In this confusing times of fake media, it's essential to provide rigorous and transparent research. ECB has always maintained this principle and considers that it's policy making benefits from such research, being done either internally or externally. Keeping up the dialogue between academia and central banking is therefore of key interest to us. Already in its third edition, the conference will cover research topics on macro and finance, bringing together leading international academics in these fields. An established feature of the conference is the Jean Monat lecture. And this year's keynote speech, named in honor of the French politician and political economist will be delivered by Danny Rodrick of Harvard University. He was already here with us. He will talk about the real world economics of globalization, offering a deep introspective of the rise of populism. This building, where you're sitting, is not just the bastion of monetary policy in a towering image of the dreams of Europe, but it also has a dark history. In the 1940s, it was a collection point for the deportation of Jewish men, women, and children from Frankfurt and its region. The building, therefore, is also a constant reminder of the pursuit of peace, which ultimately is what Europe is all about. The clouds over Europe are darkening with not just populism on the rise, but a general sense of loss of direction and purpose. It is my belief that only by understanding the root causes of these developments will we be able to make progress. This requires deep humility and reflection, especially among the privileged, to which I count myself. We need new ideas, better narratives, and research has a key role to play in the search for new ideas. Much of the work of our own researchers involves importing the latest research ideas into the central bank to enhance our models and improve our policymaking. Often, such research has to be adapted to local circumstances, as economic research tends to be US-focused and not equipped to deal with multi-dimensional policy demands. We're very good in thinking in terms of first best, but not so much in terms of third best. Moreover, when academia moves slowly, internal research is needed to design and calibrate policy in real time. The comparative advantage of a central bank researcher, one could say, tends to be innate knowledge of the operational and institutional frameworks of policymaking and the markets that supports such policies. The ECB's current research program centers around five priority areas that I just wanted to quickly highlight to you. The first is macroeconomic models and monetary transmission after the crisis. This area covers research on enhancing macro models for policymaking by incorporating non-linearities, heterogeneous agents, and a more realistic financial intermediary sector to better capture the propagation of shocks originating in financial markets. This area also covers research on the transmission channels of monetary policy. Still, I would say, still a lot of questions there. It's a standard research area for any central bank. Here we focus especially on the role of the financial sector and consequences for financial stability. The second area that really is more the domain of central bank research and not so much in academia is monetary policy implementation and operational frameworks. One could belittle it as the plumbing of monetary policy. This area covers research that will form the basis for developing the post-crisis monetary policy framework, the operational framework. And it includes research on the design and communication of monetary policy, the provision of central bank liquidity, the land of last resort, collateral frameworks, and market impacts, including adverse consequences of non-standard measures. The third area is inflation determination and low growth. This area covers research on price and wage setting behavior, the drivers of inflation in the euro area that we are aware is quite different than in the US. And it includes research on the relevance of sticky prices and wages, real vagilities in products and labor markets, and the pass-through and border effects of such. Especially we are working here to make advantage of new micro-price data that we have collected. We also in this area have research on going on the drivers of low growth in the euro area, especially productivity growth, which is very stubbornly low. And we pay special attention to the role of product market and labor market reforms moving away from the typical mantra that they are good to the more specifics. The fourth area is strengthening the monetary union. We believe that it's through our monetary policies by ensuring price stability and also supporting financial stability that we contribute to strengthening the monetary union, and this is our best contribution to Europe. But this area is a little bit broader. It covers research on the benefits of a diversified financial system and financial integration in the euro area. So the banking union that was established, the capital markets, the union that's being developed, and more generally getting the right trade-off between promoting risk sharing and growth. We also look here at interactions between fiscal and monetary policy in a heterogeneous currency area. And many of the fiscal and also macro-principal policies of course set at the national level in this monetary union. The last area is developing the new prudential framework with a more emphasis on macro-prudential policies. So first we want to understand whether these macro-prudential policies are effective or not, and then how they will interact with the single monetary policy. So once the policy is set at the center, macro-prudential policy is set at national levels. What is the optimal design of prudential regulation? So there will be interactions between macro-micro-prudential regulation. There are lots of new regulations, liquidity regulation. How does this interact with capital regulation? And more generally, how do we enhance banking supervision? We have a better structure, we believe, with information being pulled, but how do we actually enforce strict supervision around the area? Now, that's a broad brush of what people are working on in the house. The conference papers today provide also a broad perspective on all of these areas and a broad reading of the macro-finance literature, bringing together recent advances in the literature and relevant experiences from around the world, with, of course, many presentations and discussions by intellectual leaders in their respective fields. Before we start, I want to thank the organizing committee, Bartosz, Moskoviak, sitting here up front, Marie Horova, Alexander Popov, and especially Sabine Wiedemann for putting together a stellar program in collaboration with Jen Eberle from Brookings. And that's it. I wish you all an enjoyable and inspiring time in pursuit of these new ideas.


It's morning. That's why I look like poo, enjoying my cup of coffee. There's been a cat that's been sleeping on my mat in the morning. Hey there, little guy. Or gal. So this episode is dedicated to my mom. Oh, welcome back to Exotic Wine Travel. I am your host, Matthew Horkey. This is the show where we help you drink adventurously so you can expand your palate and expand your mind. And I don't think it gets as exotic in the wine world as Polish wine. Yeah, that's right. Polish wine. That's what we're going to taste and talk about today. So this show is dedicated to my mom and let me explain why. My mother is of Polish descent. Blue eyes, blonde hair, super Polish. You know, and I didn't really start traveling around the world traveling a lot until graduate school. So I wasn't really a worldly person when I was young.  And I didn't, I never, I don't even remember going once. And so, you know, now looking, looking back, hindsight's always 2020. Maybe I should have, should have went sort of savored some of the foods because I like some Polish foods. Since I'm traveling a lot in Europe, I'm becoming more familiar with the culture. I think that would have meant a lot to her. So, sorry, mom, this one's to make it up. Kids, if your parents, if your parents want to introduce you to their, their origins, I would recommend just go even if you're not interested. It'll mean a lot to them in the future. Let's get started. So Poland, did they even make wine? You know, the Poles are known as being a great market actually from wines from all around the world. The traditional reasons, even in Central Eastern Europe, you know, Poland's a huge market for a lot of these countries. But there are 600 hectares of vineyards there, about 300 producers. So we're talking about tiny, tiny production. Now you have to understand, it is pretty far north. But if you look at the map, it's right at the edge of, you know, the northernmost point of where grape growing is possible. Wine grapes traditionally grow between 30 and 50 degrees of latitude north and south. You got to think of the Rheingau in Germany, Mosul, those are at 49 degrees north, even even 55 degrees north. These bad boys right here, Vialichka, where this vineyard, this village is located is at 49 degrees north. So it's about the same latitude, you know, in the Rheingau, the Mosul, they do grow Pinot Noir, they do grow Merlot, obviously a lot of re-sling and other grapes as well. This wine, I haven't been to Poland yet, but this is the story behind this. This Rheine, Venice Vialichka, is all, is a biodynamic organic winery. I actually judged and met with the winemaker owner at the Vermintino Competition in Sardinia, Italy earlier this year before COVID started going crazy. I got to know her really well. She was she was really a fantastic person and she sent me some of these wines to try and I'm really excited to get into them. Let's bring in the toughest palate that I know. Yay, brought back the toughest critic I know.  You've actually tasted one of these wines before and I haven't tasted. We're not gonna taste everything today. You'll just have to read our upcoming article, get all the tasting notes, but we're gonna taste two of the wines today. You ready to get started? Yep. This is like I said this is a biodynamic producer. I know I know the woman, the winemaker, but I don't know the wines. So let's get started. We have Jantar for 2015. This is an orange wine macerated for five months. So it's basically like a Mr. Sanz, which is a field blend and just of all the remaining varieties. Let's get into it. I want to hear the taste. I was actually really fascinated because there's a little bit of a combination, which I think can be really good when the wine is pretty young. It gives this sense of refreshing quality. I like the nose immediately. It's very fruity, very pure in terms of the fruit purity. I do get a little bit of the greener too though. It is kind of Austrian in style, don't you think to me? It smells like an Austrian orange wine. It could be. It's actually like what you said and I said as well. It's more towards the fruit and a little bit green. I think it's pretty clean. Yeah. It actually smells really good. It smells kind of like an orange wine of taste. It smells like the acidity might be there. Anything else you want to pick up? It's more of a citrus peel than citrus juice and I also get a little bit of this, just a little bit of very little. It has this sweet banana peel Africa type flavor to me. I love the acidity of this one. It's towards really linseu as a more acidic side, but I love it because despite the acidity, it has fruit concentration. The concentration is actually pretty high over here. I want to say it's a very fruity wine, but it's the intensity of the flavor on the nose as well on the aroma, the intensity, they're both pretty high. I'm pretty impressed with this wine with that amount of, it's only 12 alcohol for the amount of ripeness it can get from an area that's so far north. You like it, huh? I like it. I also think that the fruit was very good. That's why with extraction, with methylation, it gives a very good fruit quality to it. How high? Must I score? I would be very inclined to push towards the 90 in the future, but since it's a fresh wine now, it's quite difficult for me to get there. It's still in the 88-89 point range, which is very high for me by the way. 89 for me, maybe 80 of taste, but I have to say like for the effects, Polish wine, really well made, exciting wine, not just for, not just for the hipster wine crowd, right? It's just, it's a good orange wine. The wine on the finish is a little bit, just a little bit bitter, but it doesn't disrupt the harmony. And there is no, there's near zero astringency in this wine. No. There's really little tendon to it. So people that are being bothered by tannins and orange wine, you're really gonna find a lot to like here. I think it's quite good. It's more towards the crunchy side, right, instead of the tannic side. Agnes, good job. I'm very impressed. Oh, I need to take a sip. Actually, I was staring at you because I didn't really want to pour this wine out. Let's move on. This is a wine that you've already tried. I'm a little bit jealous. I have not tried it yet. This is the Wienze Wieliczka Pinot Noir 2018, which you already tasted. Do you want to tell the story? I had this wine exactly the same vintage in March this year. It was during a press trip and we have our lovely Isabella from Poland who brought this wine to share with us. So there were a couple of us, including journalists from, from Hungary, from Denmark, yeah, from Switzerland and also of course from Croatia as well. And we had it next to a 2002, a rather famous Pinot Noir from Switzerland. I did like the Swiss Pinot Noir better but it's really not fair to compare because that one had more evolution and things like that. But I think what's really cool was I was really impressed by this wine. It was the first Polish wine that really encouraged me to seek out Polish wine. Also among the people who tasted that wine, there were a couple of people who actually prefer this wine to this wine. I gotta give her and her partner credit. To do full biodynamics, such a northerly climate, organics, it's gotta be wet. It's gotta be really difficult. So first of all, I've had a Polish Pinot Noir before, a couple that I was not so fond of.  We're talking 11-5 alcohol. What are you picking up? A little bit of that, very little, okay, that beetroot quality as well. But when you get a little bit of this beetroot quality, I think often it manifests into something earthy in a Pinot Noir, which is really nice. Really earthy, kind of sour cherry, red raspberry type flavors. True Pinot Noir, true old world Pinot Noir. A lot of nice, let me emphasize the word nice, nice green acidity on the palate, lots of raspberry quality to it. More towards the lighter style of Pinot Noir. I would say that despite the high acidity, there's still a sort of softener to the wine. I really like the softness.  And you're right, sometimes the acidity can just cut from be too sharp. I think it's really well done to me. That's just really like a Pinot Noir I want to try. That's a good way on the palate. I appreciate very much about this wine, right, is that she didn't try to over extract it or push from mom. It is just what it is. It reflects where it comes from. I think just about anyone who tastes this wine would be able to tell that this is like, ah interesting, where is this from, you know, like you would think that it's a cooler climate, it really retains the fruitiness without trying to be more than what the fruit has given. Wow. Off it, so this is good Old World Pinot Noir. All things considered, Pinot Noir, that's not just acid, just not just thin, has character. For me, especially knowing that it's from Poland, especially considering the fact of how it's biodynamic, how difficult it is to create Pinot Noir, to grow grapes in this climate. I'm going straight to 90 on this. I really, really, really enjoy it a lot. I know you're not as high as I am. I'm tough on Pinot Noir, but I do think that this wine is still in the early stage. It can evolve and all that, but currently because it's young and because it's from a cooler climate, it's really quite simple in terms of profile now, but nothing is wrong with this wine. It's really lovely, very well done. So good stuff, I mean it's cool. There's a lot of hybrids, a lot of crosses up there in Poland since it's a little cooler. It's harder to grow. This producer of Viennese, Bielicka, does not have any, has all the discipline for all European grapes. So good job by them. Anything else that you want to add from tasting these two wines, things you've observed? I would highly encourage people to seek out Polish wine by starting with this seller. I really like the wines, and I think you won't be disappointed as well. And I think it gives a very good introduction to what Poland can achieve as a wine country. Wow, so cheered. Very good job, guys. Check out Polish wines. I know they're not easily available. Probably have to go to the country or find some kind of specialty retailer, but for those that want to drink adventurously, it's worth checking out. So nice episode. Cheers. Cheers. We'll see you guys soon. Hello, thanks for watching. Hey, you made it to the end. Make sure to subscribe to our YouTube channel, click the bell so you know when new videos are out. If you like content like this, check out our Patreon page where you get some behind the scenes exclusive content. Thanks for watching. Cheers.


Welcome to the Packaging and Processing Women's Leadership Network Learning Circle. This is the second webinar in our educational series that covers some of the skill sets that can really catapult your career. And today we're talking about networking. And it seems straightforward enough, but understanding the nuances of networking can advance your career in your current organization. However, you have to have a strategic game plan to make it work to your advantage. So my name is Stephanie Neal. I am an editor at PMMI Media Group, and I'll be your moderator today. Joining me are two women who were featured in the recent published Voices of Women in Packaging and Processing Report. That was produced in collaboration with the OPEX Leadership Network and the Packaging and Processing Women's Leadership Network. And I'm going to just briefly introduce Nancy and Melanie before we get started. I'm going to read their bios so I don't mess this up because they've got a lot of good stuff here. Nancy Wilson is the CEO of Morrison Container Handling Solutions. Prior to joining Morrison in 2011, Nancy had a 25-year career in leadership positions at Ford Motor Company. Here she was a member of the Diversity Council and established herself as a mentor to foster the development and advancement of women at Ford. She now does the same in the packaging industry as an executive council member of PMMI's Packaging and Processing Women's Leadership Network. She's also a recipient of many awards, including Crane's Notable Women in Manufacturing, as well as a winner of the 2020 Step Ahead Award from the Manufacturing Institute, which honors the best female leaders in manufacturing. So thanks for joining us, Nancy. And then also here is Melanie Denney. She is a personal branding consultant, self-marketing expert, certified LinkedIn strategist and founder of the Empowered Presence Framework designed to help women of color gain visibility and capitalize on new opportunities to the power of personal branding. As an international career speaker who partners with associations for women around the world, Melanie has been featured in Forbes, HuffPost, Yahoo News, Fast Company, NBC News, OEM Magazine, and Countless Podcast. So welcome, Melanie. Thank you so much for being here with us today. Absolutely. I'm very excited for this today. Me too. It's going to be a good conversation. Before we start, I want to let everybody know in the audience that we want you to be part of this discussion. So please feel free to ask questions. There's a Q&A tab at the bottom of your screen. And if you click on that, you can put your question right in there. We're going to get it on the back end. After we have our conversation, we're going to answer some of your questions. But again, feel free to put them into the Q&A at any time that you want, and we will get them. So let's get started. Networking. Again, like I said, it seems so simple, right? Not so much. I do want to start with you, Nancy, because you have referred to networking as building a community. And I like that. I feel like it gives it a little bit more of a personalized touch. But can you explain what you mean by that, especially when you're talking about your own organization? Absolutely. Thanks, Stephanie. And to all of you, I'm really, really happy to be here. And I think it's just a great experience for us all to reach out and try to help other women, especially but all others, I would say, in the packaging world, where we live in a dynamic, fun world in the world of packaging. So it's just an opportunity for us all to help each other. So I guess I talk about networking as a community because really it's what you do and it's who you are and the people that you have. And I have many communities that I work in and live in here at Morrison, as well as through PMMI, where I work with the Future Workforce Committee and I work on and on the board, but also in my local communities here with the like Southland Development Authority and other manufacturing associations. So with those communities, you have a lot of opportunity not just to connect yourself, but to connect with others and connect other people to other people to help everyone stop and get ahead. And that's what I really like about this is a opportunity to help other people reach out and grow and ask a lot of questions and be curious. And what I would say about networking just a little bit more on that is networking is work. It's not just, you know, getting together and although you can have enjoyable things like a glass of wine when you're networking, it is work, but it doesn't have to be hard work and it doesn't have to be not fun. Network can be very fun. It's how you choose to represent it and how you choose to go about figuring out what's right for you. Well, I like that you said that it is work, but it can be fun and it should be fun. But what do you mean by it's work? Like do you have to have some sort of strategic plan in place? You do. You really have to decide what's important to you. You have to kind of do your own assessment of what do I need? Where am I going? What are my goals? And once you have your goals, then it's to figure out what do I need to get there and who can help me? And it's not just about me. Who can I help along the way as well? One of the most important things I learned in my years at Ford, I've been around this for a long time. So figuring out within an organization, especially a large organization, where's the power? Where does that lie? Who's making the decisions? Who has the ability to give knowledge to you?  And so it's about learning. It's about being open, but it's about also positioning yourself to be with the people so that they can help bring you along, but you can also learn from them and they know who you are. In some big organizations, just being known who you are kind of is important. So it's about being thoughtful in this process of figuring out, you can't just sit at a desk and wait for somebody to tap you on your shoulder and say, here I have this big opportunity for you. You have to go make those opportunities. And I'm going to circle back with you on that because it's a really important point in how you do that. I want to explore a little bit more, but I want to turn the conversation over to Melanie because you've built a business on helping people with their personal brand. And Nancy just said you can't just sit at a desk and wait for people to come to you. So how do you build your personal brand and how do you create that presence within your organization? Yeah, I think it boils down to visibility. Like Nancy said, who knows you? It's not enough for how they always used to say it's about it's really about who knows you. Because there may be people backing for you because they've heard of some things you've done or someone else brought you to their attention. And you may not know them, but if they know you and they're in a good position of decision, they could potentially tap you on the shoulder. So it boils back down to how visible are you in the workplace. It's not about sitting at the desk getting your work done. That's wonderful, but it's not enough when it comes to your taking control of your career. You really have to like, we keep saying be strategic, intentional, really pinpoint, okay, who do I want to align myself with and going both ways, right up, down and across. So your colleagues as well, because you guys can learn from each other's experiences as well. And so it's about, you know, going to lunch with your colleagues going across departments and seeing how you can add value or help out, right? Asking people straight out, hey, will you be my mentor? Hey, will you be my sponsor? And being proactive about, you know, talking to people, not just about work, but just getting to know folks, getting to like them and them getting to like you because at the end of the day, we're all just people, right? You always say, I always used to say, find people, not jobs. Right. So if you want to rise up in the organization, again, who are the people that you really want to connect with. So you talk a lot about being your authentic self, Melanie. And so is that what you're trying to say here when you're like, be yourself, I mean, when you talk about it being visible at work, I mean, sometimes we get into little clicks. Sometimes we're in our own little group. How do you break out of that?  That you feel comfortable in this group, but you need in order to expand your presence at work, you need to expand your group, right? Or who you're interacting with. But that can be difficult to do. Sometimes I would suspect. Yeah, I think it boils back down to, you know, thinking about this as I always used to like, I like to use the comparison between when you're a kid at the lunch table at school, right? Do you always sit with the same people? That's okay. But you want to try to see who else you can sit with today, right? Who else can I sit with? And sometimes it's literally, you know, the lunch at work, the lunch table, the cafeteria, whatnot, and you find someone to say, Hey, can we sit with you today? Sure. They may not say yes.  Simple things, doesn't have to be earth shattering questions. Well, so that's a good segue back to Nancy, because Nancy talked about thinking about who can you learn from?  But I mean, is it okay for somebody who's maybe at an assistant level to sit at the lunch table with a manager that they don't know? I mean, how do you approach people that have a more of a leadership role that you think could help you and you want to get to know? I would love to talk about that. I think you all have a responsibility. When we talked about sitting at your desk, it's not just about networking as well. Doing your job and doing your job well is the price of entry. And so once you do that, then I think the networking has to happen above and beyond that. And when you're trying to sit at the lunch table with the higher ranking person, most people are more than willing to share and to talk about their life experiences. Be curious and then listen to what they have to say. Talk to them about if you were, you know, if you had this situation, what were you, what were you do? Or can you tell me about how you got in this business? Or you can talk to me about the product. You need to understand your products and the business that you're in and be an expert on that. And I often have advised people to figure out how to go to lunch with the lunch bunch. There's always a power lunch bunch. Figure out how to be invited, figure out how to go. And sometimes you might even be as bold as ask if you can go along. And it isn't comfortable necessarily at first. It really isn't. And one of the mantras that I've said for many years and I had to learn it over time is feel your fear, but do it anyway. Just feel, acknowledge it's there. Yep. This is going to, this is really uncomfortable, but this is what I'm going to do. And you'll be surprised if you, if you're curious, if you ask questions and you figure out who to be with and tag along and then be grateful for the information. But if most people, if you get them talking about themselves or what they've done and you're really listened and you're not thinking about what you're going to say next, but you really listen, they pick up on that and it's, and it becomes very genuine. The other thing I would say, as far as asking for mentors, that really works when you've built a relationship with someone. I actually believe that a strategy might be to have more than one go to person. And this is one of the things I did many, many years ago at Ford. I didn't ask them to be my mentor. I just said, what do you do? How does it work? And really understand, if you were me, how would it happen? And there's always a bunch of, for me at that time, they're all guys, bunch of old guys that were willing to say, this is how it really works. This is what happens. This is what you need to know. And so it's not any one formal mentor, because if I would have gone to them and said, would you be my mentor, I think they would have jumped back and said, I don't know how to do that. Right. But would you just give me some advice on this, or how would you handle this, or how would you do that? I think people are very receptive to helping that. And you can learn a lot from people. There's a lot of experience around all of us in our organizations, the people that have been around that are more than willing to share that because they want to be heard as well. Yeah. I do want to like explore more that feeling of being uncomfortable and feel your fear, somebody in the audience just said that they love that. And I do too, because you have to recognize that, all right, this is going on emotionally. I am nervous about this, but it has to happen.  And I mean, how did you navigate that to move into a leadership role? You know, I have had a lot of good advice, a lot of mentors. I just have learned over time to speak up. Many women know that when you're in meetings, for example, you'll say something, and then nobody pays attention. And then the guy says it, and then it's a great idea. Then you have to actually speak up and say, that's what I just said. Or how is that different? And one of the other tips I would say is when you walk into a room, one, again, you have to know your product. You have to not speak for the sake of speaking. But in a meeting, try to be one of the first people that speaks if you can. If you can speak knowledgeable about that subject, speak up, be heard. You want to be memorable.  There was good and bad about that. And one of the very good things was I did stick out. I was memorable. My class of other Ford FCGPs, Ford graduate program that I came in with, there were only maybe one or two other women in it. So I was memorable. And I could use that to my advantage. And I think women can still do that. But I also think the world is a little safer now, and there's more opportunity. So I think we've done, we've made a lot of advancements, which I'm quite happy about. But I think there's, you can make yourself stick out, and you can make yourself be remembered, as long as you actively participate. And it's, you're not making it all about you, but you're making about the goal or the company or what you're trying to achieve in whatever session you're in. Yeah. And Melanie, do you agree?  And I mean, I'll let you answer that. And I want to talk a little bit more about, you know, some of your expertise online, like using LinkedIn as well. Yeah, I think there's a bit of self-reflection that needs to happen when you're, you know, your internal thoughts are telling you, oh, they're never going to respond. They're never going to accept me or all these negative things that we are allowing to dictate our actions. We've got to really sit with some of those. So I'm trying to really, you know, get to the root of it and determine, is this what I'm prioritizing over my career goals? Yeah. Right. And then really, like Nancy said, I say the same, I have the same mantra. Feel the fear and do it anyway, because it's bigger than your fear. Right.  It's tough, but it can be done as we see from Nancy here. It can be done. So you, but the person, I think the individual has to recognize some of the shortcomings or some of the things that's holding them back, address those internally and put forth that confidence. Yeah. That's really what's going to drive you is yourself confident. So two questions just came in there, they're kind of similar. So I want to address them now. And it has to do with maybe working in a very individual based job, maybe you don't have a lot of colleagues, a small group or small team, maybe they travel a lot, or we're all working remotely now. So how do you network when you're working remotely, you're not in the same office with your colleagues? I mean, I don't Nancy, do you want to try to tackle that first? I think, I do think remote work is brought in a new set of challenges. There's no doubt about that. But we also are all much more accustomed to having conversations like this over teams. And you can reach out and we can use those groups.  And also for the person that is talking about I went in a small office, you can feel free to reach out to other people in industry. It's one of the main reasons why we created this group. The, you know, I was one of the, truthfully, after one of the PMMI meetings, there were a handful of women there and we were all together after hours and we talked about what can we do to create a group for women and to, and that's how this whole organization was born as a way for us to create a networking organization within the industry and use groups like this. But I really, again, I would emphasize understand your product, know where it is and reach out to others that are there that can help you understand and can connect you with people that are also within that industry, especially if you have some goals of where you want to get to. I guess those are what I would say about it. It is definitely different now. It's harder to have those, you know, water fountain conversations when there's nobody in the office. So you have to be a little more creative and how you get about, but I think you can be done. And I also see that I know mentors and people giving advice, they can be at all levels. They do not have to be somebody that's a hire or can help you maybe pull you up, but they can give you information. And information is so important and they can, they can help lead you if you choose to take that information. But I always say, listen, don't, you know, listen, you get the two ears, listen, and to what they're really telling you and then do your own evaluations. Well, and you answered a question that came in, which was, would you recommend a mentor needs to be in a higher position than you or even at your same company? So you just basically answered that and the answer is, yeah, it could be anyone, right? And you can get information from anyone and you can understand how the organization works from the people that have been around a long time and what they've seen happen. I still will go back to the figure out where the power is in the organization and align yourself with that power. And Melanie, you know, thinking about the remote work, there's a lot of online tools that we're all using now to communicate and collaborate. I know you're an expert with LinkedIn. I mean, are there things that we can use to connect us to peers in our industry? Absolutely. Absolutely. LinkedIn for sure. Zoom, right? Zoom meetings. I know it probably zoomed out, but sometimes it's a very simple thing now. Everyone, that's the standard now, right?  Here's my link or here's some availability I'd love to do a virtual coffee chat or something like that. The sky is a limit really, like it's just a matter of being imaginative and being creative and just creating opportunities for yourself. LinkedIn is one of my favorite, favorite tools. And a lot of people are on LinkedIn. A lot of them are not as active though, so messaging folks on LinkedIn may not necessarily yield a lot of results, but it definitely is a point of contact that you can move some of these relationships from, you know, the Zoom to the LinkedIn and to connect them in that way. Yeah. Are there things you should never do when networking? Yes. Well, I asked this because when we were talking once, Melanie, you talked about the same thing that Nancy talked about, like try to figure out a way to get invited to that lunch, but don't cross boundaries. Like, so, I mean, you have to be able to take social cues, right? They don't want me here. Yeah, you have to be emotionally intelligent and read the room, definitely for sure, but I think that you can definitely still, you know, do it without being pushy or disrespectful or just annoying, right?  So you definitely have to read the room. Yeah. Nancy, do you agree? I do. I never do. I guess what I would say is never, you always have to be genuine. You always have to be yourself and be true to who you are and what your beliefs are. And I would say never cross that line. If you can't, if it just feels yucky in your gut, don't do it. I mean, you gotta listen to what your values are and where you are and what you're doing. So other than that, I think, you know, Melanie's right, read the room, figure out how you can be there.  I mean, you can do things like that. You can choose to do things like that. Go take golf lessons. Go, go learn how to be a part of that. But the single biggest thing before you do any of those other tricks is know your business, know your product, be a professional, understand, be valuable at your workplace, and they'll seek to have you be a part of it. And those, that's kind of the secret is, you know, always look to be helpful. I remember many, many years ago, I was, was at a meeting and they were having trouble getting, I don't know, seats or chair. I don't remember what it was, something like that. But what I do remember is somebody that was very high in the company came to me later and thanked me because they saw that I needed that I saw something needed to be done with how the room was set up in the chairs. And I didn't say anything. I just did it because you're, you're, you're observing what's happening around you. You see some something needs to be done and it needs to be just quietly go do it. And there are things like that that you can do that you'll be remembered for that. I was shocked. I don't remember the exact action. I still remember the Ron Light, who was really high at Ford at the time of well above my, my pay grade, who came to me and thanked me for doing whatever it was. It was just paying attention to what needed to be done, paying attention to the situation and taking action. Right. Yeah. I love that. It's really about adding value, right. And I would say something to never do is take, take, take, take, take and never get it. Correct. Yeah. I always want big ask, please, please, but you're never offering anything. Right. So a big question is how do we find the time to do all this? I know that there's a question that came in from the audience talking about, you know, Melanie mentioned virtual coffee date. Does that happen during work hours? Like, where do you find the time to do that? Nancy mentioned learn how to play golf. Like, well, if you've got a busy life with things happening on the weekend, like, where do we find time to do that? And I mean, maybe that's more of a personal type of question where you've got to carve out time for yourself. But I guess it's an important part of the equation. Yeah. I would say we prioritize whatever we want. If you look at where we spend our time, that's our priorities. So if we're not finding deliberate intentional networking, then clearly that's not our priority. Right. So it's a matter of okay, well, maybe I need to shuffle some things around to put this ahead of some other things for now, as I continue with this desire to grow in my field. So like you said, it's a personal thing, but there's always time for the things we want to make time for. Right. I think that also goes back to being what I was saying before being true to your values and what's important to you. And I mean, people on this webinar have all chosen to be in the packaging and processing field, which is a really fun and dynamic organization to be in and everyone can identify with it. You go through the grocery store, you see what we do through all the different industries. And so it can be really fun. I guess what I would say is I agree with Melanie, you prioritize what's important. And if golf doesn't fit in your schedule, then you figure out what does. And the other thing I would challenge everyone is when you're there, be present. Be in the meeting. Be in the room. Be there. Put the phones down. Put the phones away. I'm probably as guilty as everyone else in that I get distracted. But you need to be present and you need to be heard and be curious and ask questions. And you'll make a name for yourself and you'll end up being heard.  Right. Right. One other thing I want to add very quickly is don't expect us to go to lunch tomorrow and then have a full blown promotion. It is a long game. This is a long game. This is about building a nurturing, genuine relationships over time. So, you know, when you think about networking, people are impatient, they're microwaved real quick, but it takes time to build those relationships for people to figure out, oh, you would fit great in this type of role or whatnot or advocate for you and trust you enough to recommend you and things like that. So don't be impatient, you know, think about it for six months, nine months, 12 months out, and how you can strategically move when you're trying to network. It's an investment, right? Right. And don't give up after one lunch. That didn't work. It's keep trying. And like when I went back before, it doesn't have to be hard.  Be with people you want to be with. And if you're surrounded with a whole lot of people that the thought of networking with them is nauseating, you're in the wrong group. Right. Figure out where you need to be. Right. And there's a comment that came in that said one tech, one technique I learned is that we could treat networking as part of our work, like 5% of your work time instead of, you know, adding on to outside of work. So that's a good mindset too. It's like it's part of your work environment to reach out and create a community of people. I want to switch gears really quickly because we don't have much more time left, but I want to talk about networking outside of the organization in the more traditional sense. We've got our big breakfast coming up at Pack Expo Las Vegas in September. And it can be intimidating to walk into a room of 900 people that you don't know. And sometimes people are there with their groups and sometimes they're by themselves. So is there, do you have any sort of practical advice for maybe somebody who's a little more introverted to walk into that room and break the ice for themselves and figure out how to mingle and network with people at their table or in the room? I see you nodding your head, Melanie. So I think you've got an answer. So there's a trick I heard about years ago for mostly for introverts who don't want to be the first to, right, is where's something unique that, you know, and this may be, you know, not comfortable either because now you're drawing attention to yourself, right?  And then you could say, oh, thank you, I got it from blah, blah, blah. And then now all of a sudden in a conversation, you didn't have to be the first. So I thought it was a nice strategy that people aren't really thinking about. Right, right.  I mean, it's a good one, but we've got to kind of come in there armed with information or knowing something about the speaker or whatever it might be.  I think, well, first of all, probably the single biggest thing that you can do is smile. Force yourself to smile because you'll look like you'll look more fun to talk to, like more comfortable. It'll help you exude confidence and it'll raise your mood. So smile when you walk into the room. And the other thing that I find the easiest thing to do is, so what brings you here? What intrigued you about being here? Again, get people to talk about themselves or why they're here or what they're here or what they're expecting to learn. And then just let the conversation roll from there. I try not to talk about the weather, but sometimes I do. You know, if you just need to, that helps and you can move on or you can go around the table and how are you all here together and did you know each other and try to make, again, the community, try to make the connections. Oh, you're from there. Oh, I used to work with somebody who was at that company. Do you know? And again, just trying to get people to talk about themselves, what they do and their role. And the other thing you got to put in the back of your mind is they're the same people that walked into the room with 900 people and they're probably looking for somebody to talk to. So they're there because it's a networking event. And so it makes it a little bit easier, I think, for to start some of those conversations. And you'll also, you know, again, observe, be aware of what's going on. If it's a table of everybody dressed alike and they're sitting down and they're by themselves and they're all from a company, probably not the best table to sit down with and try to mingle in with. You want to look for the people that are either by themselves or standing or so that you can kind of read the room and feel who looks like they want to share something. Right. So I don't see any more questions coming in. So I wanted to switch to, we've got a slide that has a list of networking tips that we can share with everybody. And maybe we can go through some of them that are, you know, that maybe jump out. You know, I know Nancy and Melanie both put this list together. I mean, is there anything, any big takeaways from this list? And again, I know it's a lot. So if everybody in the audience wants to maybe take a picture or screenshot this so that you've got that, please do so.  And, you know, you talked about finding a mentor everywhere and learning from all levels of people in the organization. I mean, are there any of these that you want to expand upon? I would just go back to the mentor. The word mentor can be intimidating to some people. But if you just talk to people and talk to them and you're using them as a mentor, but you're getting information and asking people for their opinion, after you've built a relationship for a long time, then you could maybe say the, you know, something, I don't know how to decline that call. Here I go. Sorry about that. No problem. But you can, you just don't let the word mentors be intimidating, I guess, to people. And after you build a relationship, then you can pick and choose and you can ask people and you can create mentors in your organization or outside of your organization. But that's why when I did that, I put mentors in prints because, or in quotes, because they really can be many sources of where you're getting information from. Yeah. And then I think along with in the vein of personal branding, I think it's important to know and understand the value that you're bringing, right? Because a lot of us go to work, do our job, we go home. We don't think about the impact that that project made on the company. We don't own that, right?  They just know, oh, this was done great. Looks great. But when it's time to advocate for yourself in terms of looking at a promotion, moving up, you're going to have to sell yourself and you're going to have to show them what you have done to add value to the company and the organization. So as network and all those things, keep in mind that you want to also make sure that your value is being articulated along the way. I agree with that. I think many times women undersell themselves. And there's a big advantage to not just being very factual in terms of what you've been able to achieve in your accomplishments or putting them down on paper so that you're tracking them and sharing them with your supervisor and saying, is there anything else that you would like me to see or would you have liked to have seen here and how we did it? And I think that's a good exercise that everyone can do. Yeah, and I think once you nail that down, your networking will become easier because you're more confident about yourself. You're not shy and reserved because you don't feel like you're adding much. You know exactly what you're adding. You're going to bring that to the conference. It's a great point. I'm going to address one last question. We actually have questions coming in, but I know we're running a little bit short on time, but I like this question. What is the best piece of advice you've each been given and felt has helped you as a woman in industry? And this is from somebody who just entered the packaging industry just over a year ago. So any, I mean, I know this might give you pause and make you think a little bit, but any advice that you've been given or that you can give? I think for me personally, one big piece of advice that really helped shift my perspective and has ranked true as I went through life was trust the process, trust the journey, right?   That really helped me through this next level. So that's my number one piece of advice that really helped me. Yeah, that's great. Love it. Yeah, I guess I would, I've probably talked about a lot of mine already. The one about being true to yourself and true to your values is probably the biggest single piece of advice I would give everyone is understand who you are and how it feels and make sure that what you're doing fits within your values and that's probably the single biggest thing and then my mantra of feel your fear and do it anyway. Those are the two that I would put into that for a piece of advice and the other things we've just talked about are more tactical, what to do, but it's really about your own feelings inside and how your gut feels. The gut check is really a genuine tool to use if you take advantage of it. Love it. Well, I want to thank both of you so much. We're going to have to conclude this discussion. I know we could do this for hours and hours, but people have work to do, but things that are really valuable discussion. We do have a couple of questions we didn't get to, so we will do our best to answer you if we do not address them be another way. Also, you'll notice there's a QR code that you could download the digital resource for the voices of packaging, voices of women in packaging and processing report that both Nancy and Melanie contributed to. Also be on the lookout for a follow-up survey to capture your thoughts on how we can continue to improve these learning circles in the future. So thank you so much for joining us today and I hope to meet many of you in September at Pack Expo Las Vegas. So have a great day and thank you Nancy and Melanie. You're welcome. Thanks. See you all in Pack Expo.


In this video, we will extract the table structure in a PDF document. To begin, let's copy the sample code and paste it in the Visual Studio editor. I added the sample code link in the description box below. To extract the table structure, we will use the ByteScout PDF Extractor SDK. You can add a reference to the PDF Extractor SDK DLL in the Solution Explorer. Right-click on Reference and select Add Reference. Look up the PDF Extractor SDK and add. Add your registration name and registration key and the registration name and registration key properties accordingly. You can get your license details in the ByteScout dashboard. Let's paste our sample file in the Solution Explorer and set the copy to Output Directory to Copy Always. Then, let's add the sample file in the load document from File Property. When the program runs, it will go through each PDF page and get the table structure. Here's our sample PDF and here's the output. For more tutorials, you may visit our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the Subscribe button. Thank you for watching.


you feel like you sent a message to Toronto tonight? Definitely, you know, obviously this is a big series for us and what better way to come out and swing it the way that we did the first couple innings and end up with a 14 game lead or game win to take the first game of this series.  It's fun, it's fun. I kept looking up seeing myself about to lead off again in the ending and just kept thinking like, wow, like we're really swinging it right now. And it's good because, you know, we obviously had that skid not too long ago, but six in a row now and, you know, we're playing like we know that we could and it was just a matter of time to do what we did. What did you think of Davey Garcia tonight and how impressed have you been since he's been called up?  He's thrown what seven innings a couple of times for us whenever we needed the most and, you know, what better time right now whenever, like I said, whenever we're playing the Blue Jays, a series that matters big time. And, you know, for a kid this as young as he is to keep doing what he's doing, it's really impressive and fun to play behind. Clint, you had another solid night at the plate. Aaron Boone said the other day, you're going to continue to get at bats even when Aaron judges back most likely in left field. What does it mean to you to get that vote of confidence from your manager? It's a weight off my shoulders, you know. Obviously, I've been in a unique situation the last few years and to be able to hear that I'm going to be the one playing whenever all those guys are back is a really special feeling because I've searched for that job for a while and I'm going to try to keep it and run with it and try to help this team as much as I can while I'm out there. Clint, thank you for the time and congratulations on the win. Thank you.


Ychydig sy'n ddweud, ac roeddwn ni'n ddweud i'r gweithio i chi. Rydym ni'n gweithio'r gweithio i chi, sydd ym Mwneud yng Nghymru ar gyfer Llywodraeth Llywodraeth yn ymwneud, yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn Chrysloedd C. Yn ymgyrch, cyd-63 ymgyrch yn Ymgyrch yn 2003. Mae ffordd yn fawr gwybod, wrth i'n gynnwys, yn ddigonwch yn gwahanol gwylio'r byw a'r L-GLA. Rhywethe, yma yng Ngharffydd Prysley. Rwy'n gweithio'n gweithio yma yn colloedd ar y 1939. Fydw i'r ffynu'r prif sy'n cerddio chi amferwadau a drwy'r ffaith. Mae'r eich lleidwyr cerdd i'r bwrdd neud o'r ffaf o'r peth wedi teulu o'r cyllideisio'r pwyg iawn neu'r f moisturizingu, Chris will then outline some of the results that have come from the complex analytical work undertaken since 2010, and summarise what we think we can say about the identity and circumstances of the individual buried here. The evaluation was undertaken on land bordered by prairie crescent to the west and the London south end railway line to the east. Mae'r daith amboedd piwatelyn yn gweithio ar y fontan ar hyn yn gweithio'r hunain cyfan yng Nghymruol Llywodraeth Cymru.  Byddwch, mae'r cyfrannu bydd wedi gwneud o'r cyfrannu efo gwaith yn y cyfrannu, ond yr oed yn gallu gwneud a'r cyfrannu efo'r agnodaethau ysgolwydau'r cyfrannu. Mae'n gwneud o'r cyfrannu gŵr, mae'n gwneud o'r cyfrannu er mwyn i'w mewn iawn, a'r cyfrannu efo'r gŵr wedi'u gwneud o'r gyfrannu, ac mae'n gwneud o'r cyfrannu ysgolwydau. mwyddiad yredig a'i newid ar gyfer y mae Filydd cyqualityo llender, ar gyfer tyfflog a hublwyd, ond a newid yn gweithio dynny o presanc o hyn ll ardun oedd eich ôl rhag holdingelau w Forgive. Ele zooming ar y ddeunyg ac hyd o gwithiau adydd bryff? Rhyw fydd fearu ar yr argynwyr wedi maen auddd gan Gwyrột品 gan gwybodyd mewn moyddiad, ond yn ei grongos, yna yn aghwyto�lus'r undrodd Ieidwch i boدwch ond yma gael ymddi feallu i bood. One of the suspension rings of the bowl was hooked over a corroded piece of iron and it became clear that the bowl, which had been hung on a wooden-chain rag wall was still in situ. Because of concerns over security, it was decided to blocklift the hanging bowl on the day it was found and move it off site for safe keeping. FOE fighting fo ep continues to go full-night-time security was introduced to protect the site. This photo shows the ongoing ex- unrealistic of the burial chamber, with some gravings giving to emerge around the edges. Without visible are the trace remains of substantial north-south roof timbers that once spanned the burial chamber and supported the lat and above it. felly mae'r dweud yn ymddangos i gael gyda Llaniaf Organic Stagol wedi gael o'r Ffath Cymru. Mae'r rhagleniaeth cymryd yn ddod o'r ffath cymryd yn rhanolio â'r ddod o gael gwyllus. Mae oedd yn gweithio'r ddau i'r gwyllt a'r fanlion o'r ffath. The construction pit for the burial chamber measured 4.35m x 4m and was 1.4m x 1.5m deep from the prepared Anglo-Saxon ground surface, with the original internal dimensions of the line chamber being 3.8m x 3.4m. It has originally been covered by a bar amount, now cloud flat. The chamber had contained the coffin burial and the rich assemblage of grave goods. Some of these have been hung on the walls and have been placed around the coffin on the chamber floor. The gradual filtration of wash or wash of deposits through the slowly decaying chamber roof meant that the majority of the grave goods appeared to have been retained in or very close to their original position. Most striking were the vessels still on their hooks on the decayed north and east walls of the chamber. Three of these can be seen in this photograph. The shape of the coffin was preserved by deposits that filtered through the roof and built up around it, fixing the iron fittings in situ and preserving the shape of the coffin as a void. The coffin was 2.25m x 0.85m and at least 0.5m high. Wood traces preserved on the nails of the iron fittings tell us that it was made of ash boards at least 40mm thick. The coffin alone would have weighed around 200kg, which is far more than 40lb or 31lb, if unseasoned green wood were used and it was clearly a state society. No skeleton survived, but the layout of dress fittings within the coffin indicated a male burial with the head to the west. The only human remains are four tiny fragments of tooth enamel found in an environmental sample from the west head end of the coffin. Found side by side at the head end of the coffin were two tiny gold foil crosses. We believe that these have been placed over the eyes of the deceased. The use of gold foil crosses at Prisewell is unique in England. In the neck and or chest region of the burial was a delicate woven gold braid, also seen here in X-ray, which we believe was edging with a piece of cloth laid over the face. The largest and most striking object from the coffin area was the completely plain gold belt buckle. It's relatively lightweight construction suggesting that it may have been purpose made for the burial and never actually been a functioning item. The smallest gravestones were the two tiny copper alloy garter buckles which are found at the east foot end of the coffin, further confirming the orientation of the body. Two gold coins, frankish tremises, were also found within the coffin space and may have been placed in the hands of the corpse. Found in a tight cluster on the floor in the northeast corner of the chamber were 57 gaming pieces made of whale bone and two large dice made of deer antler. These had originally been hung in a bag on the wall along with a gaming board with iron fittings. In the same corner of the chamber stood a nine-stand or candelabrum 1.33 metres, four foot four inches tall, still standing upright on its four feet. Pressure from the roof timbers as they started to decay and settle had slightly bent the shaft of the stand and damaged the prongs at the top. These have been reattached in our sherm in the right hand image. At the east foot end of the coffin was a large copper alloy cauldron originally hung from the wall on the peg. The tree of the cauldron and the foot end of the coffin were the remains of an iron lamp with an open bulb, similar to those from other princely burials, Sutton Hoo and a broomfield in Essex. This had probably fallen from the lid of the coffin and is perhaps the most evocative object of all. It may have been a light and the chamber was finally sealed. On the floor along the east wall of the chamber was an array of drinking vessels including two pairs of glass speakers, two drinking halls with highly decorative gilded copper alloy rim mounts and five turnt wood drinking cups with gilded mounts. Two wooden buckets with iron fittings had been placed in the south-east corner of the chamber and a much larger wooden tub in the north-west corner. Within the tub were a scythe blade and a small copper alloy bomb. The bowl was placed in the tub at the time of the burial, but the scythe, with its willow or poplar handle, was originally wracked on the chamber wall. When the handle decayed, the scythe blade fell into the tub below. A lyre in the bag had been placed upside down on the floor south of the chamber. The wooden structure of the instrument had almost completely decayed, leaving only a soil stain with the metal fittings preserved in original positions. On top of the lyre was a corroded lump of iron, which proved to be two spearheads, an arrowhead and a wall hook. The weapons had originally been wracked on the south wall and fallen as the wall timbers decayed. All the weapons in the burial assemblage, sword, shield, spears and arrow were found in the southern half of the chamber, but only the sword appears to have been in situ. The shield was faced down and would probably dropped from the book on the chamber wall. The sword was laid on the chamber floor at right angles to the coffin. In the southwest corner of the chamber had been placed a wooden chest and a painted wooden box. The remains of the box and its contents were block-lifted for excavation in the conservation laboratory. The contents of the box included a silver spoon with an inscription on the bottle.  By the west, head-ended coffin was an iron-folding stall, which originally had a leather seat. Like the Goldfoil process, this is a unique find in Anglo-Saxon England. We were able to record a great deal during excavation, but because metal objects preserve fugitive traces of organic materials such as leather and textiles, our conservators block-lifted most of the items for micro-excavation in the laboratory. This and subsequent scientific examination has provided another level of detail, allowing us to identify, for example, the textiles probably cloaks drape over the coffin and details of carpentry and woodworking. From this, we can paint a full picture of the burial chamber and grave assemblage at the point of burial. This is our reconstruction of the oak burial chamber. How long was it before the roof collapsed? Estimates by engineers with expertise in low-barriain structures and materials ranged from a minimum of 50 to upwards of 200 years. It is clear from the finds in the situ that the chamber wall still retains sufficient structural integrity to continue standing after the roof collapsed. Evidence for the longevity of the chamber is provided by the bristle fracture impact or compression damage noted on the sword, shield boss and lamp. This damage was caused by the collapse of the roof and an overlying mound into the chamber when the iron was almost wholly mineralised. We estimate that in the open chamber environment, the time required to reach this level of mineralisation was in the order of hundreds of years. I will now hand over to Chris for the second part of our presentation. Very much, Ian. Thank you very much. I want now to turn to what we think we can say about the identity and circumstances of the burial here, and what this might tell us about lifestyle and belief in elite social circles in the death aid either side of Saint Augustine's arrival in Kent in 1859 or so. Now, the discovery made a very considerable impact, and for a while, unusually for archaeology, was national news. And it really is an important find, as Ian said, this is the first in Kent, Anglo-Saxon, princely burial, found since the Sutton Who ship there in 1939. And it is the only one to be excavated between staking modern standards. And from the outset, there were some very strong preconceptions and ideas about what the burial might mean. The Sun newspaper, and then a tiny documentary, fixed this persona of the King of Link in public consciousness. A lot of attention was also paid to the going forward crosses as Christian symbols. And it was a strong idea that this was the great of Kent's save-out of East Saxons, recorded by the first Christian king of East Saxons. Beyond this, the idea that this was a king, and that he belongs to a cripple well, not to South London Sea, has been a long-run issue in local politics as well. And national geographics, widely reproduced reconstruction paintings, and very well shown here, reinforced these expectations by showing the deceased as a mature man. Now all of these initial assumptions and more became open to challenge as we began to examine the evidence in greater detail. And just to give a bit of background, this sort of extravagant princely burial, so-called, was a periodic phenomenon of north-western European society from later prehistory, from something like that 6th or 7th century AD, early 6th. But in Anglo-Saxon England, it's a short-lived phenomenon of the later 6th and the earlier 7th centuries AD. And these burials were interpreted as being the graves of people who belonged to the new ruling classes, of the ruling elites of the regional Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that we know to be established from the later 6th century. And the argument runs that this sort of level of investment in display in burial wealth and burial money mentality can only be undertaken by a parallel social applicable class. And that it's served to assert and to legitimise a new and perhaps cyber-carious social and political status. And this line of thinking allows us to locate the criminal welfare area, broadly within the context of the emerging human East Saxons, or perhaps more properly, the construction of an elite political East Saxon identity. Now when, as archaeologists, we're faced with interpreting a burial like this, our starting point has to be that what they're looking at, of course, is intentional. That decisions were taken and the material was selected to convey messages about the person who's buried here and the group of people who were buried here. The symbolism of the burial is many facetiers, complex and many facetiers. And I believe, we believe, that it was intended to be so. There are many overlapping, interlocking and reinforcing messages that onlookers would have taken from the funeral spectacle, and which they would have remembered when they saw the burial, upstanding the landscape. And we can attempt to read the burial by taking a comparative approach, assessing how it conforms to, differs from, or reinvents, the wider patterns that we can see in any of Saxon burial practice. And that's really the basis of which I'm talking today, and I want to start by looking two or three, two or three fairly basic points. The first is the nature of the chamber itself and what it evokes. It can be seen superficially as that household hall, and it's been interpreted in this way. It is after all a room with soft furnishings, furniture and feasty equipment and so forth. Nothing on reflection, we can see that this is far too simple a reading. It doesn't show how any single space would have been in life, but it's a symbolic measure. It's an illusion of the whole world of the house. It's a conflation of principles and activity and social spaces into a single complex metaphor for this individual's role and this individual's status. Something else which we think is fairly clear in the burial is that tradition is manipulated here. Christianity, symbolised by the Gold Crosses, was radically new at this time. An ostentatious burial on this scale emphasised a new haramann status. But the Christian symbols here are being deployed within the traditional furnished burial right. An ostentatious princely burial is itself an amplification of this traditional clone of the furnished image mentioned. What is new here is presented quite deliberately in traditional Wales and it's been determined by aligning it with the familiar. I think this could also be seen in the fact that the grave is located in an existing cemetery with its links to forebearers and to a wider community. And there are also statements here and implications here about wealth and resources. A powerful statement is established about the control of man power and the control of portable wealth. And so about this kindred's ability to reward followers, for example. Portable wealth, anyway, is not just treasure, though. It also bodies a range of plight held in asking for social contacts extended directly or indirectly from western Britain or Scotland to one end of the range to the eastern Mediterranean at the other. And anyone seeing these items in the burial tablet about the steps that have to be brought would be reminded of this social range, the range of these high level social contacts. The material left was being selected to symbolise aspects of the individual's personal identity and social roles. And so by extension I'm mistaken about their importance and position by his kin or whoever it was in the burial table. So we move on to considering what were these identities. And first of all to look at the question of the age and sex or gender of the individual over here. As Ian has said, nothing but the skillet can survive except a tiny fragment of tooth and apple from secondary moments which tell us that the person buried here was at least six or 70 years old when they died, which honestly was probably completed anyway. We know, although certainly that this is a male, that it's none of the dressed jewelry that you would expect in female regulation. And a male or masculine identity is conveyed through burial with weapons, a sword shield of history as an arrow. Now the provision of weapons in burial was age related and a full weapon kit like this is normally something recorded patterns. But interestingly single arrows very rarely have ever occurred where they had old variants of full weapon kits and are more usually found with juvenile arrows. So a presence in a single arrow with a full weapon kit are pretty well and we might suggest that this was an older adolescent or a very young adult, perhaps 15, 20 years old, that they died. It is also very unusual that the sword is placed away from the body of the coffin and I'll come back to that a bit later in the talk. Elements of personal identity as individual are also conveyed through the clothing that the corpse is wearing and through elements of a box assemblage that he has alluded to, things like the curtain, the spoon, the knife. These are very, very personal items. Now when such box assemblage is found in male barriers at this time they again tend to be those of young men. And some of the closest formal parallels o'r prifyrddol y Llywodraeth. Are also for the graves of young males often with just such box assemblage. So there may be further symptoms and symptoms here with the prifyrddol of individual died young. And I've put up this picture of the buckle from Fingles from Grade 95 which is in a stricol way the declaration on our side is very much at the same size and same form as that from Prifyrddol. And Fingles from 95 is the grave of a young man. I think it's an example of this, this small trend that I was most familiar to. We have to consider whether public personas are civilising the barrier. Now much of the tier of the barrier in the assemblage is linked to social obligations, obviously the social obligations of launch it, centred around providing for followers in household and hospitality or hall. So we have the equipment that is associated with the preparation and serving of food and drinks, such as the cold drinks and the buckets. And we've got equipment associated with the consumption of food and frankly mainly of drink. We've got people that are drinking forms, the wooden beakers and glass beakers. And I see that the buckets are not drinking vessels which we try to drink out of the buckets you would fall over.  The other thing here is the lyre. Now the lyre was an instrument of public poetry and of performance in the Fixing Hall. It had a role in panagyric and so a role in oral diplomacy at an early level. So we see it less as a personal instrument and more as a symbol of a broadly cultural heritage and public persona in a society where tradition and traditional knowledge were transmitted already. Now what's interesting is that if this was an adolescent or a very young man then it may be that much of this sandwich that's been buried with him there's a family in this way that symbolises potentiality. Like a birthright or what he stood to become rather than what he had actually been. So we actually ask whether elements of the sandwich were compensatory. Like, for example, the buckle which probably was not owned by the individual in life but it was certainly knocked up for burial after he had done it. I don't tell necessarily to remind him that something appropriate is such a class and to what he might have achieved in life. Very interesting questions around your own cultural identity. We can say in some justification that this sandwich looks out of place in contemporary Essex but it's through every princely grave that's out of place in this region. And this is because they are extreme expressions of elite identity and they signal affiliation with all membership of the inter-regional elite or courtly culture. And as I've said, members of the elite social circles at this time have far reached in social diplomatic and exchange contacts. One of the ways in which these are maintained is through a gift giver in Presky jointons which embody these contacts with used display status. Objects in the critical grave symbolise high level contacts of the British kingdoms of the north and west for hanging wall with the Merovingian continent, the gold coinage and beyond that, it believed in the Byzantine Mediterranean, the flag and the basin and the spoon. So this is somebody who's social circles, as we said, had a very long reach indeed. So when we look at the assemblage, we can argue that at one simple level that is ceased as well provided for for the afterlife. And although there's a tendency for epidemics to dismiss this sort of reading as simplistic, I happen to believe myself that equipping the data appropriately for whatever it is to come has been, and sometimes remains, a powerful and widespread human response to death. But it's not the whole story. The burial tablet was a complex and powerful statement which gives us a good idea of what the people laying out the burial thought were the important social roles identified as obligations and gives us an insight into how these materials express in every day life at a time. It also gives us a glimpse into it's intersection and to the lifestyle and the infrastructure of production and of skills that supported it because the resource and skill would lie behind at the base of the pyramid in which these things of the index is very, very insuperable. I think the question, was this person a king in this king's secret? Well, the symbolism that we see in Prittlewell is retrocating how the prince of grace, although the emphasis is placed on different elements, varies in case of case. We can perhaps get some sense of calibration within the independent strata of the nuclear society by comparing Prittlewell with Mount Levan on a ship there with Sutton Coon which is usually identified as that of Redweld, King of East Angle, that's indominated in the 620s AD. Now the incentive for Sutton Coon is immensely more worth it than that of Prittlewell. There's enormous pressure of Byzanton silver or 37 rather than two gold coins. But it has evidence of social problems that we don't see in the Prittlewell area. There is, in Sutton Coon, ancestral identity, is one of the ancestral identity epitomised by the heirloom shield and the wedstern, which has been argued as an ancestor pattern, symbolic of that individual's influence. The number of weapons, the helmet of the male's shirt at Sutton Coon, have been seen as symbolising a role here as a war leader and head of a war band, often beyond the individual masculine identity, that weapon burial is normally held to convey. And in Sutton Coon as well, there's an argued regalium element that symbolises a kingly role, which perhaps has a priest or sacral element to it. So it's been argued, as I've said at the wedstern as an ancestor pattern, that the axe hammer is a sacrificial implement appropriate to a priest king, and that the helmet, with its mask face, is regalium and is intended to give wearer and godwine asset. They're very complex arguments as to whether it's as to why some people think it's actually meant to represent only them and give the person who bore it in the hold the mask away from them. So Sutton Coon, on the one, is the grave of a regional king. Perhaps a regional king, the son claims to have poured an overlord shield beyond his kingdom-wise comets. And we have to conclude that pretty well, although it is the grave of an individual from the same area in social sphere, does not express the same degree of political or military evidence. So on its undoubtedly individual privilege in high status, on the basis of the evidence that we have, the person buried here was probably not a king, nor, when compared by the intact Prince Ederions, was his burial particularly rich in precious metal. So contrary to the headlines, alas, it isn't actually the living king before the king of blig. I want to tell you to the question of Christianity as it is expressed in the Semper Tube area. And initially the question of Gullfoil crosses. The crosses were made specifically for the burial. We will be pretty sure of this. And they are pretty unquirkly Christian symbols. But they are unique in England. And they are very unusual in other ways too. Gullfoil crosses are found in 7th century burials in the areas of the Lombardic and Alemanic peoples that is northern Italy in South Korea. But they are not found in the Gullfoil just across the channel. And where they are found in these other regions, and examples are shown here at the bottom left of the slide, they are different, they are equilined, they are embossed, decorated and they are usually attached to their own clothing. The Gullfoil examples are of a latin form of their ends, quite different. They were not attached to fossil clothing. We are absolutely sure of this. But they appear to be placed directly into the artist's body. And then covered with a foil. Now the use of Gullfoil crosses at the Gullfoil are mainly informed by knowledge of practice elsewhere. But it's not a direct transferring or borrowing because we can't find any other absolutely precise parallel for this practice. And there are two possibilities. The first is that it derives inspiration from Romanic at his native Italian special practice where so-called skin crosses and golden silver crosses were sometimes placed in various I'll show those at the top side. Now if this explanation is correct but intriguingly it might imply involvement of somebody from that area, possibly an Italian cleric in the laying out of the area. And if this is a post augustin in the area, that's really quite interesting. The alternative is that the crosses derive their inspiration from a knowledge of continental area practice but they've copied the Latin cross and contemporary images are available to people from, for example, his Italian friendish college. And there is, for example, a Latin cross with flare terminals on this magnificently synchristic ring from Essex which I illustrated here, which is contemporary in Cuddleville, a variable which appears to show a beast-headed man holding a flare-ended cross accompanied by two-style two routerers. It's held that this is actually probably within Cuddleville, holding a question something quite interesting on it. So the Cuddleville crosses are trying to usually inform a unique in their usage appears to represent a lot of response to the need to symbolise Christian belief in very early years of English Christianity or a local response to new circumstances. Now the Cuddleville crosses are an acrylic question so we have to be cautious about maybe other aspects of the assembly during this lot. It is actually possible to impose a Christian medium from most earlier, any of them to the very, but we probably wouldn't think to do so if we didn't have to look across it. The spoon was cited in some of the reports as a move to baptism, but we don't think that it was. These things are now usually seen as items of personal equipment and messaging influence, but inscriptions on the spoon are ownership marks, and nothing else to. The right path free of this. It was a free of the spoon that was found at the choir by the guy who got it here. It is striking all flaws because a piece of East Mediterranean pilgrim kit was manufactured for pilgrims in the shrines of St Sergius in the back of St Salford in Syria, but it may have been in the wild in the same way as the other East Mediterranean vessels in England and have no religious significance in this particular context. It's being suggested that the coins were included because they had crosses on the rivers, but coins are not exclusive to Christian burial, and it's actually difficult to find any Frankish god quite at this time that doesn't have a cross on the rivers. So any of these items might be accountable in a non-Christian burial of the period. Having said that though, there are some aspects of the burial that do need some degree of explanation. There is relatively speaking the simplicity of the burial costume of the coffin assemblage, and the spatial distinction between the coffin body and the symbolically laid and artifacted sandwiches around it. And it could be argued that the distinction is being drawn here between the deceased, the department of solid, and the material symbols of the deceased's earthly roles. In this context it is very very unusual, most unique, for the sword to be placed away from the body of the coffin, and things like the knife that would normally be worn on the body to be placed away from the body. We have this very plain buckle which contrasts with those from, for example, a tap belt on whom another rich burial is. In contrast as well with the elaborate animal ornamentation of the dream corpse vessels, is there a deliberate distinction being drawn here. The cylindrical copper alloy that remains the mounted box. These things are usually associated with a camera that capsules old relic containers and some later century examples were certainly relic containers and had an equitably Christian imagery on them. But if any of these aspects of burial do reflect a Christian or Christianising element, then, like the crosses, they are best seen as a one-off response to new considerations in section Christianity amongst the English. And I should emphasise as well that there is nothing un-Christian about burial and nothing about the animal ornament that we see on the fittings and the drilling orbs and beakers is incompatible with the profession of Christianity in an elite secular context at this time. Moving on to the data burial which becomes quite critical of the interpretation. The term line goes close as the date after which it was deposited provided by the material culture items in the assembly to which pointed burial in the late century and so forth centuries. On the grounds of gold finders it's suggested that these walkins out in coins at nearly a while later they were deposited after 580 but unlikely to have been deposited much after 630. There is a publication, a recent publication called Anglo-Saxon Graves and Graves in the Syrphongordial Framework which establishes a phase sequence for Anglo-Saxon male burials of this time. And this has quite precise data ranges which are taken from radiocarbon dated burials within the phases that have been identified. And within this scheme pretty well can be dated to within a period of 56595 at the lower end and 58610 at the upper end as a probabilistic definition. And this suggests it is slightly earlier that they have a princely burials of Tatlowe, Suttonhoog and Brunfield. And that was really the best we had before we began this project-specific search. Now no human bokems survive to the pretty well variable to allow my precision radiocarbon dating for body. But AMS dating has accelerated mass spectrometry of radiocarbon dating that some of the organic items associated with the body could be the horn from drinking horns and water and maple carbon. I'll give us an additional demonstration now just to say that the burial must be later for those dates. And on that basis we've been able to remodel the dates of the burial using Bayesian statistics, probabilistic statistics, taking these AMS dates that are co-dating the radiocarbon model that the burial faces has prior information. And as a result of this complex model we've got an indication that the burial will most probably date to the 580s or the 590s in AD. It is not the great event that will say that just too early. And it is probable that it is not certain that it predates the Orcafsylian mission to later. Now, as a question there, a conventional understanding of conversion in the early history of the Saxon Kingdom would suggest that the pretty well should be later than the 597 in the day for the Orcafsylian mission. And more probably in the lifetime of King Seyder at parties to conversion by some time between 64 and 616. Seyder, as I've said, was the first Christian King in the Saxons converted around AD 64 at the Heist of Dundal King Islebert of Kent to whom, of course, the mission was to do us to do this directly. The records that after the death of Seyder there was a strong anti-Christian reaction among the Saxons, but that many of us visually in the Saxons had to flee the territory and that that Christianity was not re-established until the accession of Seyder at AD 653. We should also note that the relationship of actual sponsor to convert at a high particular level, mirror of political relationships, Seyder was either that's nephew and his conversion was linked to the acknowledgement of political alignment with Kent's and probably some degree of Kentish ownership. Now, none of this is conclusive but it would provide a persuasive religious and political context for an elite Christian individual on a pretty well. And this was the consensus for the refined, archaeological dating that opened up some new possibilities. A date for the burial for the Augustinian mission might appear problematic as a Christian burial before Christianity. When it's any problematic, if we accept a face value in both beats and narrative which emphasises the primacy of the Roman Augustinian mission while playing down other Christian problems and if we accept some perhaps over literal recent interpretations of it, and I'm indebted to press a lot reviewer a colleague on the project for what I'm going to have to say. In fact, the societies of South East England in the later 6th century had longstanding contacts with Christian societies which were strongest out in the social level. I thought that Kent married a Christian Frankish princess, Bertha and she brought with her to Kent her ambition, the apartment. I thought that sister that would kill up the mother of Seyder may very well have been at times at this time for Augustin. So there was a both a longstanding knowledge of Christianity and at least a decade of formal physical presence in Kent before the mission of Augustin. There's also evidence that during the initial contact and conversion, Christianity was something that Anglo-Saxon elite governments might have to their morphology of beliefs but might pull back from if they asked to commit to Christianity as an exclusive remedy in the public right. This and politics from the royal kingdom might explain the events for the Seyder's death in Essex rather than the reversion of Essex to the mother of the payments but it's usually inferred from me to count. So given the familial and dynastic links between Kent and the Saxons at the end of the 6th century and the 7th, they can begin to see how and why Christianity might be represented in an elite without necessarily having to be integrated with the lead Christian king or belong to the royal Christian king or indeed necessarily opposed to the Augustin initiative. Now in Essex, as an East Anglia, more than one princely variant site is known as Ian has alluded to, the other site in Essex is Broomefield near Chelmsford. The varied sendage has poorly excavated at the end of the 19th century and it's incomplete but it has a number of common features in Brittlewell, notably these rare lattice blue glass speakers and these are rare and the largest number of them come from Royal Grose elite crates in Essex. Both of these variables may be members of the Saxon world kindred but there would be other Lordly or princely kindreds with territorial authority under the Overlord ship, Hull Kings and both Brittlewell and Broomefield might be in their little grounds for such families. Now, taken together Brittlewell and Broomefield refakes attention on the early kingdom of the Saxons as a significant and wealthy polity that's perhaps been unfairly overlooked by historians because as a supposed apostate kingdom it barely figures in these account of the years between 620 and 650 but what we see of the archaeology we've looked at is that the East Saxon elite at the end of the 6th century had a number of resources and skills that were comparable with those of Labour, Kent and East Angle or the supposed big beasts of the period and on the evidence of Brittlewell they were also at the cutting edge of religious and cultural change. So, what in the end can we say about Brittlewell crates and that is a term that I think is fully justified by our emerging archaeology understanding. As is always the case of archaeology interpretation depends on judging the balance of probabilities and there are always alternative explanations. However, in our view this is a man possibly a very young man a aristocratic or princely lineage possibly a kindred of sapient a Christian convert or various one who died at the end of the 6th century before going into the 7th. He and his family were most certainly at the stake of what is now Brittlewell were regional power players and enjoyed far reaching social and political contacts. He lived at the apex of society with a lifestyle supported by an agricultural population, skilled crafts people, retainers and access to imported luxuries and prestige items. There were several obligations of hostility and largeness were so important to those in their area they were heavily represented in the symbolism of his grave. We don't know his name we never will know his name and the sense of him in his time and place and I don't think we should try to force the evidence by seeking to identify him with what are the handful of individuals named within the sources of his time. Perhaps most intriguingly and that implies significantly we have the possibility of using the Christianizing or Christian circles amongst the Kentish elite before the mission of Augustine. With the publication full monograph publication of the popular area is completed and is in press and is due to be published March next year, March 2019. There will also be a lavishly illustrated more accessible publication which tells the same important story regarding huge white-term supporting technical evidence that has to be a monograph. So five months time everybody will be able to read all the evidence and conclude that what I have spoken today is if you do those kids. Now analysis and publication excavation is a team effort analysis and publication is even more a team effort and I absolutely have to work by acknowledging and thanking everyone who has worked on the project since 2012. That's more than 50 colleagues and specialists from museums and consulting sector and all museums of London archaeology. I don't have to thank as well for the proper sponsors. If you put the money in. Something of our council and historic England. Thank you for your attention.