All right, so we are talking about website caching. Real quick, who knows what website caching is? What does that mean? OK, a couple of you. This talk's going to be a little bit higher level. We're sort of gearing it more towards the non-technical Drupal users, maybe the site builders, project managers, those kinds of people. But how many developers or maybe technical Drupal users do we have? Probably the same people that already raised their hand. I get it. All right, that's all right. We're going to fill in some little things here and there for you to watch out for as well, so no worries. Let's go ahead and move on. Quick agenda. So we are talking about, we're going to do some introductions, of course. We're going to get into what is caching. We'll go through a couple of sort of common scenarios with respect to website caching to sort of illustrate the things that we're talking about. Then we'll go through a couple of tips and tricks just to give you all some tools to use later and sort of wrap up with sort of a quick recap of the things that we've covered. So that's it. What does Simon want to introduce? Hi, everyone. Simon. I'm working as a director of technology for evolving web. So my background, I've been 15 years. I've been doing Drupal stuff at virus level, being Drupal gone, building Drupal website. And I have more focus on the back and side of thing. I used to call myself a headless Drupal specialist until I realized it might be perceived in a wrong way. So I'm not calling myself a decopal Drupal specialist. I'll switch to Jesse. Yeah, OK. And so I'm Jesse. I am a solutions architect with evolving web. I have about 10 years of various web development experience, sort of as a full stack developer across a couple of different platforms, of course, including Drupal, and of course, as a Drupal agency. So who is evolving web? We are a full service digital agency. We help a lot of our clients bring their digital experience to life, so setting meaningful stories of motion through digital platforms designed for growth. We've been working with Drupal for about 15 plus years. Maybe it's 16 or 17 now. We're about 85-ish people between designers, developers, content strategists, and a whole bunch more. These are just a handful of clients that we've worked with over the years of various institutions. So what is caching? I'm supposed to sit here for the recording. Yeah, so what is caching? So essentially, for people that are wondering, so probably a little bit less than half that room, it's literally storing a copy of the result of a computation so that you don't need to redo that computation again. So think about the multiplication table you learned in your youth, and you're not having to recompute those small multiplication. You just know them by heart. It's kind of the same thing. You're basically going to store a file or a piece of data in a storage so that if the same request needs to be executed again, you're going to be able to serve the result right away without having to recompute it again. So of course, it's going to bring more performance to the overall system because you're going to be able to reduce the amount of time you spent computing the result of a web page or styles or images. And white matters where right now for web properties performance is key at almost all levels. Of course, primarily for user experience, users are not going to be akin to keep navigating your website. They have to wait a couple of seconds each time they navigate from one navigation point to the other. And like courage to that, then of course the SEO, your overall SEO of your website is going to be way better if the website answers quickly. It's actually one of the metrics that Google and other search engine are monitoring. And they use that to promote or demote your website position in this search results. So it's actually key. So caching comes into like, there's different type of caching when it comes to using those techniques to speed up, to bring more efficiency to a web project. So the first layer we can talk about is what happens on the client side. So by that, we mean the browser. So the actual Google Chrome or Firefox or Microsoft Edge. Something like that. So basically, at that level, the browser is going to store some of the data so that when a navigation happens from page to page, there's no need to refage those data again. So going to be like the different styles, the different fonts, the different images, like for example, the logo, stuff that are on all the pages. So the first access to a page is going to be a little bit slower, but then all the subsequent navigation steps are going to be faster because the data is just local to the user computer. Then one step further, there's everything that happens at the network level. So basically between the user and the server that hosts, for example, your Google site. And so at that level, it's the same thing. So instead of being actually stored on the local computer, it's still somewhere on the network. So why is that interesting? Well, first, it means that if there is cash data at that level, the request that wants that data back is not going to need to hit your hosting infrastructure so that hosts the websites. So it's going to be quicker. And then you're going to save on the computational need that that infrastructure requires. And on top of that, one type of those network level caches that I call CDN are actually multiple copies of your content that I store virtually everywhere on the planet. So for any user, instead of their requests having to travel all the globe to the actual location where your website hosted, the content is going to be much more closer to their geographical location. So it's going to be faster. That's what's happened on the client side and on the network side. But there's also a type of caching that happens on the server. So inside the tool application itself. And then it's in case it's not possible to cache that on the client side or on the network layer. Then the application that is hosted on the server that runs there is going to be able to cache maybe partially the results of some computation so that it can be reused much faster. So typically what that means, I'm going to just skip that straight animation that was supposed to go over my discourse, but you got the idea. That means basically you can think of it as two different kinds of caching. The one that are external to your Drupal project and the one that are internal to your Drupal project. The external one are interesting because, as I said, you're basically moving the storage and the competition lead away from your infrastructure and you can serve that content much faster and closer to the user. It comes with a drawback which is it's only capable of caching full pages of content or the assets that are linked to those pages, so invades, tide sheets. But it's not going to be able to be really efficient if the pages changes. They need to be the full pages. And then when it comes to more dynamic content, then you have the internal side of things, which is basically it can be completely customized. That means the developer that built the website is going to be able to leverage the cache in the way they want. So they're going to be able to cache things that can be reused for a longer period of time and recompute the things that change all the time. But obviously that means that the requests are going to hit the infrastructure. So if there's something you want to remind, it's like basically caches break down between what's external to the website and that's what's internal to the website of the Drupal instance. And I'm going to switch over to Jason. All right. So I mentioned we wanted to actually walk through a couple of scenarios because this is all can get into some kind of technical stuff. So it's helpful to sort of break down what this actually means when you're looking at a website. So let's start with what is basically a simple static page. This is the Drupal.org home page as of just a couple of days ago. And it's basically there's nothing really dynamic happening on this page right now.  Everybody is seeing this same page. If you all go to this website, today you would see the same page. And this is kind of the best case scenario, like Simone was saying, we can cache this in a very external way from Drupal. So it's sort of the most external way actually where we can really leverage the caching the most in such a way that it basically avoids Drupal completely in most cases. And so because of that, it might be the simplest cache, but it's also maybe a little bit more difficult to control. We don't have as much control over it. There is ways that it can be controlled, but it's just not quite as easy. But because of that, again, it's probably the most performant to cache these pages. So zooming in on this page a little more, let's sort of pick it apart a little bit because there's a bunch of things on here that are cache at different levels. Something like maybe the font files on the site. So if I'm remembering correctly, I think Drupal's using Ubuntu. So that's not a common font. It's not part of everybody's operating system. Your computer, when you visit the site, is going to have to download that from an external location. And we don't want to download that again when you go to the next page. Maybe you go into the wire Drupal page. Why do we want to download that font again? And so this is where browser caching comes in. The browser has that ability to hold onto that, those font files that's going to tell your browser how to render that font. So there's no need to re-download it again. It's just going to get it straight from the browser. We have a whole bunch of images, too. Those are the same, like the icon in the navigation bar is the same across every single page for the most part. So we don't need to download that when you go to other pages. We also have another image there that is just on the home page. Well, that's not going to be cached for other inner pages by the browser, but it is going to be cached by some of those other layers like the CDN, where maybe you can get that image from a much closer location than having to go much further geographically to get that. There's also some videos. You can sort of see the video controls there. So maybe those also could be something that's cached. Videos might be a bit of a different subject, but the same idea as apply. We can bring them closer to a user, do some things to make that happen faster for those users. Additionally, maybe more difficult to see, but the page is obviously styled in a very certain way. It's not just a white background. So there's some style sheets happening. There's some JavaScript probably happening. So those files are all things that we would otherwise have to deliver to a user every single time if there is no caching involved. So this is where caching is really helpful to make that operate a lot faster and a lot smoother. There's also a bunch of code that gets generated behind the scenes. And this is what we're sort of talking about when we mean like caching a whole page. It's all this code that was generated when you visited that website. Drupal did a whole bunch of work to calculate all that, figure out what to display, and we don't even do that every single time again, because it's just everybody seeing that same page.  Just want to talk briefly about what is a CDN. We've mentioned that a couple of times, and we've kind of alluded to it, but just to go a little bit deeper into that. So we're here in Lille, and you might be visiting a website that's hosted maybe all the way in North America somewhere. That might take time to actually get over there. Surprisingly, the speed of light isn't that fast when it comes to a website. So we want to bring those files closer to the user. But doing that ourselves as developers, or as agencies, or as content editors is kind of complex. So we bring in a content delivery network that's going to handle a lot of that for us. But it mainly only supports things like the images and all those other supporting files that we looked at, as well as that full page output, which you could imagine there's a scenario where a user never actually goes back to the web server wherever it may be, and they just get everything from a CDN, which is just a couple of kilometers away in some cases. So that's kind of the principle of a CDN. It's just to bring things closer to the user so that things work a lot faster. And that CDN sort of can work sort of on the user's behalf to retrieve all those files from the original server, hold on to them closer, and deliver them to the user in the end. And that sort of takes us onto the more complex example. So I'll send that back to Simone. Yeah, so as Jesse said, when the page is mostly static, I mean, entirely static, the same content getting searched to all users, it's pretty simple because you can cache that entirely and then serve it like from the server cache or the CDN or even for the broader cache if you know that it's not going to change for a while. But what happens if we have something dynamic? For example, we have elements of personalization or it's an e-commerce website and the prices are dynamic and computed by depending on the currency you selected or the geographical location you are in, or like most simply, if you're using a search feature, obviously the search result page is going to be unique and not truly cacheable. In that case, for example, if we're logged in, then it's the same web page but the exception of that little avatar that is displayed on the top right corner. So in that case, if we take a closer look at the page, I mean, most of the elements are not going to change from page to page, like the navigation is still going to be the same for everyone, that header here that provides another level of navigation is still going to be the same, the images are also going to remain the same but that very specific avatar is going to be different. So if we're looking at the page, Drupal is basically able to kind of poke a hole in a page and instead of caching the whole page globally, Drupal is going to be able to identify which blocks, which elements, which components of the page can actually be cached for a long time, just be reused and which one are going to be dynamically generated for every request and then reassemble the page from the cached element and the one that needs to be recomputed every time in a way much more efficient way than if the whole web page would have been completely recomputed. Of course, in that scenario of having elements of customization that are introduced, we're going to be forced to leverage the internal cache Drupal and we're not going to be able to leverage like CDNs or broader cache for the page output itself because at that level it needs to be different for every users. So that said, we're going to switch to some tips and tricks section when it comes to caching. All right, so a couple of things that are helpful to know when you're dealing with website caching. There's a couple of ways that we can sort of like work around it basically and the first way is just through what we often call a hard refresh.  So you can either do that through one of these methods depending on your operating system. Mobile browsers may have like a in private or incognito mode. Kind of does the same thing. It'll help you to not use that cache. And yeah, so that'll really help to get around that just by hitting that, you know on a Fusing and Mac, it's that Command R, Windows, Control Shift R. For those of you using Linux, I did actually update this earlier but I guess it's still stuck in the cache so I haven't updated it. I might have to wait until tomorrow to see that one. But that's, you know, the first way that you can really try to get around a cache. The next thing you can do is using a query string parameter which is basically this ugly thing at the end of the URL. A lot of you've probably seen those when you're sharing URLs around. That string for the most part tells a web server or something along the line like the CDN that this is gonna be a unique resource that we're requesting. And so it's sort of a way to tell the server to vary that resource but that the important thing is that it's telling you everything else in between that it's unique. And so that tells the CDN for example not to cache that resource. So you can use that for the page. You can also use that for an image like I have the logo there. If an image is sort of showing you the old version and you wanna see, okay, is it actually the real version. This isn't gonna fix it for everybody though. It's just for your computer again. So there's still sort of an underlying question of why are we seeing the old image that maybe needs to be sorted out if this is something that's happening commonly. All right, and then the last stage if you clear the cache locally or you're interested, you're instructed all your user via Twitter to all clear the cache. It didn't work. Or you like use that techniques or you flush the CDN cache via their UI and it's still not working. Then the last result measures obviously to try to clear the Drupal cache itself. So two ways of doing that that most of the developers already know for non-technical users that if you don't know there's an actual button in the admin UI of Drupal that allows to do that. The equivalent trash command that is here. So obviously if, what I wanna say for that, again it's obviously a debugging method. You can't really rely on that on a day to day operation basis because what that is actually going to do is that it's gonna flush the entire cache. So meaning if you're trying to say, hold, I have that single page that each time we're updating it it doesn't get refreshed for the user or they need to wait a long time before seeing it. So I always need to clear the cache.  So just saying that we just saw three different tips to kind of assess if there's a caching issue at various stage of the various layers of the infrastructure. But it shouldn't happen as I said previously to pull this capable of like even managing very dynamic caching scenarios. If you have to resolve to that that means you need to put your developers back at work because there's something they're not doing correctly. So in order to kind of wrap that up what we learned today. So basically walking away from that room I want to remember that there's actually two different kinds of cache. The external ones that are very efficient because you're basically moving away from your infrastructure a lot of the conditional burden but they're universal they're not specific to Drupal they're basically based on the foundational HTTP layer for the web. But they're like all or nothing. So in some case you need to result to using the Drupal internal cache to achieve great performances. And Drupal is really good at that. Actually the whole Drupal caching API are built around the semantics of HTTP which means Drupal is natively compatible with any external caches between the browser cache or a CDN. And it also provides for the developers a powerful fine-grained internal caching API that they can use for as we said like caching various components of the page but also if there's a development like an integration to an external API or any kind of computational requirements that same API can be leveraged for that eliminating the burden of having to actually handle the cache. They can just cache and say I want that to be cached for an hour or for a day or forever. And in terms of like the overall architecture we learned that performance and throughput of a website are really key and it's important to keep that in mind and to constantly optimize it. And then when you end up in a case where it's getting harder and harder and caching is not helping maybe it's time to maybe rethink the user stories or the UX to bring that down to a more simplicity so that it's easier to cache and maybe even more understandable for the end users. So with that said, thank you for your attention. Thank you.


Hello and welcome to this session in which we will discuss IT security principles. Specifically, we're going to be discussing the AICPA, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountant IT Security Principles. And what they did is they developed five IT security principles to help organization safeguard their sensitive information and asset. Now bear in mind, those IT principles might be very similar to some other framework IT principles. Nevertheless, in this session, we focus on the AICPA because this is basically for the CPA exam. Specifically, those principles are known as the trust services criteria, TSC, and they are as follow security principle, availability principle, process and integrity principle, confidentiality principle, privacy principle. If you know anything about FARHAT, since I have a list, I'm going to go over each item on this list and explain it separately. Before we proceed any further, I have a public announcement about my company, farhatlectures.com. Farhat Accounting Lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation as well as your accounting courses. My CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course such as Becker, Roger, Wiley, Gleam, Miles. My accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses broken down by chapter and topics. My resources consist of lectures, multiple choice questions, true-false questions, as well as exercises. Go ahead, start your free trial today, no obligation, no credit card required. Starting with security principle. Well, it basically states that an organization is required to protect its data and system against unauthorized access, both physical access and logical access. It means you can't go in, you can't break in. This is the physical access, logical access. You cannot access the information over a network. You cannot access the information over the web or through some sort of a computerized system. This includes against hacking, viruses and other form of cyber threats. Now, how do they make sure they are protected? Well, one is they use authentication. What is that? It's verifying the identity of the person that's attempting to access the system or the data. Well, this includes password, the most common one, smart card, biometric identification. For example, if you have a bank account, sometimes what they do is they would require two-factor authentication mechanism via one-time code sent to your phone or to your email.  So it's not your login, your password, plus a code on the phone. And sometime you might have those token. So once you login, this token will keep on changing. So you have to have the physical token in addition to the login and the password. For what purpose? To make sure the system is protected from unauthorized access. So they are authenticating you. The other one is authorization. Once a user has been authenticated, it means that's the proper user, we can give them access to everything. We have to give them authorization control. So what you can access is limited to what's needed to be accessed by you. So if you work in AP, you only have access to AP. You don't have access to cash. If you work in AR, you should not have access to payroll, so on and so forth. Authorization mechanism can be based on roles, responsibility, or specific privileges. We could also use encryption. This involves converting data into a format that's unreadable. So even if you were able to intercept this data, you cannot read it because you need a decryption key. So encryption is an effective way to protect against sensitive data. So I will send you an email and I will send you information in that email. If that email was intercepted, no one can read it. Why? Because I'm going to send you a key separately to be able to be able to open that email. So this way unauthorized access or disclosure in transit or at rest is protected. Any information is protected unless you have the key to decrypt this information. You could also use firewalls. Those are devices that monitor and control traffic between the organization internal and external network. Firewall are designed to prevent unauthorized access and to protect against various types of cyber attacks. So before the cyber attacker tried to penetrate your system, don't think of it as a wall, but it's a firewall to protect you. Just that's what it is. Availability principle. What does it, what does it entails? It ensures that an organization system is available. We are there. It's there when we need it for use as needed. This includes minimizing downtime. We don't want to have a downtime or if it is, it's very minimal. Maintaining system performance. The system is performing at its peak or close to peak at all time and providing timely when we need that information. Now, how do we make sure that the availability principle is in action? Well, we have to have what's called redundancy. What is redundancy? This is important. It involves duplicate systems, components or processes. So if one thing fail, you have a duplicate system that you can bring online immediately. For example, an organization could have multiple servers that can take over as a primary server fail. So one of your server fail. Well, guess what? You have another server. You could just go in and launch your business from it immediately, almost immediately. Backup and recovery. Well, this involves creating and storing backup of critical data. So in case something happened to your system, it's backed up somewhere. So what happened is you can easily recover from an outage or a data loss and minimize your downtime, downtime. That's something called load balancing. What is load balancing? This involves distribution, distributing or distribution workloads across multiple system to ensure no single system becomes overloaded, okay? Which could cause what? If that's the case, performance issue, you may try to log in and you can't log in. For example, e-commerce websites always implement this load balancing. Think, for example, on Black Friday or Cyber Monday, certain website, they have a lot of traffic. So what they do, they load the traffic on different servers, on different sites. So what happened is the system is not slowed down. The system doesn't go down because of the demand. This is what load balancing is. Also, you need a disaster recovery planning. And we're going to have a whole session about this. This involves developing and testing a plan for recovering from a major outage or disaster. You have to be ready. If something happened, a disaster happened, a hurricane, earthquake or a cyber attack, do you have a plan to recover? And we'll talk about this, there's a whole session about this. You would outline the steps the organization must take to restore the system availability. That's the first thing, including identifying critical systems and data, establishing recovery time objectives and implementing a backup and recovery procedures. So basically, you are ready to go back online almost immediately after a disaster. Do you have a plan for that? The second principle is integrity. I believe that's the third principle. The third principle is integrity processing principle. What does that mean? It means that an organization data is processed accurately, completely and on time. How? Well, you're going to have something called data validation. Well, this involves ensuring that data is accurate and complete before it's processed.  Well, this includes verifying the data is correct incorrect format requires that fields are populated and data values are within acceptable range. Now, there's one whole session about data validation. It's called input controls. So if you want to learn more about data validation, we have a whole session about input control. So here we are discussing data validation within the IT security. But if you want to learn more about this, I don't want you to think I'm short changing you. There's, you know, this, this topic is so important. I'm just giving you example, how the, how the system can have integrity through data validation, error detection and correction, how this involves monitoring data processing for errors and implementing procedures to correct those errors when they are detected. Well, this include implementing automated error detection mechanism such as checksums, data validation rules, providing manual processes for correcting errors. Now, again, this is called process controls. It means once you input the information into the system, you want to make sure it's processed properly. There's a one whole session, this topic is so important. There's something called process control. Again, we have input. So you want to make sure when you input the data into the system, the input is correct. Once the system is processed, the information is correct to maintain integrity of the system. So then we have input control lecture, processing control, and obviously we have output control lecture. And this is form of audit trails. This involves recording all action taking during the data processing and storing this information in an audit trail. Basically, you'll be able to, once it's done, you'll be able to go back and see what happened. This includes recording users action, system events, and other relevant information that can be used to track the data processing and identify the potential errors or issues. So this is after it happens, you're auditing the process. And this is called output controls. Again, you have a whole session about output controls and reconciliation is a great thing. It's a great control. It's basically involved comparing once you hear the word reconciliation and accounting. It means you are taken to think and comparing them to each other and making sure they match, comparing two sets of data to ensure that they match. For example, an organization may reconcile a bank statement with their own financial record. This is a typical reconciliation example where you have the bank statement and you take the bank statement and you compare the bank statement information to your general ledger cash and they should match after you prepare the appropriate adjustment. The fourth principle is the confidentiality principle and basically require an organization to do what? Protect its sensitive information from unauthorized disclosure, confidential. This includes protecting personal, financial, health information from being accessed or disclosed to unauthorized parties. Now, how can the company do that? Again, access controls, limiting access to sensitive information to only individuals who have legitimate need to know. So not everyone should have access to this information. This includes implementing authentication and authorization control as we saw earlier using password, role-based access control and encryption. Data classification. This is important and we talked about data classification much more in details when we spoke about data. This involved classifying the data based on its sensitivity level. There's certain data more sensitive than other and implementing appropriate security control based on the classification. For example, we might have highly sensitive data that may require additional security control such as encryption, physical security measures, logical control, so on and so forth. We could have low sensitive, high sensitive, extremely sensitive secret information so we can classify this information. Data masking and upfusification. This involved up securing sensitive data by replacing it with random character or symbols. A good example with it, for example, the credit card. We have the credit card but the credit card number shows as access. So you are masking. You are obscuring this information so even if somebody have access to it, they don't know what it is. They cannot read it. Monitoring and login. This involved monitoring access to sensitive data and login all actions taken by authorized users. Notice all these principles are interrelated to make sure we're covering everything. From authenticating to authorizing to protecting the data, they're all interrelated. They serve each other. This can help identify unauthorized access or other suspicious activities and the most important thing is to monitor the process. You can go back and audit the process if need be. A good example of confidentiality is using it in healthcare organization where they implement access control to protect patient health information with access control. Only authorized individuals such as health providers and administrative staff are granted access to this health information, to the patient health information. The fifth principle is the privacy principle and this is very important that requires an organization personal information is collected, used and retained, disclosed in a manner consistent with the organization privacy policies and applicable laws and procedures. And this is a big topic on the CPA exam 2024. This includes protecting confidentiality which we talked about and giving individual control over their information, over how their information is used. How? How do we implement this? Well, first we should have a privacy policies. Just tell you exactly how we're going to be using your information. Creating and implementing a privacy policy that outline how personal information is collected, used, retained and disclosed. And this policy should also describe individuals right and the organizational responsibilities. What are you going to do with my information? Are you going to sell it? Are you going to disclose it to a third party? I need to know and what is your responsibility under applicable laws and regulation?  Well, this involves obtaining individual consent before collecting, using and disclosing the information. Are you getting my consent? For example, in the U.S., you can opt out of having your information collected by a website in Europe. You have to opt in. So what is your consent? In Europe, there are more strict rules about privacy. This consent mechanism should be clear and specific. An individual should be given the option to opt out. Just like every time you log into a website now, they have this option for you. Data minimization. What is that? This involves collecting and retaining only the minimum amount of personal information to achieve the organization's purpose. Don't collect more information than need be. What is your purpose? Why are you collecting this information? For example, you might collect my name, my contact information. Well, you don't need maybe my social security. Do you really need it? Yes or no? You may not need my email. You may not need my phone, so on and so forth. So just collect the information that's needed for your business purpose and don't collect information that's not necessary. This is called data minimization. Information security. Well, this involves implementing appropriate security controls to protect your personal information, again, from unauthorized access or disclosure. The security should be designed to prevent, detect, and respond to security incident. Now, as I mentioned, privacy is an important topic, especially on the 2024 CPA exam. It's relevant for now, but on the 2024, it's a big topic. So we're going to talk a little bit more about privacy. We're going to discuss the generally accepted privacy principles, G-A-P-P, there are 10 of them. We're going to have a separate session for that. We're going to look at the general data protection regulation, another important topic tested on the 2024, and the health insurance portability and accountability act HIPAA. That's another topic that deals with privacy we need to be familiar with. So notice about privacy principle alone, we're going to have at least three more sessions that deals with how companies should handle your information from a privacy perspective. So it's very important. What should you do now? Go to far hat lectures. It's time to answer multiple choice questions. Yes, you listen to me, you understand the principles, but those principles, they could be a little bit confusing, similar to each other. The only way you can clarify this is doing what? Working MCQs. Whether you are studying for your CPA exam, CMA exam, some other professional certification, IT security control, or for example CISA, is extremely important, is extremely important to your success. Invest in yourself, invest in your career, good luck, and of course, stay safe.


One of the most common questions I get asked is, you know, how do I start day trading? So what me and my mentor about it for our viewers on YouTube is create a free mentorship course that reveals our 12 secrets that every single brand new day trader should know before they get started. But please take note that there is limited seating every single week. So please reserve your spot at myinvestingclub.co. The link is in the description. Kind of an interesting webinar that I was going to make because I kind of already made one on thesis building and I went back and looked at that one and that one was really kind of basic. So I was like, I could definitely expand on that. So if you haven't seen that one, you should. It's really kind of a simple one. It should, you know, it should be pretty easy to understand basically for the beginner. That webinar will help you if you're binging this on repeat. So watch, make sure you watch that one first. Which, you know, really you should have. You shouldn't be hand picking stuff.  But anyway, anyway, so we're going to go over the market sentiment, then we'll go over all the movers of the week and kind of, you know, pick the best ones, like pick the worst ones, what were the best spots, the opportunities that were available for some of the some of the movers that happened this week, some of the main ones. And then we'll get into visualizing ideas, kind of crafting that thesis, you know, honing you a little bit more so you guys can have better ideas. And Q&A all throughout the webinar, but definitely in that time I'm sure there'll be some Q&A. So other than that, that's it, let's get going. So definitely pretty typical, pretty typical market in the spread, you know, we kind of got this like one third to two-thirds spread of winners versus losers in the small cap line, which is ideally exactly how you want it.  And if there's like no stocks running, then longs are just going to lose interest and we're going to have no runners soon. So this is basically the perfect kind of mix that I like. This is the market that I find the most enjoyable.  But like the thing is that, you know, it's like when you're in a trade, like the market sentiment, the market cycles are, it's just like a stock chart. I just had a quick, oh my god, rerecording, but I remember. But it's almost like a stock chart. These market cycles, they come, you know, it's when if you're riding a trend on a long, I mean, or a short, but really on a long, because it could go up a lot further, right? Shorts go in a trend, but they ultimately find the bottom because it's not going to trend to zero, right? So long trends are normally longer, but you find yourself in a trend, you don't, you want that trend to just, you want that trend to go for as long as it can before it goes parabolic, because once the stock was parabolic, the trend's over, right?  You kind of have to sell in that because if you don't, I mean, this is where the blow off is. This is where the emotion is. This is where the exhaustion is. This is where, you know, everybody fomos in because they've watched the trend form and they finally just can't take it anymore and they buy, buy, buy, buy, buy. That's signaling the end of the trend, that end of that steady easiness.  So while that batshit crazy market is kind of fun, it normally means that like, okay, backlash is coming and you know that like opportunity is probably going to dwindle for a little bit. And so that's kind of the way I feel. So I prefer that we have this market forever, but it never, you know, it's never going to be that, it never stays the same forever. But this is my favorite market. And so I hope it continues well in the next week and the week after. Everyone should eventually build into, build into trying new things, but everyone's got to, you kind of got to develop your niche first, right? That's kind of what I talked about in that, in my podcast with James and Harry. I mean, I definitely think it's worth, worth it. And I like to swing, but you got to find that niche. You got to, you got to get that backdrop first before you try longing or try swinging or the force thing. Anyway, but yeah, you know, and basically I thought that because we were cooling down that like, you kind of have to be a little bit of range bound in your targets. And that kind of happens when range kind of dwindles. So, but we got our mover and it's, it's, it's bull time again. So the theme for this week is this audit, even the odds. And so when I, when I wrote this, I had this clip in mind. See if it's loud enough. You know, it's, it's, it's Disney and I got to input Disney. And I've been, I've been put at Disney in almost every webinar. I think Shang was in the last one. Finding Nemo was in one of them. But anyway, definitely MRA and even the odds. Oh yeah, your highness. But yeah, and that's what MRA did, right? Last week it was cut, we were found again in the cell territory and MRA just kind of pulled us back over. And now we're in what I like to call the everyone's market because this market is literally for everyone.  Longs are getting stuff too, like CUAN didn't, did not break range at all. They're still a battle. Like we were in a Longs dominated market then on MRI and today we were in a Longs dominated market.  If we were, if we were in a Longs dominated market, that would have been bye bye, see you later. We're at 20 again. But we're not like, I wouldn't call this a Longs dominated market, but it's not a short, right? That's it's exactly in my opinion, the middle, you know, shorts, you know, look, shorts aren't, Longs aren't happy because this didn't happen. Shorts aren't happy because we reclaim, you know, when nobody's happy, right? That's called a compromise. Right. So one thing that I've, one theme that, you know, kind of that I've noticed in this market is, you know, what I'm just calling like concentrated squeezer names. It's, and we kind of saw this with a little bit with ORPH and GLTO and ALF and now MRI and there was one more. There was one more that I missed in the short, but in this like almost like Reddit mean stock like fashion, it seems like kind of what I'm calling the normal market, like non mean stock, like the the market that, you know, the small cat market without mean stocks has kind of adapted this kind of third thing on the Longs, which I didn't really see before. Maybe, maybe it was there and I just didn't notice, but I'm definitely kind of noticing it now is that the, the anything that squeezes likes to become a little kind of mean stock for squeezing and it's, you know, like everything, but


Today my topic in post-quantity is about dynamic solution. So, dynamic solution, we have a fine solution in complete danger, must be developed with the prime aim of its optimum function of the danger and with the least amount of trauma to the supportive tissues. And all dangers moving function and our aim in the construction of complete dangers be to reduce this moment to minimum and then forces act on a body and no motion results then it is said to be balanced. So, our activity aims to provide stability in complete danger. Occlusion. Occlusion. Occlusion, it is defined as a static contact between insizing and elasticate the surface of an axillary and man-developed. At articulation, it is defined as the dynamic contact relationship between the insizing or contacting surface of the deep during function. Occlusion is the static contact relationship between man-developed and man-developed by dynamic, the articulation is the dynamic contact relationship between opposite surface of deep during function. Excursive moment. The moment occurring to the mandible when the moment occurring within the occlusion when the mandible moves away from the axillary introspecial position. This is called as the excursive moment and balancing side or non-working side. Here we have to understand that when mandible moves to one side then the side to which which moves to the median line is called as the balancing side. When mandible moves to one side, the side to which mandible moves is called as the working side and the side which moves towards the median line is called as the balancing side. Then comes the balance occlusion. This is the bilateral simultaneous anterior and posterior contact relationship between maxillary and man-developed in centric and centric positions to as to limit or lessen the tipping of danger during function. This is given in GPT-8 and then comes the centric occlusion. Here the occlusion of opposing deep when the mandible is in centric relation. This states that the occlusion there is occlusion of the opposing deep when the mandible is in centric relation. This may or may not coincide with the maxillary introspecial position. Again, we have to understand centric relation is a bond-to-bond relation whereas centric occlusion is a truth-to-truth relation. Centric relation can be defined as the maxillomandibular relationship in which condense articulated with the thinness of asphaloportion of their respective distances. This in the most superior and posterior positions and position and this is a clinically designable position and this is independent of the maximum introspecial position and this is a bond-to-bond relation while centric occlusion is a truth-to-truth relation. Accentric occlusion is a request to conduct a deep which occurs during moment of the mandible at centric moments of the mandible and it is of two types. These are two types that is functional occlusion and non-functional occlusion and then comes the functional occlusion. Functional occlusion is also called as working side occlusion. It refers to the tooth-conduct occurring in the segment of the afts towards which mandible moves. That is when mandible moves towards the right then the right side is called as the working side occlusion or functional occlusion. The tooth-conduct occurring in this occlusion is called as functional occlusion and functional occlusion is of two types. Lateral function occlusion and propulsive function occlusion. The lateral function occlusion includes the tooth-conduct that occurs on the canine and posterior side, teeth on the side to which mandible moves. That is lateral function occlusion is the tooth-conduct occurs on the canine and the posterior teeth on the side to which mandible moves. Lateral function occlusion again is of three types that is canine-gated occlusion and tooth-gated occlusion or tooth-functional occlusion. Canine-gated occlusion. Here during the lateral moment of mandible the opposing teeth moves. Here during the lateral moment of the mandible the opposing canine-conduct with each other while there is disocclusion of the whole posterior teeth on the ballast side and on the working side and on the ballast side. Here only canine on the working side contact with each other of the maxillary and mandibular teeth whereas there is posterior disocclusion of teeth on the working side as of the ballast side. It is usually seen in young individuals with unbound admission and this is the lateral function occlusion. In addition to canine-gated we have certain other posterior teeth on the working side also contact. So in group lateral occlusion apart from the canine occlusion there is occlusion of certain posterior teeth also. Such type of contact during lateral moment is followed as tooth-functional occlusion and protrusive function occlusion. It includes some eccentric contacts that occur when the mandible moves forward. That is when mandible protrudes forward there is eccentric contact occurs. This follows protrusive function occlusion. It is ideally the six mandibular anterior teeth slides along the lingual inclines of the maxillary anterior teeth while the posterior teeth seclude. Here there is when the mandible moves forward the six mandibular anterior teeth slides contacts or slides along the lingual inclines of the maxillary anterior teeth while there is posterior disocclusion. And this is the difference between natural and artificial teeth. Naturally there is in other words there is a periodontal inclement support over the natural teeth. There is no ketone ligament in the artificial teeth. And natural teeth function independently whereas artificial teeth function as a group. And malocclusion if present in the natural teeth it is not problematic for years. While artificial teeth the malocclusion goes to the plastic problems. And non-vertical forces are well tolerated in the natural teeth whereas non-vertical forces are supporting or damaging to the supporting tissues for the artificial teeth. And incising does not affect posterior teeth in case of natural dietician. It is a positive function independently incising occurs on the effects only the incisors and the positive teeth are independent of it. While incising affects all teeth on the densities. And second molar is the most favorite position for mastication in case of natural dentition. Here heavy pressures of mastication in the second molar region cause stinting of the teeth. Here the masticatory force should be centered around the premolar molecules in order to have proper function. And bilateral balance is rarely found in natural dentition and if it is present then it is considered as a pre-naturity or interference. Here in artificial dentition bilateral balance is extremely necessary for base stability. Here in natural dentition propensity impulses give feedback to avoid the pre-naturities and interferences. So a habitual occlusion away from the centriplation is established. So the propitone occipital receptors generated from the periodontal ligament give feedback to avoid pre-naturity and interferences. So a habitual occlusion away from the centriplation is established in case of natural dentition. In case of artificial dentition there is no propitone occipital receptors from the periodontal ligament and the denture base rest in the centriplation. Then if it is maturities or interferences in this position cause shifting of this occlusion of the denture base. Then the requirement of complete denture occlusion. The primary remedy is the stability of occlusion in case of centriplation and in the areas forward and latitude. So we have dent circulation earlier. So there should be stability of occlusion in the centriplation position and the areas forward and adequate. And this should be balanced to put in all accepted moments of manageable. And the unlocking of the crust mesiodistrally should be the to allow for the angiol setting of the denture base during tissue deformation or bone absorption. And then another thing is, another thing is the control of horizontal forces by reducing the whole angle crust height according to the residual width height and the endowards relationship. Here the well formed ridges. This is the well formed ridges and the horizontal forces generated by the custard teeth are well tolerated by these well formed ridges. Whereas there is a rigid absorption here and there is also reduction of the crust height to reduce the horizontal forces generated by the teeth towards the ridges. And in case of flat ridges we use crustless teeth or non-annotative teeth. Next is the achievement of liver balance. Liver balance is achieved by ranging the posterior teeth over midline of the crust of the ridges. This is the crust of the ridges and this is midline of the crust of the ridges. So the posterior teeth should be arranged along the midline of the crust of the ridges to achieve the liver balance. Then it's the cutting or penetrating or shearing efficiency of the cutting or penetrating or shearing efficiency of the ocrusal surface of the teeth. It should be there and there should be anterior clearance of the teeth during investigation. That is anterior teeth should be out of contact during investigation. So as the posterior teeth can contact freely. And there should be minimum of lucid contact meaning upper and lower teeth to reduce pressure during function. So the minimum contact between upper and lower teeth to reduce the pressure of the teeth during function. There should be at least a minimum of three point contact in case of galastroclution. Where it can be, the contact can be simultaneous contact of overall positivity can be present but minimum of three point contact should be there for the rhinestones. And requirements of insizing units. Insizing units should be sharp enough to cut efficiently and it should not, as we said earlier, it should not contact during investigation. And it should only contact during the proceed insaisal function. That is when the mandible moves forward the maxillary and mandible teeth come to an end to end circulation. Only in that case the insaisal unit should contact. And it should have flat insaisal gradients as possible considering the aesthetics and phonetics. That is insaisal gradients, it is the overlap between the maxillary and mandible teeth. And it should be as flat as possible in permitting the aesthetics and phonetics. So there should be various operation is achieved. And though there should be constant horizontal overlap to allow for the settling of the base without difference. That is during producing moment of the mandible there should be adequate horizontal overlap between the maxillary and mandible teeth so that the posterior teeth will not interfere with each other and cause dissolution or unsettling of the benefits. Then the requirements of natural working opposing units. There should be, it should be efficient in cutting and grinding and there should be less buckling width to minimize the work load. So the buckling width of the posterior teeth should be reduced to minima. So that the work load divided towards the basal tissues are minima. And it should function as a groove in carrying at the end of the chewing cycle and eccentric discussions. And should be over the ridge cast and as we said earlier the posterior teeth should be arranged at the midline of the ridge crust in the mastigator area for liver balance. For liver balance it should have surface to receive and transmit the, should have adequate surface to transmit the pores vertically and it should sender the work load in the anterior posterior center of the tensor. That is the work load should be sendered along the anterior posterior center of the tensor probably in the primolar molar region. That is ideal region in the concrete tensor where the work load should be sender. And the plane of occlusion should be as parallel to the main foundation plane as possible. And requirements of the balancing occlusion units. The balancing occlusion units should contact on the second molar region when the incisive units contact in function. And there should be contact on the second molar region when the incisive units are in function. There should be contact at the end of the chewing cycle when the bucking units also contact. So at the end of the chewing cycle there is contact on the bucking units. At that time the balancing units should also come into contact. And there should be smooth uninterrupted glide on the balancing units for in case of lateral or protrusive excursions. So that only if there is smooth uninterrupted glide on the balancing units the bucking units come into contact. And these are the theories of complete danger occlusion. The theories of complete danger occlusion must is the bond wheel theory. It is also called as the theory of equilateral triangle. And this theory proposes that the teeth move in relation to each other as dated by the condylar units or controls and the incisive point. This is the condylar units two sides and this is the incisive point. So this form an equilateral triangle and teeth move in relation to each other in accordance with this equilateral triangle. This is considered by the bond wheel theory. And then comes the theory of the conical theory. It is proposed by Hall. It states that the lower teeth, the nadibular teeth occludes the surface of the upper teeth as it occludes the surface of a cone with the central axis tipped 45 degree to the occlusal plane. That is the lower teeth comes contact with the upper teeth as over the surface of a cone with the central axis tipped 45 degree to the occlusal plane. That is described by the conical theory by Hall. And then comes the spherical theory. It is proposed by Monsun. It is said that the occuding surfaces of the lower upper and lower teeth are a part of the segment of the sphere with 18 inch diameter at its center at the region of the flabella. And this is the spherical theory and it is proposed by Monsun. It is unsubstantiated pollution. This is about the unsubstantiated pollution. They are all to factor. They are two types, banished pollution and non banished pollution. There are three types, banished pollution, monoclonal pollution and indolent pollution. And this is banished pollution. Banished pollution is defined as the bilateral and continuous contact of the indelible and posterior and the indelible and posterior region of mass-loving and molecular teeth in centric and eccentric positions. So, as to limit to a less than 15 of the engine during function. Here, we need to set the objectives of banished pollution. The main objective is to improve stability of the engine, to reduce respiratory absorption and so on and to improve oral comfort of the fish. And characteristic requirements of banished pollution. Since that all teeth of the working site should slide evenly against the opposing teeth, no single teeth should produce any interference. No single teeth should produce any interference or disocclusion of the other teeth. There should be contact in balance inside, but they should not disturb the smooth uninterrupted glide in the working site and there should be simultaneous contact during function. That is the teeth on the working site should glide evenly against opposing teeth. In the balance side, they should be contact, but it should not interfere with the smooth gliding on contact of the on the working site. And no single teeth should produce any interference or disocclusion of other teeth and there should be simultaneous contact during function. And this is the working site. And this this is the working site. There should be simultaneous gliding contact on the working site. And balance side, there should be only minimal contact on the balance side, so as there is gliding contact on the working site. And this is for inclusive relation. Here procedures are almost out of contact, but there is contact of the anti-alcoholic. General consideration for banished pollution. You can see that wider and larger the rates and the teeth close up to the rates, the greater is the lower balance. So the teeth should be wider and larger and teeth should be arranged close up to the rates. Then wider the rates and narrow narrow the teeth, but really greater is the balance. We can see that when the red is wider and the occlusion table of the posterior teeth is narrow, but linearly then greater is the balance. And more linearly the teeth are placed to the crust of the ridge, then there is greater balance. And then the more centered the force of occlusion and your posterior bleed then better is the stability of the venture base. Times of balance occlusion. Balance occlusion may be three times that is unilateral balance occlusion, bilateral balance occlusion and propulsive balance occlusion. Unilateral balance occlusion. This is present when there is balance of the venture base, between there is balance between venture base and the supporting tissues. Here we can say that when a ball of food is interposed between teeth on one side, there is space on the, space it is between the propulsive side. So in order to keep balance or liver balance, we should answer to the following points. That teeth should be placed such that there is direct recentral forces on the functional side over the crust of the ridge or lingon to the crust of the ridge. That is the recenting forces acting to that vertically to the crust of the ridge or slightly lingon to the crust of the ridge on the functional side. Then the venture base must cover as wide area as possible of the ridge as possible. Then the venture base should cover the as wide area of the ridge as possible and the teeth should be as close to the ridge as possible. And the narrow bakolingal width of the occlusion food practice table, occlusion food table is to be attained. As discussed earlier the teeth should be very close to the ridge as possible and the bakolingal occlusion food table should be as narrow as possible. Then this is the unilateral balance occlusion. Unilateral occlusion occlusion balance is present when the occlusion surface of the teeth on one side articulate as a group with smooth uninterrupted glide. Here you can remember that unilateral that is the occlusion surface of only one side of the teeth articulate simultaneously as a group with smooth uninterrupted glide which is bilateral. So there is there should be equilibrium out of balance of the teeth. There should be equilibrium or balance of the teeth on both side of the denture. On that is for right-hand left side of the denture simultaneously with simultaneous tooth contact in centric and eccentric positions. It generally require a three-point contact that is one on both side of the posterior teeth and one anterior teeth. And more than a number of contacts that's the balance. This is another advantage of bilateral balance occlusion. It's praying to give the concept of endobolus exit balance. That is food is entered here, endobolus exit balance. Which implies that the introduction of food on one side of the teeth arched or teeth will prevent the opposite side from contacting each other. And bilateral balance is possible to attain during mastication. It's the point of pride. According to Sheppard, Sheppard later gives the concept of endobolus endobalus. According to this, if I leave a chewing food on one side of the teeth with one side of the teeth, the food teeth cut through the bolus and come in contact with the easter for a few fraction of seconds. Hence the stability of the denture is maintained during various moment of manageable during chewing. So the food cut through the bolus, teeth cut through the bolus of food and there should be a fraction of contact on the teeth for a fraction of seconds. Hence the denture, stability of the denture or then the stability is maintained during various moment of manageable during chewing. And then Hoover and Hudson conducted a 24 hour test and which on this test they said that normal individual makes masticated tooth contact for only 10 minutes a day compared to 4 hours of total tooth contact during parfunctional and parfunctional activities. So for this 4 hours of tooth contact, bilateral banister pollution is necessary. As said earlier, bilateral banister pollution improves the stability of the denture, reduces the rupture of the liposuction and so on and improves generally the foreign well-being of the patient. So these are some of the roles dictated by the wing line. That is some of the advantages of the banister pollution. In this contact, if the contact is interruptive or reflective, interruptive or reflective and not bilateral, the denture base will not be stable. Bilateral banister contacts is a must-for terminal arc of closure for the seeking of the denture in a stable position. If the contact is interruptive or reflective and not particular, the denture will not be in a stable position. So bilateral banister pollution is necessary for the tooth properly in its position. Also bilateral banister pollution is necessary at the time of solving saliva, closing of the arc to receive the dentures and practice some of the teeth at the time of stress. Also bilateral banister pollution is able with the bilateral banister pollution patient is able to achieve stable and repetitive position of the dentures. Another thing is that during bilateral banister pollution, the bases are stable even in the times of proxiesome and they are even tight when the patients apply the teeth. That is, during the proxiesome and also when the person can devoid of pledging the teeth at both the time, the bilateral banister pollution keeps the denture shape. Some of the points these are some of the disadvantages of the bilateral banister pollution. That is, it tends to encourage the patient to be in lateral or proprosy grinding, although this habit is confined to persons or other patients with only irrelevant muscle activity. So it should not be encouraged to continue the patient in lateral proprosy grinding. Other thing is that it is typical to achieve in mouth where there is increased vertical incisor overlap. That is, in case of persons with increased vertical incisor overlap, it is better to retain the overlap than to reduce the overlap to achieve in articulate parts. That is, in persons with increased vertical overlap, banister pollution could be sacrificed and the vertical overlap of the patient should be maintained so that the patient can attain maximum aesthetics and the genetics. Another thing over disadvantages of the banister pollution is that it is semi-adjustable or fully-adjustable or anti-adjustable publishing record required for achieving banister pollution. Another one. Next is the proprosy occlusion balance. This is present when the mandible moves essentially forward and the occlusion contacts are smooth and simultaneous in both posterior and the anterior region on both right-hand left side. So there is an occlusion balance of those when mandible moves forward and there is still bilateral in both the anterior and posterior region on both the right and left side. It is slightly different from bilateral balance occlusion because in bilateral balance occlusion there is at least three point contacts, one on each side of the posterior region and one anterior. So the factors influencing balanced occlusion, they are inclination of contellar guidance, incisal guidance, coordination of client of occlusion, cuspial angulation and commensate incontinence. So these are the five basic factors that determine the balance occlusion. The first one is the inclination of contellar guidance. It is the path generated by the contail on the travoids through the posterior slopes of the glenode posa. This is the path to contellar guidance. So the mandibular guidance achieved by the path traversed by the contail on the posterior slopes of glenode posa. That is the contellar guidance. Then comes incisal guidance. This is incisal guidance. This is the angulation between the occlusion plane and the line passing through the tips of the incisors, connecting the tips of the incisors as in the sedative plane. And this is the incisal grader gate angle and this is the incisal guidance. And then comes the plane of occlusion. It goes through the tip of the canine through the molas and the primolas, the occlusion of the molas and primolas. And then comes the compensatic curve. The compensatic curve passes through the tip of the canine through the crucial surface of the molas and primolas and molas and passing through the premise of mandible to the ideal surface of the contail. Then comes the hospital inclination. That means the angle of the cusp. The hospital inclination of angle of the cusp. These are the five factors called a synasculpt. And this is given by the equation incisal guidance into contailer guidance equals plane of occlusion and compensatic curve and cuspal height and compensatic curve. So here the contailer guidance is a constant factor. It cannot be changed. So if the contailer guidance is steep, the incisal guidance has to be shallow and the compensatic curve, plane of occlusion and the cuspal height, all three have to be steep. And this is the incisal guidance. This is given by the Annabaskian. Here also the same factors, five factors. This is the inclination of contailer guidance. If it is increased, then incisal guidance has to be decreased and the cuspal angle, plane of occlusion and the compensatic curve has to be steep. Same is the thing with this for other factors, incisal inclination of incisal guidance, cuspal angle, height of the cuspal angle incisal guidance, orientation of plane of occlusion and the compensatic curve. All other four factors are to be altered according to this. And then comes the contailer guidance. It is the mandibular guidance generated by the contail and the articulator is traversing through the posterior slopes of glum and fossa. This contail passes through the, this is the posterior slopes of glum glum and fossa and while the contail travels through the posterior slopes of glum and fossa, the mandibular guidance is achieved and this is the contailer guidance. The contailer guidance is a path followed by the contail in the temporal irregular joint. It is obtained by the protrusive registration record in the Hanow's articulator. Hanow states that inclination of contailer guidance is an antilagal conception. The contailer guidance is an antilagal conception and it is precise and constant. It is the primary detector of the occlusion. And the curved screen explains that contailer path is made for the varying incisal guidance. As the incisal guidance varies, contailer guidance may have slight change, but almost the contailer guidance is fixed for one patient. When that short, that contailer path varies so into variable pressures of function, that is during mastigator function, somewhat contailer guidance has a slight variation but it is almost constant from patient to patient. Then comes the significance of contailer guidance. Increasing contailer guidance will increase the jaw suppression during protrusion. So a patient with steep contailer guidance have an increased jaw suppression. With patients with steep contailer guidance, incisal guidance also should be reduced to degrees the amount of jaw suppression during protrusion to achieve the occlusion balance. And this factor cannot be modified. Again we have said that contailer guidance is a constant factor. It cannot be modified and all other factors should be modified to compensate the effect of this factor. Then comes the incisal guidance. Then comes the incisal guidance. Incisal guidance is the incisal guidance. This is the influence of the contact in surface of mandibular anteriors. Then it passes through the slope and includes slopes of the maxillary anteriors when the mandible moves in protrusion. That is incisal guidance. And incisal guide angle, this is the angle, the angle found by the intersection of plane of occlusion and line between the sedative plane passing through the incisal edges of maxillary and mandibular when the teeth are in maximum intersection. Then comes the incisal guide angle. This is the overjet. This is termed as overjet. The distance between the incisal tip of the maxillary and mandibular incisals is termed as overjet. And this is the overbite. The vertical relationship is the overbite. Angle of incisal guidance is largely under the influence of the test. So it can be changed or influenced or somewhat altered by the dentist. And the factor is also influenced by the amount of horizontal and vertical overlap. This is the horizontal overlap and here the incisal guidance is shallow and this is the vertical overlap and this is the vertical overlap. So greater the horizontal overlap, lesser the incisal inclination or shallow is the incisal guidance. Lesser the angle of inclination or shallow is the incisal guidance. And lesser the vertical overlap. This is the vertical overlap is also lesser than lesser angle of inclination. the angle of inclination becomes lesser when this overlap is reduced. So incisal guidance should be as shallow or as flat as possible permitted by the phonetics and the aesthetics to achieve the valence conclusion. During protrusive movement, during protrusive movement, mandibular teeth move forwards as per the incisal guidance. Then as this protrusive movement of the mandibular teeth, the teeth are moved, mandibular teeth move forward as per the incisal guidance. For the complete dangers as we discussed, incisal guidance should be flat as the aesthetics and phonetics will terminate. If the incisal guidance is steep, the steep causal plane of steep common center curve is needed to balance the operation. When mandibular teeth have sufficient vertical overlap, a corresponding horizontal overlap should be set to prevent the dominated incisal guidance to achieve a crucial balance. That is when the mandibular teeth is have a considerable vertical overlap, a common compensating horizontal overlap should be given so that the incisal guidance is as flat or shallow as possible to achieve the occlusive balance of the posterior teeth. Then comes the plane of occlusion. This is the plane of occlusion which is this imaginary surface which is anatomically related to the cranium and it theoretically touches the incisal edges of the anterior teeth or incisors and the occlusal surface of the posterior teeth. This is the plane of occlusion and this landmark also provides anterior-positive inclination of the ocrusal plane and which is nearly parallel to the lower mean foundation plane. That is this anterior plane, anterior-positive inclination of the plane occlusion should be nearly parallel to the lower foundation plane and this landmark also creates an occlusal plane which is essentially parallel to the allatragus line. The occlusal plane as we discussed earlier has to be parallel to the allatragus line. This is the occlusal plane, here is the occlusal plane and it is parallel to the allatragus line. There is a allow of the nose here to the tragus of the ear. The occlusal plane can be added to a maximum of 10 degree. There is a flat occlusal plane and according to the change in other factors it can be altered to a maximum of 10 degree. According to Shadi, the occlusal plane of orientation established initially can be altered subsequently to serve the other purpose. That is, occlusal plane which is initially established is this and it can be altered according to various purposes. And it may be lost in establishing the compensatory curve later. That is, this is the initially attained occlusal plane and it may be lost while achieving the compensatory curve later. According to Bowsher, locating occlusal plane can be different according to which favors the weaker of the two ridges and causes concern to the aesthetic and mechanical subjectivity. That is, the occlusal plane may be altered to favor the weaker of the two ridges. That is, maxillary or manipular ridges either of the two ridges may be weaker or the ridge may be thin. And then the occlusal plane is altered and causes aesthetic and mechanical trouble. And in other cases, the soft tissues around the ridges direct forces around the danger as they did around the natural teeth. Then the occlusal plane should be oriented exactly when the natural teeth are present. That is, how the occlusal plane was present while the natural teeth are there, the same relationship should be given to the occlusal plane while arranging it in the artificial teeth also. By positioning the anterior teeth correctly for aesthetic appearance and the posterior end of the occlusal plane with the level of the two-third of the retromolar path, then the occlusal plane is fixed. That is, the same means of locating the occlusal plane. That is, I setting the anterior teeth according to the aesthetics. That is, the tip of the canine up to the commissures of the lower lip and the posterior end of the occlusal plane with the two-third level of the retromolar path, then the plane of occlusion is almost fixed. Another necessary alteration for the occlusal balance must be made on other factors. Then comes the common sector curve. It is the anterior posterior and lateral curvatures in the anterior posterior and lateral curvatures appearing during the alignment of occluding surfaces and incisors like this of the artificial teeth which is used to develop balanced occlusion. As the definition states, the posterior and lateral curvatures during the alignment of occlusion surfaces and incisors like this of the artificial teeth which is used to develop the balanced occlusion. Here the primary function of commensating the curve needs to provide balance during protrusive angular movement. Without this curve, it would be necessary to change the end of occlusal plane at an angle. So, the commissure curve helps in achieving balanced occlusion during protrusive movement of the mandible. Otherwise, if there is no commissure curve, then the plane of occlusion has to be shifted or altered to a greater extent. And steep quantilarpath requires steep commissure curve to achieve balanced occlusion. That is, if the commissure steep quantilarpath is there, then the commissure curve also has to be made steep to achieve protrusive balanced occlusion. Here, in case of steeper incisal guidance, there will be ideal interferences and causes loss of balancing molar contacts. So, the commissure curve should be made more steeper. And the commissure curve is produced to produce eccentric balance in monoplane occlusion. As we discussed earlier, it is there to produce eccentric or protrusive balance in monoplane occlusion as well. This commissure curve is achieved by arranging the first tooth by raising its distal end and continuing this curve by far of the race in the second molar with the distal surface located at the level or 2-3rd the level of protromolar path. That is, there is a distal rise in the, there is a rise in the distal aspect of the second molar tooth at the level of 2-3rd at the level of 2-3rd the retromolar path. This distal rise in the distal surface of the second molar. And irreposterably, it should exceed, should not exceed, this is the anterior posterior leaf, it should not exceed, the rise should not exceed the 20 degree. And mediolaterally, the rise or tilt of the commissure curve should not exceed 10 degree. This is the mediolateral commissure curve and it should not exceed 10 degree and this is the anterior posterior commissure curve. It should not exceed 20 degree. This is 20 degree and this should not exceed 10 degree. And the times of commissure curve, the anterior posterior curve is also called as carbospy. And the mediolaterally, there are two curves and they are Mansoon curve and Wilson curve. This is the carbospy. The carbospy is the anterior posterior curve beginning with the cosmetic of matibular canane. Primolyllars and molars traversing through the anterior region of primors and ending with anterior portion of the quantity. And this starting with the beginning with the tip of the canane through the cosmetic of primolars and molars traversing through the anterior portion of primus of manubule ending with the anterior portion of the contact this is the anterior posterior curve and it is called caribose p. In the conversatory curve or caribose p, the conversatory curve for caribose p in the artificial transition this is anterior posterior curve and the posterior teeth set on this curve will continue to remain in contact during propulsion that is during propersive moment teeth set on the caribose p will continue to remain in contact. Next is the curve of Wilson, George Wilson stated this curve of Wilson and it is a mediolateral curve it contacts the buccal and lingual custody of molars on each side this is the buccal and lingual custody of molars on each side of the arcs are conducted by this curve of Wilson. The mandibular arcs there is inward inclination there is a mandibular arcs there is inward inclination of the posterior teeth making the lingual cusp slightly below the buccal cusp and the resenting covenants setting curve is a concave one the curve is concave Wilson's curve and in the maxillarity there is outward inclination and causing the buccal cusp to be slightly higher than the level of the lingual cusp making the conversatory curve of Wilson Wilson's curve to be slightly convex in the maxillarity region and teeth set on this curve will have the lateral balance of occlusion and then the contour of monsoon. This is the ideal curvature of occlusion this ideal curvature of occlusion in which the cusp tip or the incisal edges touches or confirms to a segment of sphere of 18th diameter with the center at the region of club and we have discussed this in the theories of occlusion that is the spherical theory first given by the monsoon the same as that and this then comes the cusp inclination and the cusp inclination is the angle made by the slope of the cusp with the cusp plate this is the slope of the cusp and the this is the cusp plate the angle given by the slope of the cusp the cusp plate measured is you distally or accordingly it is an important factor and that can be modified and the effect according which modifies according to the effect of plane of occlusion and the commissary curve. Angulation of the cusp is more important than the height of the cusp this is the height of the cusp but the angulation of the cusp is more important than the height of the cusp the misiodic still cusp height causes interdigitation of the tooth and cause make the repositioning of the tooth during settling of the interpaces is possible and to reduce this the misiodic still height is very much reduced and only the buckwheeling and in-lines are considered as a determinant of balanced occlusion. Only buckwheeling and in-lines and need to be considered as a determinant of balanced occlusion misiodic still cusp height should be eliminated to achieve the balanced occlusion. In shallow by cases the cusp angle should be reduced to achieve the balance incisal guidance. In shallow by cases that is there is the horizontal overlap almost exceeds the vertical overlap then the cusp angle should be reduced to achieve incisal balance or incisal guidance. In case of deep bite cases that is with steep incisal guidance the jaw suppression is more during protrusion and teeth with height the cusp inclination are required that is the incisal guidance is steep that is vertical overlap is more than the horizontal overlap then the jaw suppression will be more during the and you have to portion and the teeth with the height cusp in lines are required to produce balance occlusion. Then the interaction of the five factors. Of the four factors we can control two of them. We have said that the condylar guidance is a stable and precise factor and cannot be changed and the out of other four factors the incisal guidance and the plane of occlusion can be only slightly altered because of the aesthetic and phonetic reasons incisal guidance and plane of occlusion should be closer for achieving the aesthetics and the phonetics. The other important working factors for dentists to manipulate are the pulmonary centric arrow and the inclination or angulation of the cusp on the occlusal surface of the teeth. So dentists can alter the pulmonary centric arrow and the cusp of inclination to achieve balance occlusion and the characteristic of balance occlusion in complete dentists. In centric relation in anterior teeth there is no contact and the posterior teeth there is multiple uniform contact exist. The protrusive relation in the anterior teeth there is again maxillarean manipular teeth contact in the anterior teeth during protrusive relation. The posterior teeth doing semi-anatomic and anatomic teeth multiple posterior buckle to buckle and lingual to lingual cast contact can be seen between maxillarean manipular teeth. In flat plane or a neutral centric occlusion there is only second molar contact if the comacetric curve exists. That is flat plane or neutral centric occlusion there is second molar contact in the second molar region if the comacetric curve is achieved or if there is balancing ramp contact if the true flat plane is achieved. If there is no balancing comacetric curve or balancing ramp and there is a vertical overlap in central overlap then there is no balanced occlusion and during the protrusive relation in lateral occlusion. In lateral occlusion during the working side that is side to which mandible moves there is maxillarean manipular and generative contact on the working side and the posterior teeth buckle and lingual cusp of the maxillarean manipular teeth and contact. Again posterior teeth there is buckle and lingual cusp of the maxillarean manipular teeth comes into contact with each other. Lingualized occlusion the maxillarean lingual cusp will be in contact with the mandible or lingual cusp. In lateral occlusion then the balancing side that is the side which moves to the median, median side during the sideward moment of mandible the anterior teeth contact. The maxillarean manipular anterior teeth will be coming in contact and balancing side also. In the posterior teeth the lingual cusp of the maxillarean will be in contact with the buckle cusp of the mandible or that is mandible as moved towards in the balancing side mandible is moved towards the median plane so the buckle cusp of the mandible will be in contact with the lingual cusp of the maxillarean. With monoplane occlusion usually there is only second molar contact or contact in the balancing. Cusp to teeth there are multiple contacts of the posterior teeth are posited. This is the reference. Hope you understand the concept of answer occlusion in detail. So, I will come into another topic. Thank you.


The Cohasit fire department has been approved for a net of jaws of life tools and they were approved to that last August and they've already helped save one life. Lakeland News reporter Shrelmore tells us what makes the tools the best of their kind.  Being right on highway two can have its perks. Cars are always passing through, which could bring more business to your city, but more cars could also potentially mean more accidents. Right out here it's the main highway so we get we get many car accidents. Back years ago when I first got on we didn't even have jaws of life so we always had to call Grand Rapids fire. The Cohasit fire department receives more than 200 calls a year and their old jaws of life tools were getting old. With so many calls they really needed an upgrade which led the department to make another big decision hydraulic versus battery powered. We tried out probably four different four different brands from the hydraulics to the battery powered ones and they're being very nervous about the batteries being in cold weather but they're tested they've tested them up in Alaska cold weather incidents they've got the same power. This here is what they call the RAM hydraulic RAM whether it's you have to lift the dash up so you can get people's feet untangled from them or whatever. There's three parts total and they also have a long battery life. The Cohasit fire department says a lot of fire stations have switched to battery powered so they seemed like a good fit. Now instead of two guys one grabbing the power pack out of the truck and one grabbing the tool one guy can grab the tool you're down into the vehicle whatever they're just there's no maintenance as far as a gas engine that you have to deal with. So far the Cohasit fire department has only had to use the tools one time although they're hoping to never have to take them out of the truck. Hopefully everybody is safe driving and so that these never have to be tested out we do have them in case they in case we need them but we hope we don't ever have to use them. Reporting in Cohasit, Shawmore, Lakeland News. The Cohasit fire department is looking for firefighters anyone interested can contact Cohasit City Hall. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.