Item number SCP-721 Object Class Safe Special Containment Procedures Instances of SCP-721 are to be contained in one of three designated lockers. At Site-19's low-priority item storage facility, depending on whether they are classified as SCP-721-1, 2, or 3. Each instance must be sealed in a plastic bag, with a label that clearly identifies their designation. Upon recovery, all instances of SCP-721 are to be subject to testing with Class D personnel to determine whether they are instances of SCP-721-1, 2, or 3. Provided this information is not available from other sources. They are then to be contained according to the procedures outlined in this document. At time of writing, all six contained instances of SCP-721-1 are used to monitor and aid in the containment of sapient keter class SCP items. Any further instances of SCP-721-1 that are contained may be assigned to similar projects at the discretion of 058. At Site Director Cassidy for further information, testing of SCP-721-2 requires permission from Dr. Bright. The use of SCP-721-3 to terminate any person requires approval from no less than 3 personnel, with relevant level 4 clearance or higher. Any subject known to have activated an instance of SCP-721-3 is to be euthanized if possible, then disposed of in the nearest suitable furnace. Description Each instance of SCP-721-1 is a steel cylinder painted black measuring 7 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height. One side is covered by a steel mesh and the other by a weak magnet labeled with the factory. Testing does not indicate that the material itself has any anomalous properties. Instances of SCP-721 can be further categorized as SCP-721-1, SCP-721-2, or SCP-721-3 depending on their effects. At time of writing, the Foundation controls six instances of SCP-721-1, eight instances of SCP-721-2, and two instances of SCP-721-3. There is no known means of distinguishing between instances of SCP-721, apart from activating its anomalous properties by placing at least 0.2 ml of blood from a sapient organism on the mesh side. Said organism is referred to as the subject. Upon activation of SCP-721-1, all conscious thoughts of the subject will become audible to those within a 60 meter radius as a whispering in the listener's ear. Additionally, the thoughts of all persons within this range will be audible to the subject in the form of whispers emanating from SCP-721-1. While the thoughts of most subjects are too disorganized and incoherent for others to interpret properly, with practice, subjects have shown the ability to use SCP-721 to transmit coherent thoughts to those within its active range. Upon activation of SCP-721-2, and the placement of the object on some form of blank medium i.e. paper, audio tape, videotape, or computer with a blank text file open, SCP-721-2 has been shown to function on open-ended media as well, such as radios and televisions. The subject will gain complete mental control over the content of the media in question, and will be capable of transferring any data they can imagine to the media in question. excerpts from test log 721-2-4 medium blank white paper summary of results subject was able to transfer both words and pictures onto the blank paper. The written text showed up in the subject's own handwriting, although it was proven he could change this at will. The text appeared as if written in pencil. The pictures were of a complexity the subject has proven incapable of duplicating, without the use of SCP-721-2. This test took place over the course of 35 minutes. medium blank audio tape summary of results subject was capable of transferring multiple monologues onto the tape in what he perceived to be his own voice, without speaking aloud. After being prompted to do so, subject was able to insert a dialogue he was witness to in the voices of the researchers. After extensive practice, subject produced what amounted to be his own five-man play with multiple voices and sound effects, all indistinguishable from their real-life counterparts. This test took place over two hours. medium blank DVD summary of results subject was with practice capable of creating video files of high complexity. Beginning with a relatively simple animation, the subject was able to expand upon this until proving capable of producing a full 90-minute live-action movie with special effects included. This test took place over the course of six hours. Upon activation of SCP-721-3, the subject's body temperature will increase approximately 0.3 degrees Celsius per minute. The exact rate fluctuates. While this increase in body temperature would be fatal in and of itself under normal circumstances, subjects retain full mobility and consciousness during this time and suffer no visible effects of the temperature increase. Further, they report that this process is extremely painful. Once the subject's body temperature is 100 degrees Celsius, the subject will begin to emit smoke from all orifices. Analysis of the smoke indicates that it is consistent with the combustion of the organic components of the subject's blood. This coincides with the loss of the subject's voluntary motor control, although the subject remains conscious during this time. After between 15 and 30 minutes, the time spent is roughly proportional to the subject's blood volume, the subject will expire. Testing indicates that, at this point, the subject's blood will be composed entirely of water that, if allowed to escape from the body, will boil away entirely. Lesson complete. If you missed the previous orientation, go watch SCP-720, Panopticon, right now. Or for the complete course, watch this playlist.


When Jessica is ready to send her stupor. Happy holidays! Happy holidays! I'm happy to be here. When the realtor is most welcome to the folks. Happy holidays! When the realtor is most welcome to the folks. We're ready to send a round of folks. Who's the slurring from? Our family's to yours. Happy holidays! From LRC Bavaria. We have from our LRC Bavaria team. As we say in the Netherlands. Froden Kastvist! We are the LRC Bavaria Team.


Back to Davis Media Access. We are here for another episode of The City Considerers. And today we're catching up with Valley Clean Energy, about 18 months after the Community Choice Energy provider launched. And my guests today are Lucas Farrics, who is a Davis City Council member and a member of the Board of Valley Clean Energy. And Don Saylor, also a board member and our Yolo County Supervisor. So welcome to you both. Thanks so much. So our conversation today about Valley Clean Energy is happening in the context of our giant utility provider, PG&E, having filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. And leading up to that, just having a lot of issues and consumers having a lot of issue with PG&E. And in the midst of that, 18 months ago, comes a Community Choice Energy provider, Valley Clean Energy. So let's talk about, I know a lot of work went into launching it. I know a lot has happened over its first 18 months of existence. So let's start there. And whichever of you wants to start first is fine. Sure. Supervisor, you want to go ahead? I'll just start by just mentioning what Valley Clean Energy is. It's one of 19 Community Choice Energy programs that are operating now in California. Together, those CCEs serve about 10 million of California's 39 million people. So each of the CCEs are partnerships of local jurisdictions. In our case, it started out with Woodland, Davis, and the unincorporated areas of Yolo County forming a partnership. We purchase electrical energy and provide it to ratepayers through the infrastructure of Pacific gas and electric, our local investor-owned utility. So the PG&E still owns the poles and the wires. But the electrical energy supply is provided by Valley Clean Energy. We have a unique partnership with the Sacramento Municipal Utility District. SMUD provides the backroom operations, the call center. They really do all of the professional technical work. And we're governed by a board that is made up of two members of the Davis City Council, Lucas and Dan, two members of the Woodland City Council, Dan Carson, that is, two members of the Woodland City Council, Tom Stallard and Angel Barajas, and two members of the Board of Supervisors, Gary Sandy and myself. We, West Sacramento is considering potential joining in the future. And Winters has made a decision to join, and they'll be starting up as associate members this next meeting. Yeah, this month, yeah. So there are some clear differences between community choice energy and PG&E, for example. And that has to do with the way we choose where the power comes from, and then the rate structure. Can you speak to those? Oh, absolutely. Yeah, I think it's also one of the other major issues that separates community choice energy providers from the investor utilities is also the ability of local control too. So I think one of the things that we were most excited about is that instead of today, before Valley Clean Energy as it existed, you had to go down to San Francisco if you had issues. There was ever any sort of meetings at PG&E or at the Public Utilities Commission that's based in San Francisco. But here in Yolo County, our meetings rotate between Davis and Woodland in very soon Winters. And so we have our regular monthly board meetings, and so people are able to actually really participate locally. And then, of course, they see us in the supermarket and the groceries out in the community farmers market and other places. Everywhere. And so they have that ability too. The other thing that one of the real reasons for doing a community choice energy program was to actually provide more renewable energy, higher amounts of renewable energy to our community. All of our communities have a lot of goals as related to climate change and how to prepare and adapt for climate change and the consequences of that. And one of the things that we have both in the city of Davis but also Yolo County are doing is that we have realized that we can actually really help meet our climate change goals by having better choices in terms of renewable energy. So what are some of those renewable sources that Valley Clean Energy is purchasing and then passing on to consumers? So certainly solar is a very typical one regardless of where the energy is coming from, but also large hydropower. So from water, from coming from dams, particularly in the Pacific Northwest and then also increasingly wind power as well. I think the thing that's really interesting, actually one thing that we find was pretty cool for us to do is be able to also repurchasing the power that's generated by a very small dam up in Lake County in Indian Valley Reservoir that is actually owned by the Yolo County Flood Control and Water Conservation District. And so that's about four, it's how large is it, or how small is that? Four megawatts, I think it's pretty small, but PG&E actually chose to no longer buy that power that was being generated locally. And so Valley Clean Energy actually negotiated that contract so we are actually generating power a little bit more locally. Interesting. So we're transparent. Our rate structures are set in open public meetings. There's no money going to high priced board members or executive bonuses or shareholders. Investors, shareholders, yeah. Exactly. So all the money comes back into it. This first year of operation we started, we launched in June 2018 for the first set of customers. And that first year we were able to generate, first of all, we set rates at 2 and 1 half percent lower than PG&E's rates for every rate category. We generated about $51 million in rate payer revenue with that lower rate. We have an $8 million fund balance that first year. And we were able to repay the startup loans to Woodland, Davis, and Yolo County, each of those three, each started out with $500,000 in a loan. We paid that back. And so we wanted this first year to be financially stable and show rate payers that we could deliver on the commitment. And that kind of return doesn't happen when you're paying shareholders, as you said. Yeah, so another thing I think is interesting is doing a little bit of research. Most of the CCEs are in considerably more dense areas. But Yolo County, being Yolo County, I imagine it took a lot of energy to not intend it, but to push this through, especially in an area where you don't have the population base and the voting base of, say, San Francisco or even Marin County. So what I'm hearing is 18 months in, we've done well on the money front. We've done well on, I know there was a lot of confusion about the opt out, how you're a customer unless you opt out. And if you follow Nextdoor and other sources, there was a lot of chatter in those early days about that, a lot of confusion. So it seems like we've kind of sorted through all of that. The other interesting thing that happened is that Valley Clean Energy, as you know, made a bid, a $3 million bid to purchase PG&E's assets in Yolo County after PG&E filed for Chapter 11. And I understand they declined that bid, but I also understand that the powers that be are not considering that this is a done deal. So can you speak to that? Yeah, I just give a little bit of perspective on this. I think, firstly, there's been a long history in Yolo of wanting to have additional options when it comes to energy in the electricity market. I mean, folks will remember 15 or so years ago, an attempt to be an, a vote was taken, of course, and both here in Yolo County, but also in Sacramento, an attempt to be annexed into the Sacramento Municipal Utility District territory that unfortunately failed. But a lot of folks have wanted to still see something like that happen over time, municipalization of the utility. So Valley Clean Energy, it's in and of itself is not that. I mean, it's really, we were procuring, we were, yes, locally governed and such, but we're really about procuring the energy, buying the energy, but I think there's a real opportunity now that with PG&E being in bankruptcy, we are not also, I think it's important to note, we're not alone in this. A variety of local governments around the state are also very interested in the same option. They think there's a different potential for their sort of electricity future, and so they are really Nevada County, San Francisco, San Jose, South San Joaquin Irrigation District, and then as well as Yolo County have all put in specific bids to try to acquire the infrastructure of PG&E to basically create municipal utilities. So ultimately, I assume that will be decided in bankruptcy court. If they've declined the bid, then it gets punted down the road, correct? Ultimately it'll become a decision by the judge involved in the bankruptcy court. Our offer is for, it was carefully crafted based on assessments of the value of the facilities. There's been a tremendous amount of uproar around the public safety power outages. There's concern by many people in California who are customers of the investor-owned utility about the diversion of the resources into profits and into shareholder dividends. So what this is about is finding a way to have the utilities actually serve the public to have, we have the capacity as a public agency to finance some of the, to finance the investment, to purchase the infrastructure, and then to finance the necessary repairs at a much lower cost than a private profit-oriented company. So we have some opportunities here that we're pursuing. And it's only one of the things that we're doing because we're at the same time that we are participating in this bankruptcy proceeding through making this offer, we are also ramping up to take on new customers. And some of the new customers for the first time, if many people who have been early adapters of rooftop solar on their own homes or businesses, they've not been included yet because there's a cash flow problem when they first come in. But starting in January, we're talking now in early December, but starting in January 2020, those customers will have the opportunity to be served by Valley Clean Energy also. That's probably game-changing for both them and Valley Clean Energy because that is the future. And in addition to all the other things that you mentioned, I think we all have a mandate too to really pursue those cleaner sources and to lower the carbon footprint around our energy consumption and our sources. So this case aside, this bankruptcy proceedings aside and bringing on new customers, when you look a year down the road, what else can we expect to see from Valley Clean Energy? I think one of the things that's really interesting is that we've heard from certainly a lot of citizens here throughout Yolo County and our constituents of some of the types of things they'd like to see. Valley Clean Energy, the types of programming that they like to see us take on. And a lot of the other CCE programs and other parts of the state are doing a lot. I think you can, and very much so, one thing that's very exciting actually, you'll see this very soon, is Valley Clean Energy received about a $3 million grant just a couple of months ago from the Sacramento Area Council of Governments for electrification, transportation, electrification. So to install chargers around parts of Yolo County, so additional car chargers, electric car chargers. I think those are the types of things and those types of programs are gonna start to see more and more of as a result of the investments that Valley Clean Energy makes. So our first year, first couple of years, the idea is to make sure we can do the job that we're financially stable. We are very interested in generating power locally, finding ways of having greater energy efficiencies and paying back into the community. This is a transparent operation and we do respond to what folks bring to us. Local governments have for a long time done very sophisticated operations. There are many electrical companies operated by local governments. We currently operate wastewater treatment systems water delivery systems, landfill operations, they're very sophisticated. So we can operate an electrical supply and infrastructure system when we bring in the right experts to do it for us and have it be governed by people elected by their own community. And I imagine the success of the wastewater treatment facility, for example, has been a real boon in terms of pursuing these efforts because as you said, okay, here's an example of how this works. And now let's create other examples of how that works. Absolutely. We're winding down our time here. So any last thoughts, Lucas? We are, it's been a real pleasure and an honor to be able to be participating in this process from the very beginning and we actually have come a long way over the course of this past year and a half and we're really excited to see what the next few years holds for valet clean energy. I want to thank you both for joining. I know you're both busy. So I always appreciate you coming in here. And I want to let you at home know that you can find out more about valet clean energy by going to valetcleanenergy.org for as long as that dot org domain exists. I don't know if you heard the news. I know, not yet. It's been, it's a topic for another show but it's been basically taken over by a private owner now and it kind of puts nonprofits and government organizations at risk. Oh, I'll fill you in off camera. So we have been talking today about valet clean energy and discussing some of its successes in its first 18 months of operation with a little look toward the future and I think we'll bring you back down the line and we'll maybe after the bankruptcy hearings and kind of see what's going on with valet clean energy. Thanks so much for tuning in. Be sure to check out our archive of all these programs on DCTV.Davismedia.org. I'm Autumn LaBeirano. See you next time.


Well, if there's any doubt that here in British Columbia we are in favor of mining and the economic activity and the jobs that you create and the environmentally sustainable world-leading practices that you use to make it happen, I am going to dispel that now by officially proclaiming this as Mineral Exploration Week in British Columbia. I'm also pleased to add that subject to the approval of the legislature, we are going to extend the BC mining flow-through tax share tax credit again through 2014. It has made a heck of a difference in raising revenue in British Columbia and we're going to keep doing it. We estimate that that's about a 10 million dollar tax credit this year but a small price to pay for a tremendous amount of investment that attracts to our province.


Hey guys, welcome back to my channel. I'm Snolly if you guys don't already know me and today I'm gonna be showing you guys the importance of cleaning your eyebrows It is so important especially when you're trying to grow out your eyebrows over the summer like I am It's been two months since I've gotten my eyebrows done Which is a record for me because I usually go once a week or every other week So it's definitely been hard But I feel like a lot of people go through the struggle as well And the right time to do it is over the summer when you're not really seeing a whole bunch of people But when you are going out to see people you might not feel extremely flaky because your eyebrows are growing out So hopefully this tutorial will help you guys out with that problem. So let's get started There is no right order to do your makeup in it's just whatever feels comfortable to you So usually for me, I do like to do my eyes before I do the whole face I'm gonna be taking my Anastasia brow wiz and filling in my eyebrows It is currently July something and I have not gotten my eyebrows done since like May 3rd If you guys remember I think it was like during vlogmas I went to a lady here in Roswell area and she messed up my eyebrow so bad And I was so pissed you guys should really check out that vlog because my rant's kind of funny Because I was like actually angry about it and I still am like it is still a problem She literally made this eyebrow like shorter on top and like higher on the bottom So it's just like a lot thinner in general So right now I'm just trying to grow it out as long as I can and it's really tempting not to go The eyebrow place and get them done But I know it's gonna be better in the end if I just grow it out during the summer But the only thing that sucks is that it's not growing in the right places Like it'll grow like all under here But not where I want it to grow and I am using castor oil some nights not like every single night Which I probably should but for now I'm gonna have to like try to cover it up with concealer every time I put on my makeup So that is what I'm gonna show you guys today So I'm gonna zoom you guys in so you can see this brow transformation The camera doesn't make it look as bad as it does in person, but as you can tell it's pretty Messy underneath and on top, but we're definitely gonna try to conceal all that hair So first I'm just gonna do my eyebrows fill them in with the Anastasia brow is My problem is that I always Overdraw them and I really don't like that look but sometimes it's really hard to like just rub off all your eyebrows and start over Especially when you're crunched on time So the first brow product I actually ever owned was a NYX eyebrow pencil and it wasn't the micro brow pencil It was just like a normal pencil So it's pretty thick and I had a very heavy hand the first time I used it So it was very scary Like my eyebrows literally looked like solid black and the biggest thing that you should always remember is to have A light hand and just do like light strokes and not literally just color them in because that's what's gonna make Them look really really bad and this right here is where it gets difficult because as you can see this is where she like took off all the hairs and That is what needs to grow back in and so I literally have to draw on so many hairs over there So I have to like kind of like match it up and then always remember to brush it out because you don't want it to be Looking like you drew them on you want it to look super natural After I fill in my brows I'll use the make me brow by essence and this is exactly like the give me brow by benefit But it's so much cheaper and it's important to make sure you get all the excess off this brush because It will literally look like you're putting clumpy mascara on your brows, which is not cute I like to give it the feathered effect by just doing this with my brush and not bringing it like straight down So that makes it look like your brows are just a little bit thicker So to conceal I'm going to be taking my tarte shape tape I'm actually gonna use this as eyeshadow primer too, so I'm just gonna put it directly on my eyelid And kind of bring it up as close to the brow as you can Try not to put an extreme amount because it is gonna be annoying to blend out first I'm gonna be taking my beauty blender and blending it out onto my lid and then we can get into the brow next I'm going to be taking a very small flat brush and just Concealing all those little tiny hairs right underneath where I drew my brows and as you can tell it's already looking so much cleaner Just by looking at my brows right now You can tell that there's an extreme difference when you do clean up your eyebrows and when you don't So look at my brows now They look so much better and this is why you definitely need to take the time to clean up your eyebrows with some concealer I hope this video helped you guys out and now I hope you guys know how important it is to clean up them Eyebrows, so I will see you guys all in my next video. Bye guys


I'm the Comic Weekly Man, the Jolly Comic Weekly Man, and I'm here to read the funnies to you happy boys and honeys.  Right out of the pages of Puck the Comic Weekly, straight into your living room, your friend the Comic Weekly Man, the Jolly Comic Weekly Man. Little Miss Honey, how are you today? Oh, I'm just fine. How are you? If I felt any better, I couldn't stand it. Oh, that makes me very happy. Why? Oh, I was going to read the funnies. Oh, no, I haven't a cold or anything. I've been wondering, though, how are you getting along in school? Oh, wonderful. You can? Yes. Can you spell big words? Oh, yes. Spell at? At. That's a small word.  All right, spell Tennessee. One-a-C, two-a-C, three-a-C, four-a-C, five-a-C, six-a-C, seven-a-C, eight-a-C, nine-a-C, Tennessee. That's just wonderful. Now, will you please read me the funnies? Puck the Comic Weekly? Yes. Very well, I will in just a moment. But before I do, let's listen to this nice man. Now, here we go with Puck the Comic Weekly, and on the first page, Hop along Cassidy. Magic words for the music, please. Very well, my lady. Six guns blazing as he thunders along. Give us music for Hop along. The cavalry taking Black John back to Denver to be tried for his crimes were attacked by Indians. They hold in at a cabin at a stage stop. Hoppy, it slipped away for reinforcements, and today arrives with a large body of horsemen. They rain up beside the smoking cabinet and look at the dead bodies of the soldiers and the few Indians. Remaining there, the marshal says, Well, looks like we got here too late. Hoppy exclaims, I don't believe it. I won't believe it. Lucky, California. Major Haynes, where are you?  Hoppy answers, Well, if that's true, I've just lost two of the best friends a man ever had. Then he grits his teeth firmly and says, I'll never rest until I've made iron claw and his renegades pay for this. The marshal answers, Well, it's going to be tough, Cassidy. Redskins leave no trail. Hoppy walks off replying. Well, their horses do. The marshal announces, We'll split into two parties and search the area. Last picture, second row, Hoppy who has reached the edge of the clearing calls. Hey, look, Marshal, fresh tracks. Yeah, seemed to cross that ridge toward Tumbleweed Creek. Careful, men. Remember, I'm engines are armed with smuggled guns. The search takes them along the river. First picture, bottom row. Suddenly, the marshal holds up his hand. The men stop. The marshal says, Hey, wait. Someone's in the water behind that brush. But Hoppy doesn't wait. He leaps him his horse and dives into the river. And last picture comes up with his arms around two men, Lucky and California. Lucky exclaims, Hey, Hoppy, we hit out thinking we heard the engines coming back. Are we glad to see you. California spurts water like a whale. And as Hoppy smiles, he says, Yeah, you're darn shooting. I couldn't hear my breath from another second. Safe. I just felt sure that they couldn't have been healed by the Indians. They're too smart. Yes. And we'll find out next week whether Hoppy and the marshal and the other men continue in their search for the engines and vengeance. Well, I hope... We'll find out next week. Now? Well, I know it. Turn over the page.  Right. And you're absolutely right. And Val is home now safe with his family and he's found a little prince that has grown awfully big and that he has two new baby twins and my goodness, was he surprised? Yes. And now let's look in on this happy family again. Yes, I'm anxious to see those twin babies. All right, here we go with Prince Valiant in the days of King Arthur. Heck at break, at Grey Malkin and Quince. Music romantic for a fair, fair prince. Val had quite a scare when little Prince Arne in his helmet and sword and shield wandered off and was lost and nearly attacked by a wolf. But Val saved Arne and had brought him home safely. And today Val, Alita and their servants and children are sitting on the lawn in the sun enjoying the quiet of home life. One last picture top row, there's a shot. Val looks up and sees coming from the coast, Arne. No longer is he the clumsy boy playing at being a night hero, but a keen young lad of great ability and with him comes Gaharis, Sir Gawain's brother. Gaharis has come to discuss the terms of peaceful trade with King Agua, Val's father. And long hours they spend with King Agua. Until at last, first picture, second row, they arrive in an agreement for peaceful trade between Thule and Orkney. Peace and prosperity, it is hoped, will bring an end to raiding and piracy. Meanwhile, last picture, second row far out at sea, the ship of Sir Delac sails the new trade route to Thule. This is the same Sir Delac who had shared Val's ship on his return from Rome. And here too is his pretty daughter who had fallen in love with Arne. She sits on the deck listening as her lady companion reads over and over the letters Arne had sent her and at each reading, her heart beats faster. And then, farther off at sea appears another ship. It is Volta, the sea king, second picture, bottom row, surging homeward from a plundering raid. He sees the victim and his ship gives chase. In a short time, his ship overtakes the heavier bark of Sir Delac. Hey! Mahadi Northman very quickly subdue the sailors on board Sir Delac's ship. And Sir Delac and his pretty daughter become Volta's prisoner. Yes, and I think that Val will tell Volta that a new peace treaty has been signed and that this is one time he can't keep his plunder. And... Yes, I'm sure he will. Won't that be nice? Oh, it certainly will be. Well, now I think it's time for Flash Gordon. Oh, and I'm anxious to read that. Very well, let's go over to the very last page of the first section. And that's where Flash Gordon is today. And this. Yes, he was in the principal Martian city, captive of Menta, Queen of the Martians. Yes, and that night he put a helmet on his head when he was asleep and that helmet would make a slave out of Flash. Not only that, but the helmet would make Flash tell every thought he had to Menta. And she'd find out all the secrets about the earth and would be able to make war on the earth easier. But Flash woke up just into one. Well, let's read down, find out. Here we go with Flash Gordon. Riga-riga-doon-doons. Ask him a task. Let's have music for heroic Flash. Flash rises from his bed and with a quick left surprises the guard. And in another second Flash is on his feet. Very quickly knocks the guard out. As he kneels over the unconscious guard looking at the slave helmet which would have made him unable to refuse Queen Menta's every order, he hears behind him something. He whirls. He's stunned to see his co-pilot, Link, coming at him, wearing a slave helmet. Knowing that Link is under orders of his Martian masters, Flash against his will is forced to knock Link out.  Flash picture top rolls.  By now, Dale, who has heard the struggle has joined them. She quickly brings Link too. Link asks in the days, hey, what happened? I dreamed it was a slave of Queen Menta. Flash answers tensely as he rips out the mechanism of the guard's helmet. You were. That's over now. Come on. We got work to do. Wearing slave helmets from which the mechanism has been removed, the earth people secure weapons by pretending to be acting under orders from Queen Menta. And then once they have the weapons, they put the helmets on their heads and gain inference first picture bottom row to the Queen's quarters. The Queen whirls around in surprise. Flash tells Menta, you see, slave helmets have no effect on earthmen. You're our prisoner. Following through on his bold ruse, Flash with Queen Menta under guard commandeers a sand card. The guards fooled by the slave helmets are completely unaware that they could be a captive of the earth people.  Let's hope it works out that way. We'll find out if it does next week.  Here we go with Dagwood and Blondie. Ramaphoo, Ramapham, Zim, Zim, Zombie, Conjury Music for Dagwood and Blondie. Dagwood home for the day says to Blondie Blondie, I'm in just the mood for one of your wonderful upside down pineapple cakes. Blondie tells him she'd baked the cake, but there's not an egg in the house. Oh, don't worry. I'll go next door and borrow one from the Woodleys. And over to the Woodleys he goes. Woodley opens the door. Last picture top row, Dagwood says, Say, Herb, may I borrow? Why, Dagwood, you're just the man I want to see. Come on in. Herb whisked Dagwood inside the house and pushes a cabinet onto him. And Herb says first picture next row. My wife's having a furniture moving spree and I need help. Dagwood moves the cabinet from the dining room to the living room and a chair from the living room to the dining room. And this continues until all the furniture has been moved around.  Here's your egg. Now don't forget to return it. And out the door, Dagwood goes, all worn out. First picture third row, Dagwood comes to the house carrying his egg. Blondie tells him that the eggman came while he was next door and now she has all the eggs she needs. Dagwood says sourly, Well, I'll return his egg. I don't want to be obligated to that guy. And back to Herb's house he goes. Herb opens the door and Dagwood says, Here's your egg. Herb jerks him in. Ah, thanks Dagwood. Come in. I need you again. And Herb pushes the piano over onto Dagwood. Hey! And he says, last picture third row. But she decided she liked the furniture the way it was. Now we'll have to move it all back. And the moving begins all over again. Finally everything is back in place. And Dagwood goes home once more. He comes in the house first picture bottom row, slams the door. The house nearly falls down and he screeches, I never was so mad. Blondie dashes into the kitchen opens the oven door, pulls out the cake and tells Dagwood he ruined the cake by slamming the door. Dagwood claps his hand to his forehead, goes into the living room and drops on the sofa exhausted. Last picture Blondie stands over him and says, how can you be so tired today? All you did was borrow one little egg. Yes, if she only knew. Sofas are heavy. Yes, so are pianos. Yes. Now look underneath Dagwood and Blondie, there's Roy Rogers. Oh, will you please read that? Very well, I'll read that in just a minute. But first here's that nice man with something interesting to say. Now here we go again with Puck the Comic Weekly and on the bottom of the first page of the second section Roy Rogers, King of the Cowboys. Magic words for the music, please. Very well, my lady. Now here we go with Roy and Trigger. The cattleman's consul and his leader Norton have run a man named Blot Kramer out of the country and taken over his ranch claiming that he's a cattle rustler. Riding to the end of Kramer's ranch to investigate this Roy and Jack Spratt, the deputy sheriff found a grub shack. They dismounted and walked toward it. Suddenly the ground gave way beneath their feet. Hey, look out! Look out, Jack! They tumble to a room underground. Jack looks around and says, Hey, looks like a mine, Roy. Never heard of nothing like this in Blot Kramer's land before. Suddenly Roy exclaims, Listen, gunshots. There must be Norton and Carp Mallory shooting at somebody. Meanwhile outside the mine Blot Kramer comes out of the shack running and firing his gun at Norton and Mallory who have written up. Mallory shouts third picture. Hey, watch out, Norton. It's Blot Kramer and that desert rat getup making for the mine shaft. Norton replies, Yeah, looks like Rogers and Spratt are down there. These are their horses. Kramer fires another shot at Norton and then jumps down into the mine shaft himself.  Kramer says, Hey, let go. I'm on your side. Jack Spratt, who was light of the lantern, holds it up first picture bottom row and exclaims, Hey, look, a trigger finger mission, jumping catfish. You're Blot Kramer. Yes, that's right, gents. I disguised myself so I could come back to Brimstone and square accounts with Norton and his cattleman's consul for running me out. At that moment, Norton and Mallory who have written up to the shack are getting out a box of dynamite. Norton is saying, Hurry it up, comp. By now, Kramer will be telling Rogers and Spratt how we've framed him for rustling and ran him out of town.  Quickly, they set the dynamite above the shaft. As Norton lights a match saying, I hate to cave in the shaft, but we've got to eliminate the three men who stand on our way of owning the mine. Yeah, well, we can always dig a new hole. All right, let her blow, Norton. The fuse is lighted. Norton and Mallory run for the horses and then suddenly behind them looks that way from here. Well, just think, Ruff. Yes, and Blot Kramer was innocent after all. You know? It felt pretty much the same way myself. I wonder what happened after the explosion. Well, we'll find out next week. And let's hope the Earth protected them from that explosion so they'll be all right. I can highly wait to find out. And here's something else I bet you can't wait for. Alice in Wonderland. Alice in Wonderland. Oh, herbie, herbie, herbie. All right, over the page we go. Past Jungle Jim, past Perry Mason and the Lone Ranger to page four. And there she is, Alice in Wonderland. Say the magic words with me. And now for a story that gets curiouser and curiouser. Alice in Wonderland. So music, sir, music, sir. Alice is at the Mad Tea Party given by the Mad Hatter in the March Air. It's a very, very young birthday. Too much, too much. She's been having a wonderful time at the Unbirthday Party. And then suddenly the little white rabbit rushes into the garden with his huge watch saying, Hello, goodbye. I'm late. The Mad Hatter grabs the chain of his watch as he goes by and stops him. He says, But do what are you late? This watch is exactly two days slow. The Mad Hatter decides the watch ought to be inspected to find out why it is two days late. When suddenly third picture, the March Air steps up saying, Mad Watch. And hits the watch and blow with a mullet. Completely smashing it. Last picture top row, the white rabbit says sorrowfully as he looks at his smashed watch. That watch was in Unbirthday present. Whereupon the Mad Hatter and the Mad Hatter say, Well then, a very, very young birthday to you. A very, very young birthday. Too much, too much. The white rabbit looks at them sadly. Then turns and scampers from the garden. Alice dashes after him first picture bottom row calling, Mr. Rabbit. But once more, the white rabbit disappears. And Alice finds herself at the edge of a gloomy forest. She stops and she looks around and says, That rabbit, I've had enough nonsense. I'm going straight home. And then she looks up and exclaims, But which way are you? And she sees a sign which points toward a little path and the sign reads, Tolgy Wood. Alice goes down the path, last picture saying, It's getting red for the dog. And Alice plunges blindly into the depths of Tolgy Wood. Lost. Lost in Wonderland. Watch was smashed. I don't think that was nice of the March Hare. Neither do I.  Well, I hope if Alice gets, gets home next week. Yes, I hope she does too. But I still have a way I don't hope so either because these adventures are too exciting. Well, next week we'll find out. Now? Now must be time for Dick's adventures. It is indeed. So let's go over to the very last page. And here we are with Dick's adventures. And remember last week, Dick had succeeded in escaping from the pirates. Yes, they stole a boat and headed out to sea, hoping to get aboard their ship with Commander Stephen Decatur. I wonder if they'll get there before they get captured again because the pirates are after them. Well, let's read now and find out. Here we go with Dick's adventures. Say the magic words with me. Rigidipakazakazik. That's the music for Venturist Dick. In the early days of America, the year 1803, Dick, with the American Navy, which has been sent to stop the pirates from plundering their ships, has been captured and escaped from the clutches of the Bashaw of Tripoli. Dick and his party of exhausted Marines succeed in rejoining the American fleet blockading the pirate port. Quickly, the little boat draws alongside Decatur's catching trepid. Dick and his friends are hauled on board. And last picture top roll, Dick is taken to the captain of the ship, commanded by young Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, who listens quietly to Dick's story. When Dick's story is finished, Decatur and he go back on Dick. First picture, next roll. Decatur looks toward shore, then says to Dick, you men need rest. You'll find another American ship about 10 miles back. Dick respectfully inquires the destination of Decatur's ship. Decatur answers, we're going back into the harbor of Tripoli to blow up the Philadelphia, which the Bashaw captured from us. You're welcome to come along, but I don't advise it.  Dick's companions, who had escaped with him, quickly gather round to find out what Decatur has told him. There's a hurried consultation.  Decatur smiles at the courage of the men, and nods his head. And it's decided that Dick and his friends are to stick with Decatur in the surprise he's concocting for the pirates. That night, first picture, bottom roll, under cover of darkness, the intrepid approaches the harbor, showing no flag, with a fighting men and a cargo of destruction concealed.  All is in readiness for attack. But misfortune strikes first. Suddenly, last picture, a gale of fierce intensity sweeps down on the harbor. Firstly, though the men fight it, the intrepid is swept out to sea, and their opportunity of surprising the pirates is ruined. But at the moment, a more important struggle is at hand.  Yes, and now they're out to sea fighting a terrific gale. And that's a very small boat there on, too, against a heavy gale there in real danger. Well, I only win. Well, we'll find that out next week, and we'll know for sure whether they're saved next week, too. But now look here underneath Dick's adventures. Oh, here's to it because the detectives fooled him. They started the ferris wheel, and it jiggled so he couldn't aim his gun. That's right, and Mr. Crumb of grassy acres is a very unhappy man because his horse lost the race, and his men didn't take care of things this time. Well, I hope now because he deserves it. He's been a cheater and a crook all along. Well, we'll find out right now. Here we go with Rusty Riley. Gallop and run until the road is dusty. Give us music for his horse and Rusty. Tex and Mr. Miles leave the stand just after snowflake has won the race. Tex says, There goes Crumb, boss. Straight for the ferris wheel. Follow me. We can go around back to the shooting gallery and hear without being seen. The ferris wheel is still going around. The two detectives have stepped away and hidden to see what'll happen next. As the engineer stops the ferris wheel, third picture, Mr. Crumb comes up and says, So, Nick, you had everything fixed, sir? Well, for your information, that milestone horse won. Well, now listen, Mr. Crumb. I couldn't help it. Some nosy character started the ferris wheel. I couldn't hit a barn door without things spinning. Last picture top row, Crumb goes on. This is the second time you've left a job for me, Nick. I paid you to fix Catfoot Kendall's sulky and you had to make a mistake causing an accident to my own driver. Mr. Miles steps out, first picture bottom row and says, Well, Mr. Crumb, we finally see you and your true colors, huh? The association has no room for criminals like you and I'm sure they'll take care of that when I make my report. Oh, is that so? Well, it's your word against mine, Miles.  We're upon Tex and the two detectives step out and Tex says, I reckon there won't be no special trouble about witnesses, Humbrink. There's me. And oh, yes, let me introduce you to Mr. Lewis and Mr. Jackson. Licensed private investigators. Well, I... Well, listen, I'll make a deal. You're in no position to make a deal, Crumb. You can resign from the association, write a full confession, clearing Catfoot Kendall and agree to pay for an operation on corny, botched, broken hip. I'll turn the matter over to the district attorney. A little later at the racetrack stable, Queenie and Tex and Rusty are gathered around Snowflake. Queenie is so happy she can hardly believe what's happened. And she asks Rusty if Snowflake really run the race. Snow Rusty answers, She sure did, but you haven't heard the half of it. And Tex says, Yep, Mr. Miles and your daddy are waiting for us out at the new farm.  No, everything turned out just the way we wanted it to, didn't it? Yes, I wonder what's the next thing that's going to happen in the lives of Rusty and Tex and their family. Well, that's something we'll have to find out. Now, that's all the time I have. But before I go, here's that nice fellow with some more interesting information. Honey and all you boys and girls, I gotta go now. All right, Mr. Wheatley.  Be sure to meet me with a little friend, Miss Honey, next week when I read Puck the Comic Weekly. For I'm the comic weekly man, the jolly comic weekly man. I'll be back to read the funnies to you happy boys and honey. Don't forget, boys and girls, see you all next week. Your friend the comic weekly man, the jolly comic weekly man.


Dr 13.Super. Test smelled yourinformation… OK so now we come to Hume's argument concerning induction. You will find on the. Reverse of your hand-out. A diagram which outlines the. Argument of treatise 136. Now I'm not actually going to be going through it. I'n ddiddordeb yn ddiddorol. Ond rwy'n gyd yn ei ddiddorol ar muned i'r ysgolwch i gael eu rhan o'r llwyfyr 136. Mae'n bwyll ychydig i ddweud y gallu fwy o'r argumentau y gallu cyffredig. Rwy'n gweithio, mae'n ddiddorol'r argumentau cyflwytaeth cysylltu. Yn rwy'n gweithio'n ei ddiddorol ar y dyfodol o'r argumentau o dyfodol. Mae ymdyn ni wedi'u gweld yn digwydd. Mae'n gweithio chi. Mae'n gweithio ar y ddiddorol y fwy o'r argumentau. Fy enw er mwyn i'r llwyffod 136. Ond mae'r llwyffod yn gwneud yn gwneud yn y llwyffod yn y bwysig i'r llwyffod sy'n gwybod ffyrdd y cyfnod o'r argument. Mae'n ddiweddio'r llwyffod ar y dyfu'r llwyffod. Mae'n ddiweddio'r llwyffod yn ymgyrch, mae'r amser yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch. Mae'n ddod yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch, yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch, ond, ond mae'n ganddo i'r ddweud ond e'n ganddo i'r hyn o'r ffordd i'r argymau. Yn y cyfnodol, yn y cyfnodol, ac yn y cyfnodol, ond dweud o'r 8 mlyneddol, mae'n cyfnodol yn y cyfnodol ar y 1740, ond mae'n cyfnodol yn y Cyfnodol ar y 1739, yn y cyfnodol i'r cyfnodol. Y cyfnodol yn y cwymol yn y cyfnodol, Ond y bod'r Fônio o'r Fonio o'r Fonio o'r Cymru o'r Fonio o ddau iawn yn ddefnyddio'r fflyg yn gymhoedd i'w fflyg o'r Fonio a'r Fonio o'r Fonio o ddau iawn gwahanol. inductions bydd gydag o'r paragraf oed yn rhan o'r peth yn ystod ystod ystod ystod. A yna ydych chi'n gweithio'r clywbeth yn 1748, y clywbeth yn gwneud yn ddweud yn ystod ystod ystod ystod ac yn ddweud sefydlion 4 ac mae yna bod yn ddweud yn ystod ystod ystod ystod yn ystod ystod, a'r llwyfodraeth oherwydd roedd yn ddechrau'r ddefnyddio'r ddefnyddio'r ddefnyddio. Ac yn ddechrau'r ddefnyddio, ydych chi wedi bod yn ddewch chi'n ddiweddio'r ddefnyddio, dyna'r ddechrau'r ddefnyddio'r ddefnyddio, dwi'n nid i'n gallu gwneud yn ffalu o'r rhan o'r llwyfodraeth fel y treit. Mae'r ddefnyddio'r ddefnyddio wedi ar gyfer yr argument ddefnyddio'r ddefnyddio'r ddechrau, sy'n dweud y gallu ymddangos. A ydych chi'n gweithio'r rhai oedd o'r argument? Rwy'n dweud, rwy'n dweud, a'r ddweud o'r B. Rwy'n dweud, a'r ddweud, a'r ddweud. Rwy'n dweud, rwy'n ddweud, a'r A. Yn y gallwn? Rwy'n ddweud, ddweud, o'r F? Rwy'n ddweud, rwy'n ddweud, rwy'n ddweud? No, because a priori, we can't know anything about the causal effects that A will have. It must be based then on extrapolating into the future the associations that we've observed. Since we can't a priori know that A will cause B, it must be our experience of A being followed by B which leads us to make this inference and that involves extrapolation from past to future, from observed to unobserved. Okay, so what ground can we give for extrapolating from observed to unobserved? Is it based on sensation? No, when we perceive objects, that doesn't tell us anything about their causes or effects, only experience does. What about logical intuition? Is it self-evident that what's happened in the past will happen in the future? No, we can easily imagine it not happening in the future. That also shows it can't be demonstratively proved. We can't give a demonstrative argument that what's happened in the past will continue in the future because if we could, it wouldn't be conceivable that anything else would happen but we can easily conceive of different things happening. See one billiard ball moving towards another? It's very easy to conceive that the second billiard ball won't move or that it'll jump into the air or disappear or all sorts of things.  What about probable reasoning? Moral reasoning? Reasoning concerning matter of fact, what we now call inductive reasoning. Well, this whole argument has been for the conclusion that such reasoning depends on the assumption that the future will resemble the past. So clearly we cannot use probable reasoning to draw that inference. So what I've given there is an outline of the argument as it appears in the inquiry. Now in the inquiry, Hulme does seem quite explicitly to rule out intuition as a source of the principle of extrapolation. He also discusses at some length whether sensation can ground such an extrapolation and says it can't. In the treaties, you don't get that. In the treaties, as soon as he's identified this move of extrapolation, what's commonly called his uniformity principle, he immediately goes on to say, well, can this be founded on demonstration or probability? Knowledge or probability? And he doesn't consider any other possible sources of foundation. Now, obviously you could claim or think that that suggests a fundamental change of perspective between the treaties and the inquiry. I don't think that. I just think the inquiry argument is more complete. I think in the treaties, when Hulme came to the point of saying, how can we justify this principle of extrapolation from observed to unobserved? I think he just took for granted that it couldn't be intuitively justified, that it wasn't self-evident. I think he just took for granted that sensation wasn't going to ground it. And he just went straight for the two types of argument, demonstrative and probable. Whereas in the inquiry, he dealt with those four different sources. Now, what I'm going to do now is look at the logic of the argument, trying to sort of analyse it in terms of its bare logical bones. So my claim is that the argument can be represented using pretty much a single relation, the founded on relation, with these various relata. So we've got probable inference, causal reasoning, experience, uniformity principle, that's the principle of extrapolation from past to future. We've got reason, demonstration, intuition and sensation. So here we have a formal representation of the argument as I've just described it. So we have at the top there, Hulme's claim that probable reasoning, that is reasoning from the observed to the unobserved, all depends on causation. And we've seen how he argues that. Below that, we've got the claim that all knowledge of causation arises from experience. And he draws the conclusion that all probable inference, all inference to anything unobserved has to depend on experience. Okay. We then have that any inference from experience has to be based on a principle of extrapolation, what I've called the uniformity principle, the principle that the future will be uniform with the past. So again, since probable inference is founded on experience, since we can only infer anything from experience by founding that on the uniformity principle, it follows that any probable inference has to depend on the uniformity principle. Okay. Now we get to the heart of the argument. We have that any probable inference is founded on the uniformity principle. It follows then that you cannot infer the uniformity principle by probable reasoning. If inference from observed to unobserved depends on the uniformity principle, it follows that you cannot use such inference to ground the belief in the uniformity principle. But the uniformity principle cannot be founded on demonstrative argument either. Nor can it be founded on intuition. Nor can it be founded on sensation. Therefore, Hume concludes, it cannot be founded on reason. And if the all probable inference depends on the uniformity principle, and the uniformity principle cannot be founded on reason, it follows that probable inference cannot be founded on reason. Okay. So that's the structure of the argument as it appears in the inquiry. My suggestion is that in the treatise, these two bits are missing. But other than that, the logic of the argument, I think, is very similar. Now, this isn't very apparent when you look at the text of the treatise. The reason it's not apparent when you look at the text of the treatise is that Hume doesn't simplify things at the beginning of the argument in the same way as he does in the treatise. What happens is he starts off talking about the inference from the impression to the idea. We've seen how that fits into the pattern of the treatise. He started talking about the impressions of the senses and memory. He's now moving on to talk about the inference from the impressions of the senses or memory to an idea of something as yet unobserved, the inference from the impression to the idea. At the beginning of 1.366, that's his focus. Then he says, well, any such inference is going to have to depend on this supposition of uniformity, that the course of nature continues always uniformly the same, and that things we have not observed must resemble those we have observed. And then he asks, what is the basis for that? And it's only then that he even mentions probability. He says, well, let's look at demonstration and probability, see whether either of those can found this principle. Now, because the beginning of the argument was all about the inference from the impression to the idea, and he's only just mentioned probable reasoning, he now has to run through the argument showing that probable reasoning depends on the uniformity principle. He's already said that the inference from the impression to the idea depends on the uniformity principle, but he has to repeat that argument when talking about probable reasoning. So we get an extra epicycle in the argument. It's that bit more complicated. And on the diagram, you'll see at the bottom of stage three there, what I've called stages i, j and k, those add that extra complication. Whereas in the inquiry, Hume right from the start is talking about probable reasoning, inference from observed to unobserved. And therefore, when he comes to talk about the basis of the uniformity principle, he can very, very smoothly move from saying that probable inference is founded on the uniformity principle therefore trying to find the uniformity principle on probable reasoning would be evidently going in a circle and taking that for granted, which is the very point in question. So I'm suggesting that the argument in the treatise is in this respect more complicated and in this respect, it's less complete. But I think essentially it's very similar. The overall thrust of it is, I think, exactly the same. Now, at about the same time as Hume was working on the inquiry, he was writing the letter from a gentleman which we've already come across. And I just want to point out how well the logic that I've just pointed out fits with that. We have Hume denying that the uniformity principle can be based on sensation or intuition or demonstration or probability. And he uses that to conclude that it can't be founded on reason. And then if we look at the letter from a gentleman, we get it is common for philosophers to distinguish the kinds of evidence into intuitive, demonstrative, sensible and moral. Moral, of course, meaning probable. So what we have here is Hume in 1745 saying there are four commonly accepted types of evidence and we have Hume in 1748 producing an argument which says, in effect, the uniformity principle on which all probable inferences based cannot be founded on any of these four types of evidence. So that seems to imply that the argument concerning induction is sceptical. He starts by showing that all probable inferences founded on the uniformity principle he undermines every kind of evidence you could have for the uniformity principle he draws the conclusion that probable inferences not founded on reason. That looks like a sceptical result and it's the sceptical result for which Hume is most famous. We'll go on to discuss that in more detail next time and to look at the implications of it. Thank you. OK, so we've looked at Hume's argument concerning induction from a high-level perspective focusing on the version in the inquiry which is the most polished of the three versions and the fullest. But now I'm going to go back and look at Treaties 136 which is where the argument first occurs. And we're going to take a closer look at that and see how it's structured and where it leads. So let's first of all recall how Hume got here. He's trying to understand our idea of necessary connection in order to understand that as a component of our idea of a cause. And that leads him to ask why we conclude that particular causes must necessarily have particular effects and why we form an inference from one to another. If you remember he goes by this rather circuitous route looking at the causal maxim and then turns in this direction. Now the key part of the process the inference he calls the inference from the impression to the idea. I'm going to use the term causal inference sometimes a shorthand for that. OK, so Hume starts by arguing that causal inference cannot be a priori because we can always conceive things coming out differently. Whenever we have a followed by b and we infer b from a we can quite easily conceive a not being followed by b. So therefore the can't be Hume concludes an a priori connection between the two. He seems to be making the assumption here a common assumption, a common even in our day that any a priori inference would have to yield complete certainty. So if we can't be certain that a will be followed by b it follows that the connection can't be a priori. It follows then that when we infer an effect from the cause that has to be based on experience. What kind of experience well the relevant kind of experience Hume says is repeated patterns of one thing followed by another. I'm going to call those a and b. Without any father ceremony when we've observed this repetition we call the one cause and the other effect and infer the existence of the one from that of the other. Thus we have discovered a new relation betwixt cause and effect when we least expected it this relation is their constant conjunction. So we have this idea that we've gone round these neighbouring fields we've been looking at the causal maxim and now at causal inference and lo and behold a surprise we've found the key to necessary connection. Now if you remember that passage back in one three two eleven when Hume said contiguity and priority are not enough there is a necessary connection to be taken into account he capitalises necessary connection. Now in this passage I've just quoted he capitalises constant conjunction and the text also makes very clear that this is harking back to that earlier passage. Contiguity and succession are not sufficient to make us pronounce any two objects to be cause and effect unless these two relations are preserved in several instances that is there's a constant conjunction between them. So it's very clear that Hume is here identifying constant conjunction as the key to that elusive component of necessary connection but we've still got a question of how that comes about how is it that constant conjunction gives rise to this elusive idea. Well perhaps twill appear in the end that the necessary connection depends on the inference instead of the inferences depending on the necessary connection. So Hume's just going to go ahead talk more about the inference and how that works and we'll find in the end that sorting out how the inference works will give the key to the origin of that idea. Okay, so we've got causal inference from cause A to effect B. We've established that it must be based on past experience because it can't be a prior eye and the relevant experience is memory of constant conjunctions. The next question is whether experience produces the idea, that's the idea of the effect that we're inferring by means of the understanding or imagination. Whether we are determined by reason to make the transition or by a certain association and relation of perceptions. Now notice in this passage I've highlighted three of the words understanding, imagination, reason. It's absolutely clear that reason is here being used for understanding and notice that instead of having another synonym for imagination he talks about a certain association and relation of perceptions. So it's clear that if the inference turns out to be due to association of ideas Hume's going to attribute it to the imagination as opposed to reason. And here the key question of this section is posed as which faculty is responsible. Now in an earlier lecture we looked at Hume's faculty theory we're going to be coming back to that when we discuss Hume on scepticism but notice crucially that that plays the major role here. So what Hume's now going to do is argue that reason cannot be responsible for the inference and that leaves the imagination. Okay so if reason determined us to make causal inferences Hume says it would proceed upon that principle that instances of which we have had no experience must resemble those of which we have had experience and that the course of nature continues always uniformly the same. Now that's commonly called Hume's uniformity principle or UP. He doesn't call it that but many people in Stroud I think have done so. Now notice that it seems to be expressed as a conditional. We're saying if reason is involved then it must be based on this principle of uniformity. Notice also that the principle seems very implausible. It's too strong. It seems to say that the course of nature continues always uniformly the same. Instances of which we've had no experience must resemble those we have experienced. That's more than we want. We don't want to say that everything in the future is going to be just like it was in the past. Sure we're going to expect the same general laws to apply but we don't expect precise repetition. Now in both of those respects we get a significant contrast in the version in the enquiry. So he says things like this all our experimental conclusions in other words conclusions from experience proceed upon the supposition that the future will be conformable to the past. All of them whenever we make such an inference we're proceeding on that supposition we're taking for granted the uniformity principle. Now there's no hint of a conditional here. It's not if reason determined us then we would be applying the uniformity principle. We are apparently applying it. In all reasonings from experience there is a step taken by the mind the inference from past to future. Notice also that in the enquiry the uniformity principle is much vaguer than the one in the treatise. And that means it's less open to refutation it's actually better. It's talking about the future being conformable to the past resembling the past. We take the past as a rule for the future. Now importantly Hume is not suggesting even in the enquiry where it seems that he's saying that the uniformity principle is always applied in inductive inference he's not saying that we think of the uniformity principle explicitly when we make inductive inferences. Rather I think the best interpretation here is that when we make an inductive inference we manifest confidence in the uniformity principle. We are basing our predictions for the future on the past and in doing so we do in fact take the past as a rule for the future. So the question arises can this assumption this assumption that the past can legitimately be taken as a rule for the future can that be based on reason or is there some other explanation for why we do it? Well in what follows we need to be aware that there are two types of argument within the standard lockian framework. We have demonstrative reasoning and probable reasoning. Demonstrative reasoning what we now call deductive reasoning yields knowledge in the strict sense in the sense in which Hume uses it in Treaties 1.3 and a demonstrative inference is made up of links that are intuitively certain that are self-evident so imagine a mathematical proof consisting of a number of steps and each step is one that you can just see to clearly be valid. Each step follows absolutely obviously from the one before and a chain of such inference constitutes a demonstrative argument and in the case of a demonstrative argument you can be quite sure if the premise is true the conclusion will have to be true as well. Now probable inference isn't so certain some links in that inferential chain in probable inference are themselves only probable. When you read the argument in the inquiry be aware that Hume uses a number of different words for this kind of inference he calls it moral reasoning or reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence. That's pretty close to at least many modern uses of the word induction. I'm not going to argue the case now but I think it is pretty clear that when Hume talks about demonstration it's more or less the same as deduction in the informal sense not in formal deduction but in the informal sense where we take an argument to be deductively valid if it's not possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false at the same time. So Hume has just stated the uniformity principle in the treatise and without any further ado he says let us consider all the arguments upon which this principle may be supposed to be founded these must be derived either from knowledge or probability and he's clearly using knowledge here to mean demonstration because he immediately goes on to make the point that no demonstrative argument can do the job you cannot demonstrably prove that the future will conform to the past because we can easily conceive it not conforming enough to show that it can't be demonstrably proved what about probable reasoning can we use probable reasoning to argue in favour of the uniformity principle well no we can't why not because probable reasoning must be causal Hume has made the point that all inference from experience depends on the relation of cause and effect we only know about cause and effect by experience all inference from experience requires the uniformity principle so trying to use that kind of inference to justify the uniformity principle is going in a circle so neither demonstration nor probable reasoning can lead to the uniformity principle and Hume immediately concludes that therefore the uniformity principle is not founded on reason now I just want to point out that there is quite an important gap in Hume's argument he's arguing that the uniformity principle can't be founded on demonstrative argument because a change in the course of nature is possible we can conceive of things not going on as they have in the past that's enough to show that we can't demonstrate from what's happened in the past that the same thing will happen in the future the mere possibility that things could turn out wrong scuppers the chance of any demonstrative argument what about probable inference well we can't use a probable inference because any probable inference Hume says must depend on experience and any argument from experience ipso facto requires the uniformity principle okay but just suppose there was a mode of reasoning that was less than demonstrative that was merely probable but was a priori that did not depend on experience so you might think of some kind of statistical or probabilistic inference if there were such a form of inference available Hume would not have anticipated it he is taking for granted that all probable inference depends on experience so there is a potential gap there which quite a number of scholars John Mackey for example Simon Blackburn, Roy Harrod have tried to work through to exploit that gap to give an answer to Hume's apparently sceptical argument so let's look at Hume's conclusion thus not only reason fails us in the discovery of the ultimate connection of causes and effects okay we can't discover causes and effects a priori but even after experience has informed us of their constant conjunction it is impossible for us to satisfy ourselves by our reason why we should extend that experience beyond those particular instances which have fallen under our observation we suppose but are never able to prove that there must be a resemblance between those objects of which we have had experience and those which lie beyond the reach of our discovery now I've put a question mark after the word sceptical it looks like a sceptical conclusion we saw before that the structure of the argument especially in the inquiry makes it look like a sceptical conclusion he's saying all this inference relies on the uniformity principle and then he's knocking away all the various supports that the uniformity principle might have in the treaties he's taking for granted that the only two possible supports are demonstrative and probable reasoning in the inquiry he's also knocking away intuition and sensation so it looks like a sceptical argument but when we come back to consider the nature of Hume scepticism later we'll see that that's not so clear at any rate where we are in the treaties Hume's main business is to sort out the nature of causal inference and the nature of the idea of cause he's shown that reason can't explain inductive inference and he concludes that instead it must arise from the associative principles of the imagination remember he's identified three associative principles contiguity, resemblance and causation and he's saying that similar kinds of principles are at work when we make causal inferences now notice that the kind of association at work here isn't quite the same as ordinary causal association suppose for example I look at a picture and it makes me think of the artist that's a causal association an association of ideas but it's not this kind of causal inference it's not seeing a cause and inferring an unseen effect it's a different thing Hume does sometimes confuse the two but I think there's a fundamental difference between the kind of association of ideas that you get with resemblance and contiguity and causation between that and causal inference where you infer something unknown you don't simply associate ideas Hume calls this associative process custom and he says he's not by calling it custom all he means is that it is a habitual process it's the kind of process we identify as customary you see A followed by B you get used to A following B sorry B following A and then you see an A and you infer a B that's just the kind of thing we call habit or custom now notice that his attitude to it is not as you might expect negative custom then is the great guide of human life it is that principle alone which renders our experience useful to us that's rather an echo of Joseph Butler who said probability is the guide of life here we have Hume saying custom is the great guide of life that's from the enquiry but he makes a very similar comment in the abstract which was probably written about 10 months after the treatise was published near the end of this section 136 he says that this is essentially the same kind of custom as that which explained general ideas you remember his theory of general or abstract ideas he appeals to the idea of a customary association between a word and a revival set of ideas so here he is finding another key use for this same principle so custom is an absolutely central thrust in his philosophy