In the last lecture we talked about fundamentals of antennas, we talked about radiation pattern of the antenna, polarization of the antenna, directivity of the antenna and also bandwidth of the antenna for VSWR less than 2 or for reflection coefficient less than minus 10 dB. We also took some practical examples of microstrip antennas and arrays just to show you how gain can be increased. Today we are going to talk about dipole antenna, monopole antenna, loop antenna and slot antenna. So, let us start with the infinitesimal dipole antenna. So, basically what is the definition of infinitesimal dipole where the length of the dipole is less than lambda by 50. I just want to tell you this is not the practical antenna at all, this is just to explain the concept of the dipole antenna. So, here we are assuming that there is a element of length L, current is uniform along this particular element. I just want to tell you this is an approximation again at the open end current will be equal to 0, it will not remain uniform. So, right now you can just think about it is a uniform current carrying conductor and then we will do the derivation after that we will talk about the practical cases. So, let us see if we have a current carrying conductor here there will be magnetic field like this here and there will be several electric field components. Let us first define the polar components. So, here you can see axis x, y and z. So, angle phi is measured from x axis in this particular plane, angle theta is measured from z axis in this particular direction and r is given in this particular direction where we want to find out the electric field. So, that is how x, y, z components can be defined in terms of r, theta and phi component. So, for the uniform current carrying conductor we can find out these components of E and H field. So, let us see these are the expressions for E r, E theta, E phi and other H components. So, you can see that these components are equal to 0 and we have these three other components. In this particular expression I just want to tell you a few things. So, k is defined as 2 pi by lambda some books mention beta. So, beta is same as k. So, you can say beta is equal to k equal to 2 pi by lambda. You can see over here this term here corresponds to free space impedance which is 120 multiplied by pi or equivalent to 377 ohm. Now, most of the time antennas are defined in terms of near field and far field. So, let us just look at here also. If k r is very large for a given value of frequency k will be fixed which is 2 pi by lambda. So, if r increases that means as we are going further away from the antenna. So, this term will become 0. This term will also be equal to 0. So, we will be left with only this term for far field. Now, let us just look at this expression. Here r square is coming in the denominator whereas, there is a only one r over here. So, at much larger distance this component will also be equivalent to 0 and then we have a H phi. So, you can see that this component will be also very small. So, we will have only this particular term for H phi. So, there are two regions we define near field region and far field region. So, near field region is defined in terms of actually speaking you can think about this thing as k r much lesser than 1. So, what is the value of k? k is 2 pi by lambda. So, that goes over here. So, r is much much less than lambda by 2 pi that is a near field region. This region again is divided into two different components. One is for r less than lambda by 6 that is known as near reactive field region and for this particular range of r it is known as near radiative field region. Far field region criteria is that r should be much greater than lambda by 2 pi. There is another condition which is r should be greater than 2 d square by lambda where d is the maximum dimension of the antenna. You can see that same term is coming over here. So, just to tell you if the dimension of the antenna is very large then r becomes very large also. Just take a simple example if d is equal to lambda by 2 then what will be the value? If d is lambda by 2 this will become lambda square by 4. So, this term becomes equal to lambda by 2, but if suppose d is equal to 10 lambda. So, if d is 10 lambda then this will become 2 into 100 lambda square. So, that will be 200 lambda. So, you can say that r will be very large when the dimension d is very large. So, let us just look at now the radiation pattern. I had discussed about this 3D pattern in the previous lecture. So, just think about same current carrying conductor. So, this is the current carrying conductor field will be maximum along this particular direction, minimum along this particular direction. So, that is how this pattern comes into picture and this 3D pattern is shown in E plane and H plane. So, you can see that in H plane it is uniform pattern whereas, in E plane it forms figure of 8. Now, for this particular case directivity is equal to 1.76 dB. Please remember this directivity is for very small dipole antenna and not for lambda by 2 dipole antenna. I also want to mention that in finite cement dipole antenna is not an efficient radiator. So, generally it is not used. So far it was only for the derivation purposes only. So, now let us just look at half wavelength lambda by 2 dipole antenna. So, for this particular dipole antenna E field and H fields are given by this particular expression. Please again note down that these are far field radiation pattern and not near field radiation pattern ok. Now, the directivity of lambda by 2 dipole antenna is equal to 2.1 dB. Now, the radiation resistance of a lambda by 2 dipole is given by this value here. I just to tell you how to obtain the radiation resistance. So, we know what is E field, we know what is H field. So, from that we calculate what is the power radiated and from the power radiated we find out what is the radiation resistance. Now, this is the radiation resistance value, but for a lambda by 2 dipole antenna input impedance is actually equal to 73 plus j 42.5. So, you can see that there is an imaginary term which is coming into picture and this represents the inductive component. Now, this is not really at perfect resonance. See at resonance we know that the input impedance of antenna should be a real quantity. So, to make imaginary part equal to 0. So, what do we do? We reduce the antenna length slightly. So, that input impedance becomes real. So, real input impedance becomes around 68 ohm if you follow this particular design criteria. So, the design of dipole antenna actually is very simple all you need to do it is use this particular simple equation. So, what is this equation? This is length of the dipole antenna, this is diameter of the antenna and this is equivalent to 0.48 lambda. Whereas, if you see over here this is L is equal to 0.5 lambda, but here L is smaller than 0.5 lambda and generally speaking diameter of the dipole antenna should always be taken less than lambda by 10 ok. So, just take a simple example suppose if I say that diameter of the dipole is suppose 0.01 lambda in that case L will become 0.48 minus 0.01 that will be 0.47 lambda. If you take diameter as suppose 0.04 lambda then L will become 0.44 lambda. So, let me just give you a simple example how to design a dipole antenna. So, let us say if the desired frequency is 1 gigahertz then lambda will be 30 centimeter. So, from that value of lambda you can calculate that value of lambda you can calculate what is this value then choose the value of diameter which can be let us say lambda by 10 to lambda by 100 and you can find the value of L that will be your starting point of designing a dipole antenna. So, let us see how the radiation pattern of the dipole antenna varies for different length. So, this is the case when it is a very very small dipole antenna for that 3 dB beam width is about 90 degree as the length increases as you can see from lambda by 52 lambda by 4 lambda by 2 length increases you can see that half power beam width decreases. So, that means, gain increases. So, now let us talk about broadband dipole antenna. So, bandwidth of the dipole antenna is directly proportional to its diameter. So, that means, if you increase the diameter of the dipole bandwidth will increase. However, there is a restriction that you cannot use diameter of the antenna greater than lambda by 10. So, this kind of limits the bandwidth of the dipole antenna. So, if you want very large bandwidth, then biconical dipole antenna can be used and this particular antenna can give very large bandwidth. However, these dipole antennas require input which is plus over here minus over here. However, majority of the sources may have a single ended output other terminal being a ground plane, but to feed the dipole antenna we need plus over here minus over here which is known as balanced feed. So, let us see how we can design this balan in a very very simple manner. So, balan is not what we use to make chapatis at home this balan stands for balance to unbalance ok. So, here is a dipole antenna which is printed on a low cost FR4 substrate which has substrate parameters given by these values. So, green portion is printed at the bottom side of the substrate and this particular portion is printed on the top side of the substrate. Here a coaxial feed is used. So, let us see how we have converted this unbalance to balance. So, this one here green portion represents the ground plane from where a coaxial pin is coming here. On the top there is a line like this here. So, a tapered portion is used at the bottom side and on the top side a straight line is used. So, that straight line connects over here and the bottom tapered portion is connected to there. So, basically this simple configuration acts as a balan it converts the unbalance feed to the balance feed. So, let us see what is the result for this particular antenna. We had designed this particular antenna for GSM 900 application. GSM 900 band is from 890 to 960 megahertz. So, again to design the antenna you take the center frequency use that concept of L plus D equal to 0.48 lambda, but I just want to mention here. Here there is a not a wire diameter, but we have used a printed antenna over here. So, you have to use width of this particular dipole antenna. Also since this particular dipole antenna is printed on a substrate. So, think about the field. So, field mostly it is in the air, but part of the field is within the dielectric region. So, effective dielectric constant of this particular antenna is around 1.1 to 1.2. So, use that particular value to find the value of lambda, lambda will be equal to lambda 0 divided by square root epsilon e. So, by using that you can see the parameters here L is 127 mm, W is 4 mm. So, let us see what is the result. So, we get bandwidth for S11 less than minus 10 dB from 881 to 967 megahertz. So, you can see that this particular bandwidth covers 890 to 960 megahertz. Now, in this particular case instead of using a straight line actually speaking we have used bow tie dipole antenna. Bow tie dipole antenna gives relatively larger bandwidth compared to a simple rectangular dipole antenna. Also in this particular case it is the slant length which is important instead of a vertical length. So, if you see the total length in this particular case is 110 mm which is smaller than the previous case. Here small W varies from 4 mm at this particular point to 24 mm. Let us see the result of this particular antenna. So, in this particular case we get a larger bandwidth compared to the previous case. Now the bandwidth is increased from 871 to 997 megahertz. Now let us talk about monopole antenna. Now majority of the time various books would talk about a monopole antenna on infinite ground plane and they would mention that use this particular length as lambda by 4. So, let us see what most of the books write. So, basically what they show this is a lambda by 4 antenna which is fed using a coaxial connector. So, this is good for infinite ground plane. However in reality we never ever have a infinite ground plane. So, I just want to mention for finite ground plane this length will always be greater than lambda by 4. So, this lambda by 4 monopole on infinite ground plane is equivalent to lambda by 2 dipole because there is a mirror image of this particular lambda by 4 antenna. So, let us see what are the different parameters for monopole antenna on infinite ground plane. So, E and H fields for a monopole antenna are exactly same as dipole antenna, but only in the upper half. Please remember this discussion is only for infinite ground plane. Input impedance of a monopole antenna will be half of the input impedance of dipole antenna which comes out to be this particular value. Directivity of the monopole antenna in this case will be two times the directivity of dipole antenna. Why? In case of a dipole antenna it is radiating in this particular fashion. However a monopole antenna on infinite ground plane will radiate only in the upper hemisphere and since power is now radiated in half portion compared to a dipole antenna that is why directivity is double of dipole antenna which is approximately equal to 5 dB. So, now design of monopole antenna for real input impedance is defined by H plus R equal to 0.24 lambda. I just want to mention this is straight way coming from the dipole antenna. In case of the dipole antenna it was L plus D equal to 0.48 lambda you divide everything by 2. So, H is half of L, R is half of D and this is half of 0.48. So, where R is the radius of the wire and this should be always less than lambda by 20. So, you can increase the bandwidth of the monopole antenna as I mentioned earlier for the dipole antenna, but now we will take some practical cases. So, one can use conical monopole antenna instead of a conical monopole antenna a triangular monopole antenna can also be used and this is the example of a printed elliptical monopole antenna which gives very large bandwidth. So, let us take a few examples. So, this is a conical monopole antenna on a finite ground plane. So, here slant length should be about lambda by 4 at lowest frequency of operation. So, I just want to tell you these are the physical specifications of the design antenna. You can see that height of the cone is 300 mm. So, that is about 30 centimeter. So, in the picture it may look small, but this is about 1 foot height antenna and that is the radius of the cone, but just to tell you how we designed this particular antenna the angle of this particular thing is important. So, this is the equation which we have used to find out the input impedance. So, for the desired input impedance which is 50 ohm we have actually found out the value of alpha. So, for alpha equal to 90 degree you substitute the values Z in comes out to be 52.9 ohm which is close to 50 ohm. So, let us see what is the result of this particular antenna. So, one can actually see that bandwidth for V SW are less than 2 is from 175 to 1615 megahertz. You can see that it is a very large bandwidth. Of course, the antenna size is large because we have designed this antenna at low frequency antenna size is inversely proportional to the frequency. So, if frequency increases size will decrease. Let us see the result of a printed broadband elliptical monocole antenna. You can see that this is an elliptical antenna printed on top side of the substrate. This is printed underneath of the substrate which acts as a ground plane and here a coaxial feed has been used. So, let us see what bandwidth we have got in this particular case. So, here you can see that responses from 0.8 gigahertz to up to about 5 gigahertz here. So, in this entire bandwidth you can see that reflection coefficient is less than minus 10 dB. So, we can really realize very large bandwidth using these configurations. Now, let us shift to the next antenna which is loop antenna. So, loop antenna can have various shapes. It can have circular shape, rectangular shape or triangular shape or any other shape. Of course, most of the time we take regular geometries which become easier to analyze. Now, a loop antenna can have number of turns. So, basically you can wrap at the same place number of turns. It can be wrapped in the air or it can be on a dielectric material or it can be on a ferrite material also. So, let us see this is the loop antenna which is placed at the origin. So, we are going to first look at a uniform current which is flowing through this particular thing. And in the beginning I will focus on only a small loop antenna and if it is small it does not matter whether you take a circular shape or you take a square shape. So, when we talk about a let us say uniform current flowing through this here, now recall the discussion of a dipole antenna. So, in the case of dipole antenna we had seen that if we have a uniform current like this then this is the magnetic field. Now, you can think about that this is the current in the case of a circular loop antenna and we can now visualize that this is a magnetic dipole antenna. So, for magnetic dipole then this will be the current which is going to flow over here. So, a current carrying loop antenna can be thought of as a magnetic dipole antenna. So, the all the analysis which we have done for dipole antenna will be valid for loop antenna. All you have to think about is that E field now becomes H field and H field now becomes E field. So, here radiation pattern of loop antenna is shown for two different diameters. So, this is for diameter equal to lambda by 10 then what will be the circumference circumference is equal to pi times d. And what is this C lambda actually C lambda is C divided by lambda or in other terms you can say it is normalize C with respect to lambda. So, C lambda is equal to pi d. So, that will be pi divided by 10 equivalent to 0.314. Since, it is a small loop antenna you can see that the radiation pattern is similar to that of a dipole antenna except for the difference that whatever was the H field for the dipole antenna now it is E field for the loop antenna. Now, this is the radiation pattern for large loop antenna. So, for diameter equal to lambda C lambda becomes 3.14 you can see that this pattern is not similar to this particular pattern. So, I just want to tell you majority of the applications do not use large diameter loop antenna they invariably use small diameter loop antenna. So, I will focus mainly on loop antennas having small diameter. So, for single turn small loop antenna radiation resistance is given by this particular expression where C is nothing, but 2 pi a or you can say 2 pi r which is circumference of the loop antenna. Just to tell you this particular expression is valid for circular loop antenna. However, if it is a rectangular loop antenna in that particular case circumference will be equal to 2 times L plus W. Now, this radiation resistance increases by a factor of n square if we use n turn. So, for n turn loop antenna R R becomes n square times this particular expression. Let us just take an example. So, if we take C by lambda as 0.1 and we substitute the value of C by lambda equal to 0.1. Let us see what do we get? We get R R as 0.02 ohm which is extremely small. If you try to feed this loop antenna with 50 ohm most of the power will get reflected back and nothing will transmit. However, if we take n equal to 50 that means, we take 50 turns loop antenna. Let us see now what happens. So, this R R is now increased by a factor of n square. So, that comes out to be 50 ohm. So, that means, if you use 50 turn loop antenna of circumference equal to 0.1 lambda then we can get radiation resistance which is equivalent to 50 ohm. Now, the radiation resistance of loop antenna can be further increased if it is wrapped on a ferrite rod.  So, let us just take an example here n turn circular loop antenna has a diameter of 2 centimeter wire diameter is 0.2 mm. It is wound on the ferrite core whose effective permeability is 10. Now, the question is how many turns are required to obtain R input equal to 50 ohm at 3 megahertz. And if you use now this particular expression you get n equal to this. You can see that it is really a very very large number. And now just imagine if we had not wrapped it around a ferrite core this number would have increased by a factor of 100. So, you can see the importance of using ferrite core. However, in practice we may take a larger diameter and by taking a larger diameter we can reduce the number of turns significantly. This is one of the application of the loop antenna. So, you might have used RFID tag RFID stands for radio frequency identification. I just want to show you here how loop antenna is connected to this particular chip over here. You can see that this is the pad where the chip is soldered and then this one over here is making a kind of a loop antenna. You can also say that it looks like a spiral ok, but it is all right. You can still call it a multi turn loop antenna. If you wish you can also call it a spiral antenna. But now just follow this particular copper portion and you can see over here there is a pad. Now, this particular thing you can see that there is a pth is made over here and a line is connected underneath. So, this is this line here is other side of the substrate and majority of the time these tags are actually made on very thin substrate. It can be even a flexible PCB also on which you can fabricate these things. And then this other terminal is coming over here and this chip is soldered to these two output of the loop antenna. Now, let us talk about another antenna which is slot antenna. Slot antenna is nothing but a complement of dipole antenna. This one shows over here a bow type of a dipole antenna and this is where it is being fed by balanced line. So, complement of that would be is that you take a very large ground plane and cut a slot of this particular fashion and feed the slot like this. So, this is nothing but a complementary antenna of dipole antenna. So, there is a relation between the input impedance of the dipole antenna and slot antenna which is given by this particular expression. So, I just want to mention how this expression comes into picture. So, we know that for a dipole antenna this is magnetic field, but for a slot antenna it will be electric field ok. So, E and H fields are related to each other with a factor of eta which is equal to 120 pi in the free space. So, we know that E by H is equal to 125 which is equal to 377 ohm. Let us take an example of a slot antenna. Here we have designed a cavity backed slot antenna at 5.8 gigahertz. So, let me explain one by one. So, let us first think of a printed slot antenna which is cut in a metallic conductor. So, this colour here shows metal. This one over here shows that a slot has been cut. So, this is on one side of the substrate as you can see over here. Other side of the substrate actually uses a microstrip feed line. So, this is where input is given and you can actually see that there is an open circuit. Just to tell you at open circuit current will be minimum. So, we generally speaking for maximum coupling from microstrip line to this slot line we generally use this length to be approximately lambda by 4 because if current is 0 here current will be maximum. So, for maximum current magnetic field will be maximum. So, there will be maximum coupling to the slot. So, why we have put this cavity at the back side because we wanted a unidirectional radiation pattern. If we use only this particular portion then slot will radiate in all the directions like this ok. So, but by putting a metallic cavity in the back side now slot will radiate only in one direction. So, at 5.8 gigahertz again the length should be around lambda by 2. The cavity height has been taken as lambda by 4. The reason for that is that any short circuit over here will act as an open circuit. So, that there is a no loading of this metallic plate on this particular antenna over here. We have taken the width of the slot as 4 mm slot length is 31.4 mm. I am going to show you what is the effect of the slot length in the next slide ok. Now, we have used the offset feed the reason for that is at this particular point current is maximum. So, that means voltage will be equal to 0. So, if we feed at this point impedance will be actually 0. At the center current will be 0 voltage will be maximum. So, input impedance will be very high. So, somewhere between 0 impedance and very high impedance we have actually found out where impedance matching is done with 50 ohm line. So, let us see the results. Here we have shown the results of 3 different slot lengths. You can see here 29.4, 31.4, 33.4. Now, as the slot length is increasing its resonance frequency decreases from 5.91 to 5.59 gigahertz. So, let us see what is the bandwidth for the designed length of L equal to 31.4. You can see this is the response for this particular length corresponding to VSWR equal to 2 line bandwidth obtained is 550 megahertz. So, this 550 megahertz is approximately 9 percent bandwidth at the desired band of around 5.8 gigahertz. So, just to summarize today we talked about dipole antenna. We started with very small dipole antenna. Then we talked about lambda by 2 dipole antenna. Then we talked about monopole antenna on infinite ground plane. For infinite ground plane length of the monopole should be approximately lambda by 4. But for smaller ground plane length of the monopole antenna should be taken as larger than 0.25 lambda. I recommend something like 0.3 lambda to even 0.4 lambda depending upon the ground plane size. Then we talked about small loop antenna. I mentioned that the E field of the dipole antenna becomes H field of loop antenna and H field of dipole antenna becomes E field of the loop antenna. Then we talked about slot antenna. Slot antenna is complementary of the dipole antenna. So, again E field of the dipole antenna becomes H field of the slot antenna and H field of the dipole antenna becomes E field of the slot antenna. Then we talked about a cavity backed slot antenna. A slot antenna radiates in all the direction. So, we had placed a cavity on one side so that the radiation of the slot antenna becomes unidirectional. In the next lecture we will talk about linear and planar arrays to increase the gain of the antennas. Thank you very much.


Ephesians 5. We're going to be looking at the wonderful creation of God called the husband. Yeah. Okay. Ephesians 5. We're going to be reading verses 25 through 33. Husbands, love your wives. Just as Christ also loved the church and gave himself for her, that he might sanctify and cleanse her with the washing of water by the word, that he might present her to himself a glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing, but that she should be holy without blemish. So husbands ought to love their own wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself, for no one has ever hated his own flesh but nourishes and cherishes it just as the Lord does the church. For we are members of his body of his flesh and of his bones. For this reason, a man shall leave his father and mother be joined to his wife and the two shall become one flesh. This is a great mystery, but I speak concerning Christ and the church. Nevertheless, let each one of you in particular, so love his own wife as himself and let the wife see that she respects her husband. And so as we look at this, we're going to be looking at the topic of Christian husbands. So I'll begin by saying that God designed marriage to have husbands in the leadership role and the role finds its origin in creation and is intended to ensure order in a home. In 1 Corinthians 11 verse 3, the apostle Paul wrote to the the church at Corinth, and this is what he said. He said, I want you to know that the head of every man is Christ. The head of woman is man and the head of Christ is God. This speaks of leadership and order. Though intended by God to lead some men have a difficult time doing so, and there are various reasons why. One of the reasons is that some wives simply refuse to be led because they believe themselves to be more capable of leadership. Some wives have led for so long that yielding power to her husband is too difficult. And that creates tension, especially when the husband tries to take the lead. Sometimes in frustration he might even try to force his leadership on the wife, and that only causes more stress. There are those husbands who don't know how to lead. They weren't trained to lead. Some had no fathers or they had improper leadership role models. And with the tragic breakup of so many homes, the lack of fathers is obvious in our nation. Somebody wrote fatherlessness is the root issue being so many ills that plague society today. Statistically speaking, a child who grows up without a father in the home is more likely to experience homelessness, commit crime, serve time in prison, abuse drugs, drop out of school, be obese, and suffer from poverty. The United States has the highest share of single parenting in the world. Now all we need to do is take a look at how our nation is doing to see that this is true. Now there are husbands who are afraid to take the lead because some of them are simply afraid to fail. Others don't want the struggles, they don't want the responsibility, and they don't want the work that this requires. So leading the wife and leading the home isn't the easiest thing to do. And finally, there are those who just don't want to make decisions. They think things are going fine. So why rock the boat? With that said, God has vested in men the responsibility of leadership in the home. This is something that God told husbands to do, and this is what he holds us accountable for. When Paul was writing to Timothy in 1st Timothy 5, verse 8, he said, if anyone doesn't provide for his relatives, and especially for his immediate family, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever. And so God has called men to leadership, to lead the home. And that's a position that is maintained by love. And that's why Paul begins with the command for husbands to love the wife. Notice how he says in verse 25, husbands love your wives. Now, this command is repeated three times in this chapter. It's seen in verse 25, verse 28, as well as verse 33. So why would Paul command the husband to love the wife? Well, he had just commanded the wives to submit to their own husbands. You see, without love for her, he could use this position to oppress her. He could use this position to hurt her. If she's submitting to him as to the Lord, he could take advantage of her. So Paul commands husbands, love your wives. Now, he commands husbands to love the wife, but he didn't command the wives to love their husband. Isn't that interesting? Being a husband isn't necessarily something that all men are prepared to be.  Have you ever noticed that? They don't grow up just thinking, oh, it's going to be wonderful to have a family.  My two-year-old daughter has a baby, a baby doll that she carries around. I hope she doesn't do that to the real thing because she tortures that little thing by grabbing around the neck and dragging it around. But she already, at the age of two, is carrying a doll and loving it and kissing it and feeding it. If my little boy did that, I'd be nervous. But the little, my little, my granddaughter does it. And she's already learning right now to be a mommy. When little girls, even to this day, when little girls are thinking of life and all and they're beginning to grow up, one of the things that becomes very important to them, and many of you women in this room may agree with this, is they begin to imagine their wedding day. They begin to imagine it. They begin to think of the things that pertain to it, the church service. They think of the reception. They already have a dress picked out. They have a dream for their wedding day. They're just looking for the victim. Somebody once said that the greatest day of a woman's life is her wedding day. And there's a lot of truth to that. As a matter of fact, after they get married, should they have actually had a wedding, that would have required a wedding dress and all, they will take that wedding dress and some of you ladies did this and they pack it up. It's the last time they'll wear it. And then they store it. But little boys, are you kidding me? They never think of such things. They never play wedding.  Hey, let's play wedding. I'll be the husband. You be the wife. You tell me everything I'm doing wrong. Their wedding day is the furthest thing from their minds. A woman will work on and think about and everything for her wedding dress. And it's going to be hers. It has to be hers. But when a man gets married, they rent a suit that somebody had used a few days before. And that's the truth. You see, not all men are prepared or are preparing for their wedding day. Now, there are some men who are more prepared for marriage than others. A woman once said, I think men who have a pierced ear are better prepared for marriage. They've experienced pain and have bought jewelry. And so that may be true. But I see in verse 25 that it's interesting how Paul made this command. Notice again, husbands love your wife. And again, he didn't command the woman to love her husband. You see in Titus, the book of Titus, Paul wrote a command and he wrote this command to older women in the church. In Titus chapter two, verse four, speaking to the older women, he said that they were to admonish young women, admonish young women to love their husbands. Now the word admonish means to train or encourage, to urge or to teach. Older women are intended in the church, are intended to teach the younger women how to love their husbands. You see, the older women had a special role of training the younger women. Younger women were being saved and they could be resistant to their husband. But the older women were to teach the younger women concerning marriage. Now, women aren't commanded to love but they are taught how to love their husbands. Because in loving their husbands, God's word will not be blasphemed. In Titus chapter two, verse five, we see that. And so he says in verse 25, love your wives. Husbands, love your wives. Notice just as Christ also loved us. Now, this command is given in other letters that Paul wrote. 1 Corinthians 7 verse 3, let the husband render to his wife the affection that is due her. Colossians 3 verse 19, husbands, love your wives. Do not be bitter toward them. Now, the Greek language primarily used three words that we translate by the single word love. One of those words is eros. We all know that word erotic. It speaks of sexual love. There's a second word, phileo. Phileo refers to a friendship or a companion love, a brotherly love. And then you have what is called agapao or agape. And that speaks of God's sacrificial expression of love. In this particular verse, Paul doesn't use the word eros. He doesn't use the word phileo. He uses the word agapao. He uses the word agape. They are to agape or to sacrificially express their love for their wife. And we're going to see this as we go through that there are various ways that they will love their wives. They're going to love their wives in a sacrificial way. They're going to love their wives in a way that sanctifies them. They're going to love their wives in a way that shows that they care for them. They're going to love their wives in a way that stabilizes them. And they're going to love their wives in a very deeply spiritual way. And so we'll look at those things as we go through this chapter. So first, a husband loves his wife sacrificially, even as Jesus loved his bride. He says to us in verse 25, love your wives just as Christ also loved the church and gave himself for her. So a husband shows his wife his love by his sacrifice. Jesus laid down his life even though he knew the majority of people would reject him. In 1 John 3.16 it says, by this we know love because he laid down his life for us and we also ought to lay down our lives for the brethren. You see in marriage sacrificial love is a necessary ingredient. Some men have difficulty with that concept because they believe that if they live in a sacrificial way, if they love in a sacrificial way that that's really a weakness and not a strength. But the Bible teaches us that the essence of love is self-denial. And one of the things about real love is it trusts and real love holds nothing back. In John 15.13 greater love has no man than this that a man laid down his life for his friends. And so we need to see the value of consistently laying down our lives for our wives. And we have to trust her enough. If we didn't trust her we shouldn't have married her. We need to trust her enough to consistently demonstrate a sacrificial attitude towards her. For me and for a lot of men that I know and perhaps some in this room are watching this online right now. The idea of showing weakness or acting in a sacrificial way was not really one of the things that I felt real comfortable with. As a matter of fact the idea of saying I love you let alone showing it for me especially when I began to become serious with the girl who became my wife. I still felt that if I show the depth that I'm starting to experience that I in a way was giving up something that she might use against me. I didn't trust. I didn't have a lot of trust. I didn't know how to do that. And so I wouldn't tell my girlfriend Marie who became my wife Marie. I didn't use the word I love you. That might be interesting to some who've been in this church for a while and see the amount of love I do have for my wife. But it wasn't exactly like that at the beginning. At the beginning it was more a matter of just kind of doling out a little bit of affection but not yielding completely. It took a long time for me to finally just completely trust her. That's just the way it is. I didn't want to and didn't know how to say I love you. I figured that if I said it once how many times do you have to hear it right? I mean I said it once. Look at when I said I do, I did. What else do you want? I've said this before but I do remember I was working, we were newlyweds, I was working on a new job and I used to answer the phone, make phone calls and things like that. I was part of an organization that did a lot of shipping and all of that. And so I was part of the industry that was shipping everything out. So I had a phone and I could receive phone calls anytime I wanted. And Marie and I had been married maybe a little over a year or so somewhere around that. I don't remember now maybe a little more than a year. But I still hadn't gotten to the habit of saying I love you or anything like that. And I still remember her calling my office because she could do so as around lunchtime and I answered the phone and some of you may not understand this one. And I spoke to her and she says how are you doing, you know that kind of thing, like I'm on the job, come on. How are you doing? I'm doing fine. Well, everything going fine? Yeah, everything's going good. And my boss is sitting right next to me. She says okay, are you busy? I said of course. And then she says okay, well I'll let you go. I said that's good. And so she says okay, I love you. And I said yeah. And she said I'm not going to hang up until you say I love you back. And I said come on. And this is true. I said come on, come on. You know. And my boss who had been married for some time turns to me and says listen, tell her you love her or she'll never get off the phone. And so I had to do that. I said yeah, but I didn't know how to do that. I didn't want to do that because I had learned in the world that the one who loves less has the most power. If I could get someone to care for me more than I cared for them, I could control that person. The one who loves less has most power. That's the world, man. That's the way the world is. But God didn't love that way. God so loved the world he gave his only begotten Son. He loved the greatest and yielded in that way. So I had to begin to learn that and that's something that husbands need to learn also. We need to lay down our lives for our wives. You see it isn't just the huge issues that will undermine our marriage. Sometimes the issues that begin to undermine our relationship are the small things that are left unsaid or left undone and it erodes the foundations. Like Song of Solomon says in Song of Solomon 2.15 he said it's the little foxes that spoil the vines. It's the small things. You see our wives see our love for them by the sacrifice that we give for them. Now we go to work, we help care for the home, we encourage them, we protect them, and we tell them how deeply we love them. He says in verse 26 that he might sanctify and cleanse her by the washing of water by the word that he might present her to himself a glorious church not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing but that she should be holy without blemish. So husbands ought to love their own wives as their own bodies. See who loves his wife loves himself. And so we love our wives also with a sanctifying love, a purifying love. See God's love towards us cleanses us and it makes us beautiful for him. And the bride is sanctified, the bride is cleansed. Notice he speaks of the bride being without spot or wrinkle that the bride is holy and without blemish. Now I found that interesting, I did a little research on that. And during that day before a bride was married she would go through a purifying and cleansing ritual. She would bathe, costly perfumes and ointments would be applied to her and that was done to purify her and prepare her for her husband. You see something like that in the Old Testament book of Esther. You see before Esther was brought to the king she actually went through purification. In the book of Esther chapter 2 verse 12 in the Old Testament, before a young woman's turn came to go into King Xerxes she had to complete 12 months of beauty treatments prescribed for the women, six months with oil of myrrh and six with perfumes and cosmetics, a full year of preparation. Someone said the initial six month treatment with oil of myrrh was meant to purify her. Oil of myrrh was commonly used for antiseptic purposes and as a deodorant. Therefore the first six months of her preparation were for cleansing, healing and purification. Once they were certain she was free of disease they spent the next six months maximizing her beauty. So the idea being conveyed in Esther is that purification precedes beautification. So when the Lord saved us he began that work in us and that's the type of how husbands are with the wife. You see the bride is the one who is set apart. The bride is the one who is cleansed and it's a bride that is purified. That obviously is a picture of the church purified and cleansed by God's word and it's not an outward beauty it's an inward beauty that is produced by the word of God.  In John 15 verse 3 it says, you are clean through the word that I have spoken to you. When it says you are clean through the word that here that word that is used in the Greek to be translated by the English word word is loron or it's the logos. It speaks of the entire teaching of Jesus and so when Jesus was speaking and he spoke concerning being made clean by his word he was speaking of the fact that as we adhere to the things he teaches us our lives are purified but there's another application. You see it's by the washing of the word that we're cleansed to become his bride but the other application is is that she is sanctified and cleansed by the washing of water when he says by the word in here that word is different. Let me share it with you for just a moment. When it speaks concerning the the bride being cleansed by the word the word that is used here that is the Greek word is not the word loron it's the word remari also called rema. The word rema is used to refer to the spoken word it means an utterance. It's often thought of as what we would call a word for the moment it has a prophetic element to it so that gives us insight into the husband's spiritual influence. This encourages husbands to be the spiritual leader in a priestly manner.  So husbands study God's word husbands are to be taught God's word but husbands also are to minister God's word to the family and when the husband is walking in the spirit the woman begins to regard him as her spiritual leader and in a very practical way he becomes prophetic in the marriage. When I met Marie she came to a Bible study I was teaching and my brother had gotten saved he wasn't being followed up on he wasn't growing in the things of the Lord he had gotten saved in August of 1974 I think it was and I got concerned for him because he wasn't going to church and so I started driving from Norwalk where I lived into Ontario where he was living so I could give him a Bible study and it was at that Bible study that I met the young girl who became my wife that's where I met Marie. Marie had come to faith in Christ through my sister Madeline who after a Bible study I think the third time or so second or third time Marie had been there she my sister Madeline had taken Marie aside began to speak to her my wife to be the girl I was not even dating yet came to faith in Christ through my sister Madeline sharing the gospel with her and so Marie has her entire relationship with me from all the way back then to where it is right now has sat under my ministry she has known me all of these years as not simply her husband she has known me as being her pastor she has known me as being her leader in the spiritual sense because she was introduced to me through the teaching of the word of God and I've mentioned this to you I've mentioned how that that uh the day I met her I knew that this was the woman God had prepared for me and and all of that but she had yet to be saved she got saved and I was free to date or I began to date her but even before I dated her after she got saved I was one of these guys you women would have hated and there's no doubt about it God has just one woman for me nobody else would have taken me but I used to like I still do I would tease just mess around I always mess around and so we were in the Bible study she'll remember this we were in the Bible study I hardly knew her she don't this is like her second or third time in the Bible study she was in the kitchen and it and I was sitting in the living room that may sound like a long way but it was maybe 15 feet away it was a very small apartment and so Marie was standing by the refrigerator and I looked at her and I didn't know her from Eve I did not know this woman I just felt like messing with her so I said Marie and she looks at me and she gives me and she goes yeah I said I drink root beer and I just looked down and she goes what I said oh you didn't hear me I drink root beer I was just seeing what she'd do I was goofing with her you know what she did she went to the refrigerator open it up got a can of root beer got some ice put it in the glass walked to me handed it to me and said here your majesty here's your root beer and I was messing with her I but later I began to realize when we began to date and we began to care for each other and obviously marriage was on the horizon the Lord reminded me of that and and I remembered that is a woman the kind of woman I need in my life somebody who has a heart to serve because God has called me to serve as a pastor and if I didn't have a wife who had a heart of service it would have undermined my ministry I've told you before some of you may know this but it comes to mind as I share Marie and I are dating I was living in Pomona she and I drove to my parents house in Norwalk my parents were not home at the moment when we showed up to visit them but I had two cousins who were there two two ladies young ladies who were there two of my cousins who lived in in the Venice area Culver City area and some of you if you think of Culver City now you may be thinking of a nice place because Culver City has some real nice areas this was not the nice place Culver City also some of you know this is filled with gangs and my my relatives were in the gangs and so there's two of them who were at my house when I come walking in and as I'm sitting there at the table they begin to I'm their cousin they're talking to me about life and my cousin Bernice says this to me I'll never forget Marie sitting right next to me and my cousin Bernice says yeah my husband's in prison he didn't kill him and I'm just in there oh welcome to the family Marie now this is common stuff this is what we would talk about amongst our family this is family stuff you know and it wasn't uncommon they were part of the gang system I mean that's where they were from that was their life you know and and I'm looking and and she's saying yeah and she's starting to tell us her story and you know at first I'm a little uptight because Marie was not raised around that and it's not that I was but I did have a lot of relatives who who were and in gangs and all so it was something I was used to through the family but she wasn't so I started thinking I hope this doesn't I don't know how she's gonna respond to these things because she's talking about prison and murder and this and that and you know common table talk and and so I so I kind of turned and I looked at her and tears were coming down the side from the corner of her eye tears were coming down I'll never forget that and and there are moments the spirit speaks in a very very loud voice and he said this is what you need because I had heard so much of this kind of thing all my life that I had become kind of callous to it it's just something that goes on but watching Marie tear up for people she didn't even know that was another thing in my life the Holy Spirit taught me about being a husband a spiritual leader and having a wife that sits under your ministry men husbands you need to enact the prophetic role in your home your wife should love you not only because you provide and protect your wife should love you because you feed her the word of God because you're a man of God you know something that as a young man you may not realize but you grow older and you begin to realize all the things that you think are making you a man so many of those things are not what made you a man what makes you a man is tenderness and compassion what makes you a man is is a loving spirit a heart that's open a trusting it's different than than what we as as americans may think is is masculinity and and it includes the spiritual role of a of a husband who opens the word and and says honey the lord has placed us on my heart and actually shares a few things out of the bible and says these are the things i'm learning and the wife you know even though she may know more than he she gets a chance to go to women's studies he doesn't he's working or whatever she sits there and she listens why because that man has a heart for christ and that's what she wants in her man that's how it works and so with marie i wanted to be that i wanted to be her spiritual hero i wanted to be the one who fed her the things of god those things are especially important and that's scripture that's what the word of god that he might sanctify and cleanse her with the wash in water by the word that he might present her to himself a glory search not having spot a wrinkle or any such thing but that she should be holy without blemish so husbands ought to love their own wives as their own bodies he loves his wife loves himself you see when the husband walks in the spirit his wife sees him as a spiritual leader he becomes prophetic in the marriage when the wife is washed by the word she becomes a testimony of his ministry in first carinthians chapter 11 verse 7 it says that the woman is the glory of the man sometimes men have come up to me and shared with me that they want to be teachers of the word of god one of the very first things i will notice is how it is between them and their wife how is it between them and their wife because if he can't lead his wife he can't lead a church if he can't lead his family what makes him think he's going to lead people it starts in the home it starts with the wife and when you see a woman in a christian in a christian marriage and she has a loveliness to her much of that and this sounds some of you will think this is not right but it's true some of some of that is going to be a lot of that it will be the influence of the husband it will be that influence let me give you one more example in my own relationship with my girl marie anybody who knows my wife and and yeah i talk about her why not so anybody who knows my wife will know she's a very very kind person a very warm person those of you who know her that's the truth my wife is very warm she's very lovely she really is you may not know this she didn't hug anybody she was the kind of person who didn't want you near her if she was bugged and we were dating and something happened that caused her emotional pain and so i put my arm around her to comfort her you know the pattern and she pushed me away she put her hands on my chest and says i don't like being touched when i'm upset i said i don't care and i grabbed her and i held her and i said you need a hug and i'm giving you one and that how that marie was not that person marie actually learned to be warm and loving and this may sound weird but it's true through me because i got saved in the jesus movement we hugged everybody we hugged dogs i mean we are everybody we were just huggers marie came from a different background and so she wasn't used to that and so when we started dating and all i was the one who showed that kind of affection i was the one those are things that she learned through my ministry and there are many things that she would tell you were she given the opportunity that god has used me to help her to learn she of course has taught me many things of course but i have done the same for her and so i have become long before i was pastor david i already was her minister and and we are the ones the husbands are the ones that should be ministering the word to our wives we're the ones that she should really ask bible questions of like it says in first chrithians 1435 speaking of wives he says that they want to learn something let them ask their own husbands at home so the husband should be equipped enough to give the answer when a question is asked and so husbands learn to spend time with her in the bible learn to spend time with her in fellowship and in prayer and serving the lord do devotions and and live by god's word and watch what god will do he says in verse 29 no one ever hated his own flesh but nourishes and cherishes it just as the lord does the church so our love is also caring it's nourishing we demonstrated by cherishing when he says the love nourishes and cherishes the word nourish means to bring to maturity the word cherish literally means to keep warm to keep warm with love so cherishing implies concern it implies tenderness a recognition of her frailty so a husband loves in a gentle and a tender considerate manner as we become more seasoned in life we can appreciate in love more deeply you see the more we experience together the greater our bond of love will grow and think about it some of you who are veterans in marriage you know this you go through so many of lives ups and downs together you began by dating you married then you had to get a place to live so you rented an apartment perhaps finally you bought a home and then you made a home you had your children you raised your children you released those children over time eventually perhaps had grandchildren you buried your parents together over time you share a lifetime of memories both sad and joyful and all of these things work together and all of these things will bind our hearts together my wife and I you know have shared so many things experiences so many things and one of the things that that I would tell you has been good for us is I still I still and I'll use the word date I still date her in the sense that I make time for her every day every day you can do that I found time out we'll get a cup of coffee every day before I come to the office we get up we go and get some coffee sit down together I have to eat those egg bites is that what they're called I eat them and we talk we talk a very first date that I ever had with this woman I picked her up at 11 in the morning and then spent the whole day with her and another couple dropped her off at her place and left her place at one in the morning 13 solid hours and all we did for those 13 hours was we talked for 13 hours and we still do we still talk we still visit we still talk about plans we want to do perhaps the Lord will allow we talk and we talk and we share we share we begin by sharing about us and eventually began share about our kids and we began eventually to share about our grandchildren but it's always in a constant flow of conversation husbands are to dwell with the wife according to knowledge Peter said in 1 Peter 3 7 that means that the husband makes the wife his his focus of attention he learns her ways he knows what pleases her he knows what doesn't please her he knows what he can do to irritate her and he knows what he shouldn't do he knows these things he learns these things by studying her watching her getting to know her I've been spending many years learning to do that and also romancing her and telling her that you love her and and showing her respect and and and even sometimes being the defense for her from those who would come against her and and and you learn to do things like like like telling her how beautiful she is and and and sharing your dreams and and all of those things because our wives is our gentle loving and considerate treatment that they may respond to so we cherish them and when we do that they feel and know that we deeply love them we need to remember that wives do not exist to make our dinners to clean our homes or to take care of the children our wives are to be our best friends and our wives are to be loved and our wives are to be respected why well because verses 30 through 32 for we are members of his body of his flesh and of his bones and for this reason a man shall leave his father and mother be joined to his wife the two shall become one flesh this is a great mystery but i speak concerning christ and the church we love in a deeply deeply spiritual way a love that reveals stability our love reveals a commitment in the in the old days they used to use the phrase in marriage ceremonies perhaps it was used in yours till death do us part in other words i will love you until the day i die i will love you until the day either you place me in the hands of jesus or i will place you in his hands that's an all or nothing proposition we we we love to the end many years ago marie and i decided that if we had to make choices in life we chose us it's an us thing and so that has given to us a um a sense of love that uh is complete you see jesus didn't commit himself half heartedly to the bride he committed himself totally then sang the songs once again chapter eight verse seven it says many waters cannot quench love nor can the floods drown it jesus said i will never leave you nor forsake you and so he's speaking in verse 32 of the church he's speaking of christ in the church and he had said it's not good that the man should be alone and because he had said that eve was given to adam and marriage was to be forever as jesus and his bride are to be together forever and because of this finally we love in a deeply spiritual way the two have become one representing christ's relationship to us jesus never forsakes us and we should remember our oneness in him and so we're to love one another like he says in verse 33 never the less let each one of you in particular so love his own wife as himself and let the wife see that she respects her husband husbands care for the wife but the same intensity that you care for yourself but wife respect and please your husband give him that proper respect and give him that proper care and that will keep you together i love my wife with a sacrificial love and the way my wife shows me that she loves me she respects me she could say all day long i love you but if she shows me disrespect she's telling me she doesn't love me when my wife shows me respect i know she's showing me her love and that's why husbands love their wives in a sacrificial way but the wife respect your husband and in a world where where men are now just the the butt of all the jokes all the commercials we're always stupid if we have oh and that's true if we have if we have a wife who shows us disrespect she's telling me i don't really love you but when my wife shows me respect it doesn't matter how anybody else feels about me i've got her and she loves me and finally just one last thought because we're gonna have communion many years ago i told my children this and i'll close by saying it this way i made it my aim to be the hero of my wife i never wanted her to ever think that there was ever another man on the face of planet earth that would have been a better man for her than me and i made my choice years ago i would be that man for her i believe i have succeeded i have been that man


The Vice-Chairman of the Senate Committee on Labour and Employment, Senate of Victor Ume. The Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Mr. Boss Mostafa, the head of the civil service of the Federation, Mrs. Winifred Oyoyita, the Honorable Minister of State for Labor and Employment, Professor Stephen O'Cheney, the Honorable Minister of the FCT, represented by the Permanent Secretary, Mr. Christian Cheyeka Oha, the President of the Nigeria Labor Congress, Comrade Ayuba Waba, the President of the TUC, Comrade Popoa Iba Kaigama, the Deputy Director-General of the ILO, Dr. Cynthia Samuel O'Long Jumeau, members of the diplomatic community present, the all of our guests who are present here, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen. I'm delighted to be here on this historic occasion marking the International Workers' Day, otherwise known as May Day, which is also coming on the heels of the centenary celebrations of the International Labor Organization. These two events have far-reaching significance for workers in particular and for the world of work in general. One defined and regulated world of work through international, through the international labor standards, and the other established the protection of the fundamental rights and dignity of the working people. These critical events have over the years defined employment relations globally. Another uniqueness, another uniqueness of this year's international labor, this year's celebrations is that the ILO, the International Labor Organization, as part of its arrangements towards the celebration of its centenary, gave member states the opportunity to select their country themes in the spirit of the centenary. It is in recognition of this that our country chose the theme for this year's May Day celebrations as, I quote, another hundred years of struggle for jobs, dignity and social justice in Nigeria, end of quote. You may recall that at the attainment of independence, we became a member of the International Labor Organization. The early decision to join the ILO was predicated on the strong conviction that the International Labor Organization and international labor standards as formulated by the ILO since its inception in 1999, aimed at promoting opportunities for decent and productive work under conditions of freedom, equity, security and dignity, was imperative in building a viral strong workforce which our young country at that time needed for its rapid socioeconomic development. It is for this reason that the centenary celebration of the ILO is both emotive and sentimental for us as a nation and in particular for workers. It is of utmost importance for me to state here that the ILO had over the years supported our country in the development and implementation of labor-related policies, action plans and programs to tackle child labor, forced labor, modern slavery and human trafficking. Recently, the ILO also collaborated with Nigeria in her affirmation as a member of Pathfinder countries on the elimination of child labor, forced labor, modern slavery and human trafficking. Pathfinder countries are pioneer countries of Alliance 8.7 who have decided to pull resources together and channel the same towards the achievement of target 8.7 sustainable development goals which allows and request the ILO to support further in addition the ILO conventions especially those ratified by our country have been useful in the formulation of our national labor legislation and policies that govern employment and employment relations and good conduct of industrial relations in general. I am optimistic that we shall continue to leverage on these collaborations to further strengthen our labor institutions, update labor legislation and policies in tandem with international best practices as well as foster stronger ties among social partners in the coming years. Comrades, I'm also convinced that the careful selection of the theme is a reflection of our collective commitment to job creation, to protection of workers of the rights of workers, their dignity and also promoting social justice in our country as espoused in various provisions of our constitution. Therefore today's event should provide us the opportunity to reflect on our fidelity to these goals and our fidelity to the common principles that underlie the social justice and dignity of labor across the world. Our administration is firmly committed to these principles on assumption of office in 2015 in spite of the daunting economic challenges which confronted us at the time we ensured that no worker was retrenched across the country. We further kept faith with this commitment by providing bailout funds for states that were unable to pay salaries and other benefits in order to pay their accumulated arrails. We also released Paris Club refunds owed since 2005 to make sure that workers were not owed anything. We also ensured the payment of outstanding benefits of retrenched workers, the Niger Airways workers who were owed for decades. We also ensured that the transitional arrangement directorate, Peter, also paid arrails owed to power statels, civil service pensioners covering 1,000, 1,000, 1,393 civil service pensioners on all grade levels and 76,310 power statel pensioners across 186 agencies. This is in addition to the arrails paid to pensioners in police and customs in 2016 and 2018. Our administration also settled finally the issue of benefits of Nigerian armed forces and paramilitary personnel who were dismissed and later pardoned for participating on the side of secession in the cause of the civil war. That was the period between 1967 and 1970. All of these veterans have now been paid their outstanding benefits. Our social investment program is the largest of its kind in Africa and it is directed at ensuring that we're able to provide opportunities in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy. Indeed the largest numbers of Nigerian workers are the informal workers. These comrades of ours who are petty traders, smallholder farmers, artisans and tradesmen also deserve our respect and deserve the protection of all labour laws. Our MPR program which currently employs 500,000 young Nigerian drivers and an additional 75,000 in specialized training as builders, automotive technicians and in other vocations. This program itself is one that we've also expanded to include technicians in animation in animation and also specialists in other areas of technology. Our home grown school feeding program, which now feeds 9.5 million children in 30 states provides opportunities for over 100,000 cooks and farmers across the country. Our trader money and market money schemes also provides two million loans to petty traders across the country and at the next level, which is the next term of our administration, we intend to expand the scope of these micro credit loans to traders and to artisans. Our anchor boroughs program, which has also provided over to smallholder farmers across the country and already that scheme is being expanded to cover yet another one million farmers all across the country. So far so for our administration, for this administration, the theme another hundred years of struggle for jobs, dignity and social justice in Nigeria is not just a headline for this media celebration. We truly believe that the Nigerian citizen, especially those at the bottom of the pyramid, must be the central focus of all economic planning and budget. Their welfare and the well-being of all of these Nigerians who work every day, who render honest service every day is the true benchmark of our commitment as government and as a people to social justice and the dignity of all Nigerians. We'll continue to commit ourselves to the cause of improving the lot of every working Nigeria and providing for those who cannot work. In this regard, the new minimum national minimum wage, which Mr. President signed into law a few days ago, shall be fully implemented by the current administration. Let us once again express our deep appreciation to the leadership of the Nigerian workers for the understanding and maturity show during and after the negotiations of the new national minimum wage. We shall continue to provide the enabling environment for higher productivity, for industrial peace and harmony, as well as a co-genial atmosphere for effective collective bargaining among trade unions and employers, while also protecting the fundamental rights and other lawful rights of people, of Nigerian people, especially of persons who are at work. At the just concluded general elections, Nigerians and indeed Nigerian workers gave our administration another mandate to govern them. We shall reciprocate this electoral gesture by focusing on the critical issues that will advance speedily and improve the quality of the lives and livelihoods of Nigerians. This includes the building of infrastructure, roads, rail, hydro-hydroelectric power and also reforming key driving sectors of the national economy in order to put our country on a path of sustainable economic growth and prosperity. We're especially committed to changing the narrative in the power sector. Today, that sector, after it was privatized, still remains challenged in delivering power to many Nigerian homes and businesses. We must act as a matter of national importance and we are committed to doing so to rework and re-engineer the sector for much more effective performance. Workers shall be called upon to play greater roles in supporting the government to attain all of these goals that have stated. Industrial peace is central to economic stability. Every industrial disruption costs the national economy very dearly in terms of money and man hours that are lost. It is for this reason that I urge all actors in the industrial relations system to be more circumspect and patriotic and ethical in the use of industrial actions as tools for resolving workplace crisis and addressing grievances. Industrial actions because of the huge economic and social costs must be the last not the first option for resolving disputes. Comrades as we join the rest of the world today to celebrate the 2019 International Workers Day and member states of the International Labour Organization on its centenary anniversary of the ILO. Let me commend your resilience, your tenacity and sacrifice and your commitment in standing up against every form of oppression, exploitation, unfair labour practices and social injustice, especially the commodification of labour and the violation of the fundamental rights of working people of this country and the world over. Finally I want to thank you all for the support given to our administration in our first tenure and solicit for the greater support and cooperation of all of our working forces to enable us build a country where our young people will begin fully employed, there will be security of work and tenure for them and there will be a short of the protection of their fundamental rights and the fundamental rights of all working people in our country. I wish you all very happy Workers Day. Long live the International Labour Organization. Long live Nigerian Workers. Long live the Nigerian Labour Congress. Long live the TUC. Long live the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Thank you very much.


There's four M's of motivation for everybody. The first M is material things. The second M is mating. The third M is movement slash freedom. The fourth M is mastery slash status. What we get wrong about ourselves and others when it comes to power or wealth is not understanding that almost every wealthy person that I quiz into their unconscious mind, x-ray into the mind, they're not really driven by material things. There's a lot of people who seek money because they like the fourth M mastery status or power.


Welcome back to The Rig Review and today I'm going to take a look at Amy. That is the Amy Rig which you can find on Gabriel Salas, Gabrielle Salas, I don't know the pronunciation, sorry, website where you have these here, $15 for that rig, full disclaimer, I got a code for that rig so I did not pay full disclosure. This is what I get when I open it up, so let's fix the textures. Now if you have been on my channel, I posted this before but I'm going to do this again. Why? Because I am a class. When you open the rig you will have a folder that has an FAQ folder as well which gives you this and these are the instructions of how to load the textures properly which I did not do hence me re-uploading a new review. So and I'm going to the Amy folder, you have the textures, skin textures and that is the one. But you have to look at this here and set it to UDIM. Bam! Hit generate preview and now with the textures on you will see that everything is loaded correctly. Bam! Magic trick. As always I don't know why, let's start at the bottom mainly because there is a main controller and I want to see what you have here. So you can move this around, you have all the visibility of IK, FK, aim visibility, all that good stuff is there. Also body, you have full and you can switch here, you can see this full or partial for speed. Turn all of this back on here and go to the feet. You have your main foot controller and if you do this I always kind of check sometimes there you go sometimes the foot will take the knee with it and you have an extra controller here to do this. You also have a lock which I love on the rig so you can lock this when you are kneeling. Whoa! Let's go back and not break this.  So this is what I'm talking about. You can do this and now the knee is not following. Very cool. Let's go down here and on that foot controller you have swivel. So that is your knee swivel here.  You have the stretchiness. So let's take this and you got stretchiness here and let's go back. There you go. You can have full stretchiness there. You also have anti-pop that's real fixes on your walk cycles and length changes and at the end of volume. Now you also have these a separate controllers.  This is your your heel roll. So that's cool to have on separate controllers and you can see it of course on both sides. As we go up you have your bend bows and let me see here you can take this out. You have stiffness. Alright you can change that as well which is cool. This goes all the way up because that knees, the thighs and all the way up to here to extend and move this shape around. Can you scale? You cannot scale. You have this here to this would be for your IKFK leg. Let's and you have visibility on off but let's switch this over and now you have let me turn on reference here. You have your leg FK. All that good stuff and on those controllers you can also scale. Can you scale just the foot? Yes you can. This is a massive foot. You have that as well. Going up here you have the root. Now this is going to be all weird because it's an IK and the FK leg. So let's go back and do an FK leg. Then you also have move this around, select the root and you have center between feet which I've never used. Interesting though some of these have this. I'm very curious. Comments. Let me know in the comments. Do you use this and why? Moving over here this is your your hip swinger. Can you translate? No this is purely rotation in all axes. Interesting though I personally am very used to something where your hip swinger is more like that. I mean it's not gonna I'm actually changing the orientation of it but to me this is super weird. It's probably gonna break things but I kind of like the hip like this not on the side. I don't know why it is probably like how I visualize and I have the controller here and I want to move hips like that. I don't know. That is just me but that is that on the side. As we go up here we have you have the root. You have multiple controllers here to move that. This goes all the way up to here. Can you translate? Yes you can. Can you scale? Whoa! That is not an appropriate scale. Do here.  So you have a little squash and stretch. Speaking of the middle section here you do have options for that and scale. You got global and global translate as well and as always use this responsibly. Alright then going up we have shoulders. Let me see here. Alright you got shoulders and translate as well. You have a breast drag. As you move this up here you can see that is the option there and these guys are in FK mode. So you have that as we go down you got your bend bows all the way down. You can switch this to IK and then you have your IK arm and at the same time you can rotate your wrist. You have a follow option here. So this must be when you move your root. See that? You can move this. Then you go back and say well I don't want this to follow. Now I'm moving my root and you can see it does not. So you got your sticky IK for real z. So you got stretchiness. So if you take your arm take this out. I do want to still stretch this. You have that option. You also have anti-pop length and volumes. All of these have that as well. Let's go back and extend this arm. Then you have this option here. This is for your fingers to spread. Ah! You have a cupping function and you have all the curling of the fingers for quick blocking. And of course at the same time you can select these separately and just go like that. Can you scale? Yes you can. Ouch! But you can. Going back here you do have your pull vector with a follow and a lock which is awesome. As always I love that. This is of course on both sides. You have two arms of course. Let's go up. What do we have here? We have a lower neck control which you can also make global. So global you move this. You got kind of an IK neck but if you go back global nope it will be more like this. Then going up here what do we have? We have this which gives you the jaw function. Can I select just this separately? Yes. That is the chin. Chin function scale. You can scale. I'm always a fan of being able to scale everything. As you can tweak things I like it. I like it when you have that. All those options to tweak things. Now let's go back here. I'm going to open that mouth a little bit to give you the view of this.  You do have an overall mouth controller which you can also rotate and scale for whatever reason. But then you can go here and you can select that to move this here and also do your lip roll like that. This is top and bottom. You have as we peek inside here you have your tongue function that you can... Whoa! You can translate this out here in a crazy way. Probably scale. Yes you can. Bring it back. Let me take a peek here. Do you have any controllers for the teeth? Yes you do. Sometimes you got a peek in there and now I can move the teeth, scale. Oh that could also be very cool. Moving over here you got cheeks. Can you scale? Yes you can. Scale everywhere. You also have overall nose control which is neat of course rotations as well and as you can guess. Scale. But you also have nostrils always good for sneer. Interesting if you could actually move more of a nostril flare. Let me just double check before I say anything. You have your wavy eyebrows if you don't want face menip. Direct face menip. You got your eyes which I will probably make her less cross-eyed. Then you got you got cheek and cheek up for any type of squintiness or laughing. Ah let me see. Okay so you got a nose flare here. There you go. Because if I click on this here there is no option in the controller in the channel box here to do a flare. So just an FYI you have flare options there. That is your jaw including brow shapes and then here we have corners again maybe for some quick blocking. However you prefer I like that you have all kinds of options there. One more thing to add here so when you have your controls in this and you look at the channel controls you can see there's extra stuff. So here you have a squeeze for the brows. You have outer up and down. So make sure that you do check that especially for the eyes here you have a lot of blinking options when you do this. You have the blink center that changes. You have upper lid and lower lid changes and all that good stuff especially if you want to do iris and pupil changes. And going down here to this you also have the roll even you can do it as manually as you rotate but you still have that in here with the nicer deformation actually. You also have sticky lips so if you open up the jaw you can see here that nothing and this is your sticky lip option and then you have the zip lips R and L as well and that is again in here.  Can you scale? You got your extra shape controllers here and including those corners to change all of that if you want. Checking this side here this is the outside of the brow. You got the middle and then you got the inside here for up and down. Going over to this big controller here that is for the massive eye region control here. Why not? I like it. Then you have ears wait I gotta try it. Yes you can. Then you have ears including ear flap. Why not? Going back you have individual hair controls. You can rotate you can translate and scale. You also have is this oh this is not the hair this is ah change in the head scale as well so you got top and bottom half to move around. Speaking of which here let me just double check you have your lower neck right as we said and this must be the upper neck there you go. Then we go up here and we have squash and stretch on this then you got the middle aspect here to do this and the bottom to change that again. Lots of options this is cool and you can see the front view you got more hair controls and then of course don't forget you have your main eye box here which is not there because it's not on aim there you go and now you can aim and go back and then you have a follow option so if I do my head turn it stays there so now I don't want this which I personally prefer and then you can do all those things here and your eyes are staying put and this is not just in terms of this is what the control looks like no these guys are actually separate controllers so you can change all of that which again goes back into that if you want but that is the overview of the Amy rig you can find this on gumroad and you can find this on my animation viewfist site alongside other rigs by Gabriel and other rigs that I upload and review if you like this and you don't want to miss any of my reviews of course you can subscribe just hit the notification button for all so you don't miss anything and that is that for this review thank you very much


Call all hands. Beat the quarters. Play this terrible battery. One broadside into it, if you please, Captain Bush. Pointes on target. Blin stops ready. C.S. Foresters, Indomitable Man of the Sea, a ratio hornblower. Call us all to Russia. And yet we still act news as to what Russia herself intended. Would she finally resist Napoleon, come openly into the war as our ally, or would she play for time and try to appease him as she had done before? I had my old friend Captain Bush to dinner in my cabin on the Nonsuch, because I knew he liked C.Pie. And my man Brown had prepared one for me with special care. Then, regrettably, I couldn't talk of anything but my impatience. Well, there must be sudden news after all. Why don't we hear? I simply can't understand it, Bush. We will, we will. It's scarcely a month, you know, since we left Russia. A month. If I'd known it would be that long, you think I'd have let which wood keep the cutter clam at Cronstadt? Excellent C.Pie, the ratio hornblower. Excellent. You see, Bush, it's... Well, there's the first I ever... Abort the old renown, remember? Brown prepared it himself. Stop trying to distract me, will you, Bush? It isn't clever. I'll tell you this. If we're to sit here in the Baltic, puddling our thumbs, we'll have to organize something to keep the men's minds busy. A home pipe competition, or, well, even theatricals, perhaps. Oh, theatricals? You can't be serious, will you? Well, why not? This lack of action is extremely bad for morale, Bush. What's wrong with theatricals, anyway? Don't forget you were young yourself once. You know, I can remember with... Yes? Come in. Ah, Mr. Gerard. Well, Mr. Gerard? I'll cut a clam inside a window, sir. No. Yes, sir. At least... at least Mr. Hurst told me to report us. Let me dissuade you, Gerard. Your news is excellent. How far off is she? How up to winter, sir. We're running down to her. And... and let me see. Clam signals have dispatches for Commodore, sir. Are you sure? Oh, yes, sir. At least that's what I... All right, all right. Don't stammer. Always make sure you know your own mind, Mr. Gerard. Now, tell Mr. Hurst to make Commodore to clam, send dispatches on board as soon as practicable. And, uh, uh... Well, bring the dispatches here. Immediately they come on board. All understood, Mr. Gerard? Yes, sir. Ah, I mean... Aye, aye, sir. Oh, don't... Don't chewing up yourself, sir. No, I shall sit right down again and have some more seat by it. Help yourself, push. Help yourself. No, I...  Hmm. They must be feeling some suspense about Russia back home these days. It's no more than in its cabin at the moment. Bush, if Bonaparte's main strength could be tied up here in the east this summer, give willing from the chance to strike hard in the south... It's our great opportunity, perhaps our last. Oh, well, well, well. We'll know soon enough now, won't we, Bush? Stop worrying. After all, Zara Alexander did send that stiff reply to Bernie's demands. At least that's what Lord Witchwood said the day without prong step, you tell me so yourself. Stiff reply one day may mean soft words the next, as Alexander, oh, hopelessly unpredictable, these Russians that... Come in. Well, Mr. Gerard, what's the latest? You came yourself, did you? I did indeed, sir, have a ratio. By your ship plan. Wait till you hear the news. You agree my trip was warranted? Well, come on then. Well, Captain Bush, quite like old times of all the nonsense. It's war. It's settled then. No more procrastination? We're no longer alone, Horblor. Now, wait till you've ploughed through this dispatch case. Ten days ago, Bonaparte crossed the Neiman with 15 army corps. He's committed to invasion now. He can't turn back. Invasion? And can Russell hold out Witchwood? I wish I knew. But at least he'll have his summer's work cut out for him, and head in space. Well, good news, eh? Oh, it's the finest news I've heard in years, Witchwood. Sit down, sit down here. Give me that dispatch case and a cloak. Have some seed pie, have some wine. Yours is a welcome face. Bush, you can forget the theatricals. Now we can get on with the war. Good afternoon. I must say, for once, the man made highly satisfactorily listening. Then there was the dispatch address to me by Lord Cascard, our British ambassador in Russia. If you'll polite formalities and then... Ah, ah, listen to this, Bush. You will, of course, render only assistance in your power to our new ally, Russia. The main body of Bonaparte's army is already marching on Moscow, but I am informed that some 60,000 men under the Duke of Tarentum are now on... on the northern route to St. Petersburg. The Russian Imperial Star Agency requires your squadron's assistance and Riga, which, of course, the French must capture before they can move on towards St. Petersburg. Riga? There's a fine harbor there, sir. The city's only a short distance up the river from the gulf. Yes, I know, Bush. The ambassador's telling his urgent to say the least, which wouldn't. With reason, Commodore. Frankly, there's a panic at the Russian court. And Riga is a vital spot, as well as vulnerable. Cascard goes on to ask that I detach the cutter clam. Dispatch her back to England with the news. Oh, yes, I don't like losing her. Oh, well, we mustn't delay it. Well, no doubt you wish to go with her, Lord Witchwood. Oh, naturally! When duty calls and all that, you know, home blow? I must ask you to wait while I complete my own dispatches for the Admiralty and... Oh, yes, a brief letter to my wife. They won't take long. Of course. Captain Bush, I suggest to tell the men that this is their chance to ride home, too. Oh, and one other thing, Witchwood. I shall send my secretary, Mr. Sorka, back to England in your charge to be tried by Court Marshal. I'll give you all the papers relating to his case. Very good coverage, all.  Oh, yes, a glimpse of England at this time. Heaven alone knows when the rest of us will see it. Barely enough, wind stirred the carriers even with all our canvas set. It was a full eight days before we finally crept into the Bay of Riga. A night was falling as I stared out through my glass at this new shore. That's no man's land between the two forces, I imagine. Well, if the Russians weren't still holding the village, there'd be no fires. Our puzzle so far solved at all events. Two fathoms, sir. Two fathoms, I'd like to bear up. Very good carry on. Oh, well, the moon's rising. Boat ahead. On the port bar, sir. She's pulling off. We have to catch that boat if we can, mind. Aye, aye, sir. Starboard, two points. Clear away the gate.  Perhaps they haven't seen us yet. Right, sir. Boat's crew, stand by. Whoever they are, mind, they've not much skill. They should have headed for shore water. Or as against sail, win no races. We need prisoners for information. I'm hoping that boat holds the proper answers. I don't suppose I need to shoot again. I wonder if those fellows have... Stop over the Harvey's side. I saw the star of the Legion of Honor glittering on the chest of one young officer. He would be their leader, I concluded. I would like to know Monsieur's name and rank, please. You see, shift the battalion du port du Géné des armées des empereurs. Majoral engineer is a good catchment. You understand some English, I gather, sir. Oh, oui, un peu. My mind was busy with the problem of how he could induce him to supply me with some facts that I sorely needed. And I... I had an idea. I must forget the necessity of taking you prisoners home, especially at the start of such a promising campaign, possibly I can arrange an exchange at an early date. In case Monsieur has friends with whom he might like me to communicate, I shall do so at my first opportunity. Marshal Médon Ducot Tarendum would be very glad to hear. I am on the chief staff. Well, well, commandant and chief staff. Then you must be... you must be chief engineer. Yes, you are important. After all, you had no reason to suspect the British squadron in this bay. No, no, whatever. We have been told the contrary. That these Russian villagers are blockade. They've been supplying you with information, then. Oh, well, all Russians are quite useless, are they not? I suppose your Emperor has met with very little opposition from the Russians. We have taken small days can the Emperor himself marches on Moscow. Our divisions will soon occupy Saint Petersburg. Indeed. But, um, possibly the Dwina River may become an obstacle. Riga, too, stands in your path. Ah, not for long. Just one bold push across the river mouth and the Russians will dissolve the moment we attend their flanks. So that's what he'd been up to when we napped him, reconnoitering for good place to land French forces across the mouth of the Dwina. A daring move, sir, worthy of all the great traditions of the French army. Of course, you have to cross the river before your operations can proceed. No doubt you have sufficient landing craft for your forces. Problems like that do not hold us, Monsieur. We have barges.  Oh, indeed. But, of course, the Russians still hold both sides of the river. Well, for the moment, they hold on to our side, the western side by nothing but their fingernails, however. Why me? But do not think me full enough to reveal military information, sir. No chance of weeding anything more from the cocky young major for the present. But at least I'd learned about those captured barges and that they planned an attack soon directly across the river's mouth. Oh, well, Russians are always incompetent, isn't it, sir? A prompt assault on your part is, of course, a clever plan, allowing them no chance of digging in. But you will pardon me now, sir, if I attend to my duties. Hmm? We'll return to the squadron, Mr. Binder, if you please. Armed with that tidy bit of information, I slept better than I'd hoped that night in an alien harbor. No doubt the Russians here at Riga were all confirmed landlubbers. But I could be counted on. I felt a cope with this type of problem. I was even gratified, in fact, that the French were not discounting their plans. The next morning in my cabin I had a conference with all six captains of my squadron. Well, it's quite clear, then, gentlemen, the Russians still hold both river banks, the western one precariously. The French must cross that river if they're to surround Riga. When they try it, we shall bag as many barges as we can. We'll carry out the patrol I've outlined each evening at sundown. The French will scarcely attempt to bare face plan by daylight. Are there any questions? You said, I think, sir, that my stoop raven would hold one end of the defense line. Quite correct, Mr. Cole. You'll anchor each night on the very edge of the shoals to western, the French side. It's your light draft that dictates that position. Mr. Vickery and Lotus guard the other river bank. The rest of us hold stations in between and armed small boats will row guard at the mouth. Are your stations understood? Yes, sir. And that will be all for the moment, gentlemen? Yes, sir. Oh, one last word, please. Captain Cole spoke of our defense line. Yet it's not so much a defense as a trap. Let them thrust their heads well into the noose before any alarm is given. Otherwise, we'll simply scare them off. Very well, gentlemen. Thank you for your attendance. Lead me up the yellow greener river past the village at the mouth to the bustling wargs of Riga. There the governor met me. I made a crowd of other dignitaries. By there to Mina, he would never guess they lived in a besieged city. My coxswain Brown was in charge of my boat's crew and I told him to wait there for my return. But I soon realized it would be difficult to have a private talk with General S. Knopf. Commodore, may I present the intentant of Livonia, Count Canerim and the Countess. They too are recently arrived at Riga? Aye, well, yes. I know the Countess. We met at the Tsar's Court. Another Russian dinner, Commodore? Do you feel you are equal to it this time? Well, I'm learning, Countess. At least I shan't give my whole attention to the order. Is that you? What's that racket? Must be French barges at the river, sir. And our patrol is resisting them. Is our gig through at the war? Really? I'm waiting for you, sir. Come on, then, Brown. What are we waiting for? Cross, sir. Most of them put back. Put back? Of course, them two. I was the one to set up the alarm rocket, sir. Just as you planned. They're all hand-spilling small boats pulled from the river here. Mr. Cole, you sent up that rocket the moment you saw them? Why, yes, sir. Certainly. Cole, you're... It's too late now. An enemy of our folks approaching, sir. Commodore, please. I saw you, sir. Things aren't as bad as they might be. All right, too, Mr. Cole. We'd back five barges on our side, sir. Cut them off before they could get back to their own shore. Why, Vickery, that's more like it. How many prisoners? Well, I should say nearly a thousand, sir. Roughly 200 Frenchmen to a barge. The rest turn back at the alarm. I feel some disappointment. I'd hope for a catch of at least a dozen barges, perhaps 2,500 men. And yet, it was my own fault, too. Who else placed Cole in its key position?  Strange people, Russians. That interminable ballet was still going on as I entered the opera house. Mr. Vickery, please. Commodore, what have you been? The barge has been... You... There was a slight distraction, sir. The Navy's job, of course. I regret I had to leave without advising him. The French were attempting to cross the river by the barges. We managed... How can we thank you enough, sir? You have struck a ballion blow for Mother Russia. Thank you, general. I feel I ought to warn you, though. They're sure to try this plan again. And if they do, we'll... Of course, of course. We must talk of all these. But now you must come back into the box. You miss so much of this gala night. Well, sir, look, it's late, you know, and I... But I insist. The ballet has been so beautiful. The ballet has been so beautiful. Come, come. Thank you. Oh, you first, general. No doubt the war can wait another evening. No doubt the war can wait another evening. Based on the novels by C. S. Forrester. Based on the novels by C. S. Forrester. Music composed and conducted by Sidney Torch.