Good evening and thank you for joining us tonight on Y254 News and tonight we talk about postpartum depression. We try to see what is the cause, what do we do to make sure that when mothers give birth they don't have to go through postpartum depression. How do we also bring fathers because apparently postpartum depression affects at least one in 10 men. We also try to see how do partners support their wives during this process and to help us talk about this topic tonight, we have Juradine Muirori who is the founder of Mami's Touch and she is also a social economist. We have Mary Joong who is a patron of Warsaw that is a women student welfare association. You can be part of our conversation tonight by sharing your views and comments on our social media platforms. That is on Y254 channel, hashtag Y254 News. You can also reach me at Patricia Muriuki. Thank you guys for finding the time to come and join us tonight. And as I was doing my research you find out that at least we have got to a point whereby people get to talk about postpartum depression. People don't because we have mothers who at some point they have had their children taken away from them because they are not at a good position to really take care of them at that particular moment. But as we start I would like you Juradine to give a definition to someone who is watching us tonight and they have no idea it's their first time that they are hearing about postpartum depression. Basically it's depression but this happens weeks after delivery. This is when after the mother gives birth then it's beyond the baby blues. After the first few weeks, first four weeks you find the mother is aware you feel about the child but when it goes beyond the baby blues, the normal baby blues, some people feel like they really need to take care of this baby or they don't understand and some or others start experiencing some kind of fear. They are afraid that their child baby will be harmed by other people, they don't want it to be held by someone. They feel like the only way to keep this child safe is killing them or that's one way or the other way would be the mother feels like they are not parent enough, they are not good for this child or they don't understand what is happening and they do not want at all to be associated with the kid then you realize something is wrong, something is not right. So postpartum depression happens, it's the mental illness for mums after delivery which can be caused by different things. We're going to get to the causes of that but Tamiri you're a mum, did you experience postpartum depression? Partisha I did and if I have to speak about the depression it can be a lot of factors. First I am a student at the university when I was expecting, my academic is ahead of me, here is a child, I'm a single mum. So you can imagine I'm thinking about how this child is going to survive at the same time I have to chase my ambition as a young woman in the academia field. So I have this aspect I have to leave this child behind under the care of my sister to go and proceed with my studies. When I'm leaving this child I should be breastfeeding her that comes with the pain of holding the breast back. I was through medication but deep down it was so painful seeing my child going to stay behind while I'm moving forward again the responsibilities. I don't blame most girls who sometimes they go for giving away their children because the responsibility that comes with motherhood is kind of God given. If you're not strong enough you can't overcome it. So Juradine we've had Mary's experience, what was your experience? First of all did you go through postpartum depression? Yes I did, I wasn't a student though but I was at that stage where I haven't figured out who I am, what career path I'm taking on. Basically like I hadn't planned on getting pregnant and so you know people ask so now in this day and age how do you even get pregnant? This was the morning after pill this all since fell you know they are not like 70% so there's a whole 30% or 40% chance. I was going through motions, I had not even discovered who I am as a person, what's my path. I think I was going you know they say 25 to 30 is that period you still discovered who you are and now here is a baby. Financially I can't even sustain myself and then there's someone you need to take care of. So for me it was a period where previously I had gone through depression so now this coupled up with an unplanned pregnancy it was depressing. Okay so we know everything has a cause, everything has a trigger. We expect that when you get your baby, a baby is supposed to be a bundle of joy that is what we all expect.  But now what exactly do you think causes for you for example what do you think triggered you to get to the point where you suffered postpartum depression? So basically there are different things that cause postpartum depression now that I have learned more about it and gone through therapy. I know sometimes it's hormono it's the hormones that cause the postpartum depression but also if you have had previous episodes of depression that can cause you to have postpartum depression. But also studies for example by WHO have shown that poverty is a factor. It plays a key role in maternal mental health because poverty in this case people think poverty as being no food no nothing but poverty is financially stable. You do not know what next. So basically you don't know where your medical bills are going to come from, you don't know what this child is going to feed on, what are you going to close them with. All those things coupled up, will you provide rent, maybe you need help. So there are diapers, there are other things for me so it was that previous depression state now coupled up with all this question of sudden change that I had not really thought about or planned for. So all of it coupled up made me stressed out and then also for me I had a very hard time during delivery. So my labour took too long almost two days and I was tired, I was exhausted and pain caught. So it was a stressful moment, it was a traumatic period for me to labour for so long, get induced and then end up in the theatre. So at the end of the day I ended up more depressed than I had even thought about. Every story is different and every person's experience with postpartum depression even when you get to hear of people's stories it's very different. So Mary for you what did you struggle with during that time? What was that thing that really put you in that situation that you really found hard to deal with, you really found really hard to get to hear from it? Okay first I didn't get enough support from family except my sister.   And you see I left my baby when she was two weeks old. So detaching from a two weeks old baby whom we were breastfeeding was the toughest thing for me. But it had to happen because I have to chase my academics. If I had to defer my studies to breastfeed this child then it meant no future for us.  I have to put her on one and I'm just a past year student. So that meant I'm going to look for a job I don't know where. My help loan was only 15,000 shillings. So immediately I come to campus, I take all the money sent to my sister to put my daughter on milk. Now I'm left with nothing to eat. I detached from my friends because I looked horrible. Everything was in a mess. I'm out looking for a job. I worked as a sales agent for PASIS insurance. Looking at myself even if you were a client and this person comes to you, she's so young. She looks so desperate and she wants you to ensure with her you won't even trust her. So I never got any business. And they kept on pushing on with or without food and here are classes. So it was a mix of activities and situations for me. But I accepted it. Then I realized I lost almost all my friends. I was left with one friend that I could share and tell you see I left her baby at home. So as we are talking can't concentrate in class because she needs milk. I haven't sent any money so far. So I concentrate completely in class. And if you check my grades, my transcript, my grades for that specific time is not as I started in the first semester before I got to deliver my child. Akademically I dropped. I picked up in third year after. I'm fixing everything now. And I'm accepting and moving forward. And I'm able even to provide consistently for this child. Okay. So these are very difficult moments for mothers. Especially when we're talking about single mothers we don't have the father to be a support system. But we've had cases whereby postpartum depression gets to affect men. It's called paving paternal depression or something. But Juradine, what do you think we can do to make sure that we prepare mothers? That we don't only get excited till the baby shower and then a mother does not know what it is that they're supposed to expect. This is going to affect your sleeping patterns because at times the child is going to be awake. Your body is going to change in certain ways. Maybe you're not going to be comfortable with that. Probably you're not going to be as out as you wanted because this baby needs you. So how do you think we could prepare mothers to make sure that we don't have high numbers of mothers going through postpartum depression? Basically I think the best thing is to talk about it. To avail information and to hold sessions for mothers. These peer to peer support where mothers are aware, are made aware of what to expect and expecting. It becomes very hard sometimes in hospitals because you find, I can tell you, for me I started with a public hospital the first time I went for my clinic and the cues are too long that there's no time to start telling the mother this is what you expect, this is supposed to happen, if you see this and this, there is a problem. So for me what I would say is to avail this information to continue with advocacy and having conversations around mental health issues during and after pregnancy and also in hospitals we can make this possible if we had. I've seen hospitals have support system for people living with HIV. They have a day, they meet up, they form support groups. I think it makes work easier as much as public hospitals are crowded because everyone is going there. In over another hospital sometimes it's too busy and people are giving birth every nine months. So I think it would be good if people would be put in groups, like they would form support groups and then even if we have limited medics you see they formed some thing that they do for people living with HIV. If they would form groups of mothers, we would form groups of mothers where this information can be shared and the mothers can be having their support groups say every week or every month when they are coming for their clinic then they can also meet and the information be shared, be told this is what to expect.  It could be the same thing, when you are in this support group and you discover you are going through depression then you can have your group with a therapist in the hospital because they are there. Okay, so we cannot take men out of this because they are also part of it. How do we make sure that we get support? We are trying to make sure that the father of the child also needs to understand that this mother needs your support in certain ways because the men are not going to wake up when the baby cries so it's just the mother's load to make sure that they wake up, they feed and all that. So Mary how do you think for men watching us tonight that they can also play a part in making sure that we get to create awareness on postpartum depression and we also try to create an end to it making sure that mothers can nurse their babies peacefully without having to struggle with anything. Patricia you know, pregnancy is not a women only affair. It is both parties involved and for those who are married and have partners who are supportive or are involved rather than single man it is important if they start having this conversation even when the woman is expecting. And I applaud all men who stand with their women in the labour world because it's really a tough moment that most women are likely to go into postpartum depression. So if men can stand with these women and make it feel normal the delivery process let them adopt their children and be with them all the time. In fact the government should introduce a leave for men when a wife is pregnant and it's almost giving birth other countries have done that. Let's have it in Kenya so that men can support these women in their time when they need them the most because without support it's really really tough for women and it's their responsibility actually as a man that is your child as well. Don't leave the burden to the woman alone.  Let them put themselves in the shoes of these women and carry the burden and watch over women. We've seen it happen not only in movies in other countries men are taking care of their children. Assume this woman dies on delivery will you leave your child to suffer because you are not the mother because you can't breastfeed so it's the responsibility of men to wake up support women and take care of their children I follow you on social media so I see what you get to do with mommy's touch you try to make sure that you're creating like the mothers have a livelihood you try to make sure that whatever products these mothers are bringing out of a market you sell them and all that is there anything that you've tried on postpartum depression and how has mommy's touch played a part to make sure that with the mothers in the group you can address postpartum depression So basically what we're working on currently is making sure through collective action collective action is bringing the mothers together and so that then they can have the peer to peer type of counseling and also talking about it and being there for each other because when you're going through depression the support system is very important and maybe just to add something she said is also the fathers can go for the clinic with the mothers they will also get to get this information and even them it's also an experience for them to they are also experiencing parenthood and all these changes also with another kuhuman being over there so they also get to learn and if they are also going through depression they will use their therapist in the hospitals to work with them so what you're doing for us is at mommy's touch is to bring the collective action to bring about to enable the future this is through for example for us we've studied and seen that poverty is a key factor when it comes to mental health and so collective action bringing these mothers together we just don't bring them together to see it about so we found activities that are social economically empowering them boosting their livelihood and income generating activity so that then they can be able because research has shown that especially in Kenya and the rural women the course of maternal and infant death mortality going so high is because of one malnutrition and two poor uptake of healthcare the healthcare is there but they can't because they can't afford it maybe transport it's not accessible transport going there so they need something and income that then they can be able to go to the health center they can afford their NHIF cover that's why we bring them together to hold each other's hand and have the information around how to deal with depression and all that but at the same time then they can have income generating activities and savings that give them economic freedom so then they can make quality decisions about their health, wealth and well-being Okay, we don't have we really running out of time but I would like Mary for you to give 30 seconds on what do you think as a society sisters around that mother the brothers, aunts and uncles what do you think they can do to make sure that we bring an end to postpartum depression as we wind up Okay, family is the key aspect of a woman's life if they can support these young mothers yes, it's been perceived to be wrong to have a child out of wedlock but it's not such a big scene as not supporting them and letting them in the hands of nobody so family should be at the frontline to hold the hands of all young women and girls no matter the mistakes they've made they need your help because if they are not helped they are going to suffer and die out of some issues if they can't support the children they will really help reduce these cases of infants being left on the streets increasing cases of abortions because if at all my family could support me through thick and thin I can't stand with me even when I'm pregnant until delivery and give me hope, constant hope and society to stop judging these women because people sometimes look at expecting women like the only people having sex so it should not be like that Okay, thank you very much guys for talking about that I hope that such conversations get to go out there for people to really know what postpartum depression is what I can say is that if you have someone around you and they have a newborn baby why don't take even find a day hold the baby for them let them even go for a walk let them try and do maybe some of the activities that they used to enjoy before that baby came so that we make sure that we are bringing mothers who can be able to support the child fully that is how we hand for you tonight on Y254 news my name is Patricia Muroki do have yourselves a very good night


Well, we're three rounds in and the Falcons already have their third pick so far right here the man of the hour Zach Harrison from Ohio State University. How are you feeling right now? You are officially a Falcon. I feel so blessed, you know, just I'm really I lost the words. I feel like I thought I had, you know, what is going to feel like we just feel so much better than I could even imagine. So I'm just I'm just blessed when I got in the phone with you, you said you felt a lot better than you did 30 minutes ago. What were the emotions 30 minutes ago? I was going through your head. Yeah, I can't I can't lie. I was definitely nervous. I'm just kind of I don't know if there's no just anxious, you know, kind of just kind of see where where I'm gonna go where I'm gonna end up what city I'm going to. And you know, the Falcons gave me the call and I just I couldn't be more excited to go, you know, play for a great organization. When you got the phone call and you kind of felt the vibration, what did you feel? What were you thinking? What was going through your head? It was just kind of like no way. Like there's no way this actually happened. And it feels kind of like a dream or like a movie.  So it doesn't really feel real right now. Your dreams come to fruition. So, but you're with your family, right? Where are you right now and who are you celebrating with? I'm in my, uh, I'm in Columbus. I'm in my dad's office. All my family's downstairs. So I have to, you know, come some more quiet. So what was your family's reaction? I imagine you have a lot of people there with you celebrating. What was all of their reaction when you hung out with the phone and you told them it was Atlanta? Yeah, they were happy. They were, uh, my dad actually went to go, uh, who was scrambling to find the right hat.  You're coming from the Ohio State University. What was the experience like to play for such a prestigious power five school like that? Yeah, man. No, I feel like Ohio State is the best at everything, you know, but I'm my people bias, but I just felt like, you know, academically on the field, you know, just preparing you for life.  And I'm forever grateful. You're going to be joining a lot of men that have been in the NFL for a while. Grady, Jared, Kaleas, Campbell, David on Yamada. What makes you most excited about playing with these guys? What are your thoughts on that?  And you know, see where I end up when I look up and just to go learn from those bets, like guy like Kaleas, you know, who's been, been around the league for, since I was watching football, Kaleas, Campbell's been in the NFL. So, you know, to go learn from a guy like that, you know, it's just huge for, you know, for me and my career going forward. You mentioned the grinding mentality. What can Falcons fans expect from you as a player on the field?  But then once that, once that's over, you know, I got to get back to the bar, you know, they just don't get everything I got. That's really all I can say. I want to go back to Ohio State for a second, because this is a fact that I learned that I don't know if many of you know at home, you graduated from the University of Ohio. I'm so sorry, the Ohio State University with a degree in criminology. What interested you in getting that degree? Yeah, actually, I wanted to be an FBI. So I kind of went the psychology route and then kind of switched halfway through kind of realized criminology was, you know, more, more for me and kind of just kind of stuck with that, you know, could that be like a possible career after the NFL for you? It could be.   What's something off of the football field and outside of having a degree in criminology that Falcons fans might not know about you? Um, I would say I'm a big anime guy.  I'm just kind of that's what I do in my spare time. Well, okay, I'm not a big anime fan. So you'll have to teach me a little bit about that when you get here in Flowery Branch for excited to have you. Congratulations on being drafted by the Falcons. Yeah, thank you so much.


Thank you. Welcome. I call on the board of this meeting of the Arlington Select Board on Monday, June 6, 2022. I have Select Board Chair, Alana Diggins, and I will now confirm that all members of the person who participated on the agenda are present and can hear me. Members, when I call your name, please respond in the affirmative. Sam Hine. Yes, thank you. John Hurd. Yes. See the Corsi. Yes. Eric Helmez. Yes. Staff, when I call your name, please respond in the affirmative. Doug Hine. Yes. And Board Administrator Ashley Meyers, participating but not as panelists. Tonight's meeting of the Arlington Select Board is being conducted remotely consistent with an Act signed into law on February 15, 2022 that extends certain COVID-19 measures. The Act includes an extension until July 15, 2022 of the meeting provisions of Governor Baker's March 12, 2020 executive order to spending certain provisions of the open meeting law. The Governor's order, which is on the town's website and referenced with general materials for this meeting, allow public bodies to meet entirely remotely as long as there is reasonable public access that allows the public to follow along with the deliberations of the meeting. Before we begin, please note the following. First, this meeting is being conducted via Zoom, it's being recorded, and it's also being simultaneously broadcast on ACMI. Second, persons wishing to join the meeting by Zoom may find information on how to do so on the town's website. Participating by Zoom are reminded that you may be visible to others in that if you wish to participate, you are asked to provide your full name and interest in developing a record of the meeting. Third, all participants are advised that people may be listening who do not provide comment, and those persons are not required to identify themselves. Both Zoom participants and persons watching on ACMI can follow the posted agenda materials. Also found on the town's website, using the noses and the platform. And finally, each vote tonight will be taken by roll call. So now let's turn to Diane Mahan, Ms. Mahan, Vice Chair Mahan to make a motion for us to go into executive session. Thank you, Mr. Chair. I'd like to make a motion that we move into executive sessions for the purposes of discussing non-union and schedule employee contract and any other items related there too, and that when we adjourn the executive session, we will adjourn executive session, but reconvene and stay in session at the annual town meeting. Can I get a second? Okay. Second. Okay. On the motion from Ms. Mahan and second by Mr. Helmets. Mr. Heim. To her. Yes. Mr. Dacorsi. Yes. Mr. Helmets. Yes. Ms. Mahan. Yes. Thank you. Mr. Diggins. Yes. To unanimous vote for an executive session. Thank you.


The Bikes Squad essentially is a general duties position so we still take jobs that other crews do. We're similar to the to the beat staff in the regards that we don't get task jobs, VKR will call jobs on air if we're nearby or if we're in the position where we can assist, we'll take those jobs and go and do them. We take a higher role in regards to protests, demonstrations, we're in a position where we can easily stop traffic, let traffic go again so when there's marches on the road it's easy for us to allow the safe passage of that march through the designated routes. There is a lot of stopping, talking to members of the public, interacting with people and obviously charging the offenders. We get pretty positive feedback from the public, probably because they can relate to us. Most people own a bicycle and ride regulationally or you know it's part of the sport so it's good to have to break that barrier by riding a bike and wearing a pair of shorts so we look less formative. It's good, we get really good feedback from the public. You need to be somewhat bike fit and we do maintain a level of fitness and we will generally do a fitness test each year because of our role we need to maintain that. We have a lot of contact with the homeless groups, we work in association with Micah, we go out with those organisations, we make contact with those who are on the streets for whatever reason, some that are committing offences others that are just there due to circumstance. We make contact with all of them, put them in touch with support link, Micah government housing, try and get them off the streets, we can put them in drug and alcohol rehabilitation as well as another number of different agencies to try and help improve their situation. That being said we deal with the other side of the homeless as well whereas we're talking to them on a constant basis, we know them by name, if any offences come up where they're wanted we have a fair idea of where they're going to be and we can have those dealt with quite quickly. It's a great team, I can ask for a better team than one I'm in so everyone looks after each other and that's how it should be so no, it's a great team.


Hello, thank you for joining me. I'm sat in this very comfortable first-class compartment in a mart-long carriage at a Buckingham Ship Railway Centre I've come here today to do another episode of Miniature Railway Britain. Come on steam train, by the way We're on the stand, oh, and there's first 120 So we're going a bit of a race Come here today to do an episode of Miniature Railway Britain because we're about to go past the Golden Spring Miniature Railway But I thought I'd start with a ride on the train But before we get going, it's all exciting because I want to say thank you very much. We have reached 5,000 subscribers. So for everyone who subscribed, thank you very much. That really means a lot, and I'm very happy you've subscribed I think we're about to overtake furnace number 20. There she is And then on this side is the Golden Spring Miniature Railway, which is where we're going to. So you can just see now We've just gone past the station A few one-way from the passenger train. So it's episode of Miniature Railway Britain We're going to the Golden Spring Miniature Railway, maybe it helps you there, and I thought we'd start the train ride So when you get thrashed there, when you come to Queen's and you get a ride up and down There's two lines each side of what was the network rail freight only line, which is just there But since HS2 has come about that has now closed, but we're going to have a look at that There's Wales Wood over there on Shed. I'm hoping to get a ride behind her. She's a winning loco So it's going to be quite an exciting day We'll have a look around the railway center and we'll make our way over to the Golden Spring Miniature Railway Which is run by the Ellsbury Society of Modern Edges. Furnace number 20 is overtaking us again So we're at a steam gala, the spring steam gala. By the time you watch this video Oh, an old underground train there I would have published a video with all the footage of the steam gala There'll be plenty of races with furnace number 20 So if you want to see some races without me talking look at legal screen now That vehicle there, that grey thing, it's not an easel. It's actually a steam rail car It was built for Egyptian railways of all places. It's quite good here So you can see some unusual trains and locomotives that you wouldn't expect to see in Britain from other countries So we'll have a good look around all of that. We're just coming into Queen's and Rose So what I'm gonna do, we'll get off the train. I'll show you the loco We've just travelled behind and we'll go and have a look around the site. So here we are. We've arrived at Queen's and Rose That's the locomotive. We've just travelled behind an Andrew Barkley 060 built in Kilmarnock in Scotland You see quite a few Andrew Barkley loco's at Heritage Railways. Usually they're 040, but there's a few 060 So she was a winning loco, not travelled behind her. I'm pleased to have her for haulage I will later on hopefully get Waleswood, the other loco for haulage That's a winner for me. What we're gonna do, we'll have a little look around the site. There's First minute to traction engines. There's a minute to traction engines. Just come in here for that So let's just watch that go by and then we'll continue to explore the site Cool, I like that. There's also a little steam lorry over there But as a there will be a lot of footage of all these kind of workings in the steam gullaby. Yeah, so There's our loco again What we'll do, we'll go over here. I just want to show you a few things And now I'm gonna kind of make my way around the site over to the Mitch Rally This big beast here, Janice. She's a South African loco She was actually built in the UK in Glasgow, but she was built South African railways, and she's actually narrow gauge She's three foot six inches It's hard to tell from here, but because a lot of people will say well how can it be narrow gauge? It's huge and it is huge, but narrow gauge doesn't necessarily always mean small So this is Janice That's supposed to have a steam again, but it's nice to see it here. Last time went to a minute's railway We featured a full size South African loco was down at the Myzons Railway in Surrey They've got a South African tank engine. You see that diamond? That means this diamond here means you're built in Glasgow You often see loco's around the world with a diamond on that usually means they were built by North British in Glasgow Now from the train I pointed out we could see an Egyptian steam rail car. Well There's a few unusual things here That's the Egyptian steam rail car. That's DMU light used to work on this light. It's either a 115 or 117 I do remember them when I was little on the Chilton mainline and there's an underground train so quite an interesting combination of Trains there that's all kind of underground. We're gonna continue with undergrounds. There's something else I want to show you over here. Oh and the big building in front of us That used to be Oxford Rooley Road station It was at Oxford Rooley Road and they dismantled it and bought it here when it closed as a station It was used as a garage for a while then when anyone just re-developed the site It was bought here if you want to see the site of it Well, it's like now if you have a look at this link on screen now video called the other side of Oxford We did go and have a look at the site So variety of trains over there now talking of underground Here is a New York subway carriage. So that's another very unusual thing to see I'm not sure if it's the only one in the UK, but there certainly isn't many It's quite and yeah, just adds to the variety It's funny if I go over here. What we should be able to do is see a New York London underground London Underground with a South African steam locomotive in the middle Let's probably know where else in the world you can do that. Come up here To the old Quainton Road station the original railway station on the Great Central of Metropolitan Mainline Which as I said trains did pass through here until fairly recently But it has since closed for the building of HS2, which is nothing See she's got a queue number plate a queue red. So that means she's a fairly modern local or road registered vehicle if a car Isn't identifiable by its year. Sometimes they get queue red There goes fairness number 20. We're gonna have to go and have a ride on her later. She's not a winner, but I'm gonna have to have a ride I've ridden behind her at the lakeside and have a freight railway Where she used to be based then again it ties the locomotive works and then hopefully today here. What's nice is I'm not sure when maybe 20 or 30 years ago They put this footbridge in because previously the only bridge between each side the site was the one Down at the old Quainton Road station. This bridge not only provides another route around the site But it means you get very good views of the train and also it's You see over there. There is a lift on that side and there's ramp on this side. So it means, you know Access for all is available here. There's a lift over there So we're gonna wake our way up here see that underground. That's another underground train that one just there So in a few years time We're gonna be able to watch high-speed trains speeding past at 200 miles an hour. That's gonna be quite fun So this site is constantly evolving and changing and it will be somewhere where you know When you think we've just seen the oldest steam like a in-steam in the world go past and Just the other side of us is like the newest high-speed line in the world It's just like two complete opposite ends of railway technology Here together So when we get to here we're going over the bridge get an ice view where I've just been that's the train we've just come on that one there and Furnace number 20s up there. So we've probably wait and watch her go under the bridge You can see the buffer up there So they don't go for about half a mile and then the line continues that way to Ellsbury to one in the middle They did occasionally used to run Special charter trains up here. I came up here on a Shelton turbo once in fact I once came up here I don't have video of it unfortunately came up here on the Hastings 101 unit and she did a trip up to Calvert So that was really good charter But I've also come up here have a look at the income screen now and see a Chilton railways Last one six five passing through the site running on next to a steam locomotive Which seemed to be out of order freight going underneath us now steam or freight and it looks like furlough some 20s coming this way So two steam trains and then the miniature railway is just over there So we'll go and have a ride on that so the station is is up there Which we saw from the train so you get parallel run with the main line and then it kind of goes all the way Round over behind those carriages behind those bushes So it's a quite exciting railway to go all these spring minutes rally Minimum is coming back on the freight train as well So this bridge is a quite a good place to come and watch trains And it's a miniature trains and we get to walk through this part of the yard So we'll see more standard gauge stuff as well. So like I say, it's very exciting place to come visit I usually whenever I come here on the other day It's not a place I can come to you know for a little bit of time It's a sort of place I spend all day at so like I say, although You know, it's not a huge amount of is in distance to ride. It's there's a lot to see and do There's another on ground carriage on ground frame there I think we can walk through the restoration shed Might see some more locals some great Western leave a nice as a panier think under restoration And here's a huge love to have a trip behind is a huge heavy freight And I think out of the event but you can't have a look in here anyway to come in here So, yeah, it's a panier tank London transport livery on here. It's which it cool I have had a ride behind her both here and the battlefield line the box. There she is So I'll see her in action at the battlefield line. Have a look at Lincoln screen now There's the heavy freight tank. That is going to be something to see if they could get to home Maybe not here, but somewhere like the Great Central Railways where there's like a Ring and really really long train that is going to be quite amazing to see of course The Great Central Railway is basically the same railways here. It's just further up the line So it's yeah, what part of the old great central right, so we didn't go through there But the matter is that I probably would have been you know to pick up to get to tea stock as a metaphor for Rally tea stock So the electric metaphor from Rally trains would never come this far the electrics only ever gone as far as Amisham But and it's nice, you know There's quite a lot of London underground stock here because it is Seems funny that we're out in rural Buckinghamshire, but it was part of the Metropolitan Line once it was actually on the London underground Quaintain Road is a disused Tube station or disused on the underground station Which seems strange, but it is Ah now this locomotive another one I have had a ride behind her. She's something quite special She looks like you know a hundred fell tank that we see it quite a lot of heritage railways But she was the last steam locomotive to be built in Britain Most people say no evening star was but evening stars the last main line steam locus to be built in Britain This one was built four years later in 1964 Well, and she was actually last standard gauge locus to be built in Britain the very last commercial locus We built Britain was a steam loco two-foot gauge loco called Tranquil and she's now statfold barn Sorry there the other day. Um, so yeah few different lasts They did get them all together once the National Rail Museum had an event called 1968 and all that which I went to So this is Waleswood. This is the loco. Basically. I've come here to see I want to ride behind her I did see her at the Not churn it money chase water railways gala last October, but I didn't actually get a trip behind us She was also built by her clock in the 90s. It's over a hundred years old. She's still going strong So we're going to walk up here now. We're very close to me. It's really is literally The other side of this hedge and there's a lot of crossing up here So we'll go have a look around the site as well as the military railway They have some model railways as well, which we we did see from the trains Here's the level crossing says miniature RIO and so I'm quite excited See which like a steam that wasn't right behind. It's a good string mill them the hunts of hudwell clark is shunting the goods train That's a bit of complex track work here. Look at that God knows how many rails and then See the junction that way North Junction one of first came as a child and used to go around this circuit So it's gradually extended So here we are Coming up to the top of the site. There's the steaming base. There's a traction engine again She got a list So that's the traction engine And we are gonna walk through here says fairly big saw. That's quite cool.  It goes directly under us Not sure what trains gonna come if not if I don't see one now. I'll come up here later and film The village of quaintan is about three kilometers from all that way might just be able to see the windmill talking unusual things cable cars That tracks in just about to pass us It sounds like a train coming so I actually set off the funicular cable cars in the trees. There's also a little model tram Let's just walk past. We'll see the little tram. So technically this is like a model village. You might look so So you can put your foot on those pedals and set them off Not been on it looks we like great orn tramway car right now Let's go and have a look steam engine just passed us is now pulling into the station up here is a big outdoor Miniature model rally. This is the miniature really some shed turners. I'm like these. Well, I remember that Wells child That's been here for years that looker What's going on here? There's a steam like over there. You can just see over there times the tank engine We'll do if we hang out in this corner here. We should see something come past on One side literally on one side or another either so the 16 million of it Well, it's gauge one and he's got three and a half five inches and seven and a quarter and over there You've got stance gauge and I've come along a time where not much is going on clever If we can step up in terms of sizes We'll see something on 16 mil and we could potentially see something on the gauge one then on the nature Couple of starting to spring interaction now a couple of steam locals you see Thomas there. He's not lifesteen. He's electric Seems to have picked up as well as any in caribou and American looking clear story coach I'm in grab on jealous that he's got a further counter together There's a steam like this right of the other side I do want to see that and probably by the time I can hear some whistling on the miniature So we're pretty see train on the miniature It looks like And there is a train on the miniature We're right behind one at the South Downs like that That's all good. That's quite good. See now There is a train. Let's just see this train on the miniature railway and then I'm gonna go enough to have my ride Looking too excited. It's q1. There's only one of these preserves. She's in the national air museum She was in steam at the Blueville a few years ago Let's go and have a look over here over there. There's also a little cafe up this end of site You've got one cafe down in gold really road station and there's another little refreshment kiosk Just there so I might go and get a cup of tea and then go for a ride. That's golden spring Central Let us up traction again. I'm now gonna go and have a ride on the miniature railway I Just said I've never had a ride behind the q1 and now here we are I have just had a ride behind q1. That was the low code that we traveled behind and I'm probably gonna go and enjoy the rest of the gala now watch a few more trains. Maybe have another ride I've had a great time here and And as I said, there's gonna be a video by the time you watch this video There already will be a video from the gala today So I hope you enjoyed it do come and visit the Buckinghamshire rail centre and the golden spring miniature railway They're two very interesting and quite different railways, but they're side by side So it makes visiting the two together quite an exciting day out I'm just gonna head over to the model railway again. I thought a bit nice place to finish. There's a single fairly less feeding on And of course there's the q1, which we just rode behind And there's a cute little narrow-gauge steam locomotive. Just watch that go by. Oh, there's another steam on the main as in the miniature Watch that go by and I'll probably end it. So I hope you enjoyed this video Thank you very much for watching and please do feel free to like subscribe and comment and from the golden spring miniature railway at the Buckinghamshire railway centre. Goodbye


EW! Gross! Why are they kissing on the page? EW! Okay, so here's a recap so far. First off, sorry, my voice, I was playing a lot of Madden. I think I lost my voice. Let's talk about it a little bit where we are so far in the story. We are in Act 2. We went to the Last Light Inn. From there, we went and found He Who Was, and he sends us on a quest to basically enact vengeance on this woman who ended up getting two people killed. So we go to the Waning Moon, which is a bar, and the bartender is disaballed thorn. Right? Big ogre guy. So we go and we actually kill him. We find the story. We read the book. Even though my character doesn't know how to read, there was pictures. It was a picture book. He looked at the pictures and he was like, okay, good. He finds out that basically she snitched, essentially got her two guys killed. So we go back to He Who Was. We didn't enact vengeance properly. I was wrong, and I ended up breaking my oath. I made a mistake. So I broke my oath. Again, we ended up killing him, and then I went back to the camp, and then I bought my oath back. What does this mean? It means that I did bad, and I'm broken out because I've spent 3,000 gold on paying tithes to fix my oath. That's where we are so far. We actually found the Road to Baldur's Gate last time. I don't know if we're going to go through the Road to Baldur's Gate today or not, but I know that we saw it. We got in some big, big battles fighting some Get Frankie on the way there yesterday. So we're going to keep it rolling today, and it's going to be fun. I had so much gold, and I don't know why. Well, probably because you didn't spend 3,000 gold buying your oath back. That's what I would guess. Well, I spent 1,000 and then 2,000. Oh my gosh, we have 25 gold, man. All right, let's go to finding an infernal iron. We could find some infernal irons here. We can go investigate the House of Healing. Let's explore down. Yeah, do you guys want to explore? Because I've skipped this whole middle portion of the map. I think we should explore this, and then we can try and go for the House of Healing. Dude, this chest of the mundane is OP, dude.   Wait, I'm still encumbered? How am I still encumbered with that? Oh, where's this barrel of fire line? Oh, wait, what? Wait, they ner- No, they nerf! Why do they do that? Why do they nerf it? That's the end. That's the whole point of the item. Why do they get re- Send to camp is infinite? Yeah, but like, now if I want to go vendor stuff, I have to go to camp, pick up my stuff from the camp, and then I have to be encumbered on my way back to a vendor and then sell it. It was breaking people's saves. Really?  That was like a cool thing. It was like a cool Easter egg. Like, you found this thing and then- Man. Wait, what's this? Standing torch? Hello, standing torch. Wooden crate. Ew, ew, gross. True soul coreless. Wait, who's this? Here, here, I'm going to speak with the dead. The corpse regards you lifelessly. Who are you in life? This is my name. Need some water? It's not worse than I do. How did you end up here?  Okay, now you really need some water. Yeah. How can I extinguish the torch flames? Oh, I was right. I was literally just attacking the torches. That's funny. What is your profession? The spells power wanes. You can ask no more questions. Am I like going to like unlock this like boss if I break all these? I'm going to have a boss fight and then we're going to get owned. Okay. As I was saying, shadow mastiff alpha. Okay, carlock attack. Nice. One more.  Uh, I'm reposting. I'm reposting. Nice. Let's go. Do I give him the thunder wave? Do I send him the thunder wave? Yeah. Dude, I love, I love throwing people off cliffs, dude. Oh, that's great. Saved scene. He beats me at hide and seek.  Who are you? Don't startle people like that. It's easy to wind up killed by mistake. Don't you have anyone else to play with? I'm a daddy and a doggy. They'll be back in a while. In a moment, maybe if you've seen another little boy, his name is Daniel. I don't know anyone called that. Don't ask me again with me. What happened to his face? You want to play? Fine. And you seek.  I just ignored again. I'm just going to ignore. Okay. Um, save failed scene. What?  No. What? You know what? Let's play. Try to find me again, but my family will be looking for you at the same time. So don't get caught. Wait, what? Wait, wait, what? What happened? Why are we mummy best mummy ever? Wait. Daddy's strongest daddy. Or what is this? What? Dude, what is going on, man? I'm still think I'm still think dash commenced battle. Doggy. Oh my gosh. Aura of vile oblivion. Um, enemies made of shadow. Okay. They're going to attack me. I'm going to keep it real. I'm just going to, I'm just going to kill them. What if I, what if I do this? What if I go guiding bolt? What if I just go like 75? I don't know. Three guiding bolt. 75% chance to hit and I miss, man. Uh, divine smite on critical hit. Three to 24. Yeah. Let's see this. Oh, okay. Sorry, daddy.  Um, do I need to kill, do I need to kill his family? What a sentence. Guys, do I need to kill his family? Level one magic missile. One, two, three. What do you mean? Wait, what? I want, I found him. Are we done here? We could keep exploring.  Do I really not have a shovel anymore? I thought I was going to keep the shovel on me. Did I ask, okay, hold on. Shovel. Okay. That's not how you type. How do you click? Oh, what? No. All right, come on. Should I go to Damien with the infernal iron? Well, you know what's interesting? You know what's interesting? I have two infernal irons, and whenever I got those infernal irons, it took away the marks on the mat for infernal irons. Here's what I think. I think I need to get rid of the infernal irons in my bags and it'll show me where they are. Are you trying to do every quest of the game? No, I'm just playing the game however I play it. How fast is the search? I found the infernal iron you mentioned. Please, let this work. The weight of it and that blaze of chaos. Can't imagine this where my heart should be. Must be quite the experience. Give me just a moment. You'll have to install it, I'm afraid. I don't think there are thick enough gloves in all the realms to protect me back. I'm still burning hot as hell's hold, but I feel less pangible. Cheers, mate. Pleasure. I don't think I've ever felt more powerful. We'll find more infernal iron and get you that second one.  Do you want to? Not particularly, I was just pointing it out. Oh no, I was just saying. Chat, what do I say? Oh, they fixed the twitching narration. I'd like that. Now, let's find that infernal iron before I overheat. Do you accept Shah's test of your intellect? Huh, saving throw, not an accepted, an untested mind is a dull mind. Your insides seem to churn uneasily. You feel strangely rejected, strangely unwelcome. Wait, what? Who's this? Dude, these guys are so much health. Good, and staring strike. Really? I have a 98% chance and I miss, dude. Guiding vault, level four, 60% chance to hit. Oh my gosh, 64 damage? Owned. The statue looms silently. Whatever hidden purpose it has will remain a secret. What? Okay, dude. Really? Add bonus guidance, okay? Should save? Oh, I'll save. Nice, okay. What? Are you kidding me? Okay, there's a roll of 21 on the dot with a plus four guidance. Wait, what? Shouldn't be too hard. They do it twice? Let's go, dude. I guess that was a trap. Yeah, the first one was a trap. Air loom of arcane equity. Whenever you do damage to a weapon tank, you get arcane equity. Arcane equity is what? Plus one bonus to spell attack rolls. This would be like for like a melee, yeah, like a war caster, yeah. So pretty good. So here's what we've done today so far. We got infernal iron for Korlok. We explored through here.  I'm looking for another infernal iron, but who are you? Hello? That's Arabella, is it not? Looks like she's got some new weave up her sleeve. She's from the beginning of the game. Sorry. Knocks the wind right out of me. The druid grove, right? Arabella, you should be with your parents. That's who I'm looking for. Mom and pops, I mean. When Zevlaw, when he... Well, there was an ambush. Mom yelled run, so we ran. I could hear them running behind me, till I couldn't. Still can't find them. But I bet you can. You'll help me, I just know it. Which Korlok you give me? I'll find your parents, you can count on me. Thanks, mister. I knew you'd help me again. The vines won't last forever. I don't... I don't suppose I can stay with you, just till you find Mom and Pops. I won't be any trouble, I swear it. What do you guys think? Do we let her stay in camp or do we send her to the inn? Because here's what I'm thinking. If I send the kid to an inn by herself with strangers, like maybe she'll get kidnapped or something. But then if I go to my camp, then she'll be safe in the camp. Sending her to camp with a vampire is much safer, yes. Yeah, yeah. Stay in my camp. Thanks. You're the best. So you send Mom and Pops there. I'll be waiting here, Oman.  Okay, well hopefully she doesn't die. Do you- Double Oak Dwarfs? Use the key. Oh, okay. Wait, what is this? What is going on here? Sister Anya, sister Vanessa? Sister Hanna? What? Oh, this is the house of healing. See here. Sister Patricia is dead.  Tend your scalpels so I might say the same of them. Okay. Should we just approach these people? I mean, this is- Hello. Gentlemen? The objective of the scalpel, sisters, is to soothe. For the scalpel, indeed, is an extension of charm. Okay. See how the patient reacts when I but stroke the right nerve. Here, it's comfort here, the very melody of mercy. Sister, show us the extent of your beneficence. Stay your hand for its slaps where it should stroke. We can hardly hear the patient's sighs of solace. Perhaps it is our unexpected audience that makes you quiver. Step forward. You are no sister, but that matters none. Every student is welcome. I'm thinking I say I don't wish to study. What wrong has this man done to deserve such torture? I also- This is my other- This is my other line of thinking, chat. I also could go and say yo. I could also go and say yes, I'm a student.  I think I want to say what wrong has this man done to deserve such torture. Behold, sisters, the very face of ignorance. One who mistakes tenderness for torture. Oh, frick.  Absence. Absence. No other word captures the heart of Sharsot very perfectly. It is the scalpel-led journey that leads from pain to death.  It's the light of eyes. Cancer that causes one to witness the laceration of being. If light is the symptom, then darkness is the cure. For in light there is presence.  Let us finish the cure. The sisters aren't ready.  Persuasion. 233? Feel like I'm at the dentist. 233? 332? Let's persuade. Okay? I'm gonna get sick. Please don't. And then I destroy them with talent. Oh, frick. Dude, are you kidding me? Dude, I had such a massive bonus. I had 233 plus guidance. I'm gonna roll again. Incisions are as yet still strict with imprecision. He's like, you know what? You're right. He's like, yeah, actually you're right. Only with sacrifice is mastery gained. For the sisters to learn, you must submit. I have read your entire treaties.  Why not have them hone their skills on each other? 233, what do you guys think? Are they gonna attack each other? Two? Three sounds like it's the fun one. Man. But then again, maybe you must submit. Maybe he just gives up. Let's do two. Let's do two. I'll do two. Man, this is one of those that it's like fun to probably reload and look at the other options. Let's do two. Yes. Submit, I must into the lady's dark-fingered embrace. Yeah, you're right. I see now.  Oh, no, I just tossed him. Come, sisters. Wait, what? Training complete. Inspiration gained. The best offense is virtually nonsense as fan is inspired. I'm gonna be honest. The best offense is virtually nonsense as fan is inspired is probably a phrase that can be put across my entire life. You can literally apply that to anything I've ever done ever. What? So they just killed him? He was cured. Dude, these girls are crack heads. Surgeon's subjugation amulet. Battered loot. Wake up, art colon. Okay. Wow. All right. I hope you guys are enjoying the Boulders Gate videos. If you guys like the videos, make sure to subscribe. You guys can check out my Twitch live, S-Fan TV. Twitch, my Twitter, Instagram, Discord. Everything is S-Fan TV, even TikTok threads, whatever it is. Everything I have is S-Fan TV. You guys can check out all my stuff everywhere. I hope you guys enjoyed the video. So like, leave a comment. I've subscribed to the channel and we'll see you guys later.


Good morning, everyone. Today, 720 million people across the world are hungry. The Russia-Ukraine war has exacerbated an already fragile situation. The United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Cortárez has been speaking of how millions of more people could be pushed to the edge of food insecurity, how several parts of the globe in just a few months from now could potentially be looking at famine. What is the role that emerging technologies and innovation can play in trying to help build resilient supply chains? And how do we make these technologies available to small and marginal farmers in places like Asia, in Africa, to talk about what is, in any case, a very critical issue, but also a very immediate issue, will join this morning by public and private stakeholders. Allow me to welcome to the last day at the World Economic Forum in Davos, the Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers from India, one of the bright stars of the Modi government, Mansukh Bhai Mandavya, welcome minister. Thank you. Flanking him, Swento Holster, President and Chief Executive Officer of Yara International, one of the world's leading fertilizer companies. They've revolutionized agriculture 100 years ago. Is there a new revolution that can be powered by technology? Leigh-Anne Gil joins us, Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Corporate Governance and Compliance at Nestle at the cutting edge of using technological innovations to change the way farming is being done. Can these be taken then to places in Africa, in Asia as well? We've also got Ishmael Shunga, Chief Executive Officer, South African Confederation of Agricultural Unions for a perspective from farmers. Is it really about cutting edge technology or are there more real world solutions which can provide the innovation that we're all looking for? You're all welcome to participate. You can go on the Slido app, share your questions. I'll take some of those questions as this session wears on. But can I start by asking Shwen to explain the criticality of the challenge as you see it in terms of the global food grains crisis that stares us in the face, the scenario as you see unfold over the next few months, and solutions that you think need to be considered and worked on by everyone who's listening to this conversation? Well, thank you. And yes, we're faced with a dual challenge now both a food crisis, but also a climate crisis. And we need to solve both of them. Yara is operating in 60 countries. We sell our products to 160 countries. And the reports we're getting back from the front lines now in the most vulnerable communities are just scary in terms of the impact now on food production and food affordability and potentially also on availability. Indeed, Russia's invasion of Ukraine has accelerated this and creating significant disturbances to value chains that have been built up over decades. And the food system actually has done a fairly good job at growing more food for a growing population, though at a cost to the environment. But now with trade flows changing overnight, that creates complexities that, in turn, also has a direct impact on food flows. Ukraine and Russia are big producers of food. Right now, there are 25 million tons of corn and grain in the Ukrainian ports that is not reaching the market. So at the same time, as we were talking about famine, we risk food rotting in inventories in Ukraine as a direct result of the war. And that's up to just an individual to make a change to that. And here, I can only plead to humanity to resolve that and hope that it changes. But we cannot rely on hope alone. We need to put other measures in place, strengthening the safety nets and the last safety nets that are out there, like the World Food Programme, and also dealing with the longer term or medium term challenges of the food system. Today, it represents 25% to 30% of greenhouse gas emissions. And we need to solve that as well, to make farming also more resilient to climate change, because that is part of what is happening now. If you look at the heat waves in India and the impact now on the current wheat harvest in Pakistan, in North America, with also first cold spell and now heat, droughts and floods and so on, agriculture is directly impacted by climate change, and we need to do that as well. And then it's about technology. Our company was founded 120 years ago based on a technological breakthrough. Our founder was the first one that came up with the innovation to sequester and get nitrogen out of the air and turn it into fertilizer to feed a growing population. And that's had a huge impact on both on the ag sector, but also on a growing population. Now, the next step will be on technology and data and transparency and availability through regenerative farming, which I think is key here, that we have an output-focused ag system that measures and really rewards farmers for farming in the right way so that they get paid for something else than just a kilo of a crop. What we have now is exactly what we paid for in the food system, a food system only focused on kilos produced, not the environmental impact, productivity, nutritional content, water consumption, carbon sequestration. All of that has been to, and I'm talking a bit broadly here, of course, but that's been disregarded. And then we're left with kilos of crop with environmental consequences that has. So we have to use the dual challenge now to urgently change and help on food security, get more food to people, but at the same time, solve environmental challenges. And that's where technology plays an important role. So nitrogen as fertilizer is a big idea. Is there a particular big idea that you're most passionate about championing at this moment, or do you think it's a collection of small ideas that could potentially transform agriculture? Because the challenges that we're dealing with are a immediate and also long-term. So there's structural and immediate challenges that we're dealing with simultaneously. Yeah, so there's not just one thing that will solve everything, but it starts with regenerative agriculture that we start to agree on what is really the definition of that. So we can start to invest and build a structure around it and create the predictability for the farmers, but also the input providers. And the food companies and the retailers, the whole value chain. So we have predictability on what that is. And I think we have enough in place to really go ahead with that. But then to use technology, it could be sensor technology, both whether it's on tractors, hand-held devices, what we can do now on satellite technology to get the power and agronomical competence that in the past would only be available to large-scale farmers. We can do that now with smartphones to give that power in the hand of the farmer to make these optimal decisions. And that requires, of course, predictability, but also willingness to implement the measures that allow that and full value chain partnerships. It doesn't help if we have premium fertilizer targeted, if there is no demand for it, or if the farmers cannot afford it. But it is possible. The cost of the carbonized food, and that's calculated by Boston Consulting Group, is 4%. It's a very small number. It seems easy to absorb, but yet it's so difficult if we put the entire burden on the farmers. We cannot do that. This has to be a full value chain. And technology will help to make it visible and also to enable that. Mr. Mandavya, one of the challenges in countries like India is the fact that land holdings are becoming smaller. You've got water tables that are depleting. And making technology available at price points which farmers can afford, how are you and your government working towards addressing this challenge? That is important questions, because India is a big country, huge diversity, 1.3 billion populations, and half populations depend on farming. And farming scale is going very, very little. So the farm size is very low. And so it's a very challenge that we are implement to technology, because individual farmers have used this technology, and they have no financial situations. So we have taken to number of initiatives to government level that holistic approach we have done. Farmers get fertilizer in cheaper rate. Farmers get digital information, as well as VEDA, as well as the nutrient deficiency, soil health card. All types of service provide to central government. And government provide this services so the farmers has no more expenses. And so we are doing try continuously that our farmers' production is continuously increased. So last five years ago, honorable prime minister told that we want to doubling income of our farmers. And so we are pushing to drip irrigations given to subsidy. We are pushing to fertilizer. We are giving to subsidy. We are using to number of type of alternate fertilizer and giving to subsidy. So the small and marginal farmers have no problem. They are working for very well. And they have also support, technical support, financial supports. And small farmers have required to farm banks, bank finance, microfinance. We are also available to support to our government. So our farmer's size is going down cut. But our production is increasing now and today. One of the biggest themes at the World Economic Forum in Davos this year minister has been the fear of famine, especially in Africa. And India could have played a role or can still play a role by exporting some wheat. And your government in April was speaking about doing that. In May, you changed your mind. A lot of people sitting here would wonder at a time when there's a very real prospect of famine globally, why would you put up these walls instead of opening the doors and feeding those who need food desperately at this time? That is important questions. Because India's role every time, our philosophy, our Indian philosophy is Vasudeva Kutumbakam. Means all family, the whole world is one family. So you see, during COVID crisis, India was under lockdown, first wave and second wave. But at that time, the world have required to medicine, not have medicine in globally. Crisis was done at that time. In these situations, under lockdown in India, we have started to, India have 3,000 pharma companies and 10,000 pharma manufacturing unit. We have given to lockdown fast. And with honorable prime minister upfield to our industrialist that your start and continuous production ramp up, fill food to our requirement and supply to globally. At that time, every day, five to seven plain land in India only carry by medicine. So, and we have supplied to 150 countries, medicine. Not only supply to medicine, but we have not taken to our charges. We followed our responsibility, commerce, next, first service. And at that time, we have supplied to affordable medicine in globally. And as well as the food crisis, my country always believe we are responsible country. The food grains, our big country, 1.3 billion population is our own populations. Our requirement is much more. But our exports are only 1.1%, 1.5%. But my humble request to globally, we are followed to our responsibility. We should try in my country to ramp up production in food grains. And all other globally country comes to one platform. These have their share is much more. They are also responsible for needy countries. It is my humble request because it's all our responsibility. Any countries, any persons have not get to grant food, food security. It's not good. So Indian behavior, India is always responsible behavior and committed to globally and support to all country, every time, everywhere. Ishmand, Africa has the maximum of arable land in the world. And yet, the maximum of challenges for food grain production are on the continent. Shwen gave us his sense of the challenges that we see in the next few months. Before we get to the long term structural challenges, could you explain how you see the situation in Africa and how possibly technology or innovation could play some kind of a role in trying to ramp up food grain production? Thanks, Rao. Technology is an important factor in the transformation of agriculture in Africa and I believe in developing countries. But sometimes we see technology not in its proper context. And I just want to maybe start also by saying that the problems of the war are just a compounding effect. Maybe the marginal increase in the pain that farmers face is not as high because they've always had shortages anyway. So they've been dealing with it with the war, without the war, with COVID, without COVID. So the starting point really should be clear that it has been a long-term problem. And what is panning out now is much more the agents of addressing it. And technology plays an important role. But context matters. Technology should be at the service of farmers. And it should be able to help solve their problems. And their problems, quite frankly, can be very basic. And yet the solutions can be very profound from where they're coming. And it begs the question, what are the problems? Let me just quickly map out my thinking about what the problems are. Agriculture itself has become more science-driven. ICT and air boards become more complex, data-driven. Knowledge-intensive, information-intensive, you name it, that's what it has. And navigating through that complexity is not easy in many respects. And farmers face also challenges of isolation, which could be economic isolation, geographical spatial isolation, could be social isolation, because of where they practice their trade, out there in the hinterland. And the hinterland, as we know them, at least in Africa, developing countries in general, is devoid of backbone infrastructure. Sanitation schools, health facilities, roads, ICT infrastructure, you name it. And for me, that is where innovation should actually play its role. And I believe that digital technology is important as a solution to deliver an integrated model, because their problems are not only agricultural. They are social, they're economic, and they've got various dimensions, but if you deploy simple technology, which could be a cell phone technology, it is going to do things at scale, it's going to do things at speed. It is going to empower people to make decisions. It is going to move farmers from a position of maybe conscious ignorance of what the situation is to more, sorry, unconscious ignorance to more conscious ignorance. That will then bring them to change. The moment you know, and you compare yourself in relation to the neighbors and relation to the global world, you begin to see what you're missing. We know how the cell phone has changed the social lives of people. It can also change farmers. If you empower them with information, and that can flow through, it can flow through services, education, weather information, price discovery information becomes easy or easier. The second point really is my hobby horse on matters of equity and fairness in accessing resources. Could be land, could be financial resources, and that can be solved by technology. And another one which is much more fundamental is equity and fairness in the distribution of risk and reward along the chain. We all know that farmers buy at retail and they sell at wholesale. And they show that the highest amount of risk and the lowest amount of return and the other way around. Technology can help make value chains more transparent and more accountable and can acquire the blockchain, I believe, can deal with that. Basic issues around the areas that you're farming on, which might influence the amount of inputs you put.  And yet you can measure the size of land using technology. So those basic examples to me are so fundamental to fix. And underlying that will be innovation in police.  And the moment the value chains become more equitable and fair and they distribute fair work and they pay fairly for the ecosystem's management role farmers play, you'll see a big change. I stop here for now, thanks. Leanne, do you wanna tell us about some of the technological innovations that Nestle is working on, which you think can make farming more productive and also what's being done to make those technologies available to farmers where they need them? Thank you very much and it's a pleasure to be here to talk on this topic and I'm very happy to follow Ishmael because he touched on a number of points that we are trying to address at Nestle. So first let me also provide a bit of context. We've been working on how to create and drive food transformation prior to COVID, prior to the most recent events here in Europe because climate change requires that we need to find solutions to this, our current food systems. So we were one of the first companies back in 2020 to issue our climate roadmap, but that's not enough. We also want to drive regenerative agriculture and last September, we issued our ambition and how we're going to do that. We are dedicating 1.5 billion Swiss francs to spark all of these innovative technologies and practices at the farm level to help that regenerative agriculture. Our ambition is to actually have 20% of our raw materials sourced through regenerative agriculture by 2025, 50% by 2030 and 100% by 2050. Okay, so what am I talking about then? What is this regenerative agriculture? Well, using science and technology, I can give you a few examples that were touched upon briefly by my colleague here. One is remote assessment technology, satellite monitoring. We've learned that satellites can help detect and control deforestation. We can apply that to soil. In France, we're working with farmers using technology, satellite technology to detect soil cover. So cover crops, why are cover crops important? Well, cover crops help maintain moisture in the soil and protect biodiversity. So increasing the asset, the soil, helping the farmers retain the value of that asset and accelerate that production. Another technology are digital sensors, also mentioned. In Pakistan, we've been working on farmers to have digital sensors in the soil to monitor moisture lovers. When the moisture is too low, it triggers irrigation, but only when it's too low. Provides us the certain amount of water needed, then stops. Prevents waste, improves the soil, improves the production. A third one we're using is public blockchain, working with OpenSC, where we're able to follow in the Congo the cherries, the coffee bean cherries from harvest all the way to the final product. We're doing that through blockchain and QR codes. And in fact, if you have time, go to the Nespresso site, look for our Congo reviving origin, and there's a QR code. It will show you the farmers in the cooperative. It will show you how much they've gathered. It will show you if they've been paid the premium for their work, and it will show you how it got through the ports, through the manufacturing facilities all the way to the shelf. So using this type of transparent technology to connect the farmer to the consumer is part of the role we have as a middle player in that entire value chain. And one last example I provide is our income accelerator project for COCO. And this touches on a number of things that Ishmael touched on. This program rewards not for volume, but for practices. So incentives for using better agricultural practices such as pruning. Incentives for ensuring the children go to school. Incentives for using shade trees to help make more resilient the crops. Incentives for using other opportunities to have complimentary crops. This is in Ivory Coast. It's part of our COCO program. And where does the technology come in? It comes in on the payments. So we're applying science to help. Regenerative agriculture, climate resilience, improve yield. But we're also providing the payments half to the male person of the household, half to the female member of the household using mobile payments. So readily available technology through cell phones that enable the whole community and the individual farming households to benefit from science and technology. So there's a real opportunity with regenerative agricultural projects to address not just the soil and not just the food production, but wider issues. And one of the roles for the private sector is to see how we can prove out these technologies and systems, how we can scale them, how can we make them cost effective. And well, I could continue to talk on the pieces that are all made to that, but I'll stop there for a moment. Thanks. So we've actually heard responses at two ends of the tech spectrum from application of blockchain technologies, which Leanne mentioned, to simply making information available on the mobile phone, possibly just on WhatsApp. And therefore, Ishmael, do you wanna build on the relevance that you see of some of the technological interventions that Leanne mentioned in real life circumstance in South Africa or anywhere else in Africa? And whether you think that some of these innovations can actually be applied by farmers in real time in the months and years to come? Indeed, I think what she mentioned, I had already alluded to certain aspects of it. I mentioned earlier on that blockchain technology can be deployed to measure the flow of value and risk along, and who is getting what when the product leaves the farm up to where it gets into the stomach, so to speak. So I see the relevance of that. It's not necessarily for use by farmers. It is to provide information to farmers, to enable them to negotiate better because you might not know how the thing actually is distributed. So if it brings an element of transparency, then you can begin to incalculate the principle of fairness because things are now transparently displayed. So I see that remote sensing is important and sensors are important. I alluded earlier on to the importance of digitally measuring by satellite the plots of land that farmers have for them to be able to determine the quantities in relation to that. So that already has application. But what also struck me profoundly, so to speak, was the issue of a practice-based type of reward system and not so much of volume-based because I think scale has been one of the major issues because farmers are not able to scale because of the fragmentation, unless, of course, if they form a cooperative, which might not necessarily be the best model depending on the circumstances. So if you are able to reward also based on your practice and the practice is contributing to the general good of the whole world, and of course the whole world has to pay for the general goodness. It cannot be the farmer that pays for it only. That, for me, is important because of the smaller plots that they have. And also, if you are able to measure what actually is being put in the soil by way of carbon, the farmer might not be able to do it themselves. But if that is available and that is credible and that is trusted, there's an element of trust here and that the value coming out of that is going to be fairly distributed, things will happen. So I'm a chief advocate of technology to be deployed to solve the problems that farmers face. Sometimes it's not so much of high-tech, sometimes it's not so much about having it themselves but having access to the outputs that technology provides. Let's build on that because that's a very important thing. It's not just the availability of technology, whether it is the internet of things or drones. Now, some of those technologies are available. Ishmael and farmers worldwide, especially small landholders, will say, how do you make the technology available at scale, at low cost, to the farmers who desperately need it and their requirements may not be very high-tech, it could be basic technology which enables them to be more productive. Exactly, and that's where we need to put a focus. How do we scale this? Because look at what existing technology can do today. We worked with farmers in East Africa at the beginning of the pandemic to see how could we rapidly increase the food production and with giving good access to input and through cell phones, both the smartphones but also regular phones to give advice on how to do this ergonomically. We digitally connected with 2 million farmers, 250,000 farmers were given fertilizer and they were able to triple their maize yields in the first season. So the additional food that they were able to produce was enough to feed a million people for a whole year. That says something about the promise of technology and the quality input, what that can do. But then how do we drive scale? And this is where I think it's incredibly important that we don't overcomplicate, that we use convening platforms, such as the World Economic Forum, to get the full value chain approach to this and agree on some standards so that, for instance, there is no common standard even identifying something as simple as the field of a farmer. How do we measure soil quality in a way that creates predictability for the farmers? So let's open up, we have some technology here. We're willing to give that away and share it openly, perhaps through the forum, either way, whatever we can do to create scale and predictability for farmers and use what we have now to drive the change rapidly instead of super complicated technological or miracles in the future that will have an impact five to 10 years from now, but what can we do now in the next season and really combine all of this? Minister Mandavya, with every generation, land holdings in countries like India and so many other places in the world are becoming smaller. Farmers are struggling just for sustenance. And given that, how do you see technology being made available to them to be able to increase productions in a meaningful fashion? That is important questions because the farmers have time to time, time change the farming system. Number of all countries have for their self-farming tradition. Some countries as the farmers is educated, some countries farmers is not educated and more literate, some literate. It is important things because the farmers without technology driven farming, it's impossible to fulfill to food security to whole world. So the farmers approach is always turned by modern technology driven and so we have taken to number of initiative in my country. Small and marginal farmers, they can use to technology, use to balance fertilizer, use to balance nutrient. So we have started 7,000, 7,000 all block have one modern fertilizer shop. The modern fertilizer shop is given to information, guidance to farmers, agriculture departments has organized number of events, number of seminars, lab to land approach, farmers farm approach, our scientists go to farm, our scientists go to village, they discuss to farmers and farmers adopt to new technology, enhance the production, news, our agriculture university is working on hybrid seed and how the hybrid seed is giving to much more crop, much more field, much more productions. So number of type of action taken in my country. So I second time at that, the marginal and small farmers, it's very critical situations. It's a, Rajesh mentioned very well that it's a very small farmers have, they want to use to technology but they have no technology. What they can do because tractors, they buy the tractor is very costly. So the cooperative system is stronger in my country in farmers cooperative. The farmers cooperative is buy the tractors and gives the farmers, small farmers they use and cultivate for land. This type of approach we have taken so our yield is increasing, farmers generation by generations, farmers become small and small and marginal but our production is always increasing now and today. Okay someone throw this open for questions. If we take questions you can think of what you want to ask. I see two hands go up already. So can we take a question from the gentleman here please? Let the mic come to you. Thank you very much. Thank you to all the panelists. My name is Martin Schwab and I'm part of the global shaper stock here from Switzerland in Bern. My question is, as you mentioned all together that we have to increase the production of crops and so on. And my question is to all of you normally if we look to the numbers we see that we already produce enough food for everyone on the planet. We have enough to feed everyone. And why is it still the dogma to produce more and more and more and to degrade the soil of our planet if we can reduce for example the meat production so we have more food for everyone. Why isn't this also some kind of a new technological approach? Okay, Shwet, would you like to build on this? Yeah, and of course this isn't going to be solved just by one initiative. We have to do several things at the same time. But in terms of calories yes, we're producing enough in the world to feed the world but it's not produced in the right places so it's about producing more of the food regionally and doing that in a more sustainable way and indeed by getting farming right we can actually reduce the farm line by 40% and produce enough food for the population but at the same time do that in a way that protects the soil through regenerative farming, cover crops and focusing on soil health then you get two things at the same time one or several things actually more regional food production you reduce the emissions of agriculture which is also important to reach the Paris agreement and the one and a half degree target and you can use practices to sequester carbon in the soil and by having better quality soil it's more resilient towards climate change as well so it's possible to do all at the same time but it requires swift and urgent action now to get that done and then of course diets as well but I have to focus on what is it that I can do something about and that's more on the ag side to make that more resilient with focus on soil quality and more resilient food production regionally So if you have a question just put your hand up and we can then go around the room if the gentleman there wants to answer Hi, my name is Yusof Ibelissami, I'm an innovator I'm just building on Martin's question but looking at it from a whole different perspective what's been done on storage because the amount of waste from fish in 2019 according to Refield was 59 but 8 millimetre tons one out of three fishes never make it to the table there's a lot that's been said on production but what's been done on storage and logistics Who'd like to take it? Lea, do you want to build on this or in terms of improving yes, who wants to build on this? Not specifically on fish not specifically on fish but on food waste in general but maybe before I come to that I just want to speak to an earlier question and just give a slightly different perspective It's a bit difficult to understand putting it mildly that those that are responsible for producing food are the largest majority of those that are rich or underfed it's an irony that we need to look at ourselves in our own eyes and see whether what you're doing is good the ones that are feeding the world are themselves hungry that tells a story about many things apart from equity and fairness in the distribution it talks also about infrastructure you spoke about why do we keep on producing more and more most of the farmers farm to eat and they they reside in areas where they are not even accessible even to go and distribute food to so they need to keep on producing and producing better for them to be able to eat better because that food that is surplus is not going to be able to physically move to where they are hence the need for infrastructure and that also can speak to infrastructure that is related to energy that is related to cold stores that is also related to movement of fish if I apply it to fish so I think there is sometimes not a proper analysis of what actually is the problem because yes there's a lot of food and yes a lot of people are getting hungry seems like a very easy solution but the question is actually much more complex we need to differentiate and segregate our solutions and digital technology actually can help us understand which types of farmers would require which type of solution and which type of farmers would require not this sometimes we use the lowest common denominator to try and solve a much more complex problem let's use digital technology to understand the farmers that we are talking about most of them are not in the commercial realm and they probably are in the safety net realm but safety nets can also be deployed digitally to try and solve their problems so I think the innovation in my view is now in the thinking in as much as farming is now much more in the head than in the hands so that's where we need to be smart in terms of our solutions technological or otherwise, thanks maybe if I could just jump in and build a little bit on Ishma but also respond to your question so I'm afraid I don't have the details on fish storage in our suppliers but what I can tell you is that we are looking at alternative sources of protein also to respond to your question that don't rely on the same agricultural processes or the same source so for example we've developed a plant based tuna which of course protects the biodiversity in the sea provides an alternative form of protein doesn't rely on the three most common calorie sources that the world is relying on that's part of the transformative food systems how can we leverage other sources of calories proteins etc and diversify so it's not so much increasing but transforming in terms of production and then last comment I would make we see at Nestle it's incumbent upon us to be local inclusive and collaborative local meaning not the same solution doesn't apply everywhere we need to reflect and respect the local farming conditions inclusive leave no one behind so the small farm holders the program I talked about with Koko it's based on practices this is not volume because we want to include the small holder farmers and then collaborative we cannot do this by ourselves we are working with all sorts of tech companies NGOs governments suppliers other associations because it needs the world to do this so I just want to share that with you as well so we have time only for one last question I should yeah go for it question just to seek your perspective as well we know that in terms of population growth Africa is where the growth is happening and the majority of the group will be our young demographic is there a case that this challenge requires a change in narrative to try and direct the attention and focus of the young generation towards agriculture at the moment it seems that everybody is living in a rural area and chasing white-collar jobs in the urban areas I don't know what your observation is on the field if you could just share perspectives on this topic very important topic and I think a large part of the solution is bringing the next generation and young people into agriculture to also show that agriculture could be something else than what was in the past and technology is the solution to that so together with Strymas, Eva and Agnes Kalibata you had a co-founded generation Africa which is really an initiative to drive entrepreneurship technology into agriculture and really highlight individuals that are driving this next or the fourth agriculture revolution through technology and really embed that into the system because today Africa imports about 50 billion dollars worth of food and it's growing because of the growing population so it's kept in regional market it's a tremendous business opportunity but it's only there if it's if it's seen so we need to highlight that and get young people in and really build businesses on top of this amazing opportunity. Minister Mandavya in a country like India the challenge could be the converse to get young people and others out of agriculture that you have just the right number of people and ensuring that there are enough jobs available for them for non-farming activities so it's a only single solution make more profitable to agriculture the youth automatically shall go to agriculture but now the other business other job get more profitable so youth is diverted so important it's a important thing is that why we can became to profitable agriculture it's a big question make a profitable youth will divert to agriculture. Final words yes Ishmand we have done a bit of work on that subject and the lesson that I think is coming from our experience first is that don't sell agriculture to the to the sell an opportunity if you sell agriculture they know that it is a backbreaking type of situation it's a put off sell an opportunity that is perhaps the largest sector that could have the largest number of billionaires sell entrepreneurship youth resonate with entrepreneurship youth resonate with technology so a combination of youth of entrepreneurship technology and a young generation is perhaps what the doctor ordered for the solution to be there you know we've had a fascinating conversation from the use of sensors, satellite technology drones, IoT to simple solutions like just making information available for farmers to be able to use that and working on this collaboratively is critical not just in a long term perspective but also in the immediate term given the kind of challenges we're dealing with an account of your political tensions Mansook by Mandavya Shwayan Niyan Anishmal, thank you so much for joining us and for all of you who participated this morning, thank you I hope you had a great week, thank you everyone


With the tremendous efforts of our Ukrainian hosts and the fruitful partnership with the United States, rapid fighting continues to evolve into a world-class exercise that challenges diverse training audiences spanning from platoon to brigade level. Although the exercise scenario was fictitious, any NATO or PFP soldier here can better relate to the ongoing struggle and sacrifice of our Ukrainian partners. To the soldiers in formation who are currently on mission, my deepest thanks for your contributions and commitment to this exercise. Your desire to improve combined with the expertise of our observer, coaches and trainers created an outstanding learning environment. I wish everyone a safe journey to their native country and happy reunion with loved ones and friends. We look forward to your return next year as the IPC continues to expand capabilities and capacities to increase the complexity and size of rapid fighting. On that note, I wish to spotlight the dedication and professionalism of the soldiers within 1st Battalion 72nd Mechanized Brigade. Today also marks your official completion of your 9-week long JTG training rotation here at the IPSC. On behalf of the Allied trainers, you earned a reputation of a motivated, effective and lethal force.