Welcome back. It's still the breakfast on plus TV Africa. The National Human Rights Commission on Sunday raised concern over the rising food crisis in the country, saying it had a worsened access to healthy and nutritious food, especially among intently displaced persons and vulnerable groups, leading to increase in widespread hunger and low quality of life. Now, the commission attributed the scenario to several factors, including insecurity, chasing farmers from their farms, coupled with many farmlands being submerged in water due to the flooding situation in parts of the country. Today, we're hearing 33 states affected. According to a statement by the National Human Rights Commission, through its deputy director of public affairs and external linkages, Fatima Aguai-Mahamed, she says the executive secretary of the commission, Chief Tony Ojuku, stated this in a boujah class, Nigeria joins the global community to celebrate the world food day, which is held on October 16th every year. We're glad to say we have joining us on the breakfast to discuss the situation of a food crisis. Is there really a food crisis in Nigeria? Mr. Kelvin Imanu, who happens to be an agricultural and agro-expert. Kelvin Imanu, thank you very much for your time. And we're glad to have you join us on plus TV Africa. Thank you. Thank you so much for having us. Do you agree with the position of the National Human Rights Commission when they say there is a food crisis in Nigeria as we speak? Yes. Yes, there is a food crisis in Nigeria. Before the old flooding situation started, there was already a food crisis. Because if you look at the major commodities that are consumed, things like rice, like wheat, maize, maize is like 65% of all the maize grown in Nigeria. It's actually more feed, for example. So you have the likes of maize flour, you have cereals that are eaten all over the country on a daily basis. There was already like a 5-6 million tonne shortage of maize before this whole flooding situation started. There was already like a shortage of wheat in Nigeria that has cost the price, the hike on the price of bread. And there was also a shortage of rice. So this whole flooding situation is exacerbated and it's a real crisis because quite a number of, a third of the country is currently under water. And quite a number of commercial farms are currently being taken over by flood. So the whole flooding situation has just made a bad situation worse. And it's going to reflect in inflation numbers that the MPS will release this week. I expect that food inflation is going to come out at least 25% from current 23.2%. And the situation is only going to get worse over the coming months in Nigeria. So we're just beginning to see the acceleration of food inflation in Nigeria. Well, prior to this time, we're very aware of the situation in the north central part of Nigeria, on the northern part of Nigeria, if you like to say, following, you know, violence and conflict that has resulted to it. And as much, we've also had families, you know, asking that government should step in to help ensure that the effects is actually taken away. But for the want of time, let's get to it. Do you think anything can really be done at this point in time? Security concerns with the flooding issue to help, you know, solve the problem? Well, to be honest with you, it's too late in the day. And the reason is because if you think, was it a week or two ago, I noted on how the Nigerian government has been very responsible. They made the whole situation of the flow of climate change, which is a convenient excuse that the government exists for nearly every problem we have in Nigeria. For example, food inflation started re-accelerating and the Nigerian government started playing with Russia and Ukraine. But even before Russia and Ukraine, there was food crisis in Nigeria. The situation in the north, the insecurity in the north that caught down the production, the output of food by about 50 percent, is even now worsened by the flood situation. Of course, the situation is because of the lack of dam in northern Cameroa, you know. If you go back in time, you realize that in 1982, Nigeria signed an MOU with Cameroonian government that was going to build a buffer dam called Dasin Hausa Dam, Ndamawa State and also in Katina, Allah, to try to create like a buffer for the current of flow of the water coming from that dam. And that dam is primarily responsible for the whole flood situation in Nigeria. It has completely nothing to do with climate change, you know. And Nigerian meteorological agents warned about the situation early this year that there was going to be a situation like this. Nigerian government is taking precaution. So it's very little data. There's practically nothing it can do because you have to graduate with Nigeria. You have to build like two dams to create buffers. I just said this morning that the Nigerian government is going to send a dedication to Cameroon. That is not going to achieve anything. So the whole situation in the north central, with insecurity, with flooding, it's too late in the day. There's nothing it can do. And it's really, really unfortunate that considering the situation in Nigeria today, the government is quiet. It's not silent. The Vice President, sitting tight here in Abudia, they've not shown any constant, they've not gone to be big teams, not set up IDP camps, the government has not provided any guidance on relief. I heard it's going to release about, I think, 300 metric tons of grains from national soil, strategic grain reserve. That's not going to leave the fingers or, you know, I'm already part of the situation you have currently across Nigeria. I think they need to come up with a more realistic plan to assure people on how to prevent a repeat of this situation and provide like a buffer for a very hopeless situation you have on ground across Nigeria. And I'm also surprised that the presidential candidates have not suspended their campaigns to see, to go around the country and help people. I'm really shocked. You have a crisis. You have a crisis. And no one is saying anything. It's very, very shocking. Well, I'd like to show your thought quickly on this one. I mean, the insight that you have brought really very, very fantastic, especially when you say that we can't currently blame, you know, the food insecurity that we're faced with on climate change and the flooding prior to this time, this has actually been going on. But this morning, the reports of the federal government is blaming the flood situation, which is also going to have an impact, already having an impact on food and its production on the state and the federal government. I like that you quickly, you know, share your thoughts on that. So they are blaming the situation on the state, on the federal, on the state government. And the local government, I beg your pardon. OK, so first of all, the federal government cannot blame the situation on the local government, on the state government. Number one, because the autonomy of the local government has been at issue. So if you look at this year, the allocation of federal allocation for the resource mobilisation and federal allocation commission, I remember FAC, that controls the FAC. You see that the formula currently is about 5529, 16, federal, state, local government, federal government gets 5 percent, state gets 29 percent, local government gets 16 percent, if I'm not mistaken. You have to ask the presidency what has been the autonomy and distribution of resources to the local governments over the years. Number one, at local governments and part of the grassroots to really create strategies to really ensure that this situation, this ecological crisis you have in Nigeria does not pose a threat. Number two, have the governments been effective with the ecological funds that they've gotten over the past years? Or has those ecological funds been siphoned, or have there been no consequences? Number three, has the federal government done what is supposed to ensure that it dredges the River Niger? I remember during the Good Love Journal 2012 or 2011, they awarded the project, the contract to Nigeria through a new one, Nigeria without its authority, about four billion to dredge the River Niger, bordering around Lukuja and the many tributaries. That was not done, you know. And that project was not taken seriously. And nine metres in one for several years, that this kind of situation might happen if the River Niger is not dredged, number two. So has the federal government done what is supposed to ensure that credit buffer dams to break the current and regulate the flow of water from northern Cameroon? Lakdodam is a dam that provides electricity for a major part of Cameroon, and also acts as a buffer for the flow of current of water when the rainfall, this thing is very high. So has the federal government done what is supposed to do? No. The answer is no, it has. It has always paid in service to this issue, and it's not done anything about it. So the lack of coordination, I won't put any blame on the local government. The lack of coordination between the federal government and the state government is the reason why you have the current situation in Nigeria. And let me just say this, let me just say this. It's unfortunate that at the time when you have the a major part of Kogi state is submerged, yeah, and you have a crisis, a lot of people have been internally displaced, the last numbers I heard is that 500 plus people are dead and 1.4 million people are displaced. Yeah, the governor of Kogi state sent talks, more than 500 talks, to go to Obajana, a shutdown dangute cement, which is the largest cement plant in the whole of Africa. And those talks injured 26 people, one of them is currently in ICU. Yeah, and dangute cement plant has been shot down for quite a number of days. The major part of the Northwest currently does not have cement for production. Is that easy? All right. Interesting point you've raised there, Kelvin and Mano. You talked about the 12,000 metric tons of food items approved by the president from the National Strategic Reserve for distribution to communities affected by flooding across the country. And you said that may not be enough. But I'm just to expand on that. Last time I checked Nigeria has not less than 33 silos, if I'm not mistaken. What is the state of the country's food reserves? Do we have all these silos properly stockpiled that are being maintained enough to be able to take us through at least the foreseeable immediate future through this crisis? Companies are struggling to get supplies to produce. So it's and the last I heard government was buying grains at a premium of about 15, 20,000 per metric ton. So if you consider the situation I explained where you have a shortage of somewhere around two million metric tons of weeds, you have a shortage of somewhere around like 30 million metric tons of paddy. You have a shortage of mace, about five to six million metric tons. It's very difficult for the government to be able to stockpile national strategy reserves to ensure that there's enough to feed in situations like these where you need buffers for the people. So for me, considering that there is already an existing food crisis, the release from the strategic grain reserves is not going to do much. Because there was already an existing crisis that has been made of us by the displacement of people. I heard that in Bios are currently the entire state shut off from supply of PMS and video and DPK because most of the roads that leads in from how the river states from Delta State, Batani are completely cut off. The road that leads out from the airport in Pasoma down to the main town yet it's been cut off completely by floods. It's been divided into two. So there is no way you can come in by air. There's no way you can come in by road. So people are displaced in Bios are in Yenedwar. People cannot get food. They are on the roads. They cannot get fuel. Half of the state is currently without power. So for me, I don't see at this point in time, the only people that can help if the situation gets worse, for example, in a state like Bios are is the Air Force. They have to find like an air strip and flying supplies to help people. So I don't see how the release from the grain reserves is going to move to the needle. If the government doesn't come out with a holistic, logistic plan, it's already the situation that people currently have on ground. I don't say it because how do you want to distribute the supplies of food to different parts of the country? I just give you an example where they go, what is going on right there right now. So I don't and I've not seen any plan. They say they're releasing it. What's the plan to distribute it around the country? All right. So quickly, as we close this conversation down, Kelvin, what would you say would be the implication for this? All of, I mean, the fact that we have the flood, food crisis, very eminent, what's the implication? The implication is that food inflation is going to accelerate, like I said, I think to be on tomorrow. What does that mean? I mean, to be very, you know, clear or simple. So food inflation continues on. It's going to be more difficult for people to get food and the prices, of course, will continue to go up because the situation of supply, supply side problem, demand being higher than supply. It's going to present more stark reality for the elections in 2023, because quite a number of the people contesting for offices will use it as an opportunity to provide stomach infrastructure in exchange for votes. Unfortunately, situation continues and they will use their campaign will become okay, provide small five cage of rice, small bags of rice and oil to in exchange for votes, both buying, basically. That's the implication. It's just unfortunate. It's unfortunate that you have a country to be aware when you look at the numbers, you realize that a major part of the income of people goes into food. I buy a loaf of bread for a thousand and a thousand two hundred now. Right now it's become the new reality. So for people who are unable to afford bread, for example, you can imagine that people are not able to eat bread, which is a normal a staple. They are not able to eat bread. So if this situation continues like this, people are going to basically be using all their income and borrowing to buy food. And it's going to result in vote buying for the elections. And it makes me wonder honestly if the government is really like deliberate about the provision of people, they are not able to afford food so that they can use, exchange people's choice and pose for their stomach. Okay. So very quickly, finally, I want to tell us what the state governments can do, because I know some of them are going through a difficult time, like you mentioned, Biasa State and Corby State. But while we've looked at what the federal government should be doing, what can the state governments do? That's number one. Number two, what can individuals and households do to be able to take themselves through this period and the expectant predicted worsening of the situation? That's number two. And number three, what should an incoming administration do differently to make sure we don't get into such a corner? So first of all, for the states that are critically affected, like Biasa, for example, I expect that the state government should collect state of emergency so that Nigerian Air Force can come in. Myanmar can come in, the Air Force can come in because the state is completely cut off from the entire country. You can only use cargo aircrafts to bring supplies for the people, medicine, food and the likes. You also can also have Red Cross and all the international aid agencies to come to help the situation. I also am encouraging the state governments to more deliberate with the ecological funds and realize that it's not when you have a crisis that you start planning for a crisis. It's already too late for you to start planning for a crisis when you already have a crisis. That's why you have the ecological funds in the first place. So that you can use those funds to put structures on the ground to create drainages, to create all kinds of both fires. Maybe this will encourage state governments to also develop their own turnout grain reserves so that when they have issues like this, they don't wait for the federal government to come to their aid. They can make me solve a problem. I also encourage state governments to create some kind of fund, relief fund for people to ensure that the people that have their properties destroyed, they can have mixed accommodation and food until they are able to find a solution to their problem permanently. Because quite a number of people, their homes have been destroyed and it's going to take a while for them to come back from the situation. Now for what can families do, it's important for families that are currently in hotspots. Situations that are here are very vulnerable to see how they can move away to more safe areas. It's important for them to stack supplies to see that if they're ever caught in like they are displaced, they are going to be able to take care of themselves. For the incoming administration, for me the most important thing is for them to accelerate and fast-track the process of building a buffer dam in Adamawa, in Taraba State, Katsina Alla, and also in Benway State. It's important for them to, new administration to have new one, join Inland Waterways Authority to dredge river Niger to prevent the repeat because it's like this happens every two to three years so most likely in two or three years or even next year, this might happen again. So it's important, I didn't see any benefit from Nigerian delegation to Cameroon like unwinding the current crisis you have currently. So what the government can do is to prevent the repeats of the situation. The next government has a task to immediately build those dams to break the current and ensure that this kind of situation doesn't happen again. And it's also important that the government, and I'll say this, so in 2010, I remember I was sitting in a conference where the then Minister of Trade and Investment, Ulyssia Gwaganga before he handed over to Kojewela, was speaking about then the proposed the Nigerian sovereign wealth fund was still on the proposed outstage, was speaking about the benefits and it was encouraging the Nigerian government fund to allow them to collapse the excess good accounts into sovereign wealth fund. That was not heated. So the sovereign wealth fund for example has Nigerian infrastructure fund, stability fund, future generation fund. So for example, this crisis you have the stability fund, stability fund in that sovereign wealth fund to act as a buffer and provide emergency relief for Nigerians. This is a lesson to the Nigerian governor's forum that is important for you to divert free money that is not being used instead of shared among governors for their personal and investment into the sovereign wealth fund for investment and future related for people. Okay, okay. Very interesting suggestion, Kelvin Imano, we've taken this down memory lane and you know sometimes it's important to remember what transpired some years ago to know where we are today. Just reminded us of some things. So thank you so much for joining us on short notice and for giving us very expert analysis. We're grateful for your time Kelvin. Thank you for having the coffee. Nice to meet you too. All right, that's Kelvin Imano, he's an agro expert. Merci, a lot to talk about him on the back. I wish you had more time but we have to go. Well, this conversation will never end and the flood will still with us and not to sound very you know not positive but it feels like it will always be with us until we do the need for but that's the size of our conversation this morning on the breakfast. If you missed out on any part it will be fine to follow us on Facebook, Instagram and YouTube subscribe to our channels at Plus TV Africa and Plus TV Africa lifestyle. My name is Messi Bupur, have a great day. And my name is Kofi Bartel, today's in the public holiday, I don't know what happened to me but we'll return tomorrow with more on the breakfast. Good morning.


Item No. SCP-1399 Object Class Safe Special Containment Procedures SCP-1399 is to be kept on a plain wooden desk in the middle of a locked room, open to the last page, with a camera observing it at all times. If the page is observed to change in any way, notify the site administrator. Additionally, an adjacent room henceforth designated as the Observation Room is to be set up with a television and radio set to switch between several news channels on an 8-hour cycle. Description SCP-1399 is a thin 15-page children's book titled Another Way of Hearing. The cover depicts the earth with the title above it. There is no author indicated on the cover. SCP-1399's ISBN correlates to No Assigned ISBN, and its label publisher, Dekiske Books, corresponds to No Recognized Publishing Company. When read sequentially, one page at a time in its entirety, it consists of a variety of disconnected visual images that have strongly associated auditory connections, along with the words Another Way of Hearing, Image. Image 3, for instance, is an image of a train, below which are the words Another Way of Hearing trains. Safe for the last page, all images and text have remained static while in Foundation hands. The anomalous effect of the book occurs once the last page is turned and the book is closed. Immediately, the reader ceases to be able to receive any auditory stimuli from the world around them. Instead, their eardrums will resonate in concert to what has been determined as the auditory stimuli of a variety of alternate worlds. That is, their hearing will be transposed to another reality. This phenomenon extends only the hearing, with sight, touch, taste, smell, and less conventional senses apparently unaffected. It has been determined that the particular alternate universe to which the book attuned its reader is dependent on the last page, which changes periodically. All readers who experience the effect between changes have been determined to be here in the same world. A list of recorded historical diversions and related images can be found in Document 1399B. The last page so far has appeared to change at the same time as a variety of major world altering events occur. The book seems to reattune people's hearing to a world where that event occurred differently, usually in a catastrophically negative way. This phenomenon has been noted to create considerable distress among D-class personnel due to disorientation from a difference in auditory and visual stimuli. For this reason, it is advised to provide any affected personnel with a pair of high-quality earplugs to assist with concentration during interviews and in the interest of preserving their sanity. D-class personnel subjected to the effects of SCP-1399 are exempt from monthly terminations until all possible acoustic mapping of the particular alternate reality has been completed. Document 1399A Page Change Procedure If at any time the last page of SCP-1399 deserves a change, three D-class personnel are to be recruited on a voluntary basis. Due to their subsequent removal from monthly terminations, volunteers have proved relatively easy to find. To prevent complications, personnel are to be briefed of the effects of SCP-1399 before exposure. One subjected to SCP-1399, the first D-class is to be escorted to the previously established observation room. The D-class is to be provided with a writing utensil and paper for them to record all possibly relevant information pertaining to the diversions. After eight hours, conduct a written interview and rotate in the second D-class. Review process every eight hours until all possible information has been collected. Document 1399B In a bridge record of the observed forms of the last page of SCP-1399 and its apparent correlating world event divergence. March 12, 2011 Page Changes New Page An image of waves breaking on a sandy beach. Caption Another way of hearing waves. Early world event 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant fails to stabilize and a core meltdown occurs. Superheated reactor steam breaks containment and escapes in large quantities causing massive radiation and fallout over much of Japan. April 29, 2011 Page Changes New Page An image of church bells swinging in a chapel tower. Caption Another way of hearing bells. Associated world event Marriage of Kate Middleton and Prince William of Great Britain. Established diversion Paramilitary commandos storm Westminster Abbey, murdering all present world personages and state officials as the beginning of a coup d'etat by a separate disfaction. Britain descends into civil war. June 3, 2011 Page Changes New Page An image of a fighter jet. Caption Another way of hearing planes. Associated world event Attempted assassination of Yemen President Ali Abdullah Saleh. Established diversion After being taken to Saudi Arabia for medical treatment, a second assassination attempt occurs and succeeds. Israeli's Mossad is implicated Yemen declares war on Israel, yet many officials acquire nuclear weapons through undetermined channels and utilize them. Nearly all of Israel destroyed or contaminated and resulting 15 megatut explosion. A chain of retaliations takes place over a period of 12 hours, resulting in nuclear holocaust and presumed destruction of foundation facility. D-class subjects suffer complete hearing loss due to incineration of eardrums in both ears. August 27, 2011 Page Changes New Page An image of a rainy day outside a window. Caption Another way of hearing rain. Associated world event Hurricane Irene Makes Landfall Established diversion Hurricane Irene unexpectedly and inexplicably develops into a Category 5 storm and sweeps along the eastern seaboard, causing billions of dollars in damages. New York City is devastated. Number of casualties unable to be estimated by D-class personnel.


So, can you make the Rubik's cube? Show me. Can you? Where's the other one? So, make it. Let me see. Oh my God! Very impressive. When we were in lockdown, we used to do a lot of paper art. Then we got a cube. We used that cube to solve it.  He said he was going to do it. So, he said he was going to do it. So, we had a doubt at first. We couldn't make it. We couldn't do it quickly. During Covid-19, people were interested in it. So, we started the channel. We used to do a lot of videos. We used to do 83 videos like teaching. We did about 30 people. We got around 500 people. Everyone knew our names. Come sit with me. You have to be like this here by doing the Rubik's cube. Okay, okay. All these made by you? Yes. And when did you start? In Covid-19. How did you learn? From YouTube. From YouTube? So, what do you have to do? How do you make it? First make a cross. Then make payas. So, first you make this cross. How fast can you do it? Around 30 seconds. 30 seconds? It's very nice to meet you. Thank you.


Welcome to the Knuckleheads of Liberty. This is from the end of last year where they talk about COVID harmed kids mental health and schools are feeling it. And they talk about having way less psychologists at these schools to help the kids that may need it. And, you know, and all of the suffering that kids are dealing with because of all of these erratic changes in their lives and uncertainty.  So anyways, I'm going to kick this to you guys. Do you guys want to comment a little bit about some of these COVID costs that have been put on young people?  Okay? And they should get out of their education in particular, which is a side issue to what we're really talking about. In the sense that whenever the government touches something, it always turns into a disaster. I would use another word, but I know we're going to go on the show. But it always turns into a disaster. And here we are now, our young people, which is supposed to be the next generation, which is supposed to be taking this country forward. Now they have been irreparably damaged by this nonsense involving the shutdown of the schools. And why were the schools shut down? The schools were shut down because the teachers' unions jump and scream all over the country.  And they were shut down on the people who were the least at risk, which are the young people. In most of the developed nations around Europe and other places, they didn't shut down the schools, not literally, not to the extent that we did. Now our kids are months and months behind in terms of their educational month, maybe a year or so, in terms of their educational achievement and accomplishment.  Suicide attempts are up. Suicide actual suicides are also up. And Leon, according to this article, they're saying that suicide attempts among adolescents are 31% in 2020 alone. There you go. There you go. So that is a natural result of the isolation that our young children are placed under. They're isolated from school. They're isolated from the interaction with their friends. That social interaction that they so need in their development. They're isolated from it. So we cannot be surprised now at this result. But this is a serious government failure. This is our next generation that has been damaged and hurt by this nonsense of the COVID lockdowns. Yeah. And I will say that even so, so from my experience as a college student, the fact that the COVID lockdowns have ended in most places, it's not an immediate reversal. It's not like bam, everything is fixed. We still have all these after effects. I know a lot of my friends personally have a lot of mental issues and it's increased dramatically as a result of COVID. And that's that's the sad part about this, that these effects won't just go away in a year or two years. These will last for decades. And it's just, it's just because we had this bad policy just because we were, we were a little bit afraid and we just jumped the gun. That's a very good point you're just making about the is not in reversal. That is so true. And I know what is even worse about this. In some places, they're still requiring kids to wear masks. They're still requiring it. They must wear masks in the schools. This, this is madness on steroids. Yeah. It's especially when we're seeing that, you know, it doesn't matter. You get the, oh gosh, what is it the vaccine. And some of these guys have been quadruple vaccinated and they're still getting it. I mean, we're looking at our world leaders getting it and they're the most protected people. And they're some of the oldest people too.  And their developmental experiences growing up because, you know, there's, there's some small fraction of people who are hyper who are just hyper concerned about this. It's, it's absolutely. It's insanity. I took the vaccine. It was my choice. I took the vaccine. I was even boosted also. But I got COVID after the fact. Okay. Biden took the, took the vaccine. He was also boosted. He got COVID. His wife right now, just Joe Biden, the first lady just tested positive for COVID, who is also vaccinated and boosted.  It's just unbelievable. And by the way, Biden did promise too that the vaccine would, would eradicate the COVID and he said war against COVID. Sounds like just about every other war that the government has engaged in. It's gone. Well, anything, you know, the one drugs, the one, the one poverty, the, the, the, the one on COVID, we have it all ended. When they officially call it a war, I think we can project this is going to go on for 20 years at least 30 years. And Biden also promised that he was going to cure cancer. I can't wait to see the results of that.  It'll get worse. And what's he going to do at the end of this war? Is he going to abandon all the vaccines and needles on the battle field? He runs over the sunset. You're going to, you're going to, you're going to create Afghanistan right here. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness always.


In today's session, we are going to learn about class A power amplifiers. Learning.com, at the end of this session, students can analyze class A power amplifiers. These are the contents of today's presentation. The power transistor, the amplifying device used in power amplifier, that is the power transistor, is biased in such a way that its output collector current flows continuously for the entire cycle of input AC signal waveform for 360 degrees. Since its DC operating point or Q send point Q is located at the center of the load line and in the active region, the amplifier operates in active region at all times of input signal cycle. The amplifier uses an amplifying device that is power transistor with relatively low current gain and the amplifier with low current gain power transistor is capable of handling large output power or output current. The power amplifier is not providing much voltage gain. The output current signal waveform is same as input signal waveform. So the operation of power transistor is mostly linear. So no distortion is caused in class A power amplifier. The output load resistance RL, output load with load resistance RL is connected either directly in the collector circuit or using transformer or to collector circuit of power transistor. Not all DC power provided in collector circuit of transistor is converted to output useful AC signal power. Since DC power is dissipated in collector circuit is wasted in resistive load and across transistor under zero input signal condition or in presence of input signal condition. Now let us see the first type of class A power amplifier. Considering the way of connecting the output load to the collector circuit of power transistor. That is a series speed class A power amplifier. The input low level signal gain is applied at the base of a transistor and transistor is biased using DC power supply VCC and voltage divider R1, R2 with emitter resistance RE. In such a way that transistor operates all the time in active region at the center of a load line. The output load with load resistance RL is directly connected in the collector circuit of a transistor. So load resistance RL is coming in series with collector and emitter of a transistor and output is taken from a collector. So that is why this amplifier is called as series speed class A power amplifier. Now let us consider a DC bias conditions for series speed class A power amplifier. The first figure shows a class A power amplifier with the Thevenin's equivalent circuit for voltage divider bias with cell bias using resistor R1, R2 and resistor RE. RTH is Thevenin's equivalent voltage applied at the base of a transistor to turn on a transistor and RTH is Thevenin's equivalent resistance coming in the base circuit of a transistor. So DC bias conditions for a transistor is set in such a way that the maximum possible output collector current of a transistor is set at one half of maximum possible output collector current swing. So that is in the range 0 to VCC upon RL. So output collector current IC is the forward current gain times of a transistor with input bias current, input base current IB. Using Kirchhoff's voltage law to output collector circuit of a transistor the output collector current IC is given by IC is equal to VCC upon RL plus RE and collector to emitter voltage output voltage under DC condition is given by BC is equal to VCC minus IC into RL plus RE. So these are the equations for DC output collector current and DC output collector to emitter voltage. Now let us consider AC bias conditions for a series speed class A power amplifier. When a low level input AC signal is applied at the base of a transistor the output collector current IC and output collector to emitter voltage will vary above and below DC bias conditions, DC operating point, Q point values. The second figure shows the figure shows for output characteristics of a transistor with a load line and variation of input output signal in response to the variation of input signal. That is a variation of output collector current from its minimum value 0 to its maximum value VCC upon RL and variation of output collector to emitter voltage. In the range minimum value 0 to maximum value VCC. So the output collector current swings in between minimum value 0 to maximum value VCC upon RL and output collector to emitter voltage provided to load swings in between minimum value 0 to maximum value VCC. Let us find out the efficiency for series speed class A power amplifier. So that is the ability of power amplifier to convert DC power provided in the collector circuit to output AC power delivered to output load. So efficiency is given by eta is equal to PAC upon PDC where PAC is AC power delivered to load divided by DC input power provided to transistor in collector circuit. So DC power PDC is equal to VCC into IC DC voltage into DC current that is VCC into IC that is equal to VCC square upon 2 RL and PAC that is AC power delivered to load is equal to RMS value of output voltage and output current it is given by VCC square upon 8 RL. So efficiency of series speed class A amplifier eta is equal to 1 by 4 that is 25%. This means that only 25% of DC power is converted to AC power delivered to load and remaining 75% of DC power is wasted in resistive load and across transistor. For maximum power transfer it provides poor impedance matching. Now let us think about second type of class A power amplifier that is transformer coupled class A power amplifier. The figure shows the circuit diagram for transformer coupled class A power amplifier. So in this amplifier output load with load resistance RL is not directly connected to collector circuit of transistor it is connected by means of a transformer. The transformer primary winding is connected in the collector circuit of transistor and output load with load resistance RL is connected to secondary winding of a transformer. So due to transformer action the current and voltage swing in the collector circuit are transformed to secondary winding and delivered to load resistance RL. Now let us consider DC conditions for a transformer coupled power amplifier. Under DC condition the load resistance seen by transistor RL DC is equal to RP plus RE that is approximately equal to RE where RP is the primary winding resistance of transformer and RE is the emitter resistance. Since the resistance of primary winding of transformer is very low ideally it is zero so it is in terms of ohm. So load resistance seen by transistor is approximately equal to RE. Considering DC conditions using KBL to output circuit of transistor IC is given by VCC minus VCE upon RE where VCE is collector to emitter voltage. As RE tends to zero IC tends to infinity. So collector to emitter voltage VCE is equal to VCC minus IC into RE. So that is equal to as RE tends to zero and IC tends to infinity so collector to emitter voltage is equal to VCC. So VCE Q that is collector to emitter voltage at Q point is equal to VCC. Under AC conditions whenever input signal is applied at the input of transformer coupled power amplifier a maximum swing in voltage and current is from minimum value to maximum value. So the figure shows output transistor with load line and the range of variation of output collector current and output collector to emitter voltage. So collector current varies from its minimum value zero to maximum value IC max and collector to emitter voltage varies from zero to maximum voltage VCC. So collector to emitter voltage peak to peak value is equal to VCE max minus VCE minimum. That is equal to VCC. Due to inductive effect of primary winding of transformer the minimum value of collector to emitter voltage is equal to VCC. So total collector to emitter voltage peak to peak value is equal to VCC. So peak to peak value of output collector current is equal to IC max minus IC minimum. So IC peak to peak value is equal to 2IC. Let us consider efficiency of a transformer coupled power amplifier, class A amplifier. Efficiency is equal to eta is equal to PAC upon PDC. So PDC is equal to VCC into IDC. So DC voltage into DC current. So PAC is equal to VCC into IDC divided by 2. So for a transformer coupled class A power amplifier eta is equal to 1 half. So that is equal to 50 percent. Thus the efficiency for a transformer coupled power amplifier eta is increased from 25 percent to 50 percent. So power dissipation is minimized due to very low resistance of primary winding of a transformer. And with the use of a transformer the impedance matching for maximum transformer is very good. The student can pause video here for some time and think over this question. Why the efficiency of class A amplifier is more for transformer coupling than direct coupling? In case of direct coupling the power dissipation in the collector circuit is more and it is the best stage of DC power. The DC output load gets AC power as well as DC power. As far as a transformer coupling is concerned due to low resistance of primary winding of a transformer the DC voltage drop across collector load resistance is very less. So power dissipated in the collector circuit is not provided to output load. So power dissipation is less the voltage drop across collector resistance is less. And output AC power is provided to output load due to transformer action. So output load gets only AC power not DC power. So the stage of DC power in collector circuit is very less for transformer coupling. So that is why for transformer coupled class A amplifier efficiency is higher than direct coupling. These are the references. Thank you.