Rhaen nhw wedi bod gan ydych chi'n adael y ddechrau dechrau? Felly, ddych chi'n rhai'r ddaf, ychydig i'ch yw gyntafol, ddydig i'w ddwych, ddysgwch i'w ddysgu'r ddiwrnod, ac ddysgu i'w ddysgu'r ddysgu, mae'n cael ei wneud o'r sgwm gwylltwch yw rhai. Yna'n rhoi'r gwaith o'r ddweud, byddwch i'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud, i'w ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r M. Rwy'n ddim yn dweud, mae'n rhai ddaeth ymddangos o'r hexagum, mae'r ddweud o'r oedd ychydig o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Mae'n ddweud o'r latys o'r N. Dyna gwybod i'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud, mae'n ddweud o'r 1 yn ystod o'r 1. Mae'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ystod o'r Ystod. Dw i ddy Shiad iddynt ignoredwch i roedden nhw.  Yn ymwulech, mae'r ddefnyddio yn cael ei wneud hynny'n cael eu teuluo'r moddi. Yn ymwulech fel amdano i gyd, mae'n gydych chi'n gwybod i ei ddoch. A'u pwysig i gyd yma, I'm going to use a lot of blackboard space for this so I'm going to draw it in it occupies three layers like that one does and on the top it still looks like a hexagon is it now it's a hexagon dilated twice okay then on the middle size where the origin is it just looks like a hexagon and then there's just a single vertex at the bottom so I'm going to try and draw that so I'm first just going to try and draw the top size alright so at the top already another success at the top it looks like this twice dilated hexagon I'll just label some of the vertices so this is minus two minus two one and this one here is two zero one this one here is two two one and well this one here is zero two one and just sitting here in the middle is zero zero one okay now let me just drop down this is where the origin is going to live and then down one more to the point zero zero minus one then just join all these up like say it looks basically the same as that and then just at this middle size there's another hexagon living here where the point I on the so how does this jewel picture of mutation act on it well what I need to do if you remember I need to take the in a normal fan of of my factor so well it's easier to draw the normal fan first which looks like that and then I just need to negate everything so I need to try and draw this in three dimensions so what's happening is there's going to be a linear face through here and this linear face is just the span of my grading vector H and then I'm going to try and draw a fan on this picture so it looks like this I'm going to draw it up here first then just going to draw it down here I'm going to have a go at connecting it up so it looks like okay I don't know if you can see that so I tried to draw that fan in this picture so it's a one of the walls of the chambers is passing through here and coming down and there's another wall the chambers are heading towards you and it's passing through here and then the final wall of the chamber is going back into the black part and it's passing through yn ychwanegu. And then I can see it yesterday, within each of these chambers, the mutation just acts as a linear transformation, I'm just going to write it as a matrix. So here in this back chamber, of it's going to act like is via the matrix 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1. Here in this front yn y cwmpdon i hwyl 111ol, nid oherwydd'r cwmpdon, nid oherwydd dda'r ddeithas. Felly,ryddoedd dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda, ond oeddiad sydd wedi'u hwyl ymgylch. Llyfr e polygau oherwydd'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda'r dda. O wybodaeth efallai llawer eu bod hi'n gwybod sut yna'r hyn yn awf. Yma yw'r gём? Gallwch eich bod eto ar y maes yma. Ar y maes yma eich bod eto ar y maes yma. Efallai yn awf dda. Yma eich bod eto ar y maes yma. Trwy hynny'n gwybod ar dyma yma yna'r hynny yng Nghwyrydd. Rwy'n gwybod ar y maes yma. Yma eich bod eto ar y maes yma. Rwy'n gwybod ar y maes yma ar yr oed. Rwy'n gwybod ar yr oed. is having the effect of flattening it out this edge and flattening out this edge and flattening it out it takes it and it just opens it out to make it nice and smooth and so what we get after this cue jewel okay it's just going to be isomorphic to three times three times um no twice the dilation of a cube so and this has volume equal to three factorial times by eight and if I count then so this is equal to minus k x cube and it has so many lattice points what does it have it has cue jewel intersect um so it's got 27 lattice points and this is equal to h naught of minus k x cube okay and this is before maybe you recognise this from you know looking at tarot varieties before but this is the jewel for p1 cross p1 and p1 cross p1 cross p1 so because it works as a piecewise linear transformation it does an immediate corollary and that's basically if we take p to be a phano polytope and if we take a mutation of it the soft minus k numerics are unchanged so we have the degree is unchanged and we have the Hilbert series is unchanged so in other words h naught of successive dilations is unchanged exactly what we'd expect we're expecting the xp and xq are um qg defamation equivalent and so qg defamations uh well i don't know if characterise is too strong word but they preserve the numerics of minus k so this is what we expect all right okay so that's um what's going on in three dimensions in two dimensions as you might imagine the situation is a lot simpler a lot more easy to get a hold of what's going on and prove some stuff i just want to focus on this now so i'll try and be clear about if i say anything that's true in general okay but so take everything that i say is just being true in dimensions so return to the mutation that we have before where we took p2 and we sent it to p114 okay so um let's just recall that p2 um the center is um sent to p114 via um the mutation via a mutation but i need more part space so it's via this mutation so i'm gonna just fix a basis and i'm gonna have h is minus one two and i'm gonna have a is just this line segment from the origin up to um two one the picture in n before but we'll do it again so this is p this is going to be p2 and i start with this final polygon fan is just the spanning fan which is how i know it's p2 and then my h that i've chosen imposes grading on the lattice and we drew them before i'll draw them again this is going to be at height minus one height zero one and height two when we do this mutation when we do this mutation we end up with p11 to p114 which is one two three four five you want to stick the origin here and i can track that and i stick two copies of it at height two it looks like this and may or not believe me but that's going to be a straight line i'm only meant to have this point again you know i draw the fan i want to it looks and the sort of little remark is whereas before all the cones were smith here two of the cones are smith but this cone becomes a singular cone it's a quarter one one singularity so what do we get in the dual picture don't think i'm going to squeeze the dual underneath i'll have to just do it again i'm going to put my p2 here i'll put my p114 here so the dual to that triangle is a triangle you've seen before but in a different context i have less and here's the origin and my h that i've chosen looks like this maybe i should emphasise i'm like are they sure when i write the um diamond brackets i really do mean linear span i don't mean cone okay i think we sorted that out right okay and mutation how does it act on these two chambers well you know i'll just see and write it as a matrix it goes three minus four one minus one on this side and on this side it's just the identity so you know again it's just the identity because this vertex is zero and let me just associate some of these vertices to the edges over there so this edge here i'm going to i'm sorry this vertex here i'm going to label as u1 and through duality it corresponds to this edge here this edge here to this edge here uh this vertex here and so this vertex here correspond to this edge here let me just apply this mutation get my p114 and this is a rather big lattice so i need to draw a seven by seven lattice okay so this is going to be a little break what does it look like in here well i uh you know i suppose pedagogically speaking we should take this and visualize it but forget that i'm just going to apply this linear transformation okay so what are we going to get the origin is here in my picture and i get this see daisy there you go looks like this let me just draw that vector of that um linear space back in so it's passing through here i think yeah again let me just associate these vertices of the dual polytope with my edges um so we've got u1 prime 3 prime there and u2 prime there and then over here what do we have we have e1 prime this must be oops i've joined it on the wrong picture so we're here e1 prime e2 prime and then here is e3 and again notice that just here were um just around here where we had our u1 mutation has flattened it out okay so here mutation has flattened the boundary okay so we saw that in this case it took three edges and it just flattened them out and here it's just taken this corner and it's just flattened it out so now i'll say something that's true in all dimensions it's just a um fact of duality so under duality um let's call it c e which is just one of the cones in my fan that spans facet e okay so over the facet or a facet p of p so it's dual to the matching tangent cone in the dual picture okay so um is dual the tangent cone at the corresponding vertex i could try and give you a definition um i'm not going i think it's just easily illustrated so for example let's just look at p2 again and let me just pick one of the cones i don't really care which one i'm going to choose this cone here so this is my cone c e then in the dual picture well this edge corresponds to this vertex here i hope then the tangent cone is just this cone so it's equal to c e dual and then just translate it and c e dual is just defined to be all those vectors u um that evaluate to a non-negative value against the original cone all right why am i telling you this tell you this because again this is true in all dimensions if the vertex of the dual polytope is strictly inside one of our chambers then is just being acted on by a linear transformation and so the tangent cone is completely unchanged okay and so in other words up to a change of basis the corresponding cone back in the fan is also unchanged by mutation and the only exciting stuff happens on the walls of the chamber which i write that down so f v sorry i'll call them u's u e invert c's is in the interior of a chamber then c e n is unchanged so when i say unchanged there's a change of basis going on but you know the singularity that the cone describes that's not changed coming back to dimension two well in dimension two the only non-trivial fact is you can have uh line segments like this and so we always just have um the dual that is split into two halves and so there's not a lot of scope for excitement basically the excitement happens here and here and everything else just gets shuffled around a bit so in dimension two we need only and the corresponding top and bottom of p because everything else is just getting a little change of basis so here's the top and here's the bottom of my polytope and there's just a bunch of stuff happening between the top and the bottom sizes corresponding to the two points in this are you know i'm just going to put there and this is a picture in n i should say oh here's the origin this is in n and i'm going to use my h to be grading in that direction i've rigged it up so that meditation says i need to remove a factor from here and add a factor in down here and everything else just moves around the corner let me just draw my cone that i want to think about so if this is my edge e i want to look at this cone and this is my cone and well i should have said i want this to be a funnel polytope so i'll just say p funnel and with respect to our grading this is at a negative height let me label these row one row two so this is at a negative height so i can just write it as minus r and then this is at a positive height so i'm just going to call this s and i've called this little edge e and just going to call this edge here an f no i'm drawing an edge down here it might just be a single vertex it's not going to make any difference to what i'm doing but i could only sketch what i'm doing i can't really give it you as a brief it's not worth the time and i'm just going to look at the length the lattice length of this edge okay so i'm going to call this l and it's just going to be the number of lattice points along this edge subtract one this value r here is just the gorenstein index of the singularity corresponding to z if you know what i'm talking about so r is the gorenstein index the singularity the apologies in advance i'm just going to confuse the distinction between a cone and the corresponding singularity that's my setup and my aim is to understand what happens when i mutate something out of this and put it down to that i'm going to assume that my factor which is contained in h perp so my a is contained in here um it's just a line segment of length one lattice length one and it turns out that whether or not a mutation exists given data h and a is purely a local property of this cone and really the whole of the rest of the polytope is irrelevant now i have to emphasize that is absolutely not true in high dimensions but two dimensions is nice and it's true so whether um gives a mutation of p or not um it turns out local property of c e or of e there's no distinction and so just a warning not true i just want to sketch for you what's going on let's let me convince you in words remember this has been sliced up into a bunch of um slices strips and we're allowed to mutate if each of these strips i can remove an appropriate multiple of a where that multiple is just the height of that strip okay so here i need to be able to remove our copies of the line segment and then at the next height down any to be able to remove our minus one copies our minus two copies et cetera et cetera okay and it also if you remember in the definition i said it just didn't matter how we chose our remainder terms and so it turns out that a lot of the time we're basically free to choose a bunch of empty slices the only problem is if there's some vertices i'm not going to go into any of those details i'll just point you out a paper where you can read the details if you want okay but the upshot of this is basically we can do the mutation so long as this length l is bigger than r okay just what you expect so i ff and only f is less than or equal to and for obvious reasons i'm going to call this the length and i'm going to call this well the height or the garden-style index anchor and what happens when i need that well the mutation well it shortens the length by r okay and then down at the bottom i increase the length of f by s moved it from upstairs and i've shoved it in downstairs and everything else in between just gets shuffled around a bit but basically doesn't change it's um what we saw the the rest of them just lie strictly inside chambers of the dual picture and so this means that if i basically figure out how long each of my edges are and work out how many times the height goes into the edge and do that for every edge all the way around i've got a mutation invariant because when one of them shrinks by its height one downstairs grows by its height so for each edge e let me just write no this is a little bit up and down to it i'm sorry but i'm just going to write the length of e as um so many multiples of the height of e plus some remainder and so what do we have here we have c e k e they're in the non-negative integers and i want zero to be less than or equal to c e to be less than all right okay then i'm just going to write oh it's a shame let me call it n n equal to the sum of all these k e's is invariant and so is these collection of the little remainders that's left over let me try here and sort of give a toric view of what i'm saying here is my cone c here is two rays and it's at height and i'm saying that i can subdivide it into k cones that are all of the same length and height so i can just go chomp chomp and there'll be maybe a little bit left over at the end but what i've done here is i have k cones equals height r and then here we have zero or one depending on whether c is zero or not remainder cone so this has length c e but height c and height r and so i'm going to call these i'm going to call these p cones probably a bit low for some people i'll just state the definition over here we call c a t cone the length is equal to the height the Garnstein index we call the r cone is less than the height why have i bother doing this what the point is that mutation is just shuffling around these t cones and leaving these r cones untouched so if i take the set of all the r cones i end up with after doing this subdivision so let's let b be the set of the r cones of p and this is after doing that subdivision then oh and transpose and this before is just equal to the number of t cones actually this pair n and b is a mutation invariant and we call this the singularity content right okay yeah i i mean what this cone is as a singularity okay or what this cone is but don't care about how i've put it into the basis okay but it's slightly more information than just the c e okay cool so geometrically what's going on so um these t cones uh basically the same thing it's the slight white line going on but basically these t cones but the same thing is t singularities which are all of the form one over r squared one um d minus one where gcd i d is equal to one and these things were studied by collar shepherd barron back in 88 and the point of the matter they're precisely the smearable two-dimensional torrent singularities so these correspond to the smearable so she was a quotient so from our point of view this begins to sound kind of believable and the qg deformation what we're probably doing is we're smearling away all of the t cones and we just left with these this collection b of um r cones of singularities and indeed that's the case p with singularity content equals np um so so that's that then we have xp qg um the forms to a del petso or before del petso i guess island number n qg rigid singularities b that's what's going on and i should probably give you some references before we just finish off the references all on the archive i'm going to point you at three papers so one four zero one five four five eight and then um okay i said but unfortunately we're not writing down the rest i'm going to point you at one paper okay and the rest you can google for all right okay so we got this beautiful um invariant and so it makes sense to say let me try and classify all polygons that have given singularity content so we can try and classify them all and we're going to have to do this up to mutation and this is doable okay this is really something that you can do and it turns out that there's only finitely many and there's only finitely many mutation equivalence classes i mean i don't know if you realize quite how cool this is so one can say go away and find me a bunch of toric models for del petso that have bloody bloody bloody singularities and you can do it okay there's an algorithm that just lets you go away and produce them all and there's just going to be finitely many answers and the proof is constructive and so it makes sense to um just start working your way through the simplest possible rigid singularities arcones so the simplest or smallest arcone is a third one one let me draw a picture the cone that goes like supporting hyperplane is just passing this is what a third one one singularity looks like and so you can go away you can find all the final polygons up to mutation that have third one one singularities and everything else just the t singularity so um i had a reference for this t but i don't apparently so we can classify all final polygons up to mutation with singularity content equal to we don't care how many t cones and then some number he's doing a lot of work um some number m third one one singularities and he turns out that there's only finitely many mutation equivalence classes there's exactly 26 of them you can see those 26 mutation equivalence classes on the problem sheet and so this is really great let me draw a few of them because i want to carry on studying them tomorrow i'm going to draw three of them chosen pretty much at random so these are just three representatives in three different mutation equivalence classes that is the origin remember these are pictures in n so it makes sense for me to just draw the spanning fan just to remind you so here is one of them okay now as a total variety this has got a singularity here that's not third one one the point is that i can smear all of that away in this way to give me something that's just a third one one okay um let me draw another one so this one like this it's pretty similar but it said now i've moved the origin to here so the fan this case looks like this then one more this one's a bit of a beast so what does it look like okay so again it's seven across and actually i'm going to need the diagonal i'm going to need the upper triangular path and it looks like this the origin now is sitting here so the fan looks like that is apparently on that side of that array and this is apparently on this side of the array and i guess it's kind of an exercise for you to go away and calculate the singularity content in three cases but i'm just going to write it up for each one so this one has got five t cones and then it's got a single third one one singularity and in fact i can see that third one one singularity it's this cone here this one has got six t cones and they're also just has a single third one one singularity again i see that third one singularity it's just this cone here and then finally this one well this one has also got just six t cones and um you might sort of at first just think it's only got a single third one one singularity there but in fact there's some more hidden in there if you go through the um decomposition of the cones it ends up having three a third one one singularities so just to finish off this is really good we've got 26 um mutation equivalent polygons which are the only ones in the whole universe that have these third one one singularities but how can we understand them as del pencils right how can we sort of smooth them and the obvious answer is we want to be able to make taric complete intersection models from them so just to sort of finish the question now is how can we make um taric complete intersection models um or x one of these p are a closely related question if you give me one of these p how can i put all the romp polynomial on it in a sensible way so that i recover the period sequence for x how can i do all that all right so stop there


I thought Ohio in the backrooms was the worst that it could get, but oh boy, was I wrong. Because today I'm going to be talking about backrooms level Detroit. This level is gross and horrible and just so strange that I can't believe I spent time making it. Anyways, I hope you enjoyed this video, let's get into it, shall we? Also this video is just for fun, don't take it seriously, just relax. So backrooms level Detroit is classified as a class 3 difficulty and is unsafe, unsecure, with no entities, at least that's nice. But the environment is where the actual danger of this level is and you'll see why in this explanation. The level itself is taking place on an island, but it's not just a nice tropical island or a cool volcanic island, it's an island that's covered in trash. And I mean the entire island is like a huge landfill, the whole thing's covered in it. This trashy place is thought to be around 100 miles total and there's just so much stuff that you might find scattered on the ground here and we'll get into some of it right now. When you spawn in on this level, you'll start on the outer ring of the island on the beach, if you can even call this place a beach. And it looks like one from real life, except of course there's a ton of random stuff here. Trash, houses, bottles of drinks, shoes, animal skins, literally anything that you could possibly think of is here on the beach. Under all of that stuff is actual real sand and that's probably the only normal thing here. Outside of the beach area is the quote unquote ocean that surrounds the island. This ocean has a really strange effect where the water is actually thicker than regular water. It's almost like a big tub of jello. It makes a really squishy and slashing sound when it waves and when it hits the shore. And that's pretty much all that's known about it. No one's tried to explore it because it's jello and it's weird and it's thick and gross and who would want to do that? So yeah this beach area is where you spawn and after you spawn in here you'll have no other choice but to walk inland towards the center of the island. When you make the journey to the center of the island you'll start seeing a random assortment of stuff that's all over the ground. Most of it is just garbage and old broken stuff like a landfill like I said earlier. But some of it could be useful like there might be a house or something that you could stay in. There could be a garage to stay in. There could be a freezer with food in it just laying there and you could actually eat the food. Pretty much this level is just as random as you could possibly imagine. The labels on the trash here is a mix of real life brands like Coca-Cola and fast food trash and other things that aren't from reality and seem out of place. There's strange pill bottles everywhere, specifically laxative pills for some reason. There's tons of different brands of those and there's also just random pieces of houses laying on top of the garbage everywhere like there's washers and dryers and sinks and doors and windows and just every kind of random household object is here and they look like they were just torn right from my house from real life and left here. It makes no sense I know but that's what it is. There are also some weird animal skins that have been found laying in these trash piles that look like regular animals from real life but they're flat and it's just the skin. Like literally there's deflated animals laying in the garbage. What am I doing with my life guys? But those animal skins are the only signs of living things here even though they're not living but there's no back rooms, entities or dangers like that that you have to worry about so I mean that's good right?   Like if you walk into a flooded basement or something like that. The accounts of people who have been here say that it kind of smells like level zero which might mean that it's connected to level zero somehow, no one knows for sure. The level also has a few weird effects that happen randomly and it's about to get strange. The first effect is that the day and night cycle changes the entire layout of the garbage and debris on this island. It seems that this daytime lasts about 12 hours and then the night time lasts for about 5 hours and when it becomes night time for 5 hours the garbage, bottles, trash, everything changes and it moves around and you won't be able to see this happen unless you have a flashlight or something because there's no actual light here because it's night time but once the sun comes up everything will look different and you won't know where you're at because your surroundings will change completely and that can really complicate you trying to exit this level. Now the next effect that happens is there's wildfires that pop up in the trash piles. These fires randomly start on their own and they'll spread as far as they can until the night time hits and the garbage teleports to a different spot and that puts out the fire. No one knows what causes the fires or how they happen or what they're doing there but it's the back rooms so this is the least of their concerns. The last weird effect that happens here is that if you touch stuff for long enough and if you hold on to it for too long it'll just vanish out of your hands. Presumably it'll teleport out of the level like some of the stuff does in night time or it could just teleport to a different spot. No one knows for sure but it'll just vanish out of your hand. Now the time it takes for this to happen seems to change from item to item in person to person but it mainly happens after just a few minutes of holding something so if you find like a drink or something to eat make sure you don't hold it for too long in your hands or it could just be gone in a few minutes. So I mentioned earlier that there are full houses on this level and there are. They normally look like a mid-1990s style house and they all have the furniture and stuff like that inside of them still but just like the rest of the level these houses move around and teleport randomly through the night so if you find one you better stay inside of it that way you can make sure you know where it's at when it teleports. To enter this level you can fall into a dumpster on level 11 and you'll wake up on the beach here and to exit the level you have to find a house that I just talked about and you have to stay in it for two day night cycles without leaving and then you'll be sent to a random level. That's not too bad of a way to escape but it might be hard to get up to the house if you don't want to climb a trash pile. So yeah that was Backroom's level Detroit. Hope you enjoyed the video obviously this was just based off of the Detroit meme that's kind of like the Ohio meme. I thought it was funny. Hope you did too. Hope you got a good gig a lot of it. I did. I love making stuff like this and I hope you enjoy watching it.  Thank you so much for watching until the end of the video. If you are still watching comment Land Phil Brugley so I know that you're a real one and if I see your comment with that I'll heart as many as I see. There's so many comments so it's kind of hard to get to everybody but I will try my best I promise. Thank you so much for the support and I love and appreciate all of you. Make sure you tell somebody that you love and appreciate them because life is short and you don't have enough time. So yeah with that said and done I'll see you all in the next video. Peace.


It's very hard when you have war in your country. It's like a dream or not a good dream. Before 10 years, we had a good life. We never, never, never had things to go outside Syria. My heart is very hard, but I tried my best to just explain to my children always to talk about Syria before the war. Here we have like a cardinal ship and a sweets factory. And our life, it was, it's, we go before the war. And when the war started and we lost everything, everything, it's a big problem for us. I haven't seen them almost seven, eight years, especially my parents. We were in Syria then when the bomb came on our house. So my dad, he got our car, started driving. So then they stopped us. They said, give us the car and we'll let you go. We gave them the car and they let us go. Homes is destroyed, all homes. Can't see news. I can't. When seeing news, always when my husband just turned on the TV. Please stop, please. I can't. I know it's hard because inside the war, how, how many people need food? How many people need home? How many people, their children, they lost their parents? I can't. So when I first came to school, a lot of people in my school were Syrian and knew how to speak Arabic, so they came to me and were like, here I'll show you around and everything. So I had lots of, lots of friends. When I first came to Canada, I'm like, I'm different. And so when I go in the class, I'm like, now I fit in. Canada helped you here, so you can help other people. Because Canadian people, or Canada is regular, Canada is help us. Also, we have to help our family or other people.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jasper's case breaks.com coming at you with 2024 tops attribute baseball six box pick your team number five There it is right there very big. Thanks to everyone here for making it happen on a two Tuesday April the second No, Rocky, so we didn't sell them Joe You got last spot mojo with the tiger 70% of time last spot mojo hits 100% of time If you have jumbo 11 next your name that means you won those teams in that that jumbo pack break that we did Boman draft jumbo So congrats people won their teams. Thanks everybody for grabbing your team straight up And let's see what we got looking for all sorts of nice stuff in here This feels like a thin pack a redemption. We've got a blue redemption back there So we've got an extra Base card another extra base card. All right, and good luck here. We go And we've got a South Relic 39 out of 99 rookie card for the brew crew. That's gonna go to Greg and There's Bryce Harper 38 out of 50 that'll be for Scott and the fight and fills and your hits It's a dual relic Matt Olson Austin Riley for the Braves 11 out of 1 at 99 Josh picked up the brave straight up Comfortably 180 top loaders kind of thick cards here and then how about some Jordan Lawler rookie autograph for the diamondbacks 49 out of 150 Chris with the snakes AJ Smith's Shover and Peter Lanzo 92 out of 99 love those hologram stickers there. That is KV 199813 That's where the print is really small, but Take a look at that go to mlb.com slash authentication punching those letters and numbers and then you'll be able to see What dates the stirries he's from and then Go to like a game on so game log on like baseball reference and see what if anything he did that day There's mark to share 35 out of 99 Yankees Brian H and there's a triple relic Christian Yelich 30 out of 199 That's gonna be for Greg and the brew crew and there's the redemption right here. Good luck everybody Congratulations someone You are due to receive a Calling the shot dual autograph of Yeah, I think this is cubs right Sammy Sosa and Pat Hughes That's Chad with the Chicago Cubs Nice one. All right, good start Next box Lakers cruising at the moment. They're up on the Raptors 117 88 745 left It's the first night of a back-to-back. So it'd be nice to see Nice to see We're brought in Anthony Just get a little bit of rest here And there's a Fernando Tetease Jr. 8 out of 10 nice low number for the Padres. That'll be for Chris Alright and the hits from box 2 of 6 they're Salvador Perez 76 out of 199 We got KV 2 2 1 5 7 1 and it'll be for Tyler and the Royals Love the stamp of approval cards How about some Keith Hernandez 50 out of 75 for the Metropolitan's Scott Goodman With the Mets and want so it was the Yankees uniform It's we're staying in New York Peter Lando Francisco Lindor 37 out of 150 dual relic another one for Scott another met for Scott. There is Tony Perez 79 out of 150 Jeff with the Reds old-school red Triple relic Carlos Correa 133 out of 150 Jeremy with the twins and There's Jordan Westberg Rookie Otto 102 out of 150 For the O's Charles with the Orioles Not the Orioles straight up Orioles have a whole parade of prospects Coming through the pipeline. All right next box Any finals in baseball today April 2nd Tuesday the 2nd 2024 Tigers Mets postponed Do the rain It's a final in Miami Angels beat the Marlins 3-1 It's a final in Baltimore the Royals beat the O's 4 to 1 Alec Marsh with the win and got him on my fancy team Orioles only managed a few hits It's a final in Milwaukee Brewers beat the twins three to two I've got a number of games in progress and then we'll check on that in a bit And then we've got some games coming up later tonight late games and there's Aaron judge four out of 25 Brian H Yankees all rise Wow Bryce had three home runs today That game still going right does he have a chance at another AB? Dual relic David Ortiz Dustin Pedroia laser show 58 out of 75 Charles with the Red Sox. Yeah Phillies are up 8-1 on Cincinnati Top of the 8th and there is Henry Davis 77 out of 99 rookie auto for the Pirates Jacob with the buckos Awesome auto this the rookie you're looking for former number one overall pick As a catcher I guess they're putting him more in the outfield these days Still nice there you go Jacob and we've got Vlad Guerrero, Jr 95 out of 150 stamp of approval We got KV 198 161 if you want to look that up Blue Jays got no hit last night, but I've already have four hits tonight, but they're down to run In the middle of the fifth one nothing Astros TJ has the blue Jays There's Matt Olson four out of 50 Josh Smith With Matt Olson Bryce that Greg saying two solo and a grand slam for Bryce Harper There is Paul Goldschmidt 162 out of 199 two-color triple relic for st. Louis. That's gonna go to the X line and there's Donnie baseball 60 out of 75 Brian and the Yankees One of the pillars of the game autograph card. All right three boxes in There's Bryce Harper right there. Does Bryce Harper does he win a Does everyone think does he win another MVP in his career? No games in progress blue Jays are in Houston. They're down one nothing bottom of the fifth Cubs up seven nothing on the Rockies bottom of the fifth Braves and white socks are tied at one middle of the seventh Cuz of Bryce Harper Phillies are up 8-2 on the Reds middle of the eighth and on the top of the ninth Rays are leading the Rangers five to two Yeah, Greg thinks it's possible, but there's a lot of youngsters who got a bonus hidden here That's a relic. That's a hit. That's a hit Josh Gibson will randomize to one person in the In this break, so I'll free look will go to Greg. All right Your hits we got Albert Puholz And that reveals a Carlos Correa stamp of approval That's KV one three five three five zero Twins Jeremy and there's Corbin burns 86 out of 199 Brewers edition for Greg You know really nice start for him for Baltimore the other day Got Adley Rushman 84 out of 150 two-color triple relic Charles and the Orioles AJ Smith Schover 14 out of 99 Josh with the Braves It's like that Rangers game the Rangers raise games the final Raise win five to two and then we got Andy Rodriguez 42 out of 150 Rookie Auto for the Pirates. That's gonna go to Jacob See it We've got Joey Votto. Ellie Della Cruz dual relics 69 out of 99 Cincinnati Jeff and we've got a bonus hit here. I think it's an autograph. It's Emma Chin 18 out of 150 For the Dodgers, that's going to be for Scott on the IL at the moment sort of a longer term IL, but should be a contributor by the By the end of this season And there are many young pitching prospects All right two boxes to go who's starting for my Dodgers night the point to MLB com Logan Webb on the Mount tonight, but TBD For the Dodgers where they were they throwing out there. I didn't pitch yesterday I'm not sure who would pitch today. It sounds like a Sounds like a opener day. It sounds like a Someone's gonna start the game There might be like an oath might be a bullpen game Maybe it should be Tyler glass now. Just kind of taking a glance at the schedule here So he started there one two three four Should be glass now. I feel like they would have made that announcement Maybe they're giving him an extra day. We've got a Juan Soto 79 out of 99 Be for Brian and the Yankees. All right your hits You Han Cho hey Is Adley rushman 93 out of 150 stamp of approval KV one four eight two four six Charles with the Orioles, and there's Trey Turner 59 out of 75 Phillies Scott dual relic Barry Larkin Joey Votto 43 out of 50 Cincinnati Jeff Ron is Cincinnati There's JT Real Muto 124 out of 150 Another Philly for Scott triple relic Bryce Harper 43 out of 99 apparently a big day for Bryce Harper. Let's take a look at the at the box score Three Homer day for him. They just finished up the eighth inning Bryce Harper today three for four six RBI's three homers first inning homer a fourth inning homer a seventh inning homer One of them was Grand Slam Some red will the thrill nine out of ten Wylan With the Giants my rivals With a thrilling hit smooth lefty swing good penmanship on that autograph Giants All right sixth and final box. Good luck everybody plate autograph train whistle for somebody on a two Tuesday and a Louise Roberts 75 White socks Eugene Andrew Abbott for the Reds and a Ryan Mount castle eight out of 75 piece of the jersey KV one five one three six eight, I believe Charles with the O's Mount Castle like he Could be could get back to it Yeah, a 30 Homer season not too long ago I'm sure Orioles would love it if he could kind of come back to bring it back to that kind of production Nice Joey Votto three out of ten Tribute dual relic hard The sharp-looking card for Cincinnati for Jeff. We're on a Cincinnati There's a Emma Cheehan 37 out of 99 will certainly be in the Dodgers plans This year it's gonna go to Scott on ESPN. They have Ryan Brasier with the start So that looks like an opener situation here Yeah, he might pitch a couple innings and Ryan Yarbrough might get some innings and Michael Grove might get some innings Another will Clark will the thrill 40 out of 50 Wylan got the Giants straight up Got a triple relic Boba Shett 63 out of 150 Some great hair there showing off some great hair and the plate Auto behind Cal Ripken, Jr. Is Gonna be It's gonna be a mariner. That's George Kirby. That's awesome on plate autograph Not that's much of a stickler about sticker autos unless it's on a plate Definitely want all of my plate autos to be on plate Zane with the mariners and Zane out of fives and under get the train whistle All aboard the big hit Express Whoo, thanks everyone. That's the break. Let's see who gets the Josh Gibson Nice break of tribute. We got some more baseball in the store. Keep an eye out for that Jaspy's case breaks dot com. Let's gather everybody's names quick little randomizer name on top look at that Josh Gibson card after 10 one two and 10 after 10 times It's gonna go to Scott. There you go Scott. Thanks everybody. I'm Joe for Jaspy's case breaks calm Thanks for the fill. Let's get some more baseball done on Jaspy's case breaks calm. Bye


My name is Ladonna Brave Bull Allard. My real name is Tamakawash Dewey, her good earth woman. I am Ihunktua Hunkpatina and Pabiska Dakota on my father's side. I am Hunkpapa Sihasipa and Ogwala Lakota on my mother's side. So I'm Lakota-Dakota, but I was raised Dakota. I know the outside world probably doesn't understand that, but we understand it here. And I am an enrolled member of the Stani Raksu tribe. I am the historian, genealogist. I work for the Tribal Historic Preservation Office as Section 106 coordinator. 152 years ago, the Whitestone Massacre happened, which the people in this community, the Cannonball community, are from descendants of that massacre. We are the survivors of that massacre. One of the things that, you know, we always say is this massacre happened. America forgot they killed us and we have just spending this time trying to figure out how to survive. So my grandfather was a medicine man. His name was Tataka Ohitika, a brave buffalo. My grandma told me that in the 1940s we were self-sufficient. We planted our own gardens. We owned our own cattle. Everybody in every community, we owned our own homes. And then in 1948, the government made the Pixlone Act, which is the Army Corps. And the Army Corps decided to build a dam above us and build a dam below us. So Oahi Dam is below us. Sakakawia Dam is above us. And they designated us as a reservoir. And so they came and they moved our people out of their homes. They took our homes. They moved them up into the communities and put it in this income housing. We lost whole communities. Whole communities had to move. You know, somebody said, well, did your grandparents go, no, I went through this. I lived here. I remember the trees and the forest. I remember coming down and collecting water to drink from this river. Come down and haul water up to the house. We drank this water. We lived with this water. We had huge gardens here. This is me. This is not something long time ago. This is me who lived through this. And so they came and they flooded it. They took all our trees, all our forest when they flooded us. They took all of our medicines, our plants, the things that we survive in. And so if you talk to the people that are my age and older, you can hear the grief in their voice because we still grieve for the loss of this land. And they moved us on top of the hills where it is a more of a clay-based soil so we could no longer grow gardens. We could no longer plant trees. We could no longer do the things that we did. Then they put them in communities where people were not used to living. And so we have these housing projects now of low-income housing where they could not own. So our communities changed drastically, but we figured we can do this. We can survive. So everybody came at that time, and I don't know if people understand, at that time when the Army Corps came in, we had businesses, we had stores, we had restaurants, we had the Army Corps and the government bought out all these businesses, and they never came back and redeveloped again. So we don't have infrastructure anymore. We don't have the gas stations and the stores and stuff. We got to travel to Bismarck Mandir and to Margarige. So they took our economic infrastructure from us. So we started again. Indian people, we have a system. We're communal people, so everybody shares what we have. My grandfather was a Lakota Kotak. He won the silver medal for World War I when we were not U.S. citizens. My Uncle John is World War II. My father is Korean War. My brothers are Vietnam, and all of my cousins are, and every action that has happened thereafter, we hold some of the highest medals of honor. And so we thought we were doing the best we can with America. And so when they told us that they were putting this pipeline in, but refusing to acknowledge us, if you look at the Dakota Access maps, they don't even acknowledge our nation. We're not blacked out. Some people make maps and they do the reservation boundaries. We're not even in there. They said they did not have to consult with us. That pipeline is 500 feet from our reservation line. When that pipeline breaks and it will break, it will hit early, early Head Start children in two seconds. It will take out our elementary in five seconds. In 45 minutes, it'll take out our major water intake that feeds water to all the people here. I don't understand why we are expendable in America. I keep telling people, we do our best. We have always been here. This is our land. Why should we fight to live in our own land? Why should we have to do that over and over again? We start our lives. We do our best to live. Why? I would never hurt anybody. I have always done my best to do good things in my community. Why can't they just let us live? We love this land. Half of the time, I feel bad because they make us feel bad for loving this land. But most importantly, we love the water. Every year, our people sacrifice. We go four days without drinking water so that it reminds us how important this water is. And I ask everybody, do you go with four days without water? What happens to your body on that third day? Your body starts shutting down. Every time we drink water, we say mini-vichoni, water of life. We cannot live without water. So I don't understand why America doesn't understand how important water is. So we have no choice. We have to stand.


We're actually asked to clean something that literally cannot be cleaned. So we're essentially just cleaning top layer of **** because the bottom layer is already soaked into the sub-floor which is composite MDF wood. Thank God it's for respirators. So I just got to say thank God for the respirator but like this is a frustrating job. There is a mattress just absolutely saturated with cat **** and we're told to leave it there because it's comfortable. You know like it'll look better when we're done. But it's not even close to what our normal capabilities are because we're not being allowed to do it. Lipstick on a pig was literally that phrase was literally meant for this. The only thing that could save this place is a match.


Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the Lowy Institute. I'm Michael Fully Love, the executive director here, and it's my pleasure to welcome you all to today's event. I see many familiar faces in the audience. Let me acknowledge in particular Stephen Lowy and Mark Grine, two of my directors, at the Lowy Institute, Her Excellency Mena Rawlings, the British High Commissioner to Australia, Francis Adamson, the Prime Minister's International Affairs Advisor, and my host in Beijing last year for the Boyer Lectures, and David Gallup, the chief executive of FFA. Ladies and gentlemen, we're now approaching the end of the second longest Australian election campaign in history, and if it feels long for us, then spare a thought for the candidates. Lowy Institute scholars have been active during the campaign on foreign policy issues in the media. Via our digital magazine, The Interpreter, we've hosted a lively debate about the role of foreign policy in the race. Tomorrow, we will release the 2016 Lowy Institute poll, and this year, as in 2013, we've polled Australians on what they think about the two parties on a range of foreign policy issues. So please keep an eye out tomorrow for the poll. And finally, the Institute has served as the essential forum in which political leaders can speak about Australia's place in the world. So over the past six months or so, we've hosted the Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, the leader of the opposition, Bill Shorten, the leader of the Greens Party, Richard De Natale, and the Shadow Foreign Minister, Tanya Plibersek. And today, we're delighted to be hearing from a good friend of the Institute, the Honourable Julie Bishop MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs. Julie has been a welcomed counterbalance to the unprecedented leadership churn we've seen in Australia over the past decade. She's been the deputy leader of her party since 2007, and she previously held a number of ministerial positions under the Howard government. She has served, of course, as our first female Minister for Foreign Affairs since 2013, following four and a half years as the Shadow Minister. She's been the member for Curtin in the House of Representatives since 1998, and prior to entering Parliament, Julie was a lawyer and managing partner at Clayton Utes. Minister, I'm sure everybody here is looking forward to hearing from you about economic diplomacy and, more broadly, your vision for Australian foreign policy. Thank you for joining us. Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome the Minister. Excellencies, friends and guests. Michael, thank you for the introduction, and I thank the Low Institute. Stephen, thank you for this opportunity. Today, I'll set out the important role of foreign policy within the Coalition's overall national economic plan, and I'll focus particularly on our approach to economic diplomacy. By way of background, I note that it's often said that in most areas of Australian foreign policy, there's a level of bipartisanship. Both sides of politics believe in a confident, outward-looking Australia as we promote our interests overseas. However, there are key differences in approach that have a major bearing on the way in which Australia is perceived abroad and in how we leverage our influence to best effect. Broadly speaking, there are two aspects to the practice of foreign policy. The first is to shape developments to our best advantage, such as agreements and treaties with other nations to promote our economic and trade, defence and security and cultural interests. This creates a framework to deal with the second aspect, which is responding to events over which we have little or no control, particularly in the early stages, such as natural disasters, pandemics, conflicts, terrorism and economic crises. The Turnbull government's approach rests on the proposition that Australia's continued prosperity and security cannot be taken for granted and will depend on how well we engage regionally and globally. For no government can long afford to close its eyes to how the world is changing. It is vital that we are attuned to trends and changes as they occur and to the best of our ability anticipate changes so that we are better equipped to respond wisely or not at all. Either way, the consequences for Australia can be enormous. We are aware of the impact of globalisation and interdependence and the prosperity that has brought to Australia and to our region. Less well understood is what economic interdependence will mean for Australia, especially as the commodity boom gradually recedes. Australia is the 12th largest economy in the world. We have not had a recession for a quarter of a century. In fact, we are in our 25th year of continuous economic growth. The strength of the global economy will continue to go through cycles. However, there is one thing about which we can be certain. The competition for capital, access to markets and even labour will be increasingly intense. This is happening because the economic barriers that once existed between countries are crumbling. Take, for example, our major trading partners. Japan is negotiating or has concluded 24 free trade agreements with other countries, China, 23, Singapore, 32, Malaysia, 22. Australia has signed, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership, 13. And we're negotiating at least another six. Coalition governments have been responsible for virtually all our free trade agreements, including with Singapore, the United States, South Korea, Japan and China. We're creating a vast network to liberalise trade and as an export-oriented market economy of 24 million people, our prosperity and our standard of living depends on our ability to sell our goods and services overseas. Now, these are all high-quality agreements. And with China, Japan and South Korea as our largest trading partners in Asia, they give our exporters greater access to a marketplace of around 1.6 billion people. Direct investment is the lifeblood of any economy and these free trade agreements also enhance investment opportunities for Australia. The consequences of the slowing of the availability of capital in the United States and Europe during the global financial crisis are still being felt today as the effects work through the global economy. It's worth noting that since 1992, there's been an average gap of about 4% of GDP between what we save as a country and the amount we invest directly to grow our economy. Additional capital equivalent to around 4% of GDP each year or around $70 billion has come from overseas. Capital can be described as both fickle and demanding or at least those who hold the purse strings on investment decisions may be so described. Capital goes where it receives the best return and takes flight when something better comes along or the investment environment becomes less favourable. Remain an attractive place to invest, foreign capital comes into the country creating new jobs and opportunities for Australians. Likewise, Australian firms and individuals will invest more of their savings in our economy rather than overseas if they believe the return here is better than that achieved overseas. The point is we cannot force foreigners to invest in Australia and we cannot enforce Australians to invest domestically. This is the nature of the free and open markets to which we are committed. So it's important for our future prosperity that we ensure the policy settings in Australia make us as competitive and attractive as possible to investors. This is how we've grown our economy continuously for 25 years, a feat unprecedented for any advanced economy over the past five decades. The top five sources of direct foreign investment into Australia by capital stock are the United States, Japan, Singapore and European countries. These advanced economies are also the major sources for direct investment throughout Asia, meaning our economy is competing with Asia as an investment destination. China is now our sixth largest investor. We've done well over the past few years although there are challenges ahead. If you look at where foreign investment in Australia has gone over the past five years, almost 40% went into the mining and resource sectors. Now this isn't surprising given that we are a minerals and energy superpower and there was a commodities boom. However in 2015, foreign investment into Australia was at its lowest level since 2005. The decline is almost entirely due to falls in the value of investment in the mining sector which fell from $51.2 billion in 2013 to $15.3 billion in 2015. This is not a cause for alarm, it is the entirely predictable result of the structural slowdown of capital investment in China as our largest trading partner transitions towards a more domestic consumer driven economy. However it does mean we must adjust and adapt and be agile as the coalition has emphasised and as the Prime Minister has stated on more than one occasion and create a broader based and more diverse economy. We don't seek strong macroeconomic numbers for their own sake. As economies in East Asia change as China is doing, we need to reposition Australia to ensure another long period of growth and prosperity lies ahead. Future Australian jobs, improving our standard of living and servicing our debt levels depend on it. This is where the Turnbull government's national economic plan, including our innovation and investment agenda comes in. The key is playing to our strengths and not those of other countries. Like other fully industrialised nations we cannot pretend the world is what it was decades ago and try to compete on cost of production, especially labour. Labour costs in almost all of our major trading partners are significantly lower than in Australia. Even in these countries, advanced robotics and other technologies are replacing human labour, driving the cost of production even lower. China, Japan and Taiwan are investing huge sums in advanced manufacturing and robotics. Taiwanese company Foxconn, the world's largest contract electronics maker, estimates that by 2020, around one third of its production will be performed by robots. Even now, a single $30,000 robot can assemble almost 100 iPhones a day at a cost of less than a dollar each phone. There are currently almost a quarter of a million manufacturing robots in China alone capable of replicating around 20 manufacturing processes traditionally performed by humans. Manufacturing is getting cheaper and faster every day and even for jobs requiring a human element, there are lower cost workers numbering in the hundreds of millions in our region. Moreover, Asia, America and Europe have become one vast and integrated production zone. The iconic example is a single iPhone which is made from parts manufactured and assembled in around 20 countries, 12 of which are in Asia. Huge transport ships have driven down the cost to less than four cents to transport one small part from one major port somewhere in the world to another major port anywhere in the world. The globalization of supply chains is relentlessly driving down production costs. For us, trying to do what other countries can do at a fraction of the cost is an unwise race to the bottom. As a government, we can do a number of things to help our economy adapt and thrive in this regional and global environment. This is where we offer a positive contrast with the other political parties. First, we must have policies that encourage investment in the Australian economy, not discourage investment as Labor and the Greens are intending. This is because investment is needed for economies to successfully transition away from older models of growth in our case as a commodity boom subsides. It is an established theory and an empirical fact. The more you tax an activity, the less the activity takes place. The converse is obviously equally true. When Peter Costello reduced our company tax to 30%, we were the ninth lowest in the 34 member OECD. Currently, there are 27 OECD countries with a lower corporate tax rate than Australia. Competition for Australian and foreign investment is truly global. As investment flows out of our mining sector, we need a competitive taxation policy as we transition. The lower the corporate tax rate, the better the immediate return on investment. This equates to a larger capital pool for firms already operating in Australia to invest further. It's one reason why we are proposing immediate company tax cuts for small businesses with a turnover between $2 million and $10 million of 27.5%, then to 25% for all companies over time. Labor is wrong to assume that investment and economic growth will not be affected by their policy of a higher company tax rate. Second, when labor costs are a disadvantage compared to other competitors, the best thing you can do is ensure that the cost of Australian labor is relatively low to the value of the product. And this is what all successful advanced economies must do. In other words, we must be smarter in how we do things and to take advantage of our intellectual resources. We must embrace our human capital. The greatest natural resource that Australia has is the creativity and innovation of its people. That is why we have a $1.1 billion national innovation and science agenda offering incentives for startup companies operating in cutting edge industries or utilizing advanced technologies, providing tax breaks for startups, encouraging collaboration between the private sector, our research agencies and universities to commercialize ideas and focusing on inquiring the STEM skills, science, technology, engineering, mathematics. We must embrace creativity, innovation and enterprise. Now, we can be justifiably proud of the fact that there are around 30,000 Australians in Silicon Valley. Many go there because of the supportive environment for startups or early stage capital funding. There are also clusters of innovative people and firms feed off each other in a virtuous and creative cycle. Now, while it's not possible to recreate Silicon Valley in Australia, we can seek to emulate parts of that environment and entice our best and brightest back here or keep them here in the first place. In my own portfolio, I established the innovation exchange which identifies trials and if successful scales up solutions to seemingly intractable aid and development problems. Our aim is to collaborate with private sector partners to ensure innovation becomes intrinsic to the delivery of the whole aid program. We've brought together innovative and creative thinkers from across the public and private sector, from the World Bank to Google, and we've already partnered with Michael Bloomberg's Philanthropic Arm to undertake a groundbreaking big data project for better health delivery in our region. The innovation exchange is already identifying efficient solutions that will impact on our aid program and outcomes for many years ahead. Likewise, the coalition's economic plan embraces innovation in our defense industry. Our comprehensive defense plan is not only about our national security needs and capability, but also investing more of our defense budget in Australian industry with a fully-costed, fully-funded plan that aligns strategy, capability and resources. This will support and sustain a growing local defense industry, increasing the capacity for local Australian firms to export to like-minded countries with shared strategic interests, especially in our region. A dozen offshore patrol vessels will be built here in two years' time. After that, the building of nine future frigates will begin. Then we will start construction of the first of 12 advanced submarines designed specifically for Australian conditions. This will be our single biggest military capability investment in peacetime history. These projects will also drive jobs, growth, advanced manufacturing and innovation across the public and private sector for decades.  The third element of our economic plan addresses the competition for markets and the government will ensure Australian firms and individuals compete on a level playing field, if not a privileged one. The free trade agreements we concluded with China, Japan and South Korea are all about providing our exporters with advantages or at least equivalent access as our competitors. Independent modelling has found that these free trade agreements will boost our GDP by $25 billion over the next two decades. That equates to each household being $4,000 better off. The benefits for Australian firms are immediate and real and will increase over time. As I travel around the world, it's become increasingly apparent to me that the brand made in Australia. Produced in Australia, grown in Australia, manufactured in Australia is synonymous with quality. For example, the growing Chinese middle classes need our food and actively prefer that it is sourced from our relatively pristine environment. Tariffs for our dairy, beef, lamb, wine, horticulture and seafood exports have been completely eliminated. For dairy foods, company Bega, with free trade agreements with China has triggered even more interest for its products on the back of a $100 million UHD milk deal with the Kongqing General Trading Group. I was down at Bega the other day and they were waxing lyrical about the opportunities the China Free Trade Agreement present to them. Wine makers like Warren Randall of Seppelsfield described the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement as the single most important development in wine marketing in the 40 years that he's been in business. An ageing Chinese population can look to us for services. The Free Trade Agreement opens up opportunities for Australian private hospital providers such as Ramsey Healthcare and for our aged care providers. Our Free Trade Agreement with Japan is the most ambitious trade deal Japan has ever signed with another country. When fully implemented, more than 97% of Australian exports will enter Japan completely duty-free or with preferential access. Tariffs on many agricultural exports will be eliminated. Tariffs on our beef will be halved. Our services sector will gain unprecedented access to the lucrative Japanese domestic economy. Likewise, almost all our export tariffs with South Korea will be eliminated under that Free Trade Agreement. Grove Juice in Southern Queensland has now sold almost 100,000 bottles of orange and apple juices into the Japanese and Korean markets. The 24% tariff on cherries to Korea was eliminated under the agreement and a cherry grower in Tasmania has reported a 30-fold increase in cherry exports in the months following the signing of the Korean Agreement. Last month, we concluded a comprehensive strategic partnership agreement with Singapore, an advanced and innovative regional economy with whom we have much in common. Our aim is to have as close an economic relationship with Singapore as we do with New Zealand. This partnership will lead to even closer collaboration on the commercialisation of research between our agencies and universities and private firms. We're exploring joint investment opportunities in sectors such as food and agriculture in Northern Australia. We are promoting mutual recognition of standards and qualifications so our professional and other service firms can operate in the Singaporean market. Importantly, we're not resting on recent achievements. We are negotiating further export agreements with India, Indonesia, the European Union, the Gulf countries and a number of Pacific nations. Now, it will not escape you that in an address about foreign policy, I have spoken primarily about economics. Just as the objective traditional diplomacy is to secure peace and security, economic diplomacy is designed to promote our prosperity and economic opportunity. One of the first things I asked of our diplomats when sworn in as foreign minister was to develop business plans in the nations where our embassies and high commissions are located. Corporate business plans to enhance the economic ties between the host country, wherever situated on the world map, and Australia. These business plans have been a great success and I was pleasantly surprised at the level of enthusiasm and the quality of the plans which include milestones and measurable outcomes on increased trade and investment. We've also expanded our overseas economic and diplomatic presence with the addition of eight new posts and funding for three more, the largest expansion of our diplomatic footprint in at least 40 years. So this is a central part of my portfolio as Minister for Foreign Affairs and I see my role as no less relevant to the Turnbull government's jobs and growth plan as other ministers in charge of domestic economic affairs. Investing in Australia's future generations is also an important part of Australia's cultural and economic links with the Indo-Pacific. By the end of 2016, our new Colombo Plan which we established in 2014 will have given more than 10,000 Australian undergraduate students a chance to live, study and undertake work experience in over 35 locations in our region. Our students get to know the host country, learn the language, understand the people and build networks and connections and return with new insights and perspectives into Australia's place in the region. Just as enhancing prosperity is a fundamental aim of our foreign policy, so too is national security. Greater independence and integration between economies and nations means economical strategic turmoil in one place is likely to have direct consequences for other nations. Recently, Prime Minister Turnbull described the United States as the irreplaceable anchor to the global's rule-based order. No other country can take on this role. Defending such an order is not aimed at any particular country. It works to ensure competition is regulated and takes place according to a set of rules and processes that enhance stability and security. Every country which has risen within these rules has benefited enormously, including countries that are allies of the United States, Japan and Australia and those who are not, such as China. This is why the coalition has strongly reaffirmed the importance of both the role of the United States and the ANZUS Alliance. It is to be noted that Labor's political partner, the Greens, have taken a different approach. While there's broad bipartisan support for the Australia-U.S. relationship, the great difference between the coalition and Labor comes down to execution. Strategic architecture requires constant attention, effort and resources in order to endure. In our region, bilateral security relationships between the United States and its allies and between like-minded countries form the backbone of such architecture. The advances in our strategic and security partnerships with countries such as Japan and Singapore over the past three years reinforces an order which is overwhelmingly in Australia's and the region's interests. Additionally, and for the strategic order to survive and evolve, other countries need to carry more of the security burden. We are doing just that with the plan outlined in the 2016 Defence White Paper, which accepts our fair share of that work. While Labor drove defence spending as a percentage of GDP to its lowest level since 1938, the Turnbull government is committed, unlike the two previous Labor governments whose defence blueprint was never funded, to invest real and credible funding to back our strategy. I remind Labor of the words of former Secretary of Defence Arthur Tang, who said, a strategy without dollars is not a strategy. Hence, our plan to increase defence spending to 2% of GDP. Ladies and gentlemen, there are significant regional and global economic and strategic challenges ahead. Continued prosperity and security is never guaranteed or easily achieved. Australia's brightest days are ahead of us if we evolve and we adapt. The Turnbull government has an economic and security plan to achieve just that. Thank you. Thank you very much, Julie. Thank you for those interesting remarks on economic diplomacy, on free trade, on national security. The Ministers agreed to take questions and we have about 25 minutes or so and I want to go to as many people as I can. I'm going to ask the first question. Minister, can I ask you to reflect a bit on your term as Foreign Minister over the last three years? What is the achievement that you're proudest of? What's the single thing that you're most glad to be associated with? And what's your biggest regret? What was the issue that you felt unable to push as far as you would have liked? There is no single initiative or outcome that I prefer over a number. So I'll just set out a few that I think have been, for me, really outcomes in Australia's national interests. First, our refocus on the Pacific and the direction of most of our aid budget to the Pacific. And the realignment of our aid budget towards economic self-reliance rather than handouts. And the Pacific leaders that I speak to invariably want greater economic engagement with Australia rather than what had been a traditional form of delivering aid. So I think our aid program backed by the Innovation Exchange has been truly groundbreaking, all against a very challenging fiscal environment that we inherited. Secondly, our ability to enhance bilateral relationships, particularly with China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, and how that has enabled us to participate more actively in multinational forums like the United Nations. Because if you have strong bilateral and regional relationships, you have a greater influence and capacity to engage. For example, in the East Asia Summit, we are a voice in the East Asia Summit due in major part because of our relationships with the member countries. Likewise, our time on the Security Council, very proud of what we were able to achieve on the Security Council. And much of that had to do with the relationships we have with the permanent members of the Security Council. Our response to the global terrorism threat that has emerged in the Middle East, particularly in Syria and Iraq, has been challenging. But I also think that Australia has done more than its fair share as a nation far removed from terrorism central, but no less potentially influenced or impacted by global terrorist events. And Australia is now one of the leading voices in the coalition against ISIL and our military and humanitarian contribution to Syria and Iraq, I think, has been a high point. Our ability to respond to events outside our control, where we had otherwise little coverage, and I refer to our response to the downing of the Malaysian Airlines MH17, the ability of our departments, our agencies, our diplomats, our Defence Force personnel, our Australian Federal Police, to come together and achieve an outcome in very hostile territory and a hostile environment, I think, is a credit to us all. Personally, my greatest pride lies in the establishment of the new Colombo Plan. This is something I spoke about a great deal in opposition. It's something that I had dreamed about for some time, and that was to establish a program like the original Colombo Plan that saw 40,000 people come to Australia to gain qualifications in Australia between 1950s and the 1980s, and then return to their countries as ambassadors for Australia, an irreplaceable initiative. I wanted to reverse that and ensure that young Australians had that opportunity to live and study at universities in our region. I think as a soft power diplomacy initiative, that has done more for our standing in the region than any white paper, any strategy, any other single initiative I can think of. So the new Colombo Plan is something that should, that should underpin our engagement in the region for decades to come because it's an investment in our young people. And for them, it's life-changing, it's transformative, but it's also, in many ways, transformed our relationship with countries in the region. When presidents and prime ministers of other countries speak of the new Colombo Plan in their public addresses as an example of Australia's willingness to engage with the region, then I know that that is public diplomacy, soft power diplomacy at its very best. I also asked you for a Gretz. Well, I wish we'd signed all six free trade agreements that we're currently negotiating before caretaker provisions kicked in. That's obviously something that's important. In terms of regrets, none come to mind, apart from wanting to achieve more and be able to be as significant a voice as we can on the world stage. There can be frustrations from time to time, but we doggedly pursue our national interest and our right to be heard. One example was when Russia played itself into the conflict in Syria and Iraq, then the United States and Russia became the two negotiators, if you like, for the outcomes there. And there was a period where Australia was not included in the International Syria Support Group. And I thought that was not fair or appropriate given the level of commitment that we had made. And so we worked very hard through our diplomats and our influential representatives to ensure that Australia took its place at that table. And we were able to achieve that, although it meant I had to leave the election campaign and head off to Vienna for four days to sit at the table for the International Syria Support Group meeting. But it was certainly worth the effort and worthwhile. Had we not been able to achieve that, I would have listed that as a regret. LAUGHTER OK, you have no regrets. All right. Madam, I'll ask people to confine, to please address the minister with a question rather than a statement, and please indicate your name and any affiliation at the beginning. Deborah Snow, Fairfax Media Minister. I wonder if you could confirm the report in the Australian today that you're on the verge of appointing the first female head of DFAT. I note Ms Adamson sitting in the front row here. I presume for a reason. And if that is the case, why is that a particularly significant appointment? I mean, we've obviously had other women heading up federal government departments. Why should this be a particular milestone in your portfolio? And also, could you just quickly comment on the... Just quickly. ..your thoughts on whether Britain should be... Brexit. Sorry. Whether Britain should be leaving Brexit, thank you. Well, first on the question about the article in the Australian today, we are in caretaker mode, so it would be entirely inappropriate for me to make any announcement about the Secretary of Department as important as the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. I assume Frances Adamson is sitting here because she has been a very distinguished ambassador to China, a Deputy Secretary in our department and now the Prime Minister's international adviser. But I am confident that whomever the Prime Minister and I choose should we be re-elected will carry on the great tradition of de-fat secretaries that have served this country so well. Were it to be a woman, that would be notable because, of course, it would be the first female Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. And that in itself is a milestone. Just as people often comment that I'm the first female Foreign Minister of Australia, the first always draws comment. As to Brexit, it would clearly be in Australia's interests, in my view, for there to be a strong Great Britain within the European Union. We have a deep economic, strategic, historic relationship with Great Britain. We are like-minded partners. We have deep intelligence ties, security ties. We work exceedingly closely with the United Kingdom on a whole range of issues. To have a like-minded partner within the European Union would be in Australia's interests, in my view. Of course, with men and rulings sitting there, I don't hesitate to remind everybody that this is a decision for the British people and the outcome, of course, is a matter for Britain. But if you ask what would be in Australia's interests, I think that it would be for a strong Britain to remain. The consequences of Britain leaving are, of course, unknown. I expect it would create considerable economic volatility, as we've already seen, with the reaction in the markets to just the potential of Britain leaving. And, of course, that would impact on Australia. The European Union is a significant trading block for Australia, so any increased instability in the EU would impact on Australia. That's why it's important to vote for a turnable government who has an economic plan to ensure our continued economic prosperity. I would just add, Deborah, for your story, that the Lowe Institute put a poll out last week that showed that 51% of Australians favour Britain remaining in the EU and only, I think, 19% favour Brexit. So I hope you can squeeze that into your story. Never miss an opportunity. No, absolutely. We're in sales here, Minister. The next person I saw was this lady. Jamai McGarrett from ABC News. I was interested in you pointing out your refocusing on the Pacific is one of your highlights. And one of the things that doesn't get spoken about much is the economic role of Australian business in the Pacific. And Australia has almost as much foreign direct investment in Papua New Guinea as it does in China. And it's very important in all the other countries, Fiji, Vanuatu, et cetera. I'm just wondering how you see that developing and is it relevant in any way to the Coalition's jobs and growths plan? Also, what benefit do you see for Australian business from Pace to Plus? And then a second question is... I'm going to keep it to one if I can, just because there's a lot of... Yeah, Pace to Plus. Okay. Okay. Let me start with our approach to the aid program, which, as I said, is very much focused on development outcomes in the Pacific. It's our view that no country has ever lifted large numbers of people out of poverty through foreign aid. Take China, for example, take Korea. Most have done so through economic development. And it's our view that we should be building national capacity in countries in our region. And we do that through focusing on education, on women's economic empowerment, on trade promotion. And I believe that building economic capacity and the ability to grow the recipient country's economy is the best way to improve living standards in developing countries. Now, as I said earlier, I know this is the view of the countries who receive it, but I've not had a leader from these countries ask for more aid. They ask for more economic opportunities. They don't want to be permanently dependent on other nations. So that's what's driven our aid program. And I think what's important is to understand why a country is falling short of their development goals if the amount of aid has been increasing each year. And that's what we've been seeking to do in discussions and consultations with the recipients and nations of Australian aid. Indonesia, for example, considers about half a billion dollars we put into Indonesia as an investment rather than aid. And they want economic outcomes. Likewise, I'll come to PASA Plus. What countries of the Pacific are looking for out of this free trade agreement is labour mobility. They would much rather have the opportunity for their workers to take up employment opportunities in Australia and New Zealand, gain skills, remittances, and then go back to their own country and use those skills to develop economic growth there. The private sector, as far as I'm concerned, is utterly essential to the delivery of our aid program. And that has been another significant change from previous governments. And that is we are partnering with the private sector to deliver aid, getting ideas from the private sector on how we can do it. And there are some magnificent examples, including oil search in P&G, who have probably done as much as many donor countries to lift standards of living in P&G through their investment as part of their presence as an LNG producer in P&G. And likewise, our relationship with Papua New Guinea is focused very much on building capacity and capability. One of the other things of which I'm particularly proud is the School of Governance and the School of Government that we have just established in P&G. It hasn't had much coverage in the media. We are setting up a School of Government with the University of Papua New Guinea and their Institute of Public Administration to train or, if necessary, retrain public servants, the public sector, even private sector individuals in P&G about how to govern, administer, operate more efficiently, effectively and ethically. Thank you. I saw this lady here and then the gentleman behind her. Thank you. Venus Kalesi from the Australian Behind Community. Miss Bishop, earlier this year, you hosted Iran's Foreign Minister in our country. Thank you foremost for continuing to erase Iran's appalling human rights record, whether you're travelling abroad or... I'm going to ask you to keep it to a question. That's in Australia. As with relations with Iran's strengthens, we will see more Australian businesses entering that country for trade. However, given its human rights record, particularly in terms of labour and employment of religious minorities and others on their blacklist who are excluded from economic and civil life, Australian companies may invariably become complicit to such human rights violations. Will the Australian government help equip businesses to navigate the complex human rights issues as doors open for Australian businesses to enter Iran? Thank you. Thank you for the question, and it's an important one. We have re-engaged with Iran to the extent that I visited Tehran, the first Australian minister in at least 12 years, to do so. But I point out we have maintained an embassy in Tehran throughout, unlike other countries, notably the United States, and at one point, I think, Great Britain. We have maintained our embassy and our presence in Tehran. My reason for visiting Tehran actually had more to do with seeking some kind of arrangement, whereby Iran would take back the Iranians who had come to Australia under the weakened border protection laws that gave rise to the people-smuggling trade under the previous Labor government. That included 50,000 people, 9,000 of whom were Iranians, a number of whom are not found to be owing protection under the relevant conventions. So a purpose of my visit was to seek an agreement on the behalf of the Iranian government to take back those who were found not to be genuine refugees. Secondly, it was to discuss the presence of Australian troops in Iraq because we were assisting the Iraqi government in building the capacity of their security and defence forces. And Iran was very present on the ground in Iraq, so I didn't want there to be any misunderstanding as to what the Australian defence personnel were doing there. But a third element did arise, and that is the question of greater trade and economic ties with Iran. Should the P5-plus-1 agreement be concluded? Well, it has been, and so certain sanctions have been lifted on Iran, consistent with the European Union. We still have in place a number of sanctions on Iran, but this has enabled some Australian businesses to see opportunities to trade with Iran as other European nations have done. We have announced the opening of an Aus trade office in Iran for the very purpose of assisting Australian businesses. Work operate, engage in Iran, and the matters to which you refer are the sort of things that our posts and our trading missions do as a matter of course in countries where there are challenging human rights environments. So I also believe that engaging directly with Foreign Minister Zarif and Prime Minister Rouhani is an important way of raising our concerns about human rights, about nuclear programs, about Iran's role in the Middle East. And I do not agree with the view of those who say we should not engage with Iran. We should, we will. We have the opportunity to raise our concerns directly and hopefully make an impact in that regard. But your point about whether we provide support for Australian businesses for doing so, yes, that is the point of having a presence in Iran beyond just the embassy. It will also be an Aus trade post. The gentleman behind, yes. Minister, my name's Ian Lynn. I come from a company called Quo Vardis and we are strategic futurists. As you can see, I am Asian, I'm Chinese. I'm an ABC, which is in Australian-born Chinese. My Australian friends call me a banana because I'm yellow on the outside and white on the inside. I've never heard that. I've never heard that before. I've heard it. That's not approved low-income. Have you got a question, sir? Yes, you have talked about the Colombo Plan after the Second World War about being a major success and you say one of your greatest achievements are the new Colombo Plan, the reverse one. Have you ever thought about a reverse of your reverse? That is, in Australia, we have literally hundreds of thousands of Asian students and we never contact them here about their future as far as Australia is concerned, especially since most of them come with direct contacts through their parents and through their extended families with businesses all over the world, mainly in China. As you know, there's about 50 million Chinese in a diaspora all over the world. The big area where we also have a real advantage is our small businesses. With 24 million people, our future must be in small business. Is there anything that we can do to emulate overseas, all right, by using the diaspora here from many countries around the world, to talk about the future of Australia? They all know it's the best country in the world, but we never say, well, this is what you can do. You'll be bi-cultured when you leave here. We'll talk about small businesses, starting up, what you can do, and I believe that our future will be Australian small businesses exporting the millions of small businesses around the world at the top 5% of each country.  I certainly agree with you that Australian small business is the backbone of our economy. It's where the jobs are, it's where the creativity comes from and we absolutely back the innovative, creative spirit, the entrepreneurial spirit of Australian small businesses. One of the reasons that I pushed so hard to get the new Colombo plan in place was because I wanted our leaders of the future, our business, political, community leaders of the future, to understand the politics, the economics, the societies in Asia which will have such an important impact on Australia. Not only should they work over there, but for the tourists, the visitors, those who do business here in Australia from Asia, they would have a better understanding of how to work with and take advantage of that kind of engagement. So the whole idea of the new Colombo plan was to give Australian students, the future leaders of our country, a better understanding of our place in the region and it's doing that. I've got some magnificent examples of young Australians who've been overseas on the new Colombo plan, undertook an internship in a firm, not an Australian firm operating there, but actually, say Singapore in business, operating in Singapore, obtained a work experience opportunity under the new Colombo plan and have now been offered a job when they finish their career in Australia, or sorry, when they finish their qualifications in Australia. So this kind of intermingling is precisely what I wanted to see with the new Colombo plan and it also drives more students to come to Australia. As I've been told, we have young Australians living on campus at Fudan University, mixing with other Chinese students who might be looking for somewhere to go to study overseas. Our young Australian ambassadors encourage them to study in Australia. So this is all about a true student exchange. While we currently have many more foreign students in Australia than we send out, that will change over time and I think we'll see true student exchange. As for doing it with small business, well, we've certainly been providing small business with enormous opportunities to engage in the region through the free trade agreements. I mean, these agreements are groundbreaking in the opportunities that they provide for small, medium businesses to sell their goods and services overseas. Now, your idea of putting some sort of framework under that, some kind of alumni of small businesses is certainly one I'll take on board because we have, for the first time, put in place a huge alumni framework for our new Colombo plan students and those coming to Australia. So online, lifetime email addresses, all that sort of thing we're putting in place for our new Colombo plan students and the foreign students coming to Australia. Minister, I'm gonna sneak in one final question. We started a little bit late, so I'm gonna try your patience and ask you one other question about the other election that's happening this year. I know that I'm not gonna have any success in, I know that you're not gonna want to comment on any of the candidates for office in the United States. But let me put the question a different way. The debate in the United States seems to have gone sideways over the last 12 months or so. We have calls for Muslims to be denied access to the United States. We have very sharp criticisms of free trade. Are you somewhat discomforted that the United States, our great strategic ally, seems to be, we seem to be seeing some of the meaner and the smaller sides of the American character rather than the really great qualities that have enabled the United States to have such a benign and positive effect on the world? The reason that we don't delve into the particular qualities of the particular candidates, as others have done, is because the Australian government must form a constructive relationship with whomever the American people choose in their wisdom to be the President of the United States. This has always been the case and should always be the case, because the United States is the largest foreign direct investor in Australia. It is our only ally, apart from New Zealand. It's our strategic ally. It matters to us that we remain engaged with the United States. It's in our national interests that we have the closest of all possible relationships with the United States. Now, the US is deeply engaged in Asia if you just think that US trade with Asia is worth about $1.5 trillion, and the US relies on its alliances in Asia for the maintenance of peace and stability in its interests. So I'm confident that whomever is the American President, they will remain engaged strategically, politically, militarily, economically, culturally in our region. But it will certainly be a responsibility of the Australian government to ensure that its focus is on our part of the world and that our relationships between the United States and its allies in this region are well-appreciated and understood. Ladies and gentlemen, you can't blame a think tank director for trying. I want to begin, first of all, by thanking everybody in the room for coming. We've had a terrific events program in recent months. You've asked wonderful questions. Thank you. I especially acknowledge the Governor of New South Wales, General Hurley, who I neglected to acknowledge before as a former CDF. We're very lucky in New South Wales to have you as the Governor, David, and in particular, the Institute is, we take it as a compliment that you come to our events. So thank you for joining us. Ladies and gentlemen, please join me in thanking the minister. We at the Institute have been fortunate enough to have really great relations with all of Australia's foreign ministers in the period that the Institute has existed, but I'm confident in saying there's no foreign minister who's come to the Institute more often than Julie. She's come a number of occasions in different capacities as both the shadow foreign minister and then as minister in the old building. We're delighted to welcome you today to our new headquarters for the first time. Thank you for speaking to us in the middle of a very hectic campaign schedule. Thank you for taking our questions. Thank you, Julie. Thank you. Thank you.


This paper discusses the generation of broadband optical frequency combs using dissipative solitons in quasi-phase matched micro-resonators. It explores the soliton and breather regimes in both phase matched and slightly phase mismatched resonators. In phase matched resonators, the soliton regime is observed to have a narrower spectrum than the phase mismatched case, while the latter exhibits higher order harmonic generation. This article was authored by Juan Juan Lu, Danila N. Puzarev, Vladislav V. Pankratov, and others.