So you remember how much I love the latte look? Well I wanted to show you how I can take the latte look but make it a little bit more spicy for fall because I love fall. This is my comfort season and I'm just so happy it's here. Now the trick with the original latte look is that everything that goes on the eyes goes on the cheeks, goes on the lips. So you're basically using the same shade throughout the entire look. I don't stick to that rule exactly for this. I might do another video which might be a little more stricter on that rule but it does follow most of the rules to create this more spicy latte. And this look is also really easy to recreate. It's perfect for day to night with no real changes so I hope that you will enjoy it. Now if you enjoy tutorials like this then I might recommend hitting the subscribe button below and if you're already subscribed then thank you and welcome back. Now let's get started creating this spicy latte look. You might notice the change in the weather is affecting your skin so now might be the time to change up your skincare and your skin prep for makeup. So once I did my basis skincare I rehydrated my skin using a hydrating mist. This is just going to be left on my face while we actually start off with the eyes. The change in the weather can also affect the thinnest part of our skin so mostly that area around the eyes so that's why I'm using a tinted primer over the lid or you can just use a matte kind of dry concealer. This will just help to camouflage any of those natural skin tones coming through with the change in the weather. Our skin can be a little bit more sensitive and therefore a little bit more prone to showing any unwanted tones. The primer also creates a really smooth face for us to work on and along with an eyeshadow primer I'm adding a dot of a warm concealer that's just going to work on those ready bluey tones underneath my eyes and because I'm going to be winging this out and applying liquid liner I'm also going to apply concealer on the outer edge of my eye and use this as a base. Now I'm going to use a damp sponge to blend out everything that I've applied. This is a great way to create a smooth even base using a damp sponge just spreads everything evenly but it's also really refreshing and soothing on the eyes so it's a win-win. The first eyeshadow that we're going to be applying is a matte light shade. It should be a few shades lighter than your skin tone just to add that kind of highlight. This is going to set that primer underneath the brows and slightly onto the brow bone and I'm using a small brush just to give me a little bit more pigment in this area and then I want to switch to a fluffy brush but I'm still using the same eyeshadow but using a fluffy brush will change how much pigment is going to be applied onto the lid. The smaller brush adds a little bit more pigment, a little bit more concentrated whereas the fluffy brush disperses the eyeshadow in a much more even and sheer layer creating the perfect smooth base for us to apply the rest of our shadows. The next shadow is a warm brown about one shade darker than your skin tone so adjust this to work for you and I'm also going to be using that same fluffy brush. Now this is going to be applied above the lid working into the crease of the eye. We're going to be using little swirling motions working from the outside of the eye all the way in towards the nose and then going back over that I'm working upwards pulling this up towards the temple. Now if you're not sure about what angle to use use your lower lash line as a guide to create an imaginary extension and work upwards and out towards the temples. Now keeping that lower lash line in mind we're going to apply eye liner. You basically want to create a little line going from the outside or working upwards depending on which way you like to apply your liner and this is a great way to create that lifted appearance. Now you can use pencil or shadow if you want to apply a guide first of all if you're not comfortable with liquid liner or if you're not comfortable with liquid liner at all you can skip this step but I would recommend using a very deep brown almost black shade and just pushing this at the lash line instead. But for those of you who are applying eyeliner what you want to do is to join that tip to the lash line keeping this on the outer third of the eye. Now I'm a little bit out of practice using eyeliner myself so if you do want a more detailed video on this definitely let me know and I'll share some tips and tricks.  You basically want to create this same shape working all the way along the liner or that smudged pencil. Now you don't have to blend this right away what I want you to do is just to apply this in the same shape following all along the edge and then what you can do once you have applied it all is to start very slowly smudging this out just using little back and forth motions and you should still be able to see that reddish brown but it should seem as almost an extension of the liner that we've applied. This will create the illusion that we've almost applied the liner over the top of a reddish brown but we didn't have to put that much work into it. It's kind of a lazy way to create this look and nobody needs to know. Now for my favorite shade this mustard tone using that same fluffy brush that we've been using this entire time you're going to be working this across the lid and then very softly smoking this out creating a sheer layer over everything that we've applied except for the liner and that reddish brown. Now as you can see I'm holding the brush really far down the handle. What this is going to do is just to apply less pressure on the brush meaning that we're going to get a sheer and light layer just working this all over the lid. Hold on to that shadow because we will be coming back to it but I'm also then going to move on to applying some mascara and some lashes and we're nearly finished off with the eyes we just have one more extra step that we want to do and that is to apply a nude liner not a white but a nude a lighter tone or skin matching tone pencil onto your waterline and this is just going to open up those eyes. Now we can go ahead and apply our face makeup.  Once I've mapped out my concealer in all the different places that I need to I rehydrated the skin using a spray and then I'm going to start to blend this out using a damp sponge. I like switching to using a damp sponge over brushes when we are changing the season using the damp sponges almost like using your fingertips you just have more of a real feel this will just allow you to better understand what your skin needs particularly if you are making changes to your skincare routine. Once I blended all of that out I then started to do my brows I like to do my brows after my base makeup and I'm thinking of laminating my brows but I don't know though if anybody's tried it and recommends it let me know or if you don't recommend it let me know too. Now for the cheeks I don't want to think too pinky I want to have more of a kind of peachy tone so I applied the peachy tone but we will be applying that mustard tone later so hold on to that one but you guys know what I'm going to go on with next of course I'm going to be using my favorite go-to sculpting powder this is just going to bring the entire look together it's going to blend really nicely with that peachy creamy blush and it also has this warm but not too warm tone so it's great for fall which I love. So for the lips I'm going to be using that deep brown liner that I also used in the original latte look now I wanted to use a warm yellow nude lipstick but I couldn't find it anywhere so I opted for this shade instead but what I am going to do is to apply the mustard shade over the top. Now I wouldn't recommend doing this you should actually probably blend it onto your hand before you apply it but I was feeling a little bit lazy so I just popped it over the top of what I applied and then what I did is applied a sheer layer of this onto the cheeks and what this will do is kind of do the similar effect to what we did on the eyes brings the entire look together. The mustard shade in this look is really the standout shade but it's also so subtle and so sheerly applied that it's barely noticeable at the same time. It just adds this very subtle tint to the eyes the cheeks and lips and there you go that is the latte look but with a little bit more spice I hope that you enjoyed this one it's super fun and easy and casual to apply which I really like a bit different to my usual style because I don't always apply liner but I really hope that you enjoyed this one as always my friends have a wonderful week do let me know if you have any plans for October if it's your favorite month it seems to be a lot of people's favorite month. I love September is my month but I do like early October as well and also I was thinking because it is October that I might share some of my kind of spooky go stories just for fun so let me know if you want to hear them. I think my house is haunted so I'm saying this really quietly as if that ghost can hear me but I do have a spooky story about seeing a ghost he seemed more scared of me than I was of him I was more relieved that it just wasn't a strange person that had broken into my house so yeah let me know if you want to hear that one and as always my friends be kind to yourself be kind to ghosts and I will see you in a video really soon


Thank you for being here this evening. As I've always wanted to be Dr. Ruth, let's talk about sex.  That's the perfect answer. Why do you think in our western and supposedly open culture, sex and art still seems to disturb people? We've always campaigned for a day when sexuality is a question of nil, that we don't have divisions or divisiveness, that there is no gay or straight or this or that. Is it just that everyone is a sexual person?   And now when you come up to 2001, we all shy about sex and we are all hiding it. And especially, okay, maybe you can do some painting nudes. Painting you can, but when you have them photographically in a museum, this taboo.


So I'm Caroline Kuhn and I'm a PhD student at BASPA University. I'm writing OPS my last year. I'm a part-time student. And I'm presenting, I guess, less the process of my research, but more the theoretical aspect of it that I found out quite at the late stage of my research. I'm part of the Gojiya network, and that's the Tukopamoja here, which is an amazing network of people that come together every year. And so I'm part of that. And I'm grateful for all what I have learned from them. So I'll start with sharing the context and the problem very quickly, my research question, and what did I did as an exploratory phase, my methodology, my findings, and some preliminary conclusions. So talking about the context of my study, these deterministic views of young people being digital natives I think is very dangerous, particularly for universities that assume that as we don't need to do anything because they already know everything. So that was a problem for me. And that deterministic views tend to then ask the question of what works, efficiency, where can we perform faster? And I think that the problematization of the use of technology on the ground is missing under those questions. And the messy present is avoided in some sense. Deterministic views at the same time, they tend to do this black boxing around technology. So when the airplane crashes, then we look at what happened. And I think we should be looking at the very beginning of the process instead at the very end. And the potential of the technologies are very, very often missed or misunderstood by practice. And it's very different. So if a technology has a potential to do something, it doesn't mean that some student will be able to accomplish that. And I think that that is really important to be aware of. And students' view of looking at students as disembodied learners is a thing that you take them out of the context and the power relations in which they are embedded, they disappear in a way. And I think that is also dangerous. This is part of a bigger context. It's a study that the Joint Research Center did in 2008. And they were envisioning this intensive learning society putting open learning at the core and center of what everyone does every time and everywhere. And I was just kind of asking myself, well, that's great. But where are students in this picture? And I think, doing a lot of research, that voice was and still is unexplored. And I was very interested in that voice of students and how are they managing this kind of space where they are considered they don't need any help because they're very native. So the literature then said, at the time I started this because I'm a part-time student. So I started this in 2015. So at the time I started, JISC was doing the Digital Student Project, which was a very, very productive project. And these things were part of that study. And then another study done at Oxford University about students wanted to do their own blend and they wanted to find their tools and mix and play around and tinker around. But they didn't know how those digital tools would help them to support their studies. And then in our university, I chaired a conference that was student-led and it was about exploring the different graduate attributes, which is how the UK measures in a way their vision. And so digitally literate was one of them. And many students came and basically they said that they wanted to know more about what digital literacies are or is, if we say literacy, and they would like to be taught consequently. So they were very dissatisfied. And then in a lecture hall with 187 students, I asked them what's digital literacies and that's the overwhelming answer. But then very funnily, I asked, OK, those who said, yes, could you please put a definition there? And it was mainly jokes. So I guess that a lot of them just didn't know at the time what digital literacies is. And I think there is this saying, name it and then tame it. And I think that is really, really important if we talk about digital literacies. Then I did using the survey that Gisk used in their digital student project. And I explored which are the tools they used and how they engage with different things very quantitatively. And you can see the results here. And that was also for me quite. I thought, well, aren't they digital natives? There's tons of properties and features and stuff. But I was really asking, I don't think that is really so. And so I decided then to stop the time and say, wait, I'm going to look at the daily entanglements of students' use of digital tools and platforms on the ground and what was happening in the space with them. So I set up two research questions. One was how, why, and to what extent do students engage with tools? Open or not, but open, I'll explain why are in brackets, on platforms and in informal settings. And how do they make sense of the environment where these engagements happen? I used, at the very beginning, constructive grounded theory as my methodology. I had 20 students that I interviewed. I used, so I organized focus group. I used the visitor and resident approach, which is this kind of canvas where they paint, you will see in a bit how they engage and with which tools. And it's kind of a continuum that you can place yourself in each of the spaces. This is one of the maps. And she was, I think, 20 at the time. And she was saying that she felt she was the forgotten generation, that no one has done anything for her, in relation with digital literacy. This is another map where we can see how the personal space is quite populated, whereas if we see the academic space, they only have. And really, if you see there, the tools that are there are just these already given tools by the university. So this is the virtual learning environment that my university uses. So I was kind of looking at, why is this happening and how can I look at this data? What can I do with it? How can I look at these maps? What can I say about them? So I went to Cape Town two years ago with 12GN, who is my extended family, I would say. And there we were, all of them. And we worked a lot and we did a lot of debating. And there I came across Cheryl Hodgkinson-William, and she introduced me into critical realism, and realist social theory. And so I understood this is really what I will use to look at my data. So what it does, it has a deep ontology, a stratified ontology, which means that social reality exists out there independently of us knowing about it. So reality is more than what I can see. And so that social reality is layered. And you have an empirical level, which is this visible level that you can perceive through your senses. But then you have a real level, which is the deep level where these generative mechanisms that are within structures, they are located there. But then there is this middle level where these generative mechanisms that are in the deepest level, when they are enacted, when they are active, then they generate these events that we then see at the empirical level. And I thought that was really a good meta theory to think about my data. And so what they say basically is that the empirical gives us an avenue to the real, which is this deep level, but only when the former is guided by theory. So the goal of science is the theoretical identifications of things and their causal powers. I don't have time to get into how this is not deterministic, but I have read extensively in my PhD why this is not deterministic. Basically, because social reality is conceived as an open system that is complex and emergent. So there is nothing like determination there. And so I refined my questions, thinking about what are these social conditions that are constraining students' agency as causal powers for their open digital practices. And so when I analyzed my data, I got into the empirical level using constructive grounded theory, but I then went deeper looking at the maps. And this is a topography from a geographer, but what I did is the maps I had, I started to draw some topographic ideas on them and thinking about what makes those arrangements of the features, in this case, not mountains and river, but tools, what makes these arrangements as they are? Why are they so different? And at the real level, I started to see which are the mechanisms that are in place in my sample. And I just want to say, I have a very small sample, 20 students, which I'm not intending to do any generalization here. I'm just pointing to a particular problem that I do think, and I have also done the research in my PhD, that there are different studies that are more quantitative and bigger sample that point basically to some similar findings. So here we can say things that they have said, so I'm scared, I don't understand where my stuff is, the cloud, what's the cloud, where is my stuff there in the cloud, can I? So kind of all expressions of things that they were felt afraid of and anxious. So what I concluded in a way is that emotions, like fear, anxiety, uneasiness, overwhelming feelings tell us that this formal digital space is a space of struggle and emotions following critical realism is a mechanism. It's real and it generates inaction or action, in this case it is inaction what it has led. The technological infrastructures as well, they are a mechanism and they constrain because it's a new language, new rules, new problems, new threats, and that is something that one needs to take into account. And on the other hand, students have approaches to learning that are different, but basically the majority has a surface approach to learning, which doesn't allow them to dig deeper into new tools, explore and find out how to do new things. And on the other hand, in particular, I think higher education and Kate was really her talk couldn't be more excellent for my own position. The institutional culture is really a difficulty. I think that technology opens up the door, so they're great, a lot of technology, but at the very end, there are no resources and no time to find out how can we embed that in our practice. So policy is missing and the culture really, I think, is doesn't allow that to happen, at least in my institution. So I think this kind of idea of a space being an empty vessel where you put your tools and stuff is misleading and it's very dangerous, and I think one needs to be very aware of that. And instead, I think we need to think about spaces as dynamic, co-constructed and participatory. And if we see spaces as becoming through interaction with the context, and the context being filled with people and with people that are present, but maybe people that are virtually present, we would make a better job, I think. And spaces, I consider they should be as emergent because it is an open system and so all of that complexity comes in and they emerge through that interaction and they are becoming, because becoming for me is the aim of education more than skills and anything else. So I just have been doing a lot of research in relation with the sociological understanding of space and how I have drawn from human geography and critical social theory to do an analogy with what geography and space talks about and how virtual spaces have been under theorized or under, I think, described, I think it's under theorized. So this quote tells us, and this is about social theory around space, that natural space becomes a social phenomenon or social space once people begin to use it. Boundaries are put on it and meanings, including ownership, which I think is key for us, are attached to it. Then the air over dirt becomes a lot or a plot and if residential users obtain control over the bounded space, then it becomes a place. And I think that is one of the things we, yeah, I think is a good thing to be aware of when we are creating the spaces for our students. And this is the work of Soja, Edward Soja, who really is a very dense and very good sociologist about space and it's the same thing. We should think about space not as passive, not as this euclidean understanding more filled with action and meaning. And meaning is key in my research at least, how a space is meaningful and how that then alters, how that space is enacted and how that space is then populated with the tools. And so I have been thinking now about how can we think about this further? How can we create something different? And topology, which is the strands of mathematics that thinks about properties of spaces that stay invariant. So I have thought about the topology of learning spaces and looking at which are these properties that are unaffected for open learning spaces. And these are seven duplettes, how I call them. And my work is a work that is inspired by lots of people. The Gojian, Catherine Cronin, Wendy Liu, who is a really good critical mind around technology, or the whole open movement. And so yeah, I think I finished. I'm not sure where I'm going next. I'm open to any question, any suggestion, any different interpretation, any different views on what I have done. And thank you very much for your time and attention. I have put, I'll put this up and there are a lot of references for you whoever is interested. So there are some slides on it.


Hey guys welcome back to my channel. My name is Sonali if you guys didn't already know me and today I'm going to be doing a what I want for Christmas video. Personally I love these videos because I like to get ideas of stuff I could ask for for Christmas and this year I feel like it didn't want a lot of things like I actually just came up with these things because people were asking me what I wanted so I was like okay I guess you know that that could be cool for Christmas I feel like there's nothing that I really want but I would be happy with any of these things on my list like at my house we don't really do a big Christmas even though I'm Catholic if you guys didn't know I'm actually Catholic usually we just get money and like stocking stuffers but my boyfriend really wants to know what I want for Christmas you know might as well do this video and send him the link. The first thing on my list are tan color booties I just got black ones and I feel like having both options is really nice the ones I got now are from Henry girl but their stores are located in FSU and UCF I don't even know how much they were but they weren't too expensive maybe they were like around $50 and I was expecting to spend like $70 so I was pretty happy with that. Then I want really weird slippers that kind of go with my personality if that makes sense or is something that I like I actually just got these snowman slippers um airpossil was just closing down and I looked out these things were $15 his cheeks light up and they're like red it gets me in the holiday spirit I kind of want slippers similar to those but that I could wear all year round because I'm going to be living in my sorority house next year and we can't go barefoot like all around the house so I want to have like super cool slippers to wear everywhere you guys might think this is a lot on my list and honestly it just kind of comes to my mind so I'll just write it down like even things I need I'd literally put socks on here so it's just like random things I guess next is the morphe 350 matte palette I'm pretty sure Ryan got me this for my birthday and it just hasn't come in yet because my birthday was November 25th so he's probably going to give it to me for Christmas anyways but I really want that palette because I literally only wear browns on my lid now I just I just can't I try to do like a gold shimmer eye but then I was like nope and I put like a matte brown shadow on top of it it's still kind of shiny but I just had to stick with my browns next thing I need are tennis shoes but I really don't even know which ones I want I kind of want stylish ones that I could wear with leggings and look like a total badass man but I also need some that I can work out in because the tennis shoes I have are Nike roaches and apparently they're good for working out in like how was I supposed to know what the heck I thought all tennis shoes are good for working out in I'm just so unathletic I just don't know these things but yeah so I need tennis shoes that are good for both or one of each basically in the near future I should probably get new tennis shoes next I put a real swell bottle but I'm thinking I actually want a bottle that's metal and keeps drinks cold for a really long time like a swell bottle but has a straw like a camel back because when I'm at the gym I actually like to pick up my thing and just flip it and sip it I don't like to stop what I'm doing and like twist it open then take a sip and like what if you're like running then you're gonna like spill it all over yourself so I really do need like my camel back back but I don't want to camel back because it doesn't keep your drinks cold at all I have a fake swell bottle right now and it keeps things cold for so long but it gets smelly so fast and I don't know why so if you guys have a swell bottle and it smells what do you guys do for it like how do you clean it and not make it smell like that because it's disgusting and I literally can't drink the water after like 12 hours and having it in there the next thing I just put this on my list because I wanted it in the near future like I said for the other ones it is the new Anastasia stick foundations but I saw them and they were extremely cheaper than the Make It Forever one I use I actually started using the L'Oreal infallible one so I don't really use that anymore if I go back to using stick foundations and run out of my Make It Forever HD I'm definitely gonna try out the Anastasia one because it's so much cheaper and I want to see how it works next thing I also want in the near future this one's kind of pricey it just depends on which one you get I do want a wide angle lens because I think it'll be really cool for just adventure days I think I want it for my little vlogging Sony camera because it's so much more convenient I just got a new lens that is amazing just like my big camera so I'm gonna start filming like more outfit videos on that maybe we'll see I don't I feel like I don't even have that great of a fashion sense but sometimes when I do post a little outfit video here and there you guys want more of him so I might do that because it's like a blurry lens type thing but I've always wanted a wide angle lens because I think the pictures taken on it are so cool I don't want to fish eye lines but just like a nice like wider angle lens because all the lenses I have are so tight because all the lenses I have are so tight but I just don't know which one exactly I need or should get so I should probably go to Best Buy and like ask them but I'm not really looking to spend more money on the lens right now but we'll see next is Just Dance 2017 but my dad just put our Wii outside on our deck and we have a big screen on our deck so we can like play Wii with it and it's like blown up really big and it's really fun now so I want to play Wii like every single day of winter break and I want Just Dance 2017 because I feel like the songs on Just Dance get so old after a while and there's like only like what 18 or like even 12 songs it feels like and probably like five that you actually know and like so I want to get some new songs and I think that'd be fun to like get an updated version of the Just Dance and play with my friends. Next is Nars's Chubby Pencil in Het Lou. I don't even know how to pronounce it but it's H-E-T-L-O-O and I thought it just was so pretty obviously it is the exact same color I have in every other lipstick known to man but it was so pretty and the formula is different so you know it's kind of different right? Another lip product that I swatched at Sephora and fell in love with is Tarte's Matte Lip Paint in Fave Choker. It was again a mauve color I'm pretty sure. What's new? Next is a refill on the Anastasia Dip Brow in Dark Ground because mine is hitting pan. I mean a hit pan a really long time ago but yeah I need a new one. Then I really want a stabilizer for my handheld camera the Sony A5100. I just don't know exactly what stabilizer there is out there for handheld cameras. I want one that can fit in my purse and it can be a tripod and can be a stabilizer and I just feel like I have all these things that I want it to be and there's probably not even one made like that but if you guys do know of a stabilizer that's very compact and convenient then let me know because I want my vlogs to be more stable and especially now that I got a newer lens I want to film more of my main channel videos on it maybe. So if you guys know of one please let me know I've been searching all over for it. Then I also want a new hard drive because the hard drive I have right now is almost full and it doesn't have like the rubber outside so it has been thrown on the ground has been dropped it has been jumbled in my backpack it just like has so many scars from that and I feel like it's gonna give out any second. The next hard drive I want is one that has a rubber outing because like I'm just bad with things I drop things I don't take care of things very well I'm gonna admit it um so it'd be nice if it had a little protector around it. I also need one because I just got on the exec board for Katie and I kind of want to have all my files and everything that I need on a separate hard drive and just kind of start over. Next is a brown sugar matte lip kit by Kylie and I would probably want this single instead of the lip kit because I don't I could do without the lip liner but I'm not sure if she has a single out for it yet um but I think it's like a really pretty color I kind of want to try it out because I love brown lip colors. Then I want some no-show black socks um that are pretty thick because my other ones are really thin and uncomfortable. I want to wear socks with my shoes because my feet get sweaty and I feel like they need a little layer because sometimes I do get blisters. I have these knockoff quilted fans and I don't have any no-show socks so I feel like I always am getting blisters and they're so cute and I want to wear them but I don't want my feet to hurt. And the last one is 64 gigabyte SD cards. I can never have too many honestly. I take pictures not only for me and my youtube channel my instagram but for Katie also and I do videos so it's nice to have a bunch of SD cards and I feel like after a while my SD cards almost break and I'm scared that they're gonna break while I have something important on there so I just kind of want to like change them out every once in a while. I got one new one because I had to throw away one of them out but another one is coming close to its death so I'd like to replace that one too. So that was it of my what I want for Christmas video I hope you guys really enjoyed it and got some ideas to put on your Christmas list for Santa. Watch out for those vlogmas vlogs and I will see you guys in my next video. Bye guys!


We're here at the ITU Planet Potentiary Conference 2014 in Busan in the Republic of Korea and I'm very pleased to be joined by Minister Mobler Johnson, who is a Minister of Communication Technology of Nigeria. Minister Johnson, thank you very much for being with us today. Thank you for having me. It's good to be back again. I'd like to start off by talking about the new GemTech Awards which we're launching this year. What's your opinion about these awards? These awards are a great thing. I think the ITU has done a tremendous job in terms of creating that awareness of the importance of having girls and women in ICTs. And I think what the awards has done is actually moving from awareness building into actually getting something done.  So I think rewarding countries, individuals, NGOs who have done something to move the needle in getting girls and women into ICTs, I think it's a great thing. So I really commend the ITU. And also, teaming up with UN Women I think was a very major strategic decision because UN Women has this as their own sole agenda. It's about women inclusion, empowerment of women. Teaming up with UN Women just ensures that I think it ensures that we'll actually get more traction in this getting girls and women into ICTs agenda that we have. For those people who aren't aware, what are the GemTech Awards as such? It's actually mainstreaming gender into ICTs. That's really what it is. And it really is about trying to close that digital divide, which has been very well researched. There's a big divide between men and women in terms of how they use ICTs. And if we all say that ICTs empower people, empower development, health, education, then if we're leaving out half the population, then this has become really a national agenda for all countries, not just an ITU agenda. What does it mean to be a woman in technology? What would you like to see for the female citizens in the ICT world? Do you believe that it's achievable, that mainstreaming can happen? I think a woman in technology means that you're quite alone, because we've just talked about the fact that there are not enough women in technology, but it means that you're quite alone. But I think that what it does mean, even if you look at the ITU member states, I think there are 190-something member states, there are probably about a dozen female ministers. And so you're quite alone, but that's not a bad thing. What it means is that at least for those of us that are in this kind of position, we can actually influence how we use ICTs to empower women, how we use ICTs to be more women. Whether it's in terms of careers, it's in terms of being more producers than consumers of content on the internet, all those things matter in terms of closing this digital divide. So that's what it means to me. It's just being in a position that you can actually influence and ensure that we close this digital divide. For young women in ICTs, what I would love to see, honestly, is that if we had the industrial revolution, engineering, very much a male dominated field, male dominated revolution, we now have the ICT revolution internet, I would like to see a better balance between men and women. And really this is possible. I see what's happening all over the world. We look at software development. It's not about brawn, it's about brains, it's about intellect, it's about creativity. All of these things women have in equal proportion as men. I think that my vision is to have many more women. It shouldn't be a gender thing anymore. Many more women should not be called geeks. Many more women should be involved in ICTs and all these ramifications. And really I think this is very, very possible. And my vision is that when it comes to an ICT revolution, women will be just as included and just as empowered as men are. But I think just to add to that, there are a number of things that we found in the research that we did, particularly in Nigeria, where one of the reasons for this digital divide is because when it comes to other parts of disempowerment of women, education, access to education, that really does have an impact on access to ICTs and utilization of ICTs. So we still need to team up with other sectors to ensure that if we get women better educated, their likelihood of using ICTs is actually greater than it would be if they weren't educated. So that's another way in which we need to team up and ensure this thing happens. And this is a cross-generational name, is it? A cross-generations, yes, but I think that what we do find, thank you for reminding me of that, what we do find is that the younger women are and the younger they are introduced into ICTs, the more likely they are to embrace ICTs growing up. So yes, you're absolutely right. So really what the ITU has done starting off with the girls in ICT today is tremendous because what it does very early on in a young girls' life is to show her that this is not a man's field. You can also be a telecoms engineer, you can also be an ICT person, you can also be a software developer and once that is inculcated and ingrained in their minds, it's very much easy for them to continue to curate in ICTs and be, like I said, producers of content and not just consumers as the cases today. Are you satisfied with ITU's push for more women and girls to embrace technology and what else do you think can be done to get more women and girls into ICT? Well, I think first of all, ITU has done a tremendous job because they have been the ones that have put this on a national agenda. Girls in ICT day, the GemTech Awards, which I think are tremendous. Are they doing enough? There's more to be done because this divide is just so wide. I think what they've done with UN Women, which is to bring a women-focused organisation, also UN, a multilateral body into this, I think is also very significant because they get a much wider hearing and it's a much wider audience that they're speaking to now, not just ICT ministers but also ministers that are in charge of women, rural development and all of that, social development. And I think that just widens the context that we have in terms of girls in ICTs and women in ICTs. So I think that they've done quite a lot but there still needs a lot more needs to be done. We're all, when I say we now, all the different countries are coming up with different initiatives to close the digital divide. I think ITU has a role to play in showing that we share best practices. I met up with the Pakistani Minister of ICT who happens to be a woman who's also doing things around girls in ICTs and we've agreed to share the curriculum that we use in our digital girls programme in Nigeria. So coming together, bringing together best practices, sharing ideas, sharing best practices, I think that's one thing that ITU offers for all of us as a platform. I think that's one thing that they can also do. But again, looking for organisations and institutions that they can team with and partner with who also have a women agenda, I think it's one thing that we can continue to do but doing a tremendous job so far but still a lot to be done. And it's not just inspiring girls of course, it's also getting the men on board as well, isn't it? It's making sure that the culture changes and that men are supporting very much these initiatives. Absolutely, that's absolutely correct. So all our male ministers must ensure they also have girls in ICT programmes and programmes that actually bring women into the world of ICTs, definitely. Minister of Model of Johnson, thank you very much indeed for your presence in the studio today and thanks for those great answers. Thank you.


I'm Tisha. We'd welcome now if you could address us. Thank you very much. Thank you, Dennis. Ladies and gentlemen, it's a privilege to be here at your ninth conference of the UN Broadcasting Commission. That short video gives you a little impression of the personality of this country and of its people. Actually, if you saw the Queen of England, Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth, signing the register of distinguished visitors, that was the first visit by a royal in 100 years to Ireland. Those of you who will know anything of our history will know that as a country colonised for 700 years, this country achieved its independence in the early years of the last, second last century. Resulted in a civil war with great difficulties for our own people and with 30 years of serious trouble from the late 1960s, right through the 70s and the 80s, eventually the terrorist activities and the war, as it was called, was brought to an end by negotiation and discussion called the Good Friday Agreement. And as a consequence of that, Queen Elizabeth was able to make a state visit here to the country, as I said, the first in 100 years. That visit is being replicated or responded to formally by the President of Ireland visiting Great Britain in the next number of weeks on the first formal state visit as well. I think it shows you the extent of connection of Ireland. 50 years ago last year, the late President Kennedy came here in June of 1963, which was the last international visit before he was assassinated in Dallas. Last year, his daughter and members of their extended family came to Ireland for the 50th anniversary of that visit and re-established the connection for the next generation because the younger members of the Kennedy family spoke at different locations of connection to the family and have reignited a continuum of the Irish American connection. President Obama himself, on one side of his family, has direct Irish connections and received his certificate of Irish heritage in the White House last year when I had the privilege of giving him that. But as an example, when President Kennedy came here, he presented to the Parliament of Ireland and the people of Ireland a flag of the Fighting 69th Regiment in the American Civil War, which was a banner created by the wives of the soldiers who fought in that regiment. That regiment was commanded by one Thomas Francis Mahur, who was deported from Ireland to Van Diemen's land, which is Tasmania, escaped from there and went to Australia, made his way to Montana, where he became the governor of Montana and eventually ended up as the general in charge of the Fighting 69th. He was also the person who designed the Irish tricolor, which is a flag of green, white and orange. The significance of that is that the green stands for the nationalist tendencies, the orange stands for the descendants and the supporters over the centuries of William of Orange, which was part of the great battles in this country, and the white is for the peace between the two. And that's what we stand for. So I'm glad, Dennis, that you've brought such distinguished guests to our country and next time I hope they can break out and move around from Dublin no more than America in New York is not the United States. And it's always important that you get an understanding of the people that we are. I'm sure Dennis O'Brien has explained to you that, due to our history and the great famine that we had here in the 1840s in subsequent years, that the humanitarian issue in our psyche is very strong. And on a proportionate basis, there is no more generous people than the Irish throughout the world. And as President Clinton remarked on a number of occasions, this is the one country they can legitimately say that, since the UN was founded somewhere on the planet every day since then, there are Irish people involved rather in peacekeeping missions or humanitarian issues. And whether it be Haiti or whether it be whether it be Mali or whether it be the Philippines or wherever, because of our own understanding of how important these things are, we're in there. This broadband commission is something that really excites me in the sense that there are experts around this table here who have in their hands the capacity and the potential to liberate people in so many ways by the capacity of technology now. We've only got four and a half million people here, as the little video showed you. We have 70 million worldwide. And for the first time ever, we're now able to connect all of those together digitally. I was in Seattle last year at an Irish American business function, and all of the people who attended are able to listen to their local radio stations from Ireland. They were actually more acquainted with local news than I was myself because they have time to listen to it. And the advent of instant connection without any physical connecting wires is something that is so new to people. When you look at places like Myanmar and these where you go from zero penetration to full connectivity in such a short time, the impact on culture and tradition and history and people's lives will bring enormous shockwaves with us in the context of just how many people are there. There's not much the potential there is. So your commission deals with issues of connection and liberation, also of privacy, new sense of democracy, if you like, and possibility, and accountability. Clearly these are issues that affect us all. I've looked at your agenda. Dennis, I think it must have been quite riveting to be here to hear some of these contributions and look at the significant developments that have taken place in countries where one might not have thought that would be possible in such a short time. We as a government support the objectives of the commission in recognising the importance of broadband in the international policy area. Why wouldn't we? It's in our interest as an island nation. I know that you've been driving not only dialogue but also actions to make broadband more affordable and more available, particularly in poorer countries. I see the documentaries on African women, African farmers able to contact their local markets about prices. All of these things are so revolutionary in a democratic sense being developed by what comes from your commission. The five targets that you've set, I'm happy to see that they're being monitored and tracked in terms of their roll-out. Clearly this commission has personnel working for people on it with the knowledge and expertise to make this happen and that includes industry executives, government leaders, policy pioneers, together with organisations working in the area of social and economic development. Obviously that leaves you very well placed to define and to find practical ways to expand broadband access in every country. The demands and the possibilities of the digital era transcend national communication mechanisms, national structures and national boundaries. At a European level, the European Council, which is the leaders of the 28 countries, we have removed physical barriers from country to country in terms of crossing borders and yet you still have digital borders that we have to remove also to make the digital market and the digital union one to bring about that real potential. So if you like, the local becomes global and global becomes local and for those of you who will understand that here in Ireland last year we had a digital conference where 10,000 creators turned up, innovators, thinkers, imaginative people and they know that when they get the app right or whatever and touch the button that it's gone global institution. That's the real revolution of talking to these young people who are creating that future, who are speaking the language behind the curve and when I go to schools and see the voluntary movement around this country in what we call code or dojo, people writing the code that makes things happen. Children as young as 7, 8 or 13 years are thinking ahead of that curve and are changing the frontiers that lie up ahead of us week by week. So the excitement of what lies ahead is as yet unknown and where it's going to be in 6 months or 6 years or 10 years, nobody can actually find out. Well, maybe Dennis O'Brien knows something about that, I'm not sure. Every country is obviously keen to build you know real quality infrastructure not only in the foundation of the service of the industry and therefore jobs, but about competition and investment. Countries like Sweden and South Korea are benchmarks for technology and for infrastructure. It's very noticeable that countries that are less well developed can actually leapfrog by deploying the most advanced technology in the market without having to concern themselves with the existing or the legacy systems and the infrastructure and that's what's happening. So getting it right really is the big challenge for the UN broadband commission and that challenge extends well beyond the infrastructure to the changing nature of commerce and trade, data collection, data storage, data protection, consumer protection and as a consequence even taxation. We've had all the discussions about corporation tax rates. Clearly in Ireland we have a set rate based in statute law but multinationals will use different jurisdictions and the legislative world has not moved at pace with the digital world. That's why the OECD are now looking at an international response to an international issue, an international question. So you also walk increasingly these days and in this world an increasingly difficult line between information and defamation. The balance of freedom of speech and the right to privacy is always an issue with people that's very contentious. It is a sad but unavoidable fact that there is an anonymous savagery out there that stalks the areas of the social media that can sometimes be anything but social. Not lone insults or threats of rape or death or harm the families with those whom we might disagree. It's one where there's a particular on us on parents to know whether children and teens hang out when they're on the web. As parents it's just as important to know where children are, who they're with and what they're doing as it is to know who they're meeting and talking to in the social media at their disposal so freely. So we are seeing new developments here in tackling child pornography and child exploitation. I suppose more positively the digital era brings rapid communication and news and information around the world in real time. I looked at the pictures from the cockpit of the Australian planes looking for the whereabouts if possible of the Malaysian 777. This is real connection all over the world for people who have an interest in any particular issue. So here in Ireland, as Dennis pointed out to you, we've got our own national broadband plan and a national digital strategy. We recognise that broadband availability is not only critical for business growth and development but impacts positively on so many other facets of modern life and commerce. Talking to the woman the other day who's retired housewife, she makes arrangements for two doctors appointments, one in Tokyo and one in New York, from her home in the west because of the capacity of the digital world. So quality broadband is absolutely crucial to sustainable development in rural and regional areas. We've got a problem here in Ireland. Many of our provincial parts and rural parts are still not anything to where they should be. That means that those who are writers or those who want to live in different parts of the country are still not able to do their business to the extent and stage that we would like. So we've serious plans to change all that. I note your report on the special session of the UN Broadband Commission for Digital Development, where you stress the vital importance of countries sharing their experience of developing and implementing national broadband plans. I think that's really good. Obviously we plan to guarantee high speed broadband to all citizens and all businesses. We want to do that in two ways. Firstly, by providing both a policy and a regulatory framework which accelerates and incentivises commercial investment. Secondly, by state led investment for areas of the country where it's not commercial in the market to invest. Now, as we were sitting here, there are a number of proposals to bring further connection across the Atlantic from the state's latency in banking terms is so important in terms of instantaneous connection. But because of particular problems over the years in this country, there's never been transatlantic cables of the digital nature coming into the country directly. We've ironed that out and there are a number of propositions to speed it up, which if the land on the west coast or the south coast would actually enable us to light up the entire country to the highest level. Infrastructure is one thing. Increasing the levels of digital adoption in the economy and society is another. This is an issue for us. That's why the National Digital Strategy was published in 2013. It's got three priorities. One, getting more businesses trading online. Five billion euro worth of business done online in this country. The vast majority of that comes in from outside. It might be good for post offices, but when you explain to people the potential of their own creative capacity to sell abroad is where you need to be. Example, I called in 10 or 12 businesses recently to government buildings to discuss this. Some who were started, some who were out for a while, some who were experienced. One woman, boutique, women's clothing, going well, went online, sell internationally, first orders from Singapore and the Far East. What a good quality European clothing for particular people. So here is an opportunity for people to understand that potential is what it is. But for many of them, because they struggle in economic challenges to keep their business very much alive, they don't have the time to promote in the way that they would like the websites, so we need backup systems for that. Website managers to say, here's who we need to keep this business moving. Also, the digital classroom. We're the best demographics of any country in Europe for the next 25 years. We pride ourselves on our education system, which is not perfect, but it's able to measure up. Because of the structure of our education system, it's very important for people that they have access to this quality. So most secondary schools are now up to speed with broadband, but it also means that the nature of teaching and instruction has to change completely. A young student now can draw down mountains of information literally about any subject of the net. The role of the teacher, the educator, the lecturer has got to change in being a councillor, a guide or a sifter through what is important in terms of information, so that where talent is identified that it can be allowed to flourish. In that sense, it means that if you've got a seriously capable young person in mathematics or physics or whatever it might be, but because of the structure of the curriculum and the numbers that don't have sufficient teachers to teach them, that's where the online connection can be for students who have the capacity to take really complex courses. And we support that seriously. And getting more citizens online. I met a man recently and he raised a subject with me and I said, James, where did you come across this information? Oh, he said I googled it up and he's 92. So it just shows you that the complexity, they don't have to understand how it works so long as it does work. And the point is that lifelong learning is a concept that's been alive in the Far East for very many years. It's something that's sort of new to our newer, should I say, to Western countries. And it's an issue that we've tended in Western countries to forget about and that people, when they reached retirement age, retired and faded away, that shouldn't be because you should never lose experience or wise counsel or that kind of potential. And it's all there through the digital world. So that's done in terms of the secondary school system. So they're the three areas that we want to do with that. Might I just say in response to what Dennis said to you, we've come through a pretty catastrophic period here where the country went over the edge because of an allegiance to property development only. Because the tools were not available at a European Union level to assist a country like Ireland, our population was required to borrow 64 billion and attempt to pay it back. So this has been a real challenge for people with negative equity, mortgage distress, unemployment, emigration. And it's taken some real courage from people to actually put in place a plan and a strategy and a process to move the country out of that. I'm glad to say that we were the first Eurozone country to emerge from an IMF EU bailout programme last December. We did so without any precautionary credit line. That, if you like, was reflected in the market sentiment towards Ireland subsequently when the first offering of moneys was oversubscribed by more than you would get in a precautionary credit line anyway. Just one statistic. In mid June 2011, interest rates for Ireland blocked out of the markets were 15%. Last Monday, a fortnight on a 10-year offering, there were 2.9%, which shows you the objectivity of market sentiment towards a country where they recognise that serious progress is being made. It's also interesting that out of the 60,000 new jobs that were created last year, 40 per cent of those came from companies that are less than five years old, many of them in the areas where you're working. That shows you in its own way the initiative and the interest and the capacity of young minds to change that future. In a taxation sense and in a budget sense, we've had to reflect the importance of small and medium enterprises, which are the backbone of every society, to be able to move forward. As we exited the programme, people said, what's the next step? Where are we going now? Simultaneously, we published a medium-term economic strategy for 2 per cent growth this year, 2.5 next year, 3 per cent the year after, have our deficit below 3 per cent by 2015, have it eliminated by 2018 and get back to what you call full employment. In other words, the restoration of all the jobs that were last during the period by 2020. Investment in the country is very strong, exports out of the country are very strong, right across America last week. These were discussions with business interests and investors in the country here. In that sense, as I said, you'll find Irish people from the cleaner to the president of the chief executive in most countries in the world. I was at the European Council meeting last week and clearly the Crimea in Ukraine was an issue that dominated proceedings there with potential for real upset and real unrest. We were just reflecting that in the Crimean war in 1850s, 30,000 Irish men lost their lives in the Crimean war. It was interesting that one of the delegation that was on the OSCE monitoring delegation, which was not allowed in to Sebastopol, was an Irish man again. Only 50 years after that, this is the centenary of the commencement of the Great War, the war to end all wars. 50,000 men, a million slaughtered in the Somme, another million slaughtered in Flanders and all of these. It's all part of our understanding of why we should help other countries and you've been doing this in Haiti and other places. That's part of our understanding of the importance of the Millennium Development Goals, which is also a target of the commission here. The post 2015 developing framework gives us a once-in-a-generation opportunity to get this right. From that point of view, it allows us to eradicate extreme poverty and ensure that people all over the planet have an opportunity to have a decent standard of living. I was at the GAs in Fremanna in Northern Ireland last year. Ireland is not a member of the GAs, but I was invited because we had the Presidency of the European Union by Prime Minister Cameron. During our presidency, we achieved quite a significant element of technical issues put across the line, including, I might say, the mandate to get discussions underway between Europe and the United States in terms of what they call the T-TIP arrangements for free trade with the potential for millions of jobs on the side of the Atlantic and the capacity to set down regulations for world trade for the next 50 years. But there were African leaders at the GAs summit. It's a pity that it wasn't actually televised live. It was far from the sort of perception that you get of just nonsensical talk going on at these meetings. It was quite riveting, in fact. Quite a number of African leaders spoke about the democratisation of their countries, which are vast in extent, the extent of corruption, the extent of the rape of the soil and the extraction of minerals for no return for so many local communities. As for President Obama, actually, who said, well, look, one thing that we could do in response to these measures are to give them the capacity to communicate, but also give them the opportunity to have real legal advice and tax advice from experienced people who would see that contracts that are drawn up wherever actually give a real return to the communities and the tribes in the different countries. It's well recognised, from a European point of view, that with the population of Africa likely to double in the next 20 years, that if even 10% of young males would have decided to emigrate to Europe, no country could withstand the pressure of that. In my view, here's an example of a continent that will explode democratically and economically in the next 20 years. The Broadband Commission and the Millennium Development Goals are so important and achievable. So, in many ways, what you're doing is really a humanitarian issue of giving a voice to the voiceless of giving opportunity through the broadband business. So, it's a possibility that we will explore, that we will maximise if we dare to imagine what those young people said to me last year here in Ireland that we've got to think about whether outside the box would be on the curve. I'm always fascinated by the concept of infinity. I looked at the documentaries and the information about the big bang theories to where this universe came from and they were speaking of the explosion and the expansion of the universe in a trillionth of a trillionth of a second. And now they tell me that our cosmos is only one of thousands. So, when Voyager left the solar system with its 36-year-old technology, before it left, they turned around to take one shot and it did, and in that massive square of darkness there's one little blue pixel which is where you are. So, in that scale of infinity, we have the capacity to make an impact. And arising from the loss or the disappearance of the aircraft from Malaysia, I was astounded actually, and you know more about this than I do, that less than 10% of the world's surface is radarised, if you like, where they have real analysis of what's happening. And yet, you can have a GPS locator for every square centimetre of soil on the planet. So, I support what you're doing with the Broadband Commission. I support the development goals. I fully admire your five major targets and it's a privilege to be here. I welcome you to Ireland and hope that you can come back again. We are gregarious, curious, inquisitive people, and the trick is, if you come here for a week, you won't want to go home at all. Thank you.