks can be encrypted or password protected for which only the concerned people have the access. So with respect to anonymity in the dark-net, both web servers and website publishers are entirely anonymous if the addresses are masked or hidden by software. There are large number of proxy servers in various countries and data related to search about a criminal is redirected to many servers. And each time the network is accessed. This makes it difficult to track a person operating in the dark-net. Now if you ask how the websites will look like in a dark-net, see generally they are poorly designed. They are not visually appealing and many of them appear as basic Excel sheets only. The emphasis is on functionality and it is not on aesthetic appeal like in a normal website. It is said that it is difficult and time consuming to find exactly what a person is looking for. So finally who are the users of dark-net? See legitimate users like cyber experts, journalists, activists, whistleblowers etc. also use dark-net to communicate with other experts or agencies. Even security agencies, government and law enforcement organizations are also the users of the hidden internet. But they operate for intelligence and investigation purposes only. Now because of the anonymity it provides to the users, dark-net is very popular for illegal activity. Terrorists use dark-net particularly through the onion router for anonymity and even other criminals use it for the same. And then dark-net is used by terrorist groups to communicate, recruit new members, to raise funds, to procure weapons, to spread propaganda and even to plan operations. So based on this you could have assumed what are the services offered in the dark-net. Most commonly traded illegal items are sold for criminals. Then items such as hacked mobile accounts, internet banking accounts, drugs, fake passports and other IDs. Then child pornography. Then it also has resources on the preparation of explosives and toxins also. And there are also forums in dark-net chat rooms and a number of websites belonging to extremist groups. There are also guides to various forms of cyber crime. There are weapons for sale as we already saw and there are video tutorials also on how to use these weapons. And there are also killers for hire in this dark-net. So you can see that the dark-net mainly offers illegal criminal services. Apart from this with respect to payment services, cryptocurrencies generally bitcoin is used for both illegal and legal transactions. So it means things are out of reach from an ill equipped traditionally operating central bank. So as a whole from this discussion you would have got an idea that whatever we term as illegal is available in this dark-net. And that is why this topic is important from exam perspective. So that is all about dark-net. With this we come to the end of this discussion. The recipe practice question will be discussed in the last session. Let's move on to the next discussion. Now this news article talks about the China's Belt and Road Initiative. And the news article mentions that there is a shift in China's BRA approach. So in this discussion we will first see about the Belt and Road Initiative and then we will see about the shift. The syllabus that is relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. As we all know BRA is China's ambitious program to connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime networks. You can see these networks in this picture. And this is to improve the regional integration to increase trade and also to stimulate economic growth. Now as you know BRA comprises of a Silk Road Economic Belt. And this is a transcontinental passage that links China with Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Russia and Europe by land. And BRA also comprises of a 21st century maritime Silk Road. And this maritime Silk Road is a route connecting China's coastal regions with the Southeast and South Asia, the South Pacific, the Middle East and Eastern Africa. And also it connects all the way to Europe. So this is the little background about Belt and Road Initiative. And we know that India did not join BRA even after receiving multiple invites from China. So what is the reason for this? What are India's concerns and why is India reluctant to join BRA? The reason behind this is because many countries see BRA as a Trojan horse. You would have heard this term with respect to a malicious program in computer. But if you see, when you describe a thing as a Trojan horse, you mean that they are being used to hide someone's true purpose or intentions. So countries compare BRA as China's Trojan horse because they see this initiative as a China-led regional development and military expansion. In addition to this, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor or the CPEC also passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. So it undermines India's sovereignty and know that CPEC is a flagship initiative of BRA. Now, apart from these reasons, India also outlines few principles which are directed against the China's BRA. The first principle is it must be based on universally recognized international norms, good governance, rule of law, openness, transparency and equality. But China's BRA is not transparent and it also has an unequal sphere of influence of China over these small countries. We will see in this discussion itself what this means. Now, the second is that such an initiative must follow principles of financial responsibility to avoid projects that would create unsustainable debt burden for communities. Now, this point is mentioned because many allege that China is following a debt trap diplomacy. That is, China is intentionally creating unsustainable debt to small nations and it is increasing its military presence there. For example, if you take Sri Lanka, it took loans for infrastructure projects from China. Now, this raised Sri Lanka's debts to China to $8 billion. But Sri Lanka is in a position where it cannot repay the debt. So, it negotiated for a debt for equity swap of the Hambantota Port project. Now, this swap has led to protests in the country of Sri Lanka. And that is why this reason is a primary concern of India because China is bringing all the neighbors of India to its sphere of influence and thus it threatens India's security. Now, the third principle which must be followed in such an initiative is the balanced ecological and environmental protection and preservation standards. But as it is said that China's BRI can be achievable only at the expense of ecology and environment. So, there is no protection to ecology and environment. Then the fourth principle that should be followed is the transparent assessment of project costs. We all know that China and Chinese administration is not known for transparency. Often, many countries accuse China's BRI for opaque bidding process and it also requires the use of Chinese firms only to build infrastructure in other countries. So, this eliminates the transparent assessment of project costs. So, these are some among the many reasons which India cites for abstaining from BRI. And apart from this, as we also know, China is not good for India's economic and security interests. And we have already seen China's aggressive stand in Doklam in 2017 and recently we are seeing it in Ladakh and Sikkim also. However, many countries including Indian neighbors joined BRI. So, because of it, to counter BRI, India and Japan proposed to develop the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor. And this Asia-Africa Growth Corridor or AAGC is a plan to develop and connect ports from Myanmar to East Africa. And the Quad grouping is believed to be a countermeasure to China's political and economic influence also. As you know, the Quad is an informal grouping between countries of India, Australia, Japan and USA. And this group is seen as a regional counterweight to China and it is seen as a grouping to counterbalance the rising China's influence in the Indo-Pacific. So, these are India's response to this China's grand BRI. So, why is it in news today? It is because of certain recent developments. We just discussed that BRI infrastructure projects are not sustainable and they lead to massive debts for partnering countries. Now, this situation was further aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of this, many partnering countries in Asia and Africa have asked China to delay or waive the debt repayments because we know that the world economy has come to a standstill due to this pandemic. Now, in this scenario, China's Premier has said that China will focus on quality in the joint pursuit of the BRI. And this is what is considered as a major shift in China's BRI approach. See, previously China did not mention the term quality in its 2018 report which talked about BRI. The previous report says that China will promote the joint pursuit of BRI. It also mentioned that China would seek to advance infrastructure connectivity but this was also omitted this year. Now, this change is seen as important because the report is usually carefully assessed to garner changes in the Chinese policymaking. Now, since the terminology is mentioned in the report is modified, the news article has anticipated that there is a shift in BRI's approach. And it is said that due to the rising debt concerns, China is worried about its magnum opus project, which is BRI. Hence, it has signaled this shift in its approach. So, in the future, we will see what this shift actually means. So, that is all about this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about BRI and why India has not joined BRI. With this, we come to the end of this discussion. The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next discussion which is based on this FAQ article. This article discusses about the Kalapani dispute which we have been seeing for past several days. But this particular article focuses on the strategic importance of Kalapani. So, we will see that today. The syllabus that is relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. Just basically know that Kalapani is a disputed territory between India and Nepal. River Mahakali flows through Kalapani which is situated on the eastern bank of the river. And both India and Nepal claim Kalapani as integral part of their territories. Where India claims Kalapani as a part of Uttarakhand's Uttarakhand district and Nepal claims Kalapani as a part of its Darchula district. And in these maps, you can clearly see that how India and Nepal include Kalapani as their territory. See, already the geographical aspects and the historical aspects of this region have been explained in our other Hindu news analysis. Like we discussed it yesterday, we discussed it on May 11, 2020 and also on November 2019 in the news analysis. But today, as I already said, we'll just discuss the strategic importance of this region which is mentioned in this FAQ. This Kalapani holds great geostrategic importance mainly because of its location. Because Kalapani is a tri-junction point where Indian, Nepalese and Tibetan borders meet. So because of this, firstly, they are geostrategically and geopolitically important because it helps India to keep an eye against any attempt of encroachment by China or the movement of People's Liberation Army of China towards India. See, ever since the 1962 war with China, India has deployed the Indo-Tibetan border police at Kalapani. And it is advantageously located at a height of over 20,000 feet and thus it serves as an observation post for that area. And secondly, the region is also important for religious reasons. This region has been used for centuries by Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims and tourists on their way to Kailash Mansarovar. Then when the pilgrimage to Kailash Mansarovar was paused when Chinese forces took over Tibet in the mid-1950s, India deployed troops at the Lipulek Pass India 1959. But later, through the 2015 Lipulek Agreement which was signed between India and China, India's Mansarovar pilgrimage connection was renewed. But here you should note that both India as well as China neither consulted Nepal nor sought Nepal's opinion before signing this agreement. So that is why this FAQ article mentions it as a clear violation of Nepal's concerns or Nepal's sovereignty over the region. But at the same time, if you see, during certain occasions, Nepal's new generation leaders have spoken against the Sugali Treaty and they mentioned that this treaty is relevant. Yesterday, we saw that this treaty clearly shows that Nepal's claim over the region is not consistent with the treaty. And as you know, suddenly this region has become an issue again because to facilitate the easy movements of pilgrimages on 8th of this month, a new 80-kilometer road was inaugurated by India. And this road is from North India, that is from Delhi to Kailash Mansarovar. And it goes right up to the Lipulek Pass on the line of actual control. This new road is the shortest and direct route from North India to Kailash Mansarovar. And it passes through Uttarakhand. And as we just saw, the road goes right up to the Lipulek Pass on LAC through which Kailash Mansarovar pilgrims exit India into China to reach the mountain. And here you know that Mount Kailash is a 6,638 meter high peak in the Kailash Range, which forms part of the Trans-Himalaya in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The mountain is located near Lake Mansarovar and Lake Rakshastal. And as you know, Mount Kailash is considered to be sacred in four religions, the Bone Religion, Buddhism, Hinduism and also in Jainism. Now coming to the another importance of this region, the region is important in the geoeconomic aspect as well. See, since 2009, India and China have repeatedly tried to develop Lipulek Pass as a bilateral trade route by bypassing Nepal. And this is supposedly because that is what India wants. On the other hand, China is also keen on the development of Tibet. Here China believes that Tibet can develop only via great linkages with India because as the world knows, we are an economic giant and that too next door to China. Apart from this, the new road which has been built is also expected to provide better connectivity to Indian traders for the India-China border trade at the Lipulek Pass. The road will enable the trade between June and September every year. So that is all about this discussion. In this discussion, we saw why the Kalapani region is so important from Indian perspective. We saw the geostrategic, geopolitical, religious and also economic reasons behind the importance of this region. With this, we come to the end of this discussion. Let's move on to the next discussion. The next discussion is based on this question which has been framed with reference to the few important locations mentioned in these news articles. These news articles deal with the boundary issues between India and China with reference to the line of actual control that is LAC. We have discussed recently in our news analysis about the boundary issues with two neighboring countries. One is China and the other is Nepal. And already we have discussed a news article based on the boundary issues with Nepal. Now, this FAQ article mentions that India and China did not actually had much of an issue when it comes to two locations. One is in the border with Sikkim, then other is in the Galwan Valley or the Galovan Valley in the Union Territory of Ladakh. But these two locations were part of recent tensions between India and China. Then apart from this, two more areas in the Union Territory of Ladakh were also involved in the recent tensions. One is in the northern bank of Pangong Lake and the other is Demchok. So remembering these areas from examination point of view is very important. Now with reference to the three sectors of borders among India and China there is huge divergence in line of actual control in the western and eastern sectors. See, when we say western sector, it corresponds to the Union Territory of Ladakh. And the eastern sector corresponds to the Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. And also know that the middle sector corresponds to the border in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Now according to India, China has illegally occupied 38,000 square kilometer in Aksai Chin in the Union Territory of Ladakh. And in the east, China has occupied as much as 90,000 square kilometer which includes most areas in Arunachal Pradesh. Now with respect to Arunachal Pradesh, there is one more sticking point. This is about the Tawang region. The stand of China with respect to this region is that the disputed territory in the eastern sector including Tawang is an alienable from China's Tibet. This is in terms of cultural background and administrative jurisdiction. And here you should note that Tawang is the western most district of Arunachal Pradesh. So with respect to these issues, the FAQ article concludes with a note made by a Chinese scholar in 2018. And this note can be used in Main Sansa writing also. And the note is, resolving border disputes is the result of improvement in bilateral relations and it is not the cause of improvement of relations between two countries. Now this is particularly when China is involved. If you see, this actually counters India's approach that India's relations with China will not improve fundamentally until the border disputes are resolved. So the author implicitly seeks improvement in relations between the two countries so as to resolve the issue amicably with due recognition to the mutual and equal security. Now if we come back to this question, the question asks all the following places is or are located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Tawang, Galwan Valley, Pangong Lake, Damchok. So based on our discussion, you can easily say that Tawang is in Arunachal Pradesh and the remaining three are in Union Territory of Ladakh. So the correct answer to this question is option A, one only. So from this question, what you should notice whenever certain places which are of international importance and are of national importance appears in news again and again, you should note which state it belongs to whether it is having any international dispute or not. This will help you a lot in the problems examination. Now let us move on to the next question. Now this next question is based on cotton and cotton cultivation and this question has been framed based on this news article which talks about cotton cultivation in India. We'll see what the news is afterwards. First, let us see some basic information regarding cotton. Know that cotton is one of the most important cash crops and it accounts for around 25% of the total global fibre production. It is also one of the most important commercial crops which is cultivated in India and with respect to the characteristics of cotton, it is a tropical crop which is grown in Kharif season in the semi-arid areas of our country. But know that India lost a large proportion of cotton growing area to Pakistan during partition. But however, its acreage or the area of cultivation has increased considerably during the last 50 years. I know that cotton requires clear sky during flowering stage and cotton is grown on a variety of soils. It is grown in well-drained deep alluvial soils in the northern regions. Then it is also grown in black clay soils in the central region and it is also grown in the black soil and also a mixture of black and red soils in the southern zone. And one of the important characteristics of cotton is that it is semi-tolerant to salinity and it is sensitive to water logging and that is why it prefers well-drained soils. And with respect to India, majority of cotton production comes from nine major cotton growing states and these states are grouped into three diverse agro-ecological zones. They are northern zone, central zone, southern zone and these are the states under these zones. And besides these states, cotton is also grown in the states of Tamil Nadu and Odisha and cotton cultivation has also gained momentum in small areas of non-traditional states such as Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tripura, etc. But know that there are some constraints with respect to cotton cultivation. See nearly 65% of cotton area is rainfed mainly in the central states and southern states. Hence, its cultivation depends on monsoon and cotton crop is highly prone to pests and diseases also. For example, pink ballworm is one of the most destructive pests of cotton and that is also wild fluctuation in cotton prices and that is inadequate market infrastructure, etc. etc. And remember, India is the largest producer of cotton in the world but however, for the period 2019-20, it is projected that China's production will be marginally higher than India's cotton production. So, what is the news today? The news is that governments of Haryana and Punjab have discouraged farmers from growing rice. So, farmers in Punjab and Haryana have sown more cotton this and they are sowing cotton because it is less labour intensive crop than paddy and compared to paddy, cotton also requires less water and it can be cultivated in semi-arid areas as well as we saw in the beginning. Now, with this background, if you look at this question, it mentions that cotton is a semi-arid crop and requires large amount of water compared to paddy. See, first half of this statement is correct, cotton is a semi-arid crop but whether it requires large amounts of water? No, it requires less amount of water compared to paddy. So, first statement is incorrect. Now, the second statement is India is world's largest producer of cotton in 2018-19. Now, this statement is correct because just now we saw that for the year 2019-20 only, it is projected that China's production is higher than India's cotton production. And here the question asks for the correct statements. So, the correct answer to this question is option B-2 only. Let's move on to the next question. Now, this question is with reference to this news article which talks about heat wave condition prevailing in Odisha. A yellow heat wave warning has been issued by the Bhuvaneshwar Meteorological Centre which has advised people to avoid heat exposure till Wednesday. It is because the Titlagar in Odisha has recorded the maximum daytime temperature of 45.5 degree Celsius while many observation stations in western Odisha also recorded temperature above 41 degree Celsius. So, in this juncture, let us see the definition of heat wave. According to the National Disaster Management Authority, heat wave is defined as the condition where maximum temperature at a grid point or in other words in a particular place is more than the normal temperature by 3 degree Celsius or more than 3 degree Celsius. And this has to be pronounced consecutively for 3 days or more than 3 days. But if you see according to the world meteorological organisation if the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 degree Celsius and this happens for 5 or more consecutive days then it is called as heat wave. And one more thing here is that if the maximum temperature of any place continues to be more than 45 degree Celsius consecutively for 2 days then it is called as a heat wave condition. So, what can be the right temperature for human body? See, there will be no harm to the human body if the environmental temperature remains at 37 degree Celsius. However, the environmental temperature increases above the 37 degree Celsius then the human body starts gaining heat from the atmosphere. And here know that if relative humidity is high then a person can suffer from heat stress disorders even with the temperature at 37 degree Celsius or 38 degree Celsius. So, for same temperature if the relative humidity is more then a person is more vulnerable for heat related disorders. Remember this also. This happens as a result of this heat wave condition. As we saw already, it leads to physiological stress among the humans. As a result of this, it can also claim the life of an individual. Then it also causes heat disorders such as sunburn, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke or sunstroke. Here just know that sunstroke is a severe medical emergency that can take the life of an individual if the person is not provided immediate assistance. With respect to India, if you see as per the information given by the Ministry of Earth Sciences in the nine year period from 2010 to 2018, more than 6000 people have died because of heat waves. So, that is why this topic is important and that is why the Bhubaneswar Meteorological Centre has advised people to avoid heat exposure. Now, with this background, if you look at this question the first statement mentions heat wave is a condition of atmospheric temperature that leads to physiological stress which sometimes can clean human life. This is correct. Here in this sentence, the condition of atmospheric temperature is important. Now, if you look at the second statement, it mentions as per IMD in the colour signals for heat alert, red alert represents severe condition corresponding to extreme heat alert for the day. Now, in this image, you can see the different colour signals for heat alerts and you can see that red alert corresponds to extreme heat alert for the day. So, that means both the statements are correct and here the question also asked for the correct statements. So, the correct answer to this question is option C, both 1 and 2. Now, this next question has been framed on Botanical Survey of India. It was in news because the BSI or the Botanical Survey of India has reported the discovery of three new plant species in the evergreen forest patches of the southern end of Western Guards in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Now, you might think why there is a need to discuss about new plant species. It is because if you look at this 2016 problems question, they have asked about a new and distinct species of banana plant which was recently discovered. So, whenever a new species is discovered, you please take a note of it. It will be helpful in problems examination. Now, let us see these three new species discovered by Botanical Survey of India. The first one is Eugenia spirocarpa. It belongs to Mirteshe family or the Roseapple family. It is growing in the Kakeyam area of Malabar wildlife sanctuary in Kerala and it is growing about 800 meters. Here, know that the term spirocarpa denotes to the large, showy, lemon-yellow spherical fruits of this plant. Now, the second species is Gonyothalamus cerisius. It belongs to the Ananasia family of the custard apple. A small number of this plant has been found in the Kanyakumari wildlife sanctuary in Tamil Nadu and it has been found at an altitude of 1400 meters. Now, mature flowers of this plant have greenish yellow to beige color petals and these flowers are fragrant also. And in this, know that the term cerisius refers to the presence of dense silky hair on petals. Now, the third species is Mensiclon nervosum. It belongs to the Melastomateshe family. A small number of this plant was also found at the Kanyakumari wildlife sanctuary in Tamil Nadu and it was found at an altitude between 700 meters and 900 meters. And it has showy, purplish blue flowers as you can see in this picture. So, these are the three new species found by BSI. Now, let us see some important facts about botanical survey of India. It is the Apex Taxonomic Research Organization of India. It works under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. And it was established in the year 1890 to explore, to collect, to identify and also to document the rich plant resources in our country. And know that presently, BSI is spread in 11 regional centers and these are the objectives of BSI. Now, if you look at this question, it mentions consider the following statements with reference to Botanical Survey of India. First statement is, it is the Apex Research Organization for carrying out taxonomic and florist studies on wild plant resources of the country. This is a correct statement. The second statement is, it comes under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. It is incorrect because just now we saw it comes under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. And before marking the answer, note that this question asks for incorrect statements. So, here statement 2 is incorrect. Hence, the correct answer is option B2 only. Now, let us discuss the remaining main questions which were displayed during the news article discussion sessions. This question is based on GS Paper 2. The question asks, in the post-COVID-19 world, China's Belt and Road Initiative presents an opportunity to develop infrastructure and enhance economic growth in India, critically examined. See, it is a critically examined question. So, we need to take a critical stand on the given statement. It means we will talk more against the given statement. As an introduction, you can talk about how the world needs a lot of liquidity and infrastructure support to rebuild nations and to improve growth. And you can also mention some points supporting the given statement. You can write the positives for India by joining BRI. Like, it will be helpful in infrastructure building in India. Then India and China together as the third world countries can shape the world. Then, you have to more focus on the arguments which are against the statement. Like, you can mention that China's intention regarding BRI is not clear whether it is following debt trap diplomacy. You can also mention that China and Pakistan are closed. So, India can have trust issues. And even China has an eye on Arunachal Pradesh. So, India needs to be careful while dealing with China. And as a conclusion, you can mention to join the like-minded countries like France, US, Japan and Australia to rebuild post-Covid world. And don't forget to add your own viewpoints and do not exceed the world limits. Now, this next question is on GS Paper 3. It is a very direct question. What is darknet? How much is darknet relevant for the operation of illegal activities? First, you have to define darknet. You can say it is a subset of deep web. Then you can a little bit explain about deep web. You can say in darknet, contents are intentionally hidden and they cannot be accessed normally. And you can mention that the contents in darknet are harmful. Then it operates on the onion router that is a tour. So, several criminal activities are taking place in darkness because of its anonymity. Then you have to answer the second part of this question. How much is darknet relevant for the operation of illegal activities? We discussed this during the discussion that various actions against the interest of governments and citizens can be planned and implemented. Because it breaks the barrier of need of physical travel. It breaks the barriers of basic principle of crime detection because the IP address is masked. So, key evidences are not available when an illegal activity is carried out through darknet. So, because of this, darknet can be a huge resource for criminal minds. Then as a conclusion, you can say use of cryptocurrency in darknet and the ill-equipped international and national finance mechanisms to deal with virtual currencies also favor the recent years and in the following years these are projected to increase only until the governments are equipped with necessary mechanisms to handle the illegal activities happening in darknet and you can also add your own viewpoints and finish the answer. With this, we come to the end of today's Hindu news analysis. If you like the video, don't forget to like, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation.


Guitar and Excel. Open chords, C major scale, B diminished, 7th chord, intervals. Get ready because it's time for our guitar scales to excel. Here we are in Excel. If you don't have access to this workbook that's okay because we basically built this from a blank worksheet but we did so in a prior section so if you want to build this from a blank worksheet you may want to begin back there. However, you don't necessarily need access to this workbook if looking at this from a music theory standpoint because we'll simply use it as a tool to map out the fretboard, give us the notes, the scale, the chords that we're focused in on. If you do have access to this workbook though there's currently like nine tabs down below. We've got seven of these example tabs, an OG orange tab and the practice tab. The OG orange tab represent in the original worksheet we put together in a prior section. It now acting as our starting point going forward mapping out the entire fretboard, giving us our entire musical alphabet in letters, numbers and both having a key that can be adjusted with this green cell which adjusts the worksheets on the right hand side providing us the scale that we're in, the notes in that scale and the chord constructions from the notes that are in that scale. We then wanted to focus in on open position in the key of C and look at all the chord constructions from each of the notes in that scale starting of course with the C major chord which we did in the first tab mapping out the fretboard from fret one to three open position. We looked at the one, two, three notes in the chord, mapped them out, fingered them, discussed them in detail. We then moved to the four chord. We skipped the two and the three because we wanted the first look at the major chords which are the one, four, five chords. So we looked at the F, mapped it out in the open position defined as frets one through three, discussed it in detail. We went to the five chord, the G chord, also a major chord, mapped it out, discussed it in detail. Back to the minors then we went to the D minor, the two chord, mapped it out, discussed it in detail. Then to the three chord, another minor chord, the E minor chord this time, mapped it out. Then we went to the A minor chord, dropping down to the six where that is located, mapped out the A minor chord and now we're looking at the seventh chord construction which is going to be the diminished one, the strange one that often people ignore but we're not going to ignore it here. I used to do that. I used to ignore it but I'm not doing that now because it's important. This is important and it's pretty easy to look at and there's uses for it so don't just skip over it. Let's check it out. So we talked about last time, we mapped it out on frets one through three and then we mapped out some fingerings that we can use to finger it there and we also discussed how you might basically move the shape or use the shape. Now we're going to get into some more detail in terms of the intervals which is really interesting here because this is the reason why the diminished chord is different from the major chords and the minor chords and can give us some insights in terms of how we might use them. I also think that whenever we have just these simple chords and this one's a simple chord to finger as well then it's useful to just finger it and then think about it in some detail possibly in the morning when your mind is still working and that'll help you to get straight all these different kind of relative things that we're looking at because all this stuff kind of mushes together and what we want to do is be able to think of them in their own think of them so that all the concepts don't mush together such as the numbering systems. So let's look at the numbering systems we'll just list them first. First, we need some kind of system to label all the individual notes in the musical alphabet. We could do that with letters but we can also do that with numbers. We then are going to have a numbering system that's going to be mapping out the relative positions of the notes in the scale in this case the C major scale seven of the twelve notes then being mapped out. We can use a Roman numeral system. Roman numerals those crazy Romans have very difficult numbers to write but you can capitalize them and make them lowercase which is kind of cool given you another level of meaning which can allow us to make the capital numbers the major chords and the small numbers or lowercase the minor chords and then the little dot means it's kind of like a minor chord with a third but then it has the diminished on it and then we have a numbering system with regards to the placement of the notes relative to the first note in the chord not relative to the scale and we'll focus on that numbering system and then we can talk about the intervals between the first note in the scale and the other notes that are in the scale which is important because those intervals are what is causing the differences between major minor diminished and so on so first let's just give a quick recap of this system in terms of how we're naming the notes back to the og tab we're going to go to the og tab and this is our musical alphabet in letters we can see that if you count up in letters and you just look at the key of c it's pretty easy to go one way a b c d e f g but when you go backwards it's a little bit difficult just to do a try and go to g f e d c b a you could do that but it's a little bit difficult to do just that if you add the sharps and the flats when you go up the musical alphabet you're usually going up and sharpening things so you got a a sharp b c c sharp d d sharp e f sharp g g sharp and then when you go down you'd have to flat it a flat g g uh g flat f e d e flat d d flat you got to remember where there's not a sharp and a flat and whatnot that gets difficult it's also difficult to look at the intervals when i'm trying to say how far of an absolute distance and you can think of these as basically distances how far in distances if i'm if i'm comparing it to like miles is the e from the a well it's it's kind of difficult to do that if i have to count it on my fingers and then remember where the sharps and flats are and whatnot if you number them however it's pretty easy to do we can just do some subtraction there and we can find the difference so i highly i really think it's useful to number them and so i'm going to uh emphasize that here i know that so how would you do that we'll just number them these are absolute numbers so the a is a one the a sharp or b flat is a two i'm not going to distinguish between sharps and flats because we're trying to get an easy numbering system that we can then just use some simple math with which could be useful so you want to learn the letters too i'm not saying this replaces the letters i'm just saying it would be an an added thing that would be useful a b is a three c is a four uh c sharp five uh d is a six d sharp or e flat seven e is an f i'm sorry e is an f e is an eight uh f is a nine f sharp or g flat 10 uh g is 11 and then the g sharp or a flat is going to be the 12 and then it goes back to the one so then we used that numbering system to construct our worksheet on the right hand side using the formula of whole step whole step two notes two notes half step one note whole step whole step whole step whole step half step so that's going to be our formula here you can see that with numbers how easy it is to do you could just say if i had numbers i don't have to count on my fingers i don't have to go like c like okay c uh d you know i i could just say well it's at a it's at a four and then it's going to go to a five six right instead of going c c sharp uh d right on my fingers and then i can know that a six is a d obviously to do that you have to memorize that a six is a d six plus two is eight eight is an e eight plus one is nine nine is an f nine plus two is 11 11 is a g 11 plus two around the horn because there's only 12 notes in the musical alphabets 12 back to one one is an a one plus two is three uh three is a b three plus one is four four is a c and we're back home again those now being the notes in our construction over here there we have them then we're going to number these notes in terms of the relative positions in the scale being seven notes out of the 12 so let's go back over here that's where we are here we've got our numbering system that we have created from the 12 notes that are now uh the seven notes then we numbered them over here with the capital and lowercase the capitals representing the upper case are representing the major chord constructions and it just so happens that if you start on the c and you take every other note that's how we construct the chord c e g then it ends up to be a major chord construction why because of the intervals so that's what we'll get into now if you do that starting with an f this this this every other note happens to end up with a major construction why because of the intervals that we'll talk about now same with the g and we talked about the minors same chord construction we start with the d every other note boom boom boom d f a but it ends up to be a minor chord construction indicated by the lower case why because of the intervals now note down here we have the the the third circle so this is just taking every other note uh in the circle up top circle of thirds you could call it or something like that and that actually makes a little bit easier because now I could say okay I'm I'm just going to take this these three that are closest to each other and that's my c c uh e g so I don't have to go c e g I could just take my circle of thirds I could start on the b over here and I can go there's my b there's my d there's my f right I go b d f so I'm trying to add that into my worksheet I haven't put it everywhere but I think I might put that into the master worksheet over here I kind of squeezed it in there as you can see so now what we would like to do is concentrate on the interval so this is something I would kind of just practice doing whenever you learn a new chord and just think okay if I finger that chord and we're going to finger it on the one uh three five right so here's the one three five remember that these positions mean the the one relative to the chord so it's so it's not one relative to the scale that would be a c it's one relative to the chord which is a b and you can think of that chord as as what's the relative scale to that chord which would be over here the locum so there's your b and uh then the third if I went to the to the relative mode of locum would be a d right and then and then if I go to the fifth the relative is the locum of an f but I don't want to have to remember the locum scale which is kind of a weird scale that most people don't memorize but it would be cool if you could what I want to do is know by the intervals which is what we're talking about here what the difference is between the the majors the minors and the diminished so we can just finger this out and then look at those intervals so here's the b in green that's going to be the root and then we have the third right here and then we have the fifth here so this is one way that you can play it and this is a nice movable shape and you can mute that g pretty easily if you didn't want to ring it out although you could ring it out if you're playing in the key of c because it would kind of fit at least in the key all right so then I would go through each of these and first just think about the 135 which is the 135 of this diminished chord and so I could say okay the first finger if I look at it here I'm going to copy this see if I could focus in on it it's going to be a boom with the yellow that's my focusing color so then I'm going to say that that one is uh the root so that's going to be the root or the one and then I'm going to go okay down one string and over one string is going to be the fifth so I'm going to say that's the fifth now that is the important interval that kind of distinguishes or one of them that distinguishes the main one that distinguishes that's different between both the majors and the minor that's not either a minor or a major interval that's going to be this diminished kind of interval and remember you can kind of see that like if I looked at an a this would be the power chord a lot of our constructions you're going to see that shape because that's the the fifth interval with a with a diminished we flat the fifth you can think that's one way that you can think of it why do we flat the fifth because that's just how it happens to work out when we build our major construction and take every other note from the seventh note it ends up with a flat fifth so we're not really flatting the fifth it's not like we're flatting the fifth in order to make it we're we're flatting the fifth because that's what happens when you construct our normal chord based on the seventh note it ends up with an interval of not seven notes but six notes so from a from our standpoint it would be okay that would be for both major and minor and then I'm going to flat the fifth flatting just means I'm going to go back a step so it's not it doesn't and remember the flatting when I say flat we use the sharps and flats to name chords so you could say like again if there were two D's for example if there was a D flat and a D in the scale we didn't want we don't want two D's so so we might then call one of those D's a C sharp right so that's one reason you have sharps and flats and then if I use it as a verb to flat something or to sharp something the flat just means I'm taking it back and the sharpen means I'm going to take it up right so I'm flatting it so I'm going to take it take this back so that's going to be our characteristic shape that you want to basically see anytime you see that interval except between these two strings because of the funny relationship in which case it would be those two strings the anytime you see that relationship that's going to give you that kind of distinctive sound which isn't bad necessarily right although it's kind of strange right and then but it does have that it has a lot of potential for resolution so that's the big one and then we're going to go down here and then I'm like okay and there's the the the third so there's the third and boom so that's going to be my chord construction now you might try to compare this like if I was to make a normal minor type of chord because you're saying let's like okay it's kind of a lowercase thing maybe that means it's close to like a minor so if I did like a minor chord construction it would look like this right on this string in other words here's remember this is my a minor and then I can make that into a bar chord by changing these fingers so it would look like that if I had to borrow this off if I just move this up to a b it would look like that that would be my minor bar chord construction off of this string the b being my root and so what is happening here well I still have my third is is right here so there's my my third is this one right and so but now and this this note right here is a duplicate note so I have two of the b's so I can remove that and then I'm flatting the fifth so I'm flatting the fifth so it looks kind of like that but it might be easier to play you could play it like that but it might be easier to play switching these two fingers up and playing it like that actually you might want to experiment with both of those ways of playing it because then if you play it this way you could pick up that added note of here if you wanted to do that but I usually think that's an easier one to to see this relationship between these two strings so in any case so it's kind of like the minor we kind of converted the minor and then flatted the fifth because if it was a major construction it would look like it would look like this right whereas the third the third would be different so this is the third is similar to the minor and then you got the funny thing going on with the fifth all right so then the next thing I would do is is actually map out the intervals of each of the notes so if I start on the one note over here and I'm going to use a little bit of math and this is why it's I think it's useful to name the notes as numbers name the notes as numbers all right so then we can say because then we can say like this is I'll go through each of these and I would do this with the worksheet and then try to do it without the worksheet right I'm going to say well this is relative position one why do I say it's relative it's relative not to the scale that it's in it's relative to the one note of the chord which you can think of as relative to the related mode but I'm just going to say it's relative to the one note it's relative position one of note three which is a b uh which is of course note three or a b so then I'm going to go to this one and say okay there's my fifth so that's going to be over here and now you'll this these numbers up here represent the intervals between the one note and all of the other notes for the first chord in the worksheet so that means this is for a c major chord so I didn't put an interval for seven intervals because it would make a long worksheet what I'm going to do instead is try to say I'm going to compare everything to the the one chord so I'm going to say over here these notes are what the intervals are for the one chord which chords are different if I was to look at the minor chords it would be only the three out of these three the one three five only the three would be different instead of four notes away it would be three notes away over here with the diminished I also made it yellow because it's going to be different as well it's not going to be seven notes away as has been all other fifths up until this point whether they be major or minor but instead it's going to be six notes away so now I'm going to say okay there's there's my not my seven note away but there's my flattened six note away and you can call it a diminished fifth if you want because now I'm going to try to name that uh specifically as a diminished chord and name it that it's a different interval six note away interval of note three which is a b so I'm going to say okay three plus six is going to give us nine note number nine is an f so that's going to be uh that one and then I can go down to this one which is going to be the and then this is going to be a D and the D is not four notes away that's what it would be if it was a major chord construction on chord one it's similar to the minors and that it's different it's a three note away not um you could call it a minor third because that's kind of another name for the distance three notes away or a whole step and a half step uh so you could call it a three note away minor third for the diminished so you might call it a diminished third if you want as well but that minor third you might still keep the minor third even though it's on the diminished chord because that's kind of the name of the of the interval uh of it so but you could throw on there that it's a diminished third when you're trying to map it in your mind as well and so and so of note three which is a b so it's going to be uh three of a b plus three notes away is going to be six and six is a d so notice what we're uh so so six is a d and remember what we're not doing here is i'm not saying this is the fifth of the note in this scale right this is like for example this wasn't the fifth of a g this would be the fifth of its related scale which in this case we can say the locian scale the modal same notes but starting with the one being uh the seventh right and that would that would mean the fifth and that way would be the uh f and then the third over here would be the d okay let's also think about this on one string because sometimes i think that's easier to see as well so if i was to say okay let's go back to this this one what does it mean to be a seven note away fifth so again the fifth represents its relative place and its relative scale five notes away but i can define it not by that but by its interval which is i'm sorry not seven notes away but rather six notes because that's that's the distinguishing factor so if i started on a b and i went six notes up i'd go one two three four five six boom we get here that's an f and so that's going to be an f and so that's but that doesn't help me to play it over here instead i'm going to use this f so that's an f too those are the same notes so how are they related well on the fretboard to be one two three four five strings up the fretboard and one string toward the ceiling you get to the same note so if i do the third you get a similar kind of thing this is not a four note away but rather it's a three note away like minor third so i'm starting from the root which is the b and if i went three notes away from the b one two three i would end up here which is going to be a d so so that d in this are two d's right so you can start to kind of map map out the fretboard a little bit that way when you start looking at these types of intervals that way as well so let's do that like a little bit faster if i was to finger this again i'm going to say okay let's go back to the one and then say this is going to be i'm just going to hold that down and say okay that's relative position one of note three which is a b it's right relative position one of note three b which is note three a b and then i'm going to go here and say okay then this one is going to be this one is relative position not seven notes away but because it's different it's flatted this is six notes away relative position six note away flatted diminished fifth right and then and then i could say and of note three which is a b so three plus six is going to give me nine and note number nine is an f and then i can go okay and then this one is going to be and i can say this is not four notes away but it's three notes away because it's different from note number one although it's the same as two three and six i can call it still a minor third so it's a three note away minor third even though this isn't a minor chord because i'm thinking of that minor third as a name of distance not the name of the chord it's a minor third which is three notes or a half step and a whole step whole step and a half step right so minor third of note three which is a b so then i can say okay three plus three gives me six and note number six is a d so you see how how if you if you did if you just take a little bit of time and just map that out then you'll start to practice the intervals and by distinguishing that this is a different interval than the one you're solidifying not only the diminished but you're also solidifying the intervals for the one which you're comparing it to as well this one's different and so by distinguishing the differences you're also distinguishing or defining in your mind both the major chords and the minor chord so then you can start to say well what if i added other things and you could work with you know other types of intervals here so if i added like an f up top so it looks something like that and then you can start to say well that f would be would be another not seven note away but six note away because it's flatted six note away diminished off diminished fifth of note three which is a b so that's going to be three plus six which is nine and nine is an f and then you can also start to think about these relative positions and say what way to say the fifth like if this when i was looking at the fifth before and i looked above the root note the fifth is always right above it whether it be a major or minor construction because the fifth was always seven notes away on major and minor constructions now here of course the fifth isn't going to be the same because the interval is different and therefore the fifth on the diminished if i was to go up is up a string and back a string is where you're going to find the fifth just like when you find the fifth below the fifth is not down one string and over two strings like normal on both major and minor but down one string and over one string here and so then you can you can practice that with other intervals as well you can of course also add notes to a major scale so for example you could you could take your your major scale and you can add the notes in there like we talked about before meaning for example what if i ring out this g in there and you can you know test that out ring that out now normally when you're testing this stuff out you're using it to to go back to the c right you're probably not just going to be jammin unless you're jammin and low key in right but but so you can test out what kind of things might work well as i resolve back to the c right see all i'm doing is taking my fingers often on these positions and then if you analyze that you can say okay well what am i doing there well i'm taking then i'm utilizing these strings and then i'm picking up the the 13 right here oh no what in the world that just happened excels trying to get me trying to get me upset it's trying to pick a fight with me but it's not going to happen because i'm totally calm you'd have a better chance excel of picking a booger after dinner out of the nose of the booger monster than to pick a fight with me because i'm not taking the bait man the booger monster being kind of like the cookie monster but with boogers let's copy this and put it over here so there's the g that we were talking about and then of course you could experiment with that with the other fingerings up top right and so you could experiment with this one now we kind of experimented a little bit with just the strumming of it and then if you were to analyze each of these now you could say okay that then i would be going back and forth to the a if i if i was to lift up that thing and then you can and you can look at the intervals then i'm not going to get into the intervals in here in detail right now we might dive into that later but right now i just want to note that these three intervals are fairly straightforward and they can be indicated with the roman numerals right because the uppercase roman numerals are the majors versus the lower cases of the minors and that's giving you an indication from a standpoint of intervals that the third interval is going to be is is going to be the one that is different between the two that's the major defining factor boom however when you get into these other ones when you when you get up above the seven notice that that it's not going to be the same you just can't say it's a major or a minor you're going to have to map out the intervals per position right the two even though it's a minor might have different intervals than the six the one might have different intervals than the five even though major chord constructions and that's where it gets a little bit more confusing when you start looking at the intervals up top also just want to note that when we look at these intervals up top that i basically said that these let's go up here to see this i said that that these intervals kind of relate to its related chord where you say well we saw the one we saw the three and we saw the five it's related scale but when i get up this i can see the seven right there there's the seven which is an a so that makes sense but then what are we doing with this what are we doing with this nine there's only seven notes in here so remember what's happening is it's just going around the horn again and getting back to the c which is the two so we don't we don't want to call it the two because we're trying to keep on going up from one three seven so now so you but you can think about it as the two being equivalent to the nine right the they're the same right and then if i went up two more again i end up at an e that's the 11 which is equivalent to the four right and if i went up again the 13 you get to the g that's equivalent here so so that's i don't want to dive into that in a lot of detail right now but if you want to start diving into that stuff then i just want to kind of point that out here and you can you could see that if you take every other note in in our circle here and if you just kept going around if you kept going around you would pick up then the notes that you didn't pick up last time but instead of saying it's the two you're going to say it's a nine right and you can also see that if you take our circle of thirds down here where if i was to starts on on uh the b for example so now my b is here then i could just keep going around so it's going to be uh the b there's the d there's the f there's the a there's the c there's the e there's the g so notice on this construction it's easy for me just to see you know all of the notes but just remember when we start naming the notes from nine to thirteen you're using numbers that aren't in the scale and you can think of them again as equivalent to the numbers that are in the scale right all right so we'll talk maybe more about that later


Hello everybody, HoodedCoverCommander788 here, and this is a surprise video. I hadn't planned on posting anything just now, but as I was going through a resale shop, I ran across these old official GI Joe trading cards with the date stamp of 1991. They were really cheap, and I'm totally gonna open these. I thought it would be fun to open these up and see what cards I get. I hope I get a stalker since he's my favorite. Of course, saying that outside of the GI Joe Context would sound kind of weird, but I do hope I get a stalker. I don't normally go for trading cards, it's just not my thing, but I thought it'd be fun to open these up and see which random cards we get. Let's start with this one here, and let's open this thing up and see what we get. Of course, he's been sealed since 1991, and we're gonna peel the wrapper off, exposing them to the air for the first time, and we have sci-fi, not the version 1 sci-fi, but sci-fi. There we go. We have Special Mishes comic book cover. I like that. That's a good cover too, with snake eyes. Very nice. Oh, and there's Voltair on the back, or Voltar. We've got Firefly, GI Joe Honor Roll. My goodness, he should be in the Honor Roll, Firefly. A great figure, which that character had been used more in the comic book, especially in the early days, because I did like this version 1 uniform on him. We've got the Attack Cannon the Flak, not the most spectacular of weapons, but nice that it got its own little card there. We have another GI Joe comic book cover. I forget which issue that is, but issue number 4. There's Snake Eyes on the back there. Nice. Of course, I like the artwork on those early GI Joe comic book covers. There's Thunder, Thunder, and there he is on the back. The Driver of the Slugger. Payload, Astronaut Guy. Not so much into the astronauts, but nice that Payload got a card there. Dusty, another classic great character. Nice to see Dusty. Happy to get Dusty card. Very nice. Ronald W. Tater. Dusty. Beautiful. Now our work on this card, these cards are not bad. It's basically, you know, comic book art, so looks good. There's a Cobra Viper. Gotta have your basic Cobra Viper, of course. Now we have, ah, yep, there he is, the man himself, Snake Eyes. Snake Eyes, original GI Joe team. A little profile of him on the back here. I'll have to read through these and see if there's any difference between these and what's on the file cards. So Snake Eyes, you know, that's gotta be a popular one. Another GI Joe special missions cover. And another pretty good cover there with Tunnel Rat, Air Tight, and Spearhead. And then we have the Attack Cruiser. That 90s vehicle that I do not have yet. The Attack Cruiser. Wow, okay. So, some interesting cards there. Some good ones. Some mediocre ones. Some that I am really interested in. Some that I'm not. So that was our first deck. We did not get a stalker. So let's open the second one and see if we get a stalker. Now for the second pack. Let's open this guy up and see which ones we get. I wonder if we'll get any duplicates. I have no idea which of these cards are common and which are rare or if there are any rare ones. But let's see. We've got a Goon right off the bat. The Snow Serpent. Yeah, I'm a big fan of the Snow Serpent. Looking really good there. I like that a lot. And the Ice Saber. Still pretty cool. Not a bad Cobra Snow vehicle. And it's not stalker, but we've got stalker on the cover of GI Joe special missions. So there's that. Voltar, the Honor Roll. I'm not as sure he should be on the Honor Roll as Firefly. Firefly definitely should be. Voltar, maybe. There's Voltar. The Rapid Fire Motorcycle, the Ram. One of my favorites from 1982. So I'm always happy to see the classic vehicles. Now we have another GI Joe comic book cover. This is the cover from Tanks for the Memories, which I believe also had the first mention of Springfield as the Secret Cobra Base. So GI Joe comic book cover. We have Deep Six, and it looks like his version two uniform. I did very much like that uniform, so it's nice to have his card. Next we have, of course, Duke. I guess you got to have Duke. That's a pretty good character, and I'm not so sure about the artwork on the back there. But the artwork on the front is fine. Looks like Duke. Nice to have Duke. We have the lamprey. It does not look like the version one lamprey. I think there was a version two lamprey, so this must be based on that. The lamprey. Not too spectacular there, but we have another classic important character, Scarlet. No stalker yet, but we got a Duke. We got a Snake Eyes. We got a Scarlet. We do have a bunch of very important characters though, so that's not bad. There's Scarlet. And we got another special missions cover, and this is a great cover with Shockwave on there, looking good, looking excellent. And then finally, last, and I guess probably least, we have General Hawk. Not my favorite version of Hawk, but what this means being the last card means we did not get a stalker in either of these two sets. Here are my favorite cards out of the ones we got. Does anybody collect these cards? I don't know if these are important to anyone or not. I just thought it would be fun to open some, especially since I was able to find them cheap. Too bad I didn't get a stalker. Maybe I will get some more. That store where I got them had a few more, and they were all really cheap, so I might just pick up another couple sets and see what we get. So what do you think of these cards? Did you ever get them way back in the day? Did you get them in the early 90s? Do you collect them now? Do you have any favorites? Do you have any that you don't like? Let me know. I hope you enjoyed watching this video, and I will see you next time.