What's up? How are you guys this week? Before we get started I wanted to show you guys what's in the beef and pork shares so you guys know exactly what you're getting. These are available on the website for $200 and they are approximately 15 pounds of meat each but let's take a closer look. I will say we have sold over half of these already guys so there's a limited amount left I think about 30 beef shares and 20 pork shares so if you want to get everything that you see here please order now because towards the end when we're running out of stuff we'll do like a discounted price but you won't get every single thing. So in the beef share we have five pounds of hot dogs all the beef is grass-fed guys this is an organic custom spice blend made by myself to be as minimally inflammatory and delicious as possible. Best hot dogs I've ever had this is actually one of my favorite products in the whole share lightly smoked on the outside this is smoked beef sausage so just plain salt nothing else added smoked for a little bit of flavor it's two pounds this is beef bologna it's a similar spice blend to the hot dogs except it's blended cut a little differently slightly different spice blend and you get one pound of the beef bologna and then we have spiced beef sausage so the main difference between this and the hot dogs is that the hot dogs are smoked this is more of like a new mommy oniony garlic flavor as opposed to the classic hot dog flavor not really that similar two pounds of those one pound of beef bacon guys it's a pretty limited amount on the animal and then you get some very delicious steaks bone and ribeye and bone in porter house so these steaks are going to be between like one and a half to two and a half pounds each moving on to the pork share which is priced the same as the beef share because you're getting a little more pork than beef per pound pork is usually lower priced so we have five pounds of Italian sausage custom blend I really like the texture on that these guys very very delicious much better to make the Italian sausage with pork instead of beef it's all pasture raised no corn and soy so keep that in mind you get two pounds of the pork bologna which is a more traditional bologna than the beef bologna three pounds of ham you know just the pork leg salted a little bit of sugar sliced two pounds of pork breakfast sausage this is made with organic maple syrup organic honey as well as a little bit of salt I was eating these in the standard American diet day of eating these are very very very delicious same with the pork bacon which we have the difference between the pork and the beef bacon versus the stuff we've been selling is this is actually cured salted a little bit of sugar for two weeks and then it's smoked so the flavor profile is very very different this is actually how bacon is kind of supposed to be made because what we normally sell is just very thinly sliced raw beef or raw pork belly and then we have liverwurst this is the only thing I have not tried yet I will try it later this week but everything so far has been incredibly delicious I'm very happy and excited to have not only tasty products but very very healthy and not made from the highest quality meat and organic spices on the market so right now this is what you guys are getting but you know there's a limited amount of liverwurst and bacon and there's a limited amount of the the bacon here as well and I think on some of the stuff like the bologna but because of these limitations you know after we sell like 25 of these pork shares you know we're gonna have to remove the liverwurst remove the bacon and then you guys are gonna get like a 10 or 20% discount and just get more of the other stuff so this guy is screwing me a little bit you know he charged me like 400 for cold storage saying the type of diesel generator he was running and some other stuff so hopefully we can get the price down but this is why I keep trying guys because I know if I can stick it out if I can get my own plant we're not only going to have these products they're gonna be even lower priced and you're gonna be able to buy the meat individually on their own so so this pricing on these products is really for me just to break even and then hopefully we're in a better position in the future where I don't have some fat Italian guys dragging me out of my warehouse to beat me up yeah so some of these bone and rib eye steaks that are in the pack they're like kind of ridiculously big more often than not they're much larger you know we have some really really big bone and quarter houses too yeah like this one's quite a bit bigger than the one I showed you guys so guys just let me know you guys can weigh the orders let me know how much meat you got and then maybe I can just give you a discount on a future order or send you some more stuff because I want it to be kind of fair for everyone so I wanted to just do a little showcase before my vlog that we normally do for the business every week but because of what's been happening over the past few months I guess I'll just talk for a little bit and maybe we'll do a vlog tomorrow maybe we won't this week all of these products are marked not for sale so if you guys didn't watch the conversation I had with the USDA guys a couple weeks ago that is to cover me legally I've had a few people email me about the not for sale stuff I don't know if they're just harassing me trying to get a discount or free product I have a feeling that's what it might have been because all of my customers have always been very supportive and understanding so this meat yes it's all grass fed it's all pasture raised it's all corn and soy free it's all the highest quality but you know the meat is not sprayed with anything no chemicals it's just from the farm to the butcher shop cut up natural as possible you know these animals have not been given any injections any antibiotics any of that stuff so this is the highest quality meat on the market made with spices custom blended by me and you know this is the second time that we are doing everything so everything has been tested the recipes have been critiqued it's all very very delicious and very healthy and I hope to continue to be able to provide these products for you guys because you will not find this stuff anywhere you can go to the best the most expensive farms they're not this quality guys they're not this quality they're not cooking these meats to the certain temperatures they're not using the handpicked spice blends no one else is doing this product especially at this price if they were selling these shares guys they'd be three or four hundred dollars each 100% with what has gone into this the amount of effort and I'm really excited for this stuff guys you know as much as I was carnivore for a while and just eating steaks all day it's really really enjoyable and it makes you a lot happier when you can add this variety of products to your diet and have that animal nutrition high quality protein high quality B vitamins especially with kids and older people and picky eaters it's super super important for their overall health their brain function their physical function so having stuff like this turns the diet of someone who's addicted to sugar and bread and junk food all day to someone that actually enjoys eating animal products thank you guys for joining me frankiesurangemeat.com I think all the shares are going to be gone by the end of this week and then we can do that this kind of stuff for you guys I'll see you guys soon


So today the session is divided in two parts, basically, where we are going to deal with the two-dimension of the question about how community-based adaptation can be developed in urban communities. In the first part, I will introduce experienced-based tools using a specific case study of a marginalized area of East Naples in South Italy in order to provide some practical learning about the process of co-production in action research activities oriented to collaborative adaptation practice. And in the second part, we are dealing with the dimension of grassroots initiatives of transition movement and how these communities are developing self-made tools to foster a commons-based resilience. And in this part, we are going to test one of these tools on how these communities start an inner and outer transition. Why we call it do-it-yourself adaptation? Because we recognize on the ground that many initiatives are born in a practical way to respond to everyday issues. And if it's climate change, it's not always the central point in the action. Urban communities are taking those initiatives, dealing with the environmental matter in a way that foster as well processes of transition towards equity, justice, and solidarity, carrying on solutions, practical solutions and measures that are inspired from these values in order to achieve sustainable lifestyles in a self-made manner that is implying self-organization, cooperative actions, civic engagement. In my experience, I'm basically a scholar that works with climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. So I will show today action research experiences that are focused on the research question on how disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation can act on the ground without neglecting marginalized and vulnerable communities in the process of planning and redesigning cities to cope with climate change. My experiences, well, as I said, are basically carried on in Chile and Italy. And I worked to develop tools that can bridge robust science, local values and knowledge and challenging a shift from top-down and expert-driven decision-making to an inclusive and democratic one. In this case, if the first part of the presentation is drawn on this theoretical framework, the second part will be more focused on the idea of resilience that it's questioning the neoliberal model and it's made by the upsurge of resilience activism that supports, in fact, local communities in an adaptive and transformative way that are challenging capitalism dynamics, realizing a new experiment on social level and economic level and as well, ecological level. So the second part of the transition is somehow challenging the neoliberal model in which many of European policies for adaptation are based. And it's somehow dealing with the empowerment of community and a care role in participation in the political debate and a collaborative and cooperation model. The experiences model, the experience-based models that we are going to see for your self-adaptation, as I told, are based on the case study of Naples that is a vulnerable area of the city that experienced a shocking urbanization process. We are in a multi-risk context in which the volcanic and seismic reefs are now combined with climate change-related risks. And basically the urbanization of this area appeared after a post-Hertzwick intervention that changed completely the characteristics of this area. This part of the tools that we are going to discuss today were connected to a project that modellized and quantified also the climate change risk, producing vulnerability maps about flash floods and heat waves. In this map you can see are shown the most risky and vulnerable areas of the neighborhood. But what we found working in this neighborhood, it was basically that the stronger urbanization that occurred, the massive urbanization that occurred with the post-Hertzwick intervention provoked a disruption of the socio-ecological system in which the everyday risk was dealing with the shift in the urban fabric that caused many social-spatial inequities. I will run on the case study because I will invite you to watch our video, a documentary in which the story of the neighborhood is detailed. On the other side of this neighborhood, if it presented the characteristics of poverty and marginalization, we found also that the agricultural identity was trying to re-rebirth of the neighborhood itself through the promotion of grassroots initiatives. In particular, one initiative that we study and we work with is a social garden that took place in a urban park and it's dealing not just with the agricultural identity but also with the social issues of the area because it's borne as a platform of networking and sharing of experiences in agricultural of different kinds of neighbors of the community. We carried on an action research in the neighborhood where we basically set a new living lab as a tool to foster a participatory process in the research to combine, as we said before, the top-down knowledge of the research with the local knowledge. We started this experience with the community dealing basically about how climate change affects their daily life for the community but also we discovered a strong memory about the water infrastructure that was destroyed by the urbanization. So we started to rediscover the neighborhood through the eyes of the community and we decided with them to have a video documentary to collect this experience in order to provide a collective storytelling that was creating a collective narrative of the neighborhood in which the voice of the researchers that were carrying on a quantitative research about the area were mixed with the local community voices to promote an horizontal and mutual learning but also to promote the plurality of languages and to have a final product in which also the community was somehow respected and can recognize the identity and the material values that were neglecting in the quantitative research. So in this urban living lab that we carried on with the community, we decided also to promote an experience of self-construction and co-design in order to have a real practical action for climate change adaptation and working with the community of the social garden basically we developed a rainwater management system to collect rainwater and to use for the irrigation of the social garden, trying to create a prototype that was a mix of technical and social dimensions. So we had, we test a community-based solution in which the central part was that the technological artifacts and the solution was an hybrid assemblage made between experts and non-experts in order to include the material values that was present in the social garden and develop the meanwhile also the know-how of the community to in order to foster a process of empowerment of do-it-yourself adaptation because after that the community was able to understand better how the community, how a community-based adaptation can work and which kind of outcomes the process can have. The third part that we developed for after the urban living lab after a while it moved from two claims. The first one was a research claim because we have with the urban climate change research network a workshop in the area that was a climate resilient workshop so with the students and architects we were trying to imagine a no solution at the urban scale of the neighborhood and for the other claim that came from our work with the community that they were interesting to find a key to deal with the decision maker. So what we implement it was a collective mapping with them that was merging a quantitative analysis and climate analysis of the area with particular problems and issues that they were encountering trying to have parameters for that. So we get a baseline information in which we draw a new like a community-based map for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction that it turned in a kind in a better version of a platform for decision making because in our mapping we engage basically also political actors to have this information also included in the recovery plan of the area that is going to be upgraded. This scale of this urban scale of this tool that we are going to that we saw we see here it's just an attempt to set new tools also for co-production of knowledge and to have something that can be used as well from the community and from the decision maker making somehow a bridge between these the three parts that are engaged in those in those co-production processes. The last part that we are going to see today is as I said before is set instead just on grassroots initiatives and in specifically on transition. Transition is a special experiment I will say because in people in transition and here we see the experience that it was in Santiago that we had with Mauricio in a transition training it somehow can be defined in exercising creating new commons because community are dealing at local level with the climate change effect to discover new tools in which the inner intelligence of the community and the skills that were forgotten are promoting proactive action for the neighborhood in a self-managed manner and defining action for sustainability that are determined by local demands. Today we are going to test and to have a practical exercise of backcasting in which the backcasting is one of the principal tools used in the transition movement because it's a tool that allowed the participants to imagine a more positive future for their community. Imagine a future that is free from dependency of fossil fuel and it's a power and it's a powerful tool because it's challenging the capitalism imagination and how the capitalism itself is taking place at first in our inner space. I will let Mauricio to conduct this part of the presentation to introduce you as better the transition movement and to move forward with the exercise thank you. Okay I will continue with the presentation I try to share something here okay it looks like you see the whole screen isn't it? Yes okay wonderful you know did you see also my point there in the screen you see the point there that is moving? No okay I don't know how it works but anyway you know we have here the the background because we started the transition movement you know this was because we have here in the in the in this graphic you have the in the bottom we have the the time in the and in the left we have the energy consumption the research consumption and pollution and the population growing and you see the the industrial west industrial society is growing up in all the use of energy, population, pollution, resource and everything and we reach a point where we cannot continue you know what we call the climax point we are close we are there over we pass this already but we have four possible alternatives you know you have the the techno fantasy the first one where the people believe that we are going to have more technology and with all the technology with everything we are going to change and continue to grow in like we are growing up as particular don't believe too much in that we have another alternative where you say you know we we have no time we don't have any alternative we are going to go down they're going to be a cause and we are going to have a kind of a scenario like atlantis where everything goes down and dissociated almost disappear and so on and you have a third one that say that we talk about the green technology or stability is one the most of the industrial countries development today that we change a little since in the system that we can continue in the time you know I personally don't believe in that because we don't reduce the consumption in this place you know we are always using more and more resource and I think that is difficult to keep in this labor also and we have a fourth one that we call the creative descendants where we go down in time in consumption and with different technologies like covillage permaculture recycling and all this in and we come to a level of less pollution less use of energy and we can continue the time and I think transition is one is in this point you know how we imagine all the system in the new way with the newest knowledge and with the additional one we can make a new associated and transition is a model is a mix where starting from people who work in permaculture or who work in ecovillage and we know already that permaculture work you know I mean you can design ecosystem today you copy the nature a week permaculture you can make designs that is heavily productive and after several years they are producing food for many many people you know I mean we have several example around the world we can see that this work but usually this happen almost always outside the cities and ecovillage is the same you know I mean people who have moved outside the cities and making more societies and they produce almost everything that they need they produce their urban energy and it's work but then nothing changes the big society in some way and then we say okay what we can do we have to take this information to the cities and then at this time the people mix permaculture ecovillage storyteller cell development alternative a method for participatorial process you know and put all this together and with the experience of many people working around the world in practice they came with the social proposition you know a model that you can use in the cities to involve the people in a process to to activate them and the model have four uh five part the first is an understanding I mean we haven't understood me with those and we say with picoy and klima change we can no continue like we are doing until now I mean we have to change the whole system and we have to be we have to adapt and to be creative to find out the new way of living and we have to start now I mean this is the thing that put us together you know we don't believe that we can continue like that we have to adapt and we have to be creative and we have to start to doing this just now and permaculture also have six principles that we are going to see but but yeah we're going to do but this is the problem that problem we are going to see that we have all steps and we also have a transition network who support all this kind of work in the five prince seven prince that we have uh that we have to envision a positive feature you know the old political party knew how to use the imaging the vision of the future they call this o2p you know and it's very strong psychologically and we use this in our movement and we are going to share with you an exercise that will work a positive imagine of the future if we have a positive imagine the future is going to this help us to go the people the other principle is that we give people to the right access to the right information we do that the people is going to to make the good decision this is what we believe we also believe in inclusion and we need everyone to change these things i mean it's not the work of a little group of an organization it has to be everyone who are involved you know therefore we are inclusive we include everyone we share a networking we have the knowledge and we share this with other people and we make network to support each other and to growing up and we make it this viral this moment we try to make a viral model and i want to show at the end some picture that talk about that and it's easy to replicate and we have to the other principle that we have we have to build resilience we have to be a strong community and the base to to how you say to allow the life in this planet and the other thing that i like very much and who attract me to this movement is that they say okay we have to do a transition upside i mean how the world look like but we also have to do a transition ourselves like human being like person individuals and we are going to share something like that i have been working with this kind of thing in the lotto's here and i see clear that the without changing ourselves we don't have a chance to do anything the other is that we try to organize ourselves and make the decision at the more lower level that we can you know i mean decentralization is very useful and very grounded in the transition town this is the seven-principle and we have seen that Mariso yeah sorry but the presentation it looks always the first page so really you are not going on with the with the slides and now yes i'm going to leave it there and continue from there okay yes thank you yeah thank you very much seven but you know always when you see we are going to do something you you hear a question like we don't have money you know and i agree i had the spirit to stop here in Oslo in Norway the first transition town movement and we didn't have money but we didn't need it at the beginning you know because we do a lot of things without money after they say they will they will not let us you know sometimes we believe that the system is so strong that is everywhere but actually you find a lot of space to do things around and especially in a small group in local community i mean i haven't heard that it was impossible you know you can start things the other is that you are going to start the work with the other green group and in practice you know what i experienced that actually you don't get the i mean if you are social clever enough you get these green people to get them like a lie you know because transition have a characteristic you know that they group a lot of people and you have several organized green organizations that they don't have too much people and they if you invite them they come to you and they have a lot of the knowledge they're very useful for for us another thing that they say perhaps today as he had changed the couple in the last couple of years that nobody cared about the environment today we have a more strong movement and more high awareness about the environmental problem the other say but you know per hub is too late anyway can be but unless we are going to try it we are going to try to do something we never know what can happen in the way you know but i think that we have to try to do something the other they say i don't but you know i don't know nothing i don't know i don't have the right qualification to do that therefore transition also put an effort and the strong effort and we're going to see that in right skill the people i mean really are things that can be useful to do things and i know from practice you know that the people who are starting transition usually discover themselves discover potential and abilities that they didn't knew that they have you know as they change in the process and they empower and they make picture in their life and for the other people also and the other thing is that we don't have energy to do that the other but but actually therefore we put the focus in the transition you know that what we are doing it has to be how you say funny it has to be to be join joinful i mean we don't have time to meet together and to be boring you know we have to do the same in a in a wrong way sleep in the way that we can how you say really may seem interesting and i going to share with you very quickly the 12 steps that we have you know we have to make a group necessary group a little group of people who want to do something and you can start with that and after you do you have a little group you connect a people and you call people making action teams group of group who who come together and do things in a how you say according to their interest and we use a lot of participative mob method one of them is the open space where you buy the people to a meeting with our agenda in the way that you can can with them can together cash the interest of the people and make a small group according to this interest we are going to make also separately how you say activities to raise awareness in our local community about the different problem that we are facing we also are very set we put the focus also when we do some project in this small group is that this project we can show this project to the community you know always we have an special focus in where we are going to put the thing that we are going to do you know because we need that the neighborhood see that we are not only a talking group but an action group a group who's doing things we also how to try to revival revival the snorkeling on the how how to how to to repel sin how to growing food how to to do a lot of things we are no confrontational group therefore we are going to to bridge may bridge with the local government and to try to see what we can do together or how we can help or how we can ask them to do we are going to connect with other group in the local community and one thing that I like it also especially in the west that we are going to honor the other people because the other people are less new how to live without oil you know and when we have been working a while we are going to make a big party to a lunch lunch or a initiative to make noise to to show like we are doing something and one thing that this was difficult for me when I start with transition because I am a person who want to plan make plans is to lay let's the process go where they want to go and this is difficult for me you know because I I start something I I know where I'm going to go but when you invite other people when other dreams come together everything is beginning to change you know it's no longer your project but it's the project for everyone and until now it has been well good and the people have been very responsible about that I want to show you the next slides here you have a the group who starts you know like an awan in campain what the small working group working together and they have a lot of interesting things but one of the things that I like most is that you have to work in any transition transition demand this transition group to do something about any transition what it can be whatever but it has to be something because without pricing the question why you are doing it like what is really values in your life you are it will be very difficult to work together one of the things that we use is the open space it's a participating method they don't know how how many you know about that but it's a very good tool to collect energy you know to you invite the narrow hook without an agenda and agenda is made with the people who come to the place and then you use this technique to put a small to to put a small group according to the interests of the people and usually you start working group from there you have also what I told you if you're going to make an health hospital like here you go and make this public where the people can see that you know whatever you do in whatever group always think how the people can see what we are doing also we have to rescue the people to do the thing that we like like for instance how you prepare food how you prepare things how you take care of the beefs how you make house I mean many many kind of worship and they have showed that the people have interest and really to learn about these things and also we add like trying the world we added a certain point that principate step that where we say that it's not fun it's not sustainable we don't know you are going to make it we don't know you are going to reach it but unless we are going to try to to have fun in the process you see a map that we take in 2011 where a lot of initiatives have started around the world I mean this process happened very quickly and now we have we are growing even and we have more than 900 initiatives around the world the most of them alive and lively doing things and making things happen and now I want to invite you because we are going to to make a a work together here I want you to relax I want you to sit back in your chair and we are going to do to to make a journey now we are going to go to a journey to a possible future for your community to explore what this world may look like guide by this process and your imagination okay then I will ask you to sit comfortable in your chair you may want to have your spine striped and you feel your flap your feet in the floor you are grounded please focus in the here and now just let your attention come to this present moment please close your eyes and breathe in and out slowly three times one keep it and now again breathe in imagine that you are going to sleep tonight in your bed and while you are sleeping a miracle happens and you are transported to the future where the transition has already happened the big change that are needed for a sustainable planet has happened you are about to wake up in a different world imagine now that you are wake up in your bed you stretch and look around what do you see different it's the light it's the song or the like of song how your your room look like let your imagination give you pictures without trying to think with your head just let sensations smells songs size arising in your awareness how you get ready for the day in this different world what clothes are you putting on how it is feeling in your body you're going out with your room to find something to eat how this place look like which song do you hear how it is melt what is the food like how is taste who else are there are you alone and now you are going to go out of your house to your days activities what do you see upside what do you see now in the place where it was raw before how is the air you breathe what kind of song do you hear do you see more people there you have to go to your place of work how you transport there what are you doing at work at other people there just gives time to yourself to notice son of the details perhaps you have a conversation with someone else what do you notice about this person how is the expression on this people face what is the quality of connection that you have with them just less time pass in this future world so you are coming to the evening now even in this new world they are still meeting to go to so imagine yourself going to this kind of meeting perhaps the decision is needed something has to be resolved perhaps it's a community meeting on a spiritual gathering or a celebration how do you feel going to this event how is to be there with this group of people how does people talk with each other now it's time to go home at this point to a journey you stop and notice nature around you do you look the sky what do you see do you see the living environment around you is there anything here that feel new or surprising now your day in this future place is ending how do you feel to end of your day you go home you go to your bed and fall asleep again please breathe deep in and out three times let yourself come back to this year 2020 to your place to your transition wet peanut you can open your eyes now okay thank you very much Mauricio it was super interesting there are many questions in the chat and time is almost finished so we should try to answer some of them uh first of all I ask both of you Cristina and Mauricio to write your email address in the chat so people can can contact you in case they have to leave right now okay yes I am going to uh to send also the links uh yeah for for the documents and also there is one that was asking the to have the presentation if possible this presentation see also with the organization because they recorded already the session so it will be available for all the participants on the website of the conference okay so first question is for Cristina what platform you are using for data sharing well I think it was about the mapping the participatory mapping we use basically google maps because we had to recognize that students and also the community that was engaged it was a more friendly user tool for them but in another case in Chile I used the open street view so it's open maps sorry so it's basically these two tools and we also trying to to to switch many information on GIS also another question for both of you it's more recommended than a question is about money uh there is some someone that is asking is uh underlying how much is important to the manufacturer from registration of an organization to organizing and growing the started organization money is needed do you want to comment I can't tell you the experience here we started transition do you hear me yes I can yeah when we start here we didn't have problem with the money I mean even the municipality has cost to if we want to have money you know we we didn't need it for the first time and then it was only at the end of the second year that we really applied to some concrete project that we have but I don't know I have I don't want to say that the economical aspect is not important overall it's important you know if you want to to make a work your work and to dedicate to that but actually it's a lot of good will in between the population and the people who want to do things that allow you to start in the beginning and I had the impression that now you know in the last year in the last couple of years almost it's more easy to find out funding to different kind of project because many many people is getting seen how you say like what you are doing and easy to get the fall to support you in some way and actually one of the things that happen after in transition town is that you learn new skill that is needed to make the new work then you also can make a small companies you know and transition is one of the typical city transition is that you make a small company to to different to develop different because you develop different skills new skills about skills that is there that was asking what do you refer to when you say rescaling workshops like for example how you make a compost how you make a compost with warm how you make bread how you repair things how you learn to to growing your food how you learn to fix your bike I mean it's according to your interest and where you are and what is it how you can do you know because today the tendency today that you pay for every thing you know for every seven and it's okay but you also have if you want to be more resigning we need to learn all this skill ourselves to have the in some way to manage it to be self-sufficient in some way and it's very bright you know I mean from the small things to the big things okay thank you and there are two more questions about information technology one from Regen that says in Botswana we still have a challenge of information technology for example internet access is limited not everyone has a smartphone or a computer not everyone is computer literate so most meet most of meetings with community has to be in person so it's about the importance of information technology compared to being in person no and the other question from me is the challenge of ICT is so common for some rural areas in Bangladesh especially in Orton and southern part of Bangladesh so both that they are both asking about or maybe they are just commenting not asking about the use of information technology and devices in in the processes that you and Christina talked about what do you think yes that it's somehow a matter also of differences between rural and urban communities that it's also a big topic in the conference itself so in my experience and also Mauricio experience that works also with the indigenous people in Latin America we think that also one one topic of the transition it's how to to be free to set us free from the dependence from technology as well so I think that it's something that it has to be taken in account when we do these kind of experiences at the processes but we have also to figure out a sort of independence from those kind of tools I think an hybrid solution for that it will be helpful also to be discussed for this kind of a specific site problems I would say Mariela I can say that we have the the opposite problem here in Norway you know because we have too much technology and and then we have the problem how we connect the use from the the computers and with the smart telephone and then you know you can have an advantage because we you can do a lot of things you can share information but also many use are living in this world and not necessarily had to be but but when you are using or you are focused all your life in the social media you just connect a little bit from the real reality around you know and this is also a challenge for us here in Norway unless I if we don't have other question I will just send in the chat a pdf with the with the front page of the presentation and with the useful links to the documentary and other and other resources that we were mentioning that during the presentation so we can ask we can also answer to other questions that were in the chat in this way I don't know if we have other questions or we can just close the session no there is just a link sent by Candice thank you Candice to share experiences and there is a request from John Joshy that was to which again the video the the back casting video I want to maybe a guy yeah you know I want to remark I mean one thing I hope the people who are still here in the in the meeting I want to remark that because I have been working more than 30 years in environmental issues you need to start when when the environmental problem is not known in some way for the most of the people but I find out in the way you know and in all this time that is you only focus in the thing that you have to make out it's not enough to be sustainable in life you know I mean I think you have to to in some way to be more focused in how you start the process of change on in your belief what are you coming to do in the earth what is important for you and really when you begin to write this kind of question for yourself and for your college that you are working with then you are really make a change and this change is going to express in some way in what you are doing outside but without that you have a fighting of ego you have a fighting for how you say who is the best and a lot of human things that we have from this competitive world where we are growing and then that therefore for me the the inner inner working transition is really important and I really believe that if you don't have this kind of stuff in any process it's difficult to make change that is continued in the time Thank you Maurizio very inspiring for all of us and also thanks Cristina for the very interesting presentation so I think we can continue and it would be a pleasure now to continue this interaction also using the email so please take notes of our emails and feel free to contact all of us for further information or for sharing other experiences we will be very happy okay so thank you and by Cristina do you want to add anything before we close the the room just that thank you thank you all of you to be part of this session because I think that me and Maurizio we are trying to to matching two words that so many times are so far away from each other you know that it's somehow one of the the academic world and the grassroots initiatives you know that we are we are discussing on the same topics but in different rooms so it was nice to have these two sides of the same dimension of the same question thank you and see you soon bye thank you bye


All right. Today is Friday. It's going to be like 20 degrees tomorrow, right? Celsius? Yeah, I wish. OK, so today we're going to keep talking about files. Talk about, I'll do a little design exercise where we talk about file metadata, where it goes. Talk a little bit about what we mean by a file and the semantics that are associated with files. And start talking a little bit about hierarchical file systems and hierarchical file system name. These are concepts that are probably familiar to you, but you may not have really thought through some of the design implications here. Now, so compared with processors scheduling or virtual memory, you guys have probably more direct experience sort of manipulating file systems and things like that. Although I am still shocked that many of you seem to think that you can only open a file if you're in the same directory as the file, which is not true. Anyway, but regardless of how painful your interaction with the shell is, you guys still do have some sort of first-hand knowledge of the file system. And so I just want to build on that, but make sure that you guys sort of understand what's going on behind the scenes. OK, do assignment three. That's all I have to say. You guys have a week to complete the first part. There are a number of groups that have already submitted assignment three, the first part of it. Currently, the grading distribution is 100% of people have gotten 100%. So maybe the first part is easy. I hope so. But please get that done. If you guys are continuing to work on assignment two, I would really suggest prioritizing this part of assignment three for the next week. Get it done. You don't know how long it's going to take. Finish it. Get your 100 points, and then you can keep sort of plugging away on that assignment. Any questions about logistics? We will have the midterms graded by next Friday, right, Ali? Hopefully. OK. Last time you said yes. So I don't know. Connect the dots there. We'll see where we are on Monday. But yes, our goal is by next Friday to have the midterms returned. And I really would like that to happen. OK. Any questions about disks? So last time we talked about hardware. And did you guys do disks, spinning disks, flash? Any questions before we go on? Yeah. Magnets, yes. What is it actually doing? What is it doing on the platform? Oh, Lord. OK. So I'll just put a big, like, Proviso around this answer, which is that I'm not sure. But look, I'm a computer scientist, OK? Like, I'm not an electrical engineer, happily. What I'm assuming is happening is that it is altering the magnetic properties of the medium at that particular point in space. So I'm magnetizing the medium at a particular spot. And that will remain that way right over time. Does that sound? Does anyone know? Come on, there's some electrical engineers in here. Andrew, did that sound right? He's like, I don't know anything about magnetics. Well, talk to one of the material scientists. Anyway, the answer is I don't know. That is my best answer. At least he didn't ask about flash, because with flash, I have no idea. Yeah. Ah, yes. Yes, that's interesting. So we'll come back to this when we talk about early file system designs. It did a lot of work on geometry. But it is a good observation that if the disk is spinning at a constant rotation, the parts, the diameter, the length of the track at the edge of the disk is much longer than the length of the track toward the middle. And so that part is passing under the heads more quickly. That is true. Yes, and that has implications in terms of the amount of data that you can read or write to those areas. That's a great point. And there are file system designs that have considered that aspect of disks. Did you have a question, Margaret? OK. So just to review, I think you guys get this platter, spindle, head, track, sector, cylinder. Any questions here? I'll just do this, see if that simulates learning somehow. Any questions about disk parts? Yeah. This is like a Google interview question. What's that? So seek times. Yeah, so that's a great point. So absolutely, that's a great question. I don't know why disks, you don't have disks that are like these tall, long things. Because you're right, the seek times are shorter. I think the problem, well, here's my assumption. So let's say I'm going to create this, rather than having a disk that's kind of big and flat, I'm going to make the tower of Pisa disk. That's short diameter, tall. What does that characterize this disk for me, compared with its flatter, squatter, sibling? Yeah? Well, I can create one that holds as much data. I just have to get it tall enough. If it doesn't hold up data, keep going. Just a big, long skyscraper of a disk. But that disk is going to be very what? Could be very fast, going to be very what? That's right, it won't fit in my pocket. That is a consideration, obviously. Your iPhone has a big pillar coming out of it. That would make it awkward. But there's something else here. For every platter, what do I need? Yeah? Well, I still just have one arm. Now, the arm might start to get weird, because it might be hard to move it in sync, or it might wave in the wind. So that would be an issue. But what do I need in between every platter? What's the most expensive part of the disk? Yeah, so the cost of that disk, I think, would be pretty enormous. Because if I have 30 platters, suddenly, and they're all very small, you're right. I can seek super fast. Now, the geometry is kind of weird. Well, here, I have a better idea. Let's take that disk. This is fun. And let's just chop it into four pieces and put them next to each other. So essentially, I have four little disks. They're all sort of just. So you could probably bin pack it in the same area. I think the problem is the cost. The more heads I have, the more expensive things are. But you're right. I mean, performance-wise, to reduce seeks, that would work. What's that? It's kind of a little hard drive. Yeah, yeah. Like data is possible. Well, that's kind of what RAID is, right? So hold that thought. Once you get to that point, because once I have the four little drives next to each other, which I actually think is really awesome. I wonder if anyone ever did that. Now I can treat all the heads independently. So that's pretty cool. Again, hold that thought to when we come back and talk about RAID, because essentially, to some degree, what RAID is, is that disk. If you zoomed out a little bit, everything got better. All right, good questions. So we talked about the fact that compared with the other part of the system, disks are slow. They move. And so this introduced failures. These are things that file systems have to cope with. The slowness of moving things around on disk and finding data. The failures that are caused by the fact that disks are mechanical, or the old disks were mechanical, and so will wear out. Flash still has this property, it turns out, just sort of sad. And disks are exposed to the operating system as devices. And so there's a lot more management of them that's done in software, right? So we talked about the different components of finding things on the disk. These are the steps that it takes to actually get data back and forth to the drive. And the fact that disks have been getting bigger and bigger and bigger.  And yet they have not been getting faster. So this IO gap represents the difference in the performance improvements that we've seen over the past few decades in CPUs and memory, which have just gotten faster and faster and faster. And disks, which are, they've gotten bigger and they've gotten faster, but at a lot slower rate. And so the gap between the performance of the CPU and the performance of the storage subsystem has been growing over time. And this has caused a lot of interesting redesigns in operating systems. All right, any questions on this? Where you go on? We have a couple things to finish up. So when we talk, we're not going to talk too much about the low level disk interface, but I want to give you just a brief look at what it is. You can think of the disk as providing an interface to the operating system that allows you to write 512, or maybe it's bigger now, like 1024 or something, chunks of data. Those chunks, there's usually no way to write a byte to the disk. If I want to change one byte on the disk, what do I need to do? Let's say I want to change the third byte in a 512 byte sector. What do I have to do to do that? Yeah? Exactly. So I have to read it in, make a change in memory, and then write out the whole contents. On Flash, this turns out to be even worse. We'll come back to that in a second. And so the main, so this is kind of cool. We've talked about the operating system as a provider of illusions. The illusions about the file system that you guys are familiar with are entirely in software. The underlying disk has just no concept of most of the abstractions that you guys are completely 100% familiar with when you interact with the file system. There's no notion of names, no notion of directories, of permissions. All that stuff is just a figment of your imagination that's all implemented in software. The disk, what the disk knows is that it has an array of 512 byte chunks. It says, which chunk would you like to modify? That's it. So all it understands is numbers. Everything else on top of that is all done in the files. And this is what's kind of cool about file systems. So the file system design challenge is given this low level interface that essentially allows me to read and write sectors of data identified by an index, build a hierarchical file system with all the features that you're familiar with. And oh, by the way, the disk can fail. Parts of it can fail at any time. The whole thing can fail. It's possible that I'm in the middle of doing something to the disk and the power turns off, or the computer crashes. And so there's all these really interesting design goals that come out of some of the features of disks. And I think to some degree, well, to an entire degree, this stuff is actually done in software. So file systems were a huge part of computer systems research and computer systems design for years because all of this is done in software. This is entirely a systems challenge to build a reliable storage system with a bunch of cool features on top of this very, very low level and very unreliable, potentially, substrate. And I think that's, well, and this is one of the ways we talked about last time, that you know that this has happened. There's so many different file systems. How many people have tried any of these? Is anyone still using EXT2? Don't do that. It's too old. EXT3, anyone? Also too old. EXT4? OK. Actually, you're all using EXT4 because the VM you use for this class is EXT4 internally. Anyone tried Ryzer FS? Ryzer FS was like the HIP file system back 10 years ago. And then the guy that created it, I think, went to jail and did bad things. And it turned out to have bugs and things like that. So anyway, it was sort of a NTFS? Is that still a thing? Is that still the Windows file system? Oh, OK. And then, you know, and this list goes on and on and on and on. I mean, this is just a subset of what's out there in terms of, and people are still designing new file systems. There's a lot of work on novel file systems and designs for flash that are trying to take advantage of some of the unique features of flash. And I think this is why systems people, particularly systems people that lived through the 80s and 90s, kind of have a soft spot for file system design, because it's a fun problem. It's just an interesting, fun problem.   All right, so let's compare and contrast with flash just a little bit when we talk about the low-level disk interface. Flash, no moving parts. Fantastic. So whereas with a spinning disk, the speed at which I can access part of the disk depends on something about the disk's current state. So if you guys have thought about stateless interfaces, the disk, a spinning disk is not a stateless interface. The amount of time it takes to perform some operation depends on where the heads are right now. With flash, not so much. I mean, it's all electronic. Really speeds depend on how fast I can get things over the bus and very little else. However, this is the biggest complication with flash. Well, there's two big complications with flash. One is that on certain flash technologies, in order to remember how we modified a byte of the spinning disk, I had to read the sector in, change the byte, and write it back. On flash, this is similar, except the sectors are huge, really, really, really, really big. And there's a mismatch between the amount I have to, I can read and the amount I can write. So I might be able to read in chunks of 512 bytes, but I have to write 32 kilobytes. So if I want to change one byte in that 32 kilobytes on flash, I have to read the whole thing in, erase all of it at once, change the byte, and write out the whole thing. That's terrible. This is sort of ugly. And I also have this, this is called wear-leveling. So parts of, and again, I have no idea why this is the case, but parts of flash, as you erase and write them, and erase and write them over and over again, they only have a certain number of what's called erase cycles that they can go through before they start to fail. And what's interesting about this is if you have, let's say you're reading and writing the same part of flash over and over and over and over and over again, that part of your flash drive is going to fail way before the rest of it. That's not ideal.  You wake up one day and it's like, well, I thought I bought a 32 gigabyte hard drive, but now it says there's only 21 gigabytes left.  Time to start off loading some of those files, right? Yeah, this isn't usually considered to be a feature. So what flash drives do is they try to, they have internal circuitry that tries to level out accesses to the underlying flash, and you can imagine how hard that is. Yeah, Steve, do you have a question? I have a file that I know that I still need to put in there. That's cool, I like that, yeah. Well, so let's come back to this, because when we start talking about file systems, so you can think of a file system as a really complicated data structure that I'm building on top of the underlying disk. And so, for example, deleting the file might require changing a part of the flash that can't be changed anymore, and so the system may be trying to delete the file and the flash gets, and it's just impossible, right? So yeah, I mean, and this is another one of the challenges, so when you think about, you may think, well, it's not a big deal, I mean, I just have a bunch of data there, and if I have, maybe if I do some redundancy where I have different copies of it, I should be able to recover from failures, but disk failures are equally, I shouldn't say equally, disk failures can affect data, but they can also affect file system metadata, they can actually affect the file system's internal data structures, and when that happens, it's usually much more problematic, right? Question? What's that? Trim. Yeah, I don't know what trim is. I know that trim exists, right? Yeah, yeah, so there's, so I think trim falls into the category, and I'm happy to do more research about this, but I think it falls into the category of tricks that the flash file systems try to play to even out where and load on the flash underline flash layer. So when you're using flash, it's giving you this illusion that there's this array, this contiguous array of sectors that's similar to what a spinning disk would provide, but where those sectors are in flash is kind of a mystery because there's something called the flash translation layer that's playing games with where those are to try to make sure that all of the flash is wearing out at the same rate. But you can imagine how hard that is, right? I mean, do you guys use all of the files on your computer with the same frequency? I know I do, right? No, I mean, there's some file that's the one movie you watch over and over again, right? And then there's other stuff on there, like, wow, I still have that file around, I totally forgot about it. So trying to even out where is really hard. All right, anyway, so flash is not necessarily a complete fantasy. So now let's start talking about files. We're gonna talk about files and file systems and file system data structures for the next couple of weeks. The primary abstraction that file systems exist to provide is this idea of a file. Like I said, the disk understands blocks, that's it. Everything else we're gonna talk about, files, permissions, names, is all stuff that is stored on the disk, but the disk doesn't understand. All the disk, when you talk to a disk, you just say, I want sector 10,042. That says, okay, here's 256 bytes of information, that's it, and there's nothing about any of this stuff. Okay, so we'll talk a little bit about sort of what files are and the minimum that we expect from a file. The idea of sort of some of the challenges associated with organizing files together and also some of the information that, wait, I got this out of order, okay, sorry. So what other stuff do we save about a file? Because there's other information that file systems store about files that's potentially useful. We'll talk about sort of assumptions that are baked into the way that processes interact with files, like for example, why do I have open and close, it's interesting. And then we'll talk about files together, so groups of files. How do I organize groups of files? How do I optimize access to groups of files and things like this? These are all tasks that the file system is in charge of providing. As you guys found out when you did assign it to, it's really the underlying file system that implements most of the UNIX file API. I mean, you have a little bit of work to do in the system call, but not much. I mean, most of what you're doing is kind of gathering data and sending it down to the underlying file system to handle, so that's really what's doing all the work. Okay, so here I've got a file, it's an old file. What do you guys expect, like what does a file have to do to be useful? What do you guys expect from a file? At minimum. Yeah. Yeah, I need to be able to locate it. Okay, so that's important. It would, yeah. Hold information. Hold information, yeah. Like store data, that's useful. What else? Okay, now we're getting fancy here. The file might have a type. That's actually one of the grossest things about file systems, yeah. Do you view the data when you ask for it? Yeah, it should actually, that's sort of like finding it and storing it, so I should be able to summon up the data. There's some other features, though. I could build a file system meeting these requirements that you guys would be unhappy about. What else should I, should a file let me do? Well, I might want to know its size, that's true. That's useful metadata. Okay, some maybe no sort of permissions. Okay, we're getting warmer. There's still some pretty important features here that we're missing. It'd be very hard to complete the assignments for the class if you could not, what? Move it up. Okay, yeah, I should be able to rename it. Okay, we're still, we still have some problems here, yeah. Resize it, we're getting warmer, yeah. Open it, okay, that's good. Still, now we're a little colder. Yeah. Modify the contents, right? You do want to be able to do that, right? I can build you a file system that's like, okay, there are the contents of the file, you can never change it again, right? You have one chance to complete VM fault, that's it. You're done. Yeah, modify it, change the size, files grow, they shrink, I add stuff to them, I move them around, right? So these are all good things, right? I mean, this is what we expect, reliably store data, be located. And those are, I would argue, the basics. Some of the other things people said are nice. Permissions, types, yeah. Function, I like that. A functional file system, there is no editing. Well, actually, this is interesting, there is. You guys are using one right now. No, file system where it is impossible to edit something. And all I can do is save new versions, okay, good, right? Once an object is in the Git repository, it's there. Unless you go and like rip it out. There is no way, once you have committed something to Git, I will just warn you about this, because apparently, I was telling someone earlier that GitHub has discovered that people check all sorts of bad things into their Git repositories, like passwords, nuclear launch code, stuff like that. Once you check something into a Git repository, if you remove that file, it's still there, right? The information is not gone. Anything you commit is there forever. Now, there are things you can do to get rid of it, that require a great deal of brain surgery and the cooperation of anybody else who has cloned to repository. But in general, once you commit something to Git, it's there and it cannot be edited. It can be overwritten, it can be moved, it can be deleted, it cannot, but those contents are there until the end of time. The heat death of the universe or the end of GitHub, whatever comes first. All right, so, yeah, but the functional file system, I don't know, I'll keep thinking about it. So these are base requirements, right? They expect that, and we expect that things are gonna change when we ask, they shouldn't change at other times. Now, this is harder than you think, and this is an old bug. I'm sure there are still new bugs. Margot used to say, and Margot did a lot of work on file systems.  So, for example, if you could figure out how to corrupt the file system on the test 161 server and destroy all of your submissions for the class, and it's interesting, it's an interesting idea, I would have time to come find you, right? But anyway, so, I mean, file systems turn out to be tough to get right. There's actually ongoing work and maybe we'll look at one of these papers, although it's a little theoretical, unprovably correct file system designs. Wouldn't it be nice if I could guarantee that a file system didn't lose data? Now, the thing that makes these expectations hard to meet are failures, right? And these failures can be the things we've talked about in terms of flash sectors wearing out, disk sectors wearing out. They can also be these unexpected changes to the disk state, things like the power going off, or you dropping something, or somebody tripping over a cable and then unplugging the disk from the server that it's connected to, or whatever. And the problem here, and we'll come back to this when we talk about caching, is a lot of the strategies that we try to use to improve performance, which involve moving things into memory, have a direct impact on our ability to make sure that things persist. So, to some degree, making file systems, making disks fast requires memory. Making file systems safe requires making sure everything's on disk at all times. So those two objectives are in clear competition with each other. All right, so we came up with a couple of these before, but let's talk a little bit about file metadata because this gets mixed in with the concept of a file. There are timestamps associated with files that are usually stored by the file system to give me information about things like when the file was created and when it was modified. Why? Is this just because it's interesting? Is this just for your information? Who can give me an example of a tool or a program that uses this heavily dependent on file timestamps? Yeah. Make, thank you. Yeah, you ever wondered how make works? Basically says, is the thing you are trying to make, does the timestamp on that object, is it earlier or later than the dependencies? If it's later, then it's probably up to date. If it's earlier, then I need to rebuild it. It's really pretty simple. If you destroy timestamps on files, then make will complain. Or if you modify timestamps on files, you can get make to do things that you want, like rebuild your kernel, right? There's other tools that do this as well. These timestamps are not entirely just for fun or for investigative purposes. They actually enable certain tools to operate properly. Permissions, this is a good one. Who owns a file? Who should be allowed to read or write or in certain cases execute the file? This is, what would happen if I didn't have these permissions? Give me an example of a place where I might want to use these, yeah. I like that, anybody could do anything. The world, it's like freedom, anarchy. So, okay, so this is interesting. I mean, maybe, let's say there were no file permissions. Tell me how you would attack that system because you really can't do anything to my files on my machine, right? You don't have any access to it. Yeah. SSH? Yeah, but you're not gonna be able to access SSH into my machine. I'm too smart for that. What's that? I think so, yeah. I think so, that's a good answer, yeah. Something to check after class, right? Yeah. No, no, no, but hold on. We're getting two things confused. You don't have any access to my machine. That's different, right? But where is an environment where file permissions start to become pretty important? Yeah. Yeah, Timberlake, there we go. So you could go onto Timberlake and you could read all of the important files I have on Timberlake, which are zero, right? But if you had important files on Timberlake, I could go get them, right? So file permissions, I mean, file permissions are kind of weird. When you use shared machines, they can be pretty critical, right? But on your personal machines, you're probably safe even if they don't matter, right? Unless you share your personal machine with an adversary, which is always a great idea, right? Like if you have an enemy, you should let them use your machine on a regular basis. Make sure your file permissions are in good shape, right? Other file attributes? Somebody had an idea over here about something else they might wanna know about a file. One of the sadder stories. Yeah, there's like even weirder file permissions, like the contents of the file should be able to run as root. It was an interesting thing that they added at one point. It's not clear that that had a good impact on the world. So there's other, so I just wanna pause briefly and talk a little bit about file metadata, right? Because there's other information that we associate with files. And there's this interesting sort of design question about where this information should go. So, so actually let me back up a minute. When you open a file on your computer, what else might you wanna know about it? Yeah. Well, I'm assuming I know the path. Size, okay, yeah. Type, what does that mean? Yeah, okay. Yeah, yeah, so file type turns out to be kind of weird, right? Like what is that? I mean, I could have a file that has text in it. What type of file is that? It's a text file. Does that uniquely identify a program that should be used to open it? No. Yeah, okay, yeah. So now we get into the grubby business of file extensions, right? Probably the nastiest hack the world ever created. So, yeah, so this is, unfortunately we don't, I don't talk about this in class because there's really no rhyme or reason to how file extensions work. There's like conventions online and people have these whole dictionaries of them, but the whole, the truth is no one cares, right? Like if you wanna take that XLS file and you wanna rename it to PNG, you can get a photo browser to try to open it, right? It won't work because it doesn't have the right internal format to be a PNG, probably not, unless you have a very unusual Excel spreadsheet. But in general, file these sorts of extensions are entirely sort of an ad hoc mechanism, right? But they work okay, yeah. Does Unix use file extensions? It does. I mean, Unix systems. I mean, if you open files on Ubuntu systems, Ubuntu pretty much does the same thing that other systems do, which is it looks at the extension and then it makes a guess about what type of thing should be used to open it, right? So if you open something with a .tex extension, it might try to open a LaTeX editor or something like that, right? But the extensions are just guesses, right? Yeah. Yes. And you just actually have to say like, what program do you wanna open it with, why are they opening it? Yeah, who, let me just ask you a question. I mean, which system does your mom like better, right? Does she like it when the pop-up opens up and it says, which program would you like to open this with? And there's like a thousand entries? Or does she just like it when it just magically opens with preview? Yeah, magic. People like magic. So, yeah, I mean, you can always get around this. You could just open the program and like go to a file and open it and it will try, it might say, no, no, no, I don't wanna do that, right? What's another way of identifying file types? Right, like why, if I try to open the Excel spreadsheet with my photo viewer, why won't it work? What's that? Yeah, the format's wrong, right? There's also sometimes what are called magic numbers at the beginning of the file. So certain file formats will identify themselves by saying, okay, the first eight bytes of the file are always this signature. And therefore, when I try to open them with the file with a certain program, I can look at that and say, okay, well, this isn't the signature that identifies, this is being a Word document, so I'm just gonna bail out here, right? The problem is when you have things that are just text file formats, it doesn't work, right, Steve? Don't get an HTML, HTML is a totally, HTML is a totally different beast, right? HTML has had to, HTML has the sad distinction of having to grapple with some of the worst interpreters of all time, right? And so HTML is like the most, very flexible because browsers suck, right? They're all, they all do things wrong, but they do things wrong in different ways, right? We're starting to fix this finally, right? I mean, does anyone know this? Has anyone ever tried to get something to look right on IE, like version six or something, you know? Turn on quirks mode right away. It's like, what is quirks mode? I don't understand this, right? There's a mode that causes it to do weird stuff, right? Like awesome, that sounds like something that every program should have, right? I'm gonna run test 161 in quirks mode, right? Causes it to randomly add points to your score or subtract them, all right. Anyway, we sort of digressed a little bit here. It is April Fool's Day, so we can have some fun. So MP3, so give me some example of MP3 attributes, right? Other than the fact that it's an MP3 file which contains some sort of audio data in a standard format, what's other stuff about an MP3? Yeah, Steve. Yeah, title, artist, you know, genre, right?  Talk about an unstructured system. What else, Jared? Yeah, like maybe the data was recorded, the length. Now where should we put this information? So that's one option, right? I can, well actually, let's say there's three options, right? I can put it in the file itself, and this is usually not a bad idea, particularly when I have file information that's very, very sort of central to the file. I could put it in another file. Now for a long time, I haven't dealt with this for a long time, so that's true, right? What was it called? Like a, what was the extension of this special M3U? Yeah, I remember this, it was like some sort of weird, or ID3, sorry, was that it? Man, how do you guys know this stuff? This is awesome. I think we solved this problem, I guess, yeah. Yeah, yeah, it's like a tech, yeah. So essentially what we did, I think at some point, it's not the MP3s, we moved it into the file itself, which is nice, right? The other, so just so you understand this, there have been file systems, and this is not a feature you guys are familiar with, because I don't think it's very common in modern file systems, I think there's some modern file systems that still support this. Has anyone ever used file attributes before? On what system? Linux, Linux has file attributes? It's a little way down the side of the list. Windows, okay, I think NTFS has this, actually, it's kind of interesting. So imagine you could just attach structured data to any file on the system you wanted. This is kind of neat, right? So if I store it in the file, right, so this is the ID3 tag, sorry, that's exactly right, it was on the next slide. The pros are that this travels from, this travels along with the file. Are there any cons to this approach? What's that? It makes the file a little bit bigger. It makes the file a little bit bigger, yeah, that's true. What else, yeah? Oh, okay, that's a good point, yeah. So if I have secret metadata I want to associate with the file, then I have to move it along with the file, yeah, what else? Yes, that's part of the problem, and that was kind of the major problem with some of these things, right? And this is almost HTML-like, where in the early days of MP3s, and I know you guys were like in the womb back then, so whatever, it doesn't have to trust me that I'm telling the truth here. Every MP3 player interpreted these tags a little bit differently, so you would write tags with one player and they wouldn't be able to be read with another. Does anyone, are there any problems like this today with files? All these problems have been solved. You guys have never noticed a problem like this? Where like one version of a particular type of software interprets the file a little bit differently, yeah. Oh, of course, yeah, yeah, absolutely. And well in there you're talking about the official version versus the Harry Hacker version, right? And of course, those guys will never get it right, because every day the word people get in a room and they're like, how can we break Libra Office? Let's break it right away. Let's change something, really important, right? Yeah, yeah. So what about a case where there's a document that's supposed to be portable? An example of a portable document that you might see two different viewers open differently. Is anyone familiar with this portable document that I'm talking about? Oh, okay. Well, HML is definitely right, yeah, what else? I'm thinking of the portable document, right? No? There we go, PDF. You guys know what PDF stands for, right? The portable document format. That is literally what PDF stands for.  You guys never do that? Portable document format. How portable are PDFs? Has anyone tried adding a comment to a PDF before? What's that? Yes, every time it asks, every five minutes, basically. Yeah. Has anyone ever tried adding a comment to a PDF? Can you see that comment in other viewers? Sometimes, right? It really depends on if the moon is in the right quadrant or whatever, right? Like sometimes previews show you comments that are created with Adobe Reader and usually they're broken or sometimes you can edit them and sometimes it'll work. Yeah, so there's certain, even with these portable documents, right? HTML is even worse, obviously. It's difficult for people to agree on standards and how to interpret those standards. HTML at least has the benefit that usually your browser is not editing the document. If it was, all hell would have broken loose in a long time ago, right? With HTML, all the browser has to do is display the document and it has enough of a hard time with that. Once you actually start editing things, you're in real trouble. And this is true even in the case of the portable documents where there is a well-recognized standard for how the document is supposed to work. Okay, so if I put the file metadata in another file, an example of this would be like the iTunes database. So when you use iTunes, it builds up a database of all the music on the system. It stores that somewhere. That includes things that aren't part of the ID.3 format. Is Albemart now part of ID.3? Probably not. Albemart was always that weird thing that was like, where does it go? Anyway, so this allows me to maintain it separately. The con is that it doesn't move around with the file, so it's harder to keep it in sync, right? Okay, and the attributes are cool. Attributes are probably a feature of file systems that I'm the most surprised just never really caught on because attributes turn out to be pretty neat. It's sort of an interesting way to merge certain database-like features with a file system because attributes that I think were first introduced in BFS is BIOS, BIOS, BIOS was a pretty cool operating system. I don't think it's around anymore. The nice thing is that these are maintained by the file system, so there's a lot of standardization and frequently I can build interfaces for querying them. If I want to find, for example, all the songs in my collection that include the word Friday, I can run that query in the file system rather than having to run it in my application, which is kinda cool, right? I mean, it's almost, again, like a database-like feature that's now baked into my file system. The problem is that these never really caught on, right? So they're not cross compatible enough, it doesn't move around. I could move it around with the file as long as the other file system also supports attributes in some standardized format. Maybe we'll get there, though, right? I mean, the existence of things like JSON now makes me hopeful because at least there's more standards about how you can store structured data, so it's possible this will happen. Okay, any questions about file metadata? So let's talk about a little about process semantics. You may have noticed that the Unix file interface provides these calls that allow processes to establish a relationship between the process and a file, and the underlying file that's being used. There's times when that's important, but it might have struck you with sort of unnecessary. So what's a way to simplify the file system interface by getting rid of open and close? What's that? Well, I mean, so how do things work right now? I call it open with the path, I get a file descriptor back, I use that file descriptor and read and write. Cut out the middleman here. I mean, it's two fewer calls. You have to write for assignment two. What do you do? That's interesting, I like that. By default, every file is open. What does that mean? Like, if I don't have open and close, how do I do read and write? Yeah. Functional file system. Okay, there we go. I don't do write. Okay, now I've got three calls off the list. I don't need to write either because it's a functional file system. So how do I do read? Let's just talk about read, then. Yeah. No, I don't have open and close. No open and close. How do I get rid of open and close? Yeah. Just pass the path name to read and write. That's so simple, right? Here's the file I wanna read. Here's the path name to it. Done. Why don't I do things this way? Seems simpler to me. Yeah, I mean, so I am setting a signal that the file is in use. So it's not terrible, right? Now that may or may not be a good signal. I might have programs that open a bunch of files that they never use, right? Hopefully not. But yeah, so this allows the file system to identify a little bit more about when things are being used. There's also semantics of open that I might wanna support. So UNIX allows me to open a file exclusively. What does that mean? There's this O-exclusive flag I can pass to open. How does that change the semantics of open? What does it sound like? Exclusive. Yeah, it means that my process is down the only process that can have this file open. What happens if I call open and I get what happens if Process A calls open with the exclusive flag and then Process B tries to open the file? It should fail, right? Because Process A has the file open exclusively. So I can't support those sort of semantics if I don't have open and close. So you guys point it out, I can potentially improve, maybe I can improve performance of the OS knows what files are open. It also allows me to do things like exclusive access. But here's what's interesting, right? So there are file systems that don't support this at all. So NTFS, which is still, sorry, NFS. NFS, which is still the file system that's used by a lot of shared clusters, probably by something like Timberlake, unless it's using something that's even older. NFS doesn't support opening and closing. On NFS, everything is done using read and write. I don't, and now you can run the same program. You can run your program that calls open and close on an NFS file system, but the open and closed actually don't really do any work. They don't perform any operations. Every time I read and write to the file, I have to pass a full identifier to the file to the file system in order for those calls to work. Now the reason for this, of course, is because these were file systems were designed for network clients. So if I, let's say that process A opens a file exclusively, and then that machine becomes disconnected from the network. What do I do? Never open the file again. That's my functional file system, right? Just make a new copy of it, move on with life, right? No, I mean these things cause problems. So newer versions of NFS have solved this problem, but earlier versions of NFS that are still probably more widely deployed than they should be still have this feature. So I also store the file position, right? You guys remember this one I do L-seq. That's also kind of weird, right? What's the alternative to storing the file position? So I got rid of open and close, now I'm coming after L-seq. Almost, we can get rid of L-seq. How do we get rid of L-seq? Why do I need L-seq? Yeah. Yeah, that sounds awesome, right? Get rid of L-seq, L-seq is just a hanger on, man. I don't know who came up with L-seq, but we don't need L-seq anymore. All I do and read or write, I'm already passing the full path name, so I just pass the area I want to read or write from, that's a lot clearer, right? None more of these weird implicit reads and writes. I just pass the pointer to where I want to read. I could do this, of course, this makes things a little different when I'm using pipes and other things, okay? All right, we're out of time. We'll come back, talk about the file interface on Monday, have a great weekend, go play a trick on somebody.


Let's talk about Jordan Ta'amu. There have been four or five quarterbacks who have started both teams. Here are the deep rates for those five quarterbacks. PJ Walker, 30%. Cool. Brandon Silver is 29%. Doesn't really matter when you can't connect, but cool. Matt McGloin, 29%. Whatever. Cardell Jones, efficient, and a 29% deep rate. So everyone is at 28.6% or higher, except for Jordan Ta'amu, who is at 9.4%. Not only do they not throw that much, but he doesn't throw deep that much. That is not a criticism of Jordan Ta'amu. It's more so because he's been really good. He's played awesome. It's more to say I'm not overly enthusiastic about going hard at the passing game. I do like the Damian Washington. I do like DeMorne-Piercinel, but it does lower me on them. I can still use Jordan Ta'amu. He is not my favorite quarterback on this slate, but I do like him because he runs a lot. He has 17 rush attempts in two weeks. No other legit full-time quarterback has run more than 10 times. He has 109 rushing yards. So 54.5 rushing yards per game, which is more than a full passing touchdown. So although Cardell Jones is my preferred quarterback on this slate, Jordan Ta'amu is in that same tier and a very viable number two quarterback. So even though he doesn't throw deep, I select Ta'amu a lot. What are your thoughts on Ta'amu at $21? You knew who else didn't throw deep much this season? Drew Brees and Jimmy Garabolo. Yes. We're comparing Jordan Ta'amu to Drew Brees. No, no, no. Sorry, he's not. He is Drew Brees and Drew Brees were also Taysom Hill because of the rushing. There you go. That's what I'm talking about. You're already here first, folks.


Hey friends and welcome back to my channel. So today we're in my happy planner mini And this was last week I'm just gonna do a quick overview of last week because last week I was having issues with my mic I'm gonna take these out. I Was having issues with my mic and I recorded it and I was just so frustrated. I'll just be very transparent I was just so frustrated with myself last week at all my videos that I just only uploaded a few and After realizing my mic wasn't working and then listening to my other mic. I was just over it So I didn't upload this one. I don't believe so this is how it went I'm actually filming today, which is Thursday the 11th. So you can hear the dryer going. So I'm actually doing something I'm doing laundry. I was gonna have salad today, but I ended up doing Crackpot beef and potatoes and I made some string beans. So if you don't know or you're new to my channel this mini is my chores and basically Meal planning so also I made these meal stickers meal prep stickers and what else the salad and salmon. So this is what they look like Because I found that I needed them. So I made them. So this is what they look like as you can see I've kind of taken some so they look like this. I was trying to find one that hadn't took one off of but anyway So they look like this And just take them off got salad and I must I love salmon and salad So that's why I did them pretty much for me, but I figure I'm not the only one. I love things like this. So That's that also in that It's a set But you could buy them separately if you're doing keto I don't do keto, but I know a lot of people do so I made keto stickers No carbs because some people do no carbs and for me some days I just take days where I do no carbs and then there's meatless Monday as a script and Then there is a cheat day script. So it looks like that And you can see cheat day here on Sunday for me So let's get into it As you know, I'm using extension pack that I got from Let's do this one that I got from Michaels on sale So I'm just so happy I've been wanting to play it all week because again, I was so frustrated with that last video This video on the sticker books I got from Walmart dying to use them I think they'll be real cool. And then I got this sticker book. It's a mini So I'm definitely gonna use probably between this one And the other three here that I got from Walmart So first I'm gonna start with the dates and the dates should be the 15th through the let me see what sunday is 15th through the 21st Oh my goodness My birthday is coming Snack up on me. So I'm really digging it. I'm really really really this is crooked, but So there's a holiday These are pretty big Honey That's the way I want to put down this no drama. You know when you get around family. Let's put no drama Let me explain some to you y'all know how it goes.  I don't know what but it's gonna be something Well, tell you so anyway And I'm gonna take one of these pink spoons and forks And re-layer that so we got a whole lot of wearing on sunday easter Let's see I think that's it for now because I