Okay, thank you Okay, hello everyone. Thanks for joining the session Let me show the presentation here So yeah, I had a few technical problems here, but it could hopefully solve and I'll prepare a lot of hands-on kind of action here in my terminal, so I Was hoping we I could do this right now because I mean but hopefully it's working and I hope it We enjoyed the session. So my name is Sergio and from Brazil And I have been doing a lot of embedded stuff for 25 plus years. I have a company by lab works and I do consulting training Everything embedded Linux related and I am a Kind of part-time Contributor of few open-source projects including build route the Linux kernel and the Octo So our idea here is to talk about the buggy. That's a topic that I found it's fascinating because This is something that It's a kind of a byproduct of development, right? We usually don't learn about the buggy In theory only in practice, right? We we learn about programming developing software, but when comes to finding solve issues like We have to learn that in practice. There are a few books out there, but I always like Feel that we should have more Documentation and more resources about this so that's why I'm doing a few of those the bugging talks out there I have done one three years ago in the last embedded in this conference that I have Participated it was kind of Focus on the kernel so right now I'm doing another one, but more Broad like I'm gonna cover kernel and also use a space to buggy I have here a board from to the dex. I'm running a really really small System I'm booting from the network So When I put the device it will download the kernel the device tree and Mountain with fell system over the network using the files. So it's a kind of good architecture to To try stuff to the bug. I mean, that's what we're gonna try to do here I want to start with a little bit of introduction Let me manage my time here because I have a lot of stuff that I want to show so I'm gonna be very fast in the introduction because I want to to focus on the hands-on on showing kind of real Cases and Let's use the tools right like GDP F trace and several different tools here to Find out bugs in an embedded Linux system One of the ideas here is to show that There are a lot of tools right and You may have different kind of Problems and depending on the problem that is One or a few of good tools to solve that kind of problem like if we're having Performance problems, you probably don't want to use GDP to the bug performance problems because DB will impact the performance of the system and So depending on the problem, you're gonna have probably The right to to solve that so my idea here is to talk a little bit about the problems that you can have and the tools That you have to solve this kind of problems and show everything in press It's kind of a joke that I like right as developers that writes author and when someone finds bug in our software, right, we have this kind of Six stages from basically denying right I mean, I wrote the software. There is no bug there And then you go to like okay, but in my machine, right? I like could be happening in your machine, but in my machine it works until we go to the question right How did that ever work? that's usually true So Well, we know what the bugging is right So we decided to use that word bug to represent errors in software and the bugging is removing bugs from software errors from software If we think about where the process to to the bug any error or issue I think we can come up with this kind of five steps Understanding the problem. That's very important because if you don't understand the problem, how can you solve it, right? Like if you if you see a kernel oops, if you don't know what a kernel oopsie is if you don't know how to interpret this Dump from the kernel. How can we can you solve this problem? So understanding the problem understanding what is happening is very important The second step would be reproduce the problem. That's also very important because if you don't know how to reproduce the problem, how Can you confirm that to fix it in the end, right? So have to to know the complete steps to reproduce a problem So later on when you apply the fix you will run these steps again to make sure that the problem is Fix it the next step and then find the root cause Usually that's what takes most of the time, right? Like You're having a crash in the kernel So you have the kernel ops the kernel pane if you can analyze the kernel you have to understand that You have to be able to reproduce that right you have to know the steps to cause this crash And then the next step is identify the root cause what is causing the crash? That's usually take or can take a little bit of time The the first step is now that you find the root cause you just have to change the code rebuild it deploy it and test it Usually that's kind of fast, right? Of course depends on the software is the size of the software, but Usually don't take much of our time and of course if you fix it Just celebrate if not go back to one of the earlier steps to see what is happening What is going on? I can Looking at different problems. I can like divide the problems in five categories Maybe if you know all their category you can just let me know But if when we have problems like I can try to put those problems in five different categories Crash is a kind of problem when the software like just interrupts abruptly Look ups when the software just hangs doing something that we don't know Logi or implementation problems that those are problems that like Everything looks like it's working, but the output is not the desired. So it's a kind of implementation problem Resource leakage. That's another kind of problem, right? Could be memory could be I don't know file descriptors Anything that can be allocated by an application could be liquid if the application doesn't be allocated in the end and performance or lack of performance, right? That's another kind of issue everything works But the performance is bad. Usually a performance issue It's a kind of a usability issue right like the system comes is low It's easy to use is difficult to use because it is using a lot of CPU sometimes you can have consequences like reboots, right like Your software starts using lots of memory and then the out of memory killer from the kernel just Triggered and then reboot the system things like this But the the cause is a performance issue And there are tools and techniques to debug those kind of problems and In the end I could come up with five categories of Tools and techniques our brain is one of them, right? That's possibly the main tool that we have The second category of tools and techniques post mort analysis It's a kind of a technique where you just collect information From the system to do analysis somewhere else, right later So maybe you don't have direct access to the device to go that and do the Analysis that you just collect information and you go to our machine So you have more tools to do this analysis Tracing profiling it's a kind of analysis that I Mean most of us do when you put prints in the code you are doing tracing, right? Tracing is a kind of technique where you instrument the code at runtime So you add instrumentation points in the code could be at build time or at runtime But at runtime the code will be instrumented with your instrumentation points And when you add prints in the code you are doing just that But as we will see here, there are a lot of tools that could put the prints in the code for you, right? You don't have to open the search code And Interactive debugging that's another class of known tools for the buggy, right? Like to be for example, it's the most known tool to in in our space That makes it possible to interactively Debug the system, right and run the code step by step look at the memory things like this and The last one that I'm calling the buggy frameworks It's kind of tools that were built to the bug specific kind of problems For example, Valgrind that has a very known tool for that Valgrind is a kind of framework where you can build tools on top of it to the bug memory problems or Do profiling things like this Hopefully if we have time we're gonna see some hands on all of those tools So my idea here is to talk a little bit about each one of those categories and show in prints how that works starting with post-mortem analysis It's kind of very common right to have crashes could be in kind of space in user space and We have tools to analyze kind of visual crash could happen because the software is misbehaving like trying to access a Univalid and memory address or is trying to I don't know executing a invalid instruction, right? And the software will just crash. It's a user space code The kernel will send a signal to the process For example, if a process try to access an invalid has your memory the kernel via the MMU will identify that and send a signal to the process zigzag V and that process will be Ended right will be aborted How can we debug problems like that? So I Gonna I have everything here in these lights right in case like I cannot do their hands on but Everything that we have here in these lights. I'm gonna do in the terminal and show you guys how that work So as I mentioned I have here is more embedded in the system I added a few bugs in the system. So we can do this hands on here. The first one is when I injected a A pen drive I have Kernel ops message crash in the kernel. So this is a kernel ops message Should we ignore this of course not Should we be afraid of this of course not There are a lot of numbers here, that's true But there are a lot of Useful information here, right? So if you go from the beginning of the kernel ops message, we can see the reason unable to handle kernel pointer the reference and We can see where We had a problem So we can even see the function because there is a config option the kind of enabled color colored config all seems That's usually by the full enabled in the kernel and It is able to solve some symbols like the name of the functions. So we have there the storage probe That's the function that crashed and what is what sir? config k all seems Yeah k all This one usually is enabled. So we usually have those kind of Symbols in a kernel. That's why we can see for example in the end We have the back trace right with all of the the the functions that were called So we have like in the end we have k thread That's because the enumeration of the OSB happens inside the thread in the kernel Via cow cow worker So k thread cow worker thread and you can go up until the function that caused the crash in the kernel Storage probe. How can we analyze this? We have the address so we can just convert the address to the line of code And that can be done. You just need the source code of the kernel. You need basically two things You need the source code of the kernel. So I have here the source code of the kernel that I'm running there And you need the L file of the kernel with the buggy symbols That's the file called VM Linux in the in the source In the search code of the common you build a kernel this fire generated This fire is used to create a kind of image in the end but In the end it is not used to boot the kernel this fire here But you can use it to debug the kernel because you have there all the symbol tables of the kernel you can solve symbols with this file So we can use two tools for that One of them is a DDR2 line This tool you can just give Let me to ADR to line you can just give the L file I'm gonna ask you to print here the function. I think it's that way the L file and the address so What is the address? You can take from the backtrace or from this PC program counter and then You just give to the tool and then you have there The search code and the line of code that calls it the crash so I can just open there and see this This line of code here I Can do the same thing with gdb so I can just open the gdb for my tool chain I can open the VM Linux 5 with with gdb And then in gdb there are a few Comments that I can use to solve symbols one of them is list I Can give list an address or I can give The the memory plus the index so I'm gonna do different here. I'm gonna give this That's the base the same thing as the address right the name of the function plus the index inside the function that calls of the crash So I can give this to the list comment of gdb and it will show me the same thing like to was that address That line in that file that causes this crash It's important to notice that if you compile the kernel with a few security options like if we enable the Randomization of addresses then you'll not get this right because the address will be randomized and then Secure is security use usually goes against the book ability, right more secure More difficult to the bug this system, but that's just how it is What about the user space application? How can you debug and use it is space application? So that's kind of the same thing in terms of how you do it But with the user space applications, you don't have a kind of ups But you can ask the camera to generate you a cord up a cord up is a kind of Snapshot of the memory when the kernel crash it That is a common the Linux usually by default The power when a process crashes the a cord up is not generated. Let me show you I have a comment here I think it's f pink. Yeah, so I added a bug in this command and it's crashing segmentation fall and That is a common the Linux call it is your limit It's a beauty comment from bash that is able to Let me run again That is able to enable the generational cord up So that's a parameter But it's a limit all limits here So there is a parameter the maximum size of core files created so by the full is zero so No cord up is generated and then you can just change this if your distribution has Disenable right so here I can just run a limit dash C Limited Then I just enable the generation of cord up now if I run the command again I'm gonna have a core file that I can debug We did be so what I can do is Here we have this core file this kind of a snapshot of the memory so I can take it to my machine this file and What do I need to debug this I need the cord up file I need the search code of the application and the binary the buggy symbols I'm using here build the route to build a system and So let me go to the build the root directory build the roots Output build F pink So I have here the file with the buggy symbols This is the binary with the buggy symbols. I have the search code so I can just debug this Core dump how to do it first. I need a quarter up. So I'm gonna copy From the root file system that is in my machine because I'm using an FS. So I'm gonna take the Root FS Core So I'm moving to my machine the core dump file Add the permissions to my user and I'm gonna open it with GDP GDP and The binary with the buggy symbols and The cord up so GDP the binary with the buggy symbols and dash C core. That's my core dump as we can see GDP already opens the The binary the buggy symbols it analyzes the core dump and show me the line of code that crashed Automatically, so I cannot I don't do that. I don't need to do anything else There is a nice future feature from GDP that scored to II I like it because it's a kind of a graphical view of the search code so dash to II you can enable this and then You can we have the common line below and the search code above Then you can interact more with the source code, right and see the lines and what is nice about the core dump Is that we can since you have the snapshot of the memory we can just Investigate the memory so I can put as for example print right print variables print option then I can see the value option Option is a pointer, but I am options Thank you Yeah, options is a pointer. We can see that options is not no, so Probably not the issue Probably argv is the issue here, right? If we print options argv as argv is no, that's why it's crash it So my point here is that we just a few comments using some tools With the right infrastructure, right? We can easily find The offending code that's causing some problem All of these comments are here, so you can check it out later Tracing Tracing and another technique for the buggy the idea of tracing is instrumenting the code There are several different ways to do tracing you can trace at Build time, right? You can add Tracy point at build time in the code. You can trace at runtime and the kernel provides Complete infrastructure for that so you can trace kernel code and use a space code I Want to show you guys Let's see this one for example, I have here a comment that's taken Let's see if I have here in there So I have here a comment That's taking a lot of time like it's just trying to Turn on LED But it's taking four seconds. So how can we debug that of course? we could start printing Adding prints in the code of the kernel to see where is taking that much time But the kernel provides a complete infrastructure to debug this kind of problem and and here we're gonna use F trace for that so F trace is part of the kernel tracing subsystem if you enable it So you can go to the kernel configuration in kernel hacking the new kernel hacking There is a sub submenu there call it tracing and if you enable tracing there are several options Options there that you can enable to trace like kernel function calls. You can trace latency things like that So we're gonna use here F trace to debug this issue For those who don't know F trace CIS F traces provides an interface via files That's very nice because you can interact with F trace in the common line. You just have to mount the trace FS file system That I guess I don't know if I already mounted or not. Maybe not. I'm gonna Mount it again device service is busy so I Just mounted trace FS and I have it here It's a file-based interface. You can interact with the kernel. So Let's say I want to Trace all kind of functions. We have here the available tracers With all of the tracers that can enable Let's say I want to enable the function graph tracer. Just see how it works. I have to echo this Tracer to the Current tracer file. So I just write the name of the tracer in the current trace file And that should be I forgot for about one thing since my kernel has crashed before I have to reboot it. So System will be unstable. Every time the kernel crashes, I have an oops. The kernel is unstable I discovered during my test that F trace is not working after I crashed my kernel with the USB stick So I just reboot it but should be very fast Okay, so I'm gonna enable it again function graph Now I have a file for example Trace pipe That I can follow all of the kernel functions that is being called So I can trace everything that is happening inside the kernel in terms of function calls There is a tool What is the output? I'm just Printing the output of the trace pipe file So this file it's a kind of the buffer of the tracing the that's racing to the system So and it's a pipe. So it never stops Keep showing the buffer. There is a tool that is built on top of this trace FS file system. That is called it Trace CMD and I'm gonna use it here to record the execution of that program So it's Trace CMD It's basically it's going to basically write those files. So it's kind of just a tool to help Interactive with the tracing system record function graph and This is the common so it will run this comment It will only trace this comment and the functions calls inside the kernel column by this comment And we'll put this in a file for me So we should take a few seconds and then after that it starts generating the file. Oh Yeah, I am in a directory that I don't have right access. So that let me do again Very good. I got it. I got it. Now I have a trace Dot that file that I can analyze. There is a very nice graphical tool called kernel shark that we can use This trace, but I'm gonna just use here trace CMD Report and I'm ascending these reports to a trace the text file because I want to open it with vi This is the result of the tracing and here we can see all of the functions that were called it For this specific program Now we have to use a little bit of creativity, right to try to find out what is happening If we search for LED, that's because I'm trying to turn on my LED I can't get to LED functions here and we can see that here in the middle of an LED Function calls. We have a m-slip and this function call Took a few seconds, right? I Don't know if vi is going to the right place, but yeah, so so if we open this GPIO LED Set function in the kernel we can Find out that there is a m-slip inside the kernel that is causing this delay. Of course, I added this For this demonstration So I would say it's much faster than if you start adding prints in the code of the kernel to try to find out What's happening? Another approach would be to run The bugger right to see what's going on that could be another approach. I guess I have 10 minutes, so Let's see what we can do now User space tracing there are several tools that you can use to do user space tracing One tool that I really like is S-Trace very simple very efficient, right? It's easy to install. It's just a small tool that is able to trace system calls and trace is system calls Can help a lot to define problems. So here in this example I ran that cat and it's returning an error couldn't set up listening socket We could like use GDP or any other tool to debug this issue or maybe just S-Trace So you can just run S-Trace if you have it in your system You just run S-Trace with these two and you can get all of the system calls and then in the end you can See what is happening, right? Like when it's calling the bind system call It's giving a new parameter in the second parameter and if you go to the bind interface We're gonna see that you have to pass a socket address there not new so that's the problem So you can spot this kind of problems like when you run a tool It doesn't return anything or some kind of mysterious error, right? And don't know what's going on. Just run S-Trace you can like identify for example that the problem is trying to open a file It's not finding the file and it's returning an error But it's not saying to you that a file is missing for example, so it's a very nice simple and useful tool The camera has a infrastructure for user space debugging probing user space applications at runtime. It is called it You probe user space probe, so you can really probe user space applications at runtime When you enable you probe in the kernel you are able to add at runtime trace points at function calls of your application Because this S-Trace tool and that is also the other L-Trace tool that is able to to help you to trace like system calls library calls But not the cost from your application if you want to debug to trace the cost from our application Then you're gonna problem have to use some kind of user space tool and For example Perf is able to do that Have time to do the demonstration now, but everything is in there's lights Can check it out later so the Perf tool do a lot of stuff right in terms of Tracing and profiling one of the things that is able to use the you probe kind of subsistence to Take the symbols from applications and it find the the addresses and Add tracing points to those address so you can instrument the application at runtime So here in this example This is a small kind of script to Put trace points in all of the functions of an application. That's ETH to And then you can just run and record What is going on it will generate a File with the the functions that were called it call it Perf dot data And then with this file you can see all of the functions that were called from your application And you can try to figure out what's happening in this specific case It's application that is freezy hanging so you can identify these kind of issues There are two more kind of Class of tools that is very useful. I have just a few minutes Interactive debugging that's very commonly useful, right? Gdb is our main tool for interactive debugging and For the most of cases it helps a lot in the embedded Linux space that is just one small problem because You have all of the tools in your machine, but you have the code running on your another machine So you have you need a kind of a client server Architecture so you run Gdb server on one side and Gdb client on the other side and you can do do just this With user space code and with kernel code right the kernel has a and and Gdb server inside of it So you can use it you can run the kernel step by step or you cannot you can also do it with user space code I was also planning a demonstration on this, but we don't have time This is kernel being the buggy it and User space is more simple right to the bug and user space application is much much more simple I can do it here in one minute Let's let's see we want let's say we want to debug this application here This application here is Freezing right so we want to debug this application. What we need to do is start Gdb server on the device Gdb server We're gonna use an internet connection here To communicate with the client so Gdb now Gdb server Now it's waiting for a connection. Then we go to the host machine we have to go to the Search code of the application that is 3 where is 3 3 is here then here I start the Gdb client passing my Application with the bugging symbols and I'm also going to start it to emote now. I just have to connect the command is target to remote and The IP number and the port number Connected I can put a breakpoint to the main function for example for example breakman Continued execution now I can control the execution of that program and Yeah, let's just run it's freezing then we can just cancel and see Why it is freezing, right? Very easy to spot kind of fish Okay, I'm out of time here and just to conclude here the presentation My point here in the end right so I try to show several different different tools and techniques like tracing interactive debugging crash analysis and things like this When we start our career the only thing that we do to the bug is adding prints in the coding and that's Sometimes almost most of the time is not the right way to do it. So over time you learn different tools and techniques So prints in the code. It's not the right solution for the most situations So there are different situations different kind of problems and different tools and we need to understand And it's important to know understand all of those tools and know how and when to use any of those When we need to solve bugs in any system. So I guess that's it guys thinks a lot for your time. I hope you enjoyed. Yeah


LDL cholesterol is a prime risk factor for the number one killer of men and women, heart disease. But how low should you go? Watch the video to find out. Consistent evidence from a variety of sources unequivocally establishes that bad LDL cholesterol causes atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Strokes and heart attacks are a leading cause of death. This evidence base includes hundreds of studies involving millions of people. LDL is the cause of atherosclerosis, the hardening of the arteries, and the message is loud and clear. It's the cholesterol. Stupid. Noted the editor of the American Journal of Cardiology, William Clifford Roberts, whose CV is more than 100 pages long, having published about 1,700 articles in the peer-reviewed medical literature. Yes, there are at least 10 traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, but, as Dr. Roberts noted, only one is required for the progression of the disease-elevated cholesterol. Phew! You say because you just got back from your doctors and your cholesterol is normal. Thank goodness. But wait, having a normal cholesterol in a society where it's normal to drop dead of a heart attack isn't necessarily a good thing. With heart disease, the number one killer of men and women, we definitely don't want to have a normal cholesterol level. We want to have optimal levels, and not optimal by current laboratory standards, but optimal for human health. Normal LDL cholesterol levels are associated with the hidden build-up of atherosclerotic plaques in our arteries, even in those with so-called optimal risk factors by current standards. Blood pressure under 120 over 80, normal blood sugars, total cholesterol under 200. If you went to your doctor with those kinds of numbers, you'd get a gold star in a lollipop. But if your doctor used ultrasound and CT scans to actually peek inside your body, overt atherosclerotic plaques would be detected in 38% of people with those kinds of quote-unquote optimal numbers. Maybe those ain't so optimal after all. Maybe we should define an LDL cholesterol level as optimal only when it no longer causes disease. What a concept! When more than 1,000 men and women in their 40s were scanned, having an LDL level under 130, which most lab tests would consider a normal LDL, left them with atherosclerosis throughout their body. Atherosclerotic plaques were not found only with LDL down around 50 or 60, which just so happens to be the level most people had before we all started eating this way. The majority of the adult population in the world had LDLs of about 50, so that's the true normal. And average values should not be regarded as normal.  We want a cholesterol normal for the human species, which may be down around 30 to 70, which for those who live outside of the US is an LDL of 0.8 to 1.8 millimoles per liter. Although an LDL level of 50 to 70 seems excessively low by modern American standards, it is precisely the normal range for individuals living the lifestyle and eating the diet for which we were genetically adapted over millions of years, a diet centered around whole-plant foods. No wonder we have this killer epidemic of atherosclerosis given the LDL level our bodies were designed for is less than half of what we presently consider normal. There is an inappropriate tendency in medicine to accept small changes in risk factors, but the goal is not to just decrease risk but to prevent plaques period. So how low should you go? In light of the latest evidence from trials exploring the benefits and risks of profound LDL cholesterol lowering, the answer to the question, how low do you go is arguably as straightforward as low as you can. But yeah, indeed, lower may be better. However, if you've got to do with drugs, then you have to balance that with the risk of drug side effects. The reason you don't just drug everyone with stentons, like put it in the water supply, is that although it would be great if everyone's cholesterol was lower, there are the countervailing risks of the drugs. So doctors aim to use stenton drugs at the highest dose possible, achieving the largest LDL cholesterol reduction possible, without increasing risk of the muscle damage the drugs may cause. But when you're using lifestyle changes to bring down your cholesterol, all you get are the benefits, but can you get it low enough with diet alone? Ask some of the country's top cholesterol experts what they shoot for, and odds are you'll hear something like an LDL under 70 or so. Yeah, we should try to avoid the saturated and trans fats found in junk foods and meat, and the dietary cholesterol found mostly in eggs, but it is unlikely anyone can achieve an LDL cholesterol of 70 with a low saturated fat, low cholesterol diet alone. Many doctors have this mistaken impression. An LDL of 70 isn't only possible on a healthy enough diet, it may be normal. Those eating strictly plant-based diets can average an LDL that low. No wonder plant-based diets are the only dietary patterns ever proven to reverse coronary heart disease in the majority of patients. And the side effects? You get to feel better, too. Several randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the more plant-based dietary patterns significantly improved psychological well-being and quality of life, less depression, less anxiety, better emotional well-being, better physical well-being, and better general health.


Hello Psych2Goers and welcome back to another video. We'd like to give you all a big thanks for all the support that you've given us. It's our mission to make psychology and mental health more accessible to everyone. So, let's begin. Have you ever experienced sad moments particularly when you're about to sleep? Do you tend to feel more depressed during the night? This can be explained by a mood disorder called nighttime depression. In this video, we'll be talking about the factors that may lead to worsening feelings of depression at night. Before we begin, we would like to mention that this video is created for educational purposes only. We highly recommend that you consult a mental health professional if you have any questions about your personal mental health. With that said, here are 6 reasons why you feel more depressed at night. 1. You feel lonelier during nighttime. Do you live by yourself, like me? Does winding down at the end of the day bring you a feeling of loneliness? If you live alone, there may be fewer distractions to keep you from ruminating on negative thoughts, especially at night. With the lack of interaction or companionship, thoughts of loneliness or isolation may kick in and make you feel worse during the night. 2.  Do you stay up thinking about your past mistakes? Are you kept awake by thinking about what could have happened if you had made different choices some time ago? Oftentimes, one of the main reasons we remain awake is negative thinking. While reflection is a great way to evaluate yourself to become a better person, excessive rumination may lead to anxiety or depression. 3. There's too much light in your room. Do you sleep with the lights on? Is there a slip between the curtains that allows light to sneak in, or is the light from outside your door shining in? According to studies by the American Journal of Epidemiology, the source of light can disrupt your sleep cycle, which causes symptoms of nighttime depression. So it's important to maintain a dark environment so that our brain can adapt to the resting process. 4. Your circadian rhythm is not coordinated. Have you ever experienced jet lag? This is when your circadian rhythm or internal body clock is not used to the new time zone you're in. Your circadian rhythm often tells you the time to stay active and the time to rest. However, if it's not properly maintained due to sleeping at odd hours or because of jet lag, you may become prone to developing the symptoms of nighttime depression. 5. You work or study at night. Does your job require you to work at night, or do you go to night school? When you work or study at night, you may end up sleeping at odd hours or getting rest only in the morning. Since you can't sleep at night and daylight can interrupt your sleep cycle, you may find yourself having trouble sleeping over time. This may increase your chances of unwanted exhaustion and nighttime depression symptoms. 6. Your chronotype is disoriented. Do you feel more awake at night or feel really sleepy during the day? Chronotype refers to the signal in your body that tells you the appropriate sleeping time. If you sleep when you're not sleepy and stay awake when you are, you may be more prone to the risk of feeling depressed over time. This habit can worsen the symptoms at night leading to difficulty in falling asleep, feelings of hopelessness, anxiety and isolation. Do you experience feelings of depression during nighttime? Let us know in the comments below. Also, if you know someone who may benefit from online counseling, we've actually partnered up with BetterHelp, an affordable online counseling platform that you can utilize. And if you need to hit your mind off some thoughts, they're also accessible at night. The link will be in the description box below. We'll see you next time!


Hi, it's Bridget with Above Life Channel. Remember the purpose here is to inspire your spirit and fill you up with hope. This is the post channel. I just did a transformative channel with David Bowie in the afterlife. And so this is the video where I'm gonna talk a little bit about what it was like to channel him. You might hear my husband. I'm having a conversation with him. He's the cameraman, so we just finished the trans channel and I was sharing with him before I even thought, hey, we better record this follow-up channel. I was sharing how easy it was. He was so easy. He came right in. He wasn't disruptive in my energy. I didn't have to, like, I feel like, I don't know how tall he was, but I feel like he didn't do anything weird in my body. Like, it wasn't uncomfortable for him. It was fine. I felt him primarily from like my head and my shoulders, like right into the heart chakra, like halfway down my body. And then the rest of my body, I really didn't feel much and so that was fine, but he didn't adjust to me. He didn't make me change positions or anything like that. He was just very respectful of my space, which is really great in a transformative channel. Channel different people from the afterlife and they have different energies that they bring kind of forward. Some of their personalities are really dominant. And I wasn't sure what to expect with David. I've talked to him before a couple of times and you're going to see another one of those videos that I did with him from the summer, actually, right now it's October. So it was a couple of months ago where we just had a dialogue and we had a chat. And getting to know him, I was getting familiar with him. And so I knew, I mean, I feel really comfortable with him. I feel super comfortable. Like, like he's not like this big famous, oh my gosh, kind of energy. Like I'm not like overwhelmed by who he was. I just feel him very, I don't know, he's not overpowering, I guess would be a good way to describe it. So I was really comfortable with that channel. I'm really surprised that there wasn't an accent because I have, I've tried to allow myself to be open to that. And because sometimes like when I channel with Prince and I've done that so many times, he has slang, like he speaks, sometimes he'll speak in different, almost like we're in the 70s or something, real funky, you know? And he'll speak in slang that I'm not at all really familiar with, not at all comfortable with, like it's not part of me in my dialect. And so when I say it, I sound like a Southern woman or something, like I sound like I'm trying to be Southern and I'm horrible at it. So I'm not good at accents. Let me just say that. I'm very American. And so, but I was kind of expecting him to do that, but he didn't. I don't think, did he do it at all? Was there any of it? But he was so, I really have, okay. So he's right here. Like I can still, I can see him. Like when he came out, he went out to the left, but then he's right here. Like there's a big light right here in front of me. And he's like right next to the light.  I think they're dark, dark jeans and some black boots. It looks like kind of boots, but they're flat. Shoes, what have you.  And he is like standing like this and he's like, that was good, right? That was what we wanted to accomplish. That was part, like he was respectful of my mission, my purpose for doing trans channels is to bring forward the energy from them, not just from their human life and kind of, they are reflective and they will share that because that's part of what we need, what you need as a human. We need to understand that this was that, this spirit was this person. You need to make the, you know, the little string needs to connect. Otherwise it doesn't seem like there is even such a thing as the afterlife, you know? So part of the point is to recognize that we have soul, a spirit and a human body. So we have two different kinds of experiences, parts of ourselves. And so he really understands that. He's like really evolved, it feels like to me, like super evolved. And maybe that's because, maybe in part it's because, well, you died of cancer, I think, right? Did he die of cancer? I think he did. And pancreatic, is it? Cause he's pointing to his lower body, his lower, his guts. He said it doesn't really matter. He said it's just, it's a horrible disease. He says it's a horrible disease. And it's my family. He says he's saying my family that suffered the most having to watch, you know, watch your loved one die is nothing I'd wish on anyone, he says. But that gave me an opportunity to really think about what the point of life is. And so that's what he's sharing. So he feels very profound in the afterlife, very reflective and someone I could just have a good conversation with. Like if he wrote a book from the afterlife, I could read that book, you know, and learn. You know, that's the point is to learn from the spirit. And they're not a person anymore. So they don't have all these confines that we have. They have this advanced view, this advanced perspective. So in my transformative channels, especially in my transformative channels, I want to capture that. I want that to come in. And that's the mission is to do that. So you know that life is great for you right now. It's a gift and you need to live it. That's the point of above life channel, right? It's your life, so live it. And so in order to do that, when spirit provides this advanced viewpoint of things, I hope it gives us some perspective to live better and to appreciate the moments, you know? And so he was very, I think maybe because he at time, he recognized in his last parts of his human life that he was dying. And so he could think about some of these things in the thought process of a mind. So I think his thoughts are easier, based upon some of the other people that like died suddenly and stuff. His thoughts were much more collected and ascended and very easy to channel him, very easy. So, okay, so I'm gonna ask my husband a little bit. So as far as content, because I haven't watched this, this is right, we're hot off just doing the trans channel. How, I mean, did it surprise you? How did you feel?  Like, wow, okay, or anything that was off too? I'd like to ask that too. Was there anything first credible, really great stuff? No, he was very reflective. I think in life he was the same way. You know, I think he thought about things, but I don't know for sure, but it seems to me that. He seems that's who he was. Right, I mean, I think who we were listening to was reflective of David Bowie. Yeah, I don't really know him, to be honest with you guys, like, I mean, I grew up in the 80s and 90s and stuff, and I remember saw some dance songs, put on your red shoes and dance the blues or something, but I wasn't a huge fan. I mean, I wasn't like punk or anything like that, and he was kind of that when I was younger. But one thing, another thing I think is that the people who watched this, an earlier video of him on Above Life Channel, they submitted so many good questions, and that's what we use today, and I got about halfway through them, and there are quite a few more really good questions, so I think. We should do another. Do you, what do you think? What do you think Above Life Channelers? What do you think? Should we talk to David Bowie again? What do you think? Make sure you comment below, and if we do do another channeling session with him, do you want a discussion session or a trans channel? Now, trans channel, T-R-A-N-S dash channel, okay? What would you prefer, a discussion or a trans channel? So make sure you put that in the comments, because we have been reading your comments. So that's where these questions came from. Great, thank you for sharing that, because I forgot that that's, we're using a question list based on the very first video I ever did at Above Life Channel. Again, you can find more David Bowie on the David Bowie playlist on the channel as well. All right, is there anything else that you think we should address, or, okay. Well, there is one more thing. And that was, in the beginning he said there was significance to the timing of him bothering you today. Oh, okay, yeah, because it was a busy family day. Let me just be curious. He didn't elaborate on that, unless it was just to break up a rather hectic day for you, I don't know. And you too. We're in the household together with four children. It's crazy busy Sunday, getting ready to back to school this week, and lots of stuff going on. Today is Sunday, October 7th, 2018. If you know what might be significant for David, or for his family related to this date, it could be in history in the past. Again, October 7th, it is 2018. It could be that upcoming, it could be somebody's birthday. It could be his birthday. It could be an anniversary. It could be an album release date. There is some kind of significance to the timing of this. Again, October 7th, 2018. And why above life channel would I ask you?  I don't have time to be Googling stuff up and looking stuff up. You people can tell me, you educate me. You are just as much in the know as I am just because I channeled them doesn't mean I know everything about them. You know, so tell me what is the significance? It might not be this exact date. It could be something coming up. Again, we're October 7th. All right. But again, put it in the comments. I try to read the comments. Thank you so much for watching this follow up video. Again, go check out the playlist of David Bowie at above life channel and you can watch the channel that I'm talking about. Thank you so much for being part of this experience. I appreciate each and every one of you.


Well, there is a very very big election taking place tomorrow as everybody knows who's watching this video and Even though we may not necessarily know the results of the election tomorrow night We still will be learning very soon who our next president will be So I wanted to take some time to share what we can expect depending on the result So if it is the case that Joe Biden emerges victorious and he defeats Donald Trump I think that all of us owe it to ourselves To just breathe a long sigh of relief knowing that we got Donald Trump out of power Now he may go very loudly and whine about it He may be insufferable for a couple of months, but so long as we got that victory His time is limited. That's a good feeling and there hasn't been much to be hopeful about as of late But we can at least Know that he will be going very soon and the Trump era will be coming to an end having said that though The end of Donald Trump's presidency does not necessarily mean that Trump is um, it's going to go away In fact, I think it could be with us for quite some time And if Joe Biden does not take substantial action during these next four years That I think it's a guarantee that we're gonna see someone emerge in the future Who is much worse than Donald Trump? So here's what I say to everyone if Joe Biden is elected The left liberals and Democratic Party loyalists people who are not Republicans But don't necessarily like the Democratic Party independence now is not the time for brunch Yes, it is the case that Joe Biden is not Donald Trump He will be better than Donald Trump not do as much damage as Donald Trump But acknowledge that Joe Biden is not your friend He is your political enemy and we must resist him Make sure we apply non-stop pressure on him and make his life a living hell because guess what? The Democratic Party establishment moved heaven and earth to make sure that Bernie Sanders was defeated and we got anyone But Bernie and Joe Biden happened to be the person who has resisted change at a time When our country and planet needs change more than ever now Understand it is going to be almost impossible to push Joe Biden left. He is going to resist change He's going to embrace corporatism. I wouldn't be surprised if he stacked his cabinet with Wall Street executives Having said that though, that doesn't mean we don't try to pressure him and try to move him left And where the left is going to have any I think sway is Maybe stopping him from doing the most harmful things because remember when Obama was in power He got away with doing a lot of terrible things because the media applied no pressure to him He faced zero scrutiny and let the Republicans basically run rough shot on him while he just sat back and pretended as if he was hopeless In the situation when we know now that that's not necessarily true He didn't do a lot of things because he is a moderate Republican. That's how he described himself So we have no reason to just wait and give Joe Biden a chance if he's lucky enough to be elected We have to immediately make his life a living hell Unless he actually is willing to listen to the left. Do I think that's gonna happen? Not too optimistic about that because guess what? We have an extensive record that we can look at with regard to Joe Biden and see exactly how he's going to govern So if the left uses this time to build our coalition make sure we Increase our political power then we can actually make some really good use of this next four years It's not a guarantee that fascism has gone forever Trumpian politics will probably remain a thing. It will be pretty prevalent within the 2024 at primary So we have to make sure that we stop that from happening. How do we stop that from happening? We try to Pressure the Democratic Party as hard as it may be To do at least some things to materially improve people's lives and if Joe Biden can do just a little bit He can stop a future disaster now What I am anticipating is Joe Biden to basically Do some good things via executive order Reinstate the DACA program right try to get us back into the Paris climate Accord Try to do something with regard to the Iran nuclear deal some things that of course are Indisputably good objectively good The problem is that a lot of the things that are good that he wants to do can likely be undone By the next president assuming that he just kind of like doesn't make any strong legislative pushes and does a lot of things via executive order But he can do a few good things. He can mandate masks Nationally and make testing for COVID-19 widely available so that way we can purchase them ourselves online or at grocery stores This would be huge in containing the spread of the virus He may capitalize on the opportunity to raise the minimum wage and he says he supports $15 an hour Let's see if he holds strong. I have a feeling that if Democrats even try to raise the minimum wage They won't opt for 15. They'd probably opt for 12 instead We'll see what happens there, you know, I think that he's probably going to take executive action to expand health care where he can I don't know that he's actually going to try to tackle health care reform legislatively Unless it is in fact overturned by the Supreme Court the ACA that is The problem with this is you know You can't just put another band-aid on the situation and hope that that fixes all of the problems And if he does opt for health care reform He says that he supports a public option But when he describes a public option at the presidential debates, it doesn't really sound like a public option So my expectations are very very low for Joe Biden Sure, he adopted, you know, some of Bernie Sanders elements with regard to climate change in spoke with the Sunrise movement Does that mean that when push comes to shove when corporate interests are in his ears? He's going to adopt that exact plan. I Doubted so listen Hope for the best try to do what we can Push him as much as we possibly can to do good to mitigate the damage that he will likely cause But go into this clear-eyed go into this not delusional as we were in 2008 in 2012 don't expect Joe Biden to be your ally. Yes He's better than Trump. We used him as a tool to oust Donald Trump from power but He is not our political ally He has an agenda that is antithetical to what most of the left wants He is a neoliberal free market capitalist when we see capitalism destroying our planet wreaking havoc on our communities So he's got to take action And so, you know, I don't necessarily know what to expect with Joe Biden Him and the Democratic Party assuming they're able to take back the Senate have a very short window two years to act Until they either lose the Senate or the House We have to assume that that's all that they got if they do not take action enough action to actually Improve people's conditions materially Then they are paving the way from war dissatisfaction and as a result radicalization that will lead to the success of someone like that Gates or Tom Cotton in 2024 who I think is worse than Donald Trump. They may not have mean tweets They may not be as bombastic and narcissistic But they are real fascists and if they get power that will be extremely dangerous. They will silence their opposition They will consolidate power.  Let them acknowledge that the Democratic Party Isn't meeting our expectations and not meeting their expectations. We support Medicare for all. Why aren't we getting that? We support a legalization of marijuana Why aren't we getting that so we'll see but I want people to not Delude themselves into thinking that Joe Biden is their friend. Yes We voted for him in large part to oust Donald Trump, but nobody is pro-Biden. They're just anti-Trump I don't think I've ever ever met anyone who's like pro-Joe Biden. Everybody's just voting for him to stop Donald Trump So I mean at the end of the day even though Joe Biden is going to resist change We have to acknowledge that we fight no matter what Bully him pressure him the minute he gains power on day one the minute. He's sworn in I don't care about celebrations get to work. We've got things that you need to do to stop Multiple crises from getting worse so make it happen


Russian aviation suffered next very painful loss in Ukraine. Recently, the armed forces of Ukraine have often shot down Russian aircraft. On January 30th, the general staff of the Ukrainian armed forces announced the destruction of another Russian Su-34 fighter jet over the Luhansk region. The Su-34 aircraft is perhaps the most frequent guest in the statistics of the Ukrainian general staff. Military expert Reserve Colonel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Petrochenik told Channel 24 how the invaders used the fighter and how painful the loss was for them. The Su-34 is one of the newest Russian bombers. According to official information, the aggressor country produced a total of 143 such aircraft, a very serious and significant loss. If my memory serves me right, Ukraine has already destroyed about 30 aircraft. This is a very high figure, Chernik noted. It is from the Su-34 bomber that KH-59 guided missiles are launched. It can carry up to 6 units. A very sensitive and unpleasant missile, the military expert emphasized. The Su-34 also carries adjusted KAB, 500 aerial bombs, up to 6 units and modern UPAB-150B. Guided aerial bombs, up to 3 units, the most complex weapons that cannot be shut down. Cabs are launched from a distance of 40 to 70 kilometres. It's impossible to fight bombs. When it comes out of the pylon and takes a combat course, it will definitely reach the target, but the carrier must and can be fought. The fact that we have found algorithms for shooting them down is simply remarkable, Chernik said. According to him, every year it will be more and more difficult for Russians to build such machines.


This is Crime Classics. I am Thomas Highland with another true story of crime. Listen. King Arthur just buckled on his kneecap. Now the quishes, the falls, and observes himself in his brilliantly polished shield. The new leg armor he has just put on as a fine fit provides maximum maneuverability. Now the chest armor. Breast blade, neck piece. He tucks helmet under his arm, picks up Excalibur his sword, and walks from his tent into the sunlight. King Arthur is going into a battle against a friend of his. Four thousand men will be killed over a woman, which is known as chivalry. Tonight I report to you on the Triangle on the Round Table. Crime Classics. A series of true crime stories from the records and newspapers of every land from every time. Your host each week, Mr. Thomas Highland, connoisseur of crime, student of violence, and teller of murders. Now once again, Mr. Thomas Highland. Sixth century Britain, a time of mists and legend, of hunting horn and streaming banners and maidens and thistle, of sunlight slanting like a tapestry into cold castles and pagan rites and magic and stone. And the place that concerns us, Camelot, the court of King Arthur in the Knights of the Round Table. There's just been a meeting on the agenda, a report from Lancelot, why he failed in his quest for the Holy Grail, a report by Sir Gallahad on why he'd killed a scurvy knave, a reason being a look of scant, said Lady Vivian, and finally a suggestion by Sir Percival that a party be sent to slay the seven wicked knights at the Castle of Maidens. It was a fine meeting and it was breaking up in time for some mock jousting. King Arthur was anxious to get out on the field. The King, King Arthur, Terry, I would speak with you a moment. Agravain, nephew. What is it? I'll put a moment, Terry uncle, till the rest of the gentle knights are gone from the Great Hall. Sir Lionel, would you close, please, the Great Door when you leave us? No, uncle. But your cousin, Mordred, is still with us. I think he's slept at the Round Table in the sleeping still. Mordred? Wake, wake, gentle knight. Wake, wake. Mordred and I both wish to speak, uncle. Of what? Are you awake, Mordred? I was awakened by the touch of the sweet King. Speak to me of what, Agravain? Of Launcelot. And Guinevere. What is this? Since he is back from the failure, since he has returned without the Grail, Launcelot is much with the Queen. In the Queen's chamber? What falsehood is this? No falsehood, good King. Gentle King. The truth. That I swear on the hilt of my sword. And I also. But Guinevere, the Queen is with me constantly. Save when you hunt? Save when you jous? Save when you do the merry pie with us all? Yes. That is when Launcelot attends your Queen. When you hunt? When you jous? When you do the merry pie with us all? And King? What is it? If Launcelot be slain in the chambers of the Queen, what then? A province to the south I'll give to such a slayer. Good, uncle. Sweet King. To the sweet King, Lady Heretsu! Oh, traitor, Launcelot! Hold and take his red spice! I give you this, Agravain!  Hold, hold, hold. Good night.  Yes, to your throat, that's it! Do not slay me.   To sneak like a crawling thing and spy! I have forgotten what I have seen, you and Guinevere. Say my lady's name again and your tongue will be fed to me, lady's goldfish. Now get from here! Go! Mordred didn't walk away, nor did he skip. He ran. He told the King that in case Ser Agravain wasn't around anymore, that worthy could be found dead in Guinevere's anti-room from a sword blow delivered by Launcelot. The King Arthur, who'd had a bad day at the Mok Jous anyhow, having been unceded by Lucky Lance Thrust, well, this is all he needed. Oh, my Queen, what poisonous thing has bighted you? You'll die for it. Roast. Go in! Ser Agravain, come to me! And hark to me, Ser Agravain. I hark. It's Guinevere. Again. Hark to me. It's Launcelot. Hark to me, go in. The whole court knows it, now you know it, and you wish her burned at the stake, as it has been three times before. But you will forgive her. Hark to me. But you will forgive her. Not this time. You say that always. I will feed her to the flames. And Launcelot. He is my dearest knight. How can you save us? He is dear friend to me. But he and Guinevere... She is so beautyous that he cannot help it. I counsel you to burn him also. This is your counsel, noble knight. It is. Then it shall be done. So do it. When Launcelot heard the news, he didn't wait for a thing. He left. He didn't even say goodbye to Guinevere. Not that he didn't love her for this he did dearly. But he had a more spectacular plan. He waited for the day when Guinevere was shriven and tied to the stake, and the faggots were thrown and lit. And King Arthur's knights and the people were standing on tiptoes to watch. Then Launcelot and his men went into action. They did a very dramatic thing. Just as a whispered claim had touched Guinevere's linen, they swooped down and rescued her, killed some 50 people in the process, and rode away with her. Rode away with her. She up front with Launcelot on his horse. Launcelot, Launcelot. And with him set up house in Launcelot's castle, which was called the Joyous Bastion, after the good times which were had there. Launcelot, Launcelot. My queen. Not your queen, your love. Forever. For always. For as long as Yon Orb of Sun climbs in the sky and... Launcelot. My love, my love. Terry, Terry, sweet knight, and give look to where I point, to where Yon Orb of Sun climbs in the sky. Horseman. Knights. King Arthur's knights of the Round Table. I chill at the sight. I chill not. Nothing will befall you. Never will the king take you from me. And a little while after that, war, siege, playing of armor, yell of battle and scream of alarm. Many knights died and many were wounded and born away. And after a month the papal bull was issued, which said that the war between Arthur and Launcelot was a war of brothers, and it was to cease. And Guinevere was to be brought again into the favor of Arthur. Launcelot went back to France, Guinevere went back to Arthur, and everybody was happy until one day... If I offend, oh king, by being not announced, but first upon you like some squall of wind, it is because I've had a dream and in it, oh king. Oh king. Rise up, Mordred. Speak you. And in this dream, a mighty voice, Launcelot sits in France, said the voice, and makes plans to come here and make battle and win again the Lady Guinevere. What voices told you this? The voice of my father. And so wise your father and sweet, there he died a mystic death on the stoop of Lady Bernice. Sweet father. And he said, tell your king, tell the noble king Arthur to get him to France with all his noble knights and make pursuit of Launcelot. Seek him. Deer him. Say him. He has said this. Not in his head, he said it. Guine, come to me, Guine. You have heard what says Mordred, Guine. I heard. What say you? I... My father wept when he told me what he did, wept for the death of your two boys, Guine, who fell in battle against Launcelot. Your father... Compassionate man. What say you?  I say go. A brutal day. At once. I say go. Day of blood. To France. Let there be war. Let the killing start. To France. To war. Sir Mordred was a bloodthirsty one, wasn't he? But he didn't get to go to France. Somehow he made King Arthur make him stay home. To watch Camelot. To watch Britain. To watch Queen Guinevere. You are listening to Crime Classics and your host, Thomas Highland. A too much traveled traveling man, a wife who is not what she seems, and a meek husband, are the leading characters of this Friday's Broadway's My Beat Mystery. They lead Detective Danny Clover quite a chase before he makes sense out of murder. Friday evening on most of these same CBS radio stations. And now once again Thomas Highland and the second act of Crime Classics and his report to you on the triangle on the round table. Camelot, which was the site of King Arthur's court and round table, has been variously located at Queen's Camel, the Somerset, 51 miles east northeast of Rochester, and at Winchester and Camelford, Cornwall, and at Carillon. In your Sunday supplement recently, you might have seen where Sir Malcolm Jettifer, FRCA, has tossed a blockbuster by announcing Camelot's location as being 20 miles out at sea on land now sunk beneath the waves. But, wherever it was, Camelot was the place to be if you wanted to become a knight. It was best to start at about the age of seven. There was so much to learn. Manners, morals, battle acts technique, mace wielding, emergency armor repair, lance, throwing, jousting, mock and for real, rescuesmanship, horsemanship, mostly you had to be a killer. One graduate of the curriculum who went through it like a whiz, skipping as it were, the course in advanced morals, was named Mordred. His king was away at war, his queen was in her chambers, and he was at his desk, putting quill department, writing up a pronouncement to the people. This should do, Sir Bohor. Here, read it. To the parliament and people of Britain. Words as you would proclaim it, Bohor. Being received this dullest day, that has fallen in battle king Arthur, most illustrious and bravest of kings. Is true, Mordred, go on. Even if Sir Gwain died in battle, bravely and... It's true about Gwain, surely? Or his body dead was carried here to Camelot to be buried. But the king, King Arthur... Cut your tongue to what is written! S'gravely and with no fear of dying. Therefore I, Mordred, do proclaim myself king and regent of Britain, as was the wish of the fallen Arthur. I do humbly pray that the knights and good people of the realm help make my reign a blessed one. I get you to your task, proclaim it. Yes. Yes? Yes, Sir Noble King. Noble Knight. Yes. Have you seen the gentle Gwinevere? When last I saw her, she was moving toward her chamber. How, Mordred? With milk, with grace, with queenly demeanor. Go. Go proclaim, sweet Bohor. Noble King, I fright you, Gwinevere. What man are you to come on bed here? I am your king. King? What? Arthur is dead. You will hear it proclaimed. How do you have this knowledge that Arthur is dead? No ship from France has come with tidings of battle in a fortnight. I dreamed that my father in a dream has told me. You make good use of your father's ghost, cousin. He is noble. Your dead husband, Arthur, has always said that. And as a ghost, my father is more noble and more wise. Mordred. Yes.  I sheed my claws for you, dear Gwinevere. Dearest Gwinevere. No. Dearest Gwinevere. Near me now and with this golden knife. Who is the beast, Gwinevere? I will, I'll stick you. I'll strive to kill you for honesty. You beast of golden claw. Now, we all know that Mordred was not mortally hurt, nor was he even badly hurt. He healed nicely and quickly enough to pursue Gwinevere, who had taken refuge in the Tower of London. Mordred caused arrows to be shot at the Tower of Battlements. He caused pots of molten flame to be catapulted into steps. He caused stout, oaken battering rams to be plunged against its doors. He caused all sorts of things to be done, according to his personal code of how to behave and love. But, as we all know too, the Tower of London was built to last, and he never got past the first moat. As a matter of fact, he was a little bit on this side of the first moat when Sir Bohort, the proclamer, came running up to him. And when Bohort ran, something was wrong. Something wrong, O King. What? At Dover. At Dover, a grievous sight. What? The fleets of King Arthur. And what? The tallest ship flies his banner. He is alive. A quest to my father. The ghost of your father lied. Arthur is alive. The ghost of my father plays tricks. What will you do? Proclaim to my knights that Arthur comes again. So, more battle. Blood. Blood, more blood. The life of sweet knighthood. Oh, what it was. The silence. Yes, O King. Then proclaim this. War without. Killing to be done against those who deserted us and went to France. War and killing. Killing and war. No peace till Arthur is dead. Look down there, Sir Betteville. Look how sadly burned the fires of my enemy, Mortrid. Like blood in the night. He met me on the sands of Dover and fled before my knights. And left 2,000 dead of his and 2,000 good men of mine. Oh, sad knight. No tortured knight of red moon and war fires and enemies. Eve of death. And dying to be done again tomorrow. Noble king. Go from me. Take your tears from me, sweet knight. Sleep. For tomorrow I go. Eve of death. Dim weird knight and a sudden shock of dismal thoughts. How was it when there was peace in Camelot? When there was golden youth and flood of laughter. Now how old appear the young faces. Ghosts, all of them. Where the good fellowship, the darts of joy. Ghosts, ghosts dead. And where is Gawain? Noble Gawain. Where your council now Gawain. The earth of France drank deep your blood. Now you a ghost too. Gawain. Friend Gawain, noble friend. Where your council now. I hear madness on the window. The grief for Gawain drives me mad. Ghost. Ghost of Gawain. List to me, disperse your forces. What? Do not fight tomorrow.   The sniveller of a knight. The chicken of a knight. He the traitor and you suffer. Do not fight on the Mordred.  Make truth, do not die. Now that's a truly unnerving experience.  That kind of a thing gives pause. You'd want to take your time about what you're going to do come sun up. Now Arthur was a mighty king and a great warrior and he'd killed more people by lance and mace and hot oil than you'd ever imagine. But he was also a human being. Voices on the wind shook him up. Ghosts jangle him. Oh weird knight. Oh ghostly wind. You see. Then better be here. Better be here. He needed to tell somebody. This night I heard the ghost voice of Gawain. He bad may not do battle tomorrow else I will die. So go to the camp of Mordred and say I wish to speak truth with him tomorrow. And no sword will be drawn from its scabbard during this talk of truth Arthur. No sword shall be drawn Mordred. You pursue me Arthur yet I have beaten you. How? I want no more dying. Arthur of the sword. Arthur of Excalibur. Truce and no more dying. And what will you get for it?  Oh and more. What more? Cornwall and Kent while you are alive and all have written when you are dead. Cornwall will be yours and Kent and beware.  That adder at your feet that crawling feet. I slayed it.  You drew a sword. The adder. You see it. You drew a sword. There is no truth Arthur. No truth with such as you. I returned to my camp and bid my knights make ready for battle.   I swear to you. It was a great battle and history tells us that every man who died was a hero. And many died and the field was damp with blood. And on the fourth day those who were still alive crept away to be alone with their wounds and their anguish and the field was empty. But for two horsemen. How about you, Mordred? At you, sir, Kent. You shall not now escape, traitor.  Your fault. Oh, infamous knight. Look down going. You were wrong. Mordred. That's what Mordred did. He slew Arthur. Of course, Mordred died while he was doing it, but he did it. One more thing I'd like to report to you. What Arthur said while breathing his last. I could have found a woman as good as Guinevere. But such a fellowship of knights as was mine can never be brought together again. So that was the end of King Arthur. Guinevere and Lancelot lived for quite a while after that. In just a moment, Thomas Highland will tell you about next week's crime classic. The triangle on the round table tonight's crime classic was adapted from accounts and legends by Morton Fine and David Friedkin. The music was composed and conducted by Bernard Herman. And the program is produced and directed by Elliot Lewis. Thomas Highland is portrayed on radio by Lou Merrill. In tonight's story, William Conrad was heard as King Arthur and Ben Wright as Mordred. Featured in the cast were Ellen Morgan, Lamont Johnson, William Johnstone, Edgar Barrier and Bob Cole, Bob Lamont speaking. And here again is Thomas Highland.  My report to you will be on the killing story of William Corder and the farmer's daughter. Thank you. Good night. Imperfect minor details mar a perfect crime on gangbusters this Saturday night. Past perfect tells the story of ingenious cross-country identity roots involving a Halloween souvenir and two would-be bandits with the law. It's another true crime case history, dramatized by gangbusters on most of these same CBS radio stations this Saturday night. When there's gun smoke, there's Western adventures Saturday night on the CBS radio network.


Can you see the screen? Yes. OK. So then it looks like it's time to start. Good morning. My name is Andreas Hemmerich from the Institute of Laser Physics at Hamburg University. I thank the organizers for having me here and for putting together such an interesting event. My talk will be on breaking of time translation symmetry and robust period doubling dynamics in a driven open atom cavity system. And I will ask myself whether this should be called a discrete dissipative time crystal. I want to start with introducing to you the team whose work I'm reporting here about. There's an experimental team in Hamburg with senior postdoc Hans Kessler. And two graduate students, Gustav Geoges and Fatemann Kronkamput. And we have theory support very nice here in the Institute by the group led by Ludwig Matai with two graduate students, Jim Koskulte and Gido Homan. And the theory team is enhanced by a former postdoc of Ludwig Jason Kosmer, who is, since a couple of months, a professor at the University of the Philippines. Well, if you Google the term time crystal, then basically you can get around this nature paper 2017, the quest to crystallize time, bizarre forms of matter called time crystals were supposed to be physically impossible now they are not. And this comes together with a pretty bizarre picture that also Frank Wojcik was showing in his colloquium yesterday. And even if you compare that to things like the little green thing in the lower right corner, which is a time crystal from the TV series Star Trek, it's still pretty bizarre, this picture. And the nature article comes with a quote that I have written up here saying, this is an intriguing development, but to some extent it's an abuse of the term. And that kind of signals to me that there is an open debate on what a time crystal really has to be until today. And it may not be wise to diversify this term in that situation, but this is exactly what I'm trying to do here talking about discrete dissipative time crystals. So I want to spend two transparencies to explain what I mean by that. And I'm starting with the original proposal by Frank Wojcik, which is simply a closed system in its ground state or in thermal equilibrium that provides them an observable that oscillates. And this is indeed an intriguing scenario. However, unfortunately, theory has told us immediately that it is impossible. And in an action to rescue the idea of time crystals, people have added AC drives to their systems, such that after an initial switch on phase, there's zero energy transfer, if average, over a driving period. And if then the system offers an observable that oscillates at a frequency different from integer multiples of the driving frequency, you have a discrete breaking of time translation symmetry. And it has been called a discrete time crystal. And one of the difficulties, particularly in experiments, is to prevent undesired dissipation that could destabilize this oscillation. There have been first experimental realizations. Sorry, this was a bit too fast. There is one by the Maryland group and one by the Harvard group in 2017. And some others have come later. So what I want to do is I want to add a bath to the system, such that now there is net energy transfer from the drive to the system to the bath. However, in a fashion that no entropy is generated. And again, there's an observable of the system that oscillates at a frequency different from the integer multiple of the driving frequency. And by engineering dissipation, one can stabilize this oscillation. And that's what I want to call a discrete dissipative time crystal. And you can take this a little further or if you want a little closer to the original proposal by Frank Wilczak, by replacing the AC drive by a DC drive. Still, you have net energy transfer from the driver to the bath, no entropy generated. And the system then oscillates with a system inherent frequency. And again, you have to engineer your dissipation to stabilize this oscillation. And then one could call that a continuous dissipative time crystal. There are deliverables that people ask for if you talk about time crystals. And I will try to show for most of them that they are in place for our system. This is robustness against noise of drive, thermal and quantum noise of the system. And typically, one expects that time crystal dynamics occurs by interaction and do spontaneous symmetry breaking. And there is an ongoing discussion on how many body systems should be to call it a time crystal, how many modes that should be allowed for describing the system and also how quantum is the system that's also a question I sometimes ask. Our system is composed of atoms and photons and an optical cavity where the atoms act to shape the photon state and the photons act back to shape the atomic state. And if you want the role of the cavity in a few words can be specified by saying that the photon storage increases the atom light coupling. There's multiple scattering of photons mediating interaction between the atoms. And in our specific system, the cavity allows for very long times between subsequent scattering processes because the lifetime of the photons bouncing back and forward between the mirrors is extremely large in our system. So in the many body viewpoint, in our systems, the interaction mediated by the photons is not only infinite range, but it is retarded infinite range due to the long lifetime of the photons in the cavity. And here I want to show you, oh, this is not working well. Here I want to show you our cavity at Hamburg in a more experimental physics type aspect. I basically want to focus on these two numbers. The bandwidth is 4.5 kilohertz, which is pretty much the same as the recoil frequency. And this shows you that there are similarly long timescales for the temporal evolution of the light field, the photon field on one side, and the matter field, the atoms on the other side. And that once more points at the circumstance that I mentioned before that the photons mediated a retarded infinite range interaction between the atoms. Now the atoms have to be fed with photons to get photons into the cavity. And this is done by coupling the atoms to a standing wave that's oriented perpendicular to the cavity axis, as I'm showing here in this little sketch. And for this system, already in an early paper, very insightful, Peter Domikos and Hamoud Rich have predicted that this should lead to a self-organization phase transition. And only a year later, this self-organization phase transition has been observed by the group of Blana Bulletich in 2003 with thermal atoms. And then quite a few years later, there has been an important paper by Tillman Esslinger's group, where they demonstrated this self-organization phase transition for the first time with both condensed atoms. And they were arguing that in this case, the phase transition is equivalent to the Hebleeb phase transition in the open DECA model. So what are the signatures of this DECA phase transition as I call it now? Let's start on the left panel here. This is a situation now that I address as the normal phase. When the atoms are coupled to a standing wave, the pump wave, but scattering of photons into the resonator, it's not possible. And this is understandable if you, well, realize that for every atom that, in principle, could scatter a photon onto the cavity axis, there is another atom, half an optical wavelength away along the z direction that would also scatter, however, with exactly opposite phase. And because of that, destructive interference prevents effective scattering. This comes up with the characteristic momentum spectrum that one can look at in experiments. This is these two black, these three black dots here. In the middle there, you have the k equals 0 component. This is the BEC component. And because of the coupling to the pump standing wave, you have two high order Bragg peaks at plus minus 2h per k. And now if you crank up the power above critical value, then the atoms self-organize into a Bragg grating that very efficiently allows scattering. Because now the Bragg condition is fulfilled, no destructive interference anymore. And if that happens, you get an intense light field in the cavity, which you can look at experimentally by just looking at the photons leaking out of the cavity up here. And there is a characteristic momentum spectrum associated with that situation where you have extra Bragg peaks here and here, that signal that you have a standing wave established in the cavity along the cavity axis. And this is what I denote as the density wave phase, where you have a matter grating in your cavity, stabilized by an intercavity light field. Now as I said before, the many-body perspective, photon mediator retodding long-range interaction between the atoms is in place here. And this is what leads to this phase transition. And one can see that there's, in fact, a retardation if you cross the phase boundary. And this is shown in this experimental plot where the blue curve sort of starts in the normal phase. There's no light in the cavity here. I'm plotting the intensity, intercavity intensity on the y-axis. And you see as you cross the equilibrium phase boundary, this gray bar here, nothing happens. The system has not yet realized that it should produce density wave state now. But if you further go in, at some point, the system does realize that and you are establishing a strong intercavity light field together with the matter-wave grating. And on the way back, this is the red curve tuning out of the DW phase again at some point you're crossing the phase transition boundary and end up back in the normal phase. And you can look at the different characteristic break spectra, momentum spectra with the different kinds of break peaks that I was discussing before. And for instance, as you go in here at this point, you still have no intercavity field. So you get this kind of momentum spectrum. Whereas once you're establishing an intercavity field, you see these additional black peaks.  Okay, so that is a way to see that the response is retarded here. And now there's also spontaneous breaking of the two symmetry associated with this phase transition. And this is due to the fact that there are two gradings possible that both make the black condition work for efficient scattering. And these two cases differ by the fact that these lattices, these intercavity metagradings are shifted with respect to each other by half an optical wavelength. And this can be seen by looking at the light leaking out of the cavity here because there's a different phase between the outcoming photons here and the pump wave for the two cases. And it's easy to understand that the difference in the phase is simply pi. And that can be looked at by a heterodyne detector. And this is what I'm showing you here. So here at the beginning, we are in the density wave phase. You see the red curve here. The red data shows the intercavity light. So there is a light field in the cavity and you see that this is a heterodyne phase detection signal. You see the phase of that light that leaks out of the cavity is zero. And then we are going out of the density wave phase back to the normal phase by ramping down the pump strengths and return back going into the density wave phase again. And again, we get light in the cavity. And again, you see the phase is simply zero. But in other occasions, something else happens. You start again with zero phase and you end up, if you go in the second time with a situation where the phase is pi. So you see that there are two kinds of cases and you can make lots of measurements and finally put together histogram for the two cases. And this is what you see then in the sketch D here where you have a nearly 50% probability to be in one or the other case. So now how to prepare a discrete time crystal, a discrete dissipative time crystal actually. Well, we apply amplitude modulation of the pump in the density wave phase. So the drive is modulated in this fashion. There's two parameters, the modulation index at naught and the frequency omega D, which is in the range of a couple of kilohertz. So then this is, sorry, this is the center plot that I can show you. What I'm showing you here is we are ramping up the strengths of the pump wave in order to get into the density wave phase. This is happening here. And you see once you cross the dashed line you get power in the cavity. There's light leaking out of the cavity that you can detect. And the phase detector, the heterodyne detector shows that this is the case when the phase is zero. And then at this point, the modulation is turned on. And what you see is that there is an oscillation of the cavity intensity that goes to some maximal values and then all the way to zero. And again, spiking as you see here. And this is in phase with the modulation that you apply after the pump. However, as you can see the blue curve, there is the phase signal and that produces a period doubling as you can see. So as you see here, for different maxima of the intercavity intensity, you see different phases. The system oscillates between phase pi and phase zero a couple of times here. And one can also look at the momentum spectra as this happens at this point here, you are still without an intercavity field and not yet in the density wave phase. I saw the characteristic spectrum of the two break peaks up on the pump wave. Once you're in here, you are in the stationary density wave phase and you see these break peaks. And now as the system oscillates, you see that again in these pictures that there's a period doubling. You see that the system oscillates between the different broken symmetry states, if you want, back and forward. And you can calculate the single particle atomic density, according to these break spectra. And you see that for different maxima, for this maximum and this maximum, you see different pictures. So system oscillates between the two possible metagradings back and forward. Now also here, there is obviously spontaneous breaking out of the two symmetry in place. This can be seen by repeating this protocol. We are ramping up our pump strength and a certain point starting the modulation and we see our period doubling signal in the phase detector. And then we are going out of the density wave again. You see then the phase is completely undetermined and this is going up and down by two pi.  However, for other implementations, you see this happens with phase shifted by pi. And again, you could put together a histogram and see that this is nearly a 50-50 situation. Now, what are the dynamical regimes? Basically this, what I'm showing here on the right side is a kind of phase diagram with respect to two parameters, the modulation frequency, omega D and the modulation strength that we apply. And you see that there is an area where you can see color and the color is simply what you can call the relative crystalline fraction, which is nothing else, but the amplitude of the sub-harmonic peak in the normalized Fourier spectrum of the phase that we record with our Heterodyne detector. And this is a calculation, a mean field calculation actually by Jason Kosma. And you see that pretty much the place where we see the colors here, time crystal phase is predicted by mean field. Okay, so now I want to look a little bit closer to this phase diagram and position myself at this position here with the red crosses. And you see you're not yet into the, okay, you're not yet into the regime where something happens. Not actually, you simply see a constant phase here and no oscillation at half the frequency as you can see here from the spectrum. Now, if we move into the region where we see color here, things are different. And now we are in this situation, you see that the stem oscillates, shows a period doubling. And this is as shown in the spectrum where you see pronounced peak here at 0.5. This is half the frequency that we are modulating with. And you can also go on to the other side. And then the other side, you see that now the system oscillates with a higher frequency. You see basically there's some oscillation at omega D. The period doubling contribution is completely done. The robustness against driving noise is shown on this slide here. And simply what we're doing is adding noise to the modulation here. And well, this is getting stronger and stronger from A to B to C to D. And if you look at D, this is basically the trace of the modulated time of the modulation applied. And you can practically cannot recognize anymore that this is a regular modulation now. But still you see the period doubling response here. So very impressing. This is to us how stable this dynamics is against adding noise to the drive. And here we are sort of plotting the noise strength on the x-axis, which is simply a measurement of how much noise we apply. And we look at the crystalline fraction, how much of the period doubling signal do we still see? And you see that we can apply a lot of noise before this is going down. Now finally, I want to show you a calculation that has been done by Jason Cosmer, who analyzes the oscillation dynamics for different amounts of collisional action and if atom loss is introduced. So the collisional energy here, you see is zero for the blue and has some value of 0.08. Recall energy is for the green and a little larger 0.3 for the red. And in the black trace, there's in addition a loss rate introduced basically by hands to take care of the fact that in the experiment we are losing atoms as time evolves. And what you see is that, well, system can survive quite a bit of contact, interaction before it starts to suffer, before the oscillation starts to deco here. And this is seen in the red curve with 0.3 recall to body contact interaction. The system degrades here and you can also see that even better and if you want in the two point correlation function where you see that after 10 milliseconds for the red curve the correlation completely deco here. And also, if you add the timing for the loss of atoms, pretty much you see the curves that we see in the experiment. So that's it, I'm at my summary and what I've tried to show you is a discrete dissipative time crystal in an atom cavity system. I've shown you that we have spontaneous time translation symmetry breaking, there's period doubling dynamics and the oscillation you can see is robust against system and driving loss. Thank you for your attention. Thank you, Andreas. The talk is open for questions. Ordered. Thank you, Adress, and good to see you again. Thank you very much for the nice talk. I have a question. So in our original proposal of this time-driven Diki model, we saw three different phases that pop up. There was the standard normal phase, which you also see. There was the super radiant phase that you could also then time modulate and see then starting of small limit cycles that would show time period time doubling phase transition. And we dubbed another phase where you would also expect to see instabilities but then on average, the light is zero there but you would see that effectively the system processes and shows beating with generation of additional sub-requencies. Would you say that the third phase that you showed would actually correspond to that dynamical normal phase that we predicted? Well, that could be but I cannot make a clean statement because this, well, this is a situation that's close to a chaotic response in a way and it's hard to pin down now what it really is. It's obviously none of the other phases but this is something that we can, we have to spend more time, take in more data to really classify what kind of dynamics is happening there. Okay, so effectively it was corresponding to limit cycles on the effective block sphere. That was actually, it's generating higher harmonics through the non-linearity of the spin-danks conservation and the time-dependent driver which is expected at high driving aptitudes. But how to pin down, I mean, what's the signature that really would pin down that this is the phase that you're talking about? Ah, well, you would effectively see in your heterodyne you would see something very similar.  Which we are seeing. Only that it's basically rather at around omega D than omega D over two. And it is not exactly regular. There's... Yeah, you should have light polishing with many subharmonic generations over there because it effectively makes limit cycles on the block sphere. So it couples and decouples from the transverse cavity. And therefore you should see bursts of lights with some characteristic frequency appearing over there. I don't be happy to tell you more about it. Yeah, okay, so I mean... Okay, I think I postponed the other questions. We have a long break and maybe we can just... Those which are interested can follow in discussion and I hand over to Rosario. Okay, so just to say that we will start again at 11 o'clock. So because unfortunately the next speaker who was supposed to give a talk is not feeling well. So he had to cancel the talk. And so we resume at 11 with Anna Sampera. All the speakers of the next session that would like to... They did not do it, but would like to test the presentation. We can meet say, quarter of an hour before the beginning and we can make these checks. Okay, so rest, enjoy the rest and coffee. See you.


Hello, my name is Alan Williams and I'm reporting from the Washington, D.C. office of Shia Rights Watch. I'm here to give the weekly roundup of Shia Rights violations for the week of July 26, 2015. First off, a string of bombings in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad killed five and wounded 15 over this past week. Two bombings and one shooting occurred between July 27th and July 30th, resulting in these casualties. In the Indian town of Kaizabad, Shia cleric Calbi Javad was arrested after protesting misuse of Shia walk properties. In Islamabad, Pakistan, Shia, Ismaili Shia US Embassy worker Iqbal Baik was shot and killed as he entered his home in Islamabad. While no one has claimed responsibility for this attack and the gunmen were not identified, this attack closely resembles the string of attacks against Shia Muslims, especially professionals throughout the country in recent months. In Syria, Nusrafat militants shot and killed two Shia pilgrims in the capital of Damascus on Tuesday the 28th. This comes less than a week after Nusrafat militants fired hundreds of rockets into Syrian villages in the Syrian province of Idlib. In Saudi Arabia, Shia cleric Abdul Karim Al-Hubayyad was ordered to leave the country after receiving death threats. While this situation is currently evolving, we know that the Saudi government reached out to Al-Hubayyad and said that they were unable to protect him and that he must leave the country immediately. Lastly, a vehicular-bound improvised explosive device detonated outside of an Ismaili mosque in the Yemeni capital of Sana'a. ISIS has claimed responsibility for this attack, which killed four and wounded six, and this is the third Shia mosque bombing in Sana'a in the past month. Lastly, Shia Rights Watch has recently released its monthly report for the month of July documenting all incidents of anti-Shiaism for the month. Be sure to check out this and all other information pertaining to Shia rights violations on www.shiarightswatch.org.