Well, the main difference is the amount of water they use. The top-loading washer uses approximately 40 gallons of water. It uses 20 gallons to wash and 20 gallons to rinse. And the way it cleans the clothes, as you probably observe an agitator going back and forth, well, the paddles, which is where all the cleaning is down in the bottom of the washer, causes water to be forced back and forth through the poorest of the clothes causing the dirt to become dislodged and the detergent has suspension agents, emollients and other things in it, which grab ahold of the dirt and cause it from being reposited. While a front-load washer needs less water, and the reason being is if you've ever observed it, the bottom only has about this much water in it, and as the clothes come around, as the tumbler spins them and they hit the water, the water is forced through the pores of clothes again causing the dirt to become dislodged and the soap does pretty much the same thing. One of the biggest differences, obviously the front-loaders use less water to do the job, but another advantage of a front-loading machine is when they go into spin, they spin twice as fast. As a top-loading machine, therefore, they extract a lot more water out of the clothes, so when you take them out, they're actually drier out of a front load than a top load, and they require less drying time. Look for more Frith Quick Tips on YouTube.


Welch chi, gweithio'r gweithio ar y cyfnod o'r micro-vm ac yn ymwysgol i'r cyfnod. Ymwysgol Richard, ymwysgol ymwysgol ymwysgol. Rwy'n credu ymwysig ar y cyfnod, ac mae'r cyfnod ymwysgol wedi'i gwneud ymwysgol ymwysgol yn ymwysgol ymwysgol, ac mae'n ddysgu'r cyfnod yn cyfnod ymwysgol. Felly, mae'n gweithio'r cyfnod? Felly mae'n gweithio gan ymwysgol ymwysgol ymwysgol yn ymwysgol. Mae'n gweithio gyda'r cyfnod. Yn ymwy yw'n go iawn o ymwysgol ymwysgol, ond mynd i'n gweithio.assaid dim bywysau eich substitute ymwysgol, a dwi'n gweithio'n gallu cyflym o'r cyfnod ymwysgol ymwysgol. Felly mae'n gweithio'r cyfyngau arwyfaint o'r cyfnod ymwysgol The we were going to have a demo if we had time but now I'm not on my laptop. We won't be able to have a demo but if anyone is interested, grab me afterwards. Lightning talk. I'm showing my age here but we're going to be a bit like Rode Runner and I'm going to talk quickly, so apologies in advance. A quick show of hands. Who is heard of Micro VMs? Nice. Cool. Has anyone used Micro VMs? One, good. Yn yng Ngweithio, ychydig? Yn cyffredd fawr, yw'r cyffredd. Felly mae'n gweithio yn ymdweithio. Mae'n gweithio'n Gweithio'n Micro-VM. Mae'n gwybod i'n gwybod i'r word Micro-VM sy'n gwybod i'r hynny i'r cyflosio. Yn y ffas yng Ngwch, y micro-part, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio ymdweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gwybod. ac mae'n rhoi'r bwysig yna ydyw'r amser o'r bwysig yna, a mae hynny'n arnynt eich hynny yn fawr. Dyna'r adrodd yn detrwyddiadau. Felly mae'n gweithio unig o'r enghreifftu. mae'n rhan o'r modrfaen. Mae'n meddwl iawn i'r bobl o unig, dyna'r ceisio sy'n ffawr ymlaen. Dyna mae'n rhaid i'r bobl, mae'r unig o'r popeth yn ein popeth, mae'n rhaid i'r bobl, mae'n rhaid i'r bobl o'r machine, cymryd, cyfwyl gyda'u cyfwyl cymryd. Y clywed ychydig wedi bod gyda astud werthu hwn o wneud ein peth ymylwg rai. Mae'r ystodol yn cymryd a oedd y ystodol yma yn cyfwynydd gychymryd yn y cymryd ymgylch gyfwyl cymryd cymryd. Mae'r ystodol yn cael ei fudd, a fynd i'ch gweithiau yn chweithwyr y rhaid, ac mae'r rhaid ychydig mae'r h recount y gall gwirio ddyn nhw yn cyfwymydd. Mae'r rhaid o'r wahanol Helfrally on Twitter, when I posted something about microvm, whilst I don't agree with both of the comments there, I actually agree with the sentiment of the first comment. If I'm running a Kubernetes node in a microvm, is it actually micro? Probably not. But I must prefer someone else's comment that like and liquid metal to the T1000, so that was a lot better for me. neu nid yn gallu bod eich Dyn nhw, yn bod o'r vocodiwr Cymru. Felly mae'n mynd i ddim bod wedi bod yn ymlaes. I os ydych chi'n mynd i dda i ni ddechrau'r vocodiwr Cymru yn ddechrau'r vocodiwr Cymru, y bywyd yn ddim yn yr unrhyw. Dyddynau rhagwpheiddiogelion yn dda i'r vocodiwr Cymru. Rwy'n mynd i gwneud nefan am vocodiwr Cymryd, ond o'r ysgolion three ysgolion. Yn y cyfnod, dwi'n gwybod o'r ysgolion ysgolion a ddodol yn bwrdd mwyaf. Bydd hynny'n ei wneud o'r cyfnod, bydd hynny'n gwybod i'r gwybod i'r gyfnod ymgyrch, i'n dechrau'r cyfnod, ac gan gydag. Yn y cwestiynau, mae'n gwybod i'r cyfnod ymgrifwyl. Yn yw'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod, mae'n golygu allwch arni Nwmbers. You know, this one here that is quoted about firecracker less than 125 milliseconds to launch, you know that sounds really, really good. That's to launch the firecracker process that is not to boot your guest OS. That is on top of this. So take those numbers with the pinch of salt but they are designed i'w ddweud o ydych chi'n mych o'r bwysig yma, o'r host i'r ddweud. Ac mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Y ddweud yma yn perioedd yma o'r effeithiwn i'r ddweud. Yn ymgyrch chi'n ffordd i'r ddweud yma, y ddweud o'r ddweud o'r bwysig. Mae'r ddweud yn mynd i'r ddweud. A'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud, mae'n ddweud o'r 5 megbylch o'r bwysig. Mae'n angen ychydig i remerwysgawr. Yn lleidio'r ddedigolfawr, mae'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. A'r ddweud. llanau hwn y cas o'r ddweud. Yn llanau'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Mae'n ddweud o'r ddweud. Mae nhw'n dwy同 am ddweud o'r ddweud, mae'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Mae'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. the guests are aware that they are running within a virtual environment, essentially, you know, depending on your implementation, there may be varying levels of the OIO device-types implemented there. But what this all means, is there is less bloat, less hypervisor bloat, is how it is commonly termed, it has a faster start-up time, With the less devices supported less code in there and less attack surface all those 미�cromVM implementation have a concept of volumes you have to have a root volume remove them the all implemented face at RAW file system files or block devices can values really really cum plus to work with if you've ever had to use those Dwi'n meddwl ystod oherwydd oed yn eich myfyrdd syniadol wedi gweldu cyfath. Mae yma'r hynny'n gwneud o'r cyfathu ymwysbeth sydd wedi'i gwybod rhai yn cyfathu, a wedi bod yma'r hyn yn iawn i gyd yn ei ddweud, i'n dweud yr hynny'n gwneud o'r cyfathu ymwysbeth sydd ymwysbeth ymwysbeth, ond mae'n gwneud o'r cyfathu. Now also depending on your implementation there may be no bios and no boot loader. The micro vim implementation such as Firecracker will start executing the kernel directly, it will go to a magic entry point, and then it will start executing from there so that also increases the start up time or improves the start up time. Most implementations come with an API server built into them, and now this is a per instance API server, and it's usually accessible via socket. Now what this allows you to do is perform configuration against your micro vm, so add a network interface or a volume. It also allows you to perform operations. Now the operations that you can perform depend on the implementation you're using, so it could be start, stop, your vm or take a snapshot. Also depending on the implementation they might have a metadata service built in, now this is super useful. So this allows you to place information in from the host into the metadata service and have that information available in the guest. Now this is commonly used for things like cloud init, so you can put your cloud init from the host and get it to boot, or use it during the boot process of that micro vm. Lot of people also use it to pass in things like secrets, so if depending on your use case you might need a secret within that guest vm, so you can use the metadata service to do that. Now moving on to why should you care about micro vms, so I guess fundamentally it allows you to do more with the same amount of tin. So if we have a bare metal machine here, and I want to run a vm on there, so there's two parts to it. So the resource is required for the guest, and then there's overhead per vm. Now if I'm using a micro vm implementation, the resource requirements for the guest are the same, but the overhead is less. So that basically means I can run more on that machine. And then if you think about edge and far edge where the amount of compute is limited, this really makes a difference because it allows you to run more things on that machine. So some of the use cases, the big one that is always talked about is workload isolation. So this is essentially because you're running within a virtual machine, it's more isolated than a container. And now you might want to do that for regulatory, operational or data privacy issues. So I spoke to someone that was developing a data pipeline as a service solution, and they wanted to allow customers to run their own custom steps. But they didn't want to expose the rest of the pipeline to that code that came from the customer, so they decided to run that individual step within a micro vm and isolate it from the rest of the process. This is close to my heart, so this is what we did. We essentially run Kubernetes clusters or the nodes within micro vms, and that allows us to essentially have lots of smaller clusters and potentially give one to every customer or one to every team instead of having a smaller number of large clusters. And there are lots of other examples out there in the wild. Some of the most interesting ones are using micro vms to run isolated build pipelines. There's a really good video of someone called Alex Ellis, who's using it to run GitHub runners locally, compile kernels and stuff like that, that take forever in normal GitHub actions runners. You can use it to create, because of the speed and the resource requirements, it's a really good solution to creating testing environments and preview environments on pull requests. So you can just spin up these environments very lightweight. So how do you use micro vms? So essentially there's two main implementations that I think about as micro vms. There's Firecracker and there is Cloud Hypervisor. They both have a similar heritage. They've both started out for cross VM. They've both used the Rust VMM crate. But depending on their use cases, they have now diverged slightly. There are other solutions now. So there is the CUMU Micro, but this disappeared after Firecracker and Cloud Hypervisor. Both support x86 and ARM. And essentially what you have to do is create an instance of Firecracker or Cloud Hypervisor per VM. So essentially a process per VM. So if I move on to Firecracker specifically. So this was used, well this is used and developed by AWS. It underpins AWS services. So specifically Lambda and Fargate. Now what this also means is it's designed for a very specific use case in mind, which is a femoral compute and that drives the features that are within Firecracker. And this really translates into a reduced device model. So there is no PCI pass through, for example. There is no Mac VTAP support because it's not required to run in AWS. So the features are driven essentially by that. It does have a metadata service. So I can use that to do cloud in it if I want to on boot. But because it's a femoral nature, it has no concept of pause or reboot. So it's just a start or a stop. So you need to be aware of that if you're going to use Firecracker. You can increase the security of the Firecracker process. You can start Firecracker via something that they call the jailer. And that essentially then forces the Firecracker process to be started within a network name space using second filters as well for the system calls and C-groups to limit the resource usage. So you can really, really lock the Firecracker process down. One thing to note is you can only use it for Linux guests. Secondly, there is Cloud Hypervisor. Now this is a project started by Intel, Alibaba and a few other companies. And it's a more generalized virtualization solution. And it's a bit more feature-rich as a result of this. The device model it supports is greater than Firecracker. So it has a lot more virtio device type supported, specifically things like VDPA if you're interested in that. It supports PCI pass-through. So if you have machine learning workloads that you want to run in your micro VMs, great. Also if you use an SRIOV as well, this is an option for you, which Firecracker is not. If you're interested in secure compute and enclaves, it also supports TDX and SGX as well, which Firecracker doesn't. And it supports Mac VTAP out-the-box. So I should caveat that Firecracker does have a feature branch open with Mac VTAP support as well. There is no metadata service in Cloud Hypervisor. So if you want to get information in and out of your guest VM, you're going to have to use something else. So you can attach a volume if you want to do that. Whether it's a good thing or a bad thing, it supports Linux and Windows as guest operating systems. So they would be a demo if I was on my laptop now, but that's probably about 10 minutes. So thank you if you have any questions. Let me know. Okay, did we have a question? If anyone has questions, raise your hand. All right, perfect. Are there any runtimes which are using micro VMs? Any runtimes that are in... Continue runtimes, like if we can... Yes, yes. So there is something called Firecracker Container Dean. So you can start up containers within an individual instance. There are other companies that are doing other things with it, but not specifically container runtimes. I haven't seen that working with Kubernetes though. I've just seen that individually. Okay, I think we've heard time.


Looking at our income tax formula, we're down in what I would call the below the line deductions, more specifically the itemized deductions. Remember that the first half of our income tax formula is basically a funny income statement. Most income statements have an income, minus expenses resulting in net income. Here we have income minus various deductions resulting in taxable income. In a prior section, we focused on what could be called the above the line deductions or the adjustments to income, which could also sometimes be called the schedule one deductions. And now we're focusing in on what I would call the below the line deductions, which are actually the greater of either the standard deduction or the itemized deductions. We have to keep these locations of deductions in our mind because they will have different tax implications as we saw in prior sections. The adjustments to income or above the line deduction are probably not as popular. They're probably not as well known as some of the items and the itemized deductions. However, if you qualify for some of these above the line deductions, one of the most common ones being, for example, an IRA, they are beneficial because you don't have to clear a hurdle before you get a benefit from them as is the case with the itemized deductions, in which case we have to have enough itemized deductions to clear the standard deductions to get a benefit from the itemized deductions.


Welcome back to this NPTEL course on game theory. So till now we have been seeing non-cooperative game theory. Now we will switch our focus to cooperative aspects. First we start with one of the fundamental concept in non-cooperative game theory which has the cooperative aspect state. So this is known as correlated equilibrium. So first we will start this correlated equilibrium concept with some examples. So we consider the following example which is known as battle of sexes. So the payoff matrix is given in the following way. There are two players, one wants to go to movie and other wants to go to let us say dance program. The payoffs are given this way. If both of them go together then they have a positive utility and if they go to different places there is no utility. So this is a coordination game, in fact we have seen this earlier. So let us look at this game and as we noticed earlier this game has two pure Nash equilibrium. So they are given by mm, both choosing mm is a pure Nash equilibrium and both choosing dd also pure Nash. So these are the pure Nash equilibrium. Apart from this there is also a mixed Nash equilibrium, in the mixed Nash equilibrium so the game actually they play 2 by 3, 1 by 3 the player 1 plays m with 2 by 3 probability d with probability 1 by 3 and player 2 will play m with probability 1 by 3 and d with probability 2 by 3. So this is a mixed Nash equilibrium one can verify easily. So once we know this mixed Nash equilibrium now we would like to consider the other thing. So in mm the Nash payoffs the payoffs that they receive are 2 and 1 and in dd 1, 2 the player 1 receives 1 and player 2 receives 2. In the mixed Nash equilibrium we can see that they will receive 2 by 3 each, both of them each is this is the payoff vector, these are payoff vectors. Now we would like to consider another kind of a strategy where there is a third party, so we would like to call this as a trusted, so with both the people will trust. So the third party who advises the following thing, following. So in this what he does is that he said he will toss a coin this is observed by both players. Now so he will tell the people separately. So what this is if when if coin lands hats then they should choose mm, if tails come they should choose d. The third party advises them that based on this commonly observed random variable which is the tossing a coin if the outcome of that is hats both of them should play m, if outcome is tails they should play d. Of course they do not know what the other play is playing, fine. Now this is basically this strategy depends on a common randomness and in fact it is not like a mixed equilibria mixed strategies that we have seen earlier this is a joint strategy. So now under one if they are following this strategy so we can see that with the half probability they will get 2, with half probability 1 and in the other player will get the half probability with half probability 1 and the half probability 2. So therefore they can see that the players get 3 by 2, 3 by 2. So this is this payoffs are higher than the mixed Nash payoffs 2 by 3, 2 by 3 in the mixed Nash they are getting 2 by 3 each but whereas in under this joint strategy which is known as a correlated strategy they are getting 3 by 2 and 3 by 2 which is higher than this one. In fact if we really see it carefully this the total payoff that they are receiving here is 3 and which is same as what they receive in any of the deterministic Nash equilibrium. In fact one would like to point out here is that once this strategy if the players know that both the players are following his this third party advice they have no incentive to deviate because they know that the other player is going to stick to this one. So therefore this advice they will not deviate and in fact this is actually known as a correlated equilibrium. So we will see one more equilibrium and then one more example and then we will see it. So we consider the following game. So the game is the following thing. So the payoffs are given by 3, 3, 0, 5, 5, 0, minus 4, minus 4 there is a yield drive yield drive this is known as a game of chicken. So in this game what the game here is that there are two people who are driving on their cars and they come to an intersection point in a different of course different direction. Now they need to cross okay they need to take turns or whatever way. Now if both of them drive try to cross they will hit each other and then they will incur a loss. So therefore the minus 4, minus 4 is basically both of them drive then they will lose. Now if one drives and other yields the one who is driving get a utility because he has reduced the time of waiting. So he will get 5 the other person will get 0 because he has waited and so he missed it. But if both of them yield that means no one is losing anything and then they have some incident to here and both of them will get 3 and 3 okay. So now this is the story of this game of chicken and then in fact the game has again 3 Nash equilibrium and they are basically yd one yields and other drives and similarly the other person 1% the first person drives and other person yields this is this thing and then the other game other this thing is 2 by 3 1 by 3 that means with one third probability they are driving this is the mixed Nash equilibrium these are these 2 are pure Nash equilibrium. So here what we are saying is that with one third probability both of them will drive and with the remaining probability they yield. Now let us look at it what are the payoffs here. If in this pure Nash equilibrium yd 0 5 these are the Nash payoff vector and in this case 5 0 and here with two third they are yielding and then with one third they are driving it. So therefore if you calculate it so the payoffs actually are going to be 2 and 2. In fact this is a simple exercise to see that this is a mixed Nash equilibrium and this thing. Now let us how can a correlation be obtained here. So let us look at the following thing. Suppose we have a traffic light which instructs the yield or drive that is assume uniform half probability half probability. So uniformly it is suggesting whether they should yield or drive. Now in fact under this what of course when they say when I say instruct y and d what it means is that the player 1 is going to yield and the player 2 is going to drive and here the player 1 is going to drive and player 2 is going to yield. So basically among these two strategies the traffic light is randomizing it while one person yields the other person it is suggesting to drive. So this choosing this the person to drive it is choosing with half probability. Now if we calculate the payoffs it will be 2.5, 2.5 under this correlated strategy one will get it. In fact once this is done there is no incentive for people to deviate from this. So this becomes a correlated equilibrium. So let us look at another strategy. So now here the random choose between now instead of 2 I am taking 3 yd dy yield. So there are 3 strategies, 3 choices and the randomization is between these 3 and how you do it because when you are saying one of them is driving then these 2 should have a uniform probability. So therefore let us say this yielding we keep it as probability P and this will be 1 minus P by 2 this is 1 minus P by 2 let us look at this one and I would like to choose P the best here what is the best here let us look at this one. Now given that suppose given that a player is instructed to yield there are 2 possibilities one is with probability P and other is with probability 1 minus P by 2. So when one person is told about yielding what about the other player? So the other player the player knows that the other player has been told yield with conditional probability. So we are looking at the probability the conditional probability that the other player also told to yield.   Let me write it here 1 minus P by 2 by P plus 1 minus P by 2. So this is basically the probability conditional probability that is advised to drive. Now therefore the player's utility is going to be because with P by probability the other guy is also yielding and then PD is driving it. So therefore the player's utility is going to be 3 P by for yielding and then 5 P by minus 4 PD this is for the driving. So this is going to be this one therefore player will not deviate it the instruction as long as 3 P by is bigger than 5 P by minus 4 PD if this inequality holds true then the player will not deviate from whatever he has been instructed basically that is this one. So now this if we try to simplify it we have used already what is P by and what is PD put substitute these things here and then we can say that this is true if and only if P less than equals to half. So one can calculate this very easily it is not hard substitute the values of P by and PD PD and then you will get P to be smaller than half. Now under this thing we now each player's utility of course the same thing holds with the other player also this is a symmetric game and the symmetric behavior happens. So therefore now the players each player's utility under this correlated strategy is going to be 3 P plus 5 into 1 minus P by 2. So this is the utility that they will get under the correlated strategy if with 1 minus P by 2 probably they are choosing Y by D and with 1 minus P by 2 probably D by they are choosing P probability Y by now calculate the utility of utility that they are getting under the strategies for each player that is going to be 3 P plus 5 into 1 minus P by 2. Now this is nothing but if we calculate this one so this is going to be minus 5 P by 2 that is 3 P so 6 P minus 5 P that is P by 2 plus 5 by 2 then in fact if this utility will be maximized when P is equals to half therefore at P is equals to half the utility is nothing but 2.75. So therefore under this correlated strategy the payoff vector is 2.75, 2.75 so both of them will get 2.75 each in fact as we already proved it as if P is less than percent of no one is going to deviate from the instruction so therefore this is also a correlated equilibrium once you suggest this correlated strategy the players have no incentive to deviate from this correlated strategy. So now here there is an interesting thing let us look at in the mixed equilibrium here they are getting 2 and 2 and in a pure Nash equilibrium Y 0, 5 and 5 0 here so what they are really getting is higher the total payoff which is greater than in any Nash equilibrium. The players will get higher than any Nash equilibrium in this. So this correlated equilibrium has several such interesting features. So the most important thing we would like to point out here is that the correlated equilibrium is a joint strategy the players are not choosing their strategy independently there is some third party who is advising them what to play and that advice is through some common randomness. So now let us formally define the correlated equilibrium. So let us consider game G let us say we write everything for 2 players but we can actually extend everything for multiplayer case. So the player 1 strategy set is S2, S1 and S2 and then their utilities are U1, U2 so because we are considering only 2 players so S1 is the strategy set of 1 and S2 is the strategy set of player 2 and we assume S1, S2 are finite. In other words we are considering a bi-matrix game.  Basically S1 cross S2 is the possible strategies pairs that they can choose and then you are saying advising them both of them should choose same thing. Of course they do not know what the other player is doing it they will be advised. So mu is a probability distribution on S1 cross S2. Now what is a correlated equilibrium? It is said to be correlated equilibrium if the following happens for every i for every Si Ti in Si so the following condition S minus i belongs to S minus i, S minus i is basically suppose if i is equals to 1, S minus i is S2 and S minus i this is nothing but S2. So you are taking mu S minus i Si with probability S minus i and Si people are choosing this with this probability and then the i player will get S minus i Si this is the under this correlated strategy mu the player i gets this much. Suppose if the player i deviates from this so instead of playing Si he plays Ti. So then what he will get is S minus i, S minus i the player 2 is not deviating it so therefore this will be simply S minus i mu S minus i Si this is the probability with which this thing and but instead of ui S minus i Si he will now get Ti this is the utility that player i will get because he is deviating from Si to Ti. So this is the utility that he will get by this. Now this should be if this correlated payoff that he is getting under the correlated strategy mu is bigger than this quantity then I say that this mu is a correlated equilibrium. Now this is something exactly like a Nash equilibrium but in the difference between the Nash equilibrium and correlated strategy is that in the Nash equilibrium people are choosing their strategies independently the same inequality similar looking inequality applies there also but here the thing is that this strategy is a correlated strategy it is a jointly chosen strategy in a way jointly chosen through some randomness. So that randomness is known to both the people but they do not know what exactly the other player is choosing. So such a strategy is called correlated equilibrium and in fact in the previous examples whatever we have seen is that those things we can show them that they are the correlated equilibrium with respect to this notion. Now let us look at few interesting points here. So what exactly is this definition giving us? So the thing is suppose if mu is one correlated equilibrium let us say mu is another correlated equilibrium then if you this inequalities with these two inequalities with mu and mu will hold now it is not very hard to see that a convex combination of these correlated strategy which is also another correlated strategy. So they also that convex combination will also satisfies this inequality. So in other words what I am saying is that there is a proposition I will put it if mu mu are two correlated equilibrium then epsilon mu plus 1 minus epsilon mu is also correlated equilibria for each epsilon in 01. So this is not very hard because this follows from this inequality in fact the most important to note here is that this is a linear in mu that is what exactly comes here. This is that this means that set of correlated equilibria is convex this is the main interesting consequence of this one. Then there is another thing another proposition I can put it is if mu n are correlated equilibria and mu n converges to mu then mu is also a correlated equilibrium. So here we are using the S1 and S2 are finite. So therefore this convergence becomes easy if S1 S2 are not finite this convergence becomes little more technical but nevertheless the result will be true but we will not go into those details. So this proof again follows from the same thing if mu n converges to mu if this inequality is true with n's and the continuity of this if mu n converges to mu then the same inequality will hold true it is straight forward comes from this inequality. So therefore this proposition is also true this implies set of correlated equilibria is closed. Remember that set of correlated equilibria is a subset of this probability distributions on S1 cross S2 and S1 and S2 are finite. So therefore the set of probability distributions on S1 cross S2 is compact and hence this is also compact. So therefore for the finite games the set of correlated equilibria is convex as well as compact. So these are very useful results in this thing. In fact there is another thing we can easily prove is that every Nash equilibrium is a correlated equilibrium. Again this is not hard to prove it I will leave it as an exercise. So the most important thing to realize here is that a Nash equilibrium is also a correlated strategy only thing is that the correlation is actually there is no really correlation it is just simply the joint distribution that becomes a product of the individual things if you look at the densities. So therefore every Nash equilibrium is a correlated equilibrium. So therefore the set of correlated equilibrium is always is non-empty. This is trivial from this proposition. Now few points I would like to mention here is that can we prove the existence of correlated equilibrium without using the Nash equilibrium because Nash equilibrium requires a fixed point argument and set of correlated equilibrium the correlation these are defined by certain linear equation nice looking linear equation you should compare this with the inequalities corresponding to the Nash equilibrium this is certainly much nicer than them. So now can we prove it. In fact the answer to this is true we can prove it directly using zero sum games the min max classical min max theorem we can use it to prove this it is done by Hart and Schmidler. So I will not go into the proof of this one. So let us not worry about the proof now it is not very hard. Now another point before closing this session is that why this set of correlated equilibrium is interesting. Now in the previous sessions we have seen certain learning algorithms for example fictitious play BNN dynamics and best response dynamics these are a few of the things that we have seen it and we know that these dynamics need not converge to Nash equilibrium but many of these dynamics we under some reasonable assumptions we can show that they converge to a set of correlated equilibrium they converge to some correlated equilibrium but from there bringing to a Nash equilibrium is very hard and many a times it would not converge to Nash equilibrium but we can show that the limit point will always be in a correlated way. So in that sense this correlated equilibrium is a very of a fundamental importance and sometimes people say this is as fundamental as Nash equilibrium. So these are two very important concepts. We would like to point out that even though correlated equilibrium concept is defined for the non-cooperative games this correlation is a cooperative aspect of the game and under certain assumptions we can show that the if the Nash equilibrium is unique the correlated equilibrium will also be unique but these are all much more technical and we will not discuss. There are also several interesting geometry related aspects here where does the Nash equilibrium lie on the correlated polytope. So this is again an interesting question again there are some beautiful results available in the literature and they are all more technical we will not discuss about them in this lecture. With this I will conclude this session and we will continue cooperative games in the next session. Thank you.


with the sharp punctuality we can possibly start. And I'm going to talk about the making of a movie, which is of a short animation to be included in a film, which is titled The Dark Gene. But let's go one step at a time. OK, so this is something. So it all started just over one year ago in July 2013 when I received an email full of very flattering words and interest, signed by two directors working for a movie in the German production company and asking if we were interested in a possible collaboration for the movie. So of course, when you receive an email like that, what do you do? Are we sure? Is this not a joke? Do they really exist? And they do. So that looks better. But they talked about the plot they would send with a mail and there was no plot there. So, well, let's just answer and see what happens. Now, of course, what you really think is something that you keep for yourself. And very professionally, you answer and say, we are most probably very interested. I don't know how I came up with such a sentence. I just found it out in my computer and I said, OK, I'll just show the way it went. And so we started with the negotiations. So the request they had was a few minutes, well, a few small parts of animations of a variable length of time between 20 seconds and two or three minutes for a total of six to 10 minutes. And they wanted to show things starting from the genes and going through protein, through the brain system, the receptors in the neurons, and all sorts of very interesting scientific issues. The idea was that the film should be released in the spring 2014. They are delayed but not for our fault. And they are German. So what we said is, OK, let's say five to eight minutes. What we need is at the very, very least, about 60,000 euros. That's still a very reasonable price, we think. And talking about this, just a small parenthesis, maybe in the Blender Network there might be a discussion about how to price things for private companies that ask for productions from people using Blender. However, that was our request. What the directors told was that the budget available for these animations was 15,000 euros. Now, 15,000 euros for five to eight minutes is really not much. I was informed, now not that I want to make comparison, of course, but the word was that for the making of the movie Avatar, the price was about two and a half million dollars per minute. Two and a half million per minute. So they wanted with 15,000 euros a few minutes of a scientific animation, not just an animation that anyone can draw, but something that was really scientifically correct. So we started negotiating, of course. And so, OK, I'll skip the slide. But finally, we agreed for about 20,000 euros. And the producer, which is this is also something interesting. So all the interesting talk you do with the directors and they say what you want and the compliments and everything. And then you talk with the commercial people, the producers. And they are extremely tough. And I wish I had a commercial someone that could do the negotiation on my side, but we didn't have it. So we had to do everything by ourselves. And finally, one of the requests they sent was this last sentence. Regarding the right situation, we want to be clear. So that was like, make sure we want to be clear. We claim all rights worldwide for unlimited period of time. Now this, of course, something we had to do to negotiate. So we asked, we said that, look, we are going to give you this movie for a very, very small amount of money. We are basically using research money, which is money from the public, to do this work for you. This, what we want in exchange, is that at the very list, you provide these animations. You leave them with us to distribute at our choice. So that's the way we finally. So the final agreement. And it was that we would make five minutes total with three scenes for a total of 20,000. We managed to get a little bit more. The deadline was very, very short. It was to be the 31st of January. And the agreement happened in November. So it was like three months of work. And we would leave the rights in connection with the movie to them until the release of the movie, which in theory should have been before December 24. But after that, that would become available for us. So we started, and we prepared a storyboard. We called it a storyboard.  So that's what we were going to show. So we have serotonin, which is a molecule that is very heavily involved in the mood regulation. And it's actually the molecule which is responsible for what goes wrong, or at least this is a view, when people become depressed. So the story of the dark gene is the story of a medical doctor which is afflicted by depression. And he thinks that there is something wrong with his genes that he's genetically predisposed to this disease. And he wants to understand at the molecular level what's happening with himself. And also he is worried about transmitting this predisposition to his son. And so he starts looking for genetic firms that can do genetic analysis and say, what's wrong in his DNA to this? The story what we were going to show is the serotonin molecule, the place where all these things happen, which is the synapse. That is the points in which neurons contact each other in the brain. And the way the synapse works, all the proteins that are there, the way the serotonin works on the receptor in the synapse, and a few other things that happen afterwards. So the work for us was, as usual, what we do when we do a molecular animation. We do some scientific research. We have to check all the molecules, the cellular environment. And we go through the literature. We ask our colleagues or friends or we search online on the scientific websites. Of course, not all molecules are already defined at the atomic level. So we have to build some of the molecules, which are more or less defined, but not completely. This is a process called homology modeling. And it's something that we have to do. Then we have to do some visual research, like for microscopic images, electron microscopy, other techniques that go very much into the detail, into very, very small objects. And then, of course, we have to set up our instruments. First of all, blender and bioblender and some other scientific tools that we used. Now, just a few words about bioblender. We made a talk a few years ago when we presented the program. It is a tool that goes with blender, uses blender. And it's made to fetch information, atomic coordinates from the database, and import the atomic information into blender, uses the blender game engine to elaborate conformational changes. But also what it shows is not the atoms, but it's the entire molecule. So it builds a wrapping around the molecule so that you see a unique shape, which changes while the atoms change underneath. And on this skin, which is the boundary of the molecule, we map a few physical properties of the molecule, which are the lipophilic potential and the electrostatic potential. These properties are very important for the way molecules behave. So they are not animal-like. They feel and they exert different kind of forces. The world of molecules has a physics, which is not different on a physical basis, but it's felt in a different way than what we feel. So for example, in the molecular world, there is no gravity. There is no light. There are no colors that we have in our lives. But there are other forces, which are very important, which are the electric forces. For example, the pH and other features that are possible to calculate, but are very difficult to visualize, the idea of BioBlender is to make these features visible and understandable in an immediate way to the human eye. So BioBlender is a very important tool in the visualization of molecular processes. So the first thing we had to model was serotonin. You can recognize the molecule is really simple. It's like 20 atoms. It's very, very simple. So from the storyboard, this is the final movie that is going in the film. You see the molecule is really small, but it still has some motion. What you see going out are the field lines, because the protein has the protein. The molecule has a small charged part, which produces an electric field that exerts its influence in the surrounding of the molecule itself. The next scene is much more complex, because it is the synaptic cleft. The synaptic cleft is a very, very small space, which is the point of contact between different neurons. As you may know, we have several million neurons in our brain, and each one of them has several thousand connections to other neurons. And that's how we elaborate thought, how we feel the word around, and the way our mind works. So there are many billions of synapse. The synapse are quite well studied. It's a very interesting topic of research in the neuroscience field. And we had to model a synaptic space. So let's see if it does. So this is the synaptic space. As you can see, it's a quite complex environment. The place is crowded with very many proteins on the two sides of the synapse, the so-called presynaptic, the place where the signal comes in, and the post-synaptic membrane, which is the receiver of the signal. Now what happens is that when the presynaptic receives the signal, which is an electric impulse, it will open a vesicle that releases the neurotransmitter. In this case, it's serotonin. It can be glutamate. It can be NMDA. It can be oxytocin. There's several molecules that mediate the transfer of information between different neurons. Once serotonin is released, in this case, we have 6,000 molecules of serotonin being flooding the synaptic space. And of course, this was not a trivial thing to. So this is the scene at the end of the work, the way we rendered, the scene that we rendered. As you can see from the outliner, there's many hundreds of proteins. Each protein is a very complex object, which is present in different forms, in different layers. One is the high-resolution form with the texture map that contains the information on the lipophilic potential and the retripotential. A low-resolution object for the molecules that are more towards the background in the scene. And a bounding box, which is used to calculate the trajectory of the particles, which are the serotonin molecules, the sugar molecules, the ions, calcium, potassium, magnesium, all these small objects that run around in the brain. So the scene is quite complex to render one of them. Well, every frame was about 15 to 20, 25 minutes per frame. But we finally managed to make a minute of this animation. We had to recalculate the particle cache, I don't know how many times, because there were always problems, but in the end, we did get the work done. In the synaptic cleft, the receiving part has receptors. So receptors are the proteins that can sense the presence of the transmitter, in this case, of serotonin, and respond by doing something. What they do is different receptors do different things. So the first one we see here is a quite complex protein made of five different subjects. Serotonin goes and binds in the junction between each two components of the protein. And the result of this binding is the changing conformation such that these five proteins that were all closed like this change and open a channel. In this channel, now that it's open, allows the passage of ions. Ions are charged, so they have a positive charge. This is a calcium ions, two positive charges. And when they pass through the channel and between the two sides of the membrane, they induce a change in the potential which gets propagated, and the signal can propagate to the rest of the neuron and go on around and around. Another protein which is also in the surface of the receiving neuron is a different receptor, which is a much smaller one, that senses the presence of the serotonin and transmits the signal to the interior of the cell where other things go on. But luckily, we didn't have to animate those as well. So the bioblender workflow. We developed bioblenders a few years ago, 10 minutes. Yes, I'll be fast. And basically, what we do since we also try to develop a version of bioblender that works with a newer version of blender, but at this time, they are not really usable. So what we do is we have to import the proteins in old bioblender, make the surface, calculate the mesh that is the skin of the protein, calculate it for every frame of the animation, calculate the surface properties, export the meshes and each mesh with its texture map, input them in the new blender version and use them as objects in the new scene. OK, the reuptake receptor is very beautiful, but I will skip for the sake of time. OK, I'll show you the reuptake. I think it's the most beautiful scene of the entire movie. Look at this. This protein is very well studied because it's the receptor for serotonin and it's also the protein which is the target of one of the most successful drugs, legal drugs, which is Prozac. So Prozac binds to this molecule and stops it from, this is a Prozac going in and instead of going through, it stacks there so that now the receptor cannot take up serotonin anymore. The result is that you have more and more serotonin around in the brain, so the more serotonin, the happier you are. That's why, in theory, how Prozac works. So that was the animation of the serotonin. Let me see what I can skip, something I had to skip. Of course, we had big problems and the major problem was bioblander, bioblander and bioblander. So please help. We have this new version of bioblander that was developed as an addon so that it could go together with new blender versions because the first one was a patched version of blender that included bioblander inside. Now, the major problem with the new one is that for very large molecules, the way the molecule is built is that for every atom, the sphere is introduced in the scene and a joint, which is the chemical bond that connects that atom to its neighbors. For some reasons, which I still fail to understand, blender, for every new object you insert, it rebuilds the infamous dependency graph. And it starts from beginning every single sphere. So that means that when you have a protein with 50,000 atoms, your blender will never be able to get it. I mean, it stacks, it stays there forever and you can't get the protein inside. And this is the very number one major problem. The second problem is the vertex mapping. So the lipophilic potential is mapped into the single, into the surface and it's attributed to the vertices of the mesh as a value that is then translated in a series of render features. Apparently, there is a problem in getting singular vertex. So in having a specific ID for every vertex. Now, I'm a biologist. This is the way people explained the problem to me. If you want more information, I will send you to someone else. So of course, we have this problem and what I did was write it on and say, OK, this is say, please, dear Tom, can you help? So Tom was kind enough to reply, except my computer will not show it. Saying, dear Monica, if you have a public repository of the code for BioBlender, then it should solve automatically. Actually, somebody was there around telling me what is a public repository because I didn't even know what a public repository is. Still, it doesn't mean that I know how to set it up, which means that once again, I need the help of the community and I really hope that you will contribute. Of course, if we solve the problems that BioBlender has now, we can think of any further development. I have plenty of ideas which I don't know how to implement, but I'm sure it's possible and one of them is to change the nature of the protein. So instead of making a protein made of several thousand atoms, make a single object in which each atom is imported as a vertex of the object and in which the bonds between the atoms are the edges of the mesh. Of course, it would not be a closed mesh, not something that can have faces, but maybe it's possible. You can give attributes of specific properties to the vertices and to the edges. So that would, I think, make it easier in some sense and it would make it possible to handle a larger number of proteins in the scene. That would be very nice. Then what we would like is also to have a newer and better way to calculate the surface and the electric potential field lines. And there are other features that we can think about. Ideas are for free and I can have as many as you want as long as someone can make them real. So I would like to keep BioBlender as an open project with things growing all the time. Let's try to make it look a little better. So what did we learn with this experience of making a movie? First of all, let people that know how to do things should do those things. Do not try to make everything. I should have really had someone to deal the business for us because we finally ended up doing a lot of work for a really, an amount of money that was ridiculously low for what we did. Get informatic people to do the informatic work. Maybe they can understand each other. They even know the meaning of words, something that I don't always do and never underestimate problems. We were lucky that a couple of weeks before the deadline we got a call from the producer and said, well, if you need a week or two more to finish your project, just take it because we've been delayed ourselves. Now they are delayed for several months, but we got at least two weeks more that helped a lot. Now, the important part is, as you see, it was like four people doing all this thing in basically four months. So it was a lot of work, but I think we managed to do something which is quite nice. And the film should be released in early January, early 2015, so look for the movie. It's called The Dark Gene. It's a quite interesting movie. Besides the animations that we made, I think we did see a more or less final cut and I think it's a nice movie. Despite the subject, I mean, who would want to go and film on depression? But apparently it's really an interesting film. So please go and see it when it comes out. If you are interested, the web page for the producer is filbtank.de because the Germans slash The Dark Gene. I don't know why it didn't come up. And I think that's all. Oh, here it is. Now, if we are offline, I am allowed to show you in the room, not online, unfortunately. The five minutes of animation with the movie and the explanation done by a professional actor. So if you're interested, I can try to see it. But this cannot go online and cannot go streaming. So I think, well, or next year. It's already four. Maybe we have time for just one or two very quick questions before. You are not the first to mention the topic of doing scientific research, doing really cool things with Blender, and then running into walls of problems with the development. And you should find ways, or better ways, or ways to contact, or whatever it is, what you can get developers more closely to the scientists. And I know there are lots of developers, for example, universities themselves, who are also looking for projects. And then they talk to us and then we want to have a feature in Blender or something. Which is far more difficult in general than, for example, helping out with a research project. Because you are more interested in your work and having your version or your specific thing. And you don't even want to be responsible for making Blender releases. So I think it's a very good opportunity to get universities to connect to the Informatica department or the computer science department, where there's a lot of young eager students hanging out who would like to code for Blender, but they don't know what to code. So that's what we should try to do. Yes, I think this is a good point. And I have to say, I never really look very well, very much into the Blender network. But I actually think that the Blender network might be the place for crossing the interest of different groups, both for the commercial and the research groups interested in using, in developing tools, and in research. Like, for example, the idea of making proteins with one object and introducing features on a vertex basis, on an edge basis. That's, I think it can be an interesting project to develop for a university and informatics group, I think. You will talk about it, and you'll find ways how to solve it, like with shop offers on the website. There must be ways for it, but it's in my attention, and I hope everybody's attention here, too. So one question, really good question, somebody. Want to know something? Does she not tell something? Nobody dares to ask a question. We saw very short video clips of about one minute or more. That is the real time of the behavior of those chemical stuff? Oh, no, no, no, no, no, this actually is very interesting. The release between the time that the electrical signal arrives and the time that the next electrical signal goes through the next neuron, the lag is about 0.6 to 0.8 milliseconds. So we rendered it in one and a half minutes, but the real thing is much, much, much, much faster. OK, thank you, Monica. Thanks again. There will be, in the salon, they ask me anything for developers, but I will go on probably until 5.30. You can only walk in and out. Probably it doesn't fit everybody in the salon.


or still on the United Nations International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking. Christ, against Drug Abuse Ministry, organized a walk in Lagos to sensitize people on the dangers of drug abuse. Clause TV Africa's Destiny Momo was there. The theme for this year's International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking is, Share Facts on Drugs and Save Lives. The recent World Drug Report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime states that 271 million people aged between 15 and 64 years abused drugs in 2019. That is about 5.5 percent of the global population. For the Christ Against Drug Abuse Ministry, it is a time to take a walk and create awareness on the negative effects of drug abuse. It's even gone higher. The country representative of UNODC said it's getting close to 20 million. So you can begin to understand the trend, the increasing trend across the world, particularly in Nigeria in age 15 to 64, of people doing drugs. And the prevalence is between ages 25 and 39, which is the economic belt of any nation. And so we need to worry about this and we need to do something. We have found out that a lot of people actually go into drugs because they don't know the implication of what they are doing. They don't know the after effect. So we feel that since there are not many organizations that would treat the drug user, it's better to prevent as many people as possible from going into drugs. Yes, I've actually been down that road before, so I know what it feels like and I know what it means to have a problem. You cannot tell anybody or maybe your family member doesn't know who to turn to. The main factor is drugs kill you. It's something that you can't start it easily but to stop it is actually a problem. On the recent move by the UNDO state governor, Akere Dulu, to legalize cannabis for economic reasons. Here are their thoughts. The fact that cannabis should not be legalized. For somebody like me that have been down that road, he started with cigarette and cannabis but ended up becoming a crack cocaine and heroin addict. Cannabis is always the gateway. And if you go to psychiatric hospitals, 70% of the people there that have psychosis is being induced by marijuana. So we're just going to have a lot of mad people on our streets. And I agree entirely with General Bubermawad that we cannot even contemplate it. We can control ordinary paracetamol. The use of all these basic drugs, how then do you want to control the use of marijuana? The boarding of drug abuse is on the rise and becoming a public health concern in Nigeria. Studies show drug abuse fuels criminal activities like theft, burglary and shoplifting. Abuse of drugs can also lead to mental health problems and death. The United Nations say there were at least 585 such deaths in 2019. Destiny Momo for Plus TV Africa.


Hello everybody, I'm Kai and this is my talk here for all the software developers and service and looking at it now is an absolutely terrible title and let's fix that and make it more shorter and say okay, what we want is a free open source laptop right? We want to make it accessible, practical and affordable. But before I tell you how to get this, I'm going to show you some of the information. So I'm very short about myself, so I'm a co-founder of new video from my best security control station. I also have many hats, but I'm not a founder of the open source foundation. And the main thing is I secure the new video and I'm trying to push all this further in the journey of the systems we have, right? And we're trying to do this not just in servers, so we're trying to push forward for example and allow you guys to get systems that are open from around here. Okay, so from there, hopefully from here. So the PC is always known as the BIOS, right? So this is a picture of the original idea in 1515. And I think it takes a lot of chips. One of them is that from which you look directly is the BIOS chip. And at that time BIOS was actually a set of routines of the system, in this case it would be Microsoft and Windows. And we're going to call it, we're going to start by putting stuff to the screen and then you talk to the disk control and stuff like that. So there's kind of a bypass system inside. And nowadays these things look a bit like that, right? BIOS takes place at a place where you can complete some settings. There's sort of a how much memory you have. You have all your memory like old school memory. You don't have your laptop like this, you don't have your e-book. You have some nice graphics and interfaces that are nice to know that there's still kind of hard to use, right? So that doesn't really make sense. So what we're working on, what we're trying to realize is, first of all, I don't know if it goes on well. I don't care about the weather or something. So what we're trying to think of here is power up and that starts in a 16-bit remote that is compatible to a bunch of other stars. So again, one of the other stars, pretty much, I mean, what we're trying to find here is to make this approach as pretty similar to the system for this thing. So again, the system, we're still here to get a lot of 16-bit remote, get it to something more funical, and we also have to get it around, which is quite a problem. So here we start the system of a bunch of information that we see. You don't have your e-book. So the e-book control here has to be trained so that you need it to actually do a certain type of trend. So again, when it starts, when you start, you have to present all the caches, even the caches that are the S1 and the F1 chip. And you can use them as well. But the way we do that, we don't have to set a set approach to the e-book. You don't have to do that, right? Because you make the code you have. If the e-book is seen, the e-book will be the first instruction. If you have the e-book, you can just start, for example, right? So the other time, you have to send these out. Hopefully, our cache is better than single-asal or you can purchase a new one, and so on. So here we have the first key, an example of what files you could have, right? So we can then indicate to them that this is a modern version of a file that's called a UFI, which is a system that's almost linear by stand-up. We can do this case. Yes, I'm so confused. And I think that the more traditional system of code is, it doesn't have to be a file. But I don't even know what the idea is there. We know that there is same stuff, right? There are a lot of different things. The reason is that there is a system called drive execution file. It sounds all the way back in the process, right? So this is because there is one. So if we, again, look back at the idea of the CDL, if you can't figure it out, for IBM and some party members, that's the best way to do that. In reality, the supply chain for system inputs nowadays is that you have to make, as you see back there, you have to ship that noise on top. You have to use some province code to get the system running for a certain period of time. They sell that, or this is constrained from the last, unless the code does, but they take this reference code, which is mostly free. And the open source reference code is from the uncoordinated. And put one of the pre-ordinated stuff to do provision files, or things that require more files. At least I'm concerned by the OEMs, by the OEMs. But the OEMs, for example, is like China and China, and the foreign countries actually have that. So that's probably the most popular for iPhones, and for the different things. At least I'm concerned by the OEMs, and the big package that I put the logo on, and so on, and so forth. Because if it's still in the front here, it has, for example, that's part of the OEMs, where they all put their own functionality and device. In order to do that, you have to add stuff to the BIOS at every step, like the OEMs code, the proprietary features, the building codes here, from a BIOS app, and you have to add different features to it. And if you put it down here, you have to put something right around the need some kind of standard, that this is what we do at BIOS. At least the first device that we have is actually free. So it's also a source. Most of these devices, they are also part of the OEMs, and people drive it, they're some players, but it's also free. There's a lot of customization that is the basis of all of the OEMs. So there's all the parts of the OEMs. But of course, the virtual machine, you also have some kind of firmware, where you can use it as a virtual machine, which expects some kind of built-in interface. And this is pretty much complete, though, so you just have to go and compile that, put it in the BIOS. You have to add that. The BIOS is kind of like this, it's part of the OEMs, it's part of the OEMs, it's part of the OEMs, it's part of the OEMs, it's part of the OEMs, it's part of the OEMs, you can continue that. Now as there are lots of people out there with us, that's the comprehensive, it's good that as a senior developer, there's a lot of things that are very difficult, and we have situations where there's just a bunch of requests, I'll just use it up. If you don't know where this comes from, you can discuss it in the OEMs here. And you can watch at least in the OEMs, I would recommend that you try to call VTK2 platforms, which is part of the VTK plus the platform's code, meaning the code will be actually used to learn from actual hardware, actually hardware to buy, for example. For VTK2 platforms, I would recommend that you try to call VTK2 platforms, which is part of the VTK2 platform, meaning the code will be actually used to learn from actual hardware to buy, for example. I would recommend that you try to call VTK2 platforms, which is part of the VTK2 platform, meaning the code will be actually used to learn from actual hardware to buy, for example. I would recommend that you try to call VTK2 platforms, which is part of the VTK2 platform, meaning the code will be actually used to learn from actual hardware to buy, for example. I would recommend that you try to call VTK2 platforms, which is part of the VTK2 platform, meaning the code will be actually used to learn from actual hardware to buy, for example. I would recommend that you try to call VTK2 platforms, which is part of the VTK2 platform, meaning the code will be actually used to learn from actual hardware to buy, for example. I would recommend that you try to call VTK2 platforms, which is part of the VTK2 platform, meaning the code will be actually used to learn from actual hardware to buy, for example. So, let me show what the meaning of VTK2 platform is. So, this is actually quite a big process, simplified. So, time goes from when you fill out the data from your mailboxes on your face, and the rest is what actually happens. So, the style of this verification case, we have the Xifini, the chipset, the board, and the mesh, which I've got here.  We have a bunch of drivers. So, we have this DPC, which is pretty much a driver package that you see here on this image. And these drivers can reference other drivers, right? And we have the network range driver, we reference the TCP stack driver, which we try to reference the network stack driver, the network counter, that's all. And we have this driver where I'm loading it, and then we have this DPC. That is truly a really soft counter. So, this takes quite a while, that's why it's the service, that's why it's at a good age to be. And then we have this driver function, so you can actually figure out what's next. You can actually have much of a bit of a curious thing there, that they're running after each other, or something like that. It's very good, that's an update. And now we're going to be able to figure out what's next, that's all. And finally, on the driver as well, we finally put it together. And there's been a lot of that. And all this stuff is mostly released, except for the services that we're running. So, even after the system has finished this, we have a lot of stuff hiding out and living in the land. Because it's still a lot of services, but I don't think there's any configuration to be there for. If you're a driver, you just take away the load. But we just have to be sure that it's on the boat. In the house, but actually we understand that it's a good product, you know, that I'm enjoying it. And I think it's a cute container, but it can be pretty much anything you want. But there's only one, but there are not a bunch of, like, big manager applications or whatever. You have only one thing left, and most of the services are working as data. But there are other services that are in the test system. But actually, kind of, what we're looking at, I think, what if I want to have complicated pictures? Well, some people are out there. But what we're going to do is just describe a piece of it, I think, and configure stuff. Okay. We're also going to work, like I said, with some kind of corporate system, right? But the sketch of creating our new operating system, is built just to be included. I don't think so. We already have confidence, right? We already try, as well, whatever we have, whatever we have. The designers are well-made, and we should know that the stuff you're creating is not right. They are well-made in their most secure way.  And the work is very well-made, too. it's easy. And when it's built, it's built, right? Yeah, it is just a particular looks. We're working on it here with the user space. This guy here is huge, which is a global one. It allows you to package your, like, the similar application as we are on here. And it provides a bunch of values for, of course, people who are thinking that, for example, it can parse, block confidence and so on, so you can, you know, it's really much the same with the, roughly, maybe, that we're not using actually that stuff like that. But I think it's a lot of, we've talked about it today, we've been working on it, and then we've called it in other space, just, coverage, just as we push on it. Just as much, I thought, is necessary to be able to present an arrangement and then we're going to be KCI-bust in our framework that we're up at. Because the first thing that we do is that after we start with this, we can then use PCI-bust to make all the tasks but in other things, we should not change. Here's the difference. So, because the main evaluation we've made, you know, it's not only the KCCA and the KCCA is a coverage node in every one of us maybe, Now, when we got the rules and rules, then we used an IOS system, what can we do for example, to write a manual application. And some of you have been, think, see, what not, right? You can write it all, like a new system, for example, you don't have to be 192p, and use HTTP as a component, you want to use, like, in pre-chart, to put the, like, of course package for the app, then you have to write a user interface, right? But instead of having this terrible text interfaces, you could take it to Chrome, browser, right?  So, maybe around, case, what's that, what you can do about, when you're in your system, is say, you have to put some, like, system transparency. So, the basic idea here is, system transparency is just a matter of a matter, that we're calling it, a very, or a package of network, many of it, meaning it will hash the actual package. And, so, I think it's, it's a pretty good trick, that can make a pretty good, every percent, right? Which means, that I, as a user of a server, right?  And then I can figure out, okay, is this hash where I made, the same, that I would expect, to be in this order center, right? So, I can check the hash package, and by the hash, I could say, it has been actually, really consistent, right? So, rely on people, that tell me, I don't worry, that this is the way, this allows me to do it. The part of the idea is, there's a way that I write, that we're not just, we write a bunch of code, we're not just, we do write C codes, just a bunch of, it's a bit of a way, on the way to do it, and I think that, it's just easy, right? Because it's an old system, it's a new method, it's a fresh, and it's, you know, a presentation, it's all about us, and this next stuff, and this is really easy, right? And it's just, well, it's a little bit easy. So, yes, so, by the way, there's a lot of, it's all from, as you can see, it's, the form is actually, now, like there is a media, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's an old system, or it's, of course it's, it's, it's, it's all from the media, it's not, it's a, it's all, it's it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's a, it's, it's, it's all from the media. So, say, just, this, I'm, here, I believe in a virus where it doesn't work coldly. Okay, so, well, we also want to just let go of that. And we want it to be accessible, very practical and affordable, right? And this is where the entire, this life comes in. Accessibility, it's not going to flesh anything, right? It's not going to buy a new product and take it apart, so it's pretty fine as a bunch of rice with fresh coconut. This is not accessible. We also are going to buy, I mean, now, 10 years old, I think that, I think it's 214. If I don't know it's earlier, in this case, maybe very recent, 3rd and 4th of home. This is an Irish system. We can't even install it together. I have one of them, the rice, right? But this is where the accessibility was, which we want to use, like, most definitely, cruel, for all of us, for example. I think, I think it's a bit affordable. So, our company is, like, you know, in the first half of the whole time, like, this is the latest creation of Ireland's policy, like the trip that's there now. But I think that's 100 per cent, and it's also, well, because it's in Ireland, we're going to have to make an effort. So, one of the reasons, we're going to have to go to buy just the company. Other companies, like, we're going to have to, 2018, they're all covered. There are 100 per cent of companies, and we're going to have to go to the most other stuff, but I'm not sure, so I can just, for the company, we'll take a code code, compile it, and then depending on the device, we're going to be able to sometimes, we can't just write into the question, the assignment, write the question there, we're going to be in the system, we'll be interested in the population, but then it's unlocked, and we can't just go on and on. But I will, they're going to call us, which is the one thing, so I can have, for this 26, we're sending, we're having to have one call, we're sending it to the same company. These are actually kind of all here, they're one carry range, the individuals that are with a higher interest in tourism are there, but all of these, they're all covered, so it's not like they're hired out in Australia, so they're kind of, they're all very much covered, and very much covered. And for servers, it's actually kind of, we can't just go to the company for it, but all of these people, so it doesn't finish the stuff, but this one, we're going to have companies in there. These, in circles, OCP is gigantic, and we will specify why and how to get sent and stuff, but the number one is the servers, and the number of servers are available to the player, and the number of servers is actually much bigger, what kind of, what kind of formula do we say that is OCP? You have to read the five minutes here, because there are a bit more than enough for an OCP, and in case you need that they will allow for whether this may be created out of open source code, but they don't distribute the extra code, they only have binary, and the problem is that it's open. And this one, this one's also actually already known about OCP, but like I said, we found it. But I think we need a lot of new systems that are just OCP, is it the best we're likely to have open source code. And to some extent, we're welcome on the to explore as a piece of this, and to the channel of the material that's formed for me, to explore our as far as I know that it's registered for OCP systems, and I spend a lot of time in the 19-inch system to get into OCP, but to some extent most of the time they're not like it's undertapping, they're not like high-density, or whatever, just, they don't get into OCP systems. They're not private, but they don't also have it, and they're cool. And we're very trying to get those codes. Speed of thought. So, thank you guys. Also, for the coming in the future, more of yourselves already exist in OCP, much to the feel of it. But to be honest, as I don't know, we don't have as many same suppliers anymore, right, And this is going to be the same thing in less than a year for a program. I hope that it will stay here as far as I know and you can trust me that it's as well. I'm really going to treat you good and I hope that you're happy. And we can get a more than welcome room for the system. Why is this so small here? Please, just a quick shout-out. If you're interested, I have an idea about how to build something with the system. I have to have this idea. For example, when you start out in my phone, I think my sister might not know where this is going. Instead of saying, well, I can make the system that comes with the system, I can call the ISO from the region of the area, after that, and this is how it works. Some of these can be super easy, but I'm not going to get a few of them. So I'm going to have to make more of these, because I'm going to be right with the application that you have on Hudson. You're going to be able to see the space there. So I'm going to encourage you to master. And with that, I say thank you and thank you.


Let's quickly go on point number three is the salvation of one leads us to salvation of many Salvation of one leads us to salvation of many. We see when Mardukai saves a life of a king It promoted him eventually to save a life of the whole ethnic group People who save cities are the people who first save souls We must enlarge our vision and our vision cannot just be to save myself My family it starts there But it has to also encompass everyone in our city and everyone in our region Now people may accuse us of thinking too big not being down to earth having our mind in the sky Why did Mardukai aim to save the whole ethnic group? What did he have the resources for that? Was he anointed for that did he have the connections for that? No Did you know why Mardukai had to keep a big vision? He was trying to keep up with his enemies plans.  Let me ask you a question How many cities Satan has on his plan to attack in our city? How many people does he come up in the morning and say I am so tired, you know what it's been 6,000 years. I'm just sick and tired of terminating these people You know what? I'm just gonna take a vacation and I'm gonna leave Trace cities alone If Satan ever says that I'm gonna tell you how many people we're gonna save zero Because everybody's gonna be fine If Satan comes to our city and says I'm so busy with Africa, India, Siberia. I'm so busy with destroying North Korea I'm so effort. I'm so busy there I'm just gonna send just few people few demons to destroy just just the middle school and that's it I leave the high schools alone. They're not gonna be raping one another Hurting one another cutting themselves skipping school. They're not gonna be sleeping around. They're not gonna be doing all of these sins They're not gonna be drive-by shootings. None of that will happen in high school only middle schoolers will have problems Then our vision is only for middle school Unfortunately Satan's plan is a little bit bigger than that He has a plan for the kids for the teenagers for the high schoolers for college students He has the plan for the young adults who are in college and university He has the plan for those who just got married. He has the plan for those who have kids He has planned for those who are empty nesters He has planned for the grandpas and grandmas and that's the size of our vision It has to be consistent with the scope of Satan's plan We cannot afford to think smaller than Satan's thinking He spreads his web on the whole city and we have to spread our vision on the whole city You may say how could we do it? It's funny how Satan doesn't ask those questions He comes on God's territory He's a lesser than God and he doesn't ask the question. How can I destroy people if God owns this earth? He still does it And demons help him if we don't focus on how but we say our God is on our side And we will fight the enemy and we will have a big vision to see our people our city and our ethnic group Serve God the Holy Spirit will give us the power If Mario Kai can do it, my friends, we will do it as well Can somebody say amen? Our cities are for God Tri-Cities is for Jesus Young generation is for Jesus teenagers is not for drug self mutilation and abuse Teenagers are for Jesus Christ young adults is not for sleeping around AIDS and all kinds of sin It is for Jesus. I know some of you may be looking and saying you don't know man. You don't know man No, you don't know man My God is bigger and Those demons tormenting people's lives. They're smaller and with God will overcome Can somebody say amen people with vision will conquer and you and I are the person of vision because somebody say amen