I'm Karen Marshall from the International Livestock Research Institute based in Narebe, Kenya and I'm also the Genetics Flagship League of the Livestock and Fish Sea out here. So the project I was working on was on a pastoralist located in Asimata, which is one of the poorest countries in the world. And we were specifically looking at the gendered breeding practices of men and women pastoralists. This is one of the first studies of this nature in that most other studies on breeding practices don't consider it from a gender perspective. And what we found is that men and women pastoralists keep livestock for different reasons, also that they have different trait preferences for their livestock and also they use different criteria to select livestock. Just in terms of how we did this work, it was done by using separate male and female PRA groups, so participatory rural groups. This caused an issue because in Somaliland we could only have female facilitators with a female group and male facilitators with a male group. So that was a technical issue for us, but at least this approach allowed us to speak to the female pastoralists, which are difficult to speak to in this environment.


nothingness is the solution of the strong. Only the very very strong and the very very resilient and the very very enlightened in the truest sense of the world can accept that they are not even in the position to accept nothingness. But I'll be shocked if there are more than 36 people like that in the world. According to Jewish mysticism, there are 36 people like this in the world. Nothingness is boundaries. Boundaries. What is a boundary? What is a healthy psychological boundary? It's the realization that this is where I end and the world begins. This is far more important than how rich you are, how famous you are and what is your position among the other lobsters.  You could be a multi-millionaire, you could be a president, you could be anything, a rock star. Are you happy? Are you happy? We are living in this transition phase between psychotic narratives and narcissistic narratives because all our psychotic narratives failed. Religion failed. Communism failed. Nazism failed. Capitalism failed. Liberal democracy is failing. Science is failing. Science is a psychotic, of course, narrative. The science worships, science worships, reason. No one gets out alive. From the moment we are born, we are subject to a death verdict. We are waiting in death row called Earth to be executed by the Green Ripper at the time of his choosing at a place of his choice. You see there are three ways to cope with existence. One is psychosis, one is narcissism and one is what Jordan Peterson erroneously calls nihilism. Nihilism is an ideology with a doctrine, with dogmas, with axioms, so it's the wrong word. What he was trying to say was nothingness. Psychosis, narcissism and nothingness. Psychosis is when we generate internal objects and then pretend that they are external. We invent God and we pretend that he exists. We come up, we conjure it in the nation state and then we die for it. We adopt beliefs and values and we defend them in bloodshed and battles. We paint a flag and then we plant it on a barren island having sacrificed 70,000 human lives to get there. So psychosis, the best definition of psychosis, is when we confuse internal objects with external objects. When we think that internal objects are actually external, when we have faith in God, when we fight for our country, when we defend our values, when we sacrifice for our beliefs, this is to confuse internal objects, inventions, concoctions, narratives, scripts, fiction with reality, because I have a big surprise for you. There's no such thing as God. Or nation state.  Beliefs and values are culture dependent, period dependent, society dependent. Anything that is dependent is not real. Beliefs and values are invented by individuals or collectives and then everyone treats them as though they have an existence of their own. That's one solution and the vast majority of humanity adhere to this solution. Another group of people choose the second solution. The second solution is narcissism. Psychosis is to say, maybe I alone am meaningless, but when I integrate into something bigger than myself, I acquire meaning via this belonging, via this integration. When I become a part of God, I acquire God's meaning, God's purpose, God's plan, God's goal. I become an agent of God by believing in God, by having faith. When I become a part of the nation state, I'm a citizen of that state. The state endows me with significance and meaning. So, psychosis is about conflating and confusing your inner world, your inner landscape, your psychodynamics with an outside entity which is bigger than yourself and in which you can be subsumed, which can consume you, which can assimilate you, with which you can merge and fuse. Psychosis is a codependent solution. The second group of people are narcissists. They choose a narcissistic solution. They say, the source and the font of meaning is me. I determine what is meaningful. I am the meaning. I am the significance. I am the source of everything that makes sense. I am the sense. It's a kind of Cartesian approach. I think, therefore, I am. I am, it's the only certainty. I'm kind of certain about anything else, except the fact that it is I who is thinking. It's the only certainty in the universe. Because it's the only certainty in the universe and any meaning and significance has to rely on certainty. You cannot derive meaning and significance for something that is shifting, kaleidoscoping or meaningless in itself. You cannot derive meaning and significance from the uncertain. And if the only certainty is that you exist, then you are the meaning. You are the significance. The entire universe is meaningless without you. You endow it with meaning by virtue of your existence. And this is narcissism, where the average person would invent God, then project God, then externalize God, then objectify God, then make God into a distinct separate entity, from which that average person, the creator actually, can derive meaning and significance. The narcissist stops short of this process of projecting and externalizing. He invents God, of course, it's called the false self, but then he becomes God. He merges with God. He becomes God. The narcissist is his own God, of course, and narcissism is a private religion. I dealt with this way of looking at narcissism in other videos. So this is the second solution. And the third solution is only for the strong-minded, not for the faint of heart. You need to be really, really, really, really strong to accept that you are nothing. The universe is meaningless. The world is insignificant. It started nowhere and is going no place. There's no goal, no plan, no cause and no effect. There's only nothingness. To accept that you are nothing within nothingness requires inordinate resources of strength and resilience. And only extremely few individuals have reached this state of enlightenment. Because to accept this nothingness is to become enlightened. Some people mistakenly say that it means to suppress the ego. No. Narcissists have no ego. You want to suppress the ego, you become a narcissist. Narcissists are the only group of people, only class of people, without an ego. And indeed, if you look at many Indian so-called gurus and mystics and not to mention con artists, you can see the narcissists in them. They are narcissistic. The minute you suppress only the ego, you become narcissistic. You do not, suppressing the ego is not enough. You need to suppress the world and yourself in it. You need to not be.  It's anti-existentialism. It's not nihilism as Peterson repeatedly, mistakenly keeps calling it. It's nothingness. It's much closer, I would say, to nirvana. If you want to borrow from Eastern mysticism or Eastern religions, it's much closer state to nirvana or avidya.  Can one experience existence in this process of disappearing? When one disappears, can one then reappear in some other form? Of course not. This is a weak solution. And this is the solution, for example, of religious people. They disappear and then they reappear, integrated into a supreme power. Nothingness is the solution of the strong. Nothingness is not about destruction because destruction is an act of being. It's an existential act. To destroy is the mirror image of putting together. To put together and to destroy are the same actions. What does it matter if the brick is this way or this way? I'm not talking about destruction. I'm not talking about nihilism. I'm not talking about anarchism. I'm talking about not being. To accept this not being is a contradiction in terms because who will do the accepting? Who does the accepting?  The very demand is outlandish, contradictory because I'm asking you to accept. I'm assuming that there's a you. So only the very, very strong and the very, very resilient and the very, very enlightened in the truest sense of the word can accept that they are not even in the position to accept nothingness. But I'll be shocked if there are more than 36 people like that in the world according to Jewish mysticism, the 36 people like this in the world. And I'll be shocked if there's, I'll be shocked if a 37th is found. Hell, I'll be shocked if there are 36 people. It's very, very difficult.  And nothingness is not about everyone becoming Jeffrey, Jeffrey Lebowski, my favorite character. I mean, love with this guy. That's not nothingness. Nothingness is boundaries. Boundaries. What is a boundary? What is a healthy psychological boundary? It's the realization that this is where I end and the world begins. This is where I cease to exist. This is where I stop and other people start. This is me. This is my privileged object. This is the self. And this is the world. This is internal. This is external. Boundaries is about seizing to exist. Boundaries is about not being anymore. Boundaries is about recognizing that you can't be everywhere at the same time, that you have boundaries, that you have, you are demarcated, that you are limited, finite entity. Boundaries is boundaries, healthy boundaries are concerned with your secession, with your end, with where you stop and cease and not be, not be. It's about not being or unbeing in the German term. So, therefore, boundaries, healthy boundaries have to do with nothingness. In the psychotic solution, the identity is diffused, is destroyed. In the narcissistic solution, the identity becomes false, infinite. In the nothingness narrative, the identity is suspended. It's suspended not in the bad sense that it's not active, but it's suspended, like suspended in the air. It's clear. It's identifiable. It's separate. It's hanging. It's not enmeshed. It's not fused. It's not merged. It's not rapacious. It's not predatory. It's not inflationary. It's not deflationary. It's not diffused. It's none of these things. It's simply there, suspended in midair. So, we have boundaries which define where you end, where you cease to be, where you don't exist anymore and the world starts and other people start. And you have a suspended identity, which is like a globule, a globule of tranquility. I think this is as close as one gets to nirvana, to true enlightenment. This is not a suspension of the ego or elimination of the ego. It's absolutely wrong way to look at it. When Indian mystical traditions are interpreted, they're interpreted to mean that you should destroy the ego, suspend the ego, get rid of the ego. That's absolutely not what they're saying. But they are talking about this, what I'm saying, the crystallization of you.   The only way for you to be in the world is by not being, by not being totally, not at the boundary, but totally.  You need to find the balance. The balance is a crystallized, well-defined, boundary identity that is divorced from the world, divorced from the world, that recognizes the separateness of the world, recognizes the schism, recognizes the schism and break that happened early on, and yet, and yet, feels comfortable within itself and thereby respects all other objects as similar. It's as good a definition of empathy as I've ever come across. The self in this case doesn't cease to exist like in psychosis, doesn't become infinite and God-like like in narcissism, but it's calibrated, validated, but calibrated. Calibrated, there's a feedback mechanism, feedback loop that makes sure that it's within the proper boundaries. When we came up with the nation state, by the way, it's a very late invention, 19th century. When we came up with the nation state, suddenly it acquired the life of its own, and millions, tens of millions of people died defending it, protecting an internal objects, object that was suddenly became an external object. That's psychosis. When we invented God, millions of people died in his name. God was an internal object, and then suddenly it became externalized. That is a psychotic solution. So, collectives also go through a psychotic phase followed by a narcissistic phase. The narcissistic phase is when the self becomes the overriding object, the totally inflated object, the infinite object. When the self reserves the role that other internal objects had before, like God, the self becomes God, the self becomes more important than the state. When the self becomes more important than any collective, when the self becomes more important than your own family, when the self suddenly inflates to the point that it becomes the only object. We are living in this transition phase between psychotic narratives and narcissistic narratives, because all our psychotic narratives failed. Religion failed, communism failed, Nazism failed, capitalism failed, liberal democracy is failing, science is failing, science is a psychotic, of course, narrative. The science worships reason the same way religious people worship God, and it is the same structure, by the way. Paradigm shifts in science are within these confines. They don't really change the essence of science. So, science is a psychotic script. All these psychotic narratives failed us, and the elites that propagated and promulgated and promoted them had failed us and betrayed us. So, we are now moving to a narcissistic narrative, a phase of narcissistic narrative in human history, and we see, look around you, people are becoming more and more selfish, more and more narcissistic, more and more self-contained, more and more self-sufficient technologies help you. Of course, we invent technologies to support the narrative. It's not an accident and it's not a coincidence that social media erupted on the scene only in the last 10 years, because they have to cater to new narcissistic narratives. The role of sex, similarly, is modified. So, will we ever move to a nothingness narrative? Will we ever move to a healthy narrative where we know our boundaries, where we feel confident and safe and calm and anxiety-free with ourselves, where we know the difference between self and world, where we recognize the reciprocity and similarity and even identity of other objects like us, other people? Will we ever come there, this utopia? I don't know. The prophecy is not a part of my job description. What do you mean by nothingness? Are you trying to reduce us all to sheeple? Are you trying to establish the agenda of the elites to control us, to brainwash us? Are you colluding with the Illuminati or Q Anon, I mean the Deep State? I mean, who are you? Who is paying you to tell us to be nobodies and nothings? Well, that's a misunderstanding of my message. Nothingness is not about becoming a nobody. It's not about giving up on your own personal life. Nothingness is giving up on pretentions, ambition, the rat race, giving up on other people's values, giving up on narcissism, giving up on grandiosity, giving up on constantly comparing yourself to others, on relative positioning, on the number of likes you're getting. Nothingness is nothingness in the social context. It's actually asserting yourself as an individual in the fullest sense of the word. It's like the child is a phase of separation and individuation from mother. Nothingness is a phase of separation and individuation from humanity. It's foibles, it's prejudices, it's weaknesses, it's biases, it's 12 rules or any number of rules. Nothingness is about becoming your own person.  It's giving up rather than shaping up. Do not shape up, do not conform, do not become shippo from the contrary. The message is exactly the opposite. Do not accept what the elites are trying to sell you. Do not succumb to advertising, bombardment via social media, consumerism and other ideologies, capitalist and other types of ideologies. Do not be you and only you.  I hope this is much clearer now. If you are able to create supportive social networks of support and love and empathy and engulfment and kindness, if you imbue your life with meaning going forward, if you're structured, this is far more important than how rich you are, how famous you are and what is your position among the other lobsters.   Important is are you happy? You could be a multi-millionaire, you could be a president, you could be anything, a rock star. Are you happy? Are you happy? And what these people have discovered, there's much more happiness in nothingness than in somethingness. And that's been my message for a very long time now, made a few videos about. Choose nothingness. Not in the sense that choose to become nothing. Not in the sense of choose to abrogate your responsibilities. Not in the sense of choose to disappear, give up on the world. No. Choose nothingness in the sense that you emphasize being in existence, that your focus is internal, never external, that you don't derive any important internal functions from the outside. Not your self-esteem, not your self-confidence, not your sense of self-worth. Nothing. Become a self-contained self-sufficient unit. Not in the bad sense, like I don't need you. But in the good sense. In the good sense that I fulfill all my needs. Now how can I help you? That's nothingness. Nothingness is not that you withdraw from the world.


Hello everybody, sorry for starting late. In fact, I'm not even sure if anybody's there still. Veronica, are you there? I am, yes, although I cannot see the screen, but I can talk through the screens there for other people. Are other people there? Okay. I got a response from Nadia. Greg, would you like to run with it? That's wonderful. Greg, would you like to run with it? Yeah, I just need to figure out how to share my screen. Good. So you don't mind just hanging on and then I'll try and figure out how to do that. If you share the screen, I can talk through it. If people can hear me, that's great. Just tell me when I should go. Okay. I think everybody can see the digital for health professionals learning screen. I'll pick on Nadia and I'll ask if you can let us know. Good. So good afternoon, everyone. I'm really sorry about the time delay. We were not aware of the difference in summer timing, but here we are and we're really excited to be part of this webinar series. And this initial photo was one that Sally partially used from one of my sessions with students. Actually, a student, we were busy on a Google doc with a student sharing what they knew about obstetrics and a student then came to talk about his own experience. And that's why all the heads are up, but really a lovely example of students working together. So this afternoon, we've got a few different parts to our session. I'll be talking with this Adobe Spark presentation, which is a little different to the usual PowerPoints and is fun to use. Then Greg will follow up with some tools that he'd like to talk about and the affordances of technology in our teaching and learning. And then we will share with you a video recording that we took yesterday about us discussing aspects of technology with teaching and learning. And I really would, if there are any questions, Greg will answer them in between, and I really encourage engagement through our discussion. Okay, so Greg and I are both from the UCT, the Department of Health Sciences Education. And we started working together when we began promoting educational resources, which is a movement of free resources worldwide to say that knowledge is a public good and it should be available for everyone, not just those who can afford textbooks. And it's been quite an exciting journey, but one of the limitations of OER being spread out is that educators are something different for educators and it will take time to really make a difference. We in this changing world with technology bringing so many differences and challenges to traditional teaching and learning. And one of the aspects is that we all learners. Traditional teaching has been very linear and contained with teachers coming with structured curricula and teaching students and then assessing them. And what's happening now in the information age is that we having topics and the knowledge is being spread out and is multi-directional rather than unidirectional. Often with students bringing the knowledge into the classroom and engaging with each other, as in my initial photograph. And the French philosophers, Deleuze and Qatari, talk about rhizomes and rhizomatic learning, rhizomatic research, which I found very useful where one really starts in the middle and spreads out through connections. So for instance, you introduce a topic in a classroom and then students bring their own knowledge on that topic and then more topics emerge. So it's really an expanding way of teaching, expansive way of teaching. Very different to before, as I said, and a shift to openness. And in many ways uncertainty as well. Deleuze and Qatari talk about a tree-like approach of a recent changing to rhizomes. When you think of a bulb of garlic, that is what a rhizome looks like, the kind of rhizome they're referring to, starting in the middle and spreading out. So where are we as educators in those changing worlds? Sally Parsley spoke about skills and competency and asking how we can thrive in digital societies. And what about our capabilities in terms of digital literacy? And then also what about the tools? In the first webinar, the two students spoke about the sort of tools they use like WhatsApp, LinkedIn and their past experiences with one student from Mexico saying how familiar he was with technology and Matthew from Cameroon saying how it was new to him, but how he had engaged with it and they have found it so helpful. So there are many different ways people engage and much of it is related to access more than access when we're thinking about technology. So Greg and I were discussing how would we approach this with you as the listeners and we thought first, where do educators begin? They often ask why should we go electronic, why should we go e-learning? And many of the answers are we're in the digital age, it can give us access to resources which makes it simpler for us and simpler for students. It's efficient and saves time, everything's right there, online, and we can record student activity, we get data, we can capture patterns and analyze them which are all very relevant but there's so much more to introducing technology into our educational arenas. And that's why I put and, and, and looking at what are the potentials and possibilities that we can explore. But there is a warning, we need to ask ourselves is technology actually adding value to our pedagogical practices or just changing the way we do things? That we're doing the same practices but just really putting them onto an electronic format? Or, and is technology just being an add-on or are we really integrating it into our practices? And we talk about digital citizenship and Greg and I decided that the three C's would be the most helpful because they really stand out for us. The C's of connections, collaborations and creativity. And certainly in the webinars that have gone before us in the series, collaboration came up from everyone that we'll be following through. So we started off with connections and we're looking at connections with content, with the educator and the students and with others in peer groups and beyond. So here is an example, here are examples in illustrations drawn for us by Stacy Stent, showing how an image, a PDF, a reading from students can be worked on together, can be then connected to students in other very different places where they can talk about it together, refer to it, they can be sitting anyway, even Table Mountain, that's the mountain that overlooks us here in Cape Town. So to the top of Table Mountain, overlooking our beautiful Table Bay and work on the texts, or even at the beach and we've got some beautiful sandy beaches here in Cape Town. And that's okay, that's absolutely okay. If a student feels comfortable and is able to learn better in different places, why not? So really technology is allowing us to promote learning in different times, places and directions. And then using cloud computing, students and educators can work together on a document synchronously, like we do in Google Drive, or asynchronously. So I think it was Dr. Eduardo Mayorga was talking about people on his ophthalmic educators course, finding 4 a.m. as a good time to work. And that work, that is absolutely fine, one can, while other people want to work midday. And that's, this technology allows us to do that. And we're also able to use an expanded amount of resources. It doesn't, learning and teaching doesn't, isn't only the responsibility of the educator because students can bring resources that they find in different places and they can often be very, very useful and even more relevant than what the teacher brings because often students have different resources for finding information. And then we're looking at tools and Greg will expand on this aspect. What are the affordances, what are different tools bring for us? And we need to ask what is most appropriate for the student needs and for our learning outcomes. So for instance, blogging is a very useful tool and used widely, particularly in health professional education. But it can be used just as a tool for reflection for students, for their own personal reflective process. It can be used in a group on the learning management system at UCT. We have Rula or like Michael Rowe, a physiotherapist at the University of Western Cape did, he got students to blog and to tweet the ethics course on the World Wide Web. And so he got input from people all over the world and the students were able to engage with people way beyond their university, which was challenging and also very helpful in many ways, developing new networks. Are there any questions at this stage? No questions in the chat room so long. Great. Thank you. I'll carry on then. We're going to be talking about collaboration and then creativity. So collaboration is a key component of health education and it's being increasingly appreciated, whether in terms of a community of practice, whether it's a group of educators, Professor Judith McKenzie spoke about collaboration in the MOOC that she developed and it's really technology can enhance collaboration and we're realizing the value of so many alternative pathways. So here's an image showing students looking at their screens and many of the different tools that are used for collaboration like Facebook, Creative Commons licenses that are part of the OER movement, allowing others to use resources and work with them together. And so collaboration can happen between students in pedagogical spaces and also in different ways, Ronald Harden from Amy has written in his book about collaboration between different disciplines within a medical school, between the different phases, undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing education and the different healthcare professions, where there is a history of silo learning and teaching and now through technology we're able to collaborate and share our resources, share our information and really work better together. Here is a screenshot that I took of Dr. Eduardo May August's webinar when he was giving it to us recently showing the tools that he uses in his online course. And then creativity, learning ought to be fun, students ought to feel motivated but there's a real need for our pedagogical approaches to change, to be more open and enable creativity and what are we bringing to the classroom that the students can't find for themselves and this is very challenging for many educators. And smart boards are a way of providing a space for students to play around with their ideas and share them together also to be able to record what's come through to the classroom. Here's a lovely example of students learning together creatively but digital storytelling is being used more and more where the students are able to express their stories, record them and then share them and really what is growing is this movement to allow or to encourage students to create their own content for learning. So valuing students' experiences, valuing students' knowledge and their expertise online and saying what can you create of relevance to this course and let's share it. So we're really looking at a motivating students with a desire for learning and to open up these new potentials that weren't there before. A small example from Obstetrics is where one of the educators started a Facebook site called Guiney Girl and how the students shared their learning and creativity in that space. And then Michael Rowe who I mentioned earlier does a lot of blogging and he refers to a study on Snapchat where he says why were so few questions asked about but there were so few questions asked about why students are still in the classroom. And he also notes we're spending a lot of time looking at technology that may improve superficial aspects of pedagogical work but we spend very little time on anything that would fundamentally change the underlying infrastructure. So many people are just posting resources online and getting students to post their assignments online, posting exam results online but yet that's not changing the underlying pedagogical approach which is so necessary. So I really thank you for this time and I welcome any questions and I'll pass the microphone on to Greg to follow through. Thank you. Before we go on, Veronica, there are two questions. One was about experiences of personalisation in ear learning and the other one was about the use of open repositories for collaboration. Have you got any experience with either of those two? I think you more experienced and more of an expert on those two topics Greg. Personalisation in ear learning is something that has been spoken about in ear learning networks and I think to a certain degree there are only a few people that have really put effort in trying to include this in their teaching in making sure that the environment that the students or the environment the students are in are not just the one-size-fits-all. So at UCT I know that there are one or two people that have done it but not many. In terms of open repositories, I think what has become more and more to the fore are the amount of material in open educational resources that are actually useful from a teacher point of view. What I mean with that is that a lot of the time teachers or educators will create content first and then go and look and see if there's anything out there. But there's definitely been a mindset change where educators now are first looking to see what's available on OER because the amount of OER has grown so much, especially the ones that are applicable to them. So I hope that answers your question, Daksha. What else do I want to share about? Sorry. I was just thinking about Judith Mackenzie's comments that the University of Johannesburg are using part of her MOOC, which is presumably an OER for their resource for their students. And I found that very interesting. Well, she said it didn't really fit in with her course. So it was a very different way of then working with the MOOC either in a closed way or an open way. Okay. Do you see the PowerPoint? Okay. I think it's there now. So what I want to talk about briefly is just some of the more practical aspects of going digital and alluding to some of the things that Veronica has spoken about already. A big thing in learning technologies is affordances. What is the technology afford? Not just in terms of explicitly, but also how different people use it. For example, if you look at a spoon, what it allows or its functionality is mostly for eating, but it also affords you to use the same spoon as a digging tool. So it's not something that either allows. But just end the pedagogies in terms of how it's being used and basically using the technology to suit a pedagogy, to select the pedagogy to facilitate the desired outcome. So first looking at what you want and then choosing the tool that will allow you to do exactly that. So if we're looking at connectivity, something that in Africa it's a big thing is access, not just in terms of able to access the internet, but also in terms of a device to be able to access the internet. A discussion or a talk I was at yesterday spoke about a new initiative in the faculty to try and get laptops for those students who don't have any of them. And the moment they've got about six students identified in one particular year, they don't have laptops. So now we're trying to collect old laptops to be able to give to those students. Data availability at the cost in South Africa is a big thing, even though they will often tell us that our data cost is not the highest in the world in terms of exposure to information and technology and whether we should allow them to bring their own device. And like I said already, we can't really use that as an approach because we're not sure that everybody will be able to bring a device. So if we look at social media, this is an abstract or an extract from the top 200 tools used for e-learning in 2017. And out of the top 200, Twitter was number five. So that is the tool that according to the survey is used most in social media for learning. LinkedIn is big, bigger than Facebook, and after the hashtag delete Facebook last week, it probably has dropped a few places. And Instagram is very big among the youth or the younger generation. In terms of collaboration, I mean, most of these you already know, there are lots of tools that allow that. The webinar tool that we're using at the moment, Dropbox, Connect, Skype, the probably most people use for video conferencing, and Google Drive. All of those are tools that allow you to collaborate with one another without having to be in the same place. In terms of collaboration, again, MOOCs in terms of, in fact, I think that should be discussion. So in terms of discussions, there are lots of discussions that happens on MOOCs because you're reaching a far wider audience than you would have done a few years ago. Google Hangouts, Twitter, WhatsApp, a great device, mobile device, doesn't look like a lot of the data, and can connect almost anybody anyway, and Snapchat. One of the things that we're looking at as well is where this creativity comes in, as Veronica spoke about already, and how would you allow creativity. And those are just drawings that were done on an iPad, can be done on any tablet, and she spoke for us well about just doing it on a whiteboard, allowing students to be giving them space to be creative, annotating and working with PDFs on the beach or whatever else that that may be. This might be a useful wheel or diagram to look at again. There's so many tools out there, and what this tool allows you to do is to have a look at what are the tools that allow you to, according to the Bloom's technology, to focus on creation, to focus on evaluation or application. It's overwhelming, to be honest. And a lot of those tools, I don't even know what they stand for, but at least it gives you a starting point. And to keep in mind that some of those tools are on different sectors of that same wheel. I spoke about the top 200 tools for learning earlier on, and I will send the link as well. And number one is YouTube, the same as it was in 2016, and Google searched the same as it was in 2016. PowerPoint, as much as death by PowerPoint gets thrown around a lot, PowerPoint is still the top three in terms of the learning tool that's being used. Google Drive, Twitter is theirs number five. And most of us use those tools. So that's basically it. Thank you for listening to Veronica and I. If you want to contact us for more information, those are email addresses. And we will also make the Derby Spark and the PowerPoint. And thank the video that Veronica spoke about earlier on. We'll make that available. Thank you. I'm just looking at some of the questions. Nadia has raised the aspect around the negative aspects of social media. Veronica, would you like to talk about that? I think it's, can you hear me? Yes, can hear you. Right. I think it's very important that students are introduced to the value and the benefits and the detrimental aspects of social media as early as possible. Preferably in school, but I feel it's a really important aspect of professional education. That they are fully aware of the permanence of what they write on social media and the impact. And I think at the moment in South Africa, the issue of an estate agent giving a racist comment and now being sentenced to two years imprisonment really is astounding. And we need to help students be aware of the importance of what goes on social media and what doesn't. And really the permanence of it. And also the ethical aspects. Ethics seeps through in every way in all our communications and particularly online because of its permanence and because of its energy and ability to spread. There's also lots of positive aspects about social media. And Nadia has raised that point that a friend of hers has started a journal club on Twitter which now has a worldwide audience, which is true. Absolutely. So I actually have a Facebook account for work and one for home. And my work one is a huge resource for being connected to educational information articles and how wonderful to have a journal club. That sounds amazing. Because I've noticed the local journal club really struggles to have people come and join with each other and part of it is the traffic, the time issue. So to have it online, how wonderful. So Nadia, you definitely have to share that with us, the Twitter account of your friend. So that we can go and have a look at this online journal club, please. And I think our time is up. We started late, but we still need to finish on time. Any last word, Veronica? Thank you very much. And thank you for the series. I think it's very exciting and I hope there'll be more of them. So thank you. Oh, wow. Okay, you've got two more questions, Veronica. Uh-huh. How useful do you think the universal design for learning, educational framework to help us to design inclusive e-learning that suits the learning and the learning outcome? Is it UCT? Universal design for learning? Greg, do you have experience of that? In fact, our disability studies unit is probably the one department that is looking at this to a certain degree, because at UCT, I must admit, we don't design for inclusivity. But they are the ones who have brought this up a few times in terms of just even making our web content accessible, which is very easy to do, but most of the time we don't think about doing it. So it hasn't taken off to a large degree in Cape Town yet, but it has started. That's all I can say, Sally. And Nadia has shared the link to the online Twitter or the online journal club. Thank you very much, Nadia. Thank you, Nadia. That's wonderful. Then thank you very much, everybody. Thank you to Sally and Daksha for organizing these webinars. They have been great. And again, our apologies for getting the time zone wrong. We worked on a different time down here in South Africa. And in this case, it was not about African time.


brought from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE. Cover EMC World 2016, brought to you by EMC. Now, here are your hosts, Stu Miniman and Brian Graceley. Hi, welcome back to theCUBE here in Las Vegas for EMC World 2016. Brian Graceley and I are here, always happy to talk to lots of the practitioners at the show, talking about what they're doing, what they're sharing with their peers. For this segment, we have Paul Reyes who's the VP of Infrastructure and Security Services with Energy Future Holdings. Paul, thank you so much for joining us. Thank you, thank you for asking me to come. All right, so first, can you tell us a little bit about your role and your organization, what you guys do? Yeah, in Energy Future Holdings, I run all of the infrastructure services that we provide out to the customer that's compute, network, database, in-user computing, and so forth, and then I also own the security side of the house, so security operations and running everything that secures our infrastructure. All right, and Energy Future Holdings, give us, you know, what that is. Yeah, it's an energy company that has, in the non-regulated space, we have a generation of business unit. Generates power, coal, gas, nuclear. We have some wind and solar that we double into. So you guys are more of a utility, not like so much and wrong, you know, so. That's right, and we have, on the generation side, we also trade, and then we have another business unit that does the retail arm, and so we sell power as well as other services to our in-customer home warranties and other activities for our customers. So, I mean, that's a fast-changing industry. Talk about kind of what your group's asked to do. It's not just keep the lights on, but what kind of things is the business asking you that might require some stress and strains and changes on the IT side? Right, for our business, we got two business units. One business unit is time to market, right? The retail arm is really trying to drive activities that gets us to the customer faster. Our other business unit is complete opposite. They want it to be safe, reliable, and constantly available to our customers as we generate power for the state. And so, there are two different diametrics out there, but both of them have a high availability requirement, us to be able to provide mission-critical services on the time-to-market space. So what they ask for us is to make sure, not only do we provide reliable services as a table steak, but also how do I get it more efficient and drive ultimately our cost down? And so, at the end of the day, of course, my infrastructure services and security services are the majority of our budget. And so, I'm always constantly trying to drive cost down while our services are increasing so that we can reinvest that activity. So it sounds like on the fast-moving part of your business, those sound like cloud requirements to me. Move fast, give me resources, maybe for developers or even just for, is that, are those sort of the demands that you're getting for cloud-like services within your business? Yes, today, when we started driving into the private cloud aspects and then also dabbling into the hypercalf for both public and private, we really found that we had to generate our business as service rather than doing everything manual through a waterfall process. And so it took our customer months to get through our activities, to just provision, just general services. So we had to figure out a way to be nimble and drive agility into our business so that when we provide services back, we can do it with a few amount of resources as well as time to market. Yeah, and how did you go about doing that? Well, it was a journey, it wasn't just tomorrow, but when we started in 2009, we took from a standalone environment, we really, in the first next two years, we drove a virtualization policy, making virtualization first. So as we drove that activity, we drove consolidation of infrastructure, we did standardization of OSs and technology, and then the next two years was round stabilization of processes. How do we stabilize, how do we get our security services under control, and how do we start improving our availability? 14 and 15 is where we did hyper cloud services when we said, all right, now how do we get our V blocks in environment, which is what we settled on for our mission critical. We didn't want to start small, we started with our mission critical systems first. We said, how do we bring every single mission critical environment into a virtual space driving where some business units had only 10% virtualization, we are now a little over 99%. So everything that we run mission critical is in our hyper cloud services. So Paul, how do you guys look at it differently between kind of virtualization and cloud? What were the services or attributes that differentiated those two for you? It's ability for us to be able to use automation and services to our customers. A lot of times somebody will say, do we use self service? And we don't, we use a service to our architects that know how to integrate the systems together. So once we guys really look at how do we provide those services together, then they go through a portal and provision those services dynamically with an end to end process, not only just provisioning a virtual machine, but also how do I ensure security is wrapped around and how do I ensure that scans are done, patches are done, all the way up through CMDB updates and then finally turning over to the application owner. All right, so you've got security as part of your domain. Absolutely. How's that been changing over the last few years and how do you guys think of security holistically? In the security world is one thing, but sitting in within an energy company is a whole different ball of wax. And not only from a critical infrastructure for our state, but also our retail has PCI environment. So it's really a big deal for us. How do we ensure that we stay within our controls? How do we drive those controls down into an automation factor? So we're using several tools to go and make sure those controls are automated where possible. And if not, drive towards that automation, as well as making the provisioning process already baked in with those controls going out the gate. Yeah, I heard you use the term hybrid cloud. Two things, what does that mean to you, hybrid cloud, but more importantly, what types of applications are you thinking about maybe using a public service or some non-on-premises service for? Yeah, hybrid cloud to us means that we will have the capability to be the broker. And I mentioned several times in other conferences where if I don't seem to change the infrastructure security aspects of my job in four or five years, it's going to be obsolete. Because we've got to change to become a broker of services. And that means both locally in our corporate public cloud as well as in our public cloud. And so when I think hybrid, I think how do I manage the difference between the both? And we have software as a service already pervasive in our environment. How do I bring in the infrastructure as a service and the platform as a service to realm? And then how do I make sure I can manage that brokerage of when it's right to go public and when it's right to go private? All right, so you said platform as a service, what are you guys using there? Right now we're just in the thought process of that. We're trying to get our arms wrapped around the infrastructure. Yeah, so I guess, why are you looking at that? What kind of drivers for that? Well, as we start thinking provisioning systems is one thing, but how do I get to be able to offer to my customer the ability to provision an entire landscape? How does I, today we're outsourced, heavily outsourced. So every system that gets provisioned is a cost driver for us. And so if today I have over 13 different environments for one application, how do I take those applications down to two environments and then dynamically provision the entire landscape on demand? Right, that's a game changer for us, right? And so our application team says, yes, I want that. Okay, I can't give it to you yet, but that's where I'm headed, right? That's where that either sometimes it's a platform that we can do that encompasses the entire platform of our application, or it might be just a very orchestrated infrastructure as a service that we will provisioning, or put that all together and deliver that as a service. Yeah, you talked about, as you're rolling out a hybrid cloud or you're trying to leverage those resources, a lot of people would say, well, managing a VMware environment and managing an Amazon or Azure, they're different. What tips might you give to your peers that you're saying, hey, look, as you look at different cloud environments, how do you think about managing them mentally? How do you think about being that broker? Yeah, I think the thing that we're trying to wrap around in our heads is, how do I not only provide the brokerage of just the infrastructure itself or the service itself, but also wrap in my security aspects, the data cloudifications. How do I understand when things need to be export compliant based, and so then I have to exclude that from there? It's figuring out where the controls need to be so that when I provide those services, I provide them in the right means. One of the things you pointed out was, you went after the hard applications first, right? I think, Stu and I have seen this talking to a number of people, the people that tend to be very successful, even though it feels counterproductive, they go after the hard application, they have some skin in the game.   I think the reasoning that we chose it is, we had to show a dollar value to say, why am I going to invest? Justify the investment. There's a huge investment when you're going to go do that type of a big iron. And so what we thought is, hey, the only way I can get that is reducing maintenance, reducing license counts, reducing infrastructure footprint, data center floor space power, and as well as labor. And so the place where we invest the most of all of that is within our mission critical environment, right? That's almost half of our footprint. So I had to get up, show a cost case where I could actually do all of those and provide that capability to reduce multi-million dollars. We had a business case that said, we're going to invest $20 million worth of our business money, and then guarantee that we would return on investment, $54 million in the next five years. And we were so confident, we took it right out of our budget, day one when we agreed to it. So I had to deliver those things right away.  But yeah, the team and our partners that we put together, you know, looked at it and says, yes, we can do that. And so we went, you know, and delivered services. What we didn't realize that when we finished that delivery, which was really, hey, we were going to provide our business with just as good, if not better performance. What we ended up with is a shocking change of our performance metrics, which we're still trying to evaluate all the different benefits. Some environments were 50% better, some of them were 300% better. And so the ability for our business now to say something that took a whole day to process, now it can be processed within 30 minutes, what's the bill's value to that? You know, how much can I send more invoices out? Can I reduce the amount of work that I can shift now people to do other things? Tons of other benefits that we're still trying to comb through. So Paul, you've laid out for us the journey for what you've done over the last seven years. I guess first question is, you know, what's next? Where do you still have to go? We talked a little bit about Paz, but where's the journey taken you next? I believe we're trying to simplify and build on our automation. Our automation, I think, is really our next key environment where we think, hey, how do I automate more and more of our services so that we can take the human element out and let our folks be the thinkers of where we're going to go tomorrow and get the day-to-day redundant things out there. Whether it's in the public cloud or whether it's in private, it's really trying to drive that automation. So when we broker that deal, it's the same service repeated across the board. And it's a hard thing to do because, you know, automating on things and control is one thing. Automating things at the business level is a whole different ball of wax. All right, so you've got the learnings now of all you went through. You said it was a journey. You're talking to your peers. What things do you point out to say, hey, you might want to avoid this road bump or, you know, not go down this path? What would make it easier for your peers? It was really a lot of good learnings. I think don't offload your responsibility. A lot of things that was probably our biggest ticket is we took in on partners. We have, we're outsourced, so we have two big, huge partners that are doing application outsourcing or infrastructure outsourcing, but we also had three or four other partners that came from the outside, VCE, MC, a few others. And so what we ended up is we assumed that this would be a can, third party come in, run the show, and migrate it all over there and hand it over to them and let them drive it. At the end of the day, it wasn't, we know our business better than anybody. Owning that outcome, putting our people in front of this, putting our leaders over responsibility to get this over the goal line was critical. We ended up failing miserably up front. We had to pull back, reset, and figure out, all right, who do we put up in front and drive this? Because we own, we know our customers. We're the ones that have the relationship. And so doing that was probably the most important thing, aspects of it. The second piece is probably identifying where all the gotchas are. Having a good data map of all their applications and where they all talk to, as you peel back that onion, you realize how many things that you didn't know, what talked to what, and being able to understand what needs to be segmented, what can't be segmented, because you have applications talking to areas that you didn't expect to have happen. Customers talking to production where you didn't think that was happening. Peeling all those onions back, identifying the gotchas early was a lot of painstaking effort to get through. Yeah, go ahead, Brian, sorry. Yeah, no, I was going to say, it's great that not only, we talked about earlier, you found the difficult applications, but just as importantly, you got business buy-in, and that's, because again, this is like you said, this is a journey, but it's also a transformation. You know, you're impacting the business, you're changing the business, you're giving the business new opportunities, they need to feel like they're part of it. That's fantastic that you identified that, and that's, are they more involved now that you've given them these great results? I think at our company, our CIO has a seat at the table. He sits, talks, and updates the board. He describes and involves all his peers and senior execs in that realm. So when we sit around the room of what we're trying to achieve, he paints a great picture on being able to do that. So they're involved on, hey, hey, how is that migration going? How's my application going? They're up to date in knowing we have constant feedback in that loop. So when we build a relationship to where they see the investment turning over into some realization and some customer satisfaction, you know, it builds that effort for us to stay at the table. That's great, that's great. So Paul, I want to give you the final word. Which of the energies is the most exciting these days? Which of the energies? Yeah, solar, you know what? I would say exciting is, for us, I mean, for me personally, is nuclear. There's so much things that happen in the nuclear space. The upcoming, I think solar is really cool. I think there's so many things that could probably happen in there, but I think there's really more energy sectors that are popping out, batteries and a few other things that are very smart people in our company are figuring out where to go next. All right, well, Paul Reyes with Energy Future Holdings. Thank you for sharing your story and journey with your peers. We'll be back with lots more coverage here from EMC World 2016. You're watching theCUBE.


So, far we have looked into both this adversarial and stochastic sorting right in both the cases we our focus so far has been only just coming up with the algorithm and bound its regret. So, now the question is whether whatever the bounds we are getting is that the best we could get or or like whatever the performance we got this some algorithms they were not optimal or they have been very suboptimal. So, to we need to characterize that we need to also understand what is the best we can get in these setups right. So, what is the lower bound on this regret is the regret bound upper bounds we got for this different algorithm how close they are to the best bounds we can get or are they matching the lower bounds. If they are matching the lower bounds then our algorithms are already optimal let us say if matching up to constant and matching we only look at in the terms that involve the number of rounds and the number of arms. So, for that we are now going to start looking into the lower bounds that one can get in this different settings and then we will discuss whether what all the things we got they were optimal or not. So, today we are only going to basically just briefly discuss the ideas and introduce the some relevant results that need to prove the lower bound and the lower bound actual one we will prove to in the next class, but this class we will just discuss the broad idea how we are going to derive this lower bounds. So, we have defined for a the expected regret of an algorithm pi for a given environment V we have already defined this is to be the expected regret of algorithm pi on my problem instance V. Now nu is chosen by the environment against whom we are learning pi is the learner who is applying the policy, the policy we are denoting it as pi. So, there is a interaction going between learner and the environment. So, now what we are interested is what is the best we could give against the environment. So, environment can choose any probability distribution it likes right ok. So, now I am looking at so the regret for a given policy pi what is the worst regret I could get among all possible environments. So, I am assuming that this epsilon denotes the class of distributions that my environment choose pick and assign the rewards to arms. So, for example, this capital epsilon could be all possible distribution with bounded support. It can choose the environment from this set and assign rewards to arm. I am now looking at what is the worst regret I am going to get, but now what is your goal? Your goal is to minimize this and come up with a policy that is best. So, what you want to do? You want to minimize this let us say pi is capital pi is collections all policies that you can apply. Now, you want to so this is the worst regret if you are going to use a policy pi since environment can choose any nu that would like from this set epsilon you will you are going to see what is the worst I am going to incur and now your goal is to come up with a pi which is going to minimize this. So, that is why we are going to call this as minimax criteria and then we are going to denote it as. So, notice that this depends on what environment you are looking at and also the time horizon for which you are looking at. Now, a policy so a policy pi we are going to call it as minimax optimal for this environment epsilon if the regret of that policy so is going to be whatever the optimal I can get. So, here it is not a nu, but this is a function of the environment itself ok. So, we do not know such a policy exist of not right now because we right now do not know what is this quantity. So, of course, we know already many policies for example, in the adversarial case we have already looked into exp3 expix exp3 dot p and all these are the different policies we do not know right now those policies are optimal because we do not know what is this value. And in the stochastic case we know that we have already know the policy like ucb klucb and Thomson sampling and another is moiss policy we have already discussed. We know there what is the regret bound they are going to give, but we do not know what is this. So, now our goal is to see whether how to characterize this quantity Rt pi stochastic. So, first I am going to just state a result give a bound on this minimax regret and after that we are just going to today mostly we are going to talk heuristically what line of proof we are going to follow to prove this theorem ok. So, just first let me write this theorem this is square root kT, T is capital T. So, let us say epsilon k be a k-armed stochastic bandit with finite support, finite support like let us say we will assume in this case it is between 0 1 interval or we can also take it to be some sigma sub Gaussian for some known sigma value. What we are then saying is then there exist an universe constant C and as a universal constant C that is independent of my k and T such that for every k greater than 1 that is number of arms is greater than 1 and number of rounds greater than k that is I have I am round such that it is larger at it allows me to pull each arm at least once then it holds that this minimax regret here is going to be lower bounded by C times square root of T k that is it is to be at least of order square root kT that is if you are going to it is. So, you see that it is square root in k and also square root in T and this other part C is just a constant it does not depend on any of this constant k and T. So, as of now the way we have written this lower bound we have taken over the way we have written this minimax regret we have written it we have taken over all possible problem instances right. So, this is we are kind of already made it independent of which problem is chosen from the set of problems we have. So, this is in a way we are looking for problem independent bound right. So, it does not depend on which instance we have and now we are saying that if that in that case the best you could expect for any policy to do is is to get have a bound that is of order square root T k it cannot be smaller than this because we are already saying that it this result is already saying that it has to be at least square root T k. Now, for our algorithms at least like for the UCB and MOS algorithm we have stated this bounds right which problem independent bounds what is that we have for UCB the problem independent bound was it like a square order square root kT log T. So, there we had an extra factor of a log square root log T right ok. Let us have this you just we are going to just discuss proof idea many of the points are going to have is pretty much hand waved may not be that rigorous, but let us try to understand what is what are the broad steps we are going to take and we will make them later formal. So, first thing so, now let us let us focus on the case of Gaussian bandits. When I say Gaussian bandits let us assume the all the arms have rewards that are Gaussian, but maybe with the different different means and variance or let us say let us fix the variance and let us say that all are Gaussian distributed with the fixed variance, but they have different different means ok. So, let let us say mu and let us say variance is 1. Let us say I have I am just taking let us say one arm let us say it has mean mu and variance 1. Now, suppose assume that mu takes value 0 or delta only two values have been told that like see I have given you a Gaussian I have given you a arm which has this Gaussian rewards generated according to Gaussian distributed it has mean which could be either 0 or delta and it has a fixed variance 1. Now, how you are going to decide whether it has a mean 0 or mean delta? So, let us say you have n samples you are going to estimate the samples from this samples. So, this is ok this is your natural estimator here. Now, you are going to say its mean how you are going to conclude this mean is 0 or delta ok. So, you have this if it is closer to 0 then you are going to call the mean is 0 if it is closer to delta you are going to to call it delta. So, maybe your decision boundary is delta by 2 if this mean happens to be less than delta by 2 you are going to call it as 0 if it is above delta by 2 you are going to call it as delta ok. There could be some error yes. So, that is what you then you can potentially make a mistake with this finitely many samples. Let us see what is that probability of making an error. So, this you have been told and then your decision was that. Let us assume that now mu is 0 the true value happens to be 0 I mean you have been told that either it is mu or delta you have given that information, but the true value happens to be 0. Now, you have to figure out you have to figure out whether 0 from the information that it is 0 or delta. If it is delta if it is delta you can do similarly argument follows by symmetry. Now, you have fixed mu to be 0 your estimator mu hat what is the expected value of your estimator it is going to be 0 right because the underlying. So, it is expected value is and what is its variance? Variance is going to be simply 1 by n right because these are all independent samples variance of. Now, your decision criteria is mu hat greater than delta by 2 you are going to always ask this question whether mu hat is going to be delta by 2. If it is true then you are going to say mean is delta otherwise you are going to say mean is 0. Now, probability that this indeed holds because your mu hat is a random variable this may hold and what is the probability that this will hold. So, we can compute upper boundaries in a way we did earlier by looking at the tail probabilities of the Gaussian distributions. So, mu hat here with this estimator mu hat happens to be another Gaussian random variable with mean 0 and variance 1 by n. So, for that Gaussian random variable we are asking what is the probability that it takes value larger than delta by 2 and based on the tail distribution of a Gaussian random variable we can compute it as and this we did in our class when we and also we can actually lower bound it by a very similar quantity. So, the lower bound we did not discuss, but assume that this is indeed true assume that like there is an upper bound and the corresponding lower bound on this probability mean you can show this. So, notice that upper bound and lower bound are essentially same the only difference is happening at this constant here it is 4 and here it is 8 by pi everywhere it is almost same. Now, you see that both terms have an exponential term and they are decaying exponentially in the number of samples we have. If n is large enough this probability is very small that you are making such a mistake. So, I have basically this is nothing, but mu hat minus 0 here that is your deviate your estimate deviates from the true value, but since I have assumed I am just ignoring I have just ignored that 0 there. So, if n is large upper bound and lower bound are going to be very small, but now the case where you see that all the places this n is appearing with delta square n delta square n delta square n delta square here. If instead if n is large it is not the only thing here that determines this probability, but what is determining is whether this n delta square is large or small. It may happen that delta is very small even my n is very large in that case n delta square is small and this probability may be n m and m b is not so small. So, if this let us say for in our case we have fixed delta let us say fixed delta and if your n is not large enough such that this n delta square is still significantly big then this probabilities may be not so small and then there is a significant probability that you made an error. So, for a fixed delta and if your n is not large enough let us say this n delta square is relatively big or relatively small sorry in that case this probability could be still not so small and there is a good amount of possibilities that your decisions would have been wrong. So, you see that in such cases if your number of samples are not too many you could potentially make mistakes with very good amount of probability. Alternatively if even if your delta is very very small there is even if you have large number of samples it is potentially possible that you would have made a mistake in your judgment with good possibility ok. Now, so the general idea in coming up with this proof is to establish a scenario that you have two instance of bandits on which your algorithm cannot distinguish them even though these two instances have different optimal actions. So, let us say if we can construct such a scenario then what whatever algorithm you have it will be fooled right. So, what I am saying? Suppose I can come up with two environments both the environments are different maybe slightly different, but and both of them look very similar they are different in the sense they have different optimal actions, but they look very similar in which case your algorithm may end up confusing one environment with the other and end up playing the optimal action. So, if you can construct such an environment then you will be able to show that your algorithm is going to make mistakes on this case and then based on that you will be able to have certain lower bound ok. So, let us say I want to basically select two bandit instance such that so what we are saying? Suppose let us say I can construct two instances of bandits that means I have to come up with two environments V and let us say V prime such that the two instances have two different optimal actions and also these two instances should be close enough such that your policy cannot statistically differentiate between them. So, then here it is a possibility that my algorithm will confuse one instance with the other and if it confuses one instance with the other then the optimal actions it thinks is actually not the optimal action right. So, right now I am not worried about the actual regret ok. Yes, if the gap between small regret is going to be small what I am worried about is whether my algorithm is eventually identifying the correct optimal action or not or like is it possible that with a finite t it may happen that I can fool I give one instance to algorithm my algorithm, but my algorithm thinks it is the other instance and with optimal action is the different one and it ends up playing up not the optimal action for that instance. So, this is the two things two instance. So, these are kind of what I am asking the two conditions I am asking they are somewhat conflicting right. I want them to be statistically close enough or not able to be differentiated that means, they are kind of very identical right like very close. If they are close maybe their optimal actions also need to be same. Now, what I am asking is if at all you can construct two instances which are statistically we will try to make it more formal what we mean by looking statistically similar while the optimal actions in them are different. If at all this can happen now your algorithm it is likely that your algorithm is going to confuse between the two and if and in this cases if it happens to make up and it will be making bad choices and in that case it may be we will show that in that case the regret is going to be of this sort and notice that if I have to make them even though it made a bad choice like if I am able to successfully fool it and it got confused and for that particular instance it picked an optimal arm it picked an arm which is not optimal for that action, but it in that case we expect the regret to be linear right if it is not able to pick the correct arm that means it is picking something else because of that regret, but we will see that to fool this algorithm we have to set this delta very small and that is where what he was saying comes into picture delta is very small then it is not actually because the delta is again going to be a function of t itself it is going to be not like growing like linearly in t, but it will be growing like square root t well let us try to make this okay fine okay yes it is the one with expectation expectation is on the randomness of the rewards and also the choice of your arms yeah, but my regret here actually depends on this instance itself rather that instance is what it is nothing but the mean values yeah the whatever the probability distribution finally what affects my regret is the corresponding mean values right so what is okay let me write this what would we say this this is nothing but x of whatever the algorithms pulled over a time t so this is what your total reward what you would have got and this is what yeah that is fine so in that case let me write it as a bit more mu so this is nothing but t equals to expectation summation mu i t t equals to 1 to t now expectation is there because this i t itself is random quantity the the arm you are going to pull in round t that base is based on the sample you have observed so far and that is a random samples that is what I am going to worry see finally what see like right now I am only interested in the expected regret here right so in the expected regret as I have written here what comes into picture is only the mean values so I am only interested in those parameters so for me this environment nu is nothing but nu is or like if I am going to define this epsilon to be some let us say set of distributions that take value in bounded support okay then I could just think of this nu to be 0 1 k it is like you take any k vector where each component lies in 0 1 that is going to define a environment for me and this is what my view means and actually this quantity here there exists is called minimax optimal if there exists a policy pi and actually this quantity here is this entire thing this is for a particular nu and when I say it or a policy over this environment this is the entire soup thing here okay so now the question is can we construct up to problem instances which will satisfy these two conditions simultaneously okay so now let us say we are going to do this so let us take one problem instance where each pi is Gaussian mu i variance 1 and another problem instance so this is another nu with


This is stock number 9345X. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used SUV and truck headquarters today. We are checking out this super clean 2010 Cadillac Escalade. This vehicle has the 6.2 liter V8 motor from this HD video You'll be able to tell that this SUV is in extremely nice condition considering the age and miles on it This is a 2010 so it is already eight years old has the black raven paint We shoot everything in 1080p So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn on right now Because it's like you're right here looking at the vehicle with me it has the 22 inch factory chromed rims and On these rims we have Bridgestone Duler 28545R22's these tires have a lot of tread left I'd say close to 75% of the tread left on these tires Bridgestone makes a great tire, and it's typically what they would have came with brand new Has the crystal clear headlights HD headlights Chrome trim grille the hood is in excellent condition Passenger side rim is in really nice shape as well no scuffs or scrapes on that and As we go down this side of the vehicle you can see just how clean the body is How glass like and mirror like that paint is We take these HD videos so you can get a really good idea of the overall quality of the vehicle Whether you're close by or far away You can make a smart buying decision from the comfort of your own home Or if you're just looking to learn more about the vehicle we go through it pretty thoroughly on these Walk-arounds factory running boards can see that the back rim is in excellent shape as well No scuffs or scrapes on that and these back tires have just as much tread as the front tires four-wheel disc brakes I Didn't see any denser dings down this side of the vehicle so very nice condition on the body Rear bumper is an excellent condition as well. No dense dings or scuffs on that It does have a full towing package and includes the receiver hitch and seven pin wiring The rear gate is in nice shape as well. It does have a power lift gate So you just press that button on the handle and it lifts up like that That is your cover for the receiver hitch And you can see that the carpeting is very nice and clean back here as well No stains or rips or tears these back seats do come out for Extra storage if you didn't want the third row in there those do come out And then you have all the room to the second row seats push of a button This will come on down for you and then it does have the flipper glass as well so you press this button right here and That glass comes up like so as we go around to this side of the vehicle just as clean as the passenger side once again, you can see just how nice and clean that paint is This back rim no scuffs or scrapes on that really nice condition Has the powerful in mirrors with the built-in directional signals and the blind spot and monitoring or Indicators, I guess you could say inside Believe this is a luxury package Luxury package gives you the black leather seats There are no rips or tears on these seats really really nice condition considering it is a 2010 Both of these seats are heated and cooled and you have a memory driver seat Carpeting is nice and clean up here Has the power fold in mirrors like I said and power fold out memory driver seat auto headlamps and the power tilt on the steering wheel As you can see this vehicle does have 58,970 miles so not too many miles on this one It's probably why it's in such nice shape the instrument cluster is an excellent condition. It has the heated Leather wrapped and woodgrain trim steering wheel You have Bluetooth audio controls on this side along with radio controls and the heated seat and cruise control buttons on that side Six-speed automatic transmission. You have the touchscreen display right here This one does not have navigation in it But it is nav capable all you need to get is a nav disc for this vehicle and you'd be all set up with nav Dual climate control. This is however where your backup camera shows up And you can see there is somebody right behind me right now So and then it beeped at you once it was in reverse because it does have the backup sensors Nice safety feature right there on star. You have your home link system with your garage door radio or Garage door lighting and security system buttons right there and the power sunroof Which is in really nice shape. You can see the headliner throughout the vehicles in really nice shape as well Side current airbags pass in her seat. No rips or tears on that very very nice condition And the carpeting on that side is an excellent condition as well We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we will check out under the hood Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here latch child safety system Passenger seat on the back here is in excellent shape as well. No rips or tears We got floor mats back here and these back seats are heated. You have rear air and audio controls as well This one does come with dual or two sets of headphones or two headphones. I should say and It does have the factory DVD player So very nicely equipped on the inside and Finally the third row seats look like they hardly have ever been sat in Very very clean like new condition as well as the carpeting back here Smells very clean in this vehicle. I'd be highly surprised if it was ever smoked in Same thing with pets. I don't think it's ever had pets in it very clean inside and out I'd highly recommend this Cadillac from a quality and condition standpoint Engine bay is very clean runs very smooth 6.2 liter v8 motor Comes in all the escalates This vehicle has been fully safety then inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change You can see just how clean that engine bay is always nice to see him this clean and This one's been like I said fully safety inspected as a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and topped off and The vehicle has been gone through 100% and To see more pictures of this escalator one of our other 400 new and used cars trucks SUVs mini vans wranglers half tons three quarter tons one tons you name it We got to go to our website www.SummitAuto.com Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle on our lot videos of every single used vehicle that we have All that's summit auto.com. Thank you so much for checking out the video If you like this one want to make it yours give us a call right now<PHONE_NUMBER> ask for one of our sales associates to make this Cadillac escalator today. Once again, that number is<PHONE_NUMBER> thanks again for checking out the video if you like it want to check out more go to youtube.com Slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all those videos on there In fact in a second you see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left a link to more Used inventory videos like this one on your right And if you haven't been to our website on the bottom a link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out And we really look forward to helping with this super clean 2010 Cadillac Escalade luxury thanks again


Over the past few years, antivascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, therapy has become a standard treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, AMD. During this time, treatment strategies have evolved from a monthly dosing schedule to individualized regimens. This paper will review the currently available antivegph agents and evidence-based treatment strategies. This article was authored by Jacqueline L. Kovac, Stephen G. Schwartz, Harry W. Flynn and others.


What's going on everybody got Kyle and Shawn here relating sports cards. We're been two boxes for hunter Mr. Hunter v. This one is gonna be 22 tops chrome sapphire and 2223 Merlin soccer good luck mr. Hunter. Let's see a let's see a ball roll here for you. It's been a minute Hey, what's up Eric? Fortis and playoff action me too Jonathan me too got my bucks playing tomorrow night. I'm excited for it Eagles been playing and no AJ Brown. I'm hoping we can uh, maybe get it done tomorrow Go Rams not the most confident, but I'm not not not confident Not not confident Righty. Good luck here. Mr. Hunter doesn't look like a ball relic in this one Kind of auto a number if we got them and I in so Fernandez start us off in the rookie There's Arta just started playing again for right out on the rookie base and Tomas so pobega Refractor. Yeah, it's a fun one man. I really do like uh, I'm like Merlin, too You're a son a we got the 299 Lee Royce on it on the red for a buyer Hansen here's a Matisse tell Refractor rookie is Savio for Einhoven. It could be potentially a model Savio Yeah There's a auto it's gonna be refractor rookie auto mark asado out of Barcelona. Oh boy Mark asado right over there or something. What is this dude doing Matt L? I think I know that name Bofa. I know a Bofa that goes pretty close to that name pretty similar There's a Frank Reichardt Merlin masters. Maybe it's Moe. It could be Moe Could be Moe. Moe's rocking some fresh dogs today. I see that. I see that refractor Neymar Let's go Moe. Let's go Moe Fire We got a goal. It's gonna be a Alex Lowry on the rookie goal for Rangers Alex Lowry, who's that? Who's that bought directed at Matt? Oh, yeah, we're doing here He doesn't know what that is. It's a Garnaccio rookie under 21 He's glitched out right now refractor rookie is Devin, uh, Mubama West Ham Mom Patrick Cloyford Ageless alchemy Matisse tell to 350 green shimmer concert Well, let's see a low number Refractor is Lorenzo Pellegrini for aroma. Oh Man, here's the second one. Give you a second one They in buffet a nice one there on the Merlin refractor one per box on this Merlin refractor This is Merlin soccer Lily or a little bunny little buddy. What up, Bonnie? This is Merlin soccer 22 23 24 Merlin soccer Ben Segear under 21 rookie No losing there's a Harvey Elliott refractor Yeah, it's a fun set of Bonnie and once about one per case they have a match ball relic auto Which is a really cool one There's Anthony at 75 for man you relic from a ball and then a auto of pretty good set it's like Hollins in that set Dotsky messy. There's Kevin de Bruyne Merlin masters Alrighty there that'll do it for the Merlin for your hunter. Let's see what we got on 22 top chrome sapphire. Good luck Good luck. Let's see nice Bobby nice J rod. Yeah. Good luck. Mr. Hunter. Good luck, sir. There's Donaldson Sons of teller wood and Harrison Bader So after this guy's got to go collect some more boxes. It'll be for Nick Mark Ross and Larry at the moment Larry Larry and mr. Jeremy also grabbed a box. So we'll get Jeremy as well We have for the Cardinals. That's some Goldie and not up and gold is gonna be Jorge Polanco 250 for the 20s Jorge Polanco on the gold Miguel Rojas and Veerling Matt Veerling Fuzer stars Bobby Dahlback. There's a rookie Giovanni Moran Dean Kramer Josh Harrison. There's Brandon Rogers. Not one is full to new it And Austin Meadows for the rays Austin Meadows Not the Tigers Spencer's boy. Here's Mike. Yes David Peralta Simmons and Vladdie, Jr. There's a rookie Jeremy Durant Red Sox got Cal Cuantruel Sino and Kurt Suzuki. Come on, Hunter Nice rookie here They have Tamiya Lestela Trevino Cucucci and rookie Gavin sheets for the white socks The last pack here and another gold the boba shed on the front got Gary Sanchez and Golds of 50 is gonna be Greg Holland for the Royals golds of 50 And a rookie on the back is gonna be Joel Pozo Rookie for the Rangers Alrighty there, Hunter. Not the hottest box of Sapphire. Sorry about that, sir We will get that right. I'll see my man. Appreciate you as always, Mr. Hunter


Hello, I'm Peter Harrop, Chairman of ID TechX. We have an interesting stand here. We're going to interview the Fraunhofer Institute and I will introduce themselves. Hello, my name is Peter Spees. I'm with Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits and we are showing here different energy harvesting systems. So we're using, for example, thermal gradient to power state-of-the-art electronics just with the heat of the human skin. Our focus are microelectronic circuits so we're developing DC-DC converters optimized for thermal harvesting systems. You can see a Bluetooth wristband which is poorly powered by the heat of the human skin. We're measuring the temperature and the acceleration in this wristband and transmitting the data to the tablet. The whole wristband is solely powered by thermal harvesting. Cool. But can you make this smaller? What's next? We are working on it. So the next version would be a lot smaller and of course we want to integrate that completely in the textiles to have fully self-powered systems. Can you power ARM Cortex M0 Plus? What's MCU? Is there an MCU? How do you make the Bluetooth work? The Bluetooth is completely powered with thermal harvesting. And the microcontroller? Yes, of course. But the microcontroller is not the problem. The problem is the power amplifier to transmit the signal. It consumes the most power. So how soon can we get this kind of stuff in all consumer electronics? This one here, a couple of years. We get a smartwatch with no need for battery. It just works by putting it on. A smartwatch is a little bit more than that one. Just the Bluetooth. The smartwatch has a lot more. It has a display. It has some more processing power. But you could have some sensors. You can have step counters. Which other sensors can be powered by skin? Step counters, temperature sensors, acceleration sensors, humidity sensors, everything.


But when we look at the actual lifespan of a typical grain fed cow at 18 months, it becomes a bit unclear. Cows are born on pasture, staying with their mother, suckling until approximately 10 months of age, being weaned in the fall from their mother's milk. The cows are then left on grass for 2 to 6 months, sometimes not at all. But even if these cows were on pasture, it's wintertime because they were weaned in the fall. These cows are never exposed to the nutritious summer grass that makes grass fed beef so healthy. The feed grain fed cows receive is abysmal in nutrition compared to green summer grass.  They then spend an average of 6 months on feedlots, reaching market weight 6-12 months faster than grass fed cattle. This isn't without consequence. The gain is at the expense and comfort of the animal. Feedlot conditions necessitate the need for constant medication and antibiotics.  This explains why there is such a significant difference in the color, taste, and nutrition between grain fed and grass fed beef, despite the supposedly similar age and feed of the animals. There is an interesting parallel in America between how we feed our cattle and what we eat ourselves. We feed our baby's soy formula instead of mother's milk, just like calves receive formula replacements in many cases. Then our babies and children, as well as cows, are put on low nutrient diets based around low quality foods. The thing is here, cows have much shorter lives. They are slaughtered before they develop too many diseases or issues. But the modern ailments we are suffering from now make it questionable if our step away from the foods found in nature is the root cause. Both humans and animals are being experimented on to see how much horrible food we can tolerate. So next time someone says, all beef is on grass, ask them if they know the lifespan of a grain fed cow. When you realize it's 10 months on mother's milk, 2 to 6 months on grass, or none at all, then 6 to 12 months on a feed lot, the marketing becomes a bit misleading to say the least. Thank you guys for watching. Please like, subscribe, hit that bell icon. It's right next to the subscribe button and share the video if you can. If you guys would like to support my goal of providing high quality nutrient dense animal foods including grass fed beef to everyone on this planet, please check out Frankie's free range meat at frankiesfreerangemeat.com. At the moment we are offering several packages for pre-order and we are adding products every single week. So definitely check out the website guys, check out the mission if you want to learn more about that. Outside of that, you guys enjoy the rest of your week.


What's up everybody? Jayzian for jayspeakscasebrakes.com 2020 Panini Spectre football two box break pick your teams number two just sold out guys So again, we had a little R&B for 11 teams. So here's the customer names So R&Bs are teams that are part of there. There's a customer names part of the R&B. Oh, yeah, we're trying it out today run Try out some crates. Nice Here's a customer names. This crate is legit guys. Whoo. All righty. So let's turn this here And it's just two boxes guys. It looks like Joe.  All right, everybody good luck First one we got is a little Larry Fitzgerald Ryan Tannehill 14 out of 50. I Did see a little something Little little something. All right, so car knows that is going straight up to Alex and Titans going to Patrick And we got Joshua Kelly 68 out of 75 my Monumental relics called dibs And I don't think you're gonna want this guy Ryan. I just think it's a nice card, though 17 out of 30 Darius Slayton autograph for the jeeman Giants Jarrell with that one. Let me quickly get some more top lovers Matthew Stafford 53 out of 99 Lions is part of the R&B 53 going to Robert Grice Well a little garnermint you 44 out of 99 relic 44 Colton got James Washington three out of ten Steelers part of the R&B spot three Another one for Robert spot three. All right, and we got a Russ Grimm Hall of Fame for the Washington football team going to Jarrell Taylor 28 out of 50 All right, it looks like a little Little nebula one out of two Carson Wentz I said, I don't think you would want this Rambus a nice looking card. I love the nebulas Eagles spot one Tony aura T Higgins 24 to 25 for the bangles So little Deandre Swift 12 out of 15 for the Lions Lions are part of the R&B So it's going to spot two Brett Rogers 12 out of 25 Or he's not here anymore, whatever depending on what happens who knows I don't think they're gonna keep both If they do it's only because whence is starting and we got tonighty-nine little aspiring rookie patch autographs Clyde Edwards a lair chiefs going to Matt three color patch and Of course they can afford both but I don't I don't think once is gonna want to be there if he's not the starter to be honest He wants a fresh start. I don't blame the guy Get a fresh start But again, I don't know if that's their plan to keep them anyways and have them be the starter. I don't know Can anybody fix him? I think it's just more mental for him to be honest I think the only person that could fix him is himself 68 to 60 Carolina Panthers Greg with that one DK Matt calf 34 out of 99 for the Seahawks That's Jarrell Another one for the Seahawks on a Jarrell 10 out of 99 max impact Well, actually so that makes me wonder are they drafting somebody or they are they just keeping Alex Smith Gilbert Brown 44 out of 99 for the Green Bay Packers. That is R&B for when a Patrick Davis next box Yeah, well, that's what I'm saying. So they may be looking for a quarterback in the offseason or drafting potentially, right? All right, I guess next one Daniel Jones for the Giants Jarrell seven out of 60 Bradley Chubb the 75 You're coming back to LA right now So I was like man, if you don't like this you so much while you over there man come over here Bradley Chubb Sunday Spectacle three out of 75 Denver Broncos R&B three You got a little Leonard Fournette 44 out of 50 Jaguars Colm and Derek Brown autograph for the Panthers Craig with that one. That's 40 out of 75 Gotcha man. Hey, no problem family for sure man. It's all about the fam I recommend the boss. It's time She doesn't want to be an alley housewife She did she was she was she from over there? She won't live the alley lifestyle. I don't know the alley life son. I live here Cal Duggar 29 out of 75 Patriots R&B Nine going to Travis You got a little Henry Ruggs die cut for the Redis R&B as well 20 spot zero going to J And we got J. K. Donovan 34 to 149 What you get you got to put you in check be the boss 34 Ravens Craig with that one and Cole Mcdonald Tennessee Titans One 99. All right two more Leave you on Bell for the Jets Patrick Davis with that one 899 Got a little Ed Reid 53 out of 75 for the Ravens Aaron with that one. We got AJ Dylan one out of two Nebula that that patch would have been nicer for one out of two Jesus Packers one out of two that is Tony Two-color patch one out of two DeMarcus Lawrence out of ten it looks like for the Cowboys Eight out of ten Craig spot eight All right last box right here guys. Good luck Josh Jacobs nine out of 25 Raiders nine going to Travis How about a little Jalen Hertz? 25 out of 75 Little rookie Aurora. Oh, sorry. That is a Eagles spot five Ryan put that one We got a three out of five freshly traded Jared Goff max impact three-color patch New lion three Rams block three Robert Grice and the last one is an aspiring patch auto again Two out of five this time for the Chiefs Clyde Edwards a lair Look at that Another one for Matt and the Chiefs I gotta get a top loader for that. I think 120s actually fit here. 120s do fit nice All righty guys, so there you go. That was the break This was spectra Pikachu number two Number three is on the website also is number four so we can run those back if you guys like Jaspy's case breaks calm No randomizes to do here, so I think we're good to go guys. I appreciate it