Welcome to this video. Today, you're going to learn how to correctly use didn't and wasn't. This is a question that a student asked and it's a really important question to understand basic English grammar, so I'm very happy that they asked. Of course, I'm Jennifer from jforisenglish.com and this channel is dedicated to helping you sound like a fluent, confident, natural English speaker. Now, before we go any further, make sure you subscribe and hit that bell icon so you're notified every time I post a new lesson. Now, let's dive in with this video. Today, let's talk about the difference between didn't and wasn't. Both of these are the past simple forms and both of them are past simple negative. Wasn't is the past simple negative form of the verb to be, but wasn't is only used with the subjects I, he, she, and it. Didn't is a past simple negative form, but it's an auxiliary verb, which means it doesn't have a base verb itself. It's used with any base verb. So our sentence structure would be subject. Didn't base verb to form a complete sentence that's past simple negative. To understand both of these, let's start with a positive sentence in the present. So we'll do a present simple positive sentence and then we'll see how we can change that sentence into the past simple negative so you can see the transformation of how we use didn't and wasn't. So let's start with our positive present simple sentence for the verb to be. I'm there. I'm there. Pretty simple, right? To be there. I'm there. Or I could say she's there. Now I can make this sentence negative in the present simple simply by adding not. I'm not there. She isn't there. But remember wasn't is the form of the verb to be and it's negative, but it's used in the past simple. So I need to take my two sentences and have a past simple time reference. So let's use yesterday. Yesterday I know I'm in the past simple and I know that my sentence is going to be negative. So I can say yesterday she wasn't there. Yesterday I wasn't there. So that's how the transformation took place from having a present simple positive to present simple negative to past simple negative. And remember wasn't is only used for the subjects I he she it. So let's do the same thing and see how we can get to didn't. So let's start with the present simple positive sentence. I go to bed at 10 30. So here my verb is go to go. I go to bed at 10 30. Now when we take regular verbs excluding to be to be as a verb has different rules. Okay. So we take regular verbs like the verb go. We have our positive in the present simple to form the negative in the present simple. I need an auxiliary verb. And that auxiliary verb that I'm going to use is don't. I don't go to bed at 10 30. This is the auxiliary verb for the subjects I you we and they I don't go to bed at 10 30. So now I have a negative sentence but it's in the present simple. It talks about a routine but I want to talk about a past simple. So I can use the keyword yesterday. So I know I'm in the past simple yesterday. I didn't go to bed at 10 30. So to form a negative sentence in the past simple for regular verbs we need to follow our structure subject didn't and then our base verb. Our base verb is go. I didn't go to bed at 10 30 yesterday. So remember wasn't is only used with the verb to be and is only used with the verb to be with the subjects I he she it didn't is used for regular verbs in the past simple negative as the auxiliary verb and your sentence structure is subject didn't base verb. That's how you would form complete sentences in the past simple negative. So now is your turn to practice. I want you to leave two examples one with wasn't and one with didn't put them in the comments below and make sure you have a past simple reference. So it could be yesterday but it could be other past simple time references as well. If you found this video helpful please hit the like button share it with your friends and of course subscribe. And in some next time happy studying. All right awesome job with this video pay attention take the time to really understand this because this is basic sentence structure. You need to have this correct before you move on to more advanced grammar topics. So make sure you take the time to perfect this start with the comments leave your comments below to practice wasn't and didn't and I'll see you in my next video bye


Hello and welcome to the weekly market update with me David badm today's day. It is Monday the 24th of June 2019 and the time has just gone 1135 for this summertime It's been a fairly subdued start To the trading week. We obviously had by and large a very positive and ball of session Global equity markets last week Even though we finished slightly in the red in terms of European equities and US equities on Friday We've seen by and large Stocks in Europe this morning are a little in the vein as well Essentially the a lot of the issue of the teams that we had back in the last week are still very much in play The the trade standoff between the US and China is is going to be now at the forefront of traders minds meeting between Donald Trump and Xi Jinping China's premier on Friday and Saturday At the G20 meeting this week is going to be probably the biggest event planned event of the week Obviously last week. We had a double she CP with a double standard reserve that boosted that boosted equities But now that we've had the Fed meeting out of the way and the comments from Mr. Draggy out of the way of the ECB Trader and I'm looking ahead to global trade and even though the last few weeks the language between the US and China Has mellowed that the situation is still far from resolved So it's possible. We could see about a lot of volatility in the next few days ahead of the meeting Obviously, obviously, there is the situation between the US and Iran as well You we've had announcements from the Trump administration that we could be looking at, you know, what more severe Sanctions being imposed on Iran the downing of a US Drone by the Iranian regime has also led to kind of high tensions between the US and Iran and the possibility of more sanctions in the pipeline House by pressure has put upward pressure on the oil market What else what else is going on there? That's essentially the kind of big themes of the week We do have some corporate as an economic updates were to talk about at the end of video in a week ahead article But I'm not start off by having a look what's going on at the major markets. So starting off with the footy 100 So the wider upper trend that the first 200 has been in try to do 19 It's not very much in play. We also hit a multi multi-week high Last week, but we have much to give back some of the ground here. I Tore in the last few sessions But nonetheless while we hold above this blue line here the 50th movie average at 7347 while we hold above that area It's likely we could see the wider upper trend continue and we could be looking at targeting this area here the Mid-April the late April high of in around 75 28 Should we go beyond that we could be looking at targeting this area here a level Seen at the back end of September last year and that comes to the play at 75 58 And even if you do drop below the 50 movie average here Support could be found from this yellow line here the water the movie average that comes into play 72 74 and it's only really if you have a size of actually really have a size of break below this red line here The tour the movie average at 71 52 Because then we should be getting to be concerned and then back that could be indication at the kind of the negative moves Since it's mid-April is actually going to continue on But the crucial bit I think it to take away from from the business this bit The first hundred is while we hold above the blue line here the fifth movie average It's likely we could see further games and that's a very common theme across Some of the other major European markets and also the your S. US markets, which I've come up to now in a second So take a look at the the DAX over in Germany very similar situation here the DAX is The DAX in this case had a very decent very strong rally in the middle of last week Marker is giving back some of the ground that it made Last week, but notice how again. It's called to be above its 50 movie average Which comes to the play at 12,127 That's why we hold above that metric. It's likely we could Continue the 2019 valley of a cumulative targetting this area here in at 12,460 that should we go beyond that we could be like your targetting this region up around here in around 12,600 Even if you do drop below the fifth movie average support could be found from this area here the at the psychology Portland about 12,000 and once again It's only really if you have a size of break below this red line here the tour they move the average Which comes to play in around 11,600 So they really have a size of break below that could then we be actually Could then we be the begin to think that the because the downward trend that began in early May is in play Over in the US and the Dow Jones the US markets must say are far better shaped than the European counterparts. We saw Records on some of the US indices last week if you look here The Dow Jones is well above its 50 movie average and we're not too far away And we're not too far away from the highs that were achieved only last week The Dow Jones is still very much in its upward trend and continued to press on higher from here We're currently expected to just open it around 26,750 we could be likely heading up towards 26,800 900 up towards the psychology Portland 27,000 mer but like I said Some traders may be a bit hesitant to kind of buy into buying the stocks ahead of the G20 meeting Some traders might be kind of sitting on the fence and waiting to see how the meeting goes a Pretty much a drift lower on the Dow Jones support could be found from this area here in around 26,400 or perhaps from this blue line here the tour they move the average which comes to play just north of 26,000 I'll take a look now at the S&P 500 Very similar situation on the S&P 500 where the highs that were rack You know we posted record highs on the S&P 500 And the levels that were certainly expecting the S&P 500 are to open it are not too far away from the for the record highs that were achieved last week So once again, it's in a solid upward trend It's comfortably above its fifth movie average this blue line here And if you can't continue to press on higher from here We could be like you're targeting the psychology porn 3000 mark If you do see a drift to the downside at the S&P 500 We might see fresh fires and fold seeing as buying on the dip has been a popular strategy in the last few weeks And Brody's bacon has been popular truck 2019 So the market doesn't unless you drift a bit lower support could be found in this area here in around the 2900 mark or perhaps even from this blue line here the fifth the day moving average Which comes to play at 2878 and even if you drop below that We could be looking at it back down towards this yellow line here The one of them will be average which comes into play in around 2840 Take a look at now a gold gold has had a quite an impressive run in the last few weeks I had a major rally gold basically since the end of end of base of the last about three three and a half weeks to see a major move to the upside and gold Gold is holding above the psychology psychology report 1400 mark we're back to levels not seen I mean recently at levels of gold not seen since August 2013 So it's quite no what are your highs to be racked up on the call market Now this rate of worship the market is moving up to moving to the upside is extremely impressive But it might struggle to continue at the pace is currently crazy And so we might see a bit of a pullback before we see a more gentler rise in the price of gold So they opt up the up the upper trend is still very much in place But some treasure is skeptical. They're ready, which is increasing might be a bit too much And we may see kind of a slow schooling or slowing down at the rate of which is pressing higher If you do manage to you can hold above 1400 The next year to keep an eye for will be a 1433 a level not seen Last thing once again since August 2013 In case if you see any moot in the downside and gold support can be found from this region in around here in around 1382 or perhaps down this this this area here in around 1360 as I mentioned There's been a uptick in the oil market given the high tensions between Iran of the US So you can see here that the oil market suffered a very sizable sell-off for about late April Until only until the middle of June But we saw decent support on a brain crude oil here in around just kind of Just kind of a north of $60 a barrel in around kind of 60 20 70 60 30 dollars a barrel in around here And we have been pressing higher and you notice a branch that the recent move to the upside Managed to take out highs of the middle of June And if you can press on higher from here and go beyond 66 dollars a barrel We could be looking heading back towards this blue line here the 50 movie average which comes to play at 68 spot 60 And you notice that the market that the 50 movie average access support in May and ever since then Metric has acted in resistance Notice how they had pushed higher and late may fail to actually get up as high as the 50 movie average So as it was a relatively important metric in the last few months It might be a new about a board metric in the near future So if you can press on higher from here, we could be like you retesting 68 spot 60 And it's only really if you take out the recent loads here and in In the middle of June because they would be getting worried and look at heading back down towards 60 dollars per barrel Excuse me. So we'll now take a look at WTI and it's a fairly similar situation in regards to WTI whereby In the last few weeks given the tensions between US and Iran the WTI market has much press on higher As you can see here the highs that we achieved here in the last two sessions I've clearly managed to take up highs on the middle of June we're pressing on higher here It's a steady increase positive momentum on the Mac indicator So we can be more confident that this upward trend is going to continue So the upward move to the oil market has been confirmed by the steady increase in positive momentum If you press on higher from here once again, we could be like you're targeting the 50 movie average Which comes to play at 59 spot 25 or close to words or up towards 60 dollars per barrel Simulation whereby the 50 movie average on WTI managed to act as support on a few occasions So the possibility it might act as resistance might act as resistance on the way up Once again, it's only really to take out the recent lows Which are just coming to play it just north of 50 dollars per barrel Could that we become more confident that the kind of that the downward trend that began in mid to late April is as you Is going to it's going to continue and headed back down towards 48 and 47 Take a look now at the euro versus the US dollar So the euro dollar Has had a fairly sizable move to the upside basically in the last month or so I've actually now managed to close above on a daily basis above the tourney movie average Which comes to play in at 113 53 or now holding comfortably above that and if you press on higher from here We could be looking at targeting 114. I think I'll be on that We could make a target in this area here the mid-march high of in at one spot 1448 And if you go beyond that we could really get targeting the other one 15 area now It is worth noting that the euro dollar has been in a fairly clear and consistent downward trend for a good good chunk of time between January and to be honest He only only very recently the end of May so the wider trend is to the downside So if we do see the market turn over on itself, and if you do drop back below the recent lows In at one spot 1181 we could be like you heading back back down towards they had the lows of this The recent lows in 2019 in at one spot 1110 Take a look now at what's going on British pound versus the US dollar So starting dollar has been in a fairly clear and obvious downward trend the last few months a nice series of lower lows and lower highs, but you will notice that When the market printed printed its lowest level And I've not seen since early January only last week We had a fairly sizable move move to the upside and the recent highs and much take out the highs of Early June if we continue the press on higher from here We could be looking at targeting one spot 28, and if you can hold above that We could be looking at getting back towards the truth They moved the average this red line here in at one spot 29 30 And if you go beyond that the psychological important 130 mark could come into play And it's you know, if you do manage to turn over on itself Once again, we could be looking any back down towards 126 And if you take off the recent lows this area here in at one spot 25 42 We could then be heading back down toward this area here in a once pot 24 76 Lastly in terms of charts, I would take a look at Bitcoin I talked about Bitcoin on last week's video for the first time in a while because we saw a fairly sizable move This is what Bitcoin wants when we spoke about his recording this video last week. It was in around the kind of 9300 by 9200 market around here and now we're now what if you look at the level of Bitcoin were well You know, we're not too far away for around 10,900. So Bitcoin's continued to kind of press on higher in the last week We see the steady increase in positive momentum So we can be more confident that the this uppercase up so the momentum is clearly with the buyers We fit a 15 month high on Bitcoin and we've kept the upside Which is a which is it which is it can be viewed as a bullet sign And if you could hold above you can hold above the kind of psychologically born 10,000 mark you could be looking heading up towards 12,000 now we haven't seen 12,000 Bitcoin since January 2018 And even if you do see any kind of pullbacks of Bitcoin support could be found from this area here in around 10,000 Or perhaps even down as long as kind of 8,000 or maybe even this area here in around 7,471 I'll take a quick look now at the week ahead The weekend article can be found on our website if you're going to see them markets calm and typing news and analysis You can see on some of the some of the articles that we do are published here So look you head to tomorrow. We have full your figures from corporate right in the UK. We have four quarter numbers from FedEx We have third quarter numbers after closing bell of that micro technologies on Wednesday We have full your figures from stagecoach the train line IPO that would begin on conditional training on Wednesday On Wednesday, we also have the Reserve Bank Reserve Bank of New Zealand Reserve Bank of New Zealand interest rate decision On Thursday, we have fourth quarter numbers from Nike. We also have the final reading of first quarter US GDP the G20 meeting begins On Friday and also on Friday. We have first quarter was first quarter the fine reading of UK first quarter GDP reading That's all for this week. If you have any comments to make in this video or any of the other videos you've made here at CMC Please feel free to leave a review on Google views. Thank you very much


Hello, my name is Elise Jones and on behalf of the White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges Universities, I would like to thank you for joining this informational session. My title is Management and Program Analysts, Outreach and Engagement Coordinator and in this role I complete various program support functions of the initiative and I'm also responsible for the initiative's student outreach and engagement efforts, which means regularly I get to work with federal agencies, private sector employers, HBCUs and other partners to identify and explore their capacity and needs to serve our nation's young adults. For those who don't know much about the initiative, I'm going to provide you with just a brief background. The initiative originated in 1980 under President Jimmy Carter. Our office is operating off of an executive order mandate that comes directly from the President of the United States. In our office we focus on three primary things, policy, programs and projects. HBCU policy issues are executed by our executive director who is appointed by the President and works directly with the White House and other stakeholder groups. Our office programs consist of our interagency working group, student programs and outreach, and our national annual HBCE conference, all of which is maintained by a group of federal staff, like me, at the U.S. Department of Education. All projects are direct extensions of these three programs. Today I'm here to speak to you about some of the student outreach and engagement efforts, programs and let you know how you as a student can become more engaged with the initiative. The premier student program is our HBCU scholar recognition program, which is designed to strengthen and showcase the HBCU student and provide them with greater access to those opportunities that are housed in both the public and the private sector. The HBCU scholars program honors current HBCU students for their leadership, activism, entrepreneurship, academics and civic engagement. The HBCU scholars selected through this program are phenomenal young adults who truly exhibit and champion HBCU excellence. Since the inception of our program in 2014, the initiative has helped recognize and shape the lives of 438 students and we are excited to release the 2021 application for the HBCU scholars program on March 1st with the support of the current administration. Through the scholars program, the initiative provides various outreach and engagement opportunities for selected students throughout the specified academic school year to include regional events, pre-COVID, webinars, town halls and monthly webchats master classes that enhance their personal professional development. All of these events are hosted by the initiative staff, partners and professionals from a wide range of disciplines. To inform their experience and make the most impact as a scholar throughout the program, the students are carefully asked to assess their own personal and career aspirations as well as the needs of their institutions and their surrounding communities so that way we can better determine the ways that the initiative and our partners might be able to help our most valued constituents. They are also afforded an opportunity to engage and share their student insights with the U.S. Department of Education and the White House senior level officials. The most notable event of our scholars is the HBCU conference where they are attended as our special guests and introduced to our network of partners. During the conference, they participate in career fairs, conference session and external events but most importantly they will have an opportunity to engage with another, build a network and showcase their individual and collective talents. The cool thing about our conference is that it's free and it's available to all students, all faculty members and all members of the HBCU community. Our 2021 conference is scheduled for September 8th through 11th and is tentatively scheduled as an in-person event pending the pandemic. Another way we engage with students is our human capital cluster which is a subset of agencies and private partners dedicated to working together and combining their resources to enhance the programs initiatives around human capital, student engagement, technical assistance and HBCU recruitment. Through the cluster efforts is how we facilitate most of our student events. As a student we believe that staying connected and engaged with our office will be of added value to you. You can follow us on social media. The initiative is active on our website, Twitter and the U.S. Department of Education's Instagram page. And lastly you can subscribe to our newsletter. Each week via Gov delivery our office sends out a newsletter. Newsletter information contains HBCU information, national priorities, federal opportunities, grants, contracts, internships, fellowship opportunities, events for HBCUs, faculty development workshops and much more. It's super easy to subscribe and once you subscribe you have access to an abundance of information. I have provided a more detailed description of all the programs and opportunities that I mentioned in the PowerPoint presentation associated with this informational session. Links to our website newsletter subscription and my contact information are all included in the presentation. I thank you for your time and I wish you all an enjoyable conference. I look forward to hearing from you soon.


In this module, we will look at the role we play as firefighters in the complex world of the Wildland Urban Interface. In today's fire environment, we can routinely expect to be working alongside inter-agency cooperators with structures threatened. This environment has gotten nothing but larger and more complex. Tom Boatner recently retired as the Chief of Fire Operations for the BLM. Here's what he had to say in an interview we had with him just before he retired. And I don't think I ever would have imagined how dramatically homes and climate would change the nature of this business. You know, when I started being on a fire where you're protecting homes was rare, and now being on a fire where you're not protecting homes is rare. It's a remarkable change in one 30-year span. We can identify, and your question about values at risk, the way we do it right now, and we can debate it, but this is the way it is. Human property is number one after protection of life, and after that comes natural resource value. Now, we could have lots of arguments about that, but right now the higher impact, potential impact to human communities and property, the higher value at risk. And that means the resources are going to flow to where the most homes are threatened. And if we have fire behavior and fuels conditions that don't allow us to safely fight those fires, then we're going to stand aside and wait till the Santa Ana's quit, or the humidity rises, or whatever the case may be, and then go back in and try to catch those fires. I think keys to success in future fire operations. Number one is recognizing that our world has changed dramatically and will continue to change. And we need to figure out how to change our standard way of doing business to adapt to that. Everybody likes to say Albert Einstein's quote, the definition of insanity is doing things the same way over and over again and expecting different results. Well, that's kind of where we're at in fire. We have traditionally been really good at what we do, which is going out and catching fires. And we want to keep doing it the way we did it in the 70s and the 80s and the 90s, and it's not working as well anymore. So recognizing that our environment, our work environment is changing, and we have to change our strategies and our tactics to be successful. That's key to the world we're working in right now. But another thing that we need to change to be successful in the future is the idea that a long checklist or a list of criteria in a book is what you should be looking at in the time of danger. One of my favorite leadership quotes comes from a French field marshal from World War I, and it's something like, regulations are all very well for a time of drill, but when you're in danger, you need to know how to think. So some basic criteria that tell us what's important and what's dangerous, like the 10 standard fire orders, they're important. And we all need to know them. But when you're in a dangerous situation, you need to know how to think. You need to be able to use your judgment. And if you have to go look in a book to look at a checklist, you're in trouble. This module is designed to help you make that judgment in the Wildland Urban Interface. One area of the country that has been dealing with this issue for a long time is California. To help us understand the magnitude of the problems they face, we talked to J.P. Harris. After a distinguished career, J.P. retired as a battalion chief from the L.A. County Fire Department. Although retired, he continues to teach firefighters how to operate in this complex environment. Probably the interface term come out of Southern California, Los Angeles City area, Los Angeles County area. The City Fire Department, Los Angeles City was founded in the 1800s. And from that time on, they were doing interface firefighting. L.A. County, Los Angeles County Fire Department, second largest fire department in the country, municipal fire department, we started in 1924. And we've been doing urban interface firefighting ever since. And it doesn't matter whether we use the term eye zone interface or urban intermix. We've been doing it. You know, Southern California, people might have a perception that this is a flat country with flat beaches, but we have some of the most rugged terrain in Los Angeles County, Orange County, Ventura County that you'll see anywhere. Extremely steep rugged terrain. And wherever we don't have a, usually a federal agency such as federal or state agency like a national park or a forest or state park, folks tend to get as close to those wilderness areas and build structures. So they build them in the worst terrain, steep terrain. They will build them in bottom of drainages or draws. They'll build them in the bottom of narrow canyons. And they build them what we call mid slope on the side of a slope. They'll go in there and build a roadway and they'll hang a house out there. They'll even have some hanging on stilts. So all of these things, the terrain, the heavy fuel, and then the type of construction plays against us. What happened in Southern California, if we go way back into the 20s and 30s, people would buy property out in the wilderness and get a road to it. No rules, no regs, so it would have very narrow roads. So we have those to deal with. Now it's time progressed and we started burning down a lot of homes and we created new ordinances. And so the homes that are built, new homes now that are built, are built pretty safe in the interface. They require green belts, safe construction, and so forth. But we have to keep dealing with these ones that were built prior to 1960. I believe the Bell Air Fire in Los Angeles City, that's when the real ordinances were they burned 450 homes down in eight hours. They have zero what we call non-native or ornamental vegetation when they first build it. But then they plant all these different burnable plants around their structure. And then they don't trim them. So these ornamental vegetations, they start growing up all over and they get bigger and bigger. They don't trim them. And that ornamental vegetation is what's causing us to burn down these structures. Dr. Cohen at the research center, Jack Cohen, he's made a study of that. And it's not direct flame impingement that's burning most of them down. It's flying burning embers and the fires are starting this big. And then they get in that ornamental vegetation or the stuff we have around our homes. And by stuff I'm really talking junk.  As JP will tell you, the wildland urban interface problem is no longer isolated to Southern California. In 2007, over 5,300 structures were destroyed by wildland fires alone. Nearly 3,000 of those were primary residences. Like the rest of the fire statistics, these numbers seem to be increasing over time in all parts of the country. Florida, for example, is one of the fastest growing states and people continue to build in or adjacent to wildland fuels. Minnesota, Montana and New Jersey have all had homes destroyed in recent years. Many areas of the country are just now starting down the same road California went down 40 to 50 years ago. Yes, I've been doing training programs in Colorado, a lot of them in Montana, Idaho, throughout California. And it's gone crazy in all of these states. And the things that we went through in the 50s and the 60s and the 70s, that's what other states are doing. And a lot of these states are, they don't like to write new regulations, new ordinances. And so there's very little controls put on them. So you'll go to, just as a for instance, Montana. They have very few regulations there. So people are putting these homes out there in heavy timber where there's no way you can defend some of these structures. So, and again, it increases, the problem increases every year because even when out in the wilderness, they come in and they plant non-native plants around their houses and that contributes to the ornamental vegetation. And that's what's lighting these homes up. So, oh yeah, it's growing. I'm very familiar with the Western United States, but I think it's probably happening all over the country. Let's just take where I'm very familiar with, Montana. They'll have housing developments coming in there and they require to have woodchink roofs.  So that would be the first thing. Let's make these homes to where they at least have a chance. Then they got to get the defensible space. And how much is defensible space around the structure? The forest national agencies, the federal agencies require, if you have leased land in within the forest, they require 30 foot of clearance. As you and I both know, 30 foot of clearance is nothing. CDF, Cal Fire, used to require 60 feet of clearance. They now are up to 100 feet. LA City in Los Angeles County, because we've been stung so many times, we go minimum of 100 and on North aspect, 200 feet, or wherever the inspector thinks they need 200 feet. But many of the Western United States, they have no brush ordinances to require the homeowner to do it. JP has been presenting training classes since 1970. And in doing so, he has narrowed down what he thinks are the most important aspects of staying safe when protecting structures. His first concern is safety zones. Okay, so we have this problem now that's basically all across the country. Firefighters, you know, they can get into this. On our siege here in Southern California, we had fire engines here from Maine, from all over the United States. So it doesn't matter where you are, you can get involved in an interface fire. So what can we teach them? Well, here's the change we've made in Southern California since 1996. When we had to burn over on the Calabasas incident where we burned three firefighters, one critically, Bill Jensen from the city of Glendale, we started to make a change on when we would commit to a structure. And here's what it is. We will not commit to a structure to protect it unless we have a safety zone for our apparatus and our people. And to define safety zone for our apparatus, we're not going to change the color of the rig. We're not going to bring a rig back with drooping clearance lights, turn signals, a cracked windshield. In other words, we're not going to damage that rig. So we need adequate space to protect that apparatus, and then we have to have two safety zones for our firefighters. If the rig, the engine, has a safety zone out in the street or the driveway, then consequently firefighters would be safe there also. Then we want a second one. And generally speaking, behind the structure, away from the approaching fire will be a second safety zone. Now, I want to clarify what I just said. I did not say inside of the structure is to be considered a safety zone. Inside of the structure can be a survival zone. The big thing, if you don't have a safety zone for your apparatus and your people, we're not going to commit. JP taught us that when you are assigned to do structure triage, you need to classify each structure in one of four classes. This classification will depend on your assessment of LCES and your estimated fire behavior. You may want to reference the material in your student workbook. We've come up with our own classification because many of the books have different classifications of how we class homes, whether they're workable or not workable. And to be honest with you, I can't find a universal language. So I created my own and this is my four, I have four classes of homes. The first two will have LCES available. And we all know Paul Gleason started LCES. We're using LCES as our basis, whether we're going to commit to a structure to protect it or not. And the safety zone for the apparatus and people are going to be number one. Once we've done that, we're going to make a fire behavior prediction. Now, once we've done that and we figure we have a safety zone for apparatus and our people, we made a fire behavior prediction to quantify that, OK, yeah, we are safe here to verify. Now we're going to come into these four classifications of structures. The first one is what I call LCES is available, but it's a standalone structure. And by standalone, I mean this. Either the homeowner is there to protect it or patrol status. We do not have to have a fire apparatus there, but homeowner or we go by and occasionally check this. Now in the newer homes out in the interface, you will find what I call standalone structures quite a few of them. OK, the next one is LCES is available. In other words, the house is defendable, but fire resource has to be there to protect that house. But it has to have the safety zone for the apparatus and the people. The third class, LCES is not available. It doesn't have a safety zone for the apparatus or the people, but we can prep it and go. Now when I say prep, I don't mean come in and do a lot of brush cutting. We're not going to, if the homeowner hadn't done the, completed his brush clearance, we're not going to go in and start cutting, brush cutting, limping up trees, et cetera. I'm talking about they've left their lawn furniture out on the patio, which is a great host for fire. We're going to do that kind of thing. Or if we have a capability to put some sort of foam down, we will do that. Now in some of the western United States, they're using portable sprinklers. I'm personally not a fan of portable sprinklers. I'm not a fan of wrapping these homes with aluminum. That's just my view. If I had a historical structure, I might do that. So prep and go. The key on that is the go. You've got to have time to prep it.  So that's the third type. No LCES available, prep and go. The fourth, there is no LCES. There is no safety zone for our apparatus or our people.  I don't like loser, but that's in reality what it is. I call it a drive-by. We're just going to drive by it. There's no safety zone for us. We do not have to risk our life if we don't have that safety zone to protect that structure. But firefighters across the country, I want you to remember, there are many elderly people in some of these interface areas. Some of them can't hear. There are non-ambulatory people in some of these, can't get out. And in today's market, all across the country, we have what we call latch-key children. Both mom and dad are working. Kids come home three o'clock in the afternoon. Mom and dad don't get home until five or six. Those kids have been instructed not to open that door for anybody. Firefighters, we're anybody. So if you're doing a drive-by, it doesn't look like anybody's home on an interface how. But are there kids there? You've got to go beat on the door and find out if anybody's home. Now, that's all based on a rescue driver. I'm calling that a rescue drive-by because first we've got to make sure that there's nobody there. That's all based on you've got enough time to do it. If it's just in time service and the fire is licking and you don't have a time to do that, then you've got to drive by. In your student workbook, you will also find the LCES flowchart that JP developed. Please follow along as JP talks about the various elements. Compare his flowchart to how you currently handle structure protection assignments. We've developed a one-page flowchart to do structure protection slash triage. And I believe you have a copy of that in front of you. The first thing you'll notice across the top half is structure protection. I would like to change our terminology, firefighters, if you get an assignment to do structure protection.  And he gives you an assignment to go up and do structure protection. What his intent, commander's intent is that you will go up and triage that structure and make sure that you can commit to it providing you have LCES available to you combined with a fire behavior prediction. So I like the term triage because that's telling you you're going to go do that if it's safe to do it. If it's not safe to do it, we're going to drive by it and find a structure that we can safely protect. So triage. Okay, now we're going to, the next item on there is your LCES items. And the safety zone for the apparatus and the people is your first priority. Okay, so now we have a safety zone for our apparatus. Now we're going to find an additional safety zone. Like I said earlier, generally speaking, behind the structure is an area of safety zone. Okay, now we're going to post a lookout. I like to train the apparatus engineer. He is the official lookout for your group on structure protection. But train everybody that they're a lookout. And everybody's, I like to say that most captains in this country wear a red helmet. And I'd like you to think of that red helmet as a beacon that you will see at the airport. And that needs to be on a swivel looking around constantly for spot fires, things happen in changing conditions. Have that head on a swivel. And that's, you know, a few years ago they come out the great program.  And folks, that's what it's talking about. So we establish a lookout. Then we're going to do some mitigation if we got time. And again, I already discussed that, how much we're going to do. Now here comes the fire. I want you to take cover. Now when I say take cover, I don't mean getting a shelter. I don't mean go behind the house. Get out the apparatus where it's, you've already determined there's a safety zone. Or duck behind the corner of the house. Let that fire come through and do its thing. Then come out and knock that fire down. Take cover.  The big heat wave is going to go over you in two minutes. Come out. Check for those spots because it's not, Jack Cohen says it's not direct flame impingement. It's burning most of these structures down. It's these embers that are coming in this big to this big. Getting into the ornamental vegetation or our stuff and burning these structures down. And so that's what we call the LCES flow chart. And I think most firefighters, you know, most firefighters doing structure protection across the country are not the guys that, guys and gals, for instance, the Forest Service or BLM or National Parks who dedicate their life strictly to wildland. Most of the folks that are doing this structure protection are the volunteers and the municipal fire departments. Those are the ones that have the big resources to come in and do this. And so I'd like you to really take a look at this flow chart. It's just one page for a reason so that you can do your whole deal there and a reminder to get that safety zone for the apparatus. Bottom line, if you don't have a safety zone for your apparatus and your people, don't commit to that structure. You either prep it and go or you do a rescue drive-by. As we all know, the effectiveness of a safety zone is totally dependent on the accuracy of your predicted fire behavior. Because this is so important, we ask JP to go through what he thinks are the key elements that need to be considered in Southern California. However, the key components of fire behavior vary, of course, across the country, where JP will focus a lot on terrain. Our fellow firefighters in the southeast will be more interested in winds or recent rainfall. As we go through this, think about how you would adjust this to fit your local area. But when we're looking at safety zones, it has to go hand-in-hand with a fire behavior prediction.  We have classes, we have computers that can figure out pretty accurately how these fires are going to go. But again, most of the firefighters coming out to protect these structures are people, firefighters who don't normally do this type of work.  And you'll see you've got the inputs that we would put in a computer on one side. Then we've got our different times. And then you'll see that some of the times have got a box on it because our peak burning period for instance for the south-south-west aspect is oh, 12 o'clock to 1,300, 1,200 to 1,300 in the afternoon. Peak heat for the west aspect doesn't get peak heat till about 16 to 1,700 hours. So it's a way of putting this in, then predicting what's the fire doing now. It says fire history here at the bottom. And then you take that fire history and say, okay, it's 9 o'clock in the morning, we got two-foot flame lengths. What's it going to be between 1,100 hours and 13? Is it going to get worse? Or is it going to get better for us? And obviously, generally speaking, it's going to get worse. But I put those boxes in three different spots to identify the peak heat when this is burning. Just recently in the last year, I've heard two very notable people Mark Lanane, retired Forest Service hot shop superintendent from the Las Padres National Forest. And Jim Cook, he's now retired. He's still working up in Boise. And Ted Putnam, all say that generally speaking, we firefighters underestimate the potential fire behavior. We underestimate fire behavior. Look at the injuries that you know of that's happened out in the fire community. Whether it's our Glenn Allen or whether it's South Canyon, you just pick it. You pick anyone. And how did we do on our fire behavior prediction? Generally speaking, the fire come out of wherever it was, harder than what the people there thought it was going to be.  So I want you, when you make that fire behavior prediction, I want you to put a margin of safety in there. Add a little bit more to it, the things that you haven't considered. For instance, is the fire going to spot past the house I'm at and will it come back at me? Will my engine choke out because that smoke is so heavy that it quits running? Okay, what I feel the three main indicators to make your fire behavior prediction, and they're key. The first one is the terrain between your location and the fire. That's it. Is it a draw? Is it a chimney? Is the terrain, is the fire downhill from your location? If it is, you may not be in a good spot. We know that our Southwest aspect is going to, it receives the most heat every day. It's going to be the hottest aspect, and therefore the fire is going to burn with greater intensity. And it's going to stay hotter, longer, all day long. So aspect is extremely important. And then the other components such as wind, upslope, up-canyon breezes are going to be there during the daytime, generally speaking, and then down-canyon during the nighttime. So these are the three main ones you've got to take. But I cannot overestimate. I think terrain by far, that terrain between you and that approaching fire and the fuel load that's on it is by far your most important consideration in making your fire behavior prediction. There are just all kinds of things when you start moving out on one of these wildland fires, you're in a safety zone, and now you start running. Folks, that's where we're hurting people. We have hurt people that way. Don't move once you're in that safety zone. Now let's take what JP has taught us and apply it out in the field. We know that looking at pictures and videos will never replace actually being on site. But we're going to ride along with JP as he takes a class to some homes in Southern California which were on the outskirts of the witchfire this last season. Consider yourself in the midst of their peak fire season with San Ana wind conditions likely and very low fuel moistures. JP will also ask students to triage some existing homes. We encourage you to look at this exercise as an example of what you can and should do on your local unit as part of your annual pre-planning. All right, you've just arrived here on this street and the Structure Protection Group supervisor assigned two engines of which you are the captain of one. And he wants you to take this street from that stop sign back there all the way to the end of the cul-de-sac. And he wants you to come down here and triage. He didn't have time to check it, but he wanted you to triage. He was very concerned about the end two structures on both sides of the street here to see if you could do your LCEs to see if you had a safety zone for your apparatus and your people. I've been here and if so, where are you? Now, hold up, guys. We have a fire with northeast winds of just 10 miles an hour coming out of the northeast. It's coming down that main canyon and we're expecting it to turn and come up this canyon. Okay? Northeast winds 10 miles an hour. And where does it run from? It runs from a bigger draw back there. So this is kind of a finger. And how far does it go this way? You think it keeps going. Okay. Next group, what do we have? Another terrain feature. Let me just point out, because it comes up with we've got a saddle off to the side of the drive. Got a saddle over here, okay? What's another terrain feature? You guys got anything different? Terrain-wise? Look all the way around. 360. We got mid-slow. Mid-slow, houses are all mid-slow, correct? Little bowl. Little bowl. It's actually a pretty good size bowl, isn't it? You notice that ridge came all the way around us, ties in over here, goes around here. We're actually in a well-defined bowl, okay? Now, what aspect is that aspect right there? Southwest. Southwest. The sun appears to be setting over there. Peak heat, does it look like it's peak-heating? Bearing right in there on that one. So what aspect is this one? What? Okay, a little bit different. What's up? What aspect is this fellow over here below the greenhouse? Northeast, maybe? From the power poles over, probably a true northeast, correct? Yeah. How's the fire load on that northeast aspect? Heavy. Remember we were talking about that? North aspect having the super-heavy fuel. How heavy is that fuel? Well, it's about 10 to 12 feet, isn't it? It's real heavy stuff. If we had a fire coming down that northeast canyon there, what could we expect it to do when it hits this aspect below the greenhouse up there? How are fires driven? Three ways? Wind, rain, fuel. Wind, rain, and fuel, huh? How would the fire be driven on that aspect right there? Would it be fuel driven? Yes. Would it be wind driven? Yes. Would it be terrain driven? Yeah. So it's going to be getting the full force. So with that 12-foot-high fuel, heading up to that gentleman's house, what kind of fuel or flame lengths could we expect to happen there? 60-foot. 60-foot is very reasonable. It could get even higher, couldn't it? We could have 50 to 100-feet time that gets up to here. So his wood fence is going to be going. Can you see that it's a wood-sided house? It actually got shingles on part of it. So he's in big trouble.  It's a drive-by. It's a rescue drive-by. Where did you folks decide? How did you class our four homes down here? Did you say it was a stand-alone? Homeowner or patrol status? Did you say it was L-C-E-S was in place? And you had a safety zone for your apparatus and people? And people? Or did you say it was a prep and go? Or did you say it was a drive-by, non-defendable, no L-C-E-S available? We are right in the center of north end of the city of San Diego. And in the last few months, I brought all of their battalion chiefs, all 220 captains here to this exact location and asked them what they thought. Predominantly, what they were going to do was hook up to the hydrant, either hook directly to the hydrant, or some of them want to delay 50 feet away, hose away and hook up there. They have the ability of having a deck gun or a monitor. So for municipalities or volunteer fire departments, you have that deck gun. You would probably want to have that all ready to go in case this did come out of here a little bit harder. You could knock it down a little bit with the deck gun. But they're going to put it right here. They felt they had a safety zone right here. They had adequate clearance. No way they're going to get hurt here. So they're going to hook up here and they would pull one inch and a half or two inch and a half. Generally speaking, I'm not in favor of two inch and a half. So I'm in favor of one. Because again, these spots are going to be small. You're not going to have direct flame impingement. Now, right here, we very well could have direct flame impingement, especially this house over here, the very end house on your right. So inch and a half or even inch and three quarter in here.  I don't want you down there by the gray car or the white car. I want you back here. Let's let this fire come through and hit. Then we'll go to work on it. Because we say fire behavior prediction. I like to say fire behavior estimate because prediction means it's going to come true.  Stay by your engine. And if it comes harder, all you would have comes harder than what you figured. Take this house here at 15605, this house right here. You've got a fine entryway right there. You've got a wall on three sides of it. You step back in there. You're not going to feel any heat. You're not going to be in any danger at all. Again, this primary heat wave is going to go over you in two minutes.  But I feel 100% sure that you'll be totally safe right here. If you agreed that we did have a LCES in place, we had a safety zone for our apparatus and our people. And we met the other criteria of LCES. And you put your rig in this vicinity. Wrapping up the reason you did that. We took the look number one at the terrain. Where were we terrain-wise? We are mid-slope. We are in a draw, but we've got adequate room in here. We looked at the fuel bed. We got medium to heavy fuel. And the wind component is coming out of the northeast. So we're a little bit out of alignment. This one peak back here is going to break up the wind. So we're going to be sheltered from that. On the other hand, though, we have the saddle over here, which is going to have some wind coming through there. So wind, terrain, aspect. Now, over on this side is going to be our west aspect and our east and northeast aspect over here on your left. So wind, terrain, aspect, and fuel. The main components of making our fire behavior prediction. It is our hope that you will take that example and use it on your own unit to help pre-plan and train for wildland-urban interface fires in your area. When building this module, we looked at operating in the wildland-urban interface from a firefighters point of view that has been given an assignment to protect structures. But as you know, this problem has many layers. The subjects of evacuations, shelter-in-place communities, and the pros and cons of encouraging homeowners to stay and defend their homes are important issues when dealing with this environment. These subjects, however, are outside the scope of this module. If you want to learn more about these issues, we suggest you go to the Lessons Learned website and read the article written by Robert Much called FACES, The Story of the Victims of Southern California's 2003 Fire Siege. To conclude this module, we'll go back to Tom Boatner for some final thoughts before you prepare for this fire season. A huge part of dealing with our future, I believe, is for fire professionals all over the country at every opportunity to relay a blunt message. When elected officials have done nothing to establish and enforce a will-we-building code and when homeowners have taken no personal responsibility to create an environment where we can defend their home, we are not going to kill firefighters to do it for you. I think we have to be very strong about saying we will do everything safely possible to defend your home. We won't feel as obligated if you haven't done squat and we won't feel as obligated if the elected officials in your jurisdiction haven't had the courage to do what they need to do, but we'll do our best, but we will retreat when the risk becomes unacceptable. And for most firefighters, the thing that will change their mindset on this is a firefighter dying and them being personally connected to that. One of the watershed moments for me in my career was being an ops chief on a fire where 350 homes burned down, but for about two or three days while those homes were burning down, it was the most dangerous firefighting I'd ever seen and I thought that we would be lucky to get through it without firefighters dying. And luckily we had some really good fire line leadership and we made it through without any serious injuries and no fatalities, but 350 homes had burned down. And I remember how relieved I was that there were no firefighters killed and the homes did not match up to the firefighters' lives and they never will. And if you talk to any firefighter who's been involved with the loss of a colleague protecting a home, you won't hear anything about the value of that home equaling the value of a human life.


A couple weeks ago, you may remember, I did a video roasting, not really, kind of, roasting you for your bookshelves. And listen, I tried my best, but some of you were like, I'm like, that will probably be a reoccurring problem in this video. When you ask me to actually be mean, I can't, I can't, I've tried it and I failed, I can't. I'm gonna try today, I thought I'd be fan to roast you based on your favourite bookshelves. So the title's like roasting your favourite bookshelves, but like, I'm not gonna roast bookshelves because I don't really think I can have that in me. I don't think that's in my repertoire, but what I think in my repertoire is making assumptions about you based on your favourite bookshelves. KK, that's what we're gonna be doing in this video. Now I just wanna say before we get into it once again, everything I say is a joke, or at least trying to be one. So don't take anything seriously. Anything I say, is it a good fun? I'm gonna try and be mean because you guys told me I wasn't mean enough in the last one, but I don't know how good I am at that. So let's just get into it. Let's get into it. Okay. Okay, Rebecca, barter books in Alnwick. Let's see what we have here. What do we have here? Oh, what do we have here? Oh, we've got more. Oh, we've got many pictures. Okay, let me like, oh, it's giving, it's giving, yeah, local, not local, the locals. It's giving all local bookshop vibes. It's giving, why? Okay, we've got records. Okay, it's giving. I think we're in San Francisco, but you are not. It's giving. I think I'm like kind of an antique spare, but I'm a bookshop. I'm like, what is this, station? It, listen, it's gone. It's gone to a few like bargain hunt auctions. If you don't know, bargain hunt is my favorite show. I watch it every day. Bargain hunt auctions and it's got some like signs and like, oh my God, we're cute. We're antique. Okay, here's my thing with this one. Rebecca, are you more of a traditional girly, like vintage? Are we more of like a new like LED light girly? Because this bookshop is just feeling a little bit confused to me. It's feeling like it doesn't really know who it is. Oh, I will attest though. The meaning of Mariah Carey, Bob. Scientific studies have proven. Listen, if you like Mariah Carey, listen to your book of her book.  So it gets plus points for that. But yeah, it's a little bit confused for me. It's giving like, old like stone floor. Oh my God, we're like in the dark ages at some point. And then the LED lights comes in and I'm like, hang on. Boulder Bookstore in Boulder, Colorado has been one of my fakes since I first have been inside. A bigger on the inside, several floors still, okay. This is giving me architecture wise, like old Hollywood teas. I don't know if that's old Hollywood in the slightest. It's giving, it's giving share. The curtains. I feel a little bit attacked. She's cute, I guess. I imagine this is very fun to go to, but I don't. I don't like the lighting of these shelves. Like why are we like in the dark ages down here, but up here we're like, bang, like I carly walking into the room going. That's what it's giving. I don't understand the lighting situation. It's like the whole thing or not, but we don't have the budget for that. And I just think we're like a mishmash. Maybe I am roasting the bookshop. Maybe I'm not roasting you. It'll be a mix. Mishmash of architecture here. Like what is going up with these statues up here? How is this the vibe? The vibe is very confused. Oh, okay. Shanice, this ain't fair. Bradford Waterstones is a vibe. It's in an old church. I don't think I can really drag you for this. Look, who is this man?  That's the one thing we can drag. He was probably a racist. I mean, he could be walking down the street. I wouldn't know a thing. Sorry to this man. I have always wanted to go to this Waterstones. And the thing is, right, I lived in Leeds, right, when I was at uni. I went to uni in Leeds, which is next door to Bradford. I could have easily gone here. But for like half of my degree and pretty much the half that I did my YouTube, I was COVID. So we were locked down. We couldn't go anywhere. Like actually a lot of when I was at uni was like locked down. You can't leave your house. Like me and Tom wanted to go for a walk and we were scared the police were going to show up like handcuffs like our lives would be over. That was the fear. So I never went because of COVID. And I'm really sad about it because it would have been easy for me then. But now I live like six hours away from Bradford. And it's not easy for me. So a beauty, a beauty. I'm not about to drag that. That is one of my faves. Oh, Beth. Okay. Okay. Okay. I'm jealous. I'm jealous. I'm jealous because I have I really want to go to Bath.  Do you know what I mean?  But I've always wanted to go to Toppings and Co. So can I drag it? Ha. Ha. Ha. Ha. Very aesthetic focus. Like, but here's the thing. These kind of tables. I'm over it now. I'm over books on a table. I'm over books on a table. Yeah, I said it. I said it. I'm over it. Bookshops need to come up with a more exciting way to present books and on tables. And like, here's the thing. I like that you see the covers. That's fun. That's fun. Like, seeing the covers is fun. We all have a good cover. But there's something about the shelves that is great. Come up with a different way. Come up with a more dramatic, flamboyant way of showing me your books and books on tables. I just don't know if I vibe with that. I said what I said and I'm not changing on it. Okay. It's got your nice filter over all of them.  Okay, because Beth is out here, like, listen, is great at editing photos. Is great. But like, how much of what I see in love is you? And I trust it. I feel like a lot of deceiving going on. A lot of deceiving. A lot of deceiving going on. A lot of deceiving. Ooh, what in Belgium? See, I want to be like, I want to be a global ho. Do you know what I mean? I want to go to bookshops all over the world. So part of this is like me doing market research for where me and Tom's gone holiday next so that we go to good bookshops. Is my laptop really loud? My laptop is loud right now. Apologies. The mic is picking that up. It's giving me school library. It's giving me I haven't got my pop filter on. I can't be bothered to. Can I? Okay, hold up. Sorry, I just realised that I could be just that's a no from me. I feel like I need to see more of the bookshop. But the bookshops at the moment are giving me school library vibes. Local bookstore. Oh, she's kind of cute, though. She's kind of cute, though. Wasn't that a song? Oh, she's kind of hot, though. Right. Again, though, I feel like we've got different nights. Yeah, quite like the vibes, but it kind of reminds me of like an airport bookstore. Do you know what I mean? Like the kind of white, like clean vibes. It kind of gives me airport vibes. Don't know how I feel about that. A lot Colleen Hoover. Listen, the bookstores are gonna get their coin, but do I agree with it? I don't know. I mean, I've never read Colleen Hoover, so I can't. I can't attest to it. But all I know is she was once a meme, and now she's apparently it. How does it happen? I mean, it's happened as a book talk. But like, I swear Colleen Hoover was like a meme. Like, that's mean, but like, like was a joke, not a joke, but like, you know, was no longer it. She wasn't the end girl. Also, I feel like you need to have like two of a book on a shelf when I'm in a bookshop, like we've got limited real estate. Why are we giving the sequel in a like that's Dreams of God of Monsters, which is the second or third book, we don't need like six them out at a time. Put them in the storeroom. Put them in the storeroom. Okay. Oh, we've got another bar to books. Apparently, bar to books is that girly bookman's Cornish cargo. It feels like a treasure hunt and it's owned operate by one very nice man. Oh my God, I love old, old nice man. Oh wait, he didn't say he was old. I just assumed. Okay, maybe he's not old.  I love the vibes, but also I hate them. I'm confused because like, I could never find a book I was interested in here. It's giving orders. But I also like the chaoticness. Do you know what I mean? I don't know where I fall on this, but Devon, for this to be like your favorite bookshop, I think you like chaos books on the hill in St. Albans, Albans, Albans, Albans, Albans. Another one I've always wanted to go to. Isn't it cute? Oh, it is kind of cute. Oh, okay, it is kind of cute.   She said, yeah, I go book shopping in St. Albans. And what about it? Like, you know what I mean? If you get it, you get it if you don't, you don't. If you know you know. If you don't know, like, honestly, feel bad for you. Like, yeah, I do like the vibes. And do you know what I mean? It's kind of like cohesive and vibes. Some of the other bookshops we've looked at have been like, like trying to do 20 things at once. This has a vibe and it's sticking to it. Little cute pillows. I'm not dragging this one. Please mind your head. Oh my god, cute. I bet the floor is really uneven and like rickety is rickety the right word? I bet it's that and I like that. Oh, gaze the word. Okay. Okay. I've been to gaze the word and I love it. I love it. I love gaze the word. I ain't got anything to drag here. I ain't got anything to roast. I love it. I love it. The people who own it are very, very nice. Listen, it's for God and the gaze. It's for God and the gaze. And it's for God and for the gaze. Oh, pals in Oregon. I've heard a lot about pals. Miss pals. Miss. I'm the biggest bookshop in the world. Pals. Smell bound under a spell by the No. Uh-uh. Uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh. They made that sign in like 2013, height of Tumblr and they did not think about how I would age. It looks cute. Whoa. That's giving me a different... I don't know how I feel about this. No, here's the thing.  But this part with the lighting, nice lighting, gives oh my god warm, cosy, I could totally vibe. But then this gives me stark light of day. Very bad and flattering lighting for the face. You know what I mean? So vlogging in there. I don't know if I could do it. The Feminist Bookshop in Brighton.  Sell some second hand books on Cool Merch. I must visit if in Brighton. Oh. Oh, she's cute. Wait, am I in someone's house? This gives me Essex mum house vibes. Just a fact. Not a joke. Just a fact. Not a joke. Just a fact. It does give me Essex. If you don't know I'm from Essex could you tell? This gives me the basement, the kitchen. We're going to have some grey sparkly countertop just over here. This gives me very Essex mum vibes. But this is cute. Ava's sent in a few. The last bookstore in LA. Oh, is this the tunnel? Yeah, it's that bitch, isn't it? Here's the thing. LA is like, we've got to be different. But like, here's the thing. I like theatricality. I can't be in one breath asking for different ways to present books. And then in the next breath be ridiculing them when they do that. I have to admire the hustle and like, the commitment. I like it. I like it. It is a little bit, a little bit a lot. But don't we all like a little bit a lot? Yeah, we do. Okay, yeah.  LA said, yep. Yep. We're taking all of the bookshops. All the cool ideas. Us. So be cool.  Whereas I have like one bookshop in my vicinity and it's disappointed. It's disappointed. They said, let me give you the drama. Let me give you the drama. At best the window's at your car. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Okay. I've always been interested in going to the repped bodice. Drama. The drama. This is what I'm asking for. I am starved of drama. I am starved of it. Do I have to go to LA just to go to dramatic bookstores? Is that going to be my like character origin story?  Why are they giving me what everyone refuses to give? Oh, another one in Belgium. Excuse me, Belgium. Write it down. Write it down, everyone. Write it down. And we're coming. Whoa. That's, there's a lot going on here. There's a, there's a lot going on here. It's getting weird. This is kind of giving me like horror story vibes. Like what? She's kind of cute, but it kind of gives me like renovated hotel vibes. It doesn't feel like a bookshop. It's giving me renovated hotel.   I don't know. Sappho's books. It's a used bookstore cafe and wine bar all in one with added live music and a bookstore cat. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Where's the cat?  It's the best one. What's the cat's name? That's what I want to know. Okay. Okay. Sydney, book the flight. Write it down. Write it down. Okay. She's cute. Philosophy though. Focusing on philosophy gives me, gives me dangerous vibes. Beth sent me one on Instagram. Let's go over to Instagram. Let's go over to Instagram. Scarthin book. Oh, Scarthin. Scarthin? Okay. Oh, okay. Oh, okay, drama queen. Oh, okay, drama queen. I like this one. I mean, I know I'm supposed to be dragging. I like it. I like the vibes. Oh, cozy. Let me sit there with the cat. The meat and the cat just like relaxing. I would cry. I would cry. I just love cats. Oh my god, the cat is everywhere. Okay. What's the cat's name? Beano. Oh, this is a cute one. Okay, Beth. Maybe you win. Maybe you win. I like it. Homemade soup, coffee. Okay. I like that one. Gives me cozy vibes. I like these small town vibes. But would it have any books I like? That's the question. Bookshops like this. I kind of focus on like poetry and like antiques and like old books.  Are you going to give me that? Are you going to give me Dean Atta's new release? No, you're not. See, that's what I'm coming there to buy and you're not going to have it. You're not going to have it. So that actually Thank you. Your winning card is revoked. So there we have it everyone. That was me your favourite bookshops. I actually failed to roast you. I actually roasted the bookshop. I thought I wouldn't be able to do that, but actually I could do anything. Thank you guys for watching. I hope you enjoyed this. If you got onto the end of the video, comment a cat. Is that a cat emoji? Someone tell me there has to be. Comment the cat face emoji because every bookstaw needs a bookshop cat. Comment that down below if you got onto the end. Thank you guys so much for watching. I love you very much and I'll see you very soon in another video. Bye.