We have about two minutes to 4.30, so we'll get going right at 4.30, if that works for everybody. Okay, I think it's by my phone, it's 4.30, so we'll go ahead and get started. Everybody could turn on their cameras. That'd be great. Thank you. So with that, we'll go ahead and call to order the March 10th, 2022 meeting of San Rosa Planning Commission. And before I start, I'm going to read the following statements. Due to the provisions of the governor's executive orders and dash 25 dash 20. And end dash 29 dash 20, which has been certain requirements for the Brown act and the order of the health officer of the county of Sonoma to shelter in place to minimize the spread of COVID-19. The planning commissioners will be conducting today's meeting. And a virtual setting using zoom webinar commissioners. And staff are practicing, are participating from remote locations and are practicing appropriate social distancing members of the public may view. And listen to the meeting as noted on the city's website and as noted on the agenda and members of the public wishing to speak during item for our public comment period or during our one public hearing tonight. We'll be able to do so by raising their hand. It will be given the ability to address the commission. So with that, I'd like to ask for roll call. Thank you, chair weeks, let the record reflect that all commissioners are present. Great. Thank you. Item three is our public comment period tonight. So I'll go ahead and open the public comment period. Yeah, if we can move to item two first, we have some. You know, I did that last time too. I'm just skipping over the minutes. I'm sorry. To approval of minutes. So we have one set of minutes from February 24. Are there any changes corrections additions? Okay. Seeing then those will stand as approved. So now we go to item three public comment period. So I'm going to open the public comment period for any item that's not on the agenda tonight. And if you wish to make a comment via zoom, please select the raise hand button. If you're dialing in via telephone, please dial star nine to raise. Your hand. Each speaker has 3 minutes and a countdown timer will be. Provided for you. Please make sure to unmute yourself when you're invited to do so and your microphone will be muted at the end of that countdown period. Is there any anybody wishing to make a comment? Doesn't look like there are any. It's any hands raised. So with that, it will go ahead and close the public comment period. So we go to item four planning commissioners report and. Item 4.1 is our statement of purpose. The planning commission is charged with carrying out the California planning and zoning laws in the city of Santa Rosa duties include implementing of plans ordinances and policies. Relating to land use matters assisting in writing and implementing the general plan and area plans holding public hearings and acting on proposed changes to the zoning code. Zoning map general plan tentative subdivision maps and undertaking special planning studies as needed. So that will go to item 4.2 subdivision and waterways advisory committee. Are there any reports from either representative. Okay. Seeing none. I will move to item 4.3 commissioner reports. Are there any reports from any of my fellow commissioners. So I would like to mention that Wednesday we had the mayor's. Virtual board chair lunch and at that time. Mayor talked about the goal setting and I'll just run through real quickly the. Goals that were established. They're kind of overarching goals. So the first one is housing for all. The mayor did talk about the desire to annex Roseland and South San Rosa Avenue areas. And to reduce the impact of homelessness on the community. And on people who are unhoused. Second ensure a safe community for all and that has a variety of components. First. A lot of those will be flushed out. And I'll report back on those. Our staff at some point can give us a report. So that is that was my report. So with that. Ms. Jones. Do you want to we can move on to item 5. For department report. Yes. Thank you chair weeks. Good afternoon commissioners. I'm happy to see you all here. So yes. Jessica Jones and stuff liaison and supervising planner. Just a very brief update. Unfortunately it is a sad update for me to tell you guys that we are losing two of our planners one this week and one next week. Adam Ross city planner who has been with the city for quite some time is leaving the city and his last day is tomorrow. And Andrew triple. Who also has been with the city for quite some time is leaving us and his last day will be next Friday. So it's it's extremely sad for our team.  They leave very large shoes to fill. So we're just we're very sad to see them go. Although we are super excited about their new opportunities that they're moving on to. So but I am happy to continue to report. I know I mentioned it to you guys already recently, but we are in a recruitment process for new city planners. And so we are looking to get. Several new city planners out of this recruitment process. The recruitment is currently still open. We'll close on Monday. And then we will be going through an application review process. Once that closes. So. We're extremely hopeful. About the recruitment process and about bringing on some new city planners to join our team. And. One point at some point we'll be reporting to you all. So. You know, that is my report for tonight. And I'm available if anybody has any questions. Are there any questions for Ms. Jones. Okay. Thank you. So with that, we'll go to item six statement of abstentions. Are there any statements of abstentions? Are there any abstentions from the commission? Okay. Seeing none. We'll go to item seven consent items of which there are none. So then we move quickly on to item eight, our scheduled item. And at a point one is a public hearing. JQ gold LLC cannabis facility. It's a major conditional use permit. It's at three, five, one, five and zero. And then we'll move on to item eight. And then we'll move on to item nine. And then we'll move on to item eight. It's at three, five, one, five and zero. Industrial drive file number. CUP 21-068. It is an exparte disclosure item. So we'll start with commissioner Carter. I have nothing to disclose on this item. Thank you. Commissioner Cisco. I have nothing to disclose on this item. I have nothing to disclose. I have nothing to disclose. I have nothing to disclose. I have nothing to disclose. I visited the site to clear my head, which site it was in that area, but I have nothing further to disclose. Thank you. Commissioner Holton. I also visited the site and I have nothing further to disclose. And vice chair Peterson. Nothing to disclose. Thank you. And I also revisited the site. Oh, I'm sorry. I'm off my game tonight. I visited the site. I have nothing else to disclose. Thank you. And I also visited the site and have nothing further to disclose. So with that, we will move on to Mr. McKay, who will be doing our presentation tonight. Thank you chair weeks and members of the commission. Yeah, so this is the JQ gold LLC conditional use permit. And I'm happy to be here this evening to present the project. It's located at three, five, one, five industrial drive. And zero industrial drive. So this is a major commission permit and the applicant is proposing to change the operator name and modify the approved T and L micro cannabis facility by increasing the cannabis cultivation land use by 2,237 square feet for a total of 12,439 square feet and cannabis distribution land use by 1,239 square feet for a total of 7,255 square feet in an existing building located at 3,515 and zero industrial drive. I'd also like to note that the previously approved T and L micro cannabis facility included cannabis manufacturing and the project description and the proposed project would remove that land use from the proposed project. The project is located in the northwest quadrant of the city of Santa Rosa near the intersection of airway drive and industrial drive. As far as general plan and zoning, the general plan is light industry and the zoning district is light industrial resilient city combining district. The operation of a cultivation of cannabis operation of 5,001 square feet or greater requires a major conditional use permit. So that is the reason the planning commission is reviewing this proposal. A bit of project history in November of 2020, the planning commission adopted the mitigated negative declaration and mitigation monitoring and reporting program or MMRP and approved a conditional use permit for the T and L micro cannabis facility and recommended that the city council approve a general plan amendment and rezoning. In December of 2020, the city council did approve the amendment to the general plan land use designation which resulted in a three designation from retail and business services to light industry and approved the request for rezoning to rezone the subject parcels from general commercial to the light industrial zoning district. And in August of 2021, the JQ gold LLC cannabis facility project application was submitted and this meeting was noticed in February of 2022. It looks like it's a bit cut off for some reason. I apologize for that. But this is the slide shows the first floor of the proposed site plan for the JQ gold LLC cannabis project. And this slide shows the second floor site plan. And I just want to reiterate that the previously approved project included the cannabis manufacturing use and this proposal does not include that use. So staff has reviewed the proposal and it is in compliance with all general cannabis operating requirements and applicable zoning code regulations. The certified odor mitigation control plan and the security plan are both included with the item packet that was provided. The project has been reviewed in compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act or CEQA. The JQ gold LLC cannabis facility project does not introduce significant changes that would necessitate subsequent environmental review pursuant to CEQA guidelines section 15162 and is required to incorporate all mitigation measures contained in an MMRP prepared for the approved TNL micro cannabis facility project. Staff has not received any communication or comments of any kind from the community regarding this project. And with that the staff feels that we can make the required findings to recommend approval for the project and planning an economic development department recommends that the planning commission by resolution approve this conditional use permit request to change the operator name and modify the approved TNL micro cannabis facility located at 3515 and zero industrial drive. And I know the applicant Aaron Carlstrom is available and wants to make a couple of comments about the project but there is no formal presentation or slides. And staff is available for any questions as well. Thank you, Mr. McKay. Any questions of Mr. McKay before we hear from Ms. Carlstrom? Okay. So then we could go ahead and hear from Ms. Carlstrom. Can you hear me yet? Yes, we can hear you. Okay. Good afternoon chair weeks and members of the commission. This is Aaron Carlstrom once again on behalf of the applicants JQ Gold. Planner McKay did an admirable job presenting the specifics of the project. And the commission and myself have a long history with this building. So I don't anticipate that there are issues that have been unaddressed. But the applicant and myself are both available on the call this evening. If any additional questions should arise by the members of the commission and otherwise I will say thank you very much for your service. And that's all I've got. Thank you, Ms. Carlstrom. Any questions of the applicant before open the public hearing? Okay. So with that, I will go ahead and open the public hearing on this item. If you wish to make a comment via zoom, please select the raised hand button. If you're dialing in via telephone, please dial star nine to raise your hand and your speaker will have three minutes. A countdown timer will appear. Please make sure to unmute yourself when you are invited to do so and your microphone will be available. Thank you. I will go ahead and open the public hearing item. Thank you. It looks like we have two members of the public and neither are raising their hand. Okay. Thank you, Mr. Maloney. So with that, I will go ahead and close the public hearing on this item and bring it back to the commission. Is there any discussion on this item? Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Commissioner Siscoe. I will go ahead and move a resolution of the planning commission of the city of Santa Rosa making findings and determinations and approving a conditional use permit to change the operator name and make modifications to an approved cannabis cultivation use for the JQ gold LLC cannabis facility. And the cannabis distribution land use to 7,255 square feet within an existing building located at 3, 5, 1, 5 and 0 industrial drive. Assessors parcel numbers 148-050-027 and 148-041-049 file number CUP 21-068 and way further reading of the text. Thank you. Is there a second? Commissioner Duggan. Seconds? Go ahead and go through any comments that people may have on this. So we'll start with Commissioner Carter. Not much has changed since we saw this before. The 3,400 square feet of increased growing and distribution activity and the reduction of the manufacturing. I still see no issues with this application and I'll be able to make all of the necessary findings for the use permit. Thank you. Commissioner Cisco. I can also make all of the required findings and have no issues with this application. Thanks. Commissioner Duggan. I can also make all the required findings and have no concerns or issues with the application and support of it. Thanks. Commissioner Holton. I can also make all the required findings and I am in full support of this project and the conditional use permit and the change of name. Thanks. I won't forget you this time. I can make all the required findings and have no other issues with the application. Thanks. And Vice Chair Peterson. I also have no issues and can make all the required findings. And I also have no issues and can make all the required findings and am supportive of this project. So with that, resolution was read by Commissioner Cisco, seconded by Commissioner Duggan. Will Mr. Maloney call the roll or call for the vote, please? Thank you, Chair Wicks. Commissioner Carter. Hi. Hi. Commissioner Cisco. Hi. Commissioner Duggan. Hi. Commissioner Holton. Hi. Commissioner Ocracki. Vice Chair Peterson. Hi. And Chair Wicks. Hi. So that passes with seven eyes and that is our last item for tonight Thank you. Okay. So with that, I'm going to adjourn the meeting of what to state today, March 10th. And we'll see you all at the next schedule planning commission meeting. Thank you. Bye.


Welcome to the Advocates on Plus TV Africa. Your weekly reminder that important conversations are necessary for a center society. On Friday in Nigeria turned 61 and in view of this we examine a quote by the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Roosevelt, which says, true individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which the cattle ships are made off. So my advocacy today is on the need and importance of Nigerians rising to serve and save the country. Felix talks about human capital development in the context of the wealth of a nation. Raymond is talking about the hopes of Nigeria with the arrival of its new age. And finally, Amoni wraps the conversation with his thoughts on another independence. As always, your panelists are here to share ideas aimed at provoking thoughts with no holds but stay with us. Arising to serve and save Nigeria. While growing up, my friends and I looked forward to participating excitedly during the Nigerian National Pledge. The National Pledge is just a six sentence that carries in it the whole resources, wisdom and the exact things we must do to change the fate of our nation, Nigeria. I must say I didn't really appreciate the deep meaning of the words and lines that made up the whole anthem. But somehow I remember very well how reciting the anthem bonded everyone together irrespective of background, tribe, ethnicity or even social class. The first line talks about faithfulness, loyalty and honesty. But today, how many of us Nigerians can truly boost about their commitment to the application of the words, not just at individual levels but as a tool for national development. For over six decades, we have had a generation of leaders who have complete disrespect for the foundation upon which we should build one of the most enviable and prosperous nations in the world. And sometimes I wonder how exactly do they sleep well at night. With our overwhelming population, Nigerians have one of the most sophisticated minds on earth. We are globally recognized for the innovations and changes we lead around the world and across industries including health, technology, finance, engineering, entrepreneurship, agriculture, etc. Today, how many of these Nigerians living in Nigeria or elsewhere are serving Nigeria with all their strengths? With our abundance of resources, the least Nigeria should have is an environment that inspires its people to serve using their strengths and capacities. Unfortunately, with the corruption-infested leadership system, citizens are forced to live to other nations or serve them themselves at all costs because people who should have made the environment conducive for service are ignorant, heartless and incompetent fellows who had no business being in the positions of authority in the first place. The system seems to me it was designed to drain the citizens' dreams and frustrate the people. The mind of an average Nigerian, especially the youth, is filled with junk and it is difficult for the mind to return to its original state once it has been stretched in a given direction. In this case, in what direction is the majority stretching their minds? Your guess is as good as mine. How sincere are we defending our unity, which is one of the first sets of our entem. As the very first factor that is supposed to bind us together before we can think of deploying and achieving big results at an individual and national level, we have failed to understand that nothing great has ever been achieved by a people so divided. What do we do? First, we need to go back and pick up our towels at the very spot we had our baths. Nigeria is 61 years and I can boldly tell you that the majority of our youth don't even know the history of Nigeria as a nation. Quite unfortunate, we had to feed and grow with the crumbs that were provided by fellow Nigerians, our leaders, who thrive on the calamity of the nation. But young people must arise and obey the call to make Nigeria take her place among the committee of nations. Nigeria must arise to serve and save Nigeria. We must respect our diversity and embrace our uniqueness. And in the end, we just have a little thing that divide us and much more that connect us as a people. God bless Nigeria at 61. So, that's really my thoughts. I don't know what you think about this. We're quite interested in Ramond. You know, it's one thing I admire about you is your outpokenness, communicating your thoughts especially with the environment, with respect to the environment. But on the second thoughts, I agree with quite everything you said, the second one thing, defining an average Nigerian. There is no specific generic term to define an average Nigerian. In clear terms, who is a Nigerian? Can you define Nigeria? A Nigerian is an individual that believes in the coexistence of other Nigerians in this particular geographic region. But the Nigerian question is not just a geographical equation, it's a group of neighbors around you. So, everybody has to be responsible for themselves, how they need to build themselves intellectually in terms of building up their capacity to give something back to the society. In this case, the other neighbors around you. So, the key was the Nigerian and Nigerias. Nigerian is the individual. Nigeria is a group of people around you. Not necessarily a geographical equation within the West African region. And the average Nigerian mindset is not filled with junk in the sense that it depends on you.  Some persons actually may do something very bad because that's what unfortunately every system has good and bad people. So, people should not see Nigerians as bad people. Oh, we got some persons that were involved in fraud there for Nigerians who are fraudulent no, we got some bad people there for their bad no. Everybody should be responsible for their own way with respect to other people, giving back to society. So, what do you want to say something? Okay, so, let me also call to a point of a little disagreement. I think we've blamed leadership for too long, right? And I've come to a phase in life, a phase of taking responsibility. And part of what I want to ask us to begin to do is to take responsibility. So, I was having a conversation with someone some time ago and he asked, where did the leaders come from? The leaders are from you and me. And a lot of times, people like us, when we get into leadership positions, we actually change. Now, I think part of the issue is that for so long everybody has had an individualistic agenda. So, who cares about the common good? Well, you will say the leaders should be caring about the common good. But it is unfortunate that the people following are fear to care about the common good. So, if our leaders are not taking us forward, let us, the followers, begin to take us forward. And how do we do that? Look at the office set of our nation, public sector, private sector, where you have a lot of headaches. Is it the leaders that are there? No, people like you and I. So, if everybody begins to do something right, decides to do something right, at a stage, the leaders that we have would not have any choice but to conform.  Find a place where there are two things you need to pick out. First is that we have people, like you said, who are actually getting involved in anything just because they are serving themselves, not because they are serving the nation. It's a different thing to get involved in an activity because it's for the good of everyone, even if you're not benefiting anything directly. And so we have a system where I talked about Nigerians living both here and those living elsewhere. How is it, I've been to a couple of countries where there are people irrespective of wherever they are, they still channel the end product of their activity, their sweat, everything back home. So how many of us as Nigerians, those of all that are allies that are opportune to be here, we are talking to the world, are we really here because we are on the average because we are here because we want to contribute to nation building or maybe because we are here for the grams. Because we need to come to a time where we want to tell ourselves the truth. We need to be very overtake responsibility because these days people are not so intelligent that we have to find other ways to navigate through the truth. So we have to find ways to cut corners. We have to start taking responsibility to serve the nation and save the nation irrespective of what we think about it. Go out there, when we talk about the average, all take average, Nigeria is over 200 million people. How many of these people that you are talking about are coming out to produce their result? When we have more bad people that are more profound, how many of the people who are doing good are bringing out the good work that they are doing without really any ulterior motive? Do you understand what I'm saying? It's not like there are no good people, there is no good work that you are doing in the social space. We know quite a lot of other young people that are doing a lot of work in the social space but we must have a time where we are doing this because we really, really want to contribute to nation building. I think Mr. Raymond is online. Mr. Raymond, do you have any thoughts to say on this about Nigeria's coming up to serve and save Nigeria? I quite agree with the sense that has been expressed there in the studio. For me, the title of your advocacy is quite... It's actually... It hits the point in terms of the two key issues that are before us. The first, the title says arising to serve and save Nigeria. So arising suggests to me that yes, so far we have not been doing what we ought to be doing and even as taking 61 days for us to do that, well, good and fine, people say when a man wakes up that will be his own money. So if we are choosing to that 60 first years and from now onwards will be our money, then we should do it because doing that will now lead to the other extreme of your title which is saving Nigeria. Nobody is going to save the country for us. We can all travel to Canada, travel to the UK, post all kinds of funding things on Twitter about Nigeria. It doesn't end the narrative because you are living as an individual. You have not left in the real sense a part of you is still here. You are only living physically but when you get there the whole essence of home or fatherland, of motherland dance on you the more. So the responsibility to save Nigeria is also ours. We have blamed leadership for why we are here. We have blamed leadership and it has become even boring in a way if you ask me. We are young Nigerians. The future of this country rests on our shoulders. We are the turning point generation. We are going to take from where our forefathers whom we claim have failed us are going to retire into. So responsibility is actually ours and like the father we are having this conversation imagine that many Nigerians out there also share this collective sentiment and we can only hope that some ways, somehow we can begin to turn around for the betterment of this great mission. Alright, thank you Mr. Raymond. Felix is next after this break.


وَأَقُولُ فِي القُرْآنِ مَا جَاءَتْ بِهِ اَيَاتُوْهُ فَهُوَ الْكَارِيمُ المُنزَالُوْ وَأَقُولُ قَالَ اللَّهُ جَلَّ جَلَالُوْهُ وَالْمُصْطَافَ الْهَاديِ وَلَا أَتْ أَوَّالُوْ الحمد لله رب العالمين له الحمد الحسن والثاناء الجميل واشدوا الله إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له يقول الحق وهو يهدي السبيل واشدوا أن سيدنا ونبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وأصحابه والتابعين لهم بإحسان إلى يوم الدين أما بعد إن شاء الله تعالى I'm going to be speaking about الإعتكاف This is what the lecture is going to be about Today بإذن الله الكريم And the way that I plan in order to tackle this issue is in the following ways Number one معنى الإعتكاف What does it actually mean? Because as we always say الحكم على شيء فرعن أنتصوره You can't place a ruling on something if you don't have a perception of it You would have to first understand that thing before you could give a ruling Before we say إعتكاف is a sunnah or إعتكاف is a wajib You would have to know what إعتكاف is So معنى الإعتكاف is important that we start with it Then the second point is The second point that we're going to speak about is the evidence pertaining to whatever ruling it has whether it's wajib or not Whatever rulings and evidences that are pertaining to it will speak about it Number three We're going to speak about its حكم حكمه its ruling And we'll deal with that إن شاء الله تعالى And you'll see what the difference between the evidence for it and the ruling is إن شاء الله تعالى Then we're going to speak about it حكمته The wisdom why it was legislated Why did the شريعة شريعة legislate إعتكاف And what is the wisdom behind it Then we're going to speak about وقته the timing in which it's done What time is إعتكاف done And what time has the شريعة set for it We'll speak about that إن شاء الله تعالى We're going to speak about شروطه The prerequisites and the conditions that are required From the individual who's doing إعتكاف شروط The conditions That are required From the معتكف The one who's doing إعتكاف أدابه We're going to speak about the etiquettes of إعتكاف And the manners that a person needs to observe We're also going to speak about معانع Things that we should stay away from That we're not allowed to do That we should avoid Once doing إعتكاف We're also going to speak about موضع Where is إعتكاف done And the place that إعتكاف occurs And then إن شاء الله تعالى We're going to do a خاتم A conclusion إن شاء الله تعالى I wanted to take all of these points And tackle all of these points And discuss all of these points with you today Because the time is very short We will not be able to go through all of these points We won't be able to But the scholars they say ما لا يترك كله لا يترك جلو If we can't do all of it We'll do what we can We'll do the best of those points إن شاء الله تعالى that we can So let's start إن شاء الله تعالى By defining إعتكاف ما لا يترك جلو لا يترك كله That's what they said If you can't do something In its totality Then you shouldn't miss That which you can do And to do the best in that The first point إن شاء الله is معنى الإعتكاف What does إعتكاف mean إعتكاف has a linguistic meaning And it has a technical meaning شرع meaning The linguistic meaning is الإقامة It is الإقامة to remain somewhere Okay It's to reside somewhere It's to remain somewhere That's what it means The Arabs they say عكف بالمكاني The person remain in a place إذا أقام به والعقوف المحبوس If you're imprisoned somewhere If you're kept somewhere This is إعتكاف That's the linguistic meaning That شرع meaning of إعتكاف is المكثوف المسجد It is to stay in the message So it's not any place So when the Sharia I reuse the word إعتكاف It's not just الإقامة المطلقة Unrestricted residency I'm an unrestricted Remaining in any place No, it's not I can say it properly It's not Residing anywhere In every place إعتكاف means to reside Where? It means to reside In the message So it's المكثوف المسجد The second point In the definition Of the شرع The first one is to remain In the message The second one is على سبيل القربة You're remaining in the message To get closer to Allah It's not that you're waiting For somebody to bring you That money Or You want to meet a friend in the message That's not It has to be على سبيل القربة That you're sitting here To get closer to Allah By it And the third one is من شخص مخصوص It's from a particular individual Meaning This individual Is a particular individual When we buy A particular individual We're going to see that later It has to be a Muslim We can't be a kafir It has to be a person Who is sane Not insane So it's a particular individual بصفة مخصوصة And it's done In a particular description Meaning There's a time that it starts And there's a time that it ends We'll speak about that Insha'Allah In more details But what we learnt In the شرع Meaning of إعتكاف Is what That it's To remain in the message على سبيل القربة To get closer to Allah By doing it And the third one was It is done By a particular person A particular way Now we want to Move on to the second point now Which is Is إعتكاف even legislated And if it is What's the evidence for it The evidence that إعتكاف is legislated In our شريعة It is something That you can't do In our religion The evidence for that Is found in the Qur'an The sunnah And the إجماع Those three mentioned it The Qur'an Allah says سبحانه وتعالى وَلَا تُبَاشِرُهُنَّ وَأَنْتُمْ عَكِفُفُونَ فِي المساجد وَلَا تُبَاشِرُهُنَّ الله says Don't have sexual intercourse With your wives وَأَنْتُمْ عَكِفُونَ فِي المساجد While you are doing إعتكاف In the In the masjid And this is in صورة البقرة I'm 187 I'm 100 and what 87 87 This ayah It says وَلَا تُبَاشِرُهُنَّ Don't have sexual intercourse With your wives Your spouses وَأَنْتُمْ عَكِفُونَ فِي المساجد While you are What? While you are residing While you are remaining In the masjid While you are إعتكاف So we have the ayah We're now going to Move on to the hadith The hadith is The hadith is صحيحي من حديث عائش رضي الله تعالى عنها The hadith is Is found in the Bukhari And the Muslim On the authority وضاوى الماذا عائش رضي الله تعالى عنها She said كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يعتكف That the prophet of Allah نبي الله محمد He used to do اعتكاف العشر الأواخر The last 10 days من رمضان إلى مطل رمضان He would do اعتكاف حتى توفاه الله أنتو الله تبارك وتعالى تكفي السول صلى الله عليه وسلم ثم اعتكف أزواجه من بعد And then his wives they did اعتكاف after his death meaning something that was carried on after him So the hadith here tells us that the messenger did اعتكاف until he died Even the last year in which he died he did اعتكاف 20 nights not 10 he did 20 And then when he died his wives done اعتكاف So this hadith shows us مشروعية العتكاف That اعتكاف is a legislated matter in our religion as for it being a مسألة that the scholars unanimously agree upon the scholars all agree that اعتكاف is a legislated matter and this consensus is transmitted this consensus is transmitted to us by number one الامام ابن قدام رحمه الله in his كتاب المغني which is a شرح of المختصر الخراقي he transmits an إجماع in this مسألة that he unanimously agreed upon by the scholars that اعتكاف is part of our religion so it's not a disputed matter the second person who transmitted the إجماع is ابن المنجر in his كتاب الإجماع and also ابن حزم in his كتاب مراتب الإجماع ابن حزم رحمه الله he also transmits the إجماع in his كتاب مراتب الإجماع and then we have the evidences that our religion is built upon القرآن all three of them what do they point towards they all point towards the permissibility and the legislation of what الإعتكاف now we're going to move on to its ruling what is the ruling of the إعتكاف then okay we know it's legislated in our شريعة but the things that are legislated in our are of different levels they're not all the same there are things that are legislated in our شريعة واجب there are things that are legislated in our شريعة ذا رأى مباح there are some things that are legislated in our شريعة ذا رأى حراف there are some things that are legislated in our شريعة ذا is what مندوب recommended and also there are things that are legislated in our شريعة which is what ماكروه is disliked then which of those five does it fall under إعتكاف is مند بالشرعي that the إعتكاف it's مندوب means it's recommended highly recommended are we all together brothers? according to the شريعة إعتكاف is مندوب إليه فيشرعي إنا والشريعة إعتكاف is is recommended it's something that the شريعة loves it's something that the شريعة requires highly from you but it's not obligatory واجبوا بالنذري لكن but it becomes obligatory if the person makes a covenant and an oath and a vow to do إعتكاف so it is from those things that become obligatory if you make it obligatory on yourself يجيبوا بالنذري ويستحبوا بالشرعي that's what ابن رشد mentions in his كتاب بداية المجتهد ونهاية المقتصد that according to the شريعة إعتكاف is recommended but it can become obligatory if you say This Ramadan Oh Allah I promise you I make a covenant with you Oh Allah I make a vow that I will do إعتكاف then it becomes obligatory on you because you made a nether you made a covenant you made an oath it now becomes obligatory on that because the prophet he said من نذر أن يطيع الله فاليطيعه anyone who makes a nether he makes a promise and a covenant and an oath to obey Allah فاليطيعه he should obey الله سبحانه و تعالى بخاري ناريتي دسم الحديث عائل إشاء الله و تعالى عنها عبد الله عمر ابن الخطاب رضي الله و تعالى عنه he transmitted that the prophet الله عليه وسلم also said عمر رضي الله و عنه he said to the prophet of Allah عمر رضي الله و تعالى عنه he said to the prophet of Allah إني نذرت I made a covenant I made an oath for what إني نذرت إني نذرت I made a covenant and an oath that I'm going to do إعتكاف ليلة في المسجد الحرام one night in the Masjid Al-Haram I made a covenant with Allah I made an oath that I'm going to do إعتكاف one night in the Masjid Masjid Al-Haram then the prophet الله عليه وسلم said to him then fulfill your covenant then fulfill your covenant عمر عمر رضي الله إعتكاف is the fact that إعتكاف being recommended we said it's recommended in the Shari'ah it being recommended is it for the men and the women same or is it specific to the men only not the women we say و يستوي مع الرجال في حكمه النساء the women are the same with the men in this ruling it's also recommended for them as well because عائش رضي الله و تعالى عنها she said النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم معتكفاً النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم معتكفاً عايشاً قلت this صفية قلت this صفية بن تحويي who is the prophet's wife she said in this hadith كان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم معتكفاً في المسجد النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم معتكفاً في العشل الأواخر من رمضان the last 10 days of Ramadan فأاتيته أزوره صفية said I came to visit him I came to the prophet of Allah to visit him ليلن one particular night وعنده and with him was what his wives his wives were there to do it اتكاف with him عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم ويوت غدر عايشا did it اتكاف with the prophet حفصا did it اتكاف with the prophet الله عليه وسلم وزينابا بن تجاحش did it اتكاف with the prophet but when the last person coming who was زينابا بن تجاحش when she came and she built herself a tent because the prophet he stayed in the tent on the side of the when he realized she came he was worried that the rest of the wives might come and get jealous because already three are here so he's صلى الله عليه وسلم that year he canceled the اتكاف he chose not to do it and the year after he made his اتكاف twenty nights so this shows like in اتكاف for the women is like that for the men like in the women when they want to do اتكاف the conditions that the school is stipulate شغالباني رحم الله mentions in his قيام رمضان is he says the woman has to take the permission of her guardian وامن الفتنة and it has to be safety from any fitna that might اكاتها والخلوة مع الرجال and that she's safe from not staying alone with men that if she comes to the مسجد that it won't happen that there will be a time she will be in a room with men by herself a man by herself that should be something that is definitely not going to take place because the قائدة شغالباني says to bring good اتكاف what takes precedence over that is to remove the harm for her to free mix with men or to stay with a man by herself or for her to go against her guardian and etc. is a fitna is a trial and tribulation so to remove the fitna takes precedence over bringing any good now we're going to move on to حكمته what was the wisdom in why اتكاف was legislated why was it legislated what was the wisdom behind it what was the حكمة as أهل السنة والجماعة we believe Allah's actions they have a wisdom behind it we believe Allah when he legislate something there's a حكمة behind it عليمه من عليمه وجهيله من جهيله the one who knows it knows it and the one who's ignorant about it is what is ignorant about it and just because you don't know sometimes why Allah legislated اي ماتا or why he prohibited اي ماتا just because you don't know it doesn't necessarily mean that there's no there's no wisdom behind it so what is the reason why الله سبحانه وتعالى he legislated اعتكاف the حكمة two great scholars mentioned it there are many more but I just have with me too now the first one is ابن القييم رحمه الله he mentions in his كتاب زاد المعاد في هدي الخير العباد he mentions it in the second volume page 86 to 87 he mentions it in his كتاب زاد المعاد he mentions it in the second volume page 86 to 87 and the second scholar is ابن رجب الحمبلي he mentions it in his كتاب لطائف المعارف page 203 ابن رجب الحمبلي he mentions it in his كتاب لطائف المعارف page 203 both of them let's start with the first one ابن القييم ابن القييم says the reason why الله legislative سبحانه وتعالى اعتكاف is the perfection of the heart and the rectification of the heart and the heart being steadfast on the way الله loves and is pleased with it can occur when the person is in a solitude when they are alone by themselves so الله تبارك وتعالى legislative اعتكاف of that because the thing الله looks at is the heart إن الله لا ينظر إلى جسامكم ولا إلى صوركم ولكن ينظر إلى قلوبكم وعماركم حديث صحيح مصر من حديث أبي هوريرا that Allah doesn't look at your form Allah doesn't look at how big you are Allah doesn't look at your physique what Allah looks at is the person's heart so the perfection of the heart is most required in Ramadan especially these last ten nights so the person he goes into اعتكاف this is what keeps that heart steadfast the person's heart disconnects from the worldly matters whether it be his wife his children his business and his dunya all of the things that are عوائق they are obstacles between him and fully focusing on Allah he's now fully focused on what he's fully focused on the relationship between him and Allah إبن القيام the the conclusion of it is that as for حافظ من راجب his statement is very short so we read it and we'll translate it word for word he says he said that the meaning of the real essence of اعتكاف is قطر العلاقي it is to cut any ties from what عن الخلاقي the creation so it defeats the purpose when you're doing it اعتكاف if you're calling people on the phone and if you're messaging and if you're on social media it defeats the purpose of it اعتكاف because اعتكاف is قطر العلاقي عن الخلاقي is to disconnect yourself and your bond and your relationship with what the world the outside world you're here cut from all of that why what's the reason اعتصال بخدمة الخالقي and the reason why your heart is disconnected from all of that is for it to serve the creator so even if you're not talking to anyone on social media you're not using your phone but even if you're not doing anything in the message you're just sitting around and you're not serving your Lord and then again it goes against the word حقيقة العتكاف it goes against the real essence of what اعتكاف is because اعتكاف is compounded of two things what is it compounded of قطر العلاقي عن الخلاقي disconnect yourself from the creation one and the second thing is للتصال بخدمة الخالقي that you're serving your Lord الله سبحانه وتعالى how do you serve your Lord by reading the Quran by doing dhikr by praying and etc so those two things رجب mentions in his كتاب لطائف المعارف وقته now we're going to go into the the timing in which اعتكاف is legislated وقته the time that اعتكاف is legislated is anytime in the year في أي وقت أيام السنة any time within the year اعتكاف can happen and it can occur it has been transmitted that the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم اعتكاف العشر العوائل من شوال the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم he did it اعتكاف the first 10 days of شوال he did it he did it اعتكاف عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم another way I say no عشر العوائل the last 10 nights of شوال that happened لكن اعتكاف is greatly emphasized في رمضان in the month of Ramadhan why لمواضبة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فيه because the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم was consistent in doing it are we all together brothers he was consistent in doing it in Ramadhan and that is what he was known to do it in and it was specially in the what the last 10 nights of Ramadhan there was a time which I mentioned he done it for harmony 20 but generally and the overwhelming majority of the times the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم would do it at the what the last 10 nights عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم it was consistent in doing it the last 10 nights عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم and that is the most virtuous timing to do it when does it start what's the starting time for the person who's doing it اعتكاف the مبتدق اعتكاف the beginning of the اعتكاف it's to be بعض صلاة صلاة الفجري after Salat al Fajr the person comes into اعتكاف what time the scholars they have to call the scholars have two views and إمام و أحمد رحمه الله he mentions that the person comes in the 20th فجر so he's there for the night of what the 21st the 20th the person comes in so they're there for the 21st and another call of the scholars is that it's the 21st in which it starts فجر 21st in the night the person comes in فجر time they come in and this is when it starts the 21st those are the two goals عائش رضي الله و تعالى عنها she mentions that كان so let's first of all prove that it's فجر عائش رضي الله و تعالى عنها she mentions in the Hadith that كان إذا أراد أن يعتكف if the prophet wanted to do اعتكاف صلاة الفجر he would pray ثم دخل معتكف then he would enter his اعتكاف رحمك الله so this is what we understand now in the Hadith what does it say? it says كان إذا أراد the word كان what does كان it shows in the Arabic language? the كان it shows يقتض الدوام عندها للعلم كان it shows in the Arabic language الدوام consistency continuation that's what it shows و لذلك التقييدين السكي he has a رسالة called قدر الإمكان المختطف في دلالة كان إذا أعتكف and he speaks about that كان أوني إنه حديث تقييدين السكي he wrote a كتاب و he called it قدر الإمكان المختطف في دلالة إذا أعتكف and he mentions in that book after speaking in length and in details he mentions and he talks about the دلالة the indication that is in the word كان that was used in this particular Hadith and that كان is used for what? that the كان is used in the Arabic language it is used يقتض الدوام consistency continuation that this is how he always was عليه الصلاة والسلام so the Hadith says كان إذا أراد that the prophet was always general every time إذا أراد if he wanted أن يعتكف صلى الفجر he would pray Fajr ثم دخل معتكف so this Hadith shows us that when does it start brothers it starts after Fajr because of that كان Allah alone shows us that's how he used to always do عليه الصلاة والسلام and when does it finish it finishes Fajr it finishes Fajr as الإمام البخاري رحمه الله he has a chapter إن الصحيح يسيز باب من خارج من اعتكاف عند الصبح بخاري has a chapter إن الصحيح وهي ستباب the chapter من خارج من اعتكاف the person who leaves his اعتكاف عند الصبح فجر تان and then he بريزة حديثة بسعيد الخدري that says اعتكفنا مع رسول الله ودي اعتكاف ودي مسجاء صلى الله عليه وسلم and then يسيز ما كان صبيحة عشرين نقلنا متعنى what are the conditions the conditions are الإسلام number one his person is a Muslim the condition is what that the person is a what that the person is a that the person is a Muslim so اعتكاف is accepted from a disbeliever no because ايمان is first of all required from him but he is but he is being addressed in اعتكاف meaning the استحباب of اعتكاف also applies on him as well but he can't come with it because he is a disbeliever so he has to become a believer first the second condition is العقل that the person has what العقل or التمييز he is sane and the fact that the person is تمييز we bring it together which is that the person is sane and he has reached تمييز he has to meet he can distinguish between things so he is not a little child good the third one is انيه intention intention is needed و لذلك ابن روشت in his كتاب بداية المجتهد he says ام انيه تفلى اعلموا فيها خلافا as for the intention I don't know any scholars who dispute it in it that is required I have no I don't know any scholar who disputed in the intention that is required that is a prerequisite good the next condition that is required is a سيام that person who is doing اتكاف has to be a person who is fasting and this is something after research it became قول راجح اندي especially these last couple of days this is a strong opinion that if the person is not fasting he can't do اتكاف because it's a prerequisite what's the evidence for that the evidence for that is the Hadith of Aisha where she said السنة في من اعتكف ان يصوم that it's a sunnah who ever does it اتكاف to fast now what we have to understand is when the sahabas they say the word السنة sorry when the sahabas they say السنة عندنا the sunnah to us is what do they mean the scholars they mention that it means it's something that the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and legislated so even that though it's the statement of Aisha which is موقوف لكنه حكم الرفع we deal with it as though it is the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم or the action of the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم so when you hear the companions they said السنة عندنا the scholars they say موقوف لفضن مرفوع حكمن it has it is dealt with as though the prophet did it or said it و لذلك العلامة ابن تركماني يزا كتاب كول الجوهر النقي because the Hadith I mentioned before which is السنة في من اعتكف أن يصومة is narrated by بيهق بيهق بيهق و ابن تركماني يزا كتاب جوهر النقي جوهر النقي is actually published with السنة الكبرى بيهق if you buy السنة الكبرى بيهق it's in it he mentions when many brings this Hadith he places a nice فائدة on it he says و مذهب المحدثين the methodology of the scholars of Hadith أن الصحابي that a companion إذا قال السنة كذا that if a companion says that the السنة is this فهو مرفوع it tastes حكم الرفعي it's as though the prophet said it until he said pay attention and this is the statement until he said until he said و سنة السيرة والطريقة و ذلك قدر المشتراك بين الواجب و السنة المصطلحي عليها that when they use the word سنة it takes حكم الرفعي it's like the prophet said it number two the سنة according to the companions is مشتراك بين الواجبي و السنة المصطلحي it can either be واجب I can also according to متأخيرين when the companions they say سنة it doesn't necessarily mean the سنة according to متأخيرين and the late scholars it can either be واجب sometimes and it can sometimes be a سنة are we all together so here the question is when عائشة mentioned that a سنة that the سنة في من اعتكف the سنة for the one who's doing اعتكاف is the evidence to show that it's واجب that it's a really prerequisite for اعتكاف that it's واجب that you have the first thing with you is that عائشة mentioned in the context of sexual intercourse and leaving the مسجد and we know those two are things that you can't do in اعتكاف that you have to stay away from their conditions that you have to avoid are we all together brothers because عائشة for the person who's doing اعتكاف is الا يخرج that he doesn't leave إلا لحاجة التي لا بد منها he doesn't leave unless there's a what unless there's a need for him to leave and then look what she said after that و لا يمس المرأ and he doesn't have no sexual intercourse with a woman we know leaving the مسجد with no reason behind it and also having sexual intercourse with your wife whilst you're in a state of اعتكاف what does he do to your and they do اعتكاف it nullifies the اعتكاف there's no such thing as a اعتكاف are we all together brothers good so that is an issue that needs to be understood also anything that the prophet did in اعتكاف are we all together brothers anything that the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم did in اعتكاف we have to do in اعتكاف because his actions اعتكاف are we all اعتكاف is it it's clarifying everything at last there's an evidence that shows it's the Sunnah the everything he does اعتكاف it's wajib we don't want to go more into details but you could find that in the of out of the first volume page page page page page page page page page page هناك موشخين من زيلعي ونصبر راية الآن ننظر إلى براتي اعطيكاف اعتقد ان وقته ينتهي نسيط هنا ونقوم بالداخل في وقته لدي شيء مهم سنسيط هنا سنقوم بالداخل في وقته اوه سنقوم بالداخل في وقته نقدر في وقته نحن سنقوم بالداخل في وقته حسنًا، سنقوم بعمل أكثر من الثلاثة من إعطيكة أي شيء ما قلت أني أخذت أني أخذت الشيطان وأن الله يجب أن أستغفره منه سبحانك اللهم وبحمدك أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله استغفرك أتوب لي


Where you go? Oh, I've been waiting all day for these bro. There you go. It's a spirit man. I'm gonna miss these tacos, bro Miss yeah, what do you mean miss? You know cuz of the Rosin Attic station I know all the taco trucks gonna be gone. No man that at all. We're here to stay. Whoo. Absolutely for real. Yeah, I'm so happy Oh, that little bro. Thank you. In fact, let me get you another one. Oh my heck. Yeah, let me get on it


Welcome to the session. Today I'll help you with the following question. The question is, draw the graph for the following table of values with suitable scales on the axis. The table is for the interest on deposits for a year. In this table we are given the deposits and the simple interest. Does the graph pass through the origin? Use the graph to find the interest on rupees 2500 for a year to get an interest of rupees 280 per year. How much money should be deposited? First we draw the graph for this table and then we will answer these questions. We'll draw the x-axis and the y-axis. So we have taken the x-axis and the y-axis. Now on the x-axis we will mark the points for the deposit and on the y-axis we will mark the points for the simple interest. As you can see we have marked the points on the x-axis for the deposit and on the y-axis for the simple interest. And the scale that we have taken is on x-axis we have taken 1 unit equal to rupees 1000 and on the y-axis we have taken 1 unit equal to rupees 80. Now we shall plot the values from this table on the graph. Like the first point that we would take would be 1000, 80. Let's take this point as k with coordinates 1000, 80 where 1000 is the x-coordinate that is deposit and 80 is the y-coordinate that is the simple interest. Now let's plot this point k on the graph. We locate the point 1000 on the x-axis which is this point. Now from this point we move up along the y-axis to reach the point that corresponds to 80. So this is the point we mark this as k with coordinates 1000, 80. Now the next point that we have is 2000, 160 we name it as L2000, 160 where 2000 is the x-coordinate that is the deposit and 160 is the y-coordinate that is the simple interest. To mark this point L that is 2000, 160 we first locate 2000 on the x-axis this is the point. Now from here we move along the y-axis to move to the point that corresponds to 160 and this is the point we name this as L with coordinates 2000, 160. Now the next point is 3000, 240 we name this point as m 3000, 240 where 3000 is the deposit and 240 is the simple interest. Now let's mark the point m for this we locate the point 3000 on the x-axis this is the point. Now from here we move along the y-axis to locate the point that corresponds to 240 and this is the point mark this point as m with coordinates 3000, 240. The next point is 4000, 320 let's name this point as n 4000, 320 where 4000 is the x-coordinate that is the deposit and 320 is the y-coordinate that is the simple interest. To mark this point we locate the point 4000 on the x-axis this is the point now from here we move along the y-axis to locate the point that corresponds to the value 320 so we get this point let's name it n with coordinates 4000, 320. Now the next one is 5000, 400 let's name this as o 5000, 400 where 5000 is the x-coordinate that is the deposit and 400 is the y-coordinate that is the simple interest. To locate this point we first locate the point 5000 on the x-axis which is this point now from here we move along the y-axis to move to the point that corresponds to the value 400 on the y-axis so this is the point that is o and that is 5000, 400. Now we shall join all these five points to get the required graph we have joined the points and we get a straight line which is the required graph. Now we can answer these questions the first part says does the graph pass through the origin when we produce this graph line backwards we see that it passes through the point o with coordinates 00 which is the origin. Thus the answer for the first part is yes the graph passes through the origin the next part says use the graph to find the interest on rupees 2500 for a year that is we have to find the interest for the amount of rupees 2500. Now the amount deposited 2500 is given by the midpoint of 2300 which would be this point this is 2500 to find the interest on rupees 2500 we move from this point upwards along the y-axis and we reach at this point which is the midpoint of 160 and 240. That is 200 so we say interest on rupees 2500 for a year is rupees 200. The next part of the question says to get an interest of rupees 280 per year how much money should be deposited it is given that the interest is of rupees 280 and 280 would correspond to the midpoint of 240 and 320 which would be this point. Now from this point we move along the x-axis to the right and we reach at this point which corresponds to the midpoint of 3000 and 4000 that is this and that would be 3500. So we say rupees 3500 should be deposited to get an interest of rupees 280 per year. Hence our final answer is for the first part it's yes for the second part it's rupees 200 for the third part it's rupees 3500. So hope you enjoyed the session have a good day.


Hello again and welcome to another screencast where we're going to be thinking about computing the exact values of a definite integral. This time we're going to be focusing on how to use definite integral properties to help us calculate definite integral values. We're going to start with this function h of x here and as you can see this goes from zero to six on the x-axis and move this over here so you can see the y-axis and it's composed entirely out of straight line segments. So I want to give you a little review question to start with. As a review I would like for you to pause the video and try to evaluate the integral from zero to six of h of x, dx. Okay so this might take a few minutes because there's several things to do. If you've forgotten how to do this go back to the previous screencast and just do a quick review but once you've done the calculations come on back, unpause the video, think about what your answer is and let's check our work. So the answer here is going to be that the integral from zero to six of h of x is exactly six and the reason that is is because this is a very nicely geometrically behaved function here pretty clearly. It's been made entirely up out of line segments and so I can just block off chunks of area that are easy to calculate. Like for example pretty clearly I might want to go from zero to two. Okay the area there that's just a rectangle and so its area is equal to six. It's got a base of two and a height of three. So the integral just from zero to two would be six. Now the integral from two to four, that's just a simple triangle with a base of two and a height of three. So its area is three and then this triangle here from four to six is a triangle. So its area is one half base times height. Its base is equal to two and its height is technically negative three. Now remember we always treat area that is below the horizontal axis as being negative and so this is an integral value of negative three and so this total area comes out to six plus three plus negative three and then ends up equaling six. So now we're going to use this fact that the integral from zero to six of h of x is equal to six to calculate three other integrals that are related to this. Okay and we're going to be using the properties of integration that are given to you in your textbook to do this and importantly we want to see what the limitations of those properties are. Like what do the properties not say in addition to what they do say. So let's begin with the first integral here in the blue. The integral from zero to six of two times h of x dx. Well the property that pertains to the situation says it's a constant multiple rule which says just as with derivatives if I have a constant multiple times a function I can simply remove that constant multiple out in front of the of the integral just like I can do it in front of a derivative. So this is going to be two times the integral from zero to six of h of x dx and now the integral from zero to six of h of x dx is known to be equal to six. So this is two times six which is twelve in the end. And we used an existing integral right up here to calculate a new integral and I just realized that I forgot to put in a dx right here. Don't make that mistake. That should be the integral from zero to six of h of x times dx to get the notation exactly right. Now under the second integral here in the blue it's the integral from three to three of h of x dx. Now you might think at first glance that we have to go back to the picture and look at the area from three to well to three and if you do that that's not wrong but just realize what area would that be? That would be this quote unquote area. Well that's just a straight line segment that has no area and that's the just behind the rule in your textbook that says that the integral of any function from a point to itself is automatically equal to zero. Now finally let's look at this last one here. This is kind of an interesting one. What is the integral from zero to six of x times h of x dx? The answer here is that we don't know yet. We don't have a rule that tells us how to handle this situation because this is a variable and not a constant.  It's also not going to be the case that this is equal to the integral from zero to six of x times dx times the integral from zero to six times h of x dx. That is not true because we have no rule for it and it's going to turn out not to be true for better reasons than that but we don't have anything that warrants splitting apart an integral by a product like this so we do not know how to answer that particular question yet. Now on to some questions that we do know how to answer. Let's throw in another function into the mix here. We're going to continue using our h of x function from the from the slide from the plot and now we're going to suppose that f of x is another function and such that it's integral from zero to six and here again I left off my dx. Can I erase that and start over? The integral from zero to six of f of x dx is equal to ten. So just take my word forward that this integral is equal to ten. We don't know what f looks like but we do know the value of its integral so can we compute the rest of these and I think we can. So what's the integral from zero to six of f of x plus h of x? Well we have a rule for integrals that says I can split this up into one integral f of x dx plus the other integral. Unlike products we can split up integrals along sums. Again this is a lot like a derivative rule and the fact those two are very closely related. Okay so we know the value of the first integral. We said that was equal to ten and the value of the second integral we know is equal to six. So the value of the sum f of x plus h of x its integral from zero to six is sixteen. In the next one we're going to combine some of these rules together. What's the integral from zero to six of three times f of x minus four times h of x? Well we can do a couple of steps here. I can split this up into two integrals zero to six three f of x dx minus here's the second integral zero to six four h of x dx. Okay just so I can split up by a sum I can also split up by a difference. And now I have constant multiples so I can pull the three out in front and the four out in front here. So this is going to be three times the integral of f of x dx and that is equal to ten minus four times the integral of h of x from zero to six and that is equal to six. So that comes out to be thirty minus twenty four and that is equal to six. Finally let's get down here at the bottom. That's what's the integral from six to zero. This looks a little funny right here from six to zero of h of x minus two f of x. Well let's first of all note that I'm going from the lower limit of integration is larger than the upper limit of integration. So one of the rules that we have says that I can swap those limits of integration out as long as I introduce a negative sign. Swapping the limits of integration puts a negative sign on the value of the integral and this is the integral of h of x minus two f of x dx. And now much of this can now proceed as we normally think of it. This is going to be negative. The integral of h of x was six. The two times the integral of f of x is going to be two times ten and this works out to be positive fourteen. Okay so there's some examples of if you know the value of certain definite integrals then you can compute the value of related definite integrals in some cases but not all cases as we remember using the rules that are developed in the section. Thanks for watching.


So, we have looked at inflation fraction. We found that all you need is a ratio of the pressure and temperature. We looked at atmospheric pressure. We found that if super heat is not there, there is no change in the net lift. Otherwise, there are two terms. One is the weight of the balloon air, the other is the gross lift. Both of them depend essentially on delta P. In one case, we divide by T plus super heat. In the other, we divide by only T and you have K into V as the constant parameters. So, now let us look at super pressure and super pressure alone. Now, what happens if the super pressure increases? So, first thing is when you have high super pressure, then the lifting gas is going to be compressed slightly. That is basically what super pressure is. So, what will happen is that will force the balloon air to go out. So, simply there will be lower or there will be higher i. There will be lower i. Why should it be low if you are compressing? Because the gas also is compressed. Now, more balloon air will be sucked into the balloon. So, if you maintain the envelope shape and volume because if you do not do that, if you do not do that, then the shape will alter and all our assumptions will be invalid if the volume changes. We are assuming that the envelope volume is maintained constant. Yes. Because when you apply pressure to a gas. Yeah, it is the pressure inside. You are right. Super pressure is the pressure of the gas inside, LTA gas inside. So, that is why when the pressure of the gas increases slightly, it will push out the balloon air. That is what I am saying. It will push out the balloon air. How do I explain it? See, the total volume available is the same. So, if we apply pressure on the gas, then suppose we do not allow anything to go out. So, then what will happen? This pressure of the gas is going to act on the envelope and also on the balloon air. And if we do not allow the balloon air to go out, then there will be a compression of the balloon air. And I am assuming that gas is a quantity inside the envelope which is being pressurized. So, you are right in saying that this gas under pressure will exert the pressure or convey the pressure to the surfaces inside and the balloon air. But when you take a cylinder for example, and there is gas inside, you increase the pressure. What happens to the gas? In this case, the volume is not decreasing. Point taken, point taken. So, we can say that the gas is going to exert pressure on the balloon air. And the balloon air will, there will be pressure to push the air of the balloon air out. But the balloon air is going to resist that by sucking in more air to maintain the volume. Yes. Sir, in this case, is not it so that we increase the size of the balloon air in order to increase PSP?  See, it depends on whether you are looking at a closed system or an open system. If you look at an open system, then we consider that the balloon air is in contact with the atmosphere always. In that case, we can say yes, the air is being sucked and the pressure is being applied to the gas inside. When I say super pressure, I basically mean that when we fill the gas in the envelope, I can fill the gas in the envelope at the pressure equal to atmospheric. So, what will happen is that there will be zero differential pressure between the balloon air, between the gas inside and outside. But I fill the gas with a higher pressure and then I lock it or I close the valve. That is what is called super pressure. It is not because of the pressure from the balloon air. It is because of the intentional pressure that you put. So, consider the case and there is no balloon air. Just to make matters simple. You can still have super pressure, which would be pressurized balloon. When you have a balloon air and envelope and now you fill in air at high pressure. So, the balloon air is at some volume. Let us say it is locked. This is now a closed system. Now I push the gas at more pressure or I just increase the pressure of the gas inside. That is what is being discussed here. Now if we assume that we are not crossing the pressure height, which is always the case in all our calculations, then the weight of the gas inside is going to remain the same. Where does the LT gas will remain the same? We are not putting more gas. We are putting the same gas under higher pressure. So, if we look at this. Now look at the expression for the weight of the balloon air. This is the same thing which is copied and pasted here. Ratio of the pressures and temperature 1 minus i into k into v. Here I have ignored the contribution of E. Now, so the difference between the two of them, delta WBA, it will be essentially if we keep now assuming the PS is same. We are not changing the ambient air pressure. We are just changing the super pressure inside. So therefore, it will be PSP 1 and PSP 2. So the difference will come because of only PSPs. Therefore, earlier we got PS2 minus PS1 because we ignored super pressure. Now we ignore PS1 and PS2 change. We only get delta PSP 2 minus delta PSP 1 into kv upon same T A plus T SH, delta T SH. Now the net gross lift, the net lift is basically the gross lift difference minus the balloon air weight. But the gross lift is not going to change. The gross lift changes only if, see what is gross lift? Essentially gross lift is equal to the volume of the air displaced by the airship. Now that will not change unless the location changes between density changes or the volume changes. So therefore, the gross lift change will be 0. There will only be a change in the air, only the change in the air in the balloon air because of super pressure. Earlier there was some super pressure, now there is different super pressure. So therefore, the net lift will actually be negative if we increase super pressure. That means if we increase super pressure, actually net lift is going to go down, not up, minus sign there. Is this clear why it happens? Why does it go down? Does it seem logical to you that when you increase super pressure, that means when PS2 is more than PS1, the net lift will actually be, it is very simple. You put it in the expression and see it. Because understand that balloon air is actually weight. It is not lift, balloon air is negative. Air in the balloon is not helping us. Air in the balloon is our, we are forced to put it. So what is happening here is the air is being sucked in. Therefore, the net lift will actually be reduced. So when super pressure increases, the net lift reduces. Now the other way around, suppose super pressure decreases. That means you are filling in the air, you are filling in the gas but at a lower pressure. Of course, it has to be at least equal to atmospheric pressure, otherwise that will cave inside. But you can put, you can put it 500 Newton per meter square more or 1000 Newton per meter square more. Let us say you have 1000, you made it 100. You have reduced it. So what will happen now? The LTA gas will expand to fill the envelope. It will push the balloon air out. When you push the balloon air out, actually you save on weight because now you have less air inside. So the net lift will increase. Now coming back to the same expression, lifting gas, the lift, gross lift. Now I am going to take care of the other factors. So the expression remains the same. PS minus the contribution because of humidity into Kv by Ta. Ignore humidity. So you get PS Kv by Ta. So therefore, this is the same expression that we saw last time. So I will just, there is only one difference between this and the last one. Has somebody noticed the difference? I have shown the same slide before when I talked about change in PS. Actually the title should not be PS. It should be PSP. It should be change in PSP. So this portion is the same. The difference will come when you look at the ignoring of the PSP. So we recall that the weight of the lifting gas is obtained by this long expression. Here I have put the relative density of the lifting gas. In this expression, let us estimate the error in WLG and WBA by ignoring the value of PSP. So can you figure out the expression for that? So basically what you do is you calculate WLG with PSP considered and then without taking the difference upon WLG when it is considered into 100%. So it will be, you can just try yourself what you will get. So interestingly the terms are, there is a term in the bracket which will remain kind of constant because we are not looking at change in the humidity. We are not looking at the change in the purity of the gas which is Y. We are just looking at change in this delta PSP. So what you do is you get the expression. The expression will be this whole expression on the top 1 minus 1 minus RDPG Y PS etc. etc. This whole thing will be the WLG when you include superpressure minus just put delta PSP equal to 0 and the difference of the 2 divided by the whole expression. So things like IK, VR and this whole square bracket will be there in both the expressions.  So what will remain is only PS plus delta PSP and then PS and similarly delta PSP by T into that for the ballooning. So how much error is created depends on the numerical values of parameters like I, K, V etc etc. So for any operating condition we can calculate the error. We will do this question later. It will affect I but what has happened is if you see the calculations there is some I and there is in the beginning and there is some I in the end I1 and I2 and by using the expression relationship between I2 and I1 which is P1 by T2 we can eliminate the effect of I. So that is what we have done.


Hello and welcome to Monet Café. I'm artist Susan Jenkins. We're gonna have some fun today and if you're new here, please subscribe and hit that little bell icon to be notified of future videos. Now the title of this video is probably already given it away but I will be painting on a brown paper bag. I heard it could be done and yes it can. I'll be creating these two paintings, this floral and a landscape and showing you how and what products to use for this technique. Hello and welcome to Monet Café. I'm artist Susan Jenkins and this is Jackson and I'm holding him because he keeps interrupting me while I'm trying to make this intro. So Jackson are you happy now? You're star. I love you. Okay. Alrighty. So today we're gonna do something that I had literally never tried before until just a few weeks ago. You know if you've watched this channel very much I love finding new ways to do things but I also love finding affordable ways to create pastel paintings because the products can get expensive. Now if you're gonna scrimp on something I financially I would say the paper would be better than the pastels. Really does make such a difference. The quality pastels. I wouldn't get the cheap student grade pastels at an art supply store. Usually they're at like Michaels and Joanne's. Nothing against those stores but that's usually where you find the cheaper versions of pastels. But with pastel papers often especially when we're learning and practicing we can find cheaper alternatives. That's why I have so many videos on how to create your own pastel surface. Well I was excited when I saw or I was actually puzzled more than excited at first when I saw the comment of one of my subscribers here on this YouTube channel and he said did you know you could paint with pastels on a brown paper bag like quite well. You know it works great and of course you know I had to try that. So sure enough I went and got a brown paper bag like a regular paper bag and I decided to give it a try. So I did two I've done two paintings on brown paper bags over the past few weeks. This one is was for a Patreon lesson on my Patreon page and this is literally just on brown craft paper. Okay I had some like brown craft paper you wrap packages with and this one was done on a brown paper bag. Now with this one I did apply some of my homemade surface to give it more grit and more texture that I've had in a past few videos but I'll talk about that more. But on this one I did this one first on this one I was like you know what can I do it just right on the bag without anything added to it and sure enough I couldn't it work quite well. Now that's exciting for me because when you do a lot of lessons that could get really expensive if I was using the expensive pastel papers you art pastel mat and many others. So this is really practical and a nice option for me. Now I know I call them the archival police. Archival just means ask it free and God bless you. I know we really do need to use quality art products especially if you're showing your piece in a gallery or you're selling your piece. You want to guarantee that that product your final piece is going to not yellow over time. That's pretty much what archival means.  So because I did some research on paper paper bags and I don't think paper bags are acid free so that would not be good. Find a practice on okay I found I threw away a lot of my beginning work and but anyway if you want an acid free product if you find you like this play around on some paper bags I did find a company the owner I don't know if he's the owner or not but he was so great he sent me some rolls I sent him some of my artwork I told him I needed an acid free like a brown craft paper product and the name of the company is Bryco and he sent me I've got another one down here he sent me these two rolls actually he sent me four rolls of these rolls of brown paper that I'm gonna do some examples on right now it is acid free so this should be fun and I just thank the company for sending me this because it not only helps me for painting I'm also going to be using this you know to package up some of my artwork from my Etsy shop sometimes paintings are large and I need a big roll of like this brown looks like packaging paper or pastel paper now so join me as I create some artwork on brown paper bags basically alright here we go I'll be providing clickable links to the two products that I received the 24 inch by 175 feet and a 36 inch roll by a hundred feet and I'll also have a coupon code that you can use to get 15% off this paper is great for so many different purposes and it's also quite reasonably priced now here I am with my craft paper from Bryco up on my board I'm going to actually I do something I call it reference photo roulette I literally just grab reference photos and and go for it and just decide to paint something and it's a good idea because have you ever taken so much time you get the urge to paint and you end up taking hours to find a reference photo because you want to find that perfect one well this is a neat way to get past that and realize not every work has to be a serious work and a lot of times we need to spend more time painting well always we need to spend more time painting than looking for the perfect reference photo so what I do is I have a folder actually have a box to where I keep reference photos and I cut them all up you'll see I pulled a few out I pulled like four of them out of the reference photo folder and so I'm just going to pick some of these and start painting and show you how this brown paper receives the pastels alright so what do you guys think which one should I do first oh I took that picture that little raccoon he's so cute that's a picture of a field out at my mom's house there's a cool tree I just did a tree video so when there's some poppies let me let me do these poppies first how about that alright so it's a vertical format so this is my quick little way to just get a frame in for whatever you're painting so I'm just I've got a pastel pencil I do I want to do it let's do it let's do it larger I'm gonna have a mark on it let's do an 8 by 10 inside of this is a 5 by 7 this is the way most mats are if you buy something that's a for a 5 by 7 picture often the outside dimensions are gonna be 8 by 10 so there's my 8 by 10 and let's play around with these poppies so I'm just gonna paint this more about just showing you how the paper receives the pastels also I'm using my unison 120 half stick set that I've been talking about like crazy lately because it's just such a great set for me when I'm teaching that I don't have to get up and go pick a bunch of pastels there's great choices for just about every painting alright so here we go the reference photo that I'm using is from pmp-art.com and I can't really share the photo other than you know the small image that you see on the side of my easel here but I will provide a clickable link in the about section of this video now I am using a pastel pencil here just to block in some of the larger shaped flowers I am also going to be blocking in some darks around it as you can see how I start it and basically I have only sped this up very slightly right now and I'm going to talk through some of the beginning part of this painting demonstration and then I'll put the rest to music but mostly I wanted to talk about in this video of course how the paper is receiving the pastels and I was once again pleasantly surprised at the results that I was able to achieve now I'm using a little piece of chamois cloth here as a blending tool I've been using chamois cloth now for oh gosh not quite a year but I discovered it that on certain papers it's a great little blending tool I'm basically just covering up a lot of that brown surface there and if you've been exploring pastels for very long you probably realized that one of the things we like to be able to get as we paint is layering capability we want to be able to layer a pastel on top of another pastel without it if you add too many layers and it's not receiving anymore they get kind of slick you literally can't even get another color on top of a color and also they just don't have the vibrancy they start kind of turning to mud if you can't get much layering now I will admit I've gotten more fond of working on unsanded pastel papers like this this doesn't have any added grit it's not like a sandpaper like a u-art paper and I haven't added any texture to it to create a sandy gritty surface but I have started liking unsanded papers like this paper also like the regular Kansen papers there's another product made by Kansen called Kansen touch and it does they add a little bit of sanded sandiness to it or grit to it to get a little bit more layering but I've I think I've learned to keep a lighter touch and so I'm able to get more layering now as my art career has progressed basically just because of my technique I'm not as heavy-handed I think as we paint we get a little bit more strategic about where we place our strokes so we don't have to do as much correcting so often when you work on an unsanded paper as a beginner artist you might get a little frustrated because you don't get as much layering as you do on u-art or pastel matte but again I actually got more layering than I would have thought on a brown paper bag you'll see as I progress here I'm already starting to add some layers on top of the darker colors that I've already put down for the flowers and by the way I typically or in pastel painting the typical procedure or technique is to work dark to light a lot of times we lay down our darkest value first and we lay the lights down on top which is why I got a lot of the darker shadowy areas even though the flowers in the photo are very light I don't add those brightest highlights until the very end so hopefully you're able to see enough here I'll try to zoom in a little bit so you can see a little more you won't be able to see the reference photo but now I'm starting to add some of the lighter values on top and once again this unison set that I have I found it so practical because it has all of its pastel colors arranged by value so if you need some salmony colors like I have here they have them arranged from the darkest value to the lightest value so you can literally work dark to light just right there from how they have it laid out in the set now on some of the undersides of the poppies I am putting some blues and purples because it's kind of a shadowy side even though the petal is the same white or light pink whatever it is in the sunshine it's not going to appear that way on the petals that are turned down or are more in shadow that's why you see me sometimes using some of the lavender's or blues and it gives it a lot more interest and pizzazz alright let me zoom in so you can see a little bit more how I'm working as you might can see better here I'm doing more layering also there's some more of that almost a periwinkle blue color again on the shadowy sides of the poppies and I've got the dark blocked in in the background and in the photo it sometimes you'll see a sky behind them but in this case there was like maybe a forest or something else that was a very dark value in the upper right hand distance so I wanted to kind of keep it true to the photo and establish that so I played around with the composition a little bit I didn't like how that the flower that I'm working on right now in the reference image it was out of the photo it was kind of like halfway in and halfway out so I moved it in a little bit which calls for me having to work from imagination a little bit and I'm I'd say I'm okay at doing flowers for my imagination but I'm not like an expert like some people who do poppies all the time but I also decided to add one up higher to give it more height and interest kind of pulling the eye in and around to make the composition a little bit more interesting and you'll see as I work I I kind of get the flowers established the way I want them and then I go in and start working on the background I'm getting a kind of a dark center in just a couple I don't want to do it in all of them because the petals aren't arranged in a way to do that but I thought that would give a little bit of interest and on some of them I'm even giving a little bit of a darker purplish blue to them so I'm gonna work here for a while add some music I hope you guys will like this video it really helps when you like the video when you make comments of course subscribe and also to be sure to click the link if you're interested in this paper and use that coupon for 15% off so I am gonna speed it up a little bit more at this point in order to not have the video so long and I have a second painting coming after this one so enjoy to the music and I hope you're seeing how I'm actually able to get quite a bit of layering on this brown paper at this stage you can see I've gotten quite a bit of layering on the flowers I've gotten the dark background established adding some grasses multiple dark values that I used in the background color there and now I'm adding the highlights on the grasses and even some more on the flowers and see I'm still getting a decent amount of layering so I really am impressed with this and I'm also going to after I finish the next painting I'm really gonna speed that one up just so you can see me do a landscape painting on this particular paper but after I get done with that painting I spray both of them I'm still in this experimental phase with this stuff I spray both of them with some workable fixative often I like to try to get a little bit of a darker value in the foreground and I kind of wanted to bury that flower I was working on right there the lower left flower and I was once again pleasantly surprised that the workable fixative was successful and now I'm going to start the next painting this reference image is of a field that's at my parents home in Live Oak Florida and they are so blessed to live on this property where they get the most amazing sunsets now the photo is pretty dark but I use my artistic license to lighten some of the values and intensify some of the colors and once again I'm starting with the darks I've got a dark kind of navy blue a deeper brownish and then a burgundy color and I'm using my little chamois cloth really just to fill in some of the blank you know background color of the brown paper and then I use the same strategy of typically working dark to light with my layering and if you haven't seen my video five ways to achieve depth in your artwork I've gotten some great feedback on that video and I think it's because once you understand the rules of how to make a three-dimensional world appear as three-dimensional on a two-dimensional surface then it makes it so much easier so check that video out if you haven't because those five steps is really what I use all the time when I'm painting they just the more you do it the easier it becomes now for me in this reference image the focal point was definitely the clouds and I loved how the clouds were just reaching up moving towards the viewer and reaching up into the heavens with a real dramatic flair and often too as I'm working on some of these brighter colors also that sunset or whatever the lighting was right back in that little area behind the trees was also a dramatic effect and just so you know I typically even though we have a tendency to see that and go oh it's a sunset let me get the lightest color that I can get I've learned over the years that you actually can get intense colors rather than super light value so I didn't go for my lightest value in that sunset I went for some of the almost a reddish orangey color and then more of an orangey red and then I can kind of layer over top of them to settle them down a little bit or take the intensity away and one of the most common questions that I get or a very common question I get is how do you know what colors to change to you know if the reference photo doesn't show that how did you know to pick that color and once again to refer back to that video and and my video is not like something new I'm literally just regurgitating all the things that I've learned and try to put them together in a concise way here's where I'm kind of lightning or taking the intensity away from some of those oranges that I put down but anyway so once you learn the rules you can get bolder with color or make new color decisions that aren't necessarily in the photo I know that the the green that I put down in the distant field back there I know that things are going to lighten up back there because value gets lighter in the distance I also know it's going to be lighter in that background feel because there's a sun setting and there's going to be some reflected light coming down from there and so I talk a lot in my videos about how I'm a why person and I think when we ask those questions why is this happening we remember it and we can use it more effectively as artists now I'm almost done here with this painting before I add the fixative so you just got a few more seconds to watch of this I'm going to add some music but hang in there because in a minute you're going to see me add the workable fixative to both paintings and see what results I get okay so I am seriously impressed by the amount of layering that I'm achieving on just this brown paper from Braco and also to unison pastels the majority of what I've used they're pretty soft pastels so a lot of times with the softer pastels you don't get a lot of layering anyway so that's quite impressive now for the trick I am going to try I wanted these flowers right here to be a little bit more berry and often when I'm working on other surfaces I can give a little spray of some fixative which will give me a little extra grit and I can layer over top of it I wanted to add some more grasses but I kind of wanted to darken this it's more in the foreground it should be darker and it's buried so I'm going to spray it with fixative and see what happens I have a night I'll spray it down here first and I would like to spray a little fixative down here to layer some of these grasses in the field I know this is photo was little you can't see it so I'm going to try it with the fixative that I normally use and see what happens here we go all right oh I can tell I need more of this fixative the cans feeling a little light this stuff works great but I already know the paper is probably going to curl because I did try some of this on a different paper not this particular paper but let's spray it down here and just see what happens a little light coat I've moved my pastels by the way if you ever have fixative your spray move anything that you don't want to get that film on also being a pretty ventilated place I'm not going to spray much of it and I'll walk out of the room after I do but I here's what it'll do down here let me see I said I would walk out but okay let's let that dry oh I am smelling it well it's pretty dry and you can see it definitely darkens it which is one of the things I wanted to do I don't feel a lot of texture to it but you know I might be pleasantly surprised so let's try this one first I want this area down here a little darker I want it kind of to feel rooted and have these flowers be the lighter flowers and I purposely I like the little the little spots almost that you get I think it looks really kind of artistic when you get the little drips and spots around alright so now I'm going to do this one and it did darken it I mean even if I'm not able to layer much I think that helped it to to make that feel like it's more down in the depths of the grasses alright so let's do this now this is pretty dark already but I wanted to glaze a little bit of there is a rich kind of green I put some of these pinks in here so let me let me get a little bit of this down here especially in the foreground if you use this technique remember don't get this too far into the distance because that's gonna mess up the way value normally works anyway all right let's let that dry I worked on these a bit more after applying the fixative again very happy with the results I was able to get it a bit darker and a little bit more layering here it is in the final view where you can see the whole painting and also the same thing with the field painting also to a tip convert your photo to black and white if you want to check the values or your painting to black and white and you can see if the crazy colors you used actually worked all right guys thanks for hanging in there with all of my crazy experiments and if you want to check out how to use pastels with brown paper be sure to click the links in the about section of this video all right guys happy painting