Have you ever sat out at night, looked up at all those stars, and pondered perhaps humanity's biggest philosophical question? What is the difference between Portra 400 and Fujipro 400H? Well today we're going to find out. Today's episode is sponsored by The Dark Room. All the roles in today's video were developed and scanned by The Dark Room. Many philosophers over the ages have asked the big question. What is the actual difference between Portra 400 and Fujipro 400H? Well hopefully today we're going to arrive at a conclusive finding by doing a one-to-one comparison the only way that it should be done, scientifically, because as my science professor always told me, you're failing this class and you're going to need to take summer school. So to get started I loaded up one of my Hasselblad backs with a fresh roll of Kodak Portra 400 and the other back with a fresh, not expired, roll of Fujipro 400H that I pulled from my own dwindling supply. Fujipro 400H is a unique film stock because it was widely applauded by photographers all over the planet until Fujipro said, f**k all of you and discontinued it. Which is a good and a bad thing. Bad because it's hard to find and it's starting to get expensive. Good because I finally realized that Fujipro discontinuing a film stock is the only way that I can feel anything anymore. Both film stocks are pro-line color negative films. Pro 400H is known for producing vibrant Fuji greens and Kodak Portra 400 is known for its warmer tones. So some things that we're going to keep an eye out for in the test are differences in color, grain, latitude, and how well each film stock performs in under and over exposure. In order to keep the test consistent I used the exact same settings across the board, both in the camera while I was shooting and in Lightroom with Negative Lab Pro. In fact I used the lab standard preset and made no further adjustments to either one so that they could be put through the exact same process for scrutiny. Anyway, Monica and Baxter headed to a nearby park. I was also there. Quick, necessary disclaimer, these are shitty test photos, not artistic masterpieces. They're more likely to be found hanging in the loo than the louvre. To start off I shot a color chart at box speed located in the shade to see what exactly the two stocks do with indirect light. Turns out, not a huge difference in the shade. Portra definitely renders the greens a little more pleasingly and seems to feature a stronger color rendition across the board. The skin tones and the portrait shots are also more vibrant and fleshy in my opinion, even though the word fleshy is gross. But what about real world scenarios? Unless of course all you do is shoot color charts with film in which case you're probably also a serial killer. Here's a shot of Monica and Baxter in the park at sunset, again in the shade. You might notice that the Fuji Pro 400H is a lot cooler in temperature and flatter, though both were rated at box speed and shot with the exact same settings. Portra 400 seems to be warmer and renders colors, like skin tones, more pleasingly at box speed. This is something I found consistent across the stocks, it seems Fuji Pro 400H craves a bit more light. Here's the same shot of a tree and if you look closely you can tell the shadows go a bit grainier and harsher on the Fuji Pro 400H compared to the Portra 400. But what about how each stock performs in direct sunlight? Here's a comparison of the same color charts blasted with warm sunlight. This is where I think the Fuji Pro 400H was stronger. The colors are more saturated than the Portra 400 by quite a bit, especially the reds, oranges, knees and toes. The Portra 400 colors go a bit more pastel and the Fuji Pro 400H displays a more greenish cast and is grainier in the shadows. But what do these two film stocks look like when they're overexposed? Overexposing these two film stocks is very hip right now for wedding and engagement photography. These were taken at one stop overexposed. Based on first impressions, it seems like the pinks and the reds in Pro 400H still pop quite a bit compared to Portra 400. So if you're taking a picture of herpes, well now you know which film stock to use. Looking at the difference between box speed and one stop over on 400H, the first thing I noticed is that the grain in the shadows on 400H disappears almost entirely just by overexposing one stop. The yellows get toned down a bit and a slight haze of magenta is introduced into the highlights. Looking at Portra 400, the colors become much more vibrant and the magenta cast in the shadows at box speed seems to kind of just go away. Here's another photo of Monica and Baxter, backlit by the sun, exposed at box speed, metered for Monica's face. Again, we see the same things consistent with before, Baxter being a good boy, more grain in the Fuji Pro 400H shot, and a warmer, arguably more pleasing cast on the Portra 400. In this shot that's one stop overexposed, the Fuji Pro 400H retains more contrast, greener greens, and if you look closely, Baxter sees a squirrel. Taking things the other direction with two stops underexposed, not only do the photos look like sh**, but we can effectively see the characteristics of each film stock. The Portra 400 is significantly warmer, and the Pro 400H is significantly grainier. Furthermore, I thought it might be kind of interesting to get some super scans done from the dark room to kind of compare what each film stock might look like if you were to go with a lab versus, you know, flying solo. So here's a shot of the basketball court at sunset, exposed at box speed. We can see things here that have been pretty consistent throughout this comparison, like more contrast in the Portra, grainy shadows in the 400H, and the fact that this guy still can't land a three pointer. After I went down there to give him a dunking tutorial, I headed home to prepare for one final night photo to round out the tests. In this case, I'd actually say the Fuji Pro 400H was more color accurate overall, though more grainy as well. The Portra 400 really tried to flex its warmth all over the image, and I don't know if it really works all that well. Anyway, that's it. My closing statement is both of these film stocks probably need more light than they let on at 400 ISO. With Fuji 400H, I think that was definitely the case as we saw more grain in the shadows. Portra 400 has this natural contrast at box speed that is really, really nice. But gotta say, Pro 400H just looks incredible when overexposed one or two stops in daylight situations, especially when it dials its legendary Fuji greens. So what are your thoughts on these two film stocks? Do you shoot either one in different situations or do you just say f*** both of them because they're way too mainstream? Are you sad that Fuji no longer makes Pro 400H or are you not surprised? After all, change is the only constant is Fuji films actual business slogan. Do you shoot one stock more than other in certain situations?  Can we transition the wedding film stock of choice to be lomo metropolis, maybe so that everyone looks dead on their big day? All right, well, that's it. Leave a suggestion if there's two other film stocks you want me to compare. Peace.


In last class, I have discussed about that modeling of stone column supported embankment. So, before that modeling, I have discussed about what are the different load sharing mechanism if there is reinforcement is used in the embankment. So, there is basically three types of load sharing mechanism. One is because of the soil arching, one is because of the use of geosynthetic layer, another is due to the stiffness difference between the stone column and the soft soil. Now, today I will explain how those things are modeled by using this soil foundation interaction theories that we have already discussed. So, first if I go that stone column supported embankment. So, that thing that part, see assume this is the embankment, this is the and then below that use a sand pad or granular layer, then this is the existing soil which is improved by stone columns. So, this was the problems, this is the hard stratum and this portion is improved by stone column or granular pile. So, these are equals, these are the diameter of the stone column and this is the spacing between the stone columns and this is embankment. So, these are the stones, this is granular layer and this is soft soil. So, this soft soil is improved by the stone columns. So, this is the problem and suppose this is the thickness of the soft soil, this is the height of the embankment H e and H f is the thickness of the granular field. So, that means H e is the height of embankment, this is height of embankment, then H s is depth of soft soil, H s is depth of soft soil, depth is thickness of granular layer. This is the diameter of stone column is the spacing between the columns. Now, these things we have to model by using this soil interaction problem. So, first this model, this is the existing soft soil. So, this soft soils are modeled by spring dash pot system. This is spring, this is dash pot system. So, this is a spring which is stiffness is k. So, now these things again this is modeled another spring with dash pot system. This is the heart stratum. Now, in between that there is stone column. So, that those columns are modeled by non-linear springs. So, these columns are modeled by non-linear springs. So, this is the non-linear spring which is represented the stone column. So, this one is the spring dash pot system which is represented the soft soil. So, this is the spacing between the stone column and these springs are up to the region of diameter d. So, here also this is also within the d region, d is the diameter of the stone column. This way soft soil and the stone column are modeled. Then this granular layer which is basically modeled by Pasternak shear layer. So, this is used by the Pasternak shear layer. This layer is represented by this granular layer. Now, as thickness of this layer is h f and the shear modulus is g f. g f is the shear modulus of the granular layer. Next one is the embankment. This is the embankment that is also modeled by shear layer. This one is also modeled by Pasternak shear layer. Now, the thickness of this or the depth of this embankment is h e and g e is the shear modulus. So, this shear modulus of the granular material. Now, one thing we have to keep in mind. This is h s. This is h s. So, one thing we have to keep in mind that in case of h f which is uniform throughout the length. So, that means if we consider this is x direction and then the center of this thing is z direction. Then according to the z direction with respect to the j x, this h f is same. But if I consider this is symmetric, this is 0 0 point, then this h e is not same. h e is the maximum depth of the embankment or maximum height of the embankment. So, but it is up to from say center up to l c point from the center. That height of the embankment is same. But after this say this is 1 is to n slope and total width of the embankment is said twice of the b. So, this is total width of the embankment half width is the b and length of the embankment say we can extend this granular layer. So, that will be twice of. So, another spring we can spring dashpot we can consider. So, this will be twice l that twice l is the total width of the model and twice b is the width of the embankment. So, twice b is the total width of the embankment, total 2 l is the total of the model or if it is a. Now, if we consider reinforcement layer here and that we have to place at the interface. So, this is the reinforcement layer if it is reinforced embankment. So, geosynthetic layer. So, that layer is modeled by this layer is modeled by rough elastic membrane. So, that is geosynthetic layer. So, that means, these are the components generally we use. So, first soft soil is used by spring dashpot here. The reason behind this spring and the dashpot here the spring is non-linear spring and dashpot because soft soil we as we are using the stone columns. So, we have to incorporate the time effect or the consolidation effect into the model. So, that is why this time effect to incorporate the time effect we consider the dashpot and the settlement behavior to study that thing we consider the spring. So, that time effect and the settlement both things we can incorporated by using this spring dashpot. And the non-linear springs are used to idealize the stone column and pastoral shear layer is used to model the embankment and also pastoral shear layer is used to model the granular layer or the sand pad which is used. The difference between these things for the granular layer this pastoral shear thickness is uniform to the throughout the length, but in case of embankment the thickness or the depth of this pastoral layer is not same with respect to the distance. And elastic rough elastic rough membrane is used to model the geosynthetic layer. Now, we have to model the different components of this thing. So, there is basically four components one is the embankment is one component, shear layer is another component, soft soil is another component and the springs for the stone column that is another component. So, there are four components basically that and the geosynthetic layer that is also fifth component. So, first component that is embankment which is modeled by pastoral shear layer, second component is granular layer that is also both things are modeled by pastoral shear layer. Then the third component is soft soil that is modeled by spring dashpot, fourth is the stone column that is modeled by the non-linear spring and fifth one is the geosynthetic layer which is modeled by rough elastic membrane. So, these five things we have modeled by using various component or mechanical elements. So, these are the mechanical elements pastoral shear layer spring dashpot non-linear spring then the rough elastic membrane. Now, we will go and derive the expression which is available for the other case. Suppose, we are using the pastoral shear layer. So, we know that for the pastoral shear layer if we consider. So, suppose this is the pastoral shear layer and uniformly distributed load q is applied and this is the pastoral shear layer then spring are attached it is in the general pastoral shear layer model. So, that we are considering here suppose this is z and this one is x. Now, if I draw the x y z this is z this is x and this is y direction and we consider one particular element within the pastoral shear layer. So, this is pastoral shear layer. So, if I consider one particular element. So, this is one particular element of this pastoral shear layer. So, above that we are applying q. So, if I consider this portion. So, above that we are applying q and then we will get another reaction from the bottom. So, that is say for example, that reaction is q 0. So, q is applying here on the pastoral shear layer and then there is getting a reaction q 0. So, basically this q 0 if it is a spring or resting on which q 0 will be k into w where k is the spring constant or the modulus of sub grade reaction and w is the settlement. W is the settlement. So, that is the settlement in the downward direction. So, these are the now if I draw the other part of this shear layer. So, that thickness of this portion is dy. So, and this portion is dx and this is dz. Now, if I consider this cube in a bigger form. So, this is our q g q which is acting from the top and then from the bottom this is q 0 and the thickness of this for the side this is dz. So, this is q 0. So, this is q 0 this is dy and this one is dx. So, volume of this cube is dx dy dz. Now, what are the forces that is acting here? So, in the upward direction for this dz and dy side there is this force that is acting n x. Similarly, in the downward direction of this side that is n x plus del n x divided by del x into dx. Similarly, in the other side of this, this is the force dx and dz side the force that is acting that is the other side that means this ny in the downward direction of this side this is ny plus del ny divided by del y into dy. So, these are the total force which is acting on this shear layer. So, this is the side where this shear layer is acting. So, and considering this the deformation is only in the vertical direction. So, we have not considered in this analysis any lateral deformation although it is assumed that there will be a bulging in the stone column. So, those things are not modeled here. We have modeled only the vertical deformation neglecting the lateral deformation in the model. So, now, if we get the net force from this axis before that we consider the g x shear modulus in the x direction shear modulus in the y direction is same that is equal to g p or g of the pasturnal layer. So, similarly the tau x z and if I consider a two dimensional view of this figure x and z this is a three dimensional view of the model if it is a three dimensional view then for the two dimensional case. So, we will consider this shear layer is like this and the deformation at this point is same as this. Similarly, the deformation in this case will be w plus del w divided by del x into dx and shear stress this point is tau x z. Similarly, this point it will be tau x z plus del x z tau x z divided by del z into dx. So, now, if I this is this will also be del x into dx. So, similarly here also on this top the q will act here also on the bottom q 0 that will act. So, this is the shear layer that we have considered. So, now, if I consider that g x equal to g y equal to g p then tau x z that will be equal to g p shear stress into the strain in x z direction. So, this tau is the shear stress and gamma is the shear strain. So, finally, if I write that expression the tau x z that will be equal to g p and strain in x z direction. So, this is shear stress and this one is shear strain. So, similarly once we then further we can write that g p is equal to del w divided by del x. So, del w by del x is the strain shear strain that is equal to gamma x z. So, similarly tau y z is equal to g p del w del y. So, total shear per unit length of the shear postonaxial layer that is equal to n x in the x direction. So, we can see that this is the for a particular portion. So, this is the stress which is acting every. So, this side this stress is acting. So, n x is the shear force this is shear force and tau is the shear stress shear stress. So, that shear stress is acting this side. So, total shear force if I consider per unit weight that will be n x 0 to 1 unit weight tau x z into d z. So, this is tau is the shear stress which is acting along the side or along this side d x and d y d z and d y. So, on this side these forces are acting. So, we can write this is 0 to 1 tau d z according to the depth. So, that is equal to tau x z into d z z that is 1 0 to 1 unit length. So, z is 1 here consider because this is shear force per unit length this one also shear force per unit length. So, now here tau that will be equal to g p d w d x. Similarly, n y that is also g p into d w del w del y. So, g p also del w del y that is equal to w del y. So, now if I if we consider the free body diagram of this total figure. So, n x we know. So, the net force in the z direction. So, this is acting upward this one downward this is acting upward this one also acting in the upward direction this is q in the top and q 0 from the bottom. So, now if I write the force equilibrium in the z direction then we have n x plus del n x divided by del x into d x into y because this is the in the z direction total force which is acting this is force per unit length. So, now the total force is acting we have to multiply it by the length and this length is d y. So, this is the acting in this surface this is the dimension of n x is shear force per unit length. So, total force you have to multiply it by the length that length is d y. Similarly, that is minus n x into d y then plus n y plus del n y into del y d y here the length is d y. So, length is d x then minus n y into d x. Now, this two force the top one and the bottom one both are acting. So, top one this will be q into this total surface upper surface and that surface area is d x into d y and similarly q 0 d x into d y. So, now if I write that form that is plus q into d x into d y minus q 0 d x into d y that is equal to 0. So, we take all the forces in z directions and then now final form will be if this is n x d y minus n x d y both things will be cancelled out. So, from here this will be del n x del x into d x d y then plus here also n y d x minus n y d x that will cancel. So, plus n del n y divided by del y into d y into d x then plus q d x d y minus q 0 d x d y equal to 0. So, from here d x d y is not equal to 0 that. So, we can write n del n x divided by del x plus del n y divided by del y plus q minus q 0 that is equal to 0. So, this is the final expression and then finally in the further we can write that this is q x and y because in the two dimensionally that is equal to we know q 0 is k into q 0 we have written that is k into w previously. So, that will be k into w x y minus. So, now if I put this n x is equal to that n x that we have written n x n y that is g p and del w del y and n x is del w del x and n y is g p del w del y. So, now n x is g p del w del x. So, here del n x by del x that will be equal to g p del 2 w del x square. So, if I take in this side. So, this will be g p similarly n y is equal to g p del 2 w del y square. So, that is equal to g p del 2 w del y square. So, that is equal to g p del square w into del x square then minus g p del square w to del y square that is equal to 0. So, finally, we will write q x y is equal to k w x y minus if I take g p common then this will be delta square w x y where delta square is del square del x square plus del square del x square plus del square y square. So, this will be the final expression for the pastorenaxial layer in the 2 dimensional form or 3 dimensional form x and y both. Now, if we convert this expression into a 2D form then for the 2D form or plane strain condition then we can write q into x into x into x into equal to k into w x minus g p del square w del x square w in x. So, this is further simplified in the for the plane strain condition this expression and in this model we have considered the loading and the geometry is the plane strain because the as the embankment is in the plane strain condition we generally analyze the embankment in the plane strain condition. But the problem here thus will be associated that when we convert the stone column in the plane strain condition because the stone columns are generally placed in circular in diameter and it is in the triangular or rectangular grids. So, or square grid. So, if we place it in the square grid or the triangular grid and below the embankment then the problem is not actually the plane strain problem. If it is the only embankment or reinforced embankment without stone column then easily we can analyze this thing by plane strain considering it is a plane strain problem. But if it is not in if it is in the stone column supported embankment then we have to convert these things. So, generally we can use the axi-semitic unit cell approach and then but we have to convert these things for the plane strain condition. For example, the general approach for the if it is the stone column is placed in square or triangular pattern. So, generally we consider one unit cell or equivalent area. So, this is the equivalent area or cover area for this stone column. Similarly, we can consider another equivalent area for this stone column and for the another equivalent area for this stone column. Finally, we can consider. So, if this is the spacing is and this one is the diameter of the column. So, and these analysis also that means when you do the analysis this is the we will consider only this one this is stone column and then surrounding equivalent area. So, this equivalent diameter say radius is r and this one is small r. So, r is the radius of stone column and capital R is the radius of equivalent area. So, generally we analyze these things in this form. So, in the if I cut the section xx or rr then this will be the section where this is stone column this is center line this is xx section. So, this is stone column whose radius is r and this radius from the center is capital R small r is the stone column radius. So, then we analyze in this form as a axis symmetric condition, but sometime it is observed that axis symmetric condition in the that is called unit cell approach because this is called unit cell approach. So, now this unit cell approach we will get sometimes we will not get the exact result because the stone column within the center region of the embankment and the stone column the edges of the embankment their behavior are not same. So, if I consider this is the unit cell approach then sometimes we will not get the exact result. So, that is why here in this model all the stone columns are considered into the analysis. So, that means, the total embankment is analyzed here and considering the all the dimension all the stone columns are considered total embankment dimension is considered into the analysis then total things is considered into the analysis. So, that means, but here so, here so, here actually this when the consolidation expression which is available for stone column those are derived for this axis symmetric condition. So, we have to convert this consolidation expression for this plane strain condition. The problem is that when that if we do not convert this thing then what will happen that if I do the plane strain analysis the same problem then then the plane strain analysis will basically consider the diameter of the stone column here and then it is extended. So, this is plane strain model. So, that means, this is the column diameter, but actual case this diameter is only up to this portion, but if I consider the plane strain condition then it will extend in my infinite length with the same diameter d. So, that means, actually we are replacing more amount of the soil. So, to get the actual so, get the actual behavior there is two method of conversion from this axis symmetric condition to plane plane strain condition. One method is that we can keep this dimension same so, we can keep this dimension same and we can keep this radius r is equal equivalent to this equal to this spacing and then we can change the permeability and stiffness of the column material. So, there is no permeability of the soil we can change and if and the stiffness of the column also we can change. So, one method approach to convert this axis symmetric one to the plane strain one this method one keeping so, that in the or you can say this is that keep take same dimension of column and equivalent area. So, that means, that column equivalent area that means, here in the stone column we will not use the diameter we will use the d c that is the width of the stone column and here also we can use the b width of the equivalent zone. So, for the first method that we will consider that our in the first method we will take method one will take that take same diameter as width that means, d is equal to d c where d is the diameter of the column in axis symmetric condition and this is the 2 b which is the width of the stone column. Then we have to change so, because of the this method take same diameter of the width and the also we can take r that is the radius of the influence zone that is also equal to the b capital B that is the width of the equivalent area that is in the plane strain condition So, here in this analysis b is taken as s by 2 where s is the spacing this is b is the half width of the equivalent area similar to the 2 b. So, b is here taken as a s or 2 b is equal to s and then to keeping the dimensions in we have to change the properties of the soil and the stone column and we have to change this is axis symmetric real condition if I consider the properties in the real condition or the axis symmetric properties as the actual properties then we have to change those properties for the plane strain condition. So, that means we have to if I take the same diameter then change permeability soft soil and stiffness of stone column. So, that means we have to change the permeability of the soft soil and the elastic modulus or the stiffness of the stone column to convert the if I take the same width then you have to change the stiffness of the stone column to change it from the axis symmetric condition to plane strain condition. So, one expression which is available for this thing. So, that thing will be so in the next class when I will discuss about how to use this stiffness then you will give those expression how to convert this stiffness of the stone column from axis symmetric to plane strain condition, but today I will just give you the idea how what are the methods. So, if I take the same dimension then you have to change the material properties that means permeability of the soil and stiffness of the stone column to convert axis symmetric one to plane strain condition. In the second method in the method 2 so here we take same material properties that means permeability stiffness same as axis symmetric properties for both plane strain condition, but then we have to change the dimension. So, we have to change the dimension in that case we cannot take that radius of the or the diameter of the stone column in axis symmetric condition is equal to the width of the stone column is plane strain condition that we cannot change. So, that here first case we keep the dimension same and change the material properties in second method we have to keeps the same material properties, but you have to change the dimension. So, here also we have to change so that means in this case we have to reduce the width of the. So, suppose in that case if this is the axis symmetric condition in one section so this is by that thing have to convert here by reducing the width of the stone column here. So, this is for the axis symmetric and this is plane strain. So, that means the because we are keeping thus this is also continue here because we are here reducing the width of the stone column in the plane strain condition. So, these are the two methods generally we applied and the second one and the first one to convert this plane strain stone column condition from plane strain to axis symmetric condition. So, next class I will discuss this how to take this width of the stone column in different condition how for second method how to change this width and for the first method also how to change the stiffness of the stone column because then we can go for the next part or our analysis part. So, now this is the one part and now these things once we are doing in the plane strain condition. So, the final expression that we know that the from the final expression part the general expression we establish that del n x plus del n y del y that is equal to q minus q 0 is equal to 0 this is general for in the 2 D condition this expression will be del n x by del x plus q minus q 0 is equal to 0. Now, here if I condition if I consider this is the embankment and this is the granular bed then the stone columns. So, if I consider this in the above this this is the total stress which is acting above the stone column the q is the load which is acting above the stone column and this point is q and as the base of the stone column this force which is acting is q t also that means that q at the base here this is all the point this is acting q t and on the top it is acting q the force. Similarly, to the granular layer also this will act q t on the top and on the bottom it will act q s. Similarly, in the soft soil it will act q s only. So, this is embankment this is granular layer and this is soft soil. So, in this fashion it will work and so if it is a reinforcement layer is placed in between these 2 here if reinforcement layer is placed here then this q t will act on the top of the reinforcement layer and then the q b will act in the bottom of the reinforcement layer seen in the granular layer q b will act and q s will act in the base of the granular layer then the q s will act in the soft soil. So, if it is a reinforcement case then q b q t this is soft soil this is granular layer and this is reinforcement. So, these are the combination of different loads. So, if it is unreinforced embankment then q top q t at the bottom of the base of the embankment then q t at the top of the granular layer and q s at the base of the embankment and q s on the soft soil. If it is reinforced embankment then q t q b top and bottom of the reinforcement respectively q b on the top of the granular layer and q s in the bottom of the granular layer and q s on the soft top top of the soft soil. So, these are the loading distribution. So, now here if I write this for the embankment then you can write del n x del x plus q minus q t that is equal to 0 because q t is in the lower end. So, that thing is the expression for the embankment. So, now in the today's class I have discussed about this how these things are modeled by using this soil foundation interaction components and then in the next class. So, we have now derived the general expression for the embankment and then next class how to use express these things in terms of deflection and then how to what are the properties how will change the properties or stiffness of the soil to convert accessimetry to the plane strain for the method 1 and what are the width we will consider for the method 2. So, those things I will discuss in the next class. Thank you.


Happy New Year everyone! I almost feel new to YouTubeing because it's been so long since I did a video. I haven't uploaded in like three or four weeks and that doesn't happen often. But it has been Christmas. The games that I played this Christmas, I bet you wanna hear, I played a whole bunch actually of Immortals Phoenix Rising. I got the review code from Ubisoft, thank you. And I am happy to announce that I have written my full review of the game. A completely full buy or not review is coming, but I'm not promising when. Because I got a new job offer, quite a big one. I work as a video journalist for the newspaper. But this time I am hired in by, how do I explain this? The school leaders of this region, they have hired me in to record videos of schools. And it is quite important because corona. Students can't visit the schools because of corona, so that is where I step in. Ah yeah. So other than Immortals Phoenix Rising, I played Hyrule Warriors Age of Calamity. I'm not done with the game. I like it, but I need to play it more. So yeah. A lot of things is happening in Hyrule Warriors and I feel like I get to see the princess's history and more of a backstory behind all of the guardians and a bunch of Hyrule stuff. I like the game and yeah, I recommend Hyrule Warriors Age of Calamity. It is definitely better than Hyrule Warriors 1, which I found to be personally disappointing. So I'm very happy with that. Good stuff. What else is new? I got this for Christmas. Crash Bandicoot. It's about time. It's looking so good. It looks so sharp, crisp, smooth, good, I love the graphics of the game. Now with Crash Bandicoot and you know this, they are hard games and this one is no exception. It is brutally hard. I'm like at the fifth stage on the map and it is insanely difficult to progress the game.  So yeah, it's like a good game, but wait for a sale unless you're a hardcore fan. Not for kids, I wouldn't say. And guys, I have some other pickups on the table. We can start small, start small and we have this one, Librand of Refrain. I know nothing of this game. It just looked cute and I found it on eBay and I was like, yep, I'm gonna try that, you know. Even though I know nothing about it, I mean, I saw some gameplay footage, that's it, but it looks cute and fun. So I wanna know, is this good? I have no idea. So I'm jumping just blindly into that one. I haven't started it yet, but I will. Okay, so guys, do you remember a few videos back that I said that I wanted to buy my childhood game again? Now I found my childhood game, King's Quest VII on eBay and I was like, yep, gotta get that one as well. And so I did, but not only does it have the game with like a actual manual that I can flip through and the disc and it's cute and it even smells like the 90s, if you know what I mean. It also has the floppy disc. Like it just came with the game, but this is the most epic part and this just tickled me straight into my childhood. It is the guide of the game with a walkthrough, tips and tricks, interviews, maps, I believe also, yeah, like everything about the game. The first game that I played in my life, King's Quest VII, so that is very special for me personally. So this is like my good little thing. It's for me. It wasn't expensive at all. It was like shockingly cheap. I can't believe I haven't done that yet, but now I have. That was so worth it. I love eBay for that opportunity to get old stuff like that. Now you're also wondering what is on my table here and here. Like I mentioned in my last video, the Game of the Year video, actually. Yeah, I put this game into my Game of the Year list, actually, because it had like a shockingly good story and it was cute also. I'll just like the game, okay. I got that game as a review code, but I also went and bought the limited edition of the game. Super nice limited edition. But together with that, I also picked up the limited edition of number one. Now I'm talking about death and Request I until now. My cousin is borrowing this game like the actual cover with the game, but he didn't like the game because it's very text heavy. So that is the thing, warning, warning everyone. These games are not for everyone. They're very niche, like super niche and very story heavy, story driven heavy. You have to have some sort of special interest into games like these in order to enjoy them at all, I think. But they are very pretty. We can go quickly through them. And this is Death and Request I, limited edition, limited edition. So we have a really good art book and I'm very happy with these art books because I have seen and I actually have a lot of art books. A lot of them are just like, you know, nothing special. This, need I say it, smells good. It is high quality, good pictures, backstory, text to every single character. I like to do a bit of reading as well when I have an art book, not only pictures. It also comes with a little cloth that I'm gonna frame. I think I'm gonna frame this because cute. And just to have it said, guys, it's been so many years since last time I treated myself to limited editions, physical limited editions. Because I feel like I went overboard with that some years ago and it took up too much space and I started to feel like I don't want to have too much stuff. I'm over that now. So it's just a steel case and it is so pretty. Loving this art style, you know that. And we also have the soundtrack. So yeah, I just bought this for the cuteness and for my own satisfaction. I mean, the box in itself is just so pretty. I can look at that and just feel a sort of wellness inside of here. This limited edition also came with a mouse mat because it is related to something in the game, like in the story, a mouse mat. And this, it is related. So, you know, this game also came with like this sort of thing. But my cousin is borrowing that, so I don't have it right now, right here. This is the limited edition of Death and Request 2. And I feel like this is the best limited edition because it had just cooler things to let it. Of course, you have the art book, which is just like the first one. High quality pictures, text to every single character in the game. And you have concept sketches, background arts, all sorts of fun stuff. And it smells good, love it. It also had an exclusive novel. And this is the hidden story between Death and Request 1 and 2. So this is called Death and Request 1.5 novel exclusive to, you know, this. So you cannot find, I mean, you can probably find this novel online or something. But this is the only place that it has been published. And that was with this limited edition. You have the steel bookcase thing. Pretty. I don't collect steel cases. I know a lot of people like find them to be like collectibles, but I don't. And here you have the official soundtrack. And I feel like these limited editions, they're so well made, so well put together. And it's like a treat to open them for the first time. Because the items, they just go on and on. Inside of this one, I actually had a huge poster that I had framed. And I'm very happy with that. Now, if you think I am obsessed with the Death and Request series, I actually had a hoodie printed up with the print. So, you know, I went to a website, I uploaded a picture and I was like, yep, send that to me. So this is like, there's only one of this in the world, because I actually did this in Photoshop, positioning the characters the way that I wanted. I did that on Spreadshirt or something. But they were like, don't upload anything copyrighted. And I was like, eh, but they printed it. So, you know, no trouble. And you know how there are video games for every single mood? I want to say that these games are for when you're in a very relaxed sort of mindset and mood. Because they're slow progressing, a lot of text.   I'm just telling you right now, these games are not for you. You got to have that sweet mood, the relaxed state of mood in order to fully enjoy them, I feel like, because they are part visual novels. I mean, when it comes to this game, you have one hour of text cutscene before you can actually control your character. Not even joking. Slow start. Another thing is that you don't have to have played number one in order to enjoy number two. You can start anywhere. Now, since it has been Christmas and everything, my discord is just booming these days, if that is the way to say it. There's so many people in there and we get new members like every day. But my moderators and some discord people, they put together a surprise video for me now at Christmas and it had so many fun sections. Link to that down below, because I want you to have a look at that. And I also want to share the funniest moment, a parody of how I do my video game reviews. Here you go. Hi, everyone, and welcome back to Esha Gaming. That is a weird name. Today we'll be reviewing Esha Gaming's Christmas Adventure, Dory. You play as Norwegian YouTuber Esha, trying to have the best Christmas ever, despite COVID. The history was good and the music was good. Gameplay, it's a green grass life simulator where you collect presents and stuff like that. Verdict, Esha Gaming's Christmas Adventure is a 10 out of 10 in a possible game of the year. Be sure to like and subscribe and hit that notification bell. And I will see you later. Merry Christmas, Esha. So that was everything. King's Quest, the Death and Request, Labyrinth of Refrane, Hyrule Warriors, Age of Calamity and Crash Bandicoot 4. That was a bit of gaming news from me and I hope you enjoyed this video. Thank you so much for watching and I will see you later. The history was good and the music was good. No. So yeah, that was on.


Chapter 14 of Essays in Experimental Logic Essays in Experimental Logic by John Dewey The Logic of Judgments of Practice, Science as a Practical Art No one will deny that, as seen from one angle, science is a pursuit, an enterprise, a mode of practice. It is at least that, no matter how much or more else it is. In course of the practice of knowing, distinctive practical judgments will then naturally be made. Especially does this hold good when an intellectual class is developed, when there is a body of persons working at knowing, as another body is working at farming or engineering. Moreover, the instrumentalities of this inquiring class gain an importance for all classes in the degree in which it is realized. That success in the conduct of the practice of farming or engineering or medicine depends upon use of the successes achieved in the business of knowing. The importance of the latter is thrown into relief from another angle, if we consider the enterprises, like diplomacy, politics, and, to a considerable extent, morals, a thorough going and constant dependence upon the practice of science. As Hobbes was wont to say, the advantages of a science of morals are more obvious in the evils which we suffer from its lack. To say that something is to be learned is to be found out, is to be ascertained, or proved, or believed. It is to say that something is to be done. Every such proposition, in the concrete, is a practical proposition. Every such proposition of inquiry, discovery, and testing will have then the traits assigned to the class of practical propositions. They imply an incomplete situation going forward to completion, and the proposition as a specific organ of carrying on the movement. I have not the intention of dwelling at length upon this theme. I wish to raise, in as definite and emphatic a way as possible, a certain question. Suppose that the propositions arising within the practice of knowing and functioning as agencies in its conduct could be shown to present all the distinctions and relations characteristic of the subject matter of logic. What would be the conclusion? To an unbiased mind, the question probably answers itself. All purely logical terms and propositions fall within the scope of the class of propositions of inquiry, as a special form of propositions of practice. My further remarks are not aimed at proving that the case accords with the hypothesis propounded, but are intended to procure hospitality for the hypothesis. If thinking is the art by which knowledge is practiced, then the materials with which thinking deals may be supposed, by analogy with the other arts, to take on in consequence special shapes. The man who is making a boat will give wood a form, which it did not have, in order that it may serve the purpose to which it is to be put. Thinking may then be supposed to give its material the form, which will make it amenable to its purpose, attaining knowledge, or, as it is ordinarily put, going from the unknown to the known. That physical analysis and synthesis, are included in the processes of investigation of natural objects, makes them a part of the practice of knowing, and it makes any general traits, which result in consequence of such treatment, characters of objects, as they are involved in knowledge-getting. That is to say, if there are any features which natural existences assume, in order that inference may be more fertile and more safe than it would otherwise be, those features correspond to the special traits which would be given to wood in process of constructing a boat. They are manufactured, without being any worse because of it. The question which I raised in the last paragraph may then be restated in this fashion. Are there such features? If there are, are they like those characters which books on logic talk about? Comparison with language may help us. Language, I confine myself for convenience to spoken language, consists of sounds, but it does not consist simply of those sounds which issue from the human organs prior to the attempt to communicate. It has been said that an American baby, before talking, makes almost every sound found in any language, but elimination takes place, and so does intensification. Certain sounds, originally slurred over, are made prominent. The baby has to work for them, and the work is one which he neither undertakes nor accomplishes except under the incitation of others. Language is chiefly marked off, however, by articulation, by the arrangement of what is selected, into an orderly sequence of vowels and consonants that everyone ignores, with certain rules of stress, etc. It may fairly be said that speech is a manufactured article. It consists of natural ebullitions of sound, which have been shaped for the sake of being effective instrumentalities of a purpose. For the most part, the making has gone on under the stress of the necessities of communication with little deliberate control. Works on phonetics, dictionaries, grammars, rhetorics, etc., mark some participation of deliberate intention in the process of manufacture. If we bring written language into the account, we should find the conscious factor extended somewhat. What? Making, shaping for an end? There is, whether with or without, conscious control. Now while there is something in the antecedent properties of sound which enter into the determination of speech, the worth of speech is in no way measured by faithfulness to these antecedent properties. It is measured only by its efficiency and economy in realizing the special results for which it is constructed. Written language need not look like sounds any more than sounds look like objects. It must represent articulate sounds, but faithful representation is wholly a matter of carrying the mind to the same outcome, of exercising the same function, not of resemblance or copying. Original structure limits what may be made out of anything. One cannot, at least at present, make a silk purse out of pig's bristles. But this conditioning relationship is very different from one in which the antecedent existences are a model or prototype to which the consequent must be surveyally faithful. The boatmaker must take account of the grain and strength of his wood. To take account of, to reckon with, is a very different matter however from repetition or literal loyalty. The measure is found in the consequences for which existences are used. I wish, of course, to suggest that logical traits are just features of original existences as they have been worked over for use in inference as the traits of manufactured articles are qualities of crude materials modified for specific purposes. From the whole, past theories have vibrated between treating logical traits as subjective, something resident in mind, mind being thought of as an immaterial or a psychical existence independent of natural things and events, and describing ontological pre-existence to them. Thus far in the history of thought, each method has flourished a while and then called out a reaction to its opposite. The reification, I use the word here without prejudice, of logical traits has taken both an idealistic form because of emphasis upon their spiritual or ideal nature and stuff, and a realistic one due to emphasis upon their immediate apprehension and givenness. That mathematics have been from Plato to Descartes and contemporary analytic realism, the great provocative of realistic idealisms is a familiar fact. The hypothesis here propounded is avaya media. What has been overlooked is the reality and importance of art and its works. The tools and works of art are neither mental, subjective things nor are they antecedent entities like crude or raw material. They are the latter shaped for a purpose. It is impossible to overstate their objectivity from the standpoint of their existence and their efficacy within the operations in question, nor their objectivity in the sense of their dependence upon prior natural existences whose traits have to be taken account of or reckoned with by the operations of art. In the case of the art of inference, the art securely of going from the given to the absent, the dependence of mine upon inference, the fact that wherever inference occurs we have a conscious agent, one who recognizes, plans, invents, seeks out, deliberates, anticipates, and who reacting to anticipations, fears, hates, desires, etc., explains the theories which because of misconception of the nature of mind and consciousness have labeled logical distinctions psychical and subjective. In short, the theory shows why logical features have been made into ontological entities and into mental states. To elaborate this thesis would be to repeat what has been said, in all the essays of this volume, I wish only to call attention to certain considerations which may focus other discussions upon this hypothesis. One, the existence of inference is a fact, a fact as certain and unquestioned as the existence of eyes or ears or the growth of plants or the circulation of the blood. One observes it taking place everywhere where human beings exist. A student of the history of man finds that history is composed of beliefs, institutions, and customs which are inexplicable without acts of inference. This fact of inference is as much a datum, a hard fact for logical theory as any sensory quality whatsoever. It is something men do as they walk, chew, or jump. There is nothing a priori or ideological about it. It is just a brute, empirically observable event. Two, its importance is almost as conspicuous as its existence. Every act of human life, not springing from instinct or mechanical habit, contains it. Most habits are depended upon some amount of it for their formation as they are depended upon it for their re-adaptation to novel circumstances, from the humblest act of daily life to the most intricate calculations of science, and the determination and execution of social, legal, and political policies, things are used as signs, indications, or evidence from which one proceeds to something else, not yet directly given. Three, the act of inferring takes place naturally, that is without intention. It is at first something we do, not something which we need to do. We do it as we breathe, or walk, or gesture. Only after it is done do we notice it and reflect upon it, and the great mass of men no more reflect upon it after its occurrence than they reflect upon the process of walking, and try to discover its conditions and mechanism. That an individual, an animal organism, a man or a woman, performs the act is to say something capable of direct proof through appeal to observation, to say that something called mind or consciousness does, it is itself to employ inference and dubious inference. The fact of inference is much sureer, in other words, than that of a particular inference, such as that to something called reason or consciousness in connection with it. Save as mind is, but another word for the fact of inference, in which case of course it cannot be re-referred to as its cause, source, or author. Moreover, by all principles of science, inference cannot be referred to mind or consciousness as its condition, unless there is independent proof of the existence of that mind to which it is referred. Prima-fasci we are conscious or aware of inference, precisely as we are of anything else, not by introspection of something within the very consciousness which is supposed to be its source, but by observation of something taking place in the world, as we are conscious of walking after we have walked, after it has been done naturally or unconsciously, it may be done consciously, that is, with intent or on purpose, but this means that it is done with consciousness, whatever consciousness may be discovered to mean, not that it is done by consciousness. Now, if other natural events, characteristic only, so far as can be ascertained, of highly organized beings, are marked by unique or by distinctive traits, there is good ground for the assumption that inference will be so marked, as we do not find the circulation of blood or the stimulation of nerves in a stone, and as we expect as a matter of course to find peculiar conditions, qualities, and consequences in the being where such operations occur, so do we not find the act of inference in a stone, and we expect peculiar conditions, qualities, and consequences in whatever beings perform the act, unless in other words, all of the ordinary canons of inquiry are suspended, inference is not an isolated nor a merely formal event, as against the latter, it has its own distinctive structure and properties, as against the former, it has specific generating conditions and specific results. Four. Possibly all this seems too obvious for a mention, but there is often a virtual conspiracy in philosophy, not to mention obvious things, nor to dwell upon them, otherwise remote speculations might be brought to a sudden halt. The point of these common places resides in the push they may give anyone to engage in a search for distinctive features in the act of inference. The search may perhaps be best initiated by noting the seeming inconsistency between what has been said about inference as an art and inference as a natural, unpremeditated occurrence. The obvious function of spontaneous inference is to bring before an agent absent considerations to which he may respond as he otherwise responds to the stimulating force of the given situation. To infer rain is to enable one to behave now as given conditions would not otherwise enable him to conduct himself. This instigation to behave toward the remote in space or time is the primary trait of the inferential act. Descriptively speaking, the act consists in taking up an attitude of response to an absent thing as if it were present. But just because the thing is absent, the attitude taken may be either irrelevant and positively harmful or extremely pertinent and advantageous. We may infer rain when rain is not going to happen, and acting upon the inference be worse off than if there had been no inference. Or we may make preparations which we would not otherwise have made. The rain may come, and the inference saves our lives, as the arc saved Noah. Influence brings, in short, truth and falsity into the world, just as definitely as the circulation of the blood brings its distinctive consequences. Both advantageous and liabilities into the world, or as the existence of banking brings with it, consequences of business extension and of bankruptcy not previously existent. If the reader objects to the introduction of the terms truth and falsity, I am perfectly willing to leave the choice of words to him, provided the fact is recognized that through inference, men are capable of a kind of success and exposed to a kind of failure, but otherwise possible, dependent upon the fact that inference takes absent things as being in a certain real continuum with present things, so that our attitude toward the latter is bound up with our reaction to the former as parts of the same situation. And in any event, I wish to protest against a possible objection to the introduction of the terms false and true. It may be said that inference is not responsible for the occurrence of errors and truths, because these accompany simple apprehensions where there is no inference, as when I see a snake, which isn't there, or any other case which may appear to the objector to afford an illustration of his point, the objection illustrates my point. To affirm a snake is to affirm potentialities going beyond what is actually given. It says that what is given is going to do something, the doing characteristic of a snake, so that we are to react to the given as to a snake, or if we take the case of a face in the cloud, recognized as a fantasy. Then, to say nothing of in the cloud which involves reference beyond the given, fantasy, dream, equally means a reference to objects as considerations not given as the actual datum is given. We have not got very far with our question of distinctive unique traits called into existence by inference, but we have got far enough to have light upon what is called the transcendence of knowledge. All inference is a going beyond the assuredly present to an absent. Hence it is a more or less precarious journey. It is transcending limits of security of immediate response. The stone which reacts only to stimuli of the present, not of the future, cannot make the mistakes which a being reacting to a future taken to be connected with the present is sure to make. But it is important to note just what this transcendence consists in. It has nothing to do with transcending mental states to arrive at an external object. It is behaving to the given situation as evolving something not given. It is Robinson Caruso going from a seen foot to an unseen man, not from a mental state to something unmental. Five. The mistakes and failures resulting from inference constitute the ground for transition from natural spontaneous performance to the technique or deliberate art of inference. There is something humorous about the discussion of the problem of error as if it were a rare or exceptional thing, an anomaly, when the barest glance at human history shows that mistakes have been the rule and the truth lies at the bottom of a well. As to inferences bound up with barely keeping alive, man has had to effect a considerable balance of good guesses over bad. Aside from this somewhat narrow field, the original appearance of inference upon the scene probably added to the interest of life rather than to its efficiency. If the classic definition of man as a rational animal means simply an inferring or guessing animal, it implies to the natural man, for it allows for the guesses being mostly wrong. If it is used with its customary eulogistic connotations, it applies only to man chastened to the use of a hardly one and toilsome art. If it alleges that man has any natural preference for a reasonable inference or that the rationality of an inference is a measure of its hold upon him, it is grotesquely wrong. To propagate this error is to encourage man in his most baleful illusion and to postpone the day of an effective and widespread adoption of a perfected art of knowing. Primarily put, the waste and loss consequent upon the natural happening of inference led man slowly and grudgingly to the adoption of safeguards in its performance. In some part, the scope of which is easily exaggerated. Man has come to attribute many of the ills from which he suffers to his own premature, inept and unguarded performing of inference instead of to fate, bad luck, and accident. In some things, and to some extent in all things, he has invented and perfected an art of inquiry. A system of checks and tests to be used before the conclusion of inference is categorically affirmed. Its nature has been considered in many other places in these pages, but it may prove instructive to restate it in this context. A. Nothing is less adapted to a successful accomplishing of an inference than the subject matter from which it ordinarily fares forth. That subject matter is a nest of obscurities and ambiguities. The ordinary warnings against trusting to imagination, the bad name which has come intellectually to attach to fancy, are evidences that anything may suggest anything. Regarding most of the important happenings in life, no inference has been too extravagant to obtain followers and influence action, because subject matter was so variegated and complex that any objects which it suggested had a prima facie plausibility. That every advance in knowledge has been effected by using agencies which break up a complex subject matter into independent variables from each of which a distinct inference may be drawn, and by attacking each one of these things by every conceivable tool for further resolution so as to make sure we are dealing with something so simple as to be unambiguous, is the report of the history of science. It is sometimes held that knowledge comes ultimately to a necessity of belief or acceptance, which is the equivalent of an incapacity to think otherwise than so-and-so. Well even in the case of such an apparently simple self-evident thing as a red, this inability if it is worth anything, is a residuum from experimental analysis. We do not believe in the thing as red, whenever there is a need of scientific testing, till we have exhausted all kinds of active attack and find the red still resisting and persisting. Ordinarily we move the head, we shade the eyes, we turn the thing over, we take it to a different light. The use of lens, prism, or whatever device is simply carrying farther the use of like methods as of physical resolution. Whatever endures all these active, not mental attacks, we accept, pending invention of more effective weapons. To make sure that a given fact is just and such a shade of red is, one may say, a final triumph of scientific method. To turn around and treat it as something naturally or psychologically given is a monstrous superstition. When assured, such a simple datum is for the sake of guarding the act of inference. Color may mean a lot of things, any red may mean a lot of things. Such things are ambiguous, they afford unreliable evidence or signs. To get the color down to the last touch of possible discrimination is to limit its range of testimony. Ideally it is to secure voice, which says but one thing, and says that unmistakably. Its simplicity is not identical with isolation, but with specified relationship. Thus the hard facts, the brute data, the simple qualities or ideas, the sense of elements of traditional and of contemporary logic, get placed and identified with the art of controlling inference. The ally terms self-evident, sensory truths, simple apprehensions, have their meanings unambiguously determined in the same context, while apart from it they are the source of all kinds of error. They are no longer notions to conjure with. They express the last results attainable by present physical methods of discriminative analysis, employed in the search for dependable data for inference. Improve the physical means of experimentation, improve the microscope or the registering apparatus or the chemical regent, and they may be replaced tomorrow by new, simple apprehensions of simple and ultimate data. B. Natural or spontaneous inference. Depends very largely upon the habits of the individual in whom inferring takes place. These habits depend, in turn, very largely upon the customs of the social group in which he has been brought up. An eclipse suggests very different things according to the rights, ceremonies, legends, traditions, etc. of the group to which the spectator belongs. The average layman in a civilized group may have no more personal science than an Australian Bushman, but the legends which determine his reactions are different. His inference is better. Neither because of superior intellectual capacity, nor because of more careful personal methods of knowing, but because his instruction has been superior. The instruction of a scientific inquirer in the best scientific knowledge of his day is just as much a part of the control or art of inference as is the technique of observational analysis which he uses. As the bulk of prior ascertainments increases, the tendency is to identify this stock of learning, this store of achieved truth with knowledge. There is no objection to this identification save as it leads the logician or epistemologist to ignore that which made it knowledge, that which gives it a right to the title, and as a consequence to fall into two errors. One overlooking its function in the guidance and handling of future inferences, the other confusing the mere act of reference to what is known. Known so far as it has accrued from prior tested inquiries, with knowing. To remind oneself of what is known as to the topic with which I am dealing is an indispensable performance, but to call this reminder knowing, as the preventative realist usually does, is to confuse a psychological event with a logical achievement. It is from misconception of this act of reminding oneself of what is known, as a check in some actual inquiry, that arise most of the fallacies about simple acquaintance, mere apprehension, etc., the fallacies which eliminate inquiry and inferring from knowledge. C. The art of inference gives rise to specific features, characterizing the inferred thing. The natural man reacts to the suggested thing as he would to something present. That is, he tends to accept it uncritically. The man called up by the footprint on the sand is just as real a man as the footprint is a real footprint. It is a man, not the idea of a man, which is indicated. What a thing means is another thing. It doesn't mean a meaning. The only difference is that the thing indicated is farther off, more concealed, and hence probably more mysterious, more powerful, and awesome on that account. The man indicated to Caruso by the footprints was like a man of menacing powers seen at a distance through a telescope. Things naturally inferred are accepted, in other words by the natural man on altogether too realistic a basis for adequate control. They impose themselves too directly and irretrievably. There are no alternatives to save either acceptance or rejection in Toto. What is needed for control is some device by which they can be re-itted, or just what they are, namely inferred objects. Which however assured is objects of prior experiences are uncertain as to their existence in connection with the object, from which present inference sets out. While more careful inspection of the given object to see if it be really a footprint, how fresh, etc., may do much for safeguarding inference, and while forays into whatever else is known may help, there is still need for something else. We need some method of freely examining and handling the object, in its status as an inferred object. This means some way of detaching it, as it were, from the particular act of inference in which it presents itself. Without such detachment Caruso can never get into a free and defective relation with the man indicated by the footprint. He can only, so to speak, go on repeating with continuously increasing fright. There is a man about, there is a man about. The man needs to be treated not as a man, but as something having a merely inferred and hence potential status, as a meaning or thought, or idea. There is a great difference between meaning and a meaning. Meaning is simply a function of the situation. This thing means that thing. Meaning is the relationship. A meaning is something quite different. It is not a function, but of specific entity, a peculiar thing, namely the man as suggested. Words are the great instrument of translating the relation of inference existing between two things, into a new kind of thing which can be operated with on its own account. The term of discourse or reflection is the solution of the requirement for greater flexibility and liberation. Let me repeat. Caruso's inquiry can play freely around and about the man inferred from the footprint only as he can, so to say, get away from the immediate suggestive force of the footprint. As it originally stands, the man suggested is on the same coercive level as the suggestive footprint. They are related, tied together, but a gesture, a sound, may be used as a substitute for the thing inferred. It exists independently of the footprint and may therefore be thought about and ideally experimented with, irrespective of the footprint. It at once preserves the meaning force of the situation and attaches it from the immediacy of the situation. It is a meaning, an idea. Here we have, I submit, the explanation of notions, forms, essences, terms, subsistences, ideas, meanings, etc. They are surrogates of the objects of inference, of such a character that they may be elaborated and manipulated exactly as primary things may be, so far as inference is concerned. They can be brought into relation with one another, quite irrespective of the things which originally suggested them. Without such free play, reflective inquiry is mockery and control of inference and impossibility. When a speck of light suggests to an astronomer a comet, he would have nothing to do but either to accept the inferred object as a real one or to reject it as a mere fancy, unless he could treat comet for the time being not as a thing at all, but as a meaning, a conception. A meaning having moreover by connection with other meanings, implications, meanings consequent from it. Unless a meaning is an inferred object, detached and fixed as a term capable of independent development, what sort of ghostly being is it? Except on the basis stated, what is the transition from the function of meaning to a meaning as an entity in reasoning? And once more, unless there is such a transition, is reasoning possible? Cats have claws and teeth and fur. They do not have implications. No physical thing has implications. The term cat has implications. How can this difference be explained? On the ground that we cannot use the cat object, inferred from given indications in such a way as will test the inference and make it fruitful, helpful, unless we can detach it from the existential dependence upon the particular things which suggested. We need to know what a cat would be if it were there. What other things would also be indicated if the cat is really indicated? We therefore create a new object. We take something to stand for the cat in its status as inferred in contrast with the cat as a live thing. A sound or a visible mark is the ordinary mechanism for producing such a new object. Whatever the physical means employed, we now have a new object, a term, a meaning, a notion, an essence, a form, or species, according to the terminology which may be in vogue. It is as much a specific existence as any sound or mark is, but it is a mark which notes, concentrates, and records an outcome of an inference which is not yet accepted and affirmed. That is to say, it designates an object which is not yet to be reacted to as one reacts to the given stimulus, but which is an object of further examination and inquiry. A medium of a postponed conclusion and of investigation continued till better grounds for affirming an object, making a definite unified response, are given. A term is an object so far as that object is undergoing shaping in a directed act of inquiry. It may be called a possible object or a hypothetical object. Such objects do not walk or bite or scratch, but they are nevertheless actually present as the vital agencies of reflection. If we but forget where they live and operate within the event of controlled inference, we have on our hands all the mysteries of the double world of existence and essence, particular and universal, thing and idea, ordinary life and science. For the world of science, especially of mathematical science, is the world of considerations which have approved themselves to be effectively regulative of the operations of inference. It is easier to wash with ordinary water than with H2O, and there is a market difference between falling off a building and one half GT squared, but H2O and one half GT squared are as potent for the distinctive act of inference. As genuine and distinctive enact as washing the hands or rolling down hell, as ordinary water and falling are impotent, scientific men can handle these things of inference, precisely as the blacksmith handles his tools. They are not thoughts as they are ordinarily used, not even in the logical sense of thought. They are rather things whose manipulation, as the blacksmith manipulates his tools, yield knowledge or methods of knowledge, with a minimum of recourse to thinking and a maximum of efficiency. When one considers the importance of the enterprise of knowledge, it is not surprising that appropriate tools have been devised for carrying it on, and that these tools have no prototypes in pre-existent materials. They are real objects, but they are just the real objects which they are, and not some other objects. End of section 19. Chapter 14 of Essays and Experimental Logic. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recording by Franklin Vias. Essays and Experimental Logic by John Dewey. The logic of judgments of practice, theory, and practice. Our last paragraphs have touched upon the nature of science. They contain, by way of intimation, an explanation of the distance which lies between the things of daily intercourse and the terms of science. Controlled inference is science, and science is, accordingly, a highly specialized industry. It is such a specialized mode of practice that it does not appear to be a mode of practice at all. This high specialization is part of the reason for the current antithesis of theory and practice, knowledge and conduct. The other part being the survival of the ancient conception of knowledge as intuitive and dialectical, the conception which is set forth in the Aristotelian logic. Starting from the hypothesis that the art of controlled inference requires for its efficient exercise, especially adapted entities, it follows that the various sciences are the various forms which the industry of controlled inquiry assumes. It follows that the conceptions and formulations of the sciences, physical and mathematical, concerned things which have been reshaped in view of the exigencies of regulated and fertile inference. To get things into the estate where such inference is practicable, many qualities of the water and air, cats and dogs, stones and stars of daily intercourse with the world have been dropped or depressed, much that was trivial or remote has been elevated and exaggerated. Neither the omissions nor the accentuations are arbitrary. They are purposeful. They represent the changes in the things of ordinary life which are needed to safeguard the important business of inference. There is then a great difference between the entities of science and the things of daily life. This may be fully acknowledged, but unless the admission is accompanied by an ignoring of the function of inference, it creates no problem of conciliation, no need of apologizing for either one or the other. It generates no problem of the real and the apparent. The real or true objects of science are those which best fulfill the demands of secure and fertile inference. To arrive at them is such a difficult operation. There are so many suspicious candidates clamoring for the office that is no wonder that when the objects suitable for inference are constituted, they tend to impose themselves as the real objects in comparison with which the things of ordinary life are but impressions made upon us. According to such modern thought are defective samples of being according to much of ancient thought. But one has only to note that their genuinely characteristic feature is fitness for the aims of inference to awaken from the nightmare of all such problems. They differ from the things of the common world of action and association as the means and ends of one occupation differ from those of another. The difference is not that which exists between reality and appearance but is that between the subject matter of crude occupations and of a highly specialized and difficult art upon the success of which so it is discovered the progress of other occupations ultimately depends. The entities of science are not only from the scientist, they are also for him. They express that is not only the outcome of reflective increase but express them in the particular form in which they can enter most directly and efficiently into subsequent inquiries. The fact that they are sustained within the universe of inquiry accounts for their remoteness from the things of daily life, the latter being promptly precipitated out of suspense in such solutions. That most of the immediate qualities of things including the so called secondary qualities are dropped specifies that such qualities have not turned out to be fruitful for inference. That mathematical, mechanical and primary distinctions and relations have come to constitute the proper subject matter of science signifies that they represent such qualities of original things as are most manipular for knowledge getting or assured an extensive inference. Consider what a hard time the scientific man had in getting away from other qualities and how the more immediate qualities have been pressed upon him from all quarters. And it is not surprising that he inclines to think of the intellectually useful properties as alone real and to relegate all others to a quasi illusory field. But his victory is now sufficiently achieved so that this tension may well relax. It may be acknowledged that the difference between scientific entities and ordinary things is one of function, the former being selected and arranged for the successful conduct of inferential knowings. I conclude with an attempt to show how bootless the ordinary antithesis between knowledge or theory and practice becomes when we recognize that it is really involves only a contrast between the kinds of judgments appropriate to ordinary modes of practice and those appropriate to the specialized category of knowledge getting. It is not true that to insist that scientific propositions fall within the domain of practice is to depreciate them. On its face, the insistence means simply that all knowledge involves experimentation with whatever appliances are suited to the problem in hand of an active and physical type. Instead of this doctrine leading to a low estimate of knowledge, the contrary is the case. This art of instrumental thinking turns out to give a key to the control and development of other modes of practice. I have touched elsewhere in these essays upon the way in which knowledge is the instrument of regulation of our human undertakings and I have also pointed out that intrinsic increments of meaning accrue in consequence of thinking. I wish here to point how that mode of practice which is called theorizing emancipates experience how it makes for steady progress. No matter how much the specialist skill improves, we are restricted in the degree in which our ends remain constant or fixed. Significant progress progress which is more than technical depends upon ability to foresee new and different results and to arrange conditions for their affictuation. Science is the instrument of increasing our technique in attaining results already known and cherished. Even more important yet, it is the method of emancipating us from enslavement to costumer ends, the ends established in the past. Let me borrow from political philosophy a kind of caricature of the facts. As social philosophers used to say that the state came into existence when individuals agreed to surrender some of their native personal rights for the sake of getting the advantages of non-interference and aid from others who made a like surrender. So we might say that science began when men gave up the claim to form the structure of knowledge each from himself as a center and measure of meaning when there was an agreement to take an impersonal standpoint. Non-scientific modes of practice left to their natural growth represent in other words arrangements of objects which cluster about the self and which are closely tied down to the habits of the self. Science or theory means a system of objects detached from any particular personal standpoint and therefore available for any and every possible personal standpoint. Even the exigencies of ordinary social life require a slight amount of such detachment or obstruction. I must neglect my own peculiar ends enough to take some account of my neighbor if I am going to be intelligible to him. I must at least find common ground. Science systematizes and indefinitely extends this principle. It takes its stand not with what is common with some particular neighbor living at this special date in this particular village but with any possible neighbor in the wide stretches of time and space and it does so by the mere fact that it is continually reshaping its peculiar objects with an eye single to availability of inference. The more abstract, the more personal, the more impartially objective are its objects. The greater the variety and scope of inference made possible. Every street of experience which is laid out by science has its tracks for transportation and every line issues transfer checks to every other line. You and I may keep running in certain particular routes but conditions are provided for somebody else to foresee or infer new combinations and new results. The depersonalizing of the things of everyday practice becomes the chief agency of their repersonalizing in new and more fruitful modes of practice. The paradox of theory and practice is that theory is with respect to all other modes of practice, the most practical of all things and the more impartial and impersonal it is the more truly practical it is and this is the soul paradox. But lest the man of science, the man of directly reflective habits be puffed up with his own conceits, he must bear in mind that practical application that is experiment is a condition of his own calling that it is indispensable to the institution of knowledge or truth. Consequently in order that he keep his own balance it is needed that his findings be everywhere applied. The more their application is confined within his own special calling the less meaning do the perceptions possess and the more exposed they are to error. The widest possible range of application is the means of the deepest verification as long as the specialist hugs his own results they are vague in meaning and unsafe in content. That individuals in every branch of human endeavor should be experimentalists. Engaged in testing the findings of the theorist is the soul's final guarantee for the sanity of the theorist. End of section 20 recording by Franklin Vies. End of essays in experimental logic by John Dewey.


Hi, welcome to Seymour's World Commentary on Think Tech Hawaii. Our topic today is do it right the first time. I'm willing to bet there are things that you do every day that you aren't great at. Me too. Maybe we can form and join the club together. We'll have billions of our fellow world citizens as company. People have their theories on life, its meaning and why we're here. We can all debate those things, figure out what's right and try to determine what fits for us. One thing I know is that life is always trying to teach us a lesson. I believe all of us are on a path toward discovering the unique talent or talents that we have, that we are meant to share with the world. We search our souls for what makes us tick, what we enjoy and how we can continuously improve through trial and error. I've had major successes, won awards and been honored by my peers. I've also performed inadequately, failed miserably and been fired. I've had ebbs and flows of working hard or not exactly working hard at all, having, loving what I do and ultimately changing professions. A valuable take away from all of this is, if you're going to spend your time doing something, do it well and do it right. The biggest mistake you can make, particularly early on in your life, is attempting to just get by. You need passion and enthusiasm. While it may work in the short term, the mindset of just getting by will slowly eat away at you from the inside. It will harm your future prospects for success. When you're just trying to get by, you're not giving your best shot and you're living without passion. Passion and enthusiasm and vitality for a given pursuit. It's essential for you to perform your best. Peyton Manning became one of the greatest players in NFL history. Why? Because reading between the lines, I realized that he was able to break tons of records, win two Super Bowls and carve out a certain hall of fame career because he loved everything about the game of football. I believe every detail matters. Do it right. Half-hearted efforts simply do not cut in the modern world. This is nothing new. They never have. And yet far too many people go through life thinking. They can just half-ass their way through and get by. Somehow they'll be picked up along the way and be able to support themselves and find happiness. It's a long road to ruin that much I know from my personal experience. Of course, there is a lesson in all of this. Every detail matters. Everything we do, from the little things all the way up to what we perceive to be the big things, matters. Do it well. Do it right the first time. And that consistency and routine will set the tone for how we manage our approach to everything else. We all operate with a limited amount of time. Time is by far our most precious commodity. As we get older, more responsibilities come on our plate. Expectations increase. And we only have a finite amount of time to maximize our potential in each situation. Get it right the first time by concentrating with maximum focus, energy, and effort on all that you do. Thank you for watching Seymour's World on Think Tech Hawaii. I would love to read your comments. Aloha, Seymour.


What's up ZTD fam? Ricky Kareeth here. Welcome back to my channel. So today, I just want to let you know that tomorrow it's going to be Tuesday on the live show that I do every Tuesday at 4 p.m. central with Joe Rosen. I'm going to be making a huge announcement for you. Okay, this is going to be really, really big and I'm just, I'm trying to do whatever I can do to take your business and your life to the next level. And I'm just super excited about this and I want all of you to tune in tomorrow 4 p.m. central as I announce this live. And I think the name of the game here are the four keys to success that I came up with a few years ago. And the first is to believe. I believe 100 million percent in you and I believe that I can reduce the failure rate in the real estate industry. And I've already proved to myself and to the industry itself that I can do that because of the messages I get on a daily basis telling me that I have prevented you from quitting. So right then and there, I've already accomplished this, but I want to do it on a massive scale. Okay, I want you to not only not fail, but also want you to thrive. And I just believe 100 million percent that if I continue pushing through and giving it everything I have to pour into the industry, that that's what I'm going to get out of it. You guys succeeding, not only preventing you from failing, but also thriving and hitting that next level. And I can't wait to get my very first diamond. You know, Quintavious Burdette's probably the closest one as he made a half a million dollars last year in his very first year in the business using my real estate coaching program. But you know, until someone hits that million dollar mark, you're not a diamond.  This will be number four, by the way. January just ended and I hit 90 grand in commission. So well on my way to do a million dollars again this year. I have enough for the next three months to hit that same income level. So I'm just pushing really hard on my real estate business as well. I don't think that I'm giving up on my real estate business whatsoever. So anyway, the first key to success is believe and I believe a million percent and not only you, but me to make a difference in the industry. The second key to success is to work hard. Okay. I know that I'm going to give it everything I have every single day. I don't care about the results. The results are going to happen based on my actions. And if I give the maximum amount of effort, I'm going to yield the maximum amount of results. And that's all I care about. Whatever results come of my maximum amount of actions on a daily basis, it's all I'm worried about. So I'm willing to put the work in if you're willing to put the work in. The third key to success is to adapt. We have to adapt along the way. That's why I'm going to make this huge announcement tomorrow because this is the next step in me pushing your career, your life to the next level. And I'm going to continue to adapt. Every time you turn around, I'm going to be doing something different. I'm going to be adding something to what I'm doing. I'm never going to stay the same. That's why I created the redid, revise the 90 day action plan. Figured in the 28 day challenge. Integrated that into the 90 days. I tweaked the scripts. I redid the course. I'm always doing new things to add to what I'm doing to help you. I'm working on my third book. I hope to release it early 2021. I'm really excited about that. So everything is moving in a positive direction, but that's not enough for me. There's always another level. And if I'm not going to believe, work hard, or adapt, then I'm never going to get to that next level. And I want you to do the same in your real estate business. The fourth key to success is to be patient. Once you believe, work hard, and start adapting, now we're just going to put those three things together, right? And we're never going to lose those three things. We're going to keep pushing. We're just going to be patient, okay? I've talked about it many times how 2024 is my year, right? That's what I'm pushing for. It's 2024, right? I'm pushing, pushing, pushing, pushing for 2024 because I'm that patient, right? The goals that I'm trying to hit are in 2024, right? I'm putting in the maximum amount of actions on a daily basis between now and 2024 to hit certain goals, right? I want that to be my breakout year where everyone in the real estate industry knows who I am by 2024. And at that moment in time, I feel like I can make the largest impact in the industry, in the world, and really make a difference. That's what I'm trying to do, make a difference.  During the live show with Joe Rosen that we normally do, and I can't wait to share it with you. We'll see you then. Let's go!