One of the questions that is asked, one question that people are curious about, is why do we have a Torah? Why do we have a Torah? What is the purpose of the Torah? What is the purpose of Judaism? And our rabbis teach us that one of the main purposes, actually they say the main purpose, the main purpose of the Torah and of Judaism is to help make us better people, to help us improve our lives. The Vilna Gom, one of our greatest rabbis, taught that the entire purpose we are in this world, the whole purpose that every one of us is in this world is to improve our characters, to become better people, and to overcome the challenges that we have in life. Each one of us has challenges. Every single person, even the greatest rabbi in the world has problems, has challenges, has difficulties. And our purpose in the world is to overcome these challenges. That's why we're here. And we're taught that if we don't work on improving these problems that we have, then we're wasting our entire life. Now on the road, on this road to self-improvement, King David, our holy King David, wrote that we should first stop doing things that are wrong, and then we should try to improve and do things that are good, right? First, don't make any mistakes. And then you could try to become better. They say in medicine doctors are taught the first rule of medicine is cause no harm. Maybe you won't save the patient, at least don't kill the patient, right? The first step is don't cause harm. So if you want to have a beautiful garden, if you want to plant a beautiful garden, the first thing that you have to do is to remove the rocks and the weeds and the garbage, because if on the field there's all this garbage and weeds and junk, nothing will be able to grow. So before we're able to make our lives into a beautiful garden and to become good people and great people, we have to first clear away the destructive parts of our personalities. And most of us know that one of the worst personality traits is anger, is impatience. We know that people that are angry, it only causes misery in their lives. We know that people that are angry, they destroy their health. It could raise their blood pressure. It can cause heart disease. Anger kills us. It literally kills us. Anger is self-destructive in so many ways. We're hurting ourselves. You know in the Torah, we just read about the plagues in Egypt, the makot. And we know there were 10 plagues and the second plague was the plague of Svardaia of frogs. But we know that the word that the Torah uses is Svardaia, frog. It was the plague of frog. One frog came. That was the whole plague. One frog came. And we're told that the Egyptians, when they saw this frog, they got so angry, they started to hit the frog. And what happened? It multiplied and it became two frogs. And they got more angry. And they started to hit those two frogs and it became four frogs. And they got angrier. And they hit those four frogs and it became eight frogs. And they kept on getting angrier and angrier until Egypt was full of frogs. Now you ask yourself, are they crazy? They see what's happening. They see that every time they hit a frog, it multiplies into more frogs. So why do they keep on doing it? The problem is only getting worse. The answer is that anger takes over our lives. Anger when we get angry, we can't think straight. We can't think. We go crazy. The police have found that one third, one third of car accidents happen because people are furious when they're driving in their car.  Why? Because they can't control their anger. We all know as well that anger destroys our relationships. How many friendships, how many marriages were destroyed because people couldn't control their anger? I know people who grew up in a house where one of their parents or both of their parents were always angry and these children have been damaged for their entire lives because they grew up as children, always frightened, always afraid. They were always worried that their father was going to scream at them. And when you grow up like that from a little child, year after year living in a house with that kind of poison, it makes people sick. It hurts them. For people who are angry, they have no quality of life. Their life is not a life.  People who are angry, they can never learn. They can't learn. You know why?  No one is going to criticize them anymore.  So someone who is an angry person cannot learn or rabbis teach that you can know about a person by three things. Three things tell you about a person. Kiso, their pocket, how they handle their money. Number two, Koso, their cup of wine, how they handle alcohol, right? We all know that the rabbis teach us, nichnas jayin, yotse sod, that if a person drinks wine, secrets come out, meaning they'll tell you exactly how they feel. People that are drunk, they just let themselves out. So one, number one is Kiso, your pocket, how you handle money. You could tell a lot about a person, how they handle their money. Are they generous? Are they stingy? Number two, Koso, how they handle their drinking. And number three, Kaaso, their anger. And the way a person deals with their anger and being patient tells you a lot about who they are. Now the truth is that sometimes, sometimes there is a place for anger. Sometimes, for example, if you see something terrible happening and it makes you angry and then you're going to do something about it, that anger is not so terrible. Remember when Moshe, Moses, saw the Egyptian beating the Jew? So Moses got upset. It got him angry and he went and he helped.  Or sometimes we get angry with ourselves. I say, what did I do? We get upset with ourselves. We get angry with ourselves because sometimes we do very bad things. I went and I ate the whole cake, the whole cake the size of this table. I ate it and the next morning I feel sick. I say, what did I do?  I'm not going to do it again. So if that kind of anger with ourselves leads us, if it gets us to improve, that kind of anger is okay. I'm sure it never happens in this school but sometimes a teacher has to look like they're angry. They have to make the students feel, uh-oh, the Rebbe is upset. The teacher is angry, I better be better. Okay. So sometimes there's a place for anger. We can use it but you know what? Anger is like dynamite. It's like explosives. You have to be very careful with it, very careful with it. The Torah teaches us that normally in life, normally we should try to walk in the middle. We should try to be not to the extreme. So for example, I shouldn't be so generous that I give away every penny that I have.  I won't have anything. I shouldn't be so cheap with my money. I shouldn't be so tight with my money that I will never give any of it away. And you know what? There are people like that. There are people that have millions of dollars and they can't give away a dollar. There's something wrong with them.  Don't be so cheap that you can't give anything away. You have to walk in the middle. You've got to find balance. But our rabbis teach us that when it comes to two things, you have to go to the extreme. And what is that? One is anger. You have to wipe it out. And number two is arrogance. The rabbis teach that Hashem loves people who don't get angry. God loves you if you don't get angry. The rabbis teach that the world, our world, only exists. It only exists in the merit because of people who are angered but they don't get angry. When people feel angry, when they feel angry, but they don't express their anger, the whole world exists if you do that. One of our great rabbis was once driven to school, his Ishevah, by a student. And this rabbi was old and he was one of the greatest rabbis in the world. And as he left the car, the student closed the door of the car onto the rabbis' fingers. Can you imagine how much that hurts? And the rabbi didn't make a sound. He didn't make a sound. He walked calmly into the Ishevah and that was it. Can you imagine how bad that student would have felt if the rabbi would have started screaming but the rabbi controlled himself? The rabbi controlled himself. Great Jews work very hard, very hard to control their anger. It doesn't happen by itself. You have to work on it. One of our great rabbis said he worked for 14 years. He worked 14 years to control his anger. There's a famous story about him where when he was older already, his wife had died and he remarried. He's already an older man and he has his new wife and it comes Sukkot, Sukkot, the holiday and the rabbi goes to his outside his house and he builds the Sukkot like he built it every year in the same place in the backyard. His wife says to him, you know, I think maybe the Sukkot would be better over there. He doesn't say anything. He takes down the whole Sukkot. He moves it and he puts it over there and then she says to him, you know, I think you were right. I think it's better over there. What did he do? Did he look at her? Did he make a face? Did he get angry? Did he scream at her? No. He smiled. He took the Sukkot down and he put it back where he had put it all those years before. That's pretty amazing. We learned in the Talmud that one of the great rabbis was teaching a student that had a hard time understanding the Gomorrah and he taught him 400 times over and over and over and over again until the student was able to understand the Gomorrah. Imagine someone having the patience to teach the same piece of Gomorrah 400 times. We know the famous story that the Gomorrah tells us, the Talmud teaches us, about one of the greatest Jews named Hillel and two men made a bet and one of them said, I'll give you $400 if you can make Hillel angry. I'll give you $400 if there's a fortune back then. So what did the other man do? He waited until Friday afternoon when everyone is busy getting ready for Shabbos and almost right before Shabbos Hillel was showering. There's a knock on the door. Is there someone here named Hillel? Is there someone here named Hillel? Hillel was in the shower. He gets out. He drives himself. He puts on a bathrobe. He goes downstairs. He opens the door.  Now, most people would have said, for this, you're bothering me right before Shabbos. For this, I had to get out of the shower. Get out of here. But Hillel very patiently answered this ridiculous question. And then the man left. Five minutes later, Hillel was back in the shower. Another knock on the door. Is Hillel here? Is Hillel here? Hillel puts on his bathrobe again, goes downstairs. He sees the same person. You know, if it was me, I would say, ah, anudnya coming to bother me again.  Hillel says to him, hello, can I help you? He smiles at the man. And the man says, yes, I have another very important question, a very important question. And Hillel says, please ask me. And the man again asks him a very, very foolish question, very foolish question. And Hillel gives him an answer. Hillel explains to him and the man goes, man leaves. He doesn't say thank you. He leaves. Hillel tries to go back to the shower to finish getting ready for Shabbos. And five minutes later, there's another knock on the door. Hello. Is Hillel here? Is Hillel here? Hillel gets out of the shower. He drives himself off again. He puts on his bathrobe. He probably knows who's knocking. He comes to the door and it's the same person. He says, I have another very important question. Hillel says, please, please ask me if I can help you. I'll be happy to help you. And the man asks him now a third question, a very, very foolish question. And Hillel very patiently explains to him, answers him. And now this man gets very upset.  And I wish there was no one in the world like you. And Hillel says, why? He says, because you made me lose 400 zoos, $400. And Hillel says, it's better for you to lose $400 than for me to get angry. Now, where does anger come from? Why does it happen to us? Why do we get angry? So the rabbis teach in the Talmud that anyone who explodes with anger, it's like they worshiped idols. It's like they worshiped idols. Why is this? Because an angry person doesn't really believe that God knows what he's doing, that God runs the world, that God controls everything. And the person that gets angry feels, you know what? I could run the world better. I know how things should go. God, he doesn't do a good job. The person who gets angry all the time, they don't really believe in God because for the angry person, the only thing in the world that's important is what they want. Nothing else matters. What God wants, who cares? What other people want, who cares? Only what I want. That's the only thing that's important. And they become so focused on themselves, just me, me, me, me, me. There's no room for God. They push God away. And that's like someone who's worshiping an idol. And what idol are they worshiping? What's the name of that idol? Me. They're worshiping themselves. And when anything gets in the way of what they want, they get angry.  They cannot tolerate anyone who doesn't do what they want. They can't tolerate. Now, this kind of anger is not only related to worshiping the self and not really believing in God. It's also related to arrogance. These are two things that are going on. The person that's always angry is arrogant, which means they think that they are the greatest thing in the world is me.  They become like someone who doesn't believe in God. And this is where anger comes from. Now, the truth is we all can control our anger. We can control it. Let me give you an example. Imagine that a person buys a beautiful brand new car. A person spends a lot of money and they get a car that they always wanted to have. And on the first day, they're driving their car and they stop at a red light and someone behind hits them from behind. The car behind crashes into their brand new car on the first day. This person is furious, furious. And if he could, he would rip the head off the person who hit them. What does he do? He gets out of his car and he starts walking over to the other car and he wants to scream at them or maybe even hit them. And the other driver gets out and he's seven feet tall and he has muscles on top of his muscles. And this person who has the car, he says, excuse me, I feel terrible. I'm sorry I stopped so suddenly and I caused you to hit my car. He had a, he was going to explode. He was going to scream at this person. He was very quickly able to control his anger and he said to the person, I'm sorry, and he went back into his car. Now I want to conclude today. I want to finish our time together by sharing with you some of the strategies, some of the ideas that Artora has to help us control our anger. There are many, many books that have been written to help people become more patient and control their anger. There's brilliant, wise teachings on how we can improve in this area. One thing that we could all do is just to take out an article, a book that was written about how anger destroys our lives. You read a book like that, you watch a video on that topic, you speak to a doctor and they explain how people that are dealing with anger all the time and are impatient, they're destroying their health, it leads to heart attacks, it just kills people. That will help us control our anger. You know one of the things they were so concerned for years that people were killing themselves by smoking cigarettes. So one of the things they were able to do to help people stop smoking was to show them what happens when you smoke. They showed pictures of people's lungs and how the lungs were being destroyed. They showed people who had to have their voice box removed. So when people were able to see the effects of smoking and how it was hurting them, they started to stop smoking. So if we could understand that anger destroys our lives and understand how it might help. Number two, the rabbis teach that a wise person, a smart person, is someone who is able to see what is going to happen. Right? That's a smart person. If you play chess, so you know that a good chess player is able to see what's going to happen in the next move, in two moves. If you could look into the future and see what's going to happen, that means you're pretty smart. So a good thing to do is to try to anticipate when you might get angry. There are situations in life which we know that we might get angry. And what's good is to plan a healthier response, to plan a healthier response. One of the times when families get into fights is when they're going to go on a trip, for example, and everyone is running late. Let's say it's right before Shabbat, right before Shabbos, and you're going to be going away for Shabbos, and it's late, and everyone's trying to get out of the house, and everyone's running late, and everyone's getting impatient, and everyone starts to scream at everyone else. So you don't want a smart thing to do is to start getting ready earlier. Don't wait until the last minute. And one of the things that causes us to get angry is when we are rushed, when we're rushing. And when you're rushing, you can't think clearly, and you're under pressure, and that pressure can cause you to get upset and impatient and angry. So be smart and don't wait until the last minute to do things. Start earlier. One of the great rabbis teaches us that you know what a good thing to do is when you're speaking to someone else. Don't do it quickly. Do it slowly. Because when you're communicating very quickly, it's easier to get angry.  Another thing to do is to ask yourself, is it really worth getting so angry about this?  To ask yourself, what might happen when I scream at this person? A person screams at their wife. If they were thinking for a minute, they would say, you know what, maybe she's going to scream back. And maybe we're going to get into a horrible fight. Who needs that? That doesn't cause happiness. So just to think before we act, to think and ask, is this the smartest thing to do? Maybe there's a better way of reacting in this situation. To ask yourself, you know what, someone just made me upset. Will I still be angry about this in five days? Was it so terrible that I'm going to still be angry in five days? One of the things that our great rabbis taught is that if you have a hard time controlling your anger, at least don't express it right away. Don't express it right away. One of the great rabbis had a special coat and whenever he got angry, what would he do? He would first go to the closet and he would get this special coat and he would then he would put it on and you know what? By the time he went to the closet and put on his coat already, he wasn't feeling so angry. Another great rabbi advised his students that if they ever got into an argument with their wife, what should they do?  He gave them a little bottle of holy water and he said if you ever get into an argument with your wife, first take some of this water and drink some of it but don't swallow it.  Another very important thing to do, very important thing to do especially if you have a problem in this area, some people are challenged more than others, so if this is a problem that anyone has, this is a good thing to doven for, to pray to Hashem, please help me with my anger. It's a great thing to pray for and you'll be surprised how incredibly powerful these kind of prayers are, that when a person is dovening every day for help from Hashem with their anger, they will find that they will improve. Another thing to do is to use humor in a situation that could actually become very, very bad. Some people, if they do something terrible, they get upset with others. Imagine that it's Friday afternoon and everyone's cooking for Shabbos and you have the big pot of chili and all of a sudden it slips out of your hands and it drops all over the floor.  I'm such a klutz. Something's wrong with me, but rather than scream and get other people upset and other people embarrassed and other people nervous, make a joke about yourself. Use humor to diffuse a tense situation. I always feel that one of the most powerful things that we can do to help in this area of anger is to judge people favorably. Let me give an example to show what that means. When I got married, I forgot to invite a good friend of mine to the wedding. I didn't invite a good friend of mine to the wedding. Now he could have gotten very, very upset. He could have gotten angry with me. He could have had a grudge against me. He could have said, oh, I'm not going to invite him to my wedding. He could have, he could have started talking to other people about me. He could have started saying, oh, that go back, that Michael's go back. He is a snake. He's horrible. Just because I made a mistake. It could have started a whole argument, a whole war. What did he do? He said to himself, maybe they sent me an invitation and it got lost in the mail. Maybe they just made a mistake. Maybe they forgot. There's so many maybes you can come up with when you're trying to give people, when you're trying to judge people favorably, you're trying to say, maybe there's a good reason for what happened. Maybe it was just a mistake. And that's what my friend did. He didn't judge me in a negative way. He didn't judge me in a bad way. He thought that everything was okay. He just came to the wedding and we had a great time. The Torah teaches us that what is much healthier than getting angry with people, with getting very angry is just calmly going over and speaking to them.  I just want to speak with you about something that's upsetting me and have a polite conversation. And you know what? They'll probably be able to explain what happened or maybe they'll just apologize. But the Torah says this is the healthier way of dealing with times when we are upset. Another very powerful thing to do is to put Hashem into the picture. What does that mean? It means to imagine that Hashem is watching you. Imagine that Hashem is watching you. And just like there are certain people that we wouldn't want to do things in front of. So for example, would I want my mother watching me as I screamed at someone at the top of my lungs? Would I do it if my Rebbe was watching me? There are certain things that if I'm in the street with a friend by ourselves and my friend gets me angry, I might scream my head off at them. But maybe if my Rebbe was standing there, I would behave differently. If my father was standing there, I'd behave differently. The truth is Hashem is always watching what we're doing. And if we just think about that, we just think about the fact that God is always in the picture. It changes the way we behave. I'm going to share three more ideas. Number one, think about the fact that life is short. Life is short. We're not here forever. And just realize that it's not worth your energy. It's not worth the damage that it's going to cause. You have better things to do with your time. You have better things to do with your time than to waste it on something that's so unproductive and unhealthy. Another thing to do is to practice being patient. Practice. The only way we will succeed in anything in life is by practicing. So some rabbis teach that it's a good thing to do to put yourself in a situation. Put yourself in a situation where you're going to have to be patient. For example, you go to the supermarket. You know, sometimes they have someone that's training to be a cashier. They don't know how to do it yet. They're just learning. If you go on that line, it takes twice as long. So go to that line and learn how to just wait. Learn how to be patient. There are many situations in our lives that we know it's going to be hard. And if you practice every day being patient, you're building muscles. You're building your muscles of patience. And you'll be able to use them when you need them. One last idea. The rabbis teach that every part of our body has something that protects it.  Your ears, how do you protect yourself from hearing something that you shouldn't hear? The rabbis say you can put your fingers in your ears like this. Every part of our body, our heart has bones and muscles, right? Every part of the body has something that protects it. So what is it that protects us against bad emotions like anger, like jealousy? What protects us from that? The rabbis say the protection is simcha, is happiness, is joy. A person that works on making their lives happier, to have more joy, to have lives that are positive. I'm doing good things. I'm doing positive things. I'm helping other people. I'm trying to make other people feel good. The Talmud tells that there was a person in the marketplace and they were told this person over there, actually there were two of them, these two people, they are on the highest level. They're on the highest level and the person wanted to know what makes them so great. And they were told that these two people, if they ever see someone that looks depressed, that looks sad, they go over and they tell them jokes and they make them happy. This is the highest level and so if we want to be the kind of people that won't get angry so much and won't get impatient and won't scream at people, one of the things that can help prevent that is just by becoming people that are happier and more positive and have more joy and are trying to make other people happy, we're much less likely to explode in anger and we'll have much happier lives.


Hi, I'm Kate Young, and you're listening to This is Purdue, the official podcast for Purdue University. As a Purdue alum and Indiana native, I know first hand about the family of students and professors who are in it together, persistently pursuing and relentlessly rethinking. Who are the next game changers, difference makers, ceiling breakers, innovators? Who are these boiler makers? Join me as we feature students, faculty and alumni taking small steps toward their giant leaps and inspiring others to do the same. In these last four years, as we have worked to figure out the best approach to learning for them that prepares them and propels them to their future. And so, man, they've been a part of it. They've made some decisions. We value falling forward. So we value failure by learning our lessons and then picking up and either iterating it or, you know, doing something new or doing it again to make sure that it is viable. It's really exciting to see them really geeked about their future. They're passionate about their future. They see a future. When we tell the stories of boiler makers taking giant leaps on this podcast, we're featuring some of the country's most remarkable innovators and game changers. But the difference makers? Well, this episode features the difference maker. The passion, love and just pure excitement you'll hear from Shatoya Ward in this episode. Well, I have to bet it'll make your day. It most definitely made mine. Shatoya is the founding principal at Purdue Polytechnic High School, Anglewood. Purdue Polytechnic High School, commonly referred to as PPHS, was part of the original Purdue Moves initiatives in 2013 under the affordability and accessibility pillar. The goal? To build new K through 12 pathways that lead to Purdue, especially for Indiana students who are underserved by traditional high schools and underrepresented in higher education. There are now three locations, PPHS, Schweitzer Center at Anglewood, PPHS North in Broderickle and PPHS South Bend. These schools help students and families prepare for the next chapter of their lives, pathways to college, lifelong learning and careers in advanced manufacturing, technology and jobs not even envisioned yet. In June 2021, the very first class at PPHS Anglewood will graduate and receive their high school diplomas. Yes, this is our very first class.  You know, it's like, okay, so you're doing this very different thing. What is going to be a result of your product? But I'm just really proud of them and I'm geeked of them and I have no reservations that they will be successful in their future. Yeah. Oh, absolutely. And 49 of your students were admitted to Purdue. Yes. How does that make you feel? Man, it makes me feel so awesome that we were able to provide the access for them, and then they were able to take it.  But what we were able to promise, we were able to bring that to pass. And the kids, they were really geeked. The families were geeked about their acceptance and they're really geeked about being a Purdue student. And that, like, I mean, that's a pride moment, right? Like, they're going to step on that campus. You know, they've been ingrained and engaged in that campus for four years. It's going to feel comfortable to them. They're going to be able to engage with students.  So we just, we are really excited about those students and I can't wait to go to a Purdue University graduation and our students are involved in that. Now that you've gotten to witness some of Shatoi's excitement shine through, let's back up for a moment. PPHS was first approved in 2015 by Purdue University's Board of Trustees. Fast forward to now and Purdue University President Mitch Daniels wrote that PPHS is perhaps the most important single initiative we have underway in his 2021 annual open letter to the Purdue community. Shatoi explains why. Purdue University believes in innovation. And so, as you know, President Daniels is all about innovating and dabbling into new things. But I think the most important is, one, we would like to increase the pipeline of underrepresented minorities to diversify the campus. And then the second is to reinvent high school to do something very special in preparing our students for jobs that doesn't exist yet. In other words, this isn't your 8am to 3pm, change classes when the bell rings, attend classes you're not interested in just to get the credits needed to graduate type of high school. We'll get into more on this later in the episode. Shatoi actually went into college with the goal of becoming a nurse and ultimately an obstetrician until she started going into a hospital setting daily and decided to switch gears. Following a summer serving as a counselor at her local YMCA, it clicked for her that education was her true passion. She changed her major and never looked back. Throughout her years of education experience as both a teacher and administrator, Shatoi has started to notice something. When it came to the traditional approach to learning, one size did not fit all.  And usually your journey in it and high school experiences individual is yourself. If you choose to work with a group of students thing you do and if you don't, you don't. It's very different for us. We know in the future that collaboration is really important in the success of career in college. We know also that innovation is really important when it comes to success and then also communication is really important. And so we focus a lot of what we do in the preparation with our students around those values. Our students are able to select projects that they are want to dive deeply in for a six week cycle. And they are working with a group of students in solving complex problems, some of it with partnerships with our industry. Some of it with the authentic audience, which is like in the community and they work to solve some problems that come up with viable solutions. And we know that the world is full of complex problems. And we hope that we are preparing our students to approach those problems and to be able to adhere and come to some viable solutions to those. PPHS offers tuition free authentic project based learning experiences that prepare high school students for a successful future. These experiences include internships, industry projects, dual credit courses and technical certifications. Shatoya explains an example of a PPHS project that weaves in a real world problem. We had a passion project that was surrounded around government. And right now we were able to utilize the current situation of education and in the state of Indiana how they value teachers. And you know what teachers are asking from the state as far as salaries and our students were able to dive in and talk to the committees of the legislator they were able to go to the state house and listen to some hearings and talk to some different political individuals and get their points of view. Usually those kids will be sitting in a classroom reading a book about government and talking through maybe how the structure of government works they'll learn that but they don't really connect that to what is happening currently. And so our students were able to work through that the process of the government right and how it works but then also go and talk to people and I have a say you know there was some papers written in you know have a stance in the current situation.  Our projects run anywhere from from government to we have students who they've been able to create a book of poems from poems that's very close to their heart they wrote those poems. They put it in a book and our coach facilitate them been able to put that on Amazon. So it's available. Oh wow. So it's pretty awesome they're on it they're working on a second book and this project for this year. We have students who are designing and creating different things like labs, they create labs for themselves and their families. Eventually we hope that they can turn into an entrepreneurial project as well. We have students who have been able to take architectural designs and create everyday appliances or everyday things so like a chef or a chair or a table. They utilize architectural design to do so. So it's, you know, it's lots of hands we got we got these we got agriculture projects. We is amazing to see the spectrum of projects that our students are engaged in when it comes to their passion but I think most importantly is one is that they are passionate about what they're engaged in, and then to that they have the agency to choose that, and it's hands on, you know, so it's not just sitting in the classroom, learning the process is they're actually going out and being able to go into the community and involve themselves and engage themselves as they are learning the content. Although PPHS offers STEM focused experiences. The school also provides a wide variety of English and art classes and projects. We like to call ourselves is steam focused, and this a this in the steam can represent many things one is art. That's the poetry book right you know there's a lot of art that goes on with us. And then the second is ag. I mean Purdue is all about agriculture I mean they have a whole sector about this. We have a big hive on our roof right now that you know our teachers are coaches and our students are managing and maintaining right now so ag is really important to us as well and so yes we have the arts. If you're interested in writing we have that as well. It just means that these are the areas that we will like to see more diverse group in those careers. And so that's where we'll have our students interact with those people and experts in STEM careers. For PPHS students like senior Kayla Owens the high school has been a direct pathway to Purdue University. Kayla first saw Purdue on a sixth grade field trip. She says from that day forward she knew she was destined to become a boiler maker. So I fell in love with Purdue because I really felt Purdue was very welcoming to me and I felt like I belong. They open you open arms so I personally felt like that's all I really needed for me to feel like I wanted to go there. Before I even knew what I wanted to do like I had absolutely no idea what I wanted to do a major and I was just like I just have to go to Purdue. She was actually the very first student to enroll at PPHS Englewood and is part of the first graduating class and let's just say she was very involved during her time at PPHS. I ran track and field. I was the cheer captain for the cheerleading varsity cheerleading team. I'm the president of Black Student Union. I'm involved in student government, national honor society, and just the overall event planner. So I planned majority of the events at my school.  If a PPHS student earns a 3.4 GPA and at least a 1050 on the SAT or 20 on the ACT graduates from high school and achieves Purdue's admissions requirements, they can gain admission to one of Purdue's over 200 majors. Kayla tells us what it was like when she found out she was accepted into her dream school. So, let me be completely transparent. I totally cried because it was so overwhelming because I applied to 10 other schools besides Purdue, but I really was just like those schools don't matter. I just really care about Purdue. I just am waiting for Purdue to let me know that I got accepted and I was just super excited. My mom was screaming. I was screaming. I was just like this is amazing. I've been waiting for this moment right here. In 2020, 36 rising seniors from the first PPHS cohort attended an on-campus summer experience at Purdue where they received three college credits at no cost. I was very excited to do that because I realized that that would give me the chance to opportunity to see how I would like staying on campus. So now I feel like I'm more prepared to stay on campus because I already had that four weeks I was on campus where I was staying in a dorm and actually having that college lifestyle. So now I'm not scared because at first I was a little scared. I was like, okay, I don't know what's going to happen. It's my first time being on my own and away from home. So now it's like I'm ready and I feel like I'm prepared to do that now. I don't blame Kayla. It is scary to venture out on your own for the first time, but that's where PPHS is stepping in to bridge that gap between the high school and college experience. Reflecting back on my time in high school, which I'm sure is similar to a lot of our listeners' time in high school, I remember having seven periods and lunch daily. I saw the same teachers in the same classes every single day. But then when you get to college, it's quite different, right? There's usually a block schedule. You may have one class three times per week, but certainly not every day. One day of the week might be lighter, maybe you only have one class on a Tuesday, and then you budget your time working on assignments or studying at the library. Shatoya explains what a typical day is like at PPHS and why it aligns more closely with the college schedule. So we have cycles, and so there is a routine within the cycle, and then it causes the routine within the day for a student. Keep in mind, we have six cycles in a year, and so those cycles have different focuses throughout the year for different levels of students. So if I'm a first year student, my cycles for the first two years will look a little different than maybe a third year student and a fourth year student. So within the first cycle and beginning of the cycle, our coaches come up with some dynamic projects as they have learned what interest students or some students come up with some dynamic projects and then they pitch those projects to the school. So there as our students are able to look at the pitches of those projects, and then they get to choose what project that they are looking to engage in for that particular cycle. Now if it's something that they in that cycle that they absolutely love, then they may have an option to continue that in the next cycle. If it's something that they just like listen I did that but I chose it but it just wasn't my thing. It's awesome because the next cycle they can choose something else. They can have groups of students who lobby to have projects for themselves so they have a sponsor and they're doing their own passion project that they pitch if they want other students to be involved in that as well. So that's what I love about the agencies one students are able to do their own projects or they're able to select projects that our coaches have developed for them. And once that happens, we have a theme for that particular cycle, based off of the industry partner that we may have so we have partners like lilies is a partner which is awesome. And once we have that theme, then we know that we're going to work with that industry in whatever problem that resonates with our students, and then our students utilize the design thinking process within that six weeks to come up with a solution. The first thing also that is really, really important to us is relationship building and then academic guidance and so a student starts their day and ends their day and what we call personal learning communities. A coach leads that they have that same coach throughout the year and that coach is aiding them and guiding them through their day, helping them pick their schedules and their projects and working through competencies. I mean, just the academic guidance and then the social emotional so that within that personalized learning community, they work on life skills. They talk about things like study skills, but then they also talk about like emotional stability, you know how to handle themselves emotional intelligence. So a lot of that is going on in that PLC so a student starts the day in the PLC. So then that student may transition to their group for working on the project for the industry, and then that student may go to a passion project of their selection. And they'll work with that group for that passion project, then that student might have some PLT time what we call personalized learning time. There's an online component that we have in our curriculum, it gives that student an opportunity to work on that, or if they're caught up in that then they may select to, you know, work on some items that their projects lens or it might be a paper that they need to write or they might be, you know, an interview that they need to have or it might be they're working with their group because they're still working through the processes within those projects so they have some personalized learning time to kind of choose what they want to dive into for that day. Then they might have lunch, and then after lunch we call it wellness time so they get a little break for the day. From there then they'll my dive into another passion project, then they'll dive into a little bit more PLT time but this PLT is a little bit more guided so some of the areas that they may feel that they need are being encouraged through data that they can support in that is the time that they can get that support from a coach of expertise so if I'm working in my math courses, I need a little extra help in my math courses, then I'm going to make sure that I get in front of a math coach so that that math coach can guide me into that content. And then from there, they go back to their PLCs, they reflect about the day maybe reflect about the week maybe reflect about what their next day is going to entail. And then we dismiss for the day so that is a typical day of a student at PPHS. If they are a junior or a senior may look a little different due to some of the job shadowing opportunities that they have or work based learning opportunities that they may have, or there may be some dual credit options. We had quite a bit of students who had an experience with Purdue in the summer. We had a quite a bit of students who participated in Tech 120, which is a dual credit option that PPHS has partnered with Purdue. And so there may be some dual credit options within that day that they may dive into that may look a little different than the industry project and past projects. Angela discusses how this type of schedule helped her prepare for her time at Purdue. We basically had a college schedule to get us in that groove and move of time management and responsibility and just being individual. So that's how it really separates from a traditional school, not only with just having that much personal time to do your own work. But just to be able to work at your own pace. I know a traditional schools assignments are due the next day and not like my school words do at the end of the school year. So you have all that time to catch up and do what you have to do. So you don't feel like stress and press to turn in those assignments. Since this is a small school we get a lot of one on one time with our teachers because I know at traditional schools it's so many students that students really don't get that personal time with their teachers. So my teachers have been very supportive, very caring, and very pushing to motivate me to be the best that I can be. So I've gotten that time that I need to have you when I needed help. I have them to look for as resources. I mentioned at the beginning of this episode that one of the main goals for Purdue Polytechnic High School was to build a pathway to Purdue for underrepresented students and communities. Kayla goes on to explain how not only the schedule at PPHS helped prepare her for college, but the diversity at our high school was also key. I think another way that my school has prepared me for Purdue is how diverse it is. I'm so glad that my school was very heavy on the diversity because in reality in the real world, it's very diverse and at Purdue it's diverse. So that way I can go from diversity to diversity because in middle school, my school was predominantly African American. So to go from that to go to a high school that's diverse really helped me prepare for what I'm going to see at Purdue University. Another unique aspect of PPHS are the relationships between the high school and 12 industry partners in central Indiana, which provide early career exposure to PPHS students. One of those industry partners is pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and company headquartered in Indianapolis. Shatoia explains. We usually go on a field trip so students are able to go on a field trip and check out the labs of Lilly to see what actually Lilly does. They have access to their workforce. So wherever the problems that the students are resonating with them, they get to talk to someone that is maybe either heading up that problem or someone within that topic of that problem. So that's a profounding to have our students able to interact with Lilly's employee like that's fantastic you don't get to do that in a traditional setting. What I absolutely love about Lilly's one year they had an executive series so all of their executives came and spoke to our students and our students were able to engage and interact with can you imagine executives at Lilly's they came and it was so it was so awesome and so one of the young ladies who saw a woman executives was so a geeked about and she said now I know you know that that's something that I can obtain to so we get to interact with their staff, their staff get to bring their expertise and critique the ideas of our students and give them some guidance throughout the cycle and then at the end of the cycle, our students pitch their solutions to lilies and the stakeholders and lilies get to judge. If their solutions are viable and actually who had the best pitch, so it's pretty awesome. Since you've been listening to this episode, I hope you can see why this unique school has received so much attention in the years since its inception. Other schools and dozens of cities and states throughout the country are looking at PPHS as a model, a way to reinvent the high school experience. Why do you think that this has gained you know statewide attention and even national attention and why do you think it's important to bring this model all across the country. Man, that's a fantastic question because one we reinvent like this is something that we have developed from the ground up. And then second, I like to say that we have transitioned down I used to say we're transitioning but I think these phones here. Let us know that we have transitioned from the industrial age to the informational age. So a lot of things that's being taught in the high schools, it's valuable. However, I also have access to it right. And so what the informational age says is we need to not just know this stuff now and learn this stuff because it's available to us. But how do we apply that stuff education right now is still kind of stuck in the industrial age, and we're trying to forge our way through to see what informational age education look like we want to push our students to innovation. There's no longer a wrong and right answer. There's a best answer, but it's not a wrong and the right answer and so how do we get to the answers so that we can figure out what's the best one right. We feel like that that is really important in this time, especially I mean the COVID, the pandemic and you know it's unfortunate, but it really sped up a lot of innovation and ideals and what had been coming in the future has now come right. And so we want our students to be prepared for that automation is happening industry is they're going to look for. I saw I was looking at the floor super rule you know they got welders now that's automated. And that's crazy you know some of the cars that they're making they're looking that these machines that's going to take away a lot of jobs kids need to be prepared for that. And so what does it look like to be prepared for a job that doesn't exist. It means solving complex problems and figuring out how to manage to the automation, the informational stage. Shatoya's response right there really struck me. I remember going through the motions in high school, completing all of the assignments reading all of the chapters, trying to get all a's, you know the list goes on. But was I really learning. I certainly wasn't applying what I learned in my classes to solve complex problems, like the students at PPHS are doing. And what about the parents. How are they involved in what their kids are doing at PPHS. As Shatoya says they're included and engaged from day one. We've been able to come to the table for particular students to build that pathway for them. I think the families have been really excited about being a part of that and engaged and having the knowledge you know I just remember my son going to a large district and heck if I wasn't an educator I wouldn't know how many credits he needed until his senior year because that's the last time I got notification that either he was old track or not you know unfortunately he was you know he's way on track but I was like dang I just got notifications You know we start that out from the get go and so it engages the family so let them know like this is the expectations here. But this is the path that your kid has laid out. Let's work together to make sure that they meet that path so that they can be successful. In April PPHS celebrated Purdue Day as they counted down to their first graduation. Some of the day's festivities included a breakfast where Michael Berghoff chairman of the Purdue Board of Trustees congratulated the students on their accomplishments plus a T-shirt making station and a Purdue swing displayed out in the front lawn of the school's campus. Shatoya lights up when she looks back on that day. Oh my goodness. It was fantastic. I felt like that our students deserved every moment of that Purdue day. They have been very resilient in these last four years as we have worked to figure out the best approach to learning for them that prepares them and propels them to their future. And so man, they've been a part of it. They've made some decisions. We value falling forward. So we value failure but learning our lessons and then picking up and either iterating it or doing something new or doing it again to make sure that it is viable. It's really exciting to see them really geeked about their future. They're passionate about their future. They see a future, right? And it's not always. I see my futures, you know, I'm going to be, you know, get my master's or doctorate is a future and what they feel that is best for them and how they will support their family. And so we've been able to be a part of that. And yeah, I was really geeked that we were celebrating them. And I think when graduation come, I'm just going to have some mixed feelings and mixed feelings of excitement. And sorrow, because I won't be able to see their faces, you know, the daily faces watching them grow. That is something that I absolutely love as a principal is just seeing how students, when they're enlightened to take on the opportunity, take hold of access that is before them. And then when they walk through and they realize and they, they wake up, they're like, oh my God, this is afforded to me. I'm going to take that. I'm going to take that. I'm going to do that. Man, that is a fantastic, fantastic journey. So that's what really resonates me as a principal is why I love doing it. So mixed feelings for graduation, excitement and sorrow. It's important to reiterate that not every student at PPHS has goals of going to college. And that's perfectly great too. Shatoya shares a few stories on students who have impacted her throughout her time at PPHS. There's a guy, he's a Hispanic guy. And he's one of my students. But what I love when I talk about the light, right? When he first came to us, you know, he's a little lost. And we don't do things the same as traditional schools. There's no, you have to do this, this, this and that, you know, you get a little bit of choice in the things that you do and the time that you do it. And so for a little bit, he was just a little lost and he asked for some guidance. We gave him a little guidance. And then he just started to figure things out for himself. And then he started to see what he could accomplish. He started to dictate to me what his goals were. And he started working toward those goals. And that is fantastic. And you know, this kid is not a Purdue student. He wants to get into HVAC. You know, he wants to build a business in that. But I was happy because the experience that we provide at PPHS has afforded him. If he was in a traditional school, he wouldn't have made it because they would have been dictating to him what he needs to do and where to go and things like that. But because he was here, he had a little bit of time to figure out where he was. And then I have another one, African American male, his name is Kiantay. Now he is a Purdue University student or he will be this fall coming up and actually this summer. But his mom, she came to me.  And I'm doing the best that I can to navigate these challenges. But let's be a village and surround ourselves to make sure that he is successful in the school. And let me tell you, he's been in programs. We've been in his celebrations. You know, he's looking down at me, you know, he's talking as a man. He wants to work on shuttles and planes. And it's just fantastic to see him as he has blossomed and found his way and what he aspired to be at PPHS. And he had the same experiences, you know, both of them in the same experience. The light came on at different times in their experience, but they have been able to be on their way and dictate their pathway to their goals and their future success. And those two gentlemen, this is why I get up every morning and come in. And what about Kayla? What are her plans for her time at Purdue? I'm going to study computer information technology and minor and marketing at Purdue. Wow. Okay. And what made you want to go into that? At first, I was completely unsure of what I wanted to do. So I've really kind of shifted my career goals over the years. At first, I wanted to be a physical therapist. But then to be honest, I realized how long I'll be in school and I was like, nevermind, this might not be for me. So then I was like, I really like building stuff and doing hands on projects. So I think engineering might be the way I want to go. And then I looked into what types of engineering and I was like computer engineering would be great for me because that's technology related. And I know a lot about technology. So that would be something for me to go into as well as there's not that many minority women and engineering in general, especially computer engineering. So I said that could really be good for me. And then I realized that computer engineering might not be what I love to do. But CIT, I realized was something that I wanted to do more than computer engineering. I like to do things out of the box different than everyone else. So I don't want to be something that everyone else wants to be. So I feel personally that I'm making history and doing something and making an impact for those who come after me wanting to do those type of careers. So it means a lot to me for me to go into this type of career and make that change and show other minority women that these types of jobs aren't just for men, aren't just for other races. They're also for African American women as well. And what is she looking forward to the most come fall 2021? I think what I'm looking for most to being at Purdue is meeting new people because I know I've been around all the people at my school. So whoever is going, I'm gonna still see them, but then I'll also be seeing other people, like especially I'm really looking forward to meeting international people from overseas because I'll be really, really fun just to meet people from all over the place and not just Indiana and Indianapolis, but meeting those people and also being able to study abroad at Purdue and getting involved in those activities at Purdue University. Where are you thinking about studying abroad? So I would really, really like to go to Africa to study abroad or Paris would be nice as well. As for where you'll find Shatoya on June 11th, she'll be watching her seniors walk across the stage at graduation with a box of tissues in hand. Yeah, I'm not much of a crier. I usually try to uphold my emotions, but you know, I just told them that I am going to have a box of Kleenex right there next to me because you know, as they call their name as I see their families, you know, which we've been really engaged with. Every time I see them just going to tear up. So I'm just going to keep a tissue very close to me because like I said, I'm so geeked and excited about the futures of these students. They've worked really, really hard, but that lets me know they're really resilient. And we just really thankful for the families providing the trust and just allowing us to serve because it wasn't easy.  And so when I see that and the risk that they taken and what's the outcome of that risk of really, really excites me. You know, I just, I have to give some gratitude and thankfulness and appreciateness to President Daniels. This is his baby and this was something that he took the risk on in dabbling something like this, you know, a lot of a lot of presidents don't do that in university so definitely appreciate him I got to give a shout out to Dr. He's just got promoted to president of I think the online component of Purdue but he was the dean of Purdue Polytechnic Institute and he really had a forefront in the innovation piece of the reinvention of high school because of the work that he's done with Purdue Polytechnic Institute. And so I had to give him gratitude for that. And then last I have to get gratitude to the head of school, Scott best, who's been fantastic in providing resources and avenue for us a platform for us to be able to reinvent high school and do what is best for our students and setting them up for a successful future I got to give gratitude to those three men and then the last thing I got a great gratitude is to the PPHS staff who date in and day out work diligently for our students to serve our students and so I got to give gratitude to them and give them a shout out as well. And I'll leave you all with this last message from Kayla. I think Purdue knows how much I love them. I love guys so very much. So I think they know now. If you'd like to learn more about PPHS, please visit pphs.purdue.edu. Congratulations to all of the seniors at PPHS and boiler up. Thanks for listening to This is Purdue. For more information on this episode visit our website at Purdue.edu slash podcast. There you can head over to your favorite podcast app to subscribe and leave us a review. And as always, boiler up.


And now for your U.S. Army Europe spotlight. What we're doing today is we're doing a combined exercise with the 104 Panzer Battalion. It's been interesting for me because this is my first time actually doing a train up slide by slide with the Germans. This training is crucial. When you get downrange, these are some of the counterparts you will encounter. It feels really good to see the crews work together. The Germans and Americans work together.


Let's talk about the structure and function of the gallbladder. So as you can see here, the gallbladder is going to be hiding behind the liver there. It's about three to four inches long. It's a muscular sac. When it's empty, it does form folds inside of it, kind of like the stomach does. They're called rugae. But structurally, it does have a body, a fundus, and a neck. That's not really a really big deal. Here's how I like to think about the gallbladder. We'll talk about it. You can certainly survive without it. You know, there's about four million gallbladders removed in the United States alone every year. But you see these two hepatic ducts here at the top of the liver, they're going to be collecting all the bile. The liver is going to make about a liter of bile every day. And some of that can go right down into the bile duct where it can be released in the small intestine. But any overflow, how I look at the overflow of bowel production is going to travel flow backwards into the cystic duct, and it's going to enter the gallbladder. So it catches this overflow. So if you don't have a gallbladder, maybe I can give you some hints as far as to how to survive without one, but if you have a gallbladder, it's going to capture this extra bile that's being produced. So it does store bile. That's the first thing to note. The liver produces bile, the gallbladder stores it. But while it's being stored in the gallbladder, the gallbladder will absorb the water and some other things in there, but it's going to concentrate the bile. So bile coming out of the gallbladder can be ten times more concentrated than the bile being produced freshly from the liver. So don't forget that second function. It doesn't make bile. The liver does. It stores and concentrates bile. So what's bile? Why does it matter? Because of the bile salts that are in bile, bile is an emulsifier. So the primary job of the bile is to emulsify fats, oil and water don't mix.   When I have my gallbladder removed, I couldn't eat a thing of yogurt. The amount of fat in a thing of yogurt was enough to cause serious problems. Now over time, your body kind of gets used to living without a gallbladder, but I'll give you a few tips here at the end. So bile emulsifies fats. What it does is it tears these fats apart into little tiny, so you take these huge globules of lipids of fat, and it breaks them down into little tiny droplets that would be about one micrometer in diameter. It's going to greatly, drastically increase the surface area, so your digestive enzymes are going to be able to properly digest your fat. So the key thing to note there, bile doesn't digest fat. It emulsifies fat, which makes it digestible. I know it's a play on words a little bit, but so bile doesn't digest fat, it makes it digestible. All right, but most, a lot of this bile salts are going to be reabsorbed. So bile also does trap toxins. So bile does play a role in clearing toxins out of your intestines, so that kind of stuff gets passed through you, but a lot of the bile salts are going to be recycled. At the end of the ilium in your small intestine, it's going to reabsorb these bile salts. They're going to head back to the liver and do their job again. All right, so if you don't have a gallbladder, obviously nothing for this class, but if you don't have a gallbladder, a couple tips, it does appear that if you eat on a regular basis, it matters more as far as like eating at the same time. It's almost like your liver can get used to when it should be ramping up bile production. Another thing to note, you can actually take bile salts. You could buy digestive enzymes that have bile in them. It's something to consider. Shorter fats, so your short chain fatty acids and your medium chain triglycerides, like the ones you find in coconut oil, they do not need bile to be absorbed. So if you need to find a way to get some fat in your food, in your meals, you can try MCT oil. You can try the shorter chain fats. They don't need bile. So I think meal timing, eating fats that are smaller and don't need bile to be broken down. Those would be just a couple of tips if you do lose your gallbladder. And then just remember, it's going to take some time. When you get your gallbladder removed, for most people, you're going to need to eat a lower fat diet for a while, while your body adjusts. So I know some people, it doesn't seem to impact, but it certainly did me and most people. Okay, so that is the gallbladder. I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.


My name is Cheryl Burgstahler and I direct accessible technology services at the University of Washington in Seattle. Our services also reach out to our branch campuses in Baffle and Tacoma. My name is Hadi Rangan and I'm a member of IT accessibility team at the University of Washington. Using a screen reader. Hadi is an accessibility expert and he's also a user of accessible technology. He uses a refreshable Braille display and screen reading software that reads everything on the screen. I am blind and I use a screen reader program at home and here on everywhere. A screen reader program is a software that communicates with the operating system and conveys the information to me. Welcome, land, accessible pages, design features, office, and design officer. Even if you are reading as a sighted person, you do not read every content at the same speed. Sometimes you have to make a pause and then review what you have read and then digest the information. For us, it's the same thing. When we are reading, for example, a normal conversation, we can read it very fast. But when we are reading technical content, then we go a little slower, we make more pauses. Accessible University One. I have slowed down my screen reader program. Better. Ten in level one traffic accessible university. Better end. But if it is, for example, about email, I can go faster, faster, faster, faster, faster. Make a notification. Show me the keyboard shortcuts button. I can go that fast. But it's not enough for Hadi to have a screen reader. Websites must be designed excessively in order for the screen reader to provide a full experience of the webpage. I would like to show you two pages that are visually pretty much consistent, identical. But one of them is accessible, one of them is not accessible. You will see in an inaccessible page how difficult it is when those accessibility features are not present. An accessible website. This is the accessible version of a fictional university that we have developed here. We call that accessible university. Here, for example, on this accessible page, I can ask my screen reader to show me the major component of the page. It tells me we have a banner section. We have a main menu section. And the main body. And then there is another region. And content information, which is the same as footer section. So, assuming the page has been developed correctly, I have a good idea about the major component of the page. An inaccessible website. Let me now go to see this page, the inaccessible version of this page. A home page, a mozilla file, an accessible university, a demo site, an accessible university. This looks pretty much the same as the other one, the accessible version. But here, when I ask my screen reader to convey the major component, it says the no region found. So, for me, practically, is that I have to read from top to bottom. And if those accessibility features are not present, everything has the same weight. So, there is no way for us to say that where a major section starts or where it ends. It is really not just the fact, reading the content. It is also about the navigation. We have to discover the page, and then that is the most time-consuming problem. Because, you know, once you know where you are, what you are reading, then it is usually fine. But the discovery process or navigation process is the most complicated process in an accessibility field. In order to do it, I have to read from top to bottom. Whereas in the accessible version, I could easily see what the major component was and then select the desired one and move to that section quickly. Headings is also a means to get information about the structure of the content. It gives me a good understanding, a good overview about the major or minor component of the content. So, I see that here. Welcome to Featured Stories Like Show 2, Accessible University 1. Accessible University itself is heading 1. And under that, we have Featured Stories Like Features Story, which is heading 2. It automatically conveys the information that this section is a subsection of the heading above. You know, see that also the overall get an outline of the page and the major sections of that. That is the difference between accessible and inaccessible. That screenwriter can only access the text that is presented on the screen. And so if someone just scans in a document and puts an image up on their website, that screenwriter is not going to be able to read that content. And so the web developer in that case needs to know to create all their materials so that they're accessible to a screenwriter. In other words, so that they can access the text for that screenwriter to read it aloud to a person who's blind. It's essential that people with disabilities have access to assistive technology, but that's not the end of the story. In order for them to be effective users of technology, the technology that other people develop like websites and software and PDF files and so forth must be designed in such a way that they can use it with their assistive technology. For more information about IT accessibility, consult uw.edu.accessibility. This video presentation was created with funding from UWIT. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this video are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Copyright 2017, University of Washington. Permission is granted to copy these materials for educational non-commercial purposes provided the source is acknowledged.


Welcome everybody to the weekly Evergreen open planning meeting. We thought we are going to do a quick status over Evergreen. So I had a lot of things this week to work from my side. So it didn't work on Evergreen per se. A few reviews here and there. So the status right now is there's a very cool PR from Dominic Bartoldy about providing, even improving the AWS flavor and providing now a VPC out of the box instead of using the default one. So that's a nice one that we need to review rather sooner than later, but I've been busy on some other things. So that's a very good one. Thanks again, Dominic. And then I'm going to hand over the mic to Adria here. Who is working on deploying a new flavor for Evergreen to actually be able to kind of test JDK 11 using the Evergreen system. So Adria, can you update us on the status here? Yeah, so I did create the label for Java 11. There's a PR open on the project. For that, currently, I'm struggling to have something to build the flavor integrated in the build process of the project. However, it's used to work on my machine, which is not something we want to keep. That way, we want to improve it. But it's something that I should be able to demo soonish. OK, so because I believe you were initially thought we would be leveraging or kind of inheriting the Docker cloud flavor, but it's not the case right now. Can you explain kind of the status right now? Yeah, so at first, I tried, for everyone, there's a base image on Evergreen that whole flavor inheriting. But that base image is based on Alpine, on Node 10, but Alpine distribution. And there's no running option to have Java 11 on Alpine distribution. Right. It's well aligned with what we are doing in platform special interest group for Java 11 support. We also have reviewed options. And our decision was that for Java 11, now we go for result Alpine. So I believe that Adrien is probably pretty much the same for Evergreen. Yeah, so the issue kind of is that this is something that's perfectly acceptable for Java 11 specific flavor. But then it triggers the question, if we really want to stay on so Evergreen base, which is then actually using, oops, here, Node 10 Alpine, which is, as some people may not be aware of that, but basically JDK 11 on Alpine is a very complicated story, basically. So that makes us probably wonder if really using Node 10 or Alpine based base image for Evergreen flavors is really the right long term choice because we know it's already a pain and be given the cadence acceleration for JDK releases. This situation is unlikely to be just a single shot issue. So possibly, probably, we should consider, and in the midterm, short term, even change the base image for the existing flavors that are Docker Cloud and Adverse Flavors, basically. So yeah, that's it. Which image do you consider as a target baseline? I'm not sure. What do you mean? So what would you consider as a parent image as a replacement? Oh, well, that's kind of undefined right now. But I guess it probably would make sense for us to consider what's going to be chosen as a somewhat default baseline for the Platform Sieg Group. Sieg Group is a pluralism, but yeah. And I guess because this is an issue that already arises in the Platform Sieg. So Platform Special Interest Group for people watching is the group that has been formed to discuss platform-specific things and be given the JDK 11 story about upgrading. Oleg is the best person to talk about that. Basically, this is the Alpine issue already arise there. So I guess we will probably use what's being decided there. What do you think, Oleg? Yeah, we don't have explicit story for that right now. But I believe we will have to discuss it, maybe not immediately, but starting from February 2019, we may start getting contentious with Alpine. Exactly. There was a long discussion about that yesterday on the Platform Sieg meeting, because we want Jenkins to be maintained and we're just not sure what is the future of the existing baselines for Jenkins Packagen as well. Yeah, once we get some information, we will just integrate all the stories together.  So that is a contributor for that. Yeah, right, but it should be just not... It should be like a group or whatever committing in the long term because it's not something very easy to change and it would impact heavily the community, I think. So yeah, that's anyway a pretty deep and concerning issue I think we will have to tackle in a very... Yeah, thinking about the long term, I think. Yeah. Anyway, so thanks, Adria, anything else or do you want to cover something else? No, really, I think that's it. Okay, thank you. Oleg, anything else or you have a few things in progress? Nothing specific, maybe the stories which may be interesting to every green team that we are planning some Java 11 support changes in Jenkins test tools and it includes essential test steps in Pipeline Library. So we will be working in order to integrate Java 11 support there and if every green team is interested, we can also collaborate with regards to existing plugin test automation and continuous delivery for that. Yeah, there's a whole range of things that we don't do yet but we plan to do on the green side basically doing a lot more functional tests which we don't do right now, like making sure Jenkins actually works. Right now we check basically that Jenkins starts and we do a very, very, very small smoke test. So that's already something. I mean, we do check that Jenkins does start because it also tests the checking process we have, the automated test check that we have, so that's a thing. But for instance, we don't check that starting automatically a Pipeline would actually yield a successful build which would be probably the minimum to do. So yeah, if we can at some point integrate essential tests and then related to that in, for instance, the Java 11 flavors, something that are specific to Java 11. Yeah, definitely overall, growing the coverage, I would say, for Evergreen Pipeline because right now we, as some people know, we test already quite a few things if you look so at the current Pipeline rendering phase, I would say, so that it's a bit clearer for people. So right now, what we do basically is that we test, we build the images and we actually test, for instance, that there's, for AWS, for instance, we only do some cloud, some smoke tests basically because there's nothing specific to AWS there so that that's pretty awkward and poor. Here it's probably the most, the fullest test and that one is pretty full also, it's specific to rollback testing. But yeah, that's it. There is no functional testing basically. So yeah, anything improving that would be great. Yeah, that's for sure. Anything else? Not from me. So yeah, probably I'll have more detailed updates in a few weeks, let's see. And I think, Adria, you will be able to demo next time or so the Java 11 flavor, right? Because it's almost done. Yeah, exactly. I'm on mode there. I was hoping to do it today, but just before the meeting, I tried to start it again and everything was not working anymore, so. That's fine. So the intent also for people possibly watching, it's, we're probably going to use that also as a way to provide the Java 11 working version of Jenkins for people to contribute or basically provide feedback about Java 11. Jenkins working on Java 11. So that would be nice. So yeah, we hope that would be useful for, even for both for developers and for users basically, contributors more. I will make sure to label the issues properly because yeah, I see that there are some tickets assigned to me, but yeah, it's something from previous life, I believe. Yeah, exactly. But that's one nice thing, by the way, I forgot, but they are the Sharon beer, I think. So that's, I think, Oleg as a core maintainer, you saw that one. And that's the first time contributor because I have a label that I think as newbie friendly basically. And someone is already filing a PR that's promising. So that's very nice because there's some external contributor who is actually filing and then fixing bugs basically. That's nice. Thanks again. So thanks everyone. I guess we are done and let's just finish early if all is done. So see you next time and hopefully next week. Bye-bye. Thanks for organizing that. Bye. Bye.


Hello, lovely people. We have another unboxing. This one is a single perfume. And... I know it's a Gerlain, Gerlain. But I can't remember which one it is. So, oops. We can do this. Okay. Mon Gerlain au do toilette. Let's open it up. Lovely. We have another perfume today. And this time it's a Mon Gerlain au do toilette. I have so much love for the Mon Gerlain range. I tried the Mon Gerlain, the original one, during my first trip to a perfume shop. And I loved it. And my husband absolutely loved it. So it was one of those things that I was like, yeah, I have to add to my perfume collection. And then I found out that there was Mon Gerlain au do parfum in 10th. And I loved that one. So I ended up buying the in 10th first. And it's been a regular on me. I love it. It makes me feel special. It makes me feel extra. And I just, I wear it a lot. So I got to thinking that I want the rest of the range because that's just how much I've enjoyed the original one and the intense version. And so I decided to try the au do toilette. And when I say try, I mean that I went to read the profile, the notes profile. And then I decided that I was just going to get it and add it to my collection. Okay. So what was it about the notes that attracted me? Well, the top notes are Mandarin, orange, lavender, of course, because that's one of the unique things about the Mon Gerlain is that it actually uses the lavender as a top note, but the lavender isn't overwhelming at all. And it's got bergamot. So it's got like this freshness to it as well. The middle notes are Jasmine Sandberg, orange blossom, and Ilan Ilan. I like orange blossom and I like Ilan Ilan. The base notes are Tahitian vanilla, caramel, not caramel. Oris, violet, and benzoine. So we're getting that warmth or that balsamiciness from the benzoine. So it's going to be quite interesting to see what this smells like. So because this is Mon Gerlain, I'm going to be trying it on my hand. Right. I love the bottle, by the way. I think that the bottle is such a beautiful design. And I've been looking at some of the new releases from Gerlain and they have an Iris Bouquet and I'm this close to buying it. I really, really want to get that. Okay. Nothing off of the bottle, but here we go. Oh, this is a very beautiful atomizer. It just gives it like a nice puff of mist. Oh wow. Yes. It's like a really beautiful puff of mist, but very full on. I don't know if you can see there, but yeah, got a lot of it on. Oh, mm-hmm. You can tell that it's got the same DNA as Mon Gerlain, but it's like it's lifted. You know, if Mon Gerlain was like the Earth's atmosphere and the intense as you get closer to the core of the Earth, this kind of feels like it's the stratosphere. It's just sort of like up there with all of the similar elements that you would have, but just much lighter. Oh, it's lovely, but at the same time, I feel like it's different enough to the original one to warrant its own spot in my perfume wardrobe, if that makes sense. Mm. The love in the note is there, but just nice and light. The benzoin is definitely coming through. I definitely felt that warmth, that, you know, resonance feel. Oh, I love it. I can see myself wearing this in summer. I can see myself wearing this in summer. It feels very mature and elegant. I would be wearing this with my nice black sleeveless statuette wrap dress. Yeah, I feel like this is a very beautifully ladylike, but it's mature. It's very difficult, but I don't feel like I'd want to be walking around all girly, girly, or whatever, but I would be very much like, oh, look at me. I have arrived. It's beautiful. Oh, I love it. I'm so glad I've added this to my collection. Let me tell you. Oh, because I love, I love the garland fragrances and I'm probably going to be collecting a lot more of them going forward because I've been getting a lot of the samples. I can't stop sniffing my hand. Look, that's how good this stuff is. I can't stop sniffing my hand. It's been about 10, 15 minutes and the ylang ylang is beginning to pop through so that it opened up really bright and it's such a beautiful bright opening and now we're sort of like calming down towards that beautiful mask. Jasmine is very light here. I have to say I'm not really picking up the Jasmine as much but garland, oh my days. That's not going to be good for my bank account because I can see myself getting more and more garlands because honestly I'm just loving the stuff from there. It's so beautiful and the packaging is so beautiful and the fragrances are just, for me they are not linear. Every time I will sniff it something has changed and something else has happened. I guess that's the difference between some of the cheaper, celebrity-scent type fragrances and the more expensive heritage type ones. I don't know but it's just amazing. Oh, I love it. But yeah, so this is a Mongolian order-toilet definitely worthy edition. I will report back in terms of longevity. Although of course it's an order-toilet I don't expect it to last anywhere near as the Mongola or the Mongola order platform intents which it has done 14 hours on me and it's still been there and all my clothes it's been there for several days but even if this is a slightly weaker performance the price, it is a cheaper price point than the other ones. Oh, so beautiful. It's like got a creaminess to it. I love it. I love it. Thank you so much for watching. Guys, I really do appreciate that and if you enjoy talks about perfume and just basic perfume madness a lot of unboxings, a lot of reviews, a lot of perfume talk then please do hit that subscribe button. If you like the video it really helps the channel and comment let me know what is your favorite gelamp perfume. Until I see you next time guys, take care. Bye. The very sophisticated and very classy scent, you know. It's so romantic. I feel like I have my hair lovely and tousled, you know and just off. Bring on spring, bring on summer. I wanna put this on. I really wanna put this on. I don't feel like it's something that I can wear right now in winter and definitely I'm just getting this excitement for spring and summer so that I can be wearing this.


news update. Good morning folks. This is Steve Rhodes coming to you live from the shores of well still sunny Delray Beach, Florida. This year, Lebanon update and currently we have a bit of a mixed bag out there that mixes coming from the New York Stock Exchange and the Dow. They're trading a bit lower, 26 points for the Dow, 37 points for the New York Stock Exchange. Otherwise, all the other US indices are trading to the upside. The S&P's up about eight points, a quarter of a percent. NASDAQ 108 tenths or 94 points. Russell two thousand a half a percent. That's about eight points. Semi is up about one tenth percent. Three points. Trend is up 31. That's about a quarter percent of the upside. Gold's off three bucks. Silver's flat. Light's been crude back a buck, 28. She's trained out at 84, 45. Natural gas off 11 cents. Trained at $6.71 pennies. And the 30-year treasury is off. Two ticks. 130.07 is the print. Let's spend a few moments. Take a look at our nine panel. Market update chart. We go to the E.S. Men in the upper left. What do we have here? Well, today, although it does not show on this chart, Friday was bar number nine of a TD nine count. That says this pattern will complete today. That suggests we should see a countertrend move. Spot volatility, still well above its 50-day exponential moving average. This 50 day is printing at 25.29. If we do get that countertrend rally, we should see the spot volatility pull back towards its 50-day exponential moving average. The NQ, that's the upper right-hand chart, although not shown on the screen. Friday was also bar number nine of a TD nine count pattern. That suggests, and you can also see both, both of them have the A to B equal CD patterns. Those need bullish reversal candles to confirm a bottom, but you will get a completed TD nine count bottom pattern today. That suggests a bounce. We take a look at profile wise. The E.S. Men could bounce up to the 38.98 level. In the case of the NQ, the area we'd be watching would be the 11.899 level. If you take a look at the U.S. Dollar index, that is on fire, but that's due to the other currencies failing out there. We'd have to go take a look at those in detail, but there is no topping signal inside the U.S. Dollar index as we speak right now. Gold has an A to B equal CD to downside. Today, I believe, is bar number nine of a TD nine count. We'll have to look during the show as either today or Friday's session. That, too, should get ready for a countertrend move. In the case of Silver, this is pulled back to where a countertrend rally would find support. That is the center of its barest structured daily profile. That's at the $18.42 area. Lights we crew don't have a bottom signal there. In the case of natural gas, it's in an A to B equal CD to the downside. It needs a bullish reversal candle to confirm a bottom. Otherwise, this next price target to the downside around $6.48. And a 30 year treasury also has an A to B equal CD pattern. It, too, needs a bullish reversal candle. Otherwise, it's suggesting lower price. Folks, stay tuned for the Trader's Zed Show. But if you're off to start your Monday, please have a magnificent one and we'll look forward to speaking to you again soon. Take care.


IID's work with the least developed countries group in the climate change negotiations has been continuing since 2002, since the establishment of the group in the UNFCC negotiations. And our current support includes providing them with capacity-building support, providing them evidence-based research to ensure that they have a compelling line of argument in the negotiations, also supporting to their media and outreach strategy, and helping them to build alliances and strengthen the current alliances that they have in the climate change negotiations. IID has been quite fortunate to sit in the actual official delegations of the LDCs in the climate negotiations, and we hope to continue with this support, this COP 20 Lima and COP 21 in Paris, and even beyond, to ensure that there is an equitable and fair climate agreement that addresses the needs and demands of the most vulnerable in the world.


So Hobbes tells us that we should leave the state of nature and join the social contract. And we should do so honestly. If these are the circumstances that are going to protect our life, protect our own interests, then yes, you have to give up some of your rights in order to protect your life. Now I gave an example from everyday life where the sort of line of reasoning is followed regarding abiding by the social contract versus deviating from it. So speeding and passing the cars, that's leaving the social contract. That's like re-entering the state of nature versus waiting at line, which is staying in the social contract. And if you can make these choices, so can anybody else. So if you decide to speed and pass the cars, well then you get a speedy arrival where you're going. You don't have to wait. You're not bored.  And the reverse is true.  And this might seem to be all there is to it, but if everybody decides to speed and pass these cars, it's likely going to be a pile up or some even more congestion. And if everybody decides to wait in line, well yeah, it takes more time for you to wait in line, but you're probably going to get there. And on the surface, sure, it seems like the better choice to look up for your own interest is to speed and pass. Regardless of what other people are doing to speed and pass up. Okay, right? Because you know, pile up sure seems better than a late or never arriving. And you know, a speedy arrival certainly seems better than taking more time. But if you could do it, everybody else could do it, which means it's going to be a pile up, whereas everybody just waits on that. Well, this takes more time, sure, but you're going to get there. So Hobbes says to stick to the social contract. And I gave one example of sticking to the social contract. I want you to give another version. Try to think of something at everyday life, where you were abiding where you can abide by the social contract or deviate from it. And it should follow this format, this basic idea, where you have two choices either sticking to the social contract, or, you know, leaving it during the state and effectively enter the state of nature as far as that's concerned. And where it sure seems like the consequences are better if you deviate from social norms, if you deviate from the social contract, well, you also have to consider what happens if everybody does it versus whether everybody stays in the social contract. So follow the instructions in the assignment and give me your version of this social contract. Give me your version of cooperating with others versus trying to look out just for yourself.


Abstract, lithium-sulfur batteries are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices due to their high energy density. However, the use of liquid electrolytes has been hindered by severe shuttle effects and intrinsic safety concerns. Solid-state electrolytes have been introduced to address these issues, but the lack of design principles for high-performance composite sulfur cathodes limits their further application. This paper reviews the challenges of regulating composite sulfur cathodes with respect to ionic-slash-electronic diffusions, and proposes solutions for achieving stable positive electrodes. Finally, the paper outlines future research directions to guide the development of high-performance all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries. This article was authored by Xinqin Zhu, Li Guangwang, Jiang Yubai, and others.


In the last class we have seen the steam methane reforming process wherein methane is used as the feedstock. However, in today's class we will see steam reforming of higher hydrocarbons. Now these can be gaseous hydrocarbons, liquid hydrocarbons. Now when it comes to higher hydrocarbons, the steps still remain the same as that of steam methane reforming. It involves of initial feedstock pretreatment followed by steam reforming process, then water gas shift and finally the purification step. However, when higher hydrocarbons as compared to methane since these are more reactive as such a inclusion of a pre-reformer becomes necessary. And there are several advantages of using a pre-reformer when doing the steam reforming of higher hydrocarbons. When we have a pre-reformer prior to the primary reformer it reduces the higher hydrocarbons into the lower hydrocarbons and that reduces the coke deposition onto the catalyst which can lead to deactivation. At the same time the steam requirement in the primary reformer also reduces when a pre-reformer is being introduced. It can also enable a variety of feedstock can be used for the reforming process. By the use of a pre-reformer prior to the primary reformer since the higher hydrocarbons are being reduced at the same time the temperature of the process can be reduced as such the less expensive catalyst can be used in the main reformer. Pre-reformers they usually the reactions are similar to the primary reformer and the reaction conditions are 400 to 500 to 550 degree centigrade of temperature. And same catalyst nickel on alumina is being used most of the time and there are different reactions that take place in the reforming process like steam gasification at the same time steam reforming cracking reaction. Now when it comes to the higher hydrocarbons like LPG is available and it is being it could be a source of producing hydrogen and preferred feedstock. As such if we see there are different like elements which are present inside either it can be methane, propane or butane and their steam reforming can give sin gas. And the important point to note here is the delta H value it increases as the C increases. Now this means that the process gets more and more endothermic as the carbon content in the feedstock increases. Now for this particular reforming process like there are several catalysts which have been looked at including nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, bi-metallic catalyst and several multi-metallic catalysts on supports like magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, silica, cerium oxide, yttria stabilized zirconium there are several mixed oxide that has also been looked at like magnesium oxide, alumina, calcium oxide, alumina. Different promoters which have been used for the reforming reaction K2O, MGO, calcium oxide, stromption oxide other than the reforming process that occurs in the primary reformer there are several other processes can occur like the cracking. So these hydrocarbons ethane or propane or butane they can crack to give carbon and hydrogen. Carbon gasification can also occur in the reactor at the same time methanation can also occur wherein the carbon monoxide which is formed can again react with hydrogen giving methane. Not only the gaseous hydrocarbons liquid hydrocarbons can also undergo steam reforming to produce hydrogen. For example, methanol there are several advantages to use methanol for hydrogen production because it is easily available it can be produced from renewables like biomass. The reactions which are involved in the alcohol based steam reforming reactions these are comparatively simpler than the heavier hydrocarbons these can be taken up these can be transported from the point of use they can be taken to the point of use then they can be reformed they can be distributed for on-site hydrogen production. And the temperatures which are involved in the reaction these are lower. And processing steps also are reduced because desulphurization unit and water gas shift unit is not required in the reforming of alcohols. So, if you look at the methane reforming then methane reacts with steam to give carbon dioxide and hydrogen we can see that the delta H value is 49.7 kilo joule again it is an endothermic reaction however the primary method for getting sin gas is decomposition of methanol followed by a water gas shift reaction partial oxidation now this is an endothermic reaction. So, as such a small split stream of oxygen can help in reducing the required heat input. So in presence of small amount of oxygen the reforming can take place that is the oxidative steam reforming and that can result into the formation of hydrogen. Now the conditions of operation are quite mild 240 to 260 degree centigrade and this reaction can occur on copper based catalyst like copper zinc oxide on alumina support and the steam to carbon ratio used for the process is about 1 to 2. Ethanol can also be used for reforming and producing hydrogen. So, ethanol on undergoing steam reformation can produce hydrogen again this is an endothermic reaction however the heat of reaction we can see the value is higher than that for methanol. It can also undergo oxidative steam reforming where in a small amount of oxygen is used to reduce the required heat energy the required the heat of reaction would be lower in that case and as such it can undergo the oxidative steam reforming to produce hydrogen. Ethanol oxidation also can produce hydrogen and we can see this is an exothermic process. Ethanol can also decompose to give hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane finally it can undergo to produce more hydrogen it can undergo water gas shift reaction producing hydrogen more hydrogen. So, the reaction conditions are the reaction takes place at 300 to 800 degrees centigrade in the presence of catalyst like nickel, cobalt, copper and other noble metals, bimetallic catalyst like nickel and onrodium has been found to be the best catalyst on supports like cerium oxide, zirconium oxide or cerium oxide and zirconium oxide combination. This is what we have seen about the steam reforming of higher hydrocarbons along with the steam reforming of methane, thank you.