Hi, I'm Josh, I work at the Portland Media Center and welcome to Community Kitchens. Today, we're gonna be cooking creamy plant-based pasta. It's a pretty fun recipe, it's a pretty easy recipe, it's a healthy recipe, and most ingredients you probably already have at home. Before we get started, I'd just like to take a moment to encourage all of you to share your cooking stories with us. You can share these stories by posting your videos to YouTube or directly to our Facebook page. Now you'll find the link below. It's the moment of truth. You guys ready? That's good. And I eat meat, I eat dairy, but that's good, that's creamy. I'm gonna keep eating this, but my girlfriend who's behind the camera is gonna get mad. But I highly recommend it, easy to make, delicious. You can make it at home yourself. So, enjoy.


Hi, I'm Monica Sommout and I study entrepreneurship and business innovation at Tilburg University. From a young age, I already knew what I wanted to do. Venturing out on my own, spearheading new ideas while having an impact and changing the world. For others' own risks, I saw opportunities. I felt the urge to act, challenge, disrupt conventions and to do things better. The bachelor's program in entrepreneurship and business innovation here at Tilburg University allowed me to meet my match. The program built on relevant research to provide a solid theoretical foundation. After all, to become a successful entrepreneur or a business innovator, an understanding of the entrepreneurial process and the process of business innovation can prevent you from making costly mistakes. You need to understand the numbers, the customers, financing options and legal rules and regulations. Yet, the program is action-driven, which means that what you have learned is used in entrepreneurship in action courses. From it, you will experience the practical virtues of good theory. In the third year of the program, you have the option to adapt your studies to your interests by selecting a minor, studying abroad at a partner university or by studying at another Dutch university in a different academic field. Once you have completed the program, there are several directions you can take. You can continue your education with one of the many master programs available. You could start working in an established firm to help drive its growth through meaningful business innovation. You could join a skill-op or take over a family business, or you might want to start your own venture or skill-op the venture you have started during your studies. From my first year, I have experienced the program to provide structure, inspiration and entrepreneurial soulmates. It pushed me out of my comfort zone and made learning a unique and exciting experience. You need to be eager to navigate into unknown territories to embrace ambiguity and uncertainty. You need to take ownership of your own development. If you are ready for such a thrilling experience, then this might be the program for you.


We are at the Manitoba First Nation School System and my name is Rockford McKay. I'm the science facilitator here. The Manitoba First Nation School System is the first First Nation school division in Canada and we serve 10 communities in Manitoba. So we are responsible for the kindergarten to grade 12 education for those 10 communities. What I do here is I'm the science facilitator. So I help teachers implement their science programs and help them with curriculum but also do classroom demonstrations. We also have resources that they normally wouldn't have on hand. One of the resources that we like using is a portable planetarium and I'll go to school to school with that planetarium and share a lot of the indigenous knowledge of the star teachings and star knowledge with staff and students. Normally it would be very hard for a lot of our communities to come to Winnipeg and do those kind of activities so it's much easier for us to go to the school with that type of equipment and do that. I also help with a lot of our teachers as I said implement science programming. A lot of them feel not as comfortable teaching science. They don't have a lot of background in science so I help them show that that science is really, they're really experienced in doing science. A lot of times you just don't realize it. We do science every day or see science every day and experience science so I try to bring that out. What I find that is very helpful to our schools is showing how students and staff as I say use science but science is really happening at the local level so I try to make a lot of the activities locally relevant. It's a wide range from covering land-based education all the way up to doing chemistry and physics in high school. We do all sciences. Our big activities of the year is doing the Manitoba First Nations Science Fair. Now that has been happening. This will be the 18th year and we first started out and I recall starting out very small it was Rudy Subedar's brain child back at the Manitoba First Nations Education Resource Center and I was a staff member there at the time as well and he had a lot of experience doing science fairs and even at the provincial level so he wanted our students to have this experience as well so we started the science fair at that time and I think we had it was about 20 projects and it was only a few schools that were initially involved and the big thing that we noticed was not only staff but students were a little reluctant to try this out and once we started doing science fairing schools would come that in the next following years they would come students would see what was going on and they come back and say well I can do this too so it started to grow and over the years from that that small start we would have 500 students coming to to our science fair so it it it was a real success that that we saw and that success is you know student that that many students coming for for one thing and and students realizing that yeah science is fun to do it it's part of their their everyday lives and it's it's something that that that they can aspire to do I think looking back at at what I do with the programs I try to show not only again not only teachers but students that we were scientists in the past as well our ancestors were scientists there's there's this notion that we didn't do science and I always tell them well if we didn't do science we or an engineering we we couldn't have survived in in in these harsh climates I would bring a lot of our tools and and and our inventions to show them say for instance a snowshoe that that engineering involved was was incredible and it solved problems that they had in in in their their lives so that is a cornerstone of of engineering if there's a problem you have to gain knowledge to solve and to solve problems in everyday life so that knowledge gained is is really is really in their their methods that they use was was science is as well so they gain knowledge they use that knowledge to solve a problem they they had research as well they knew how the this guy and the the astronomy of this guy so they they they were astronomers they were navigators so this this they were biologists so they they they were scientists and there's a notion a lot of times that our students aren't able to do in-depth science because maybe there's not an aptitude so I I try to change that and and say no we were scientists we were engineers and once students start doing it they they they see that they they can enjoy those those sciences that's a a very interesting question and it's a question that we we we really look at and and a lot of educators just have such a wide view on it and my my view is just one one such view I I think what's what's important or for for myself is is I look at indigenous perspectives on how I how I live today and how we live today um heritage of of course is is part of how we live today so traditional knowledge very important and that that point that we were scientists in the past is very true that's that's our heritage now when we look on how we live today it's quite different than how we lived 200 years ago so we need to bring that perspective and and how do we use it today to let's say to survive and and to to prosper um in in education one of the uh the the points of of education is how are we going to use this education to to live to survive so if if we look say in in in northern manitoba or or any in any of our communities in in manitoba what are let's just think about job prospects and where where can students go to to get jobs now in in manitoba and hydro very important who are getting these hydro jobs um trades are very important of north i've been um you know being i've been traveling all all over manitoba to our communities but i i reflect upon 20 years of of this work and and you know i jump on a plane to go to a remote community and who's who's flying up with me or or trades people from the south and and i always i always wondered to myself why why aren't our students why aren't they the the the technicians the the the trades people the the the line or the the line workers that the workers in hydro or mining or forestry and and that was that was all as a uh a big part of of um i guess my my personal perspectives is is i wanted our students to have the opportunity to get these jobs as well and um so they they needed not only uh traditional knowledge and and what that taught them and and that taught teaches them about who they are which is which is very important because if if you don't know who you are how do you overcome hurdles in life so they they need to know that they need to have this understanding of of of uh where they came from they need to uh to to know how their communities and feel and and think the the the culture of it but they also need to know and and have purpose in in life as well so in in terms of of uh their their skills and and they're being able to to get jobs later in in life science to me was was all is a important way to obtain these high technical jobs in the north or any any jobs we we look at uh pretty well any job in in in modern society now that you would you would be hard-pressed to to find a job that doesn't need um science and mathematics skills so to me and when it came up north i i jump on the that plane like i said and and and i look at the pilots that are are flying these planes to to the remote communities and and i'll sit to myself where are our students where are are the the kree the anishinaabe pilots and and and i could never understand that and and it it's it's an important point that that um that science mathematics technology is is is a a focal point in modern living so those skills are what we need to prosper um that that's one level of of um of my perspective on on how we survive nowadays now so how do we we we get purpose well jobs is is not only the the the main point in life it's uh it's it's do do our students have interest in in the sciences and and they they absolutely do um it's uh and and their interests are are as wide and a variety as as we have for each individual some are interested in in uh in in just basic sciences and on on asking questions about about their their own um communities and and how things work whereas some students are are much more interested beyond that the chemistry the the physics of how things hydro for instance i i see all of that all the time so the there there is a lot of interest out there from students even interest in in coding with robotics and and so it's not just um traditional knowledge that that they're interested in they they are they interested in traditional knowledge absolutely but we can't just focus on that as as well they their interest is is is wide as there are students like like i like i say i think that's the uh a main part when we look at uh who they are is is a person um it's not just about academics it's it's about emotional growth as well and uh so what does that mean to them and and how does science come into it well i i think if if there's a a passion that that ignites the emotion and to me it's it's about finding their passion what what what they have and it may not be science and and and i know that and and uh it may be music it and it may be it may be liberal arts but if if it's science then and and if i see that passion in them well i'll uh i'll i'll try to uh to develop that in in programming and like i say it and and what that means to them could could mean anything what i see with the with the education in the future is is uh uh we we are at a at a point a very interesting point in in uh we we've had uh i guess one or two generations of of uh our communities having um their means to determine what their education is and local local uh local authorities started i guess started in in the in the 70s and we had uh wabong as as a guide to to where we should be going in in indigenous education in manitoba it was and it uh it it is a journey for sure um we we have to have language and culture for sure very very important because if we don't have that uh how can we claim to be uh uh a unique people for for one thing um so that's and and it's our identity so it it it is important now and in in terms of of science that's where that that uh grounding that base has to come from is is our our identity um but it it it goes from there and it it's the foundation of where students go in their lives so um we have right now very uh very low participation rates in in uh science and you know the the STEM area science technology engineering mathematics and and as i say our our modern world is is so heavily dependent on it and i think you know the uh this this path that then and journey that we're we're on we we do show or i try to show um our students that yeah um science is is you have an opportunity to to learn learn more in science if if that's one of your passions um and and that's where again where that that science fairing come in in the past they they may not have had a lot of experience in in in doing science um when i when i first started yeah 20 years ago 30 or almost 30 years ago um there wasn't a lot of of science going on in in in our classrooms over the years it in in the science fairing has helped there's a lot more interest in in doing science in in our classrooms um it's not just because of of science fairing it's it's because of uh specialists and and facilitators at MF NERC and and now the school system um so it it it is a journey and uh hopefully we we have more more students getting into the sciences so what what i see for for the future is is uh is growth in science and and uh it it may be a struggle at times but because science programming is is very expensive and uh and may hopefully the the school system with uh with better funding for for first nation communities that uh hopefully we do see a lot more uh this level of of science programming increase that what it has been in the past um money is not everything and but it it but with science programming uh you need the equipment you need the resources for for for teaching science and and we uh we're just starting out with with those kind of things


Hello, very good morning. I am C. Aravind from Rajalakshmi Engineering College healing from the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the course that I have undertook over this period of 12 weeks is rapid prototyping, which is extremely and superbly thought by the professors of IITs. A noteworthy point is that NPTEL courses facilitate and extend the knowledge boundaries of any typical student who is studying in any entire colleges. And the second noteworthy point that this particular NPTEL course offered is the extensive lab session demonstration offered by the corresponding IITs. Thirdly, I would also like to make this point very clear that is the submission of assignments and the facilitation and the doubt clarification sessions that is constantly being held in forums. And the third noteworthy point is the conductance of live sessions by IITs who are doing an extremely good job in clearing and clarifying the doubts of the students. And finally, I would also like to congratulate the testing facilities that were available during the course of the time. And since this period is being a traumatic period for the citizens of India, especially south that is in Chennai, the test centres have taken extreme measures to ensure the smooth facilitation and the smooth transition of the exam from starting to beginning. And hoping that many students take up this NPTEL courses as they provide and the cater and they mould the students into greater heights and thus also enabling the second important factor for any non-ITN. That is if you perform the course well you might get a chance to work with the corresponding IIT professors who are professors who are working in the department that you have a strong hold on. Thank you. I am Jayeshree, working as associate professor in SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Katangalathur. During the academic year 2020-21, I have done digital circuit. The concept explained is very good with good understanding. We were able to study the subject and the weekly assignments we were able to do with the help of that. We were continuously putting up our effort in learning the subject and the final exam also the questions were easy and we were able to complete the exam within the time. Thank you so much for all the effort you have taken for our benefit and all the faculties working in different institute will be benefited a lot through that many of our students will get the benefit and they will learn the course with good and proper understanding. Thank you for all the effort put by the NEPTEL course corporate members and all the team people working in that. We really thank you from our heart. Thanks a lot. Thank you. Hi my name is Davia. I work as assistant professor at Nivchen. I came to write understanding ethnography which was a really superb course by professor Dr. Neena Sabnani. The exam was pretty simple was actually slightly vague but I was able to complete it in half an hour. I want to say it was very easy in the sense that all the questions because your multiple choice questions it's the case of wording. So even one word changes the meaning changes. So in that case some of them were a little hard but it was okay it was doable but it's very useful course. Thank you. My name is Harith Raghuram and I've taken the NPTEL examination. My subject is organizational behavior. It has been a 12 week program and it has been a very productive program for me and I have learned a lot because I look to develop in my personality soft skills as well as organizational behavior and stuff like that. And doing this exam will be opening my mind and also helping other people around me after this examination and help and guide people with this qualification I get. Thank you. The course which I have applied for is industrial safety engineering related to occupational health and safety. I am working in the same relevant field. I am HSE engineer at Saipam India Projects Limited. I am working with the corporate HSE team and this course is this certification could help with my career growth. So it is relevant to my field of work. So it is very very useful but my feedback with relevant to this examination this final examination is that the course materials the course delivered everything was perfect. The assignments were challenging yes all that was perfect. But for the final examination part I think the duration is absurdly high. I even in the same venue like two weeks back I attempted NLC examination. That was like the duration was like a minute for a question like 120 questions 120 minutes that's it. But here it was like 50 questions and the duration is three hours which is absurdly high. I would say an hour or an hour and a half where yeah of course we were allowed to leave after an hour and a half. But that would be the optimal duration for the for this examination. That's what my feedback would be. So what from that everything else is perfect. So yeah thank you very much. Thank you very much. My name is Mukesh. So I'm from Tamil Nadu Ruktam Vettco Law University GLC PKM. So I'm a law student. I did constitutional studies. So the examination was easy. I just watched all the videos and submitted my assignments regularly. I passed 17.5 percentage out of 25 marks in assignments. And the videos were very helpful. And it's almost if you watch the videos and submit the same as that would be very enough and sufficient for doing very well in the examination. So it was very easy. Assignments were easy. Like it depends. It depends few concepts. You need intense understanding and few it is enough if you have watched the videos properly. Actually I had enrolled three courses. So then only I decided of what the course I'll have to attend physically. So first two assignments I didn't submit. But other assignments I was submit because at the time I didn't expect that I'll take this one for the physical appearance examination. I thought that it would be a little difficult. But it was easier than my expectations. Of course I'm just a second year student. And just now I completed my first year. So now I don't much think about what I'll do in my future. But I'm thinking like I have to write more such examinations. Preferably now I'm doing law and next time I'll do any courses for management such as taxation, direct taxes. So now I understood something. So my name is Arihint. So I'm writing this exam like for my second year actually. So I think it's actually kind of easy if you're following the assignments. And you're just reading the transcript. So it's actually kind of easy. But then it seems hard when there's a typing exam. So that's one thing. But then it's actually easy if you're just don't watch the videos a lot. But then watch it if you're so in doubt. So yeah, it's kind of easy. Just do your best. That's all. So the assignments actually depends on the subject. Usually it's actually easy if you're just following the transcripts. I've done like two courses so far. I've completed that in my last year. And for like this is my second course I'm writing. So I also wrote an exam. Yeah, most of the time it's useful because sometimes the questions we answer or like it changes actually the right answer different and the answer they have given us so it's a different. So sometimes using it is very effective. Yeah, thank you. Sivaraj Kumar energy conservation and wastegate recovery. See it was good actually and I'm doing this exam after 15 years of my study. I'm working presently and it is a good experience so that I can refresh my fundamentals. It is giving a confident on the research and calculation of my area where I'm working and it's like going through again on my basics. It's actually a basic course but I wanted to do for my career. It was very good examination. Actually I have not expected like that. This is my first experience and the exam also easy. I have not much prepared well but if I prepared and if I spend more time on the course and no if I come for the exam. My name is Vidya Sagarar. I'm from DG Vaishnava Varumbakkam. Gender and Literature. Initially my professor told me to take some interesting course then he came up with gender and literature and I found something interesting in the title. So in our society itself we have so many gender issues and in our education system itself we have so many contradictions and people are biased. So I found something interesting in the title itself. I just decided to pick this course. That's what the reason. Good afternoon. I'm Tamil Arsi from working as assistant professor in Rajilakshmi Engineering College. Now I'm doing digital circuits. In this course I did all my assignments well and all videos my corresponding coordinator taught as well. It's very useful for us and I also played a role of mentor for this course. It's very useful for my career and also develop my knowledge. Thank you. I'm Dr. B. Meena. I'm working at Petition College as head department of commerce and as well as vice principal. Now today I took management account yesterday I took caste accounts. I need to develop my knowledge as well as I need to monitor my students. They are also coming for writing examination. As a mentor simultaneously I look into the assignments as well as I can guide them how to getting passed an NPTEL examination. It will be very useful for them in the accounts knowledge. They can develop. They can work in future in all MNCs companies. It's a part of curriculum for our course. So simultaneously it's useful to update their knowledge. I'm Srinivasan. I'm an assistant professor. I'm working as in Madras veterinary college in department of veterinary pharmacology and toxicology. I've taken direct delivery and principles and engineering. This is something which I have a very limited knowledge. Though I work in pharmacology but our area is totally of treatment aspect. But formulation aspect I don't have much knowledge. So I had taken this course. It was very useful. NPTEL is really doing very good and I'm very happy about it. A lot of courses are which I thought could have done during my college work. I missed it. I didn't do but I got a chance now to do it. That's why it's really useful for me to upgrade my knowledge and it is more on engineering and biological side is a bit lesser. But I would suggest that more on biological side should come up and especially in the ICA or like agricultural and veterinary side also there's nothing like there's no course on I believe there is no course on agriculture and veterinary. So that if that can be brought into that then this will be useful for that sector. You are more concentrating on engineering sector but agricultural and veterinary also can be included. Thank you so much. I'm Sindhuja. Actually I'm a faculty. I've done my physiotherapy. So masters in physiotherapy. I've taken neuroscience of human movement. Like I expected my I have done physiotherapy. So I've chosen course which is related to me neuroscience of human movement. So I was expecting the same related to neuro and movements related. So what I expected they exceeded the limit. Yeah it was really very nice. They have given so much of information details about each and every like brain and spinal cord each and every part they have given detailed information. It was very useful for me so that I can also teach my students all the things know they're doing well. So I can suggest to my students also. First thing to do the courses and exam is also really easy to do. Thank you. My name is Swaminathan. I'm from Bhett Chennai. I'm a solar engineering and technology.  It will be good if you give it. It's a little bit difficult. It will be good if you give it a solution. I am a working professional. Introduction to Japanese language and culture. I am passionate about learning a foreign language so I have taken this Japanese course. Yeah the course was good. The assignments given in the NPTEL website was also good. It was easy to read and then I was able to take the exam confidently. Veerish, IIT Madras, waves and oscillation, a physics course. Online courses are very comfortable. You can watch it again. There are a lot of ways to... There are many benefits. One thing is, this is an online lecture and where you cannot directly contact the professor. But males, mentors and other students will be having the... We are having the forum. We can ask the doubts. But little like in one or two days we'll get the replay and solution. Whatever it won't we can ask. The only thing is we cannot directly go on to one, we cannot talk in real. Not the class and all. But compared to that there are many advantages. So considering the advantages you don't think disadvantages are like... You cannot say that because of this I am not taking the course. If you want to learn something then NPTEL is the best option. People have a different mind. They want to come to IIT and they want to study in IIT or IAS or IAC. But that is not how it is. People who want to learn they can learn anywhere. NPTEL is the same professor from IIT as they teach and the content is also the same. And the TAS are also students of IIT. So there is nothing different from I am IIT student. So I know it. But people don't know it. People who know it they are taking advantage of it and they are utilizing the resources. I think we have to be very practical. What is the content? We have to look at the content. Not the brand or not the college, not the name of the college. It's a completely different thing. That's how it is. I am Kavya and I just took my NPTEL exam for gender and literature. This was a very useful course for me. I am a student of literature. So to learn about how gender acts out and texts of literature as well as our social life in connection to the society today, the culture and how everything from colonialism to something as simple as advertisements affect gender and normalize and change the notion of gender was a very interesting topic to learn. And the NPTEL platform was very easy to access. The exam was pretty well. It was good. It was as expected. It wasn't extremely hard but a few of the questions were thought provoking. Thank you. I am Mainakka from SWC. Actually I found the NPTEL courses interesting. For the last four years I am attending different courses and all the assignments and course was very interesting. And the exams also we are finding it different from whatever we are attempting. Thank you. I am Shankar. I am from Chennai only. I have done my masters already. I am working right now in industry. I registered for ReForce Concrete Bridges. The assignments were good. This one was more concentrated on superstructure design. The assignments were submitted periodically and most of the questions that came today were from the assignments only. And it was challenging. The numerical problems were good. Really it was interesting to do all the problems. I am looking forward to more courses on substructure designs too. I am Dr. S. Uma Devi working as an associate professor in VIT University Chennai campus. I am doing the course of NPTEL course of hardware modeling using very long. So it is an 8 week course taken by Dr. Indranil Sen Gupta. So each and every week I was eagerly waiting for his videos because it was perfectly matching with the course what we are currently taking. So all his examples, the assignment questions, whatever he is giving. It will be interesting to solve as well as I can take those examples to set the hard questions to my students. And overall each and every nook and corner was covered and it was challenging as well as interesting. I mean I cannot say it is very difficult. If you go through all the videos very properly as well as all the concepts whatever he has covered. Then we can face it. Again the exam also was interesting. So good evening to all. I am Maheshwari from Satyabhama University. NPTEL is very good for students and also the staff. It is very useful to improve our career. So I am in the teaching field. So I got some new methodology to solve the programming and all the skills. So if the students use it means they can get more knowledge about all side of the languages. It may be the language that what I want to say now. Not only the programming skill. They can develop their skills in variety of ways. The exam is very... because if I attend the assignments and submit the assignment properly it will be easy. It is based on the assignments and because in this time the new editor they introduced in the Java. So it is very useful for the learners. Because previous because it is new for me. So this time only I attend the NPTEL courses and exams. So in Java they provide a new editor. So it will improve the student skills, program development skills. So this time they would very good job in NPTEL. Especially in the Java. But other side I... because in the programming language subjects it is very superb. If the program attend subjects it will be easy to learn their knowledge. So thank you, thank you. Hello my name is Dr. Mahalakshmi. I am actually heading the department in one of the specialties in SRM Medical College. Basically I have been attending a few courses of NPTEL. But this time only I actually wrote an exam also. And I feel as a researcher it actually helps me a lot in honing my specialty. And also it helps in various ways for the students as well as for researchers, faculty members as well. It helps basically to improve my knowledge about any particular subject. So this time I took up medical bio nanotechnology. So it was really very helpful for me. Hi, this is Dr. Priya Dasini. I am assistant professor in Sriram Chandra Medical College. Today I had come to give the course exams for the course on biomedical statistics. The course was extremely useful and it helps us to understand in depth about the research process. The exam today was also conducted in a very legible manner. We faced no difficulties. After going through the course the exam was quite easy. The assignments was quite... it was like a revision of all whatever lectures we had gone through the 23 courses. The assignment questions had a brief revision of all whatever concepts we have learned through the lectures. Myself Rekha. I work as a lecturer in Institute of Chemical Technology. I have seen a lot of NPTEL courses. Specifically I tried the chemical process safety course for the first time. The course explanation was very good. The assignments were given for 12 assignments. I was not able to complete the assignments because of work pressure. But if I had done it for 12, it would have been very useful. The exam was given for 3 hours. It could have been one and a half hours. It was quite simple. The course was very useful for me because I was in teaching. Even in the areas that I did not cover, there were a lot of syllabus. As far as chemical engineering is concerned, safety was very important. I chose the course in that aspect. My students are now going to work in the industry. Safety is the first thing that comes after that. So I took this course as my preference. Thank you. I am Dr. Helen from Satyabama Institute of Science and Technology. I am frequently writing this exam. I find it very easy and useful for students and teachers. I am very happy to see that even in this COVID situation, many of the students were approaching. That itself is showing the importance of the exam and the way they conduct. I thank the organizers. Thank you. Myself Prashanakumar, thank you. I am doing my final years in Tripoli TDM Kanchipuram. I came to write this Python exam, Joy of Computing in Python. The course is a basic course where everyone can learn about Python. It is very interesting to solve these questions. Even though due to this pandemic, everyone has been quarantined, NPTEL has took some brave steps to conduct this exam. I am appreciating that. But still, if you are able to conduct a protected exam in my home, it will be the best assignment. Assignments are quite good. Every week, when I say it is my submission, during Wednesday, I thought I have some work to do. Even though it is based on the course, what the teachers taught us in the videos. As a mechanical engineer, coding is a basic step to enter into an IT field. Myself Venkateshiram from Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology. My college encourages me to do all those NPTEL courses. They are very easy to understand. It is making me to entrench my knowledge. It will be always useful for my future. I like these type of courses very much. This is the second time I am attending these courses. Really, it is a great job. In this pandemic, it is very difficult to conduct all those exams, but the team is doing a great job. I like the thing they are doing this. Even in this pandemic, they are conducting exams. Assignments are entirely related to the topic. If we complete every assignment properly, the exam is literally easy. I miss some of them. The exam is a bit difficult. I am Satya Narayanan. I am a faculty in VIT Chennai. I have come here to take a specialization exam. When I studied, there was no deep learning in our syllabus. Later, when I did my PhD, I used some of the concepts there. I want to read that as a course. That was my long-term plan. The NPTEL provided me the right platform. There is an assignment with fixed deadlines. I prefer this type of mode over the other MOOC that is given by Coursera. This is really beneficial. Now, I am prepared to teach to my students the way the NPTEL instructor taught me. I learned a lot from here. It is more of a training for us. AICT also accepts this as a FDP, Faculty Development Program. It has multiple benefits. Thank you. I am Dr. Shruti from SRMC, Associate Professor in the Department of Pediatrics. This whole course has been designed very effectively and it is very useful. The examination was done very nicely. It was conducted and it was a smooth process. It was really helpful overall. It was very useful doing the assignment and also they have given us the previous cycle assignment as well, which really empowered us in preparation for the exam. Thank you. I am Dr. Danlakshmi, Associate Professor for the teacher profession. I need to take this course. First, I felt when I took the assignments and examination, I thought the exams would be difficult, but I felt it was good and the arrangements, everything was good. So many things which we were practicing while doing the research were wrong. Some of the points. Now I could implement everything into my practice. That is the thing. Thank you. See, I would like to thank the NPTEL group such as the Well Organization. During this pandemic situation, they had conducted the online examination very well. Actually, frequently it is postponed, but anyhow that group conducted successfully and then we did the examination very well. So, what I come to tell you means, really I thank and then it is a very appreciating thing during this pandemic situation. I am Dr. Ratna. I am a faculty in private engineering institution. I regularly write NPTEL exam for the past four years Actually, it is very helpful for my career and they have made excellent arrangement during the Covid time. Exam was easy. Assignments are like tough only. You cannot easily copy and paste. You have to think and write only. Although like a 50% of the assignment questions you can copy and paste. You can search in Google and you can find the answers. But 50% is you have to think and do. I am Dr. Subita working as an assistant professor in Madras Medical College. I did this course on March and completed on June because of Covid it was delayed and now I have written the exam. It is very interesting to write the exam and it is also very competitive and it is very useful for me. It is a very nice course and the assignments are also very good. The course materials are also very detailed. Detailly explained. All the teachers who have taken the class are also very neat. Hi, I am Arun. I am working in Neffel Smith. Currently I am working for nearly four years. I had an interest to work on the subject which is conducted by NPTEL through SWAM. I was interested in the design of reinforced concrete structures and the course was explained pretty well in the NPTEL subject videos and I think the exam is also pretty easy and that's it. The assignments given was a little bit challenging and it was very much making the subject more easier by clarifying the concepts. I am Umma Mageshwari. I am doing my PG course in MGR College. Through college only I started this NPTEL course. Actually I am new for Java. So according to me it is very useful. Clear explanation. In the exam also they are asking critical questions. Not direct questions. Most of the questions are critical questions. So it is very useful for me. I am Dr. Pravda. I am a professor in the department of foreign medicine and radiology, Satebama Dental College. So I wanted to do this research, this course because I am doing my PhD now. So I thought it will be useful for me. So the course was very well formulated. The videos everything and I found it very useful. I do prepare well but the question was little tough. Probably my preparation is not that enough. But it was challenging and really enjoyed doing this course. Thank you. I should thank ICMR and the epitomology department for organizing this. Assignments were useful but after seeing the videos immediately we do the assignment so it was we find it easy. But when we prepare it again probably we need some more time to do it. Thank you. My name is Aneshkar. I am currently studying a postgraduate at the University of Madras. I came here to write the NPTEL exam for dairy technology. NPTEL is actually offering various kind of courses for all manners of fields, for many specialties. I have currently written this semester for cell culture technologies and dairy food technology. It is very useful for me and in my upcoming endeavors like doing PhD and other job related aspects it's very useful for me. Assignments or few assignments are a bit tricky and I think they make us curious and try to help us to work hard. That's what I think. Definitely anyone I don't know about the other subjects in NPTEL but regarding the science related courses in NPTEL I think Swamiji is the best and this is the best platform to develop our own skills. Thank you. I am Dr. Shubha. I am professor of pediatrics in Ramchandra Medical College. I did the course to enhance my knowledge about this program. The course is quite elaborate and it takes a lot of time to go through the videos and then answer the assessment. I think this course there should be a little more about some basic knowledge about this one. Since it was meant for most of the post graduates there should be some basic knowledge about what do they mean by their confidence interval what do they mean by I mean some very basic knowledge has to be there. I think that part I think they should focus a little more than more on the clinical trials. Exam was it was okay, it was not I won't say very difficult because there were some questions here you are not very sure but I mean definitely I think an average you should be able to perform on this. But the reason was that postgraduate means compulsory for all the post graduates since they are very novice I think sometimes certain basic information has to be there in this course. Because they I mean they will not know anything so I think there should be a basic level course then clinical trials can be maybe in advance because it may not be that much I mean though they must have some knowledge relevant to a postgraduate as much as and there should be more examples and working examples for you know the problems and the that you get to understand the subject I am Dr. Stalin from Tirunamalai Medical College the course is very useful it is for my career improvement and for MCI purpose. Assignments are good it is useful for future research purpose Hello my name is S1 I have taken up Python and C courses on NPTEL I have gone I came to know about this course through my lecturers and it will help me in becoming bright in my future. Thank you. My name is Siva Subramanian I am an IT professional into AI and data science. The NPTEL courses are very useful particularly for a person like me to develop the career the videos are very well structured content is very rich and assignments are well balanced and even the examinations are very good they are well conducted. A lot of planning and coordination has gone into the study material as well as the execution during the course as well as conducting the examination so many follow-ups happen during this Covid time when the Jan to April exams are rescheduled and again many notifications SMS messages, emails to notify the exams are again being conducted again etc also they made a lot of effort to conduct the exams at home actually using a home proctored methodology a lot of experiments were done I attended twice actually so kudos to all the team who are behind these things actually the professors not only the professors but all other people who are behind these logistics a very good opportunity for a citizen in India to pursue higher education with very minimal cost thank you I am a senior assistant professor in Madras Medical College in the department of dermatology so I am in government service for the past 15 years it is a form of compulsory exam usually I am in dermatology we are not interested in SPM I went through a course in Guindy M.J. University for this one towards research publication it is very useful to write the exam actually I have revised 3 or 4 times with associate professors we discussed a lot it was very useful I have a plan to come for that training program again and again once in a year I can improve myself in research publications majority of questions are repeated from the assignments unless you go through it again and again you cannot learn, you cannot apply unless you apply you have to mug it up it is not possible in our profession so you have to go it again and again though it is somewhat irritating good things will always taste bad so we have to go through it is a good thing sir so that I can teach my PG students well this is Sharda, I am working as an associate professor at SRM institute of science and technology I work for the department of biotechnology this semester I am taking I have taken 3 courses on NPT I have done one now I have one in the afternoon and one tomorrow I am doing this as a part of my faculty development program because it enhances my chances of transferring the information better to my students myself Kavya I am doing PhD in VIT University so I have to do course study that is for sure because I want to do research on deep learning so for that I have enrolled for this course and it is a 60 lectures videos are present each are approximately for 30 minutes so this helped me a lot throughout my research in deep learning in terms of medical field my name is Jay Surya I am from Mankateshwara college and apart from the curriculum this is a course that I am doing a course related to computer architecture so I feel it will be very helpful to my resume certification good evening to all I am Pushpa working as a professor in St. Peter's institute of higher education research in the department of computer science and engineering I have come here to appear for NPTEL exam the course that I have done is joy of computing using python NPTEL is helping both the students and faculty in a very big way to improvise themselves in learning the trending topics in every engineering domain in that aspect this course has now helped me to augment my knowledge in the language python programming which will help me to transfer my knowledge in a better way to my students assignments are really good for joy of computing in python in particular it was the assignments really has helped us to learn so we have to execute the code to learn and also this course has made the reading learning different by having a practical component attached with it it has been made mandatory for the candidate to appear for the practical exam as well that has really helped us to get our hands trained in python concepts thank you I am an associate professor in Ramchandra University and we got to know about this course recently in the log long period did the assignments regularly and it was very useful before doing the course all these terminologies and statistics was totally like Greek and Latin after doing the course after going through the videos and reading through the assignments it was very very helpful and I did the exam extremely well my name is Sundar I am a software person it's a very good course for anyone who is willing to learn the concepts were explained very clearly tough concepts they started from the basics and expanded it steadily even difficult subjects were made to look very approachable I did my B. Tech in Crescent Engineering College I have done this exam well thanks for this exam hello I am Dr. Reni I am doing my M.D. from D.Y. Partil Navi Mumbai today's exam was good because of the COVID the precautions they had taken it was really good we actually expected the exam to be postponed a little bit but it was good on our day to day basis we didn't get much of time to prepare it the course, the videos that they had provided was very useful was very handy and we were able to do it in the last minute and it is a must that all the residents should do it before doing the thesis it was very helpful in that way the assignments were really the 23 papers that we had taken online that was very helpful because of that we were able to do the exam easily today


So, in last session what we are doing is that we are discussing about analysis of variance and then we discussed that when we are trying to test which factor to be included in the final design of experiments. So, for that maybe one factor at different levels we are trying to check and analysis of variance is the appropriate technique which will allow us to understand whether the when I change the factor whether the mean value of y is significantly changing or not. So, we have taken some examples also and in and we have also seen that how to check the model adequacies like that. So, error is following normal distributions or there is a heteroscedastic scenarios existing or not or any that situation what is to be done that also we have discussed and in case Darwin Watson statistics also we have discussed which can be used for testing autocorrelation between the errors or errors are independent or not that we want to check and for that we have gone ahead with that. So, today's lecture we will concentrate on extended version of this. So, analysis of variance in certain situation what happens is that you may have a continuous variable like what I told is that x can be discrete and I want to see if I change the x level what is the influence on y but scenarios can be there can be variables which I cannot control and it takes some values like temperature and all these things. So, it does not have discrete values, but it can have influence on the output of the process like that. So, let me just show you by what we meant to say is that. So, this is the overall diagram process diagram that we have concentrated. So, there will be control variables over here there will be uncontrollable or uneconomical factors which also changes and then this is the CTQ which is coming out of the process basically. So, one component enters into this process and goes out of this we measure the CTQs and try to check whether everything is going fine and monitor and control that one basically. So, these are the settings which we change x1, x2 up to xp and this is uncontrollable variables or difficult to control. So, in this case and there can be also inputs that keep on changing that means earlier process it is coming from the earlier process. So, this variables which I cannot control, but this has influence on my characteristics why you were here this can some of the terms that is used is known as covariates this is also known as covariates. So, these variables can take different values and we do not have any control, but we know that this influences the final CTQ or Y and we want to control x at different levels like that and I am basically interested not on this covariates I am interested whether the x factor influences or Y or not later on I can take care of that covariates by different means in design of experiments, but what we want to know is that whether x influences Y or not. So, for that there is another analysis which is an extension of analysis of variance which is known as ANCOVA which is analysis of covariates analysis of covariates and for this what is required is that we use a general linear model over here. So, the idea over here is that immediate have offers you one options of analysis this analysis of covariates where ANOVA and covariates this covariates can also be considered in the model and this can only we can develop the ANOVA analysis using only general linear model one way ANOVA is not feasible over here because one is continuous variable over here that we want to check and for that what is one option is analysis of covariates and COVA which is and for the general linear model here regression which is another important concept which we will discuss just next after this and which is extensively used in design of experiments to understand the relationship between Y and X. So, and also to screen factors which factor to be selected like that in case X is continuous. So, in that case what we do is that we use regression techniques like that. And here we are talking about linear regression models and we will not go into discussion of linear regression model after this, but how to use the ANCOVA results how to interpret that results we are only interested to understand that there is a continuous variable there is a factor I want to understand whether the factor influences my outcome that is the CTQ or not. So, one of the examples we will take over here and so that it is it is quite easy for you to understand. So, what I am saying is that this covariates influences my final outcome but I am testing one factor at different levels. So, this can be having level 1, level 2, level 3 which are discrete levels, but this covariates allow me whenever I am changing covariates values are also changing. And I want to see that in presence of covariates whether X influence I can detect form on Y like expected value of Y like that. So, in this case what we will do is that we will take some examples and one of the examples we will take that is already we have with us. So, I will go to the file where this example exists. So, here what we see is that C14 column C15 and C16 gives you the information where ink is different types of inks is used over here and percentage transmission is basically Y over here. So, this is the percentage transmission that is Y over here this is the CTQ which I am monitoring over here and I want to see the influence of ink A, B, C categories over here. So, in this case whether the ink when I change the ink whether it is whether it is changing the percentage transmission or expected value of percentage transmission over here. So, this is discrete variable ink is discrete variables at different levels discrete levels we are checking and I want to see whether it influences percentage transmission over here. There is another important factor which is a covariates over here which is also changing accordingly when I am changing and this is the we can think of this is the covariates that we are talking about we cannot control this one, but this value keeps on changing at different when I change the levels of inks this also I have different levels over here and intuition says that this can influence my percentage transmission from my experience previous knowledges like that and also maybe theoretically we can also we understand that this influences, but at present we this as we cannot control this is a we can treat is an uncontrollable one. So, in this case, but whether the factor is important or not that is that is basically what we want to see. So, if we see C 14 and C 16 if I if I ignore this one C 15 and I do one way analysis of variance what is the results we can see. So, I am doing a one way analysis of variance and in this case response I am treating this as over here percentage transmission is a response and the factor over here what we have considered is ink over here ok. So, analysis of variance leaving out all the other other comparison test like that. So, I want to see that whether analysis of variance is significant or not what I will do is that I will just check this one and then I will see the analysis of variance stable and if you can if I can copy this as a picture and paste it in excel let us say and I paste it over here let us say this one and I just enhance this one. What I see over here is that p value is 0.5 p. So, what we are seeing is that ink is not a factor that is influencing my percentage transmission over here. So, ink is not a factor if I am if I am not considering that covariates over here we are not considering covariates we are doing one way analysis of variance at p value is not coming out to be significant ok. Now, if I consider this as a covariate and do the analysis what will happen that we have to see. So, for this one way analysis of variance does not have any option. So, when you go to one way analysis of variance where covariates dealing with covariates is not given over here. So, we cannot do this analysis over here what we have to do is that we have to go to here and there is a general linear model that that is available over here. So, general linear model what we will do is that fit general linear model over here then what we will do is that and this is using regression as a underlying theme to develop this analysis over here. So, anyhow we will discuss about regression just after this one and that will be more clear how regression is used to develop the models like that. Let us assume that we want to see only the analysis of variance and we are interpreting that from the p-value interpretation. I want to see whether the factor influences or not for this there is an option over here you see covariates one option is given over here in general linear model. So, I can include factor I can include covariates I can include response. So, what will be my response percentage transmission is my response factor will be ink over here which I want to understand and the covariates that we are considering over here is the wavelength which is the covariates over here there are many more options over here we can we can see this one there are storage we can store the residual and we can analyze that one model fits model adequacy we can do that. So, nothing else is required over here at this stage because this is using linear regression and we do not understand regressions at present, but we want to use and see that whether this covariates I know covariate this this variable wavelength has an influence. So, but I want to understand only whether the factor is important or not for screening like that. So, what I will do is that I will click ok over here and I want to see the analysis of variance table only. So, whenever I have done there is a analysis of variance table which you can see I am just copying this and I want to paste this one and see what what happens. So, apparently we have earlier done this one that this is 0.5, but when I have incorporated this wavelength what you see is that p value is significantly we are getting ink the factor ink over here is having a p value which is less than 0.05 which is not appearing when I have done only ink with percentage transmission or CTQs like that it was not happening because p value is more than 0.05 at that is 0.5 we have got. So, in this case what we are seeing is that wavelength if I consider this first row over here it is having a p value that means, this is wavelength values are changing and that is also influencing my outcome that is CTQ and ink also when I am changing the factors I have changed it at three levels. So, degree of freedom is 3 minus 1 that is 2 and this is treated as a regression variables over here wavelength over here and so, in this case what it says is that when when I consider this covariates ink is coming out to be very prominent factor over here which is not coming out to be prominent over here. So, whenever I have a covariate information about a covariates I should include that one to understand whether the actual factor which I am changing which is influencing why or not. So, in this case what we are seeing is that ink is specifically factor if I ignore the covariates what will happen is that ink is not coming out to be prominent factor, but when I include the covariates over here. So, some part of variability if I can segregate the variability total variability into ink and wavelengths over here what I am saying is that ink is coming out to be prominent over here. So, that is the way we should interpret analysis of covariates. So, that is that is one important thing that I wanted to say and last time what we have seen is that whenever there is a and we have to also understand that normally the assumptions are modular adequacy may not work in certain scenarios although the analysis of variance is very robust and researchers claim that it is very robust, but we have to also understand that the realized scenario is not this and there can be deviations, but analysis of variance is very strong and small deviations or moderate deviations does not influence the results as such and my conclusion will be more or less correct in that. But there are options like non-parametric options that you can we can adopt in case assumptions are not valid or assumptions we are not able to satisfy or transformation is not working like that. So, in that case when everything fails I cannot adopt the assumptions like normality assumptions heteroscedasticity many many scenario it can happen. So, in that case there is a alternative test which is known as Crucical Volley's test which is although we cannot be fully assured about this test that whether the results is 100 percent we cannot we cannot say like classical techniques for ANOVO analysis or Welsch test like that. So, over here what we can do is that we can we can just just just an alternative to analysis of variance one way analysis of variance what we have is Crucical Volley's test which can be used when groups have similar distribution groups means category if I have three labels A, B, C like that. So, every every category the Y characteristics is following a same distribution. So, in that case we can use that one and we can check that one. So, and we have done that also in previous cases. So, and the other if the shapes of the distributions are different in that case we can also go for Mood's median test which is also a non-parameter test. So, if it is similar distribution for the groups I can use Crucical Volley's test and if it is not that we can use a Mood's median test over here. So, in these examples what we have done is that we have taken earlier also marketing strategy card sales and it was found to be non-normal we can do transformations over here and on transform why we have seen whether the factor is influencing or not and based on that we have made a judgment like that. So, let us assume I want to go for non-parametric test and this quality dimensions what we have seen is that this is quality design and price over here these are the three variables and these are the sales information that we have and if you can see test this one whether this is normally distributed each of the groups if they are normally distributed or not. So, in this case quality we can take and the Sandaling test is used and what we are seeing is that now we see that it is 0.08 approximately and that is we can assume that normal distribution assumptions a full field over here. Similarly, what we can do is that we can we can see the next one variables and this we have already shown. So, we can we can just see the next one and we can we can do the normality test for the next variables like that. So, that is design flexibility and I go ahead and I see that the p value that we are getting over here is 0.939 that is also satisfactory and the group first group that is quality and design flexibility that is more or less normal and price the last one what we can do is that in that group normality test and I am doing this test again. So, price I have kept over here and the Sandaling test is done and here also what we are seeing is that p value is 0.117 over here. So, here also it is satisfactory. So, within groups more or less the distribution is more or less same and this can be verified whether it is normal or other distributions also we can verify and that is that option is available in Minitab also to check which distribution is follows like that. So, anyhow, so to keep it simple what I am doing is that assuming this one and assuming that transformation and everything fails. So, I can go to non-parametric test and I can go to Kruskal-Wallis test over here and what I will do is that I will I will give the card sales as the response over here and I will give the factor over here as marketing strategy and I will do the Kruskal-Wallis test and I will click ok and then what I will get is that this is one of the table that we are concerned over here. So, I will copy this over here and I will just replace this and I will place to over here. So, when I do that what you see is that there is p values and it is using that median information not mean information whenever is non-parametric they will use median information statistician suggests median information comparing and based on rank information that that comparison test will be done and in this case whether the median is same or the medians are different at least one median is different. So, in this case there will be two methods adjusted for ties and not adjusted for ties. We will go for not adjusted for ties values of p values over here there is more conservative. So, we will we will go by that. So, 0.581 means that the medians are not different over here. So, and that was also the analysis what we have. So, this is strategy over here. So, when we have initially done this one initially when we have done this one whether they are different or not. So, if we have done classical ways assuming that everything is ok. So, one way analysis of variance is also possible over here. So, what I will do is that data is in different columns. So, in this case quality design and flexibility. So, classical way if we have done this one also what we have seen is that classical way when we have done this one also the p value what we are getting over here if I copy this one classical approach but what we have it assuming everything is going fine. So, in this case what we are getting. So, I can place this one and what we see is that here p value is 0.514 here with not adjusted for ties 0.581 and this is. So, both the analysis Kuskal wall is and this one is giving me more or less even if the distribution does not satisfy. What we are saying is that analysis of variance is so robust the conclusion made by non-parametric is same as conclusion done by analysis of variance test that is ANOVA even if the final condition or final test at a modular basis is not satisfactory then also I am seeing the interpretation comes out to be same ok. So, classical techniques always we should adopt classical approach there can be deviations but most of the time we can we can expect that it is so robust it is robust and it can be it can be adopted like that there is always a chance that I can go wrong. So, that is also possible in non-parametric test like that. So, that is the way we should try to adopt this techniques like that and this is all I wanted to discuss about one way analysis of variance. So, we have discussed about all model equations and what scenarios we are adopting we are trying to screen the factors like that like from cause and effect diagrams some of these factors like that and there is another way of screening the variables like this is although it cannot be guaranteed whether the factor influences or CTQ or not, but preliminary some analysis can be done and which are the potential factors which I can isolate like that that can be we can use that one using one technique which is known as because you may not have you may not have done experimentation which is statistical experimentation, but you have some previous data historic data from where you try to interpret whether the factor influences the outcomes or not or CTQs like that. So, for that one of the important technique that we will discuss briefly over here is known as regression is known as regression and linear regression we will talk about only linear regression over here which is the primary aspect that is adopted in design of experiments and that is extensively used in design of experiments. After even after doing experimentation we will use regression for developing the function between y and x and from where we will go to the global optimal solution there from there we will go to the global optimal solution, but that is the primary idea that is required which I think is necessary over here to illustrate. So, what we are doing is that we are trying this is the conversion from control phase to improvement phase. So, we are just in the border line over here and we are trying to see the potential factors and if I have screened the potential factors and in that case I will do for a full full experimentation and from there I will identify which factor influences why and how much it influences and based on that we can optimize we can optimize the system or process like that ok. So, next important topics what we want to discuss is regression important topic that we want to discuss. So, our overall objective is to develop this mathematical function over here because if I can develop the function I can optimize this I can optimize this function over here. So, this mathematical function and there is this regression technique is used whenever a mathematical model does not exist that means physical model does not exist or mechanistic model does not exist then only we go for and this is true because machines are working for many years and you will not find that the previous when it was installed the scenario is like that, where at here due to where at here what we do is that we try to develop new models like that. So, it is stochastic that we want to develop at a given time point what is the scenario and what is the mathematical relationship and based on that we will adopt optimization and try to try to optimize that one. So, in this case this is empirical modeling what we what we call regression analysis this is modeling, but this is empirical relationship that we want to establish between y and x over here ok. So, these types of models are extensive not only in design of experiments or in processes you can you can find out the applications of this in football matches that how many how much ticket will we can sell based on the different conditions of the match like that who is playing and weather conditions and all this scenario where it is being held and all these things will dictate how much tickets will be sold like that. So, there will be some predictors and there will be some outcomes of CTQs that we want to predict over here. So, this is a prediction model basically what we are adopting over here and this is also used in design of experiments. So, then also we can we can see what what should be the change in heights or weights over. So, change in heights or weights per unit time like that. So, these things can be we can predict demand like in operations what we do is that we want to understand demand forecast what will be the demand like that for next period like that and for that what we do is that we we adopt this regression techniques also to extrapolate and try to see that what will happen the at t plus 1 condition like that. So, I have information up to t what will happen at t plus 1 like that ok. So, a room booking in service industry also we we can think of that when we are when we are trying to predict something. So, regression equation can be used. So, similarly CTQs of a process can also be we want to see and for that this is a y and we want to see how it is influenced by different factors which is x over here. So, x can be x p variables that is here or x z variables over here that we have talked about and over here and it can also be covariates that can influence my process like that what we are discussing just now what we have discussed. So, there can be variables which I can control there can be variables which I cannot control there can be covariates or input conditions which also keeps on changing and that can influence the CTQs. So, regression can also be used to understand the relationship it is why I want this relationship because I want to optimize that also I want to optimize the total process for that I will use some optimization techniques over here to reach to the optimal scenarios where or what should the x condition that will basically optimize my y. So, this is one of the easiest techniques that we will learn over here is linear regression over here. So, and also the simplest one is I have one predicted over here that is one x variables over here and one predicted that means one y and one x scenario that is known as simple linear regression that we are trying to understand over here. I will not go into the complexities of many other complexities of regression, but I will say what are the scenarios and how we can apply that in Minitab interface like that. So, easiest way of doing regression in Minitab like that. So, this is I am assuming linear regression over here. So, some theories behind this which we will try to understand and then we will adopt that one and apply that one in Minitab and we will try to see we interpret the results like that. So, this is y variables and these are the x variables x can be n number of variables over here. So, this is known as independent variable on this side x is known as independent variable and y is known as dependent variable. This can be known as output this can be known as input over here. This can be a cause and effect this can be effects this is known as cause over here this is the symptom and this is the problems like that this is what we are monitoring over here and what we control over here that is x variables that we control over here. This is also known as Minitab understands response over here and there can be inputs conditions like that process setting conditions that are x variables that we are telling. It can be predicted this is known as predicted and this is predictor basically predictors we can think of. There are different names for y different names for x over here. So, you can think about cause and effect. So, one is cause one is effect basically and so, you have to you have to select which I can control is x which I cannot control is basically y. So, that is the interpretation we can make out of this. So, what we will do is that this is y and x like that and for that preliminary what we have discussed is the correlation coefficient and scatter diagram that we have seen in visual visualization of the data like that what we have used is that whether the relationship is linear or not. So, this kind of relationship whether it is positive or not. So, for that what we have used is correlation coefficient that is important correlation coefficient. So, to develop regression equation we have to first see the scatter plot and try to figure out that whether the relationship can be linear and then adopt the regression model like that that then we adopt the regression models like that. And how this model is developed that is important some theoretical concepts over there how these models are developed and based on that we can go ahead and then many of the books and videos will explain how this more theory is about how these models are developed basically. We will take the simplest model over here one single x and one single y over here. So, it can have a positive relationship what we can see this can have a negative relationship what we can see. There can be a non-linear relationship that you curvature that you are seeing over here this is the curvature that you are seeing over here. So, this we can think of polynomial equations over here or non-linear relationship that exists between x and y there can be different types of relationship that we want to understand. So, but scatter plot is important over here. So, if we have single x and single y I can plot that in scatter plot and see the relationship and based on that I can understand that whether a linear model or a non-linear or a polynomial equation will work over here and based on that we will adopt that type of specific models like that. And if the x and y is these are the shapes over here this we can say that there is a positive relationship that exists if this is the scenario this is negative relationship. This is not so strong relationship because the variability because you see the width of this is much less as compared to the width of this over here. So, width is more means relationship is weak and width is very small and all the data are confined into a small cubes like that if we can think of. So, in this case what happens is that relationship is more strong and this is a weak negative relationship this is weak positive relationship what we can see and the measures that we will use is correlation coefficient to understand this one and correlation is nothing but the covariance between x and y that we can calculate and all the softwares will give you the covariance information and because covariance is not bounded over here what we do is that we take correlation coefficient where we divide it by standard deviation sample standard deviation. So, covariance by sample standard deviation. So, standard deviation of x standard deviation of y that will give me the R sample correlation and this can we need to have also take checks this one by P interpretation like that and T test is used for that and it will give you the P interpretation also so many times gives you whether the correlation is significant or not significant like that using hypothesis testing concept like that. So, there are different types of regression models types of different types of regression models over here. So, I am trying to understand first simple regression a simple linear regression over here and this is the one that we want to understand. So, this I go from this regression model I go to the simples model and this is the linear model over here. So, similarly multiple regression can we can we can see that linear models how it is developed like that. We will skip that non-linear relationship over here non-linear relationship over here. So, whenever I have x which is the predictor as one variable like that I have a single y n function of x we want to develop single y n single x this is the simple linear regression and if we have multiple x is more than 1. So, in that case what will happen is that this is up to n number of variables let us say to generalize this one and this is known as multiple regression over here. So, this is the scenario we want to understand simple regression and multiple regression and which is linear also we want to understand. So, how regression works like that and this was given by Gauss this regression how to estimate the coefficients over here. So, this was developed very long back like that about 1900 approximately at that time point maybe so, we can check that one. So, anyhow so, this is highly useful techniques and what it tries to say is that I can develop a mathematical function which is between expected response over here and the independent variable I want to develop a mathematical model because what you see is that when I am developing a when I have historical data or scatter plot what I have multiple points where x is one variable I have plot that one and I have multiple observations over here. So, this may be x 1 observation for x 1 what is the observation of y 1. So, similarly x and for given condition of x and y I have different observations over here ok. And and based on the many observations over here how can I draw a functional relationship or functional linear relationship over here that is important over here. So, there are many points and I know to develop a line equation only two points is sufficient. So, if you have two points I can develop what is the line equation over here and in that case what is the slope over here and what is the intercept that we can calculate over here. So, mx plus c that can be calculated based on equation over here. Similar approach is taken over here also, but only thing is that there is no two points here multiple points like that and I can have multiple lines over here I can have n. So, n number of points we have and any two points I can take. So, nc 2 is a combination that I can think of, but one of the best lines I have to adopt out of this. So, which is the best line I should ever adopt which will explain the relationship between y and x. So, I want to develop a line equation which is best fit and and for that some theoretical aspects is taken over here which is which cause as suggested. And and he says that expected value this. So, whenever I have a regression of x and y. So, each of this value at a given point of x what will happen is that I can have multiple over here like you know what we have seen is that for a given scenario if I change the condition over here and reset that one what will happen is that I can get multiple values of y over here. So, there will be some mean values and there will be some variations over here. Similarly, at a given different points there will be variations like that. So, idea of analysis of variance can also be extended over here in regression. Only thing is that in regression what we are considering at this stage is x is continuous also and y is also continuous y is also continuous over here ok. So, x is continuous y is continuous earlier x was discrete and y was continuous over here what we are considering is x is continuous and y is continuous over here. So, how this line equation is developed that is of importance to us. So, over here what what it says is that it can be expressed as like intercept what we have seen. So, this we can think of as c intercept over here this we can think of slope like that. So, interpretation remains like line equation like that and the one is known as beta 0 one is known as beta 1 over here these are the two important parameters we want to estimate from all the points that we are getting x and y over here and that is the function that we want to develop. So, f x is equal to beta 0 plus beta 1 x that is the approximation and this is the function of x that we want to generate over here from the given dataset which can be n number of observations like that. So, this we will continue discussion on this and we will stop over here we will start from here. So, this is a basic idea. So, what we are talking about is that we are trying to develop a linear models and simple linear regression one simple y CTQ and one x over here and we have a historic data points no experimentation over here. I want to identify whether the x influences y over here although causal relationship cannot be established by regression, but at least some hints of potential whether I can consider for further experimentation or not that some hints can be we can get out of this ok. For that we use regression if I have some previous data like that and here we are considering x is continuous and y is continuous just extension of ANOVA analysis it is more generalized you can think of. So, ANOVA is at the split x variable x points like that x levels over here x can have any values like that it can be continuous. So, this condition so, expected value of y for a given x is equals to beta 0 plus beta 1 multiplied by x with some error over here every model will have some error I cannot exactly model expectation of y over here for a given x like that I cannot have a perfect function like that every function will have some error that means I will go wrong, but I want to reduce that minimize that error like that. So, I want a function which is very close to the reality so, that I commit minimum error, but there will be some error we cannot avoid that one because this is the empirical relationship and this is and it depends on the scenario of the machines or scenario of the process like that. So, it cannot be exactly model because I will miss out some factors. So, I cannot be exactly close like that, but there will be some error always there will be some error when I am developing this mathematical function using regression like that ok. So, this we will continue from here in our next session we will continue from here in our next session. Thank you for listening.


Hello and welcome to the session in which you would look at CPA questions that deals with consolidation. Consolidation is an important topic on the CPA exam. So if you don't know consolidation, don't sit for the exam yet. So if you're a CPA candidate and you are not comfortable with consolidation, most likely you have a CPA review course. That's great. But farhatlectures.com can help you understand this topic a little bit more in depth. I'll explain the material as this is the first time you are looking at it. In contrast to a CPA review course where they assume you already know the material, you would learn the material with me, you will add your knowledge, then you would use your CPA review course, then you will pass the CPA exam. So this is how you would use my material, especially for consolidation. Many schools don't teach consolidation and if they do teach it, they may not do a good job and if they do a good job, you may not have paid attention. So that's why farhatlectures can compensate all those gaps in your education. The risk with me is one month of subscription. The potential return is passing the exam. Are you willing to take one month of subscription risk to find out whether I can help you understand the material better? And if not for anything, take a look at my website to find out how well your university doing on the CPA exam. Now also connect with me on LinkedIn, if you haven't done so, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and Reddit. Let's take a look at this exercise to see how we will approach something like this on the exam day. On January 1st, parent company acquired 30% of subcompany, outstanding stock for 800,000. So they paid 800,000. Year one, the subsidiary had an income of 200,000 and paid dividend of 60,000. So far so good. So 30% means we're using the equity method. On January 1st, year two, parent company acquired an additional 45% of the subcompany for 2,025,000. So be careful, you are at 30%, then it's an additional 45%. So now we already purchased 75% of this company. We are in control. So what happened is we moved from non-controlling to a controlling interest. The fair value of the sub on January 1st, year two was 4.5 million. What is the amount of gain that the parent company should record in year two? So that's the question. That's the question. They could ask us what's the value of the investment at the end of year one. They can ask us different questions here, but they're asking us what should be recorded in year two. So again, the key is if you read the problem carefully, you will notice we went from a 30% interest in the sub to 75. So we went from non-controlling from 30% to 75. Remember, 50% plus will have a control over the company, which we will have control over the company. So this is what we have. We had an equity investment and now we have control. Now we have to make a fair value adjustment. What is the fair value adjustment? It means we have to record the investment at fair value, recording again or a loss in comparison to the prior period. Okay, let's go through the steps. So first, what happened in year one? Well, we purchased the company. We purchased the company for 800,000. This is the original cost of our investment. The company made a profit. The subsidiary made a profit of 200,000. Well, what happened is if they made a profit, now income of 200,000, we're going to take 200,000 times 30%. And that's going to give us, we're going to add $60,000 to our investment. This is for year one. Then the subsidiary paid $200,000 in dividend. We're going to get $60,000 in dividend, $60,000 in dividend. We're going to get 30% of that, which is 18,000. Well, that's, we're going to reduce our investment by 18,000. So by the end of the year, our investment is worth $242,000. They could ask you this question. What's the value of your investment at the end of year one? Okay, so this is the balance end of year one. They're asking you what amount of the gain should we record in year two? That's the question. So what happened from year one to year two? The nature of the investment have changed, went from non-controlling to a controlling interest. Now we have to use the fair value. What does that mean? It means we have to take the fair value of the subsidiary company, $4.5 million. This is what they tell us the fair value multiplied by 30%. Now our investment would be recorded at 30%. And let's do so. Whoops, let's go back here. Let's get the calculator and take $4.5 million times 0.3. That's $1,350,000. Let's keep this calculator. We might need it. $1,350,000. So this is the value of the investment. When we purchase the investment, now we have a controlling interest. Our interest, it should be basically the value is $1,350,000. The question is what do we need to do to go from $842,000 to $1,350,000. There's a difference here. And obviously we have a gain. Obviously we have a gain. So we have to adjust our investment to that gain. And what's the amount of the gain? It's the difference between them. And if we take $1,350,000 minus $842,000, we'll give us $508,000. This gain could be a gain, could be a loss. This gain will have to be adjusted as a fair value adjustment. So basically what amount of the gain should record $508,000, and the answer is $D as in David. So this is how we come up with $508,000. So they could ask you, what is the amount of the balance at the end of the year? What's the balance of January 1st? So you have to be careful how you approach these problems. And this is why forhatlectures.com, I can help you understand consolidation. If I can help you on any topic, consolidation governmental accounting is my specialty, as well as other things. But consolidation is many students use me for consolidation, if not for anything, if you don't benefit anything from my subscription, except consolidation, it's worth it. Good luck, study hard, consider subscribing, and stay safe.