Hello everyone, welcome to this course on supply chain digitization. This course is offered by IIM Mumbai and is taught by three faculty members including myself Professor Priyanka Verma and my colleagues Professor Sushmita and Professor Deva Brathadas. We are in the last week of this course and we are trying to understand the digital infrastructure which can be implemented in supply chain. We started our understanding about requirement for adopting a digital mindset which can be the first step to understand the requirement of digitalization and how this can be achieved. We actually extended our discussion for understanding the fourth industrial revolution that is industry 4.0 and their nine pillars which are attached with that. So, we have gone through all these nine pillars in detail and now we are going to discuss the next and very important feature of digitalization that is blockchain. Blockchain is a very important technology that has been introduced and we are going to see that what do you mean by blockchain and what are its possible application in any supply chain domain. When we look into the definition of blockchain obviously it is referring to a network. In terms of its connectivity with industry 4.0 this is an enabler for the various industry 4.0 initiators and that is why in some of the framework this is considered as an integral element of industry 4.0 and somewhere it is given as an enabler. Irrespective of that it is playing a critical role in making or introducing digitalization in your supply chains or in your any given processes. So, we are going to understand the blockchain in detail. Now, the definition of blockchain simply means that it is actually a distributed leisure technology and here when we talk about blockchain which is actually considered as a network here secure and transparent recording of transactions and data occurs across the network of the computers. Importantly please focus on these two keywords that is secure and transparent which are obviously to looks like two opposite features but these both features are attached with blockchain and that is why it is gaining importance in today's time when we talk about implementation of digitalization in any processes. The way it works is here the transactions are gathered into different blocks and they are being recorded as ledger. In terms of the role of the ledgers these ledgers can be assessed by different servers and these blocks are actually cryptographically chains the blocks but this chain is done or developed into a chronological order. So, this is a very simple step of understanding blockchain. Let us see that what happens in blockchain. So, here the three steps which are broadly associated with blockchain includes the recording of the transaction which is then converted into the blockchain formation and the last stage is immutability. So, what happens in transaction recording? Whenever a transaction occurs between the partners in a given network these transaction is getting recorded as a block of data. When we talk about what are the details which are getting recorded it includes everything or every information about the transaction which can include answers like who has done the transaction when it has been done for what purpose where it has been done how much and so many other questions which are attached with that particular transaction details. So, all these things are getting recorded in the first step and that is connected or that is getting converted into the form of a block of data. So, here the formation of block happens. Now, in this way we will have several blocks. The next step is about connecting these blocks one after each other and here a chain of these blocks are formed or in a way the chain of data is getting formed thus installing the foundational step of creating blockchain. But remember that whenever a block of data is getting added to the blockchain the validation of that block is required to be done and this validation is also confirmed by the network and this can be done through a consensus mechanism. So, it is a very interesting process as you can see which includes capturing the details about the transaction and how these transactions are getting confirmed validated and being added to your existing blockchain with the proper consensus mechanism. The last step you can see is referred as immutability here whenever we are adding any block to the blockchain in a way we are strengthening the blockchain and the verification of the previous block again ensure that the data which is being developed or the blockchain which is there is tamper evident and also it is immutable and that is why this holds the property of not tampering this particular blockchain by any malicious actor and finally you are able to build a ledger of transactions which can easily be trusted by all the network members. So, this is the process we can see which is referred to the blockchain formation starting with the transaction recording formation of the blockchain and ensuring that the blockchains which is being formed is strengthened enough which can be trusted by every network partner. Talking about its application the blockchain is gaining huge interest in the domain of finance, supply chain, healthcare, voting and many others like that. So, we will see these applications with more details in the future but importantly as we understand that in all these possible applications there are certain transactions which are happening between the different network members which can be easily recorded and can be converted in the form of a block covering all the details related to the transactions and these blocks can be verified, confirmed and agreed upon for adding on to the existing blockchain where these blocks are already existing and finally this can be trusted and can be used by all the network members thus making it immutable. So, these applications we can see very easily it can be implemented in the financial domain, in the supply chain domain, in the healthcare domain, in any voting system and so on. Talking about the different types of blockchain networks we have got primarily these four which are very well known and most probably used blockchain networks among the organizations but they can be other variant as well. So, we have picked up the most famous one, the first one is the public blockchain network. In this type of blockchain network we can see that anyone is free to join this network and also they can participate as well. So, in this blockchain network anyone can easily submit the transactions to the network and parallely they can also view the ledger. So, this type of network are actually more decentralized and that is why it is more secure but talking about its access it is relatively slower and hence it is less efficient. If you try to understand their usage it is used in cryptocurrency transactions and also in decentralized applications. The next type of blockchain network which is quite famous is the private blockchain network. These type of blockchain networks are primarily governed by a single organization and also they these are the organizations who is allowed to participate and also to decide on what transactions are allowed on the network. These blockchain networks are faster and also they are more efficient reason being that here the access is limited to single organization as compared to the public networks. These networks are also less decentralized and hence they are more secure. Private blockchain networks are primarily used for streamlining the internal processes of any organization and hence they always aims for improving their efficiency. The next type of blockchain network we can see is referred as permissioned blockchain networks. This is again a type of private blockchain network we can say. The difference of permissioned versus private is that in case of permissioned blockchain networks participants have to obtain a permission especially from a governing body for joining this type of network. Where you can see it is used basically in maintaining a high level control over their blockchain network is required there we can easily see these type of permissioned blockchain networks be implemented. The next one is the consortium blockchains which is governed by a group of pre-selected organizations. This can be typically used in the situations whenever the selected organizations need to collaborate together specifically on working on a common blockchain project and they are not ready to give up control of their data to a single governing body. So in such situation we can go for consortium blockchains. There is one more variant of blockchain network which is referred as the hybrid blockchain network. Here a combination of these possible blockchain networks can be selected depending upon the business needs. So you can see and you can also compare from this slide that what are these variants of blockchain network and in what scenario which particular blockchain network is suitable. So far we have discussed about all the industry open zero technologies blockchain and their possible challenges applications and many other things. Let us come back and try to understand their applications in supply chain domain. If you remember in the previous sessions we discussed about the different supply chain processes which includes your planning and forecasting, sourcing and procurement, production and manufacturing, inventory management, distribution and logistics and customer service. So depending upon these process requirements the appropriate type of industry 4.0 technologies or their strategies and maybe blockchain can be selected. So here we have attempted to check the possible application of these industry 4.0 technologies on these particular supply chain functions. So you can see that if I refer to let us say AI that is artificial intelligence or machine learning we can see that their applications in the different processes of supply chain. So in planning and forecasting yes AI can be implemented sourcing and procurement it can be done similarly production and manufacturing, inventory management, distribution, logistics, customer service and so on. Whereas if we talk about robotics maybe robotics is a industry 4.0 technology which is not so prominent or which is not very directly applicable for planning forecasting however in the other functions it can be applied or its application can be seen. Obviously this will depend on the respective business scenario. This is just a representation of the possible applications of the industry 4.0 technology it does not guarantee the final result. It is possible that the way these technologies are being mapped is missing some element and hence this can be developed depending upon the specific business requirement. So in this slide we are just trying to show a possible applications of industry 4.0 technology in the associated supply chain function. In order to strengthen this further we will try to explain this phenomena with the help of some of the cases in each industry 4.0 technology and the associated supply chain process. So wherever there is a mapping possible between the technology and between the supply chain process we will try to demonstrate it with the help of a possible case. So let us start understanding this with the first industry 4.0 pillar and that is IoT that is Internet of Things. We can see that this can be easily applied to the first five functions of supply chain that is excluding customer service. We can see an application of IoT in the other functions of supply chain. So to strengthen this discussion let us look into the cases which will confirm the applications of IoT technologies into the respective processes. The first process under IoT implementation for supply chain we are considering is planning and forecasting. Suppose the company names which are referred over here are all hypothetical and the cases have been developed based on the experience and based on the possible applications of the technology in the business scenario. These are all hypothetical cases and only for the learning purpose. So here the implementation of IoT can be seen in planning and forecasting through the case of omega foots. It is a company which is a grocery distributor and it is facing the difficulty for predicting the demand for the perishable items. As we know that perishable items if not forecasted well or if the demand is not known in advance it will obviously lead to spoilage which is your wastage and sometimes in your missed opportunity that is your back order. So from here we can say that the traditional forecasting method which is based on historical sales data is not sufficient or is it not useful in the scenario as it is not helping you in minimizing your spoilage or in ensuring that your back order is less. So to overcome this challenge the company omega foots has actually deployed an IoT network which is equipped with the smart sensors. Now the job of these sensors are to track the temperature also the stock levels of these products across the warehouses as well as the delivery trucks but this tracking is required to be done in a real-time basis. So now we can see that due to this tracking we have got the temperature data and also the stock level data of this product on a real-time basis. Now this real-time data can be analyzed with the proper analytics tools techniques algorithms and this can be used for predicting the consumption rate and also the shelf life for their perishable items. Now if you know the consumption rate and also the shelf life we can obviously do that mapping of these two decisions and based on that the delivery schedules can be adjusted and if required some targeted promotions can be implemented sometimes on certain specific locations which has got very high demand. So we can see from here a very interesting application of IoT in planning and forecasting supply chain process. The next application of IoT can be seen in sourcing and procurement. To understand this we are referring to a company called as ACME Pharmaceuticals which is a drug manufacturer and this company is frequently encountering these stockouts and delays in their operations and this is happening mainly due to the manual way of tracking the inventory. So we can see the challenges over here for this company that there is a stockout issue and also the delay is there in their operations and the reason that has been found is the manual inventory tracking methods. To overcome this challenge the company has implemented an IoT solution and in this there are certain smart sensors which has been embedded in the shelves and the materials which provided the real time stock data. This also helped you as in automatically triggering the purchase orders whenever the inventory levels deep flow. So obviously the continuous tracking of inventory helps you in avoiding the stockouts and that is possible due to the implementation of such smart sensors at the shelves and at the material tracking system. So this is nothing but this is the automated inventory management system which has been implemented in this case with the help of the appropriate IoT system and due to this the stockouts are easily eliminated and accordingly the whole or the complete procurement cycle is optimized. This is possible through the implementation of smart contracts and this will finally lead to reducing the cost of the overall system. The next application of IoT can be seen in the production and manufacturing. To understand this we have referred to a company called as Newton Instruments which is a manufacturer of a violin and we understand the nature of the product that this company is mainly struggling with maintaining the optimal humidity levels in the workshop. So depending upon the product characteristic this is one challenge which they are trying to see. Reason being the humidity levels affect the quality of the product over here. Because of these fluctuations of the humidity levels they can be cracks or unwapping in the delicate instruments. Boilin as you know is a very delicate instrument and is significantly affected by the humidity levels. So because of this it is leading to production delays and waste. So in order to avoid this an IoT solution is being implemented and the sensors which are embedded in this case are actually looking for the real time monitoring of the humidity in the wood. Accordingly the smart vents are adjusted airflow automatically. So the violins obviously they are being tried in the consistently regulated environment and this is leading to increase in production yield and the waste is being reduced due to the damaged in the instrument is being significantly reduced. So we can see very interesting way of implementation of IoT in planning and forecasting, in sourcing procurement decisions, in production and manufacturing. Everywhere we can see that the way these sensors or IoT networks are being implemented are for different reasons and the way it is being done and we can accordingly also track with the success feature attached to it. Then next supply chain function where IoT can be implemented is in the inventory management. Again we are referring to a company called as vendor guitars. Again these instruments are again very delicate and it is also noticed that during the shipping many instruments are lost. So we understand that this will directly affect the customer service and is also linked with the operational inefficiency. So here the solution was to implement an IoT system where the focus is more on location tracking sensors which are embedded in the guitar cases. So this is again an interesting application of IoT implementation. The purpose of these sensors is to provide the real-time visibility about the guitar throughout the supply chain. So this ultimately helped in eliminating the problem of lost guitars, the deliveries got expedited and ultimately the whole logistic systems got optimized. Proactive tracking is one of the benefit from here which we can see and because of that the delays are addressed promptly leading to increased customer service satisfaction level and also the indirect effect is on improving the brand reputation. The last application of IoT can be seen in the distribution and logistics processes of supply chain. Here we have a company called as best pharmaceuticals which is dealing with the challenge of spoilage of the medicines and delays particularly due to the inconsistent temperature conditions during the transport of the temperature sensitive medications. So here the focus is more on those medications which require a certain degree of temperature even during the transportation as well. So here IoT based coal chain monitoring system is implemented and the role of the sensors which are installed in the shipping containers is to look for the real-time temperature and humidity data. Obviously this type of data provided the visibility into the shipment condition and based on that many subsequent decisions can be appropriately taken like optimizing the routes and storage practices to see that the wastage are minimal. The quality of the medication is managed properly throughout the transportation and logistics decisions. The partnerships between the different players got improved and here by leading to improved global healthcare access. So in this way we have seen the implementation of IoT in the different supply chain processes with the help of different cases. These are just for demonstration purpose and does not guarantee the final solution for any particular industry but obviously it is interesting, indicative for anyone to understand that how these technologies can be applied in the appropriate supply chain processes and the associated decisions can be accordingly taken. With this we will be ending today's session. Thank you everyone. Have a nice day.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here So we're gonna be talking about the upcoming horror projects that might be impacted due to the unfortunate now double strike that is occurring out in California the double strike unfortunately commenced with the actors joining the writers and of course several productions are already feeling the effects one in Particular is Chucky season 3, but I'm also gonna touch on a couple of others in this video mostly Chucky though But I was also going to share Some details regarding Chucky season 3 that I haven't seen officially announced from any outlets regarding a new series regular that has joined the project So Details were sent to me from a database that has started flagging some upcoming projects with the amptp lettering the Alliance of Motion Pictures and television producers and The fact that these certain ones are flagged again must be a way to communicate that they are also involved in Halting their production some of which hadn't even started. So Chucky season 3. I'm assuming Shot six of the eight episodes that were set to air this fall I've talked about the episode titles in my last Chucky video recently But a crew member over on Instagram under a post from an account called Chucky updates did state that it's not fake news in regards to them Pausing and as of today we are shut down on shooting season 3 a very unfortunate turn of events But I'm curious if the episodes that were filmed are still gonna air Especially since that same crew member said that they may air the finished episodes But who knows and by the time this is all resolved Mancini and his Chucky family could conclude this story in a movie or two If season 3 is aired in an incomplete way and by the time this is all resolved perhaps instead of just finishing those two episodes Maybe you just work on a new movie. Maybe that bring all of the kids back together Bring all of the characters from the first two seasons back together any legacy stars You want to and make one or two grand finale movies to end the series on a high note Now the bit I want to get into regarding this series regular because I've seen some people mention this person's name But Jackson Reed Kelly seems to be a cast member for Chucky season 3 because not only did Barbara Allen Lynn who is Lexi's mom on the show and in real life mention him on her Instagram story recently But if you check his resume on actors access This confirms that he is a series regular for Chucky now if he's a series regular It couldn't have been for season 1 and couldn't have been for season 2 So he must be a series regular for season 3 I would assume he is gonna be our Nadine replacement, but we'll just have to wait and see how that all unfolds But yes Jackson Reed Kelly He seems to be a series regular for Chucky season 3 according to his updated resume over on the Over on the database that is listing his official resume now in regards to these other horror projects that are Sadly also impacted welcome to dairy is another project that seems to be on pause due to the strikes We know this is the Pennywise prequel show to Andy's two big movies from 2017 and 2019 it chapter 1 and it chapter 2 That project being paused isn't too much of a worry to me since it wasn't supposed to come until 2024 So if it's delayed till 2025 at the latest, I'll be fine Although the sooner the better because I do want more Pennywise. I need my Pennywise fix But not as much as I was looking forward to Chucky season 3 No official announcements have been placed out or released regarding these projects being on pause But the database that I've been shown has that series flag with the 8 am PTP lettering Which all but means it's on pause because this lettering allegedly wasn't even in this database until just recently so we know the show is supposed to dive deeper into the origins of Pennywise and the town of dairy and Offer us a stranger things vibe with a new group of losers. There's been some very cool behind-the-scenes images and Footage released missing child posters around the around the set filming out in Canada Hopefully this weight is worth it because I also know people are still up in arms about the lack of Bill Skarsgard again Bill Skarsgard could easily still be a part of the show and film all of his sequences last Shooting out of order is a thing it happens more often than you think the very last project I want to touch on that seems to be paused is final destination six bloodlines another unfortunate project that is on pause According to this database This is the project that was set to start shooting later this month in Canada It's revolving around a girl named Stephanie who's trying to save her family from death and learns her grandmother Esther Saved a whole bunch of people from a tower collapse decades ago And death has been working its way up to them since a lot of families have existed that shouldn't have thanks to Esther's intervening all those decades ago now There were never any official cast casting announcement that had come out about the project and I suspect none will until much later now But I've talked about the scrap plans regarding the EMT story a bunch recently And I've dived into some story details about the Esther film We're getting since audition tapes are just out in the public for you to watch if you so, please But again very unfortunate Those are the three major horror projects that I've seen impacted by the strike According to databases and another one is coming from a crew member Now however, of course the other project that many people have on their mind is scream seven Scream seven was already pretty much on pause So I think honestly at this point we weren't too concerned if that was on pause that was pretty much just like Okay, that's another hurdle for scream seven scream seven already had the hurdle with the scheduling conflicts of its stars the writer strike and now adding on the Actors on strike, you know, it's just more hurdles for screen seven and with scream seven I think a lot of us who are well aware that it's gonna happen That's the plan. We're just like, okay, we'll win. It's more of a game of win We know scream six was successful enough to warrant a seven So it's all coming down to win, but we'll just have to continue to be patient Hopefully everything with the strike can be resolved in a timely manner Hopefully everyone can understand where each other is coming from it come to a very satisfying agreement for every Everyone involved because I know everyone wants to be fairly compensated. Everyone wants to feel respected and You know, these people are the reason we have the entertainment that we have they're the reason the entertainment industry even exists The actors and your writers at some point or another Everyone's gonna have to come together Recognize that we need to work together, but you know, if some ends are not gonna want to compromise with others then we're gonna be in this situation for a long foreseeable future and there's really not gonna be an end in sight and with the Amptp threatening to or not the amptp, but the major studios involved threatening to Basically hold out not even threatened. They seem very confident in themselves Could be scare tactics that they're saying they want to hold out until the writers start losing Houses and can't even live, you know, very evil tactics there Scare tactics could be them admitting that they know they don't have as much leverage with the actors now joining the writers But again, everyone will have to come together come to a resolution or else will be on the verge of a Hollywood collapse which some people out there who probably are listening this are good or much more pleased with them against because they hate Hollywood and hate the entertainment that we get these days You guys let me know what you think about this down in the comment section below if you haven't of course Make sure you subscribe turn on post notifications so that you never miss a video in the description I will have links on my social media accounts. I'm on Facebook Twitter and Instagram as well as threads You can message me there, of course There's any movies news or reviews I'm gonna cover in the future and with all that in mind guys I will see you in the next video


Coming to the vascular legions of the salivary gland, see this case of a three-month-old female child. The mother noticed a swelling on the left aspect of the neck, bluish discoloration of the skin, referred by the pediatrician for further evaluation. See this clinical picture where we can see this bluish discoloration of the skin and when we did the imaging, we saw that in the superficial subcutaneous sub-tissues, there was this ecogenic legion at senior and when we evaluated it with Doppler, we see that this legion showed vascularity and the spectral evaluation showed that it typically showed a low-grade venous flow and that is classically suggestive of a low-grade venous malformation. So, vascular morphogenes are these congenital legions which are there since birth and they could be classified into capillary lymphatic arterial venous and depending upon its clinical picture and ultrasound findings, you can make a diagnosis of a low-grade venous malformation. Also, see this case of a female child with swelling along the right parotid region. So, when we evaluated this case, the submandibular glands on the right and left are completely normal. The left parotid gland is normal but look at this right parotid gland. It shows some inhomogeneous appearance with some anechoic area seen within and see this video, you realize that there are multiple hyper-echoic process with shadowing seen within this gland architectural which is distorted and this are classically nothing but flabellets and whenever you see flabellets within this legion, always always think in terms of hemangermas. So, hemangermas are also could be two types depending upon the way they could be capillary or cavernous and these cavernous hemangermas are seen more commonly in the older children. Now, ultrasound and bupala can really evaluate flat-stooling regions in a very good way and you can make a confident diagnosis of a hemangerma or venous malformation on ultrasound. Now, depending upon the pattern of flow, they could be low flow types or high flow type. Then see this case of a four-month-old female child with the history of rapidly increasing swelling along the right carotid region. In fact, this mother said that there was a small swelling and now this has suddenly increased in size. So, when you evaluated this gland, you could see that the left carotid gland was completely normal. When you look at this right carotid gland, it is enlarged, inhomogeneous in eco-texture. You can appreciate this. When you evaluated it with bupala, it showed a carotid vascular pattern all within the gland and mind you, whenever you have such a kind of history, the first diagnosis you should think in terms of a carotid hemangio endotheloma. So, it is one of the most common carotid tumor of the childhood and whenever you have this history of any rapidly large growing mass in an infant in a carotid, first diagnosis which should run in your mind is a carotid hemangio endotheloma. The more case which we saw of a seven-year-old female child with history of swelling along inferior to the angle of mandible. Now, clinically, this region was compressible and soft and hence when we started imaging, we saw that along the angle of the mandible, there was this inhomogeneous appearing region with two anechoic areas within it. When we started evaluating with bupala, we could get both a red and blue signal seen within it. And when we deeply evaluated this region, we saw that it typically had a branching pattern. It showed arterial and venous both flow. In fact, you could see that a large draining vein we could appreciate in this region. We saw this region on spectrum evaluation. We could see that the veins have got completely arterialized and show a high flow of almost 200 meters per second. Whenever you have an arterial venous mixed signals with veins being arterialized and a draining vein seen, this is nothing but an avian. Now, in fact, in this case, when we did literature search, we found that submandible avians are quite rare. But peracted avians are very commonly seen in pediatric age group in the peracted gland. In fact, with my search, I found that there were only eight cases of submandible avian reported to the day and maybe this is the ninth one. So, coming to the end of the discussion, one can confidently say that this history age group known of the patient and also looking at these patterns the way these regions present and always bearing in mind where the age and the history in many cases of peracted and submandible avian, you can make confident evaluation of the region and give them diagnosis. Thank you.


Okay, this is Attack the Key, Own the Lock. This is Datagram. I'm Skyler, about us. This is the only animation in the whole thing, just because it's kind of funny. So, I'm Skyler. I was one of the founding board members of the Open Organization of Lockpickers US. I stepped down. I still pick under the tool banner, but I'm not really involved with the tool all that much anymore. I launched and let die non-destructive entry magazine, but the band's back together. Hopefully we'll launch again. But most importantly, I was on Wheel of Fortune. And we got to talk about Locksport. I'll put a link to the clip some other time. Okay. Hi, I'm DG.  I haven't been on any game shows and I run a few lock websites that apparently the front row says suck, but you'll catch them at the end. Yeah, we'll get those in the resources. Okay, go for it. Does everybody know how locks work?  We're hoping that you know how locks work. Show of hands, how many people don't know how locks work? It's okay if you don't. We'll do a brief overview. Okay. All right, we'll do a really brief overview. Okay, here we go. Okay, the red pin is the key pin. The blue pin is the driver pin. There are typically five or six sets of these pins in a line in a lock. We call them key pin and driver instead of top and bottom because they're mounted upside down in other countries. So no confusion. You can see that the driver pin right now is blocking what we call the shear line. That's the line between the bible of the lock, the round part, and the...  The plug of the lock is the round part and the bible of the lock is the part that contains the driver and the spring. So the key pins are of different lengths. They correspond to different cuts of the key. When the key is in the lock, the top of the key pins will be raised to the shear line. The bottom of the driver pins will be sitting at the shear line and the whole system can turn freely. Thank you very much to Deviant for these wonderful animations. Yeah, big thanks to Deviant for these great animations. Always, always. That's how a lock works. I know we sped through that, but we have a lot of cooler stuff to talk about. Okay, so in a lock, we have two kinds of security. You have the lock itself, but you also have keys. You can think of it similar to cryptography and a lot of digital stuff where you could always do this really crazy stuff to break the system itself, like the crypto system itself, but you could also steal keys, modify keys, do other interesting attacks. And so a lot of the talks at DEF CON and a lot of other conferences are about ways to pick locks and open locks, but we never really get into this issue of key control and what can we do with modified keys. Now, obviously, nothing in this talk, we're going to talk about using the working key, because that's kind of obvious that the working key opens the lock. The best lock pick is the functional key for the lock. So if we can do attacks with keys, then how do we prevent people from doing this or try and limit it? So higher security locks will have the blank distribution or availability will be limited, and getting the actual blanks or the locks themselves or the keyway profile, the cuts on the side, that may be limited as well. Key control is also very important to prevent just casual duplication, which is just going into a hardware store and getting a key duplicated.  And simulation is when we don't need, per se, the key blank, because all keys are a piece of steel arranged in a pattern. So simulating that is easy on a lot of locks, even some of the higher end locks. And so simulating a key is important in security. If we could build a key that's very hard to simulate, either because of the shape of it, the type of cuts, or some have moving elements. Interactive elements as well. We'll get into it a bit later. If you can't simulate that, that's better for security in a very small way, but it all adds up at the end of the day. I mean, everything we're going to show you today is based on key-based attacks. So yeah, it can be really important to keep us from getting access to one. Okay. All right, so we're going to talk, obviously, about attacking the key here. The bidding depths and the code. The bidding depths are the lengths of those key pins that we just saw and how a lock works. And every lock has a bidding no matter how ridiculous or elaborate it is. It's just based on different mechanisms. So pins, tumblers, et cetera, et cetera. The keyway is a big part of this as well. Very restrictive keyways can be extraordinarily hard for you to manipulate with picks getting in there. But if you can actually reproduce the key or even the key blank, the restrictions of the keyway don't matter anymore. We're also going to talk about a... Well, you'll see that in a little bit anyway, the best situation. The model of the lock, of course, very important. I'm actually not entirely sure what more there was to say about the model of the lock. Okay, we have this key here, right? So if we just have a key, if we've never seen the lock, the key tells us a lot about the lock. So the bidding depths are the pattern of cuts on the key, right?  That'll be hilarious for later. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, if you have keys with you, feel free to pull them out. We're going to do a demo in a second. Okay, so if you can see the pattern of cuts and you could remember that, you could simulate or duplicate the key. Now, just the key bow itself tells you what model lock is. Because this key bow is, well, it was patented for a long time. So this is a Schlage key bow. So every time I see this, I know that this goes in a Schlage lock. And even reproduced ones, you know, generic ones tend to use the same bows for their own sudden identification. Yeah, the two most common are Schlage and Quickset in the U.S. I'm sure everyone has one or both of those on their key ring right now. So on top of that, the key might be stamped with the manufacturer and the model. In this case, this is a Primus. So it's not a normal Schlage lock. On top of that, we get the keyway. Sometimes there's a keyway number. A lot of information comes from just this one key, even though we may not know what lock it goes to in a certain facility or at all. Sweet. All right, yep. Okay, so physical access to keys. This talk is broken down into the different levels of access you have to the key. Visual access, physical access, getting a key blank and incorrect key, et cetera, et cetera. Physical access, of course, is the holy grail. You can do a lot with it. The amount of time that you have access to that key will very much determine the quality of the attack. But even if you only have physical access to a key for a couple of seconds, you can already do this wonderful attack that we're going to demonstrate for all of you. Anybody who has keys out right now, if you want to be super brave, pass it to your neighbor. If you don't, that's okay. Take your key out. The soft skin of the inside of your wrist. The supple skin. The supple skin. I moisturize so this goes better. And really just press the key in there. And you really only need a few seconds on it, two or three seconds. And you get a beautiful, beautiful impression of all of the cuts in the key. And that'll stay on there for plenty of time.  Yeah, it looks like Mikey. Oh, very cool. I got to go to the bathroom and sell a phone photo. You know, so immediately. One thing you should consider is that you're saying, well, physical access to keys.  You may not have the key all the time, but people are just like, you're like, hey, I need to get into that room. And they're like, well, here's the key. Just give it back to me real quick. So the security lies in them getting it back. But they have no idea what you might have done with it while you had it. And again, this is very common. Even in higher security situations. You even get the sidebar pins. I'm sorry. I've never done a primus before. I get the high security part, too. This is beautiful. Sorry. This is awesome. You keep going. Yeah. Just consider that now I forgot. Yeah. Even temporary access. You'll get temporary access to people's keys all the time if you really pay attention to it. Yeah. And it's convenient. Yeah. Again, security versus convenience. Everybody chooses convenience, especially with locks and keys. Absolutely. Sweet. Okay. So direct measurement. If you have access to the key for a little bit longer, with these key gauges that we have pictured here. This one has, looks like, I'm trying to figure out what one is. Well, it's got three different locking systems on there. Three different key types on there with their exact cut depths. And with one of these, you can very quickly just shink it right through each one of the cuts and very quickly figure out what the actual numbered bidding is. Because each of those key pins actually have a number associated with them. You know that code. You can walk into a hardware store and say, hey, I need to da-da-da-da cut. I need to do a key that will work forever for you. You just need that numbered code. Yeah. With further access, you know, you can go with the micrometer, really get down to exacting depths. And with higher security locks, you know, the key gauge isn't going to do it for you every time. You're going to need to get micrometer, calipers, et cetera. And we're going to talk in just a second here about even longer access to the key. Yeah. And the other thing is that almost all keying systems are freely available. It's not secret knowledge. And it can be, because you know, you can just buy enough locks until you figure out every bidding depth for it if you really, really wanted to get that deep into it. But all of this stuff is available online. All of these depths, like I can tell you, I'm pretty sure the top is Schlage and the second one is Kwikset and so on and so forth, or the bottom one's Kwikset. But I'm sorry. Boom. Thank you. It's the best system. It's the best series.   And shit-faced. Excellent. So longer access to the key. So if you want to take a very good impression, you know, with your wrist, you're basically restricted to either sight reading by just looking at it or quickly measuring it. If you have longer access, you can create an impression with which you can cast a working key. Now it doesn't work for some higher security locks that have advanced features, but as you'll see next, it works for some very, very, very good locks. So this is just a simple two-part putty and you just rub it together.  And then with this, obviously this isn't very good and it's only one-sided, but you can do full 3D stuff and it's very easy. How long does that take? To harden only about three or four minutes. Not very long. With something like this, especially not very long, something that's more complicated, you might want to leave longer just to make sure you get it. But it is very quick and this is, once this dries, it's actually pretty rubbery.  So it even works on very secure locks. This is an EVA 3KS lock and you can see there's all these little squiggles. And in the key, these are laser track, little laser tracks. And so we can cast a key off this, even though this is a very, very nice lock. And you see, we even get additional stuff like I'm pointing on the screen like you guys can see it. On the left, we have that big bump. That's when you turn the key, little pieces come in to hold the key in place while it's turned. And then on the top and the bottom, you can't quite see it because it's a full 3D, but there's a profile on the top and bottom, which we'll talk about key profiles later. The next one is your? Yeah, and this is one of the best, well, reputed as one of the best locks in the world. This is an Abloy ProTech and even has a restricted keyway. I would still say it's one of the best. It's probably one of the best mechanical locks in the world. But you can easily 3D impression a key. And the bottom is a casted key. So we took a 3D impression and then we casted it with just, it's just like very hard plastic or like glass reinforced epoxy or something like that. And you can see this lock has angled bidding cuts and all these little careful tracks down it and some dimples on the right. And we replicated all that and the key works. So it works perfectly. So once again, just to drive the point home, you know, this is a product that's been on the market for more than a decade. There are only some fairly sketchy rumors and a little bit of video in the last like year, year and a half of potential attacks on this lock. It's a very high security lock. But if you lose access to your key for even the five minutes it takes to get the putty to dry, it doesn't matter. It doesn't matter at all because we now have the key to your lock. So visual access to the key. You know, this is obviously a big step down from physical access. But a lot of people and you can too, it doesn't take. How many of you are wearing your key, your keys outside your pocket like on a little key ring connected to your belt loop? Yeah, it's okay. Everybody's going to look at you and try to read your key but it's okay. Raise your hand. I actually, on the subway, so I found out that my cell phone which always makes the picture noise when you're taking pictures, if you put the headphone jack in it only makes the sound in your ears. Yeah, yeah. So I was on the subway taking... That's an ode right there. I was taking pictures of people's keys on the subway. Not to do anything terrible with just... Research people. Yeah, research. Just to confirm and I mean people would sit down and their keys would just sort of splay out on the, you know, on the carabiner there on or whatever. And really a quick cell phone photo and I was given enough time to get a good site read and get an easy estimation. So we talk about site reading and estimation. The big thing there is that, you know, in general, a lot of us can look at a key and very quickly say, okay, that's, you know, three, three, four, five, seven, five. You know, we can see by the variations in the key itself what that code is that we need to get it cut by. On top of that, a lot of the lower security ones, you can look on your own keys right now. Again, play along. They have the code printed directly on them. Oh, yeah. And that's tragic. So the reason that we say estimation, though, is that maybe you're like, oh, yeah, you know, I saw that for a second. It's blah, blah, blah, blah. Most of us, I would say, that really try to practice at it. Within three, maybe five keys, we can cut three or five keys and one of those is going to work, you know. One of those is going to be the accurate one. Because you don't always need to know the exact code, but the variation between them is a very, very big step. And on top of this, there's keying specifications and sometimes in a keying system, you can't have a zero depth next to a six depth. There's a maximum limit in a lot of locks. So you can know this can't possibly be more than four up from whatever this is. And then from there, you can just narrow it down really quickly. And you don't need a lot of experience to do it. Is that mine or yours? That's yours. Oh, boy. You don't need a lot of experience to do it. And again, you can estimate and you can also get photography. And in the last two or three years, a lot of research has gone into long range photography on keys. The University of California at San Diego, there's a team there who... Yeah, the important thing is to note that it is just Kwikset and Schlage, I think, that they managed to finish with their project, but they were just doing this as a scholarly work. You could easily extend this. Yeah. So basically, obviously, we all know what's going on. That little tiny table in the photo is exploded with the long range camera. And from there, they could read the bidding on that. And they're not just reading it by looking at it. They're developing computer software to just tell you what the bidding is. And they're trying to work it out so even if it's bent in all these different angles, they could still... Because you have the bow and the blade of the key as a reference point for how big whatever in the photo is. So using fancy math, which we cannot fathom to even get into, they can figure it out. And they're working on moving on to like the angled key that we had. If that's tilted at the wrong angle, maybe you can't see it. They're working on figuring all that out for more advanced keys. And maybe not that one specifically, but better keys. Yeah. And just in this picture here, the parts that are circled in red, those are the shoulders of the key. And there are several known points in the systems they were working with. The shoulders is just one of them. So you have a key that's slightly angled, slightly tilted, but they can use those points to normalize the rest of the key and get that straight bidding again straight from code. This is kind of a cool story. So we have both of them, right? No, I think we only have this one. Well, we may have two cool stories, but this is one. Dibald made these voting machines. Someday you two will be voting machines. And they were so proud of these voting machines that they showed they were like, these are so secure. We do have both of them. I'm sorry, we do have both. I know we have both. Sorry, sir. So you get two good stories. So Dibald was like, we are so proud of this.  And so some cunning genius decided, well, I'll just make a copy. And so can you tell which one's a real one and which one's a copy? And of course it's the same key for every lock. Yeah. And it's the same key for every voting machine, which is the...  No, no, no, that's fucking... Actually, yeah, go for it. The next cool story is the New York MTA. Idiots. So their subway system uses a... They have a restricted keyway Yale cylinder, right? So it's a normal basic cylinder, but they have their own keyway.  Well, people are selling master keys to the system. So not only are they selling keys, they're selling master keys, which we'll get into in a second. Yeah. And so this reporter, we haven't confirmed, but this reporter bought one of the master keys or obtained it somehow, and this is his article showing this is the key to open everything on the New York MTA. So nobody needs to buy one anymore. And there's better pictures of the key. This has really shrunk down to fit in here. But... I love the look on his face, too. Yeah, he's like... Just go. Just go. And the key only costs like $20 street value or something ridiculous, but it opens every type of that lock in the MTA system. And this became enough of a story that I'm hoping that somebody there managed to go through and re-key and upgrade, et cetera, et cetera. Yeah, okay. So the next section is key blank. So, okay, you can't get access to the key that you want to attack at all, ever. But most of the time, you can get access to a blank for that system. And do we talk about easy entry at all? Okay, real quick. Even if you can't get the blank to that system, if you can get access to an incorrect key break briefly, there's a machine called an easy entry machine that will, with a small filament, actually feel through your key and then mill you a blank for it so that you can then carry out any of the key blank attacks. On top of that, it's actually illegal to manufacture patented key blanks, which there are a lot of. The easy entry is awesome. It goes, okay, that's a patented blank. Well, we'll take out this section here or slightly, it'll move around the pieces so that it still fits in the lock, but it's not the same key way. It's really, really awesome tool. It's really cool, it's really cool. It's got kind of a weird spelling, but you can track it down. Okay. And the best part, all the keys have smiley faces on them. Yeah, they're awesome. They're really cool. Smiley face bows. Why don't we just go through the list as we go through? Yeah, I think that's the better way to do it. How many of you saw the talk in here the last hour? Was it good? Yeah, okay, that's most of you. Good, good. Okay, well, what they figured out is that handcuff keys are all similar. They're similar, but they're not universal. So you can't just have one handcuff key open everything. Well, they measured the tool team, DVN and friends. They went through and they measured all the different kinds of handcuff keys to try and do basically what the easy entry does. Find one that fits in all of them, but is different. So they made this, this is a Smith & Wesson cuff key, and they added this little groove in the center, and that works on a surprising number of locks. Like, what is it, I didn't see the last talk because I was in the prep room. Was it dozens of locks I think they're up to? Yeah, awesome. The count right now, the current victim tally is about 14. Cool. And again, more smileys. Okay, so overlifting. Overlifting is an awesome attack. I really, really, really like it. This was a gift to me from Barry Wells, the head of tool in the Netherlands. And it was actually his lovely wife, Charlotte, that showed me the attack for the first time. So I'm gonna just sort of talk you through the slides here. Wafer tumblers are different than normal pin tumblers. Over on your left there are the different lengths of the wafer tumblers. So they have the same outside dimension, but inside they're cut to different lengths. Those different lengths, your key actually moves through that wafer. And those different lengths are pulled up or out of. My phone is ringing over on the other side of the table. They're pushed up or down to a line in the center. Yeah, the big circle with the like Green Lantern looking logo. That is the inner chamber of the lock. So those tabs can push up into the upper chamber or down into the bottom chamber. And your key as it enters it brings them both. And you'll see right here. Oh, and that's a key and a key blank. So in the first of these images, the wafers are at rest. Second of the images, the correct key is in. We're going top bar. The correct key is in the lock and the wafers are pulled out of their chambers and can now, when you apply that turning pressure, rotate inside the lock and your lock can open in the third picture there. Okay, all the way down in the lower left we have the blank inside the lock. And what's happened now is that the blank is pushing these wafers into the opposite chambers. It's pushing them away from their at rest chambers into the opposite side. When you apply your turning pressure, they bind. Okay, the little red X's, which I think are probably super tiny and I'm sorry about that. The little red X's are where they're hitting the sides of the incorrect chamber.  They hit the side of the chamber. Yes, yeah, yeah. That guy, you got it. So yeah, instead of being able to actually go back into their chamber, when they snap back, they hit the side of it and stay in their unlocked position. You can then turn it with anything to open the lock. And I'm going to try to demo this on stage, which is always a terrible idea.  All right, normal key in the lock. Got it. Such a good sound. Okay, awesome. These are bike locks, I believe. Yeah, these are Dutch bicycle locks.  Okay, this is the key blank. Does not operate the lock. Oh, you can do it, buddy. Oh no, I did it on video twice this morning in my room.  Oh man, can you do it? Yeah. Okay. It's actually, this is super embarrassing. This is totally demonstration effect because it's actually a really easy attack. And my drunken roommates were doing it for a while and really messed up the lock pretty badly. Okay, so I am going to let DG talk really quickly about this delightful pink key while I keep doing this and I'll yell when it opens. Okay. There's kind of an old thing and kind of a new thing about this. They're called rake or gypsy keys. And so basically, again... I don't have your other picture, sorry. Oh, that's okay. Basically, what it is is we take this key and we file down everything except for the tip. In the rake key, we file like a kind of a wave pattern. So it's not the working key, obviously, but we just modify the bidding pattern. Oh, isn't it, no? Oh, he's toying with us. I was just toying with us. Okay, so what we do is we're going to use this kind of like a pick. We're going to put it in. We're going to do what he's doing where you're applying tension and we're just going to run through the lock and have it... It's kind of like overlifting except we're not starting. Oh! I'm sorry that took so long. I really shouldn't have. Thank you. I think we still got it. What, a minute? I think that's pretty good time for answering. Yeah, that's all right. Okay, why don't you explain? Yeah, no worries. So another important part of both of these... Basically, you're making a pick out of a key, right? So you're both applying tension and running it through the lock at the same time. The gypsy keys usually just had a large bump at the end of them. I know that light pink on white might not be the best visual here. Okay. And the rate keys and Marshall keys as well. Marshall keys are for autos. Both rate keys and Marshall keys have different patterns of cuts throughout them. That while applying tension and running lightly through the lock will hopefully set your pins. Really, the whole concept is you make a pick out of a key. And the huge benefit to both that attack and overlifting is if anybody catches you with this, it's just a key. These are incredible surreptitious tools that really can do a lot of damage. Important note, this doesn't just work on Dutch bicycle locks. All of your cars are wafer locks. I've seen a VW overlifted in 47 seconds. Brand new, about like two years ago. Awesome. Impressioning. Okay. Okay, so I made these lovely little images here. Probably hitting you with a lot of information. So what you need, basically impressioning, you are taking a key blank and you are turning it into a functional key by getting information back from the lock. You're giving it the information of the blank. It's giving you the information of where you should be cutting the key. So you need a file for this. You need some sort of magnifying lens. These are symbols. These are not the sort of files of magnifying lenses you want. You need an impressioning handle or a pair of vice grips. Basically, you need something to hold the key with very firmly. And you need key blanks. You probably want a few key blanks, especially if you're just starting out. The amount of pressure, the amount of force that you're putting into the key blank will often actually damage and break the key. So you might need to move through a few to get this done. Okay, so with the key blank inserted in the lower left there, you can see that now the key pins, the red pins, are blocking the shear line instead of the driver pins. And this is a good point, a good note for any of you who are doing lock picking. It's not just shoving the pins up as far as you can, because those key pins will block it just as easily as the driver pins. A lot of people shove them up way too high, but that's not what we're talking about. Okay, so all of the red pins are binding right now. You turn the blank in the lock and then lift up and down. I typically just go turn one, two, three, turn other direction one, two, three. And as you'll see on the next slide, the marks that you get, it's going to give you information so that you are slowly removing material from the key blank. When the pins are binding, like in the first of the two pins there in the lower right, you're still getting marks on the key. The way it works is that when those pins are bound, they can't move. So by moving the key up and down, you're making marks on the soft brass of the key. Those pins are pushing into it, making small but discernible marks. And then that's how you know which pins to file. And once a pin is in the right position, it stops making marks, or it makes very, very light marks. It looks different. Yeah, once it can actually turn with you as you're turning it, it stops making those big marks. And you can't see it anymore. And that's when you know you have the right height. So it's really just telling you how to do it. So the marks very light. You really do need magnification to see them. People have all sorts of different ways to do it using different colored lights. Charring the blanks so that there's a little bit of like soot on it. Sharpie marking, all sorts of things. Ultraviolet works really well. Absolutely.  And then when you put it in and you do your impressioning technique, you take it out. All the spots that don't have UV on it are the spots you're supposed to file. And it's very, very easy to do. And then once you've filed it, you have a fully functional key. It'll look a little weird. It'll have those little scoopy bits. Technical terminology. But it will work forever. And this impressioning, I think, is one of the coolest attacks in lock picking. And it's one of the most useful for locksmiths because they can go in not knowing at all what the key should look like and come out with a key that they can decode again to make a real key so that the cuts look right or they can make it on a more durable blank and so on and so forth. So it's very, very useful for them. And this, and DG is going to talk about this. This is my new favorite attack in lock sport. Okay. So we have the man that invented this here in the room. Big hand for Josh. Really? My new favorite attack. Yeah. Okay. So what Josh did is the... Do we have a picture of the lock? No. You didn't put the lock in? Okay. I'll explain it. How many of you saw Mark Tobias' talk on the smart key and other stuff? This is the smart key. Okay? So in the smart key, there's wafers. And each wafer hooks into another wafer and those all get raised to the right height by the pins. Now, if you can look inside the lock, you could see that the wafers inside are sitting at different heights where they connect into each other. And from that, you can decode the key bidding and make a key, you know, whether by hand or with machine. Again, you're getting the code with which to make the key. If only you could somehow see inside the lock. If I... So what Josh did is he took a key blank and put it out. And at the end, he put this angled piece and it shined to a mirror finish. So just inserting this in. Insert this into the lock and then use a light to see.  But we took pictures of it. So you can do it with photography too. You can actually go in and decode all of this. So if you look, you see, we're looking at this and you see on the right hand side, there's that little cutout. So you remember how the traditional wafer lock work? It's very similar. There's this cutout here. And we could see, you know, how deep down this is. And Josh could probably better explain this, but we don't have time to have a smart key talk again. But so here's an example. Josh, do you know what bidding that is? It's a four. Boom. Josh, what bidding is that? That's a five. So you see, you could get good at this so that you could just look at this and go boom, boom, boom. You definitely have to see it a little bit first. It'll take a little bit to get your site reading down. But once you have it. There's only, what, six steps in it? So it's really easy to just remember what all of them look like. I mean, you could take Josh's photos and just lay them out, you know, one through six and then just find which one works. And so here's another one. What depth is that? That's a one. Another big hand for Josh. Yeah, we think stuff like this is really cool. Something you might like to know. This is probably, it also works on the Schlage secure key. These two locks are taking over the residential lock market. Within a decade, you will all probably have something like this on your door. So if you watch Tobias' talk, you know how easy it is to just break it open with a screwdriver and a partial key blank. Important note that no longer works on the signature series. That's true. On the quick set, it doesn't work on the signature series and the torque attack doesn't work on the Schlage. But maybe somebody will come up with something soon to replicate it because they're very similar locks. And also, a really important note, there are some awesome attacks on these locks. They're super vulnerable to all sorts of things. They are still better than those company's previous locks. They are moving forward. So keep that in mind even as we destroy them. Okay, so we talked about what if you don't have the right keyway? Well, just in a sense, let's say you have an organization and you need various levels of security. So obviously you could have straight master keying. But then that might not be as secure as you want. You could go farther and have this sectional keyway thing. So A is one keyway. We could put any key in that lock. B, we could put only keys that have a ward on that little bottom right portion and so on and so forth. But then if you take a D key, again, you could fit into everything above this. Whoa. And so it's just this idea that if I know or I can figure out all the sectional keyways in the system, I can make myself a D key. And then I can have it work for all of those. And I can make D key blanks to impression all of those. And I can make D key blanks to bump all of those and do all these other things we've been talking about. So in Europe, it's kind of crazy how many keys they have because they have all these competing countries and companies. It's a lot different than the U.S. where we can count all of the major lock manufacturers on one hand, on half of my hand. I'll let you guess which half. But what they've done is that locksmiths there have needed, required to get so sophisticated because when you want to duplicate keys for people, you can't have 200 key blanks for this and hope that you have the right one. So what they did is they'll go through these systems, figure out what key blank fits the most number, and then they'll get a lot of that. And then whatever else they can't get, they'll make 10 or 20 of those. And then you have 200 of D. And then if somebody really wants these other stuff, then maybe you can make a form. And again, we could do this with the easy entry. We could just mill the key. You could do it if you have a mill at home or a CNC kind of thing. A mill at home. I have a mill at home. I mean some people do, yeah. It's a good crowd for them. Yeah, a lot of you people would have a mill at home. And that's just... So here's just an example. So that would be the D in the B key way. So maybe you don't have the key blank. Maybe getting a key blank is very hard. You know, maybe it's one of these restricted locks where it's really hard to get just a direct key blank. Well, what if we could just get the wrong key and we could somehow modify that? Well, getting the wrong key is really easy because we could just buy the same lock and then we'd have a... You know, it'd be a similar key, but the cut pattern would be wrong. So from that, what can we do? Well, we'll just go through it again. All you. Really? No, that's all you. Oh, okay. Okay, so the basic way to master key a lock, a pin lock. I know how it works. Better talk about it. Sure it does, sure it does. So the way it works is that in the traditional system we have a top pin and a bottom pin, and there's only one point where those can split and the inner piece can rotate, right? What if we put a very small pin between them? Now we can raise it to both of those positions. You know, we can have the green pin up to the shear line and we can have the green pin above the shear line, you know, and then we can open the lock that way. And so by adding these pins and different pin stacks, we can make master keys. And then the different master keys have different cuts to raise these differently to determine your level of access. So here's just some examples of how it works. Here's just the normal lock. Here's maybe, you know, one type of key. Here's a different type of key. And again, we can have, you know, the first green pin be above and all the rest be below and that key would work. So the more master pins you add, the more key codes in the system work.  And so it could be problematic if you have a very complex system where you get to the point where just almost any key will work. And so, and this works perfectly. The Quickset Smart Key has 243 possible key codes because the bidding is just really bad. It's not master keyed, but there's only 243 keys. And if you use a subset of that, a 32 set, you could probably open the vast majority of them. You might have to force it a little bit, but again, we found out they're quite easy to force. And again, so just different stuff. And so that would be that. Why don't you talk about Dakota? Oh, that's the part I needed you to talk about. Really? Yeah, no, I could have talked about everything you just talked about. Yeah, well, apparently, chemical. All right, yeah, I know. So what if you're in a system that's master keyed and you don't have the master key? How can you get the master key? Now, again, this is all for fun and research and profit. Don't pick a lock you don't own or have permission to pick or open with keys and so on and so forth. So what if you wanted to figure this out? You had to as part of your job. Well, we could take a blank. We could cut it similar, but we'll leave one cut really high and we'll see if that works. And then we'll file that cut down one cut depth. And again, we could use the key gauge or direct measurement to make sure we're cutting down one depth at a time. And we'll just cut that down one by one until we get another key that works.  So these two keys for that back pin will work. And then you can go through this, you know, doing all of these depths and figure out the full master key system. That's really simple. I should have known that. Geez. And if you have access to enough keys in the system, if you haven't access to enough keys in the system, you can look at the patterns of cuts because, you know, there's different systems for master keying so that you increase security and reduce the chance of a user key being able to be modified into a master key.  It could just never be. So if you have access to enough keys, you could just look at, you know, you can sort through them and find the patterns and try and decode master keys, or even not the master key, but like higher level keys. Looking at people's keys at parties is one of my favorite things to do in the world. And just kind of giving them a quick overview of the security in their lives. The big one is occasionally if people, you know, I can figure out that people know each other because I will see two keys that are obviously in the same master system.  It's awesome. It's my favorite thing. Okay. How many of you know how key bumping works? Okay. I'm going to teach you that a lot of you actually don't at the end of this, though. Because it doesn't actually work how we all say it works, but go ahead. Go ahead. Apparently. So everybody says that it's this Newton's cradle effect, right? And we have a bunch of slides to that point. Those are good slides. They're great slides, and we're going to show them anyway. And then at the end, I'm going to tell you why they're wrong. So you take a key. It can even be a usable key. I may have one on my key ring that I can pass around. Fabulous. And you cut it down to its, and we should have a picture of, oh, okay, so this is just showing the Newton's cradle thing again. Basically, it's a transference of energy. When you have this special key, it sits down in the bottom of the keyway just touching each of the bottom of the key pins. You strike the bow of the key, the part you hold in your hands with, like, the back of a screwdriver or something, and there are bump hammers. We'll have a picture of those in a minute. The energy transfers into the bow of the key, into the blade of the key, into the key pins, which then transfers into the driver pins, which then dissipate their energy on the springs above the lock. And I should have put these in a slightly different order. This is what the bump key is going to look like made from a user key. I'm passing around two bump keys that will probably work on the majority of your doors. One's a quick set, one's just a leg, and there's a very, very good chance you all have that on your doors. Unless you've got the new smart key. The smart key, and then I'll just bring a screwdriver. Okay, so, yes, so that's the theory, is that there's this big separation, and I think we have, yeah, that's going to take a while on my poor little computer. It's a huge, huge gif. It's loading. We have technology. Why did I have to load that one so long? That's embarrassing. Boom, this is the theory, and then those driver pins in theory dissipate their energy on the springs and come back, and in that moment that they're separated, there's a big gap where the shear line is supposed to be, and you can just turn the bump key in the lock. So, again, we talked about all about key blanks and how to get this. Now, obviously, theoretically you need every key in the world to have 100% efficiency, but in the U.S. we only really sell two locks. Now, all of these locks can be open with those two keys. Maybe one more, maybe a master, because there's no master in there. But we don't sell a lot of locks and a lot of keyways, especially for residential loot. Diversity in America is pretty weak. Yeah. Diversity, always better. But really importantly, it doesn't work this way.  The amount of energy you're putting into the bow of that key is far more than the small brass parts can handle. In fact, the people at Master Lock and D-Team actually took some great high-speed photography of this phenomenon, because the first generation of bump-proof pins and things like that all failed miserably because they were all working off of the theory, and none of them had done the due diligence to actually watch how the attack happened. Holy crass. Sorry. Oh, sorry. Huge bug, huge creepy bug. Yeah! Nice work. Okay, anyway. So in reality, what's happening is that they're ricocheting. Each pin, each keypin, driver pin combo will ricochet against each other two to three times per strike. So what you're really doing is just creating chaos inside that lock and then finding a path through it. It still works. It still works great. But until you know how something actually works, you're not going to be able to build a solution to it. End of my rant. Okay. So again, okay, thank you. 100% efficiency. Even if you have a crazy, you know, rare keyway you never underestimate your attackers. And again, a tool is used to bump them. No big deal. Just a piece of rubber on another piece of rubber. Yeah, cool. Yeah, let's roll through this one. Okay, so these two are going to roll together. This is the Schlage Everest. This has a small pin on the bottom side of the plug that actually fits into a small hole in the housing. It's called a keypin, or a checkpin, sidepin. Sidepin, checkpin. Those are two are right. The other one, wrong.  This is what the key inserted. It pulls that checkpin back into the plug of the lock and now you can rotate fully. And the key has a little extra ledge here, and that's what raises it. That's a good point. That lower part there is so that you can't modify the key to be one of their next line of keys, which we'll talk about in a second. However, you can make a tension wrench out of the bottom of one of these keys. They're all raised to the same. The side pins are all identical and the cuts on the keys are all identical. So you could just file a key in half to be able to defeat the pin and you also have a tension wrench with which to pick it. So obviously you still have to pick the pins in the lock but this defeats half, you know, about half I'd say, because that's also part of the locking mechanism. And so I guess you just put that in there. Okay, so I feel a little bit ashamed to continue with the meme of the con but Schlag is continuing to do it wrong. So there, the regional sidebar attacks. So you have your check pins, that's super simple. All of those check pins are exactly the same. But now you have crazy high security stuff that are still working sidebars. You have the acid twin combi, great lock. Schlag Primus, the fichet 480, on and on and on and on. All of these locks have sidebars and there's a, you can see in this key, the normal Schlag and you see those cuts on the actual blade itself facing you. Those are operating small finger pins which set a sidebar in the lock and I have some photos of that in a second. So the problem with Schlag though is that their primary locking mechanism is very weak and the secondary locking mechanism of the sidebar is regionally coded. What this means is that there's a national level. So if you go into your locksmith and you buy it from somebody over in California and you both happen to buy the national level, well you actually both have the exact same sidebar. It's just the primary locking mechanism that's different. The primary locking mechanism is super simple. They'll get down to regional and then most importantly and this is why the Schlag Primus should never be used for institutional security every lock in your building, every lock in your campus. If you work at a hospital, if you work at a large tech campus, if you work at a school, anything like that, if it's Schlag Primus and you have access to one valid key, you can use the sidebar once again just like attention wrench to attack all of the other ones. So I asked some friends to take some pictures of me. This morning I was just going to talk about the talk but then I decided I would go for it. It turns out that these are the photos that I transferred. So this is me this morning with a Dremel as you can see and then here's another one that I transferred. These are my friends in the front row who actually were taking the photos but I grabbed the wrong ones and I'm really sorry but freak show was a blast. So this is the correct key inserted and you can see that the finger pins, you see how it's very even across there. I should have put one with the wrong key in. That even facing out key pin is what we're trying to produce. Here it is cut down. You have the exact same thing and you have plenty of room to work and I was terrified to try to pick this on stage because once again, I've never actually tried this attack. I just know that it's possible. So this morning I figured I would go for it at like 8 a.m. So while he was talking about the master key stuff, I did pick it on stage.  I think he should do it again. But because we only have the five more minutes I do want us to be able to continue on. He's going to pick, he's going to talk. Oh, my last thing. Schlage LFIC system. So there's the best small format interchangeable core. Schlage, large format interchangeable core. Best, it's for convenience but it makes it super secure. It's really hard to pick. It's really frustrating for us to try to pick them. Great little pit tumbler locks. Schlage comes along and says we need something for convenience as well. You can remove the core of your cylinder with your normal user key and you can add a dollop of solder on it because the master key for that lock, the control key that will pull the core out so you can slap a new one in and rekey it really quickly.  So you add a dollop of solder to your, thank you very much. You add a dollop of solder to your key and you can pull your core out and inspect your core. Being able to directly inspect a master key system on your lock, great knowledge. Okay, and then there's other stuff. There was the EVA 3KS earlier that had a profile bar and what a profile bar is it's basically a solid bar in the lock and when you try and tension, turn the lock that profile bar pushes into the key and if that, the pattern of cuts whatever it is, in this case it's these dimples along the keyblade, if that's not the same, the profile bar cannot go all the way into the lock and it doesn't clear the plug to be able to rotate. So what's the problem here? Can't we just take a dremel and just cut all of that off so that there's nothing there and there's never a problem with it? Yes. And it works on this lock. It works on the EVA 3KS. Open! I don't pick high security. This is awesome. You can all do this. This works on a lot of different locks because these are all passive components. They're not active like the sidebar where we need to set them right. I'm sorry. Anyways, so what have we learned? That having locks is great, but we need to consider the security of how we store our keys, how we manufacture our keys and how we disseminate knowledge and information about our keys. Personally, I think it all should be public to force people to build better key systems. Yeah. But, you know, some companies just don't like to do that and a lot of companies just want to do it their way and we'll be happy to keep giving talks about how they're doing it wrong. Yeah. So just resources. Thank you all so much. I got some stuff up at openlocksport.com. He's got amazing pages. Lockwiki. Lockpicking forensics. He's doing work that nobody else is doing in the country right now. It's amazing. Yeah. Non-destructive entry mag, ndemag.com. And I've designed my own line of lockpicks. I'm running a Kickstarter to fund it.  Thank you everybody. Thank you!


Jalen Warren has now finished as a top 15 running back in three straight weeks in PPR formats, but unfortunately his peripherals really aren't changing. He's still in the 40 to 50% snap share range, he's still in that 10 to 18% target share range, and he's still seeing 40 to 48% of the team's running back rushes. Now Pittsburgh finally fired Matt Canada on Tuesday. That doesn't guarantee a change in that backfield though, it does give us some hope. Because Jalen Warren has been better than Najee Harris this season, again. And any rational coach would see this. Warren's success rate is 12% higher than Najee Harris's. His expected points added per carry is .25 points better. That's absolutely crazy. His rushing yards over expected per carry is 2.1. Najee Harris is at 0.1. Again, rational coaching will put Jalen Warren on the field more. Let's hope this change in coordinator forces that to happen.


This hurts the narcissist the most the narcissist thinks they're the best They think they're an excellent person they think there's nothing they need to change to improve They're already complete They're a finished product They're perfect as they are Which is why they're so arrogant They've been insulted many times already, so they're already expecting you to talk about them Because they've been doing this for a very long time they're used to people talking bad about them They're used to people wanting to get revenge But this isn't just a role they stepped into with you They've always been this way So they understand the consequences of their actions But their past experiences have made them strong enough to withstand adverse conditions It's made them more able to endure hardship and pain So they're able to deal with negative attention and they actually like negative attention It's just as good as something positive Because it still revolves around them It confirms that they're relevant Because they're on someone else's mind So they're still in control if they can cause you to talk bad about them It means they still have power if you don't want to see them again It still brings joy to them because they understand how emotions work So it shows you're still invested in them even when you're trying to get away Because your actions are still the effect of something that they have caused to really hurt the narcissist They have to become irrelevant to you You have to become indifferent to them a lot of people will say that they're done with a narcissist They will say that they don't want anything to do with them When that comment isn't called for it's unnecessary Because then you're still commenting to a narcissist You're still responding to them Because they're still attached to you emotionally Which means they still have control over your emotions As long as you still have to express how you feel about them or what you would do if you saw them again You're still showing them that you care You're still showing them that they've had a strong effect on your mind To where you still have to comment on how you feel about them or what you wouldn't do for them anymore But when you're really done with a narcissist and they're no longer relevant to you you won't care about any of that You won't even waste your time to comment on anything they've done or anything they're doing now Because you don't care you've moved on and they know the difference Between someone who is just saying they don't care and someone who has really moved on if you're still arguing with a narcissist Or trying to get them to see your side It means you're still emotionally invested It means you still care or that you're hurt as a result of their actions When what you really need to do is you need to accept the outcome and Then become indifferent to it Because if you're still hurt by it it shows them that they're still relevant It still makes them feel good But when you become indifferent to everything they put you through That's when you begin to have an effect on the narcissist That's what hurts the narcissist the most But as long as you're still reacting to something they've said or done It tells them they still have an opening to come back to you and even if they've done too much To where there's no chance for them to come back As long as they can keep you in a state of torment That's good enough for them. That's still a victory But when you are genuinely disconnected from the narcissist and you're not affected by them They can sense it They know when you're no longer bothered by them Because then they've lost control of you mentally and emotionally But they don't see it as though you can freely disconnect on your own They see it as though if they're not in control of you Somebody else must be in control of you Because they see it as though they put you in that condition they put you in that state of being So for you to disconnect from them They see it as though you must have found someone who is better than them at this game Because they don't see it as though you can move on and heal on your own and they're very competitive So this is what's going on in the narcissist mind they don't realize that you just figure them out and No longer want anything to do with them But when you've healed and you've moved on from them They immediately sense it They can no longer cause you to react to them Because now you're just sitting back and laughing at their attempts to hurt you Which is now hurting them Whenever you take away a narcissist opportunity to hurt you it will hurt them It will cause a narcissistic injury Because now you no longer care about what they think You know, they're not special and when you make that known to them and You laugh They can feel the emotions behind your words They can tell that you really mean it Or if you're still angry and dissatisfied After what they put you through They know the difference When you're no longer affected by the narcissist It's because you're in a state of indifference You don't take them seriously you just see them as a joke and when you do that It really gets to them it hurts them it's only when you take them seriously And you think they're relevant That they still have a hold on you but when you see them as a joke And you don't take them seriously They sense it and Many of them will just leave you alone Because they want everything to revolve around them.  I hope this video resonate with you Please like comment share and subscribe If you would like to donate My paypal link is in the video description Coaching inquiries You can email me at coaching it now to Fiverr the clue UK Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon