In this lecture we will be continuing from where we left off in the last one where we had discussed the 2 products the receivers radio receivers AM and FM and the modem and AM and FM receivers only were discussed transmitters were not discussed whereas modem contains in a way if it is a wireless modem it will contain the same transmitter as well as receiver architecture right it will have modulator for transmitting and demodulator for receiving so that is special trans receiver architectural part that forms the front end of most of the PCs today. Now today's lecture will continue with the other 2 products that we had mentioned cell phone and ECG according. Now let us therefore consider first the cell phone I think this is one product which has now become so common that even the common man knows about the terminologies and the electronics a little bit of electronics that goes with cell phones that is the fortunate part we have educated by making the product become popular educated the public. So let us briefly go through the functioning of the cell phone the most dominant product of present day world most impressive performance in terms of utility and also misuse when utility becomes important it is also likely to be highly misused its basic function is to make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a widespread geographical area it connects to a cellular network this is a very basic concept that is a transmitter ok that is located near your area ok and there are such transmitters spread all around the city so that it is a cell like structure. So when one moves from one cell to the other the it smoothly changes over from one transmitter to the other transmitter. So this philosophy has been used in this cell phone trans receiver design they also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging multimedia messaging email internet access short range wireless communications infrared and Bluetooth business applications gaming photography music play all these are special features of these cell phone. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones and the smartphone is now replacing almost all these computers and ordinary phones. So cell phone block diagram comprises of radio for transmission and reception is also part of it radio transmitter and receiver now we have the transmission occurring in analog domain most of the time and therefore communication occurs in the analog domain and it is conversion from digital to analog that takes place analog baseband ok and digital baseband we have classified it as from the analog it gets converted to digital. So this is the general architecture of a cell phone now this is block schematic indicating the analog front end and the analog back end with the digital signal processor primarily acting for collecting the digital information and also transmitting the digital information and the control signals ok allocating the control signals we have the front end we have a diplexer here actually transmission is done at one frequency and the reception is done at another frequency and this is the common unit which links it with the antenna both for transmission and reception. So we have tracing the path of the receiver just like any other receiver the RF front end here then the mixer converting the RF to IF this we had seen in the radio receiver also and it is the IF amplifier which is also a filter ok and that output is demodulated ok and that requires the help of a local oscillator which is tunable micro controller control is there to this to adjust the frequency corresponding to the RF that is getting received. So the baseband signal that gets generated here ok is going to the A to D converter here and then it is stored or displayed all those things are going to take place from this. Then on the other side whatever information that is stored or to be communicated that goes from the digital to analog for the modulator which also gets the help of local oscillator to convert it to the IF frequency and that is shifted to the RF that is required for transmission. So you will see that the front end remains almost exactly similar to what we had already discussed earlier. And here the micro processor controller also is interacting with the human interface as the switch board, dialing, memory and battery power control. So these are all the analog inputs that are given at this point for the micro controller ok. Now the digital thing is dealing with the baseband signal like speech, video and data ok. So you can see that this whole thing is the digital signal processing activity here including that of this. This is the typical fashion of the present day electronic system. The future electronic system will comprise of mainly digital signal processors helped by the analog front end and the analog back end which are also micro processor control and all the control signal comes from the lower frequency digital controllers. So this is the explanation for most of the thing that we have already mentioned RF front end. So typical part consists of a deep flexor a tunable band pass filter RF load transmitting power of cell phone is about 500 millivolts. RF filter in the transmission part is tunable and band pass filter. Antenna is connected to the transmitter and receiver through a deep flexor. Receive noise amplifier LNA it is normally called. This is in the other path receive path IF block. The output of the LNA goes to the mixer to generate an IF signal with the help of the local oscillator and is under the control of digital baseband processor to produce a sinusoidal signal at RF plus IF. The IF signal is amplified by IF amplifier which is fixed frequency band pass filter. IF amplifier output is demodulated okay and I think this is sort of omega RF okay minus the digital baseband is going to be at let us say the baseband frequency and it is facilitated by multiplying it with omega RF plus omega IF. The omega IF signal is amplified by IF amplifier which is a fixed frequency band pass filter. The IF amplifier output is demodulated using local oscillator which down converts the signal to analog or digital baseband. So analog back end and baseband the output of the demodulator may represent the digitally coded speech video or data. The video signal and speech signal are pre constructed using DTA converter. The digital data directly goes to the digital baseband processor. The output from the IF amplifier whose input is from the modulator is up converted to the radio frequency of transmission by a mixer and power amplified before getting connected to the transmitting. Speech and video signals generated by the user are converted into the digital data using A to D converters. Digital data goes to the modulator and to the digital baseband processor. So these are the functions of the various blocks of the cell phone. Now this is an important block power management. As you see that the most of the time in order to improve yield reliability in IC fabrication of these VLSI structures these are mainly made as single chip solutions okay. And power management in this single chip has to occur in terms of isolating the power supply for the digital primarily from the analog one. So that there is no interaction between analog and digital systems due to parasitic capacitive coupling or inductive coupling. So this kind of thing is made possible by efficient power management. Not only that efficiency of the system improves if we shut off those units that are not working at any one given time. So this also is managed by digital control. So basically nowadays all the analog systems that are necessary for an electronic system get controlled by the digital controller of the whole system right. So it is digital controlled analog subsystems. This is what we have to study. Now we come to the other important system health wise. Health monitoring has now become part of cell phone activity and so many things have been integrated into the cell phone that the future perhaps requires only the cell phone for most of our applications. Let us therefore look at the system that forms electrocardiogram is a non-invasive procedure for recording of electrical activity on the body surface generated by the heart. So ECG or EKG shows a series of waves that relate to the electrical impulses of heart beat that everybody knows now. So this is a typical pulse generated by the heart. This is called P this is QRS and this is T. It has features defined as P, QRS and T for each heart beat. The amplitude and relative timing of these various segments are used for diagnosis of any heart ailment. Important components of ECG heart rate that is the frequency about few hertz okay which means so many beats 40 to 300 beats per minute. P wave is of this frequency about few hertz again this is few tens of hertz QRS and T wave is again few hertz. High frequency potentials of the order of 100 to 500 hertz for more refined understanding of the ECG waveform. The other components which actually obstruct us from getting the complete ECG function correspond to the muscle activity which also is around the same frequency 5 to 50 hertz respiratory activity which is of very low frequency 0.1 to 0.5 hertz 8 to 30 beats per minute. External electrical noise this is the main enemy of the ECG capture 50 to 60 hertz EC mains. So most of the power line frequencies components which are close by also transmit this okay electromagnetic radiation and it dies off very fast okay because it is at very low frequency. However because of the power the strength that is picked up by the body is considerable. So we will depict this later on pictorially. Other typical electrical activity greater than 10 hertz muscle stimulators strong magnetic field pacemakers etc also interfere with this. That is a glimpse of what noise means in ECG recording. It uses several electrodes the primary thing is that it must be a differential pickup. So that the common mode noise voltage which is primarily 50 hertz line pickup gets cancelled simply because of the differential measurement. So this is a technique of putting the electrodes in such a manner that noise gets cancelled not filtered. The machine detects and amplifies the electrical impulses picked up by the electrodes that occur at each heartbeat and cause them onto a paper computer or any story that is the function of the ECG recording. So it simply picks up this okay and this is to be recorded in a paper or a computer are stored in a storage device. Now this is what you see as differential recording. This is very important in present day electronics. I would like to just highlight that the technology of IC fabrication has made a great impact in electronic circuits. What is it? The technology of IC fabrication has made us realize absolutely symmetric networks which means it is going to facilitate easy cancellation of common mode noise. This is the greatest thing that has happened in IC fabrication. This kind of thing never existed in discrete circuit fabrication. And this is how we get rid of the noise problem here by using a differential recording. So these are the two points okay and these two voltages are measured with reference to a common point okay and therefore the common mode voltage that gets picked up here hopefully okay it is very nearly equal and then gets cancelled. Obviously it is not possible that it is equal and therefore some amount of this 50 hertz noise still gets picked up because of the fact that these two points are okay not exactly having the same voltage with respect to this common point okay. So this has nothing to do with electronics but the electronic device that is going to be used as the front end here has to be a differential amplifier that is obvious to everybody. So that is the technique of noise cancellation differential recording between two points on the body armor they are defined as V1, V2 and V3 okay. So this is the arrangement of electrodes and you can see here get an idea of the signal the common mode noise that we are talking about this of the order of few volts 1.5 volts okay and the offset due to the electrode placement is of the order of 300 millivolts that is therefore going to pick up the 50 hertz noise and then the ECG signal is only of the order of few millivolts occurring at these frequencies. So this is the signal that we have to pick up earlier in the first lecture I had shown you how the ECG signal looks like with this predominant common mode noise that got picked up in spite of it being differential. Now these are the blocks that form the ECG so equipment we have a multiplexer here. So we place instead of just 2 sort of electrodes we place multiple set of pairs of electrodes to find the differential voltage at different points and multiplex this data and take an average okay and this is the best technique to eliminate noise as well as get a fairly good value of the actual heartbeat okay. Instrumentation amplifier is a differential amplifier which is an IC that we can fabricate it is a symmetric structure we will let us see and then we have a variable gain so as to adjust the output so as to make it compatible with that of the data converter that we are likely to use. After that we have the high pass filter low pass filter high pass filter to eliminate high frequency white noise mostly low pass filter to eliminate very low frequency noise which is interfering with the ECG and then notch filter to primarily to get rid of the 50 hertz or 60 hertz and then final amplifier only most of the amplification is concentrated here so that it is after all the removal of the noise that the signal gets amplified. Then it is processed after it is converted to the digital by the DSP and stored displayed or recorded. So this explains what I have just now indicated inputs from groups of electrodes are multiplexed and processed for the common mode rejection by the instrumentation amplifier the output of the INA is amplified and variable gain amplifier gain is adjusted so that output becomes compatible with that of the amplifier okay and the data converter. Frequency is below 0.05 hertz are eliminated by the low pass the high pass filter as a low pass filter and above 150 hertz are eliminated by the low pass filter and 50 hertz is eliminated by the notch filter. The output of the notch filter is amplified and coded to the digital form using A to D converter. The digital data is suitable for processing by a DSP for recording display or storage. Now we come to the basic analog signal processing functions that are required in all these functional blocks or gadgets electronic products that we have discussed amplification what does it mean attenuation or amplification. Mathematically this simply means okay multiplication by a constant this is multiplication by a constant alpha times let us say X X is the independent variable in this case voltage or current it does not matter. So if you can multiply alpha if alpha is less than 1 it is called attenuation it is called attenuation if alpha is attenuation if alpha is greater than 1 it is called amplification filtering that means getting rid of noise if it is within the band you will use what is called a notch filter if it is this is for within the band noise outside the band high pass low pass or band pass outside the band high pass filter low pass filter or band pass filter this notch filter is band stop filter these are the common filters that are used in most of the signal processing right what is therefore then comparing you are comparing either a voltage or current with a reference compare with the reference. Now this is nothing but a mixed mode circuit these are purely analog here the input is analog output is digital input is analog output this is for this multiplication it could be both analog okay then it is called modulator mixer and all that one analog one digital then it can act as multiplexer analog multiplexer it can select the analog signal that you want to input to the PC or something like that. So you give one analog comes you give zero nothing comes from that right. So when you actually apply zero to one analog you can apply one to the other analog okay so that other analog get selected that is what is called multiplexing. So multiplexer is a multiplier operation okay then both digital then it becomes an X or gate exclusive or gate. So these are the variety of mathematical operations that go with signal processing you can see a wide area of signal processing getting covered just by these operations. DTA conversion A to D conversion okay A to D we have already talked about this example of this is nothing but a comparator which is already discussed here there is a 1 bit A to D converter comparator is a 1 bit A to D converter D to A converter is nothing but sigma let us say A analog is equal to sigma 2 to power minus n V reference into AI I equal to 1 to n. So we have a n bit D to A converter so I ranging from 1 to n is nothing but a analog V reference is analog and this is digital a digitally controlled analog output you can get it is a multiplier again one input is analog another input is digital. So D to A converter can be treated as a multiplier where one input is analog and the other is digital just like multiplexer. So these are the basic things activities that get carried out and these are explained in detail further. So we see here the thing about amplification let us discuss this output is either a voltage or current in an amplifier since the variable can be voltage or current output can be available as a voltage or current then that is equal to K times input which is voltage or current plus some offset which is independent of input that is called an offset it can be a current offset or a voltage offset right depending upon what the output is. So the K has to be greater than 1 if it is amplifying if it is attenuating is less than 1. Now this becomes a control source okay voltage control current source voltage control voltage source so we have voltage control we have voltage control voltage source voltage control current source current control voltage source current control current source. So we have 4 combinations of the amplifier becoming possible theoretically there are no further amplifiers possible. So the basic definitions have to be understood very clearly first before we venture into any signal processing activities and this is the basic degree we have a voltage amplifier a current amplifier and then a trans conductance amplifier and a trans resistance amplifier that is possible theoretically with this kind of definition. Next it is important that you should be able to amplify a differential voltage that I have already indicated when we discussed about transducers that means it is not a single ended voltage amplification it is X1 and X2 as the 2 independent variables they may be V1 and V2 when they are voltages then theoretically any linear system will give you an output corresponding to X1 and X2. So that can be categorized as what is not wanted is that corresponding to X1 plus X2 by 2 this is called the common mode signal and X1 minus X2 this is called the differential mode signal this signal alone is important to be amplified in a differential setup and this signal has no place at the output. So the ideal differential amplifier or difference amplifier should give an output corresponding to only the difference X1 minus X2 however a linear system if it is designed then there will be output corresponding to both the inputs and they may not be equal if they are equal okay then it is a differential amplifier if it is not equal because of some mismatch because of non-symmetric because the circuit that is processing it is not exactly ideally symmetric then what happens is that this common mode signal appears and that is an error. And therefore output normally is proportional to the differential signal into some KD this is called the differential amplification factor and KC into X1 plus X2 by 2 which is the common mode signal and this KC should be ideally speaking in a symmetric structure that is amplifying it should be 0 in practice of course it is not 0. So where KD is known as differential mode gain and KC is known as common mode gain KD by KC is a measure of the quality of this difference amplifier. And that is measured by a parameter called rho this is called common mode rejection ratio it is normally expressed in terms of decibels as 20 log rho an ideal difference amplifiers should have common mode rejection ratio equal to infinity that is because KC should be 0 for it. So KD by 0 will correspond to infinity as far as rho which is called the common mode rejection ratio which is normally called CMRR CMRR these are again definitions that you should learn about before you understand the technology of fabrication of any active device or an amplifier. So we come to the important section on filtering you have all been familiar with coffee filters the same thing that electronic filter does it selects what you want to select right that is the liquid coffee as a liquid and the solid portion is retained. So same way the solid portion that is retained is the noise it should not come okay. So the liquid portion is what you want to accept and drink okay. So the signal bandwidth is the one that has to be permitting okay the signal to appear and reject the noise. So filter is for rejecting the noise and accepting the signal in areas bands of the signals. Filter can be as I pointed out earlier low pass to remove the high frequency noise high pass to remove the low frequency noise band pass to remove both low frequency and high frequency noise band stop okay to remove in band noise which is dominating when you remove the in band noise normally it so happens that you have to sacrifice some amount of information because it will also remove the wanted signal. Low pass filtering is going to be depicted this way ideal low pass filter is a box like approximate that is you do not want any component corresponding to frequencies beyond this okay. So above this bandwidth this is corresponding to the wanted signal bandwidth for example if it is audio and high fidelity music you want to collect then you would restrict it to about 20 to 30 kilo hertz that is the bandwidth over which you would accept the signal and reject this other high frequency signal okay. Now a non-ideal low pass filter that is what is practically realizable okay this is practically not realizable will give the reason later but for a single input you have multiple output possible. So anything that is having for single input multiple output possible is physically not realizable okay and therefore we have to approximate this filter to something better where for every input that is a unique output that is what is physically realizable and these filters for example are going to be the low pass filters that we will realize later using the available components. Now high pass filter that is we want to reject the low frequency noise. The low frequency noise corresponds to drift of a voltage because of temperature dependence mainly let us say or any temperature dependent activity results in this kind of okay drifting voltage and therefore that results in the offset voltage drifting all voltage or current and that has to be eliminated from the signal and that can be done by introducing what is called a lower cutoff frequency okay below this the noise gets eliminated and above this the signal is going to be passed. Now this is the box like approximation for a band pass filter the bandwidth of the signal let us say is corresponding to this for example this is an IF filter. So around let us say 455 kilo hertz maybe the center frequency is located and then the bandwidth corresponds to 20 kilo hertz on either side of the center frequency okay so that we want to receive high quality music okay. So 40 kilo hertz is the bandwidth and 455 kilo hertz is the center frequency we can design a filter not exactly having this characteristic once again it has to be approximated it can be better approximated by this kind of thing or in this case if you have a really troublesome neighborhood frequency that let us say this is what your cell phone is transmitting this is the neighborhood frequency okay where the power is more than if you design this kind of filter that power that will come into the your phone will be much more than your own power. So you will not be able to hear what your friend is talking okay but you will be able to hear the neighbors talk okay which is a noise right. So this is the trouble so what you do you kill that fellow right by introducing a zero of transmission here that means there is no transmission at all that is going to be received by you. So this filter okay can be realized later on we will see and therefore this particular transmitted power is killed here and here okay. So you look at this kind of zero of transmission okay wherever you have high power neighborhood frequencies interfering with your signal okay. Now same thing can be done for a band of frequencies here again this box like approximation is not accepted we will do an approximation of this okay either this way or this way to get rid of a band of frequencies okay now comparison. Comparison simply means like let us say we have an input voltage coming like this and this is the reference our comparator which may be a voltage comparator or current comparator as two inputs where this voltage is the incoming voltage and this is the reference voltage what happens to the output as long as let us say the input voltage is going greater than the reference voltage output goes negative it just gives let us say digital zero this is negative means let us say zero some voltage and if the input goes below the reference it goes positive. So as far as the output of this comparator is concerned it has only two states high and low okay that going from high to low or low to high occurs exactly at a voltage reference or a current reference depending upon the input chain this is something that is very very important in signal processing this converts the amplitude information to width information if you call this as duty cycle over a period then the duty cycle gets varied as this voltage reference is varied. So you can convert an amplitude information to width information this is called pulse width modulator okay this width information conversion is possible and this is having important application in DC to DC converters switch to more power supplies class 2 power amplifiers and this is a very simple concept to understand okay. Now we come to the last application that we are going to discuss that is multiplication the output of a multiplier is the product of two inputs let us say we are talking of voltage multipliers it can be current also where I naught is equal to K naught into I X into I Y here we have depicting we have depicted a voltage multiplier V naught is K naught into V X into V Y in precision multipliers this is made to work for plus minus 10 volts okay is therefore called a four quadrant multiplier plus minus 10 volts okay so this can work all the way from minus 10 to plus 10 for both these voltages and the maximum output of the multiplier itself is adjusted by adjusting K naught as 1 over 10 volts if you make this constant as 1 over 10 volts then output of the multiplier will never exceed 10 volts that is the standard precision multiplier design okay ICs are available for this kind of operation. So it is interesting fact that this is going to cover most of the communication applications the basic principle of which can be taught to anybody any engineer because the mathematics of this is very straight forward and simple. A non ideal multiplier will have a relationship obviously now V naught can be independent of both inputs that is called offset voltage it is having a component which has nothing to do with product of V X and V Y but only dependent upon one of the inputs V X or V Y these are called feed through components these also should be absent in an ideal multiplier. So K X has to be 0 K Y has to be 0 V offset also has to be 0 okay in an ideal multiplier in a practical multiplier these may not be exactly 0 these have to be adjusted to be 0 later on okay plus of course the non-linear components corresponding to V X square V X square and other non-linear higher order non-linear components can also exist by properly selecting the topology of the multiplier okay we can actually get the multiplier to be precisely this okay. Let us therefore see the application of this multiplier okay in communication. So I am taking the example of this multiplier now V naught is equal to K naught into V P 1 sine omega 1 T V X is V P 1 sine omega 1 T and other one V Y is V P 2 sine omega 2 T.  So this is called double side band you can see two side bands omega 1 minus omega 2 omega 1 plus omega 2. So this is what is called double side band okay modulator balanced modulator it is called and mixer. So this may be the RF this may be the RF plus IF and this is RF then you will get the difference components which corresponds to IF that is how in the mixer you get the IF and this one will correspond to then this twice omega RF plus omega IF okay. So it is a higher frequency component by using a band pass filter that is IF filter you can select this and reject this that is the operation of the mixer that is finished right. So V naught is equal to K naught into V P 1 sine omega 1 T and V P 2 sine omega 2 T into that is nothing but demodulated DSB. You multiply it again the modulated DSB modulated output is V X and V Y corresponds to sine omega 1 T okay.  So you get rid of this higher frequency component by using a low pass filter okay then you will get an output okay which is a sort of DC okay that is the modulating frequency component. So this is a demodulator omega 2 is the modulating frequency component you get that base band signal. So this is the down converter or this is the base band signal extractor demodulator what it is called DSB demodulation. So you can see that the same multiplying function depending upon the input acts as a mixer or a demodulator. Now if they are of the same frequency if omega 1 is equal to omega 2 they might have a phase difference. So this is sine omega T this is sine omega T plus phi then what you get you get K naught V P 1 V P 2 by cos phi the difference and sum 2 omega T plus phi this can be got rid of by using a low pass filter and you get a DC dependent upon the phase shift. So this is known as phase detector if you get rid of this if you get rid of this then what remains that is by using a high pass filter okay you can get rid of the low frequency that is DC and select this and then this is a frequency doubler right. So this same structure acts as a phase detector a frequency doubler that means from omega you can get 2 omega from 2 omega multiplied by another omega you can get 3 omega. So you can generate all the harmonics by using this process of multiplication. So it is used for frequency synthesis right. So it is a powerful unit this process of multiplication is a powerful unit for obtaining most of the communication functions okay except for linear that is amplification okay. If you actually make one of the voltages DC it becomes a voltage controlled this is a VCA what it means is VX is let us say VC okay then what happens output is K naught VC into V P 2 sine omega T. So you get the signal V P 2 sine omega T getting amplified by this factor and you can vary this by changing VC. So it is a voltage controlled amplifier okay used in music synthesis and all right. So this is one of the most powerful IC that can be understood okay by anybody and used in practical laboratories to understand the basic communication principles. This is what we have already explained digital to analog conversion right. So the input is a N bit digital data and output is an analog signal output. So we have this as sigma of I equal to 1 to N AI 2 to power minus N you reference where AI is either 1 or 0. So that is nothing but the output of a N bit digital data. It can also analog output of a N bit digital it can also be called a multiplier with V reference as analog input and A1, A2, AN this is digital word is the digital signal. A to D converter the output is a N bit digital data and input is an analog signal a comparator is a 1 bit A to D converter okay a comparator is normally represented as a voltage or a current comparator. Now signal generation you come to again one of the basic principles which you have studied in your plus 2 okay this second order harmonic equation it is called del squared V instead of why I am using V here voltage del T squared plus KV equal to 0. This is second order differential equation with first order term being absent this is called the harmonic oscillator equation with all of you have studied in your plus 2. The solution of this differential equation V is equal to VP sine root of K into T plus phi omega is equal to root K is the radian frequency at which this will give an output a sinusoidal output. The phi and VP depends upon the initial conditions. So this is the basic principle used in generating any sine wave in electronics also this principle is used okay. So all our sine wave generators which are needed for test oscillator simulation so these are generated by simulating this equation. So any system that generates sine wave has to simulate this equation. So power supplies power supplies form the last part of the subject but the most important part also. So here we are going to be dealing with switch the power supplies which are the most efficient power supplies okay and they reduce the size of the component parts to such an extent because of the high frequency of switching and we have also what are known as low dropout regulators okay which are most important topics to be discussed in power supply design okay. These are purely analog. However these are going to be controlled in power supply management which is an important part of system design. So power supply management is an important part of power supply design which is going to be done digitally. So microcontrollers and DSPs can be therefore used efficiently to control the power supply so that efficiency of the whole system is maximum. So we have in conclusion discussed the cell phone architecture and the ECG architecture wherein all these four products that we have discussed emphasize one point. The communication is always carried out in analog and communication in future may occur within the chip just forget about outside the system right. Outside the system communication is already happening in analog in terms of podiums being used in terms of RF front end being used and therefore communication outside the system domain has already come into existence in analog. Communication is likely to take place within a digital system itself to talk to various digital blocks which are occurring in the system. The wired connection or the line connection okay is going to be becoming denser and denser and therefore it will be ultimately wireless connection within the chip most probably is the trend of future. So analog has to be learnt that is no way out so let us learn this okay in the future lectures the basic principles of analog signal processing is going to be emphasized from system design view point. What are the analog systems that can be realized using these basic blocks that we have already emphasized right. So the IC design which will involve the transistor may be MOS today okay is going to be a higher level course very few offers are going to be involved in IC design just like DSP design is going to be done by very few people but DSP usage has to be learnt by every engineer today right likewise understanding analog ICs and usage of analog ICs is something that everybody has to understand first before sort of specializing in IC design this kind of turn is going to be beginning of understanding VLSI.


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And interestingly, it's only been within the last 75 years that we've embraced evolutionary science. So what does that say about all the years before that? Why were people coming here then? He continues by saying that creation is holding people back. He says when a portion of the population doesn't believe in that, it holds everybody back. Now, first question is, what are we holding people back from? Second, does he really honestly want to stand behind that statement? Knowing that men like, say, Sir Isaac Newton, a man that studied things like physics calculus, mathematics, light, color, astronomy, a guy who believed in God and the Bible, was he holding us back? Because you see, it was Sir Isaac Newton, one of the greatest scientists of all times, who made the statement. He said, I find more sure marks of authenticity in the Bible than any profane history whatsoever. This was a guy who refuted atheism and defended creationism. Was he holding us back? Or maybe, what about Johann Kepler? Johann Kepler, one of the founders of the field of astronomy. This guy went to seminary for two years. He said astronomy was thinking God's thoughts after him. Here you've got a guy who helped field or found the field of astronomy that's been hijacked by Big Bang theorists. Or Blake Pascal. This is a guy who studied hydrostatics, differential calculus. This is the guy who came up with the famous Pascal wager. He said, how can anyone lose who chooses to be a Christian? Was he holding us back? Or maybe Robert Boyle. Robert Boyle considered to be the father of modern chemistry. And yet, here's an interesting thing that we don't teach much in classrooms anymore. When this guy died, he left a large sum of money for the Boyle lectures to be held every single year. And you would think the father of modern chemistry would want to have lectures on chemistry every year, right? His lectures were for proving the Christian religion. Sir Isaac Newton, born in 1642, made absolutely tremendous contributions to almost every field of science. It's hard to overstate his importance in the foundation of natural sciences. He was also a theologian and his beloved of anyone trying to prove that creationism has somehow advanced science. Let's look at two things, though, that Dr. Herob seems prepared to sweep under the rug. One, Sir Isaac would not have much approved of Dr. Herob's version of the faith, and they share little in common on theological grounds. Newton was a believer in a God, but he was an anti-Trinitarian. In his private writings, he said many things which would have earned him excommunication from the church of the time. He considered any talk of Jesus being the son of God as a blasphemy, and he held a number of other views in direct opposition to modern church teachings. Two, Sir Isaac Newton, like most 17th century scientists, had never considered anything but creationism. Newton was a man of his times. He helped to bring about the Enlightenment age, but he was also somewhat mired in old superstitions. He was a well-known alchemist, someone who believed in the magical transmutation of substances. He championed the false idea of an eternal ether that pervaded the universe. I have no doubt that he held a number of other ideas that were common at the time that we would today find ridiculous. Remember that Newton died over 130 years before the origin of species. There were no competing theories with creationism that had any basis in fact. Newton's many contributions include a great deal of biblical hermeneutics, the study of interpretations and word choices, but little or no contribution to biology or biological diversity. Three, while Newton was a man of his times, his work wasn't based on his religious or superstitious beliefs. In most cases, Newton's cherished beliefs actually held him back from discovering scientific truths we know today. This is nothing to be ashamed of. Most scientists have difficulty seeing past their own prejudices and biases. That's why when someone like Darwin or Einstein comes along and challenges what we know or think we know, some people have difficulty adapting. People like Dr. Herob. Dr. Herob also mentions Johannes Kepler, though he butchers the name, and blazed Pascal. Pascal died in 1662, Kepler in 1630, long before Darwin was even born. Neither of them made any contributions of note to biology. The two of them can serve as introductions to some of the ways that religion and superstition has retarded scientific progress. Kepler famously was forbidden to teach at universities in Catholic Germany because of his Calvinist beliefs. His mother was tried and convicted as a witch and spent 14 months in a jail cell, spared from a descendants only by her son's legal pleading. Pascal's wager is usually cited as one of the worst theistic arguments because of the base and deceptive nature of the wager. It suggests that you could trick a god or play the odds on the eternal. Pascal didn't really become interested in theological matters until he was about 31, when he had a vision he considered a visitation from God. He abandoned all his scientific work and devoted his time entirely to theology and philosophy. So you could say in a very real way that his beliefs ended his brilliant career in mathematics.  The argument from historical scientists that Dr. Herob is using here is flawed in one very simple way. Creationism itself has been entirely unproductive in every field that I can think of. Famous scientists may have held creationist beliefs, especially in the years before Darwin, but it was not those beliefs that they based their science on. In fact, in many cases it was a Christian scientist who opposed the scientific positions of the Church by disproving a religious supernatural explanation for natural phenomenon. The scientific field contains people of all faiths, most of whom have mastered the art of keeping their religious dogma separate from their scientific process. However, creationists like Dr. Herob have yet to use their creationism to make any advances or produce any new knowledge. If I could propose an altered version of Pascal's wager, it would be this. In the whole of human history, there has never been a single case when the supernatural explanation turned out to be the right one. Betting on science when it conflicts with religious belief is a pretty sure bet. Thanks for watching.


All right, we're moving on to our next major category which is best integrated media campaign Thank you product and services and to do the honors may I invite on stage mr. Kunal Kishore founder director value 360 communications and mr. Siddharth Banerjee senior VP marketing Vodafone India Limited Siddharth of course was both on our jury as well as a speaker through the panel in the evening and Kunal has been working really hard doing the online screening for us yeah Kunal could we have a shortlisted nominees please in this category lots of entries but if you ask me it's one of the toughest categories to win an award in because what we are looking for is a truly truly integrated campaign a campaign that has gone across various mediums of digital it's not dependent on only one or couple of mediums but something that has exploited completely as many avenues as possible so this was really really tough for us to judge a the number of entries were huge and each entry we had to scrutinize that how they've explored you know all kinds of medium within digital so again I think the results are there for you to see you're allowed for mind sharing your one more time for the Pepsi campaign when consumers become co-marketers


Here we are. Good evening. Thank you all for joining me. See the comments coming up. Thanks everyone. Okay, well, I'm back. Since the conference last week, which we're going to talk a little bit more about tonight and we're going to have another speech from tonight, I had a few sniffles and then I just was absolutely floored with sickness this week, so I'm behind on a few things, but I am much better now, thankfully. It's a little bit, but infinitely better than I was. A couple of little warning before I get started. You may hear a cat, and these are the perils of going live. You may hear a cat. My cat is absolutely furious with me for not letting her into this room. And if you could see this room, you'd know A, why I won't let her in and B, why she wants to get in. It is a festival of wiring and things to jump on and jump over and swing from. And she's furious with me that I'm not letting her in here. So she's making our presence felt at the moment. It is so frustrating to not be able to talk to you about the biggest news stories of the day and such a sign of the times. I can't talk to you about what I want to talk to you about because we're on YouTube. It's crazy, but because of that on Wednesday nights now at eight o'clock on Rumble, that's where it'll go on first. It will then, Mark will then put them on to all the other channels that were allowed to speak the truth on. So Wednesday nights at eight o'clock is when I will cover the issue we're not allowed to cover because we live in crazy communist world. So we can't really talk about the big issue of the day, but I'll say what I can about it, which is very, very little. This Omicron variant is, this is the top story from the BBC tonight and from Sky News. This Omicron variant is now spreading in the community, says Sajid Javed. He told MPs today that the variant was continuing to spread here and around the world, and there were now cases here with no links to international travel. There have been 336 confirmed cases of the highly mutated variant across the UK, he said. Today in the Commons, a rise of 90 from Sunday. There are concerns about how Omicron, that really sounds like something from a science fiction film, could interact with current vaccines. So of the confirmed cases, 261 in England, 71 in Scotland, 4 in Wales, while Northern Ireland is yet to have a confirmed case. Sky News is running with the same things. Headline on here is uncertain whether Omicron will knock UK off course, says Health Secretary, as experts warn cases are very high for a Monday. So it's also telling us that there are 336 cases in the UK of this new variant. Yeah, so that's pretty much all I can tell you about it on this channel at least, but 8 o'clock on Wednesday on Rumble and then other channels. And we will continue that on 8 o'clock on Wednesday for the foreseeable future. Again, because we are not able to talk about this. I mentioned last week as well that I was going to upload the Empire State of Mind, my own copy of that interview. This is the Channel 4 documentary that was published broadcast last Saturday night. And I had my own copy of it. I played you a little bit of it last week. A couple of reasons it didn't go out the following day. One, because I was floored with I don't know what. But two, myself and Ed have decided actually that rather than just upload it, we will do some commentary on it.  And I'll give you a little bit more and flesh it out a little bit. And we'll do that in the next couple of days, hopefully. I am the speakers at the conference. And I want to thank them all again. I am now organizing for an interview, a follow up interview by StreamYard with all of those speakers. We'll get a little bit more about them, a little bit more about their background, their story, and their support for us, including campaigns and things that they are working on. So those will be on a weekly basis until we get through everyone I've got. I start recording those tomorrow. I've set up a few of them. If you are in the Northeast, join me this weekend as our first public meeting. These public meetings are going to be continued all over the country into the new year. This is part of our recruitment campaign. I know I'm meeting with activist branch chairs and regional organizers tomorrow night to go through this in a bit more detail as to what our plan is to take this into the new year and to take it to, to take the party out to the people. There's something I want to say about that actually. I talk to a lot of people. And yesterday, for example, I went to stand in the park and I, people are saying that we need to fight back. And this is, this is a, you know, to, to rise up and take back our freedoms. And I could not agree more. The problem is, and this is a sticky point that I get a lot when I talk about this with people, people are agreed that there's an absolute assault on our freedoms going on. We must do something about it. We have to fight back in some way. But the way we fight back is the sticking point. And what we need to do and what we will do as a party is provide that way to fight back. That way, there's a couple of ways. One of them I won't get into. But one of the ways we can't fight back is through organizing ourselves to stand for election and challenge them at the ballot box and really reach out to people to sidestep the media, to go around the media and really reach out to people because I'm not talking about a pressure group to put pressure on the Tories or on Labour. This is going to be a problem now. I'm talking about an actual transformation, a seizure of our rights back from the political elite. Just give me one second. I'm going to deal with this one. My sincere apologies for that. We do need to fight back what we need to know how. This is what these public meetings that I'm going to hold. We need a focused real plan on how to fight back. The concept is right, but you need a plan on how to go about it. That's what I want us to do as a party is to offer that concrete plan, bringing it to the people. We're not talking, as I said, about pressuring the Tories into changing or pressuring Labour into changing. We're talking about real and permanent power back to the people. Democracy. I think sometimes, you know, George Orwell's Animal Farm, where power is seized and then after a while, seized, taken back. And then after a while, those in power become corrupted. And it becomes the, the onus comes on the people again to take back the power again. It's a cycle. And we're in that cycle. And to my mind now, Labour and the Tories have had power for too long. And it is that the Animal Farm scenario has occurred. It is now time for new people to come in and take that power back to, and give it back to the people via democracy. So that's the message that I really want us to get across. And that's the message that we want to offer a plan, a real plan, a real way, a method, not just an abstract notion of rising up with a way of doing it. That's what we want to inspire people with, inspire people to do as we go forward into next year. Okay, I want to talk a little bit now about the manifesto. I can't talk about part of the manifesto, but I will talk about it on Wednesday night at eight o'clock. So let me take you through. It is on, where are we? Here. So a new manifesto is up. Do have a look at it. And more importantly, tell people about it. Do share it. And I'll take you through some of the key parts of it now. So we have in order, coronavirus, NHS, law and order, government, immigration, education, animal welfare, media, Islam, transgenderism, family law, housing, economy, defence and foreign affairs, energy, agriculture and transport, welfare and pensions. One of the things we've done with it this year is make it more succinct, a little bit shorter. We've amalgamated certain sections just to make the thing a little bit more accessible. And to make it a bit plainer, simpler for people, for candidates, for activists to take with them, to get into their heads and take with them. As they talk to people, particularly in public meetings, that we're going to be holding around the country in the new year. So I'm going to have to skip through, it is so frustrating, I'm going to have to skip through the coronavirus section, but we will talk about it on Wednesday night. On to the NHS, there's still a great emphasis on waste in the NHS. And I think this is really, really important, because once again, we're seeing, we've had an announcement in 2021 of tax rises to, which will come into effect, next year or the year after next, to pay for the NHS. And yet again, not from the Tory side or from the Labour side of Parliament, is there any mention of waste in the NHS, even though we all know how wasteful it can be, it is. So there's still a great emphasis on that. But a couple of things that have been added in are that we must restore NHS services to pre-pandemic levels as a matter of urgency, including the restoration of face-to-face appointments and treatment. It's a farce, it's a farce. I always remember someone told me, I think it was on here, actually, that someone told me that they were doing physiotherapy over Zoom. How can you do physiotherapy over Zoom? What am I missing?  This is not a health service. And for the last, for some years, pre-COVID, there were some things in the NHS which were completely shambolic, completely shambolic. It's now gone to levels of almost comedy. Not very funny, but almost, it's so ridiculous. And that's an example. To do physiotherapy over Zoom is just ridiculous. It's almost indescribable. And there was, earlier in the year, GPs were threatening to go on strike if they were forced to see patients face-to-face again. This is the very core of their job, surely. And actually, there are these other changes that I think need to be made to the NHS as well. Seeing the same doctor twice might be nice. It really would. If you go, if you hire someone, I'm not thankfully, but if you ask someone who has to regularly see a doctor, you would see a different doctor every time. And there's a feeling, isn't it? If you have to see a different doctor every time, you don't feel that there's no connection, there's no human bond for one to a better word, and I do want a better word. Bond is not the right word, but you probably get what I mean. They don't know you. If you're seeing a different doctor all the time, they don't know you. And you'll have to explain things, and you have to rely on records, which are probably inaccurate some of the time. The whole thing is completely shambolic. It would also help as well greatly if NHS staff could speak English. Sorry, Frank, but there you go. That would also be very nice. But one of the primary, and this is our first manifesto promise on this, restore NHS services to pre-pandemic levels that has got to be, that has got to be. The old ones, some of the best ones from last time are still in there, audit the NHS, absolutely, hold chief executives to account by the public, absolutely, end health, tourism, absolutely. And the old stuff is in there as well, law and order. Mike Speakman has done a fantastic job as always. You're going to be hearing Mike's speech from the conference towards the end of this stream. I said to you last week that we'd removed the police element, which I think this was prompted by protests from members during the lockdown and the behaviour of the police. During that time, people were, let's say, the perception of the police suffered and continues to suffer the ending the political bias of the police, depoliticising the police, getting rid of police and crime commissioners, for example, which has politicised the police. All of that is still in there and still as crucial. As always, and actually in the last year, the politicised police, I would suggest, has gotten even worse with things like insulate Britain and all, but bringing them cups of tea as they unlawfully block the M25 and the police are might as well just be sitting down with them, frankly. So all of that is still in there. A couple of additions, which I think are very important. This was in there last year, but I want to mention it as well, making a criminal offence for a police officer to publicly demonstrate for any activist or political group. Designators, terrorists, those who engage in violence for political ends, such as Antifa or Black Lives Matter. A couple of additions require greater discipline in the police and create a centralised process to deal with red flags, such as the behaviour of Wayne Cousins. We know who Wayne Cousins is, the man convicted and sent to prison for a life term for murdering Sarah Everard, a serving police officer at the time.  I think that is long overdue. So a couple of additions in there with that one. Government, a lot of the same things as last time I want to mention a couple of them, which I think are really important, getting rid of the Human Rights Act, which is not a Human Rights Act. It does not protect our rights. It has not protected our rights. It has been used primarily, I would suggest primarily, as a method of applying and sustaining and pushing a multicultural open border, can't get rid of anyone. Even if they are terrorists, murderers, rapists, we can't get rid of them because they have human rights.  It's the foreign terrorists and foreign raiders. They all have human rights. So that's where the Human Rights Act goes. The form the House of Lords is still in their referenda for major construction in an area. This would allow people to decide whether or not they're particularly pertinent, I think, for smaller areas, smaller towns, villages who don't want to see the place they've called home, turned into something that they don't recognise. And they have very little, if any, not actually say in that. And a lot of this stuff goes on controversially, but I think true, a lot of this stuff goes on behind closed doors with backhander deals between counsellors and perhaps not such actors in good faith, should we say. The people have to have a say over this. That is very important. Installing CCTV in polling stations focus primarily on counts, allow candidates or candidate representatives to observe the transport of ballot boxes from polling stations to their destinations, ensure the Union Jack is publicly displayed outside public buildings, including schools, create a new bank holiday to celebrate the UK's independence, quote unquote, independence from the EU, restore any statues defaced or torn down by violent left wing mobs, including that of Edward Colston in Bristol.  Immigration has had a complete overhaul. Let's have a look at this one. Now the figures have been obviously updated. This is this year's manifesto not last. So net migration from net migration over the past year or so, we've got an amount of 622,000 inward emigration, 375,000 with a net of 247,000. So 247,000 more people in the country than the year before. And of course, if you've got immigration of 622 and emigration of 375, then you've still got a massive demographic change, big change in 2021. The number arriving illegally via the English Channel alone was 23,000 when this was written. It's now above 25,000. This is up from approximately 8,000. So from 8,000 to 25,000. 2020, 8,000, 2021, 25,000. A political and media class would have us believe that those migrants housed in hotels at taxpayer's expense, while British homeless sleep rough, are refugees and asylum seekers fleeing for their lives, but we know that they are not. I mentioned this actually on my other live stream last week. I want to mention it again here. I was reading a story of the deaths that occurred in the English Channel the week before last. And one of the survivors of this was speaking and saying that he took his mobile phone and was phoning for help in both France and in the UK. Now, I'm sorry if this sounds really callous, but I do have a, I really need to know this. If you are fleeing a war zone, Syria, for example, oh, some are not from Syria, but that's besides the point. If you're fleeing a war zone and you've come apparently on foot from, let's say the Middle East or North Africa, all the way to France. And now you're in the water, but in the English Channel having left France on your way to the UK. And remember you've come on, apparently on foot. I assume on foot or do some sort of covert transport. How do you have a functioning mobile phone? I'm baffled by it. I just have to mention it because I'm baffled by it. What network is it rolling on? How is it charged? Who's paying the bill? How do you, I just, the whole thing is so surreal, absolutely surreal. Okay, so we go on to talk about the UK border force and how it's facilitating this, how we don't know who these people are. So highlights of this, and these are new and all illegal immigration and return offenders to their country of origin without delay or appeal. All of those who arrived illegally in Dover or elsewhere will be deported. Install a physical border in the English Channel or elsewhere if needed and utilize the border force and Royal Navy to patrol our waters and return illegal boats to their departure point in France or elsewhere and all payments to France for preventing migration, something it has obviously failed to do. Arrest all known illegal immigrants, hold them in the tension until they are returned to their home nations. We will build new prisons for this if necessary and ensure the head of the border force is 100% committed to protecting our borders from illegal immigration. This is an important point because the outgoing former head of the UK border force doesn't believe in borders. I'll say that again. The outgoing head of the UK border force in his speech as he was leaving the job called borders a pain in the backside but didn't believe in borders. He was giving all this lefty stuff about how we're all people and unbelievable. He was head of the border force and he's a lefty open border flowery. You just it's unfathomable. So you would think that you wouldn't have to put in to a manifesto that the head of the border force must believe in borders but apparently we do because we're living in cloud cuckoo land and all better off with madness. Education hasn't changed much because I think we had much of it covered. Anyway, censorship has to stop. We have to start teaching children the truth, not political spin but the truth and prepare them to be responsible, self-sustaining, law abiding adults and to rein in the loony left in the education system and put a stop to the anti-Britishness. Animal welfare a couple of things have come out because they've changed but still as still by far the best animal welfare protections that any party is going to be offering, a media. When I was in my sick bird for a couple of days this week I was rummaging around on television as you do, so to pass the time and I was on, what was I on? This on-demand my five is channel four's my five thing which is sort of internet on-demand thing. Sure there's a name for it but I don't know what it is. And I was having a rummage through true crime documentaries. I love a true crime documentary and there was one on the murder of Joanna Yates. You probably remember this case. She was murdered back in 2010 in Bristol and body found on Christmas Day. Terrible, terrible, terrible case. So the police were stuck. No leads, no idea really where this was, where to start looking. And the media were putting pressure on the police to arrest somebody, to find someone. The police get all this pressure from the media and they arrested the her landlord, Joanna Yates' landlord, they arrested and while the policeman who had been in charge of this investigation, while he was speaking, I thought to myself, I think he doth protest too much because it went to great pains to tell us that we don't arrest people for just any old reason, you know, we, he had no alibi, well he was alone in his home. But crucially, he was a little bit odd and this is, this, he was, he was an eccentric Englishman, one of my favourite type of people. And he did a cultured, he was very into, he just put posh and he was into his opera and he was, he was an eccentric and absolutely fabulous eccentric. But he was a little bit odd. He had access to her flat because he was a landlord and he had no alibi for the night that she went missing. So they arrested him. And again, as I say, the policeman I thought was protesting a bit too much. Pressure from the media was a large part, I believe and this is why I took from it, was why they arrested him in any case. They utterly destroyed the media, utterly destroyed this man, destroyed him. They put him on front page, they made him out to be some sort of, they made him out to be almost pedophilic, some sort of predator. This, you know, they, they, one headline on the front page called him The Strange Mr. Jeffries. They dismantled him and his reputation. The man had done nothing wrong. He was completely exonerated. It was actually the next door neighbour who was convicted of her murder and not the landlord. And after the press had destroyed this man's reputation and torn him to shreds publicly, he sued them. And he got an apology from eight different newspapers and a what undisclosed, at least in this documentary, substantial sum. And as I was watching this, I thought to myself, he's lucky he was only accused of murder and not of racism. Because had he been accused of racism, an abstract concept that nobody seems able to define, there'd have been no apologies. He'd have been completely unpersoned. He'd have completely ripped it. Unbelievable. Unbelievable. But point to it. I could feel my blood pressure.   There's no morality. There's no principle. There's no integrity. There's no, it is an absolute horror show, what the press will do to people. And the fact of the matter is, they have to be forced to behave with integrity, because we know that they won't do it of their own volition. You can talk also, I noticed, I spotted as I was having a rummage, I haven't watched it yet, I'm going to the abduction of Milly Della. And how the press behaved in that they are amoral is to compliment them. Rotten to the core is to be a little bit more accurate. So they will have to be, the press will have to be forced by law to act with integrity, because their behavior is beyond shocking, beyond appalling. And not everyone like this Joanna Yates's landlord, not everyone has the money to go after the press and get an apology from them. And you can bet that whatever apology they gave was printed on page 60 underneath the classifieds, whereas when they were hounding him and destroying him, it was all over the front pages. Absolutely completely devoid of miles, completely devoid of miles.  So this is, and we are, this again is unique to us, this focused actual concrete walkable plan to make the media work. Now concerns, isn't it authoritarian for the pre for the state to have any say over the media? Yes, on face value. Yes, on in an ideal world. Yes, the state should have very little if any say at all over the activities of the media. However, I think in the interests of truth, and therefore of democracy, it is justified in these instances. So reform defamation laws so that those affected can take legal action if a lie is told about them in the media. This cannot be prohibitively expensive as it is now. I remember when the telegraph headlined me as a neo fascist. I went to a defamation lawyer. He said, have you got 100 grand in your pocket? I said, no, I don't. And well, tough. Ensure candidates in an election are given the right of reply by the newspaper or TV news program and that this right of reply must be of similar length and placed in a similar section of the newspaper TV program as the initial piece to which the candidate is responding. In other words, if they write a full page about you, you have to be given a full page back to respond. And genuinely, I mean, this isn't going to happen. The point is, I hope it would in some cases, the point is it would teach it would make them stop this, it would make the press stop if they were legally obliged to give you a response. They are far less likely to smear you in the first place. We wouldn't have this left wing activism masquerading as the press require newspapers and TV programs to fully explain the meaning of political labels. And this is interesting. Now, I know a lot of political labels don't have a clear defined definition and a lot was debatable. But some of them do have they do have characteristics. They can't just call you a fascist and leave it at that.  This has to be we can't allow this to continue. Resist and oppose all attempts to shut down independent blogging sharing or exchange of information online. Resist and oppose all attempts by social media to practice political bias and ensure media reports active, not active, accurate. Ensure the media report, I hope I'm allowed to say this bit, media reports accurate data regarding coronavirus and vaccination and ensure that all sides of these debates are presented to the public. Next up is Islam, which was as little change, transgenderism, a couple of additions we've made to this are to prosecute incitement of violence aimed at those who criticize any aspect of transgenderism. We know that in the last year or so there have been high profile cases of threats of violence, threats to kill, threats to rape of high profile people who have however mildly expressed some disagreement with the trans activism mob, violent trans activism mob and provide crucially as well provide a legislative framework so that people may take legal action against employers if they are fired or harassed as a result of their views on transgenderism. Family law has remained relatively the same, similar with housing, the economy, made some additions to the economy in conjunction with coronavirus and the damage that has caused to the economy. Defense and foreign affairs has been very much shortened, they've been amalgamated the two and shortened and simplified a couple of things that have remained that I think are high lightable as the raising defense spending and ensuring that we are, troops are fully equipped and looked after before and after, during and after their service. Transport, energy, agriculture and transport, you'll, that's Paul's, Paul Borges' wonderful analysis of the climate change alarmism and great amount of detail on electric cars, future energy sources, we are of course, we propose, we don't just talk in the abstract, we propose actual solutions to these but we also talk about real environmental problems like pollution, like the filth, frankly that is rivers, oceans and seas, methods and plans to deal with plastic waste for example, all of that is in there. Also the six points for taxis is in there separately as well and that, thank you to Ian for that one. And welfare and pensions has been amalgamated but as we made very little change to it because it was so good in the first place. Okay, I'm going to leave, we're going to finish with Mike's speech to the conference last week. Let me just take a couple, do I have any questions coming in? Okay, let's see, are you for Green Pass or Vax Passports? No, no, we are not, we're completely against both. I've got quite a lot of questions. Stu, if you put the commie flag behind you, I'm sure the censorship would end. Perhaps Stu, but we can't be flying commie flags willy-nilly. I'm not going to be able to answer all of these tonight. There are a couple of things in here I'm going to come back to though, if police corruption would be fixed would you consider giving police guns? That's a really good question but there's a lot of work to do to fix the state that the police is in. And if we could get this country back into some sort of civilized behavior, perhaps they wouldn't need it. Have you read the story about Dr Sam White using the Human Rights Act to get his voice back after citing concerns about CV? I haven't but that's something I'm going to take a note of and I'll have a look at that. What are your thoughts on the death of Arthur Labinho Hughes? Yeah, I mean this is absolutely shocking story, this young child tortured, tortured to death and what really you know we've heard Nadim Zaha we stand up in Parliament and say how unfathomable it is for us, for decent people to understand this kind of cruelty to meet out this kind of cruelty to an offenseless child. For decent people it is hard to fathom, hard to understand. But what I would you know I read also this evening just before we started if I've got to have a report and an inquiry and you know this seems to be all we ever get from them. The system doesn't work, the justice system doesn't work in so many ways. But look I think what I'll do actually because that's a big story I think I'll actually cover it in a bit more detail next week but you know it's nauseating to me to hear of an inquiry and a report. Look we know we know what's wrong, the justice system's broken and it's broken because of incompetence and laziness and and lack of accountability and when you have a broken justice system you end up sadly with things like this and but to give this to give this story the attention that it deserves I'm going to come back to it next week. Okay what do I make of Boris Johnson's announcement of a war on drugs? It's a complicated one that one I don't want to see a society where heroin is available in the local shop. I know this is but is it is it working? Does it work? Is war on drugs? I mean hasn't America been waging a war on drugs for a long time? It's a good question Frankie and due to time I will I will actually give it a bit of thought through the week and we will come back to it. So I've made a note of a couple of issues I want to come back to next week and I'll give them a bit of a bit of time and attention next week. If for Britain we want a general election enter 10 downing street would it be possible to go and answer for Manchur Babal who currently tell Bojo what to do? Okay I'm going to finish with this one actually. If the for Britain movement won a general election and entered 10 Downing Street would it be possible to go against the financial cabal who currently tell Bojo what to do? Yes look we have not it hasn't always been as corrupt as it is. Nothing's ever perfect but even I in my lifetime can remember at time when at least there were some principled people in the House of Commons. I mentioned in my speech at the conference the the poll tax issue and and the fact you know the the government introduced a poll tax. People protested rather loudly and they scrapped it. Don't make me imagine that today it's not perfect but look let me tell you something if you can put people into power who are absolutely unbiable unbenderable unbreakable sometimes that is unstoppable you know the the the corruption will always try to win and again like Animal Farm it will rise again and then when it does you need to re throw the dice again and put new people in but sometimes just sometimes principled people with values do make headway and if you are unbiable unending in your resolve to do the right thing because you believe in something greater than yourself you believe in something greater than money you believe in something great yes is the answer Alan yes it is yes it is possible and if we don't think it's possible there doesn't seem much point in pulling ourselves through all this in the first place it is possible it is doable there is a quick story I want to to finish with which sort of made me laugh actually it shouldn't have but it did and that is this is from Breitbart this evening I'm going to finish with a speech from from Mike in a second but the speaker of the House of Commons had said is taking seriously reports of widespread drug abuse amid traces of cocaine being found in several laboratories in Parliament the House of Commons Commission is also considering using slipper dogs following reports from the Times on Sunday alleging evidence of a class A drug cocaine in parliamentary toilets absolutely no surprise but it does explain one or two things right that's it folks join me I'll be live on Wednesday morning at 10 o'clock I will be on rumble eight o'clock on Wednesday night where we will cover the issues including the coronavirus element of the manifesto thank you for the questions and comments lots of questions and comments coming thank you so much the issues that I didn't that I said I'll come back to next week I will come back to next week and including the war on drugs we'll have a little bit of a think about that and we'll have a look at the various different sides of that debate thanks everyone will I'll play for you now Mike Spiedman's speech to our fantastic conference last weekend and I shall see you back here live next Monday take care of yourselves share share share the manifesto share these videos share share share see you next week thank you as always look after yourselves bye for now okay well good afternoon again um obviously I'm the party's law and order spokesman and I wanted to reflect upon the theme of the conference this bring back Britain so I thought I'd take a look back at what's we've lost in the last 50 years and I will look at it through the eyes of law and order many of the values we have lost are those which help define us as British and many of them came from within the British legal system in my view the rot started in the 1960s when liberals started to dominate our public institutions and the first event which I became aware of was the introduction of suspended sentences which were introduced in 1967 this meant that people who've been sentenced to imprisonment would have that sentence suspended as long as they didn't reoffend now you may think this was an idea driven by sound reasoning and the thinking was that a threat of going back to prison would prevent reoffending in fact the main reason was to find an excuse not to put people in prison in the first place because at that time the government didn't have enough space to accommodate all the prisoners that were in the system and this theme has continued throughout the last 50 years and more and more governments are trying to find excuses not to send people to prison and you hear it from the left all the time should only go to prison for offenses of violence or something like that well I can tell you the only way you'll stop some shoplifters and that is by locking them away it's nothing unusual for a shoplifter to be on bail for 50 offenses at a time so the idea that he stopped offending by suspended sentences is just not true for Britain would abolish suspended sentences we would make people serve the time they're given next event children's act 1969 this act was a misguided attempt to keep children out of the criminal justice system and it arose from review that children only became criminals because their mothers didn't love them or they came from a broken home or some other social cause it was never the kids fault this act abolished approved schools and bore stalls and meant it was very difficult to deal with offending children particularly if they were under 14 there were very very few sanctions available and kids and particularly the scouts kids I dealt with soon learned this the European Union in 1973 we joined the European Union of the European community this didn't directly change the criminal justice system but it meant our laws were no longer under our control and this included criminal law and the EU became capable of interfering in our domestic law and they did in 1981 we had riots and I took part in them obviously on the side of the goodies the government commissioned an inquiry after these rights which became known as the scarman report Lord scarman was a judge and the riots were in predominantly black areas of the country and Lord scarman's inquiry believed everything he was told the result was that the police were portrayed as distant and unsympathetic to black communities and this was the start of the appeasement of minority groups and it continues today look at Yorkshire cricket club from 1969 the police service started becoming less a service of law enforcement and more social engineering the priorities ceased being locking people up it was to make sure they felt good about themselves in 1985 we had the foundation of the crown prosecution service historically prostit police prosecutions were managed by their own prosecutors these prosecuting sisters were employed by the police forces themselves on a local basis in 1985 the government abolished them and replaced it with the body we all know now as the crown prosecution service and they became responsible for the initiation and conduct of all police prosecutions this was a very bad move the priorities were different prosecuting solicitors worked for the police now they work for the government and are no longer responsive to local issues also it seems as though they deny it the crown prosecution service have been given racial targets in other words the government tells them that they should not prosecute more people of a particular minority group than are present in the population consequently decisions are no longer made on the merits of a case and ethnicity has become a factor and this is very obvious today in the different standards we see applied to white and non-white offenders a similar centralization has taken place at the court system and in 2011 the court came under government control rather than the local control they used to the centralization of the criminal justice system has been a dominant theme for some years and for britain would reverse it and return the criminal justice system to local control in 1998 the labor government under Blair introduced the human rights act the UK had always been a signatory to the european convention on human rights and indeed we helped write it however this act brought it into british law and opened the floodgates for criminals to avoid punishment on quite spurious grounds which the courts enthusiastically adopted most relevant today is that it provides grounds to avoid deportations for britain would repeal the human rights act and we would introduce a written constitution in 1999 we had the mcpherson report after the murder of steven lorenz this was the most damaging move the government made in policing since the war they branded the police institutionally racist and made the police frightened of their own shadows once again they swallowed everything they were told by the left wing motivated organizations race has since become the most dominant factor in policing and it has made the police frightened of their own shadows and i believe this is facilitated the growth in pakistani grooming gangs and the lack of law enforcement in many minority areas like bradford the report also abolished the height minimums for entry into the police which was said to disadvantage ethnic minorities that's why we have police officers today who are incapable of dealing with the streets the forensic science service now everyone knows the part of dna technology played in crime detection britain used to have an agency called the forensic science service and they were pioneers in this field it's no exaggeration to say that the world came to britain to learn about the use of dna in 2010 the government abolished the forensic science service and gave it to the private sector literally gave it away this is after lobbying by several private companies who wanted the business it turned into a disaster there is no longer a central repository of forensic science expertise in this country and several of the companies that took the work on couldn't cope with it and in fact it turned out their staff were making up the results when drugs went for analysis or breathalyzer samples where blood was analyzed for alcohol levels they just made the results up and as a result some people were wrongly convicted although there is often a view that the private sector is more efficient than the public sector there are significant disadvantages in a profit motive in the criminal justice system for britain would remove the private sector from the criminal justice system police and crime commissioners in 2014 the tories created the role of the police and crime commissioner and also incorporated that role into some of the regional mayors this has hurt the police the absolute golden role of policing what used to be one of impartiality and particularly political neutrality it used to be a chief counsel's job to keep the politicians at arm's length whilst remaining accountable to them now it was quite a difficult line to work walk and sometimes it went wrong but now the police are controlled by a police and crime commissioner who is a political animal and it shows you only have to look at greater Manchester where Andy Burnham's the mayor he is quite happy to walk on LGBT and all the other letter parades with his chief constable but when the competence of the force was found lacking the mayor went missing his he saw his political career as more important than the response accepting responsibility for the role he was supposed to fulfill police and crime commissioners are a bad idea and for britain will abolish them and create a local accountability act not just for the police but for all the public services and we will restore power to the people and almost lastly police numbers in 2017 treason mayors home secretary and later prime minister decided to cut the number of police officers and start the process which reduced police numbers by 20% that partly explains why we hardly see a bobby on the beat these days public presence is no longer seen as a priority but there are more sinister reasons police resources have been diverted to hate crime and social engineering for britain would abolish the concept of hate crime the tour the Tories are reversing the cuts they made to the police service but they seem to have abandoned all the standards that previously existed one force has even told my army applicants that they don't need to submit a cv physical and educational standards have been either abolished or rendered meaningless in fact you don't even have to be british to be a british policeman anymore i could go on in this vein but there's other people who want to talk to you i've just highlighted some of the points which i think have been instrumental in our decline of our identity as british the rot has set in and it pervades all our institutions it's not just about the police i've identified some of our remedies i've said we will reverse some of these changes but for britain is not just about reversing change we have a vision for the future which is bold and imaginative we have our own plans for change and our latest manifesto available today sets out our plan we know how to fix this country and we will bring back britain


The brachial plexus connects the spinal cord to the nerves of the arm. Let's begin by drawing out where the brachial plexus begins. From the spinal nerves, C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. Easiest way to remember that is like the fingers of your hand from pinky to thumb, five, six, seven, eight, T1's your thumb. Where the parts of the brachial plexus end up is the terminal nerves of the arm. We have the musculocutaneous, the axillary, the radial, the median and the ulna. The way I like to remember this is marmu, just like an alien would say. The sections of the brachial plexus we can remember with this mnemonic reach to drink cold beer. That's the roots, the trunks, the divisions, the cords and the branches. So we have these five start points and five end points. Let's begin by putting through the three main connections. The trunks and the cords are the simplest, there's only three of each. The trunks are superior, middle and inferior. The cords are lateral, posterior and medial. C6 contributes to the superior trunk, C8 contributes to the inferior trunk. Seeing as the middle trunk hasn't received anything, the superior and inferior trunks contribute to it. Making this arrow forward. And the middle trunk also throws off a division to the lateral cord. Making this X through the top of the arrow. The lateral cord branches to the musculocutaneous, as we can see. And also to the median. The medial cord contributes to the median nerve as well, making this big M for median. The posterior cord forms the radial nerve and the axillary nerve. So we've now got a succinct picture of the basics of the brachial plexus. But it's a bit too schematic for my liking. So we're going to turn it into a 3D model. We're going to have a look at it from this angle now to get a better understanding of the reasons behind the names of each section. So the trunks are in the same plane as the spinal vertebra. And just as C5 is superior to C7, the superior trunk is superior to the middle and inferior trunks. Next up is the divisions, the names of which I always found a little bit confusing. So we have three anterior divisions and three posterior divisions which together make up the posterior cord. Anterior and posterior to what though? The answer is the axillary artery which carves through the brachial plexus like this. The posterior cord ends up just behind it and the median nerves hits just in front. The key remaining question is how does the inferior trunk become the medial cord? They're two different planes, right? And the simplest way to understand it is to conceive of the path that these terminal nerves eventually make down the arm. The musculocutaneous ends up supplying the muscles of the anterior upper arm, the axillary, the posterior upper arm, the radial, the posterior forearm, the median, the lateral and anterior forearm. And just as the ulna is the medial bone of the forearm, the ulna nerve supplies medial muscles of the forearm. So the medial cord is in fact medial to the lateral cord because by this stage the plexus has begun to turn and fit the orientation of the upcoming limb. So when you're first set out to learn the brachial plexus, get a handle on some mnemonics so you can learn this 2D schematic and then make sure you apply that schematic to the real-life 3D anatomy. Thanks for watching, hit subscribe and we will see you next time.


Welcome to another edition of The Randy's Show. I am the James Randy Educational Foundation's field coordinator, Brian Thompson, and with me as always is James Randy. How are you doing today, Mr. Randy? Well, a little, a little tired and it's a little gray outside, but what the heck? When you got, uh, Brian on the other end, you know, you can't be all grumpy about the world. You're the only person who's ever said that. Well, I, it may be true, it might be true, we'll, we'll find out. It doesn't matter. Um, okay, so we're talking about snake oil, specifically we're talking about, uh, a bit of a trouble that the website Groupon ran into. If you're not familiar with it, Groupon is a community coupon site. Um, I don't really understand how it works. Basically, it seems to me like it's a bunch of people ganging up and demanding deals from various companies, but does it exist and does it work and it doesn't function? Is it just a name, a cute name? I wonder. I don't know, but apparently, uh, they were offering a coupon for this brand of skin cream that claims that, uh, it'll tighten up your skin and reduce your wrinkles because it contains an approximation of the venom of the temple viper, which is a kind of snake. Uh, so in other words, they were selling, literally selling snake oil and, uh, they got into some trouble with the British advertising standards agency, which said they couldn't sell this type of thing or they couldn't promote this type of thing because its claims haven't been proven in human testing. Now, where do you get the oil from the snake? Do they have oil glands someplace that you squeeze or, or that they squeeze? I don't want to do it, but, uh, or is it by rendering the snake down into a stew or something like that, masquerading it or putting it into a blender and putting the oil flow to the top? And there's no description of what this is, but what was the technical term that they use there? Well, they say that it is not actually snake venom, but it's a formula that replicates the snake's venom. They say, they're marketing it as an alternative to Botox. The company that makes it is called Skin Chemists and the product itself is called Wrinkle Killer Snake Serum and, uh, they say that the active ingredient is a neuropeptide which reduces muscle contraction and therefore smooths out your skin. I think if I were to get a reason to be hotter and I could smooth out their skin for them, I'd like to put them on an ironing board and see how well that works and see if we get some hollers from them. I don't understand what the advertising council's problem is here. Um, is this any better than other stuff that is being sold by boats, pharmacies and other places all over the world? I don't understand the difference. Why did they come out against this particular thing? It's a good question and it's something that Groupon seems to have questioned as well. Uh, specifically they said that they thought that they were in the okay or in the all clear because this particular product didn't claim to have any sort of permanent effect. It was a temporary effect. And according to a statement that Groupon made to the register, they said that the product itself, whether or not it works for the reasons it says it works, it actually does moisturize your skin and give it the appearance of smoothing out. So, uh, they thought that that would be perfectly fine. But apparently, uh, that's not perfectly fine according to the advertising standards agency. And like you said, that raises some question about why other things like homeopathic medicine, for instance, that haven't been proven in clinical trials, uh, why those things are allowed. I, I, I don't know. I couldn't, I couldn't tell you. That's a question for the ASA. This may be one slimming effect.  I suspect that it's probably more like that. I, I don't, I don't see what all the fuss is that's being made. It's, it either works or it doesn't. If it doesn't work, it's another one of those swindles. But why would that get anybody's particular attention? Get them all excited. Maybe because it has something to do with snake venom, venom, or temple vipers. Maybe the temple vipers should be left to do whatever temple vipers do. I guess they slither around. I don't know. I might not meet one for the rest of my life. But yeah, there might be one more wrinkle to this story. Hi. Wrinkle. Definitely. In words, there he is. Yeah, apparently another aspect of this is that the ingredient that they say is the active ingredient in this product is unknown to the ASA, or at least they said that it's, it's unknown. So maybe there are different standards for products that have known ingredients, whether or not they actually work. Well, they certainly don't include homeopathy in that because in homeopathic compounds, there are no ingredients. It's, it might as well be air. It's usually milk sugar, or lactose, or whatever. And it has no active ingredients and it has no traceable or discernible ingredients in it. So why aren't they coming out against something which you can prove has no ingredient and has no effect and yet sells for a very high price? Where are their, their attention is misdirected, I believe. Maybe the people like us who fight against bogus medicine, like homeopathy, should start some sort of campaign to get a homeopathic treatment coupon available on Groupon. Maybe that'll get someone's attention. Well, I have a homeopathic treatment coupon right here. Well, I know, I know you can't see it, but it's very clear to me. I take this into my pharmacy and I can get a 70% reduction on homeopathic medicines. I don't want to lose that. Yeah, you got to keep that. Oh. Money in the pocket. Where did it go? Well. Yeah, I'll find it later. Check the vacuum bag. The Randy Show is a production of the James Randy Educational Foundation. To learn more about how we promote science and critical thinking, go to randy.org.