Welcome back. It's so the breakfast and plus TV Africa and of course I said to look at what the papers are saying this morning We have on standby our Analysts against on this for this morning to the color. Well, it is a legal practitioner and it joins us live on the line from somewhere in Lagos Mr. Colorly good morning. Thank you very much for your time All right. Thank you very much. You know as are quite busy these days with the plethora of Political cases going flying around. I mean, it's a as you say, this is a golden period for for the local profession in Nigeria It comes around every four years Do you do you agree with that sir? Okay, I'm saying you yourself and your elite colleagues I mean at a toast these days because of the political cases we have, you know left-right and center Maybe we can describe this period as a golden period for the legal profession It comes around every once every four years Okay, no problem. We go to Not a problem at all. We go to the first paper The leadership me stripper has these headlines Adama or governorship Finteri survived. It's been nanny onslaught returns Elected of course last night those results were announced at about 7 p.m. The first reports came out From the Adama state government election coalition center more from the leadership Nars deplores rejection of local government autonomy by states Gombe APC expels Gojai court summons world chairman Arame lawyers experts race consent on NNPCL stability the man had a lot to say It's all about the internet and on the television and radio And you can go look at that 42 days to go FG launches five-year strategic internal security plan Strike day two vision unions issue fresh ultimatum called class AC or a SCSN president three others of human trafficking Charges eight abducted or eight abducted could do no female students escape from terrorists camp so the headlines on the front page of the leadership We have another one the Nigerian Tribune with the following headlines INX 6 probe prosecution of Adama work rec writes IGP as GF the riders to that court declines to hear binaries motion against INX queries jurisdiction IGP removes Adama our CP drafts. Don't make CP for completion of poll article PDP Governors congratulate Finteri So the riders to that headline with 32,073 votes margin Finteri flaws binari and a clear seam Adama governor elect Court voids are Arame's sack as NNPCL non-executive chairman a boy gets 12 months extension as LP neck Suspends up about five others Interesting there Subsidi removal best economic decision to reduce Nigeria's debt. That's LCCI Eight kidnapped students or female students of Kaduna school escape terrorist then that is good news poses on that storeway discovered on Lagos KLM outbound plane aviation workers give FG seven-day ultimatum heavy security presence at Lagos Airport Cortex Park managers reinstates RTE and in Lagos man. This is a very interesting times search for Showa moon tomorrow Sultan tells Muslims That's some good news there for those who Muslim brothers and sisters Celebrating Ramadan the daily trust has the following Headlines Finteri wins Adama our governorship election We're all winners governor after all that's what they always say INX six prosecution of wreck binari denies bribing electoral officer with two billion Naira Look for Shawa tomorrow Shawa moon tomorrow Sultan urges Muslims POS operator arrested for spending 280 million Naira mistakenly sent to his account. Wow Buhari meets a mayor's clerics in Saudi Arabia Some of the headlines on the front page of Daily trust we have the nature news and environmental newspaper That has the following headlines. We provided tools for incoming government to guide Nigeria's energy future Buhari stakeholders make case for sustainable logistics a gas utilization NNPC depends investments in AKK OB three others carry flood heatwave a carbon neutrality top Google sustainability trends in Nigeria are some of the headlines on the front page of Nature news very interesting stuff today on the papers to the call. Let's quickly look at one From the tribute will start with that paper The LCCI saying that this is the best Economical decision to reduce Nigeria's dead burden the removal of the fuel subsidy. What are your thoughts on that sir? You and I will remember that when General Mohammed of Buhari was contesting The first time when he came to fighting was at 2000 of the chair of cover He had categorically said and his backyard also said There was no subsidy on the Nigerian Petroleum But it's not easy that people are claiming it's a phantom man One and you also recollect that the National Assembly the fed up of the decision at the time that of the committee on this subsidy that we're talking about and they came out with certainly revelations That one people for example, I mean I'm using a political example that bring in a 30,000 metric tons of Petroleum produce. They will go to an MTC and claim a subsidy for the 60,000 metric tons of of and one of the foremost Impot of Petroleum for that building time Made an accusation that a member of the House of Representatives who is currently in jail at the Requested for bribe from him to cover up a whatever she did. We were doing With the subsidy test So if a government that they come up at the pure international look subsidy is a phantom thing And there's nothing like that So what does occasion with that kind of a government have now to say that it is now withdrawing and the subsidy What has happened between the time that they made that claim and the current times now that they Exhausted it. So that is one leg of this the second leg of this is that when you look around the world There is not any question the world that does not subsidize one thing or the other I was working television years in mind and some of the countries that are supporting premium Like a like reading like some of I mean these other countries are not that are now safe That they don't want to cause it to import grain from Ukraine because the ukrainian Grain is cheaper than what they have for this country and that it has it is affecting their summer Another as they have to be subsidizing the summer so that the summer can stay Just what a place like Britain and what are they and not a you find that a public transportation Is that a subsidizer in british and you go to places like America? There are food bombs in different places where? Indigenous people we are very poor people we are People live on the streets. Even if they don't walk and walk in there Big I mean eat their food and then go back to wherever they may have done it You also go to a place like a China and as we have tried to do here in Nigeria people in schools Children in school get at least one good square meal a day and that has been helping The growth and the mental capacity of those children I'm raising all decisions to tell you that there's hardly any culture in the world that there is no That they wouldn't have one subsidy for the or the other here The IMF and then the world bank and for us who tell us that the subsidy or giving a subsidy or subsidizing Some of the things that will make life comfortable for the Nigerian people is a natural and I wish you would try Also go to a place like Saudi Arabia Housing I know that they are almost free That is and I will want to say Nothing the subsidy is likely to cost more chiefs for our people No importantly really in Nigeria life. I've not been able to manage the subsidy regime. They're very open Honour and then I can't give all the Manor the movie of cities like I don't want the Nigerian people ability of of the We may manage the present sector the way should be money Did make it accountable to the Nigerian people more importantly soon This may not have refused to make it to the finally in the country to walk in my For the finalists in the country and one of them is walking effective The refineries that the old government with all their passes at the disposal marriage is what a single person or two people that is using in legal and I think they do a people Rats or something it's also being another one So if you can manage the refineries, how would they be able to manage the entire Nigerian society? Black this is fixed for them as to get their capacity to really cover them Effectively but with that as it may I have also been lately Supporting the removal of the subsidy for what is it and it is it is that oh The failures of the Nigerian elect have always been blamed on this When you say what you know providing quality education is it because we are paying Solitude of particular product when we are then what you know providing good infrastructure the state It is because we have a Give you something of particular product everything under the sun every in capacity every in Competence every Every into every act of corruption is blame on the on the on the top of it Oh, let them remove the subsidy and after they have removed me Let us not begin to see what other thing they will be blaming for The incapacity for their lack of citizens for the inability to manage Nigeria The way a man I should be managed and make a contribution to the entire Nigeria So these are my thoughts in that area Very interesting maybe next time you sneeze To the call I don't know if you can hear me and they might say was because subsidy has not been removed You know, but I was in a light on a lighter note Let's go on Let's look at the Adam our state situation. Most of the papers have something on it It was a major story last night And I'm sure some of them had to just leave some space or to quickly print it added to their online copies a slim relatively slim victory by a thing theory but probably was expected 32,073 votes the Nigerian tribunals put that figure out on its front page and the city in three floors benanny I don't know if he can say he flawed her per se like we used to see the WWF but More interestingly is the the front the big the big story on the front page of the tribune Which says that I like is seeking a probe or and prosecution of the Adam our act They've written to the section to the government of Federation and the IGP and I think this dovetails to Nicole They too into what some analysts have been saying that I neck really can't do anything about it The right because they didn't appoint him. So what are your thoughts on this move by the electoral umpire? Well Hey When you look at the constitution and the next one it has provided consequences gas It has provided consequences gas To make sure that the right people are the ones that are appointed as electoral officers Not just that they are a quarter in a future but in different states of the situation It says he must not be a car in a car. Remember very political party. He was not the party that he must be missed He must have these configurations of the other one The evidence of that is anybody who's not in the trap who's learning to have sympathy for either any candidate any political party It's not supposed to be appointed as an electoral officer. Even as ordinary clack As an ordinary messenger as a little security person. They are not supposed to work in my neck So as to ensure the neutrality of that was missing. That is why it is called I Next independent electoral commission That is the reason but you see In the APC came into power and for the moment we're in particular. They have been smuggling in Partisan people into I may do the backdoor You remember one lady who used to be able a spokesman in the presidency They try to force up to become an air commissioner in one of the state of the position The same lady now even though it's been shown that he's a Karkali member of an APC of the APC He's now sitting on the board of the Niger data development a commission in DC So it is not impossible that when you investigate the Adamawa rex Very religiously very thoroughly and it's taking a forensic manner. You will find out that he may be having a Partisan limit. He may be a supporter of one of the political parties It's also not impossible to bring a circuit that you may have in place or certain cutback that's good pressure on him to do what it will be that as it may thank God that I make Trying to correct all the malicious That the man has done the damage that the man has done in the Adamawa state with regards to whether I make Anything about the man's appointment and remover. It's a very significant question. You know before you are appointed as a rex the Senate would have to approve Your appointment and then it is Mr. President that appoints these people So if you are going to remove them, I make as a body as not this very First person you must raise a query in terms of the division of busy in terms of a breach of both of office in terms of Infraction that the man may have committed and then get back to Mr. President It's always not impossible that you may have to go back to the Senate This must not be brought to you especially which For is engaging in a very great misconduct you will have to Move on so you must follow all those procedures. It must be that must be the reason People are saying now the issues are being raised that I make would be nothing It's regards to the move of the man from office or to punish him and But I never could at least And if some spending like they have done ending when the Authority that appointed in the present year and all that will take the necessary steps To measure that the money to the most of office and then and they're punished again now that the he has to see some of these other agencies of government have been invited to Investigate these after that investigated the men and water and they find some They could put those things before Mr. President and also the National Assembly for the man to be Removed from office. Well, you know why I like my very ingenious Not that he has a problem in his hands and all that he may quickly rush to get an injunction Distaining a neck. He's telling me superior the same family from removing from his them They are the one And about whatever may have Supported him or gingered him to do what he did will be behind there to really make sure that He get some of these to the police until his terms will probably expire Come when So the court On the law But we have to be patient with the law to make sure that follow through What the law presents so that the essence of that We don't put innocent people or we don't have the same people to suffer for crime that they have not committed What we are seeing from madam power is a point up to the fact that The DSS The ESCC the presidency or a problem not done enough do to listen As we got to the limit of this wreck who has put the nation who has put I next and In our case the government Geopark Think thoughts there to the color lead and let's quickly also look at the the situation with In the aviation sector where you know the workers have given a fresh issue a fresh automaton To the federal government What they embarked on what they are on now, which has seen a disruption to local and international flights is what they call a warning strike So they're saying that if the government does not see to their demands They will embark on a full blown indefinite strike Which would definitely cripple the entire vision sector in the country. We know the issues at stake Small amount of an aerotrable is said to be about to be built at Lagos Airport by the Ministry of Aviation And they send us some buildings where they have their work will be demolished and they're talking about some welfare issues and conditions of service Issues that have not been you know looked at for some years now We also told in the writer to that story the tribune in particular says that there's heavy security presence at the Lagos Airport Those are something to look at as well your thoughts, please The second decision sector is longer overdue that places in Tata and it is obvious that In a given government or the present government in power It's not able to manage a decision sector at all Just like some other or most of the other faces of our life For me the strike in the side is coming too late. One would have expected Those who pride their faith in that sector those who end their living in the vision sector and know that Sure have a long time ago and ban on that on a strike To really put the government on the store and get the government to do what is right Don't regard to what you see in the education industry. There's hardly any education any a line I get up to see and that is a healthy Excuse me for sure Or the other one don't let us begin to mention the amnesty, but we all need them in the papers and all that and they all Facing one challenges or the other and to what's in the situation and not the workers who work in those places and not They are not being adequately taking care They are not the proper little minute and look at the security that they mentioned We have just read in the paper this morning to that a young Nigeria is in fun day on One year I think killing a story where passing was funded on An online that is going outside Nigeria He's there is adequate security at the airport It should have been difficult for any Nigeria for anybody to walk into the catamac and one smuggler and devs into the I mean to the copier into the end you go into the Going to the entire area of an aircraft and then hiding there with the people getting smuggled also they will To another country of the world and this is been happening too many times this in the way the kind of Reinforces and confirms what the evasion workers are saying that there is no security in any of the airway. I mean any of the airport In a year so for me I want to say that The patient has a good state With regards to the strike that they have in part of us and they should continue the cycle to the government is ready Or listen to that demand and do something positive with regards to that demand And when you are to this side that we are talking about, you know, the following airlines We are also taking to pull out of Nigeria because whatever money The air in the country they define it is difficult to repatriate it back to Because their mother country is there because they see being is probably not having enough for in the same To ensure that these airlines are able to repatriate their money or their profits back into their country software don't missile so The the challenges in the vision sector is a very serious one and then when you look at what is happening in Ethiopia You want to say that that's you know, I mean what we have in the vision sector in Nigeria What's not to be happening? You know Ethiopia survives on only two things. It's a airline and it's a coffee They are lying the topic and analyzing the pay of the economy of Ethiopia So if a topia is a very small country in East Africa, whatever and they are not Africa Is able to rely they put a software is able to manage is your line effectively Why would the country of 200 million people not be able to manage is your land? Remember we have one of them. Let's see who is set to own all the In this if you have in a girl who owns a post In between as many things in it affected you and what are they and you have some other Nigeria Do also some hospitality businesses in some of these and some countries of the world and other and they are doing this way And even have within Nigeria and yeah, people want to be another capacity to manage the airport and money The airline profitably, so I will not be able to see we are never to do because every thing that we put our hands on in Nigeria We do it in a tender manner We do to satisfy our clan our community our family our friends our political associates and what that was it is never about If it is about Mary who really have some of these challenges, and I want to request all of you to go and read what the former And then they know what I think he also added the federal safety Commission He said at the time being seated as anybody is going to get into a party That is a federal safety commission We'll get in the only on merit All of them are the work that I'm managing And that I'm the second sector of the federal safety cost today because of the quality that they are brought into the federal So if you also have quality as to money the airline and their post in this country I am sure losing the house in most of these challenges that we have been there in which a decision Well, in Nigeria is the most expensive in the whole West Africa. We don't have an idea to maintain the aircraft in Nigeria We have to take it at all. I'll take it to the top. Yeah To maintain your cut yet Nigeria's are the one who has the highest number of privacy across All Badia just all manners of privacy a cap to cool down the wall. Yeah, there are no basic facilities to maintain and Make sure these things are done Officially, so I support the education workers and strike It is because of our intelligence because we refuse to The leadership of media on their toes. That is why the situation in the country has continued to step up to the level in which we are funded All right, so they call it. Thank you very much. We will have to say goodbye. This juncture. It's a lot to talk about There's a lot to talk about But we don't have all day So probably we'll have you back to look at all this issue sometime soon I appreciate your time and of course have a fantastic. We look forward having a back soon with more of your expert analysis As always, thank you very much. All right. I'll be also watching the breakfast and plus if you have to care matrimonial property law, you know, the Hakimi story Is what we will be looking at up next As a first major conversation right here on the breakfast to take a break and when we come back we delve into that conversation Please stay with us


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question which says that a shopkeeper purchases an alveola at $1200 at the successive discount of 5% and 10% respectively. He spent $64 on transportation and sold the alveola for $1,308. Now we are given that a shopkeeper purchases an alveola at $1,200. That is, the marked price of the alveola is given as $1,200 with two successive discounts of 5% and 10% respectively. He also spent $64 on transportation and the selling price of the alveola is $1,308. We need to find his main percent. Let us proceed with the solution. The marked price of the alveola is given as $1,200. Now the first discount is given as the rate of 5% so we have 5% of $1,200 that is 5 upon 100 into $1,200 which is equal to $60. Therefore the reduced price is given by $1,200 minus $60 which is equal to $1,140 and the second discount $1,140 is at 10%. Therefore we have 10% of $1,140 that is 10 upon 100 into $1,140 which is equal to $114. Therefore the further reduced price will be $1,140 minus $114 which is equal to $1,026 transportation charges is given as $64. Therefore the total cost price is given by reduced price that is $1,026 plus the transportation charges that is $64 which is equal to $1,090. Now we are given the selling price as $1,308 and the cost price is $1,090. Therefore profit is given by selling price minus cost price which is equal to $1,308 minus $1,090 which is equal to $218. Now profit percent is given by profit upon cost price into $100 which is equal to profit that is $218 upon cost price that is $1,090 into $100 which is equal to $20. So profit percent is equal to $20. Therefore we can say the profit is 20%. This completes our session. Hope you enjoyed this session.


Welcome to the Nutrition Facts Podcast. I'm your host, Dr. Michael Greger. The coronavirus pandemic has made many people Michael Greger. They are the importance of maintaining and improving our health. Make that your silver lining. Because the more positive change we can make to our diet and lifestyle, the better. There's been a lot of research lately on the best and safest way to boost our metabolism. And here's a sample of what we found. In our first story, we look at how our adrenaline system plays a role in regulating our metabolism and our weight. Thermogenic drugs like DMP can cause people to overheat to death, can increase resting metabolic rates by 300% or more. A more physiological spread would range about 10 times less, from a 30% slower metabolism in people with an underactive thyroid to a 30% higher metabolism when the part of our nervous system that controls our fight or flight response is activated. In response to a fright or acute stress, special nerves release a chemical called noradrenaline to ready us for confrontation.  What you don't feel is the extra fat being burned to liberate energy for the fight. That's why people started taking ephedra for weight loss. Ephedra is an evergreen shrub used for thousands of years in China to treat asthma, because it causes the same release of noradrenaline that offers relief to asthmatics by dilating their airways. In the United States, it was appropriated for use as a metabolic stimulant, shown to result in about two pounds of weight loss a month in 19 placebo-controlled trials. By the late 1990s, millions of Americans were taking it. The problem is that it had all the other noradrenaline effects like increasing heart rate and blood pressure, and so chronic use resulted in strokes, heart arrhythmias, and death. The FDA warned the public of the risks in 1994, but it wasn't banned until a decade later after a major league pitcher dropped dead. In the current wild west of dietary supplement recommendation, a supplement can be marketed without any safety data at all, and the manufacturer is under no obligation to disclose adverse effects that may arise. No surprise, then, that online vendors assured absolute safety, no negative side effects, 100% safe for long-term use. The president of Metabolife International, leading seller of ephedra, assured the FDA that the company had never received a single notice from a consumer that any serious adverse health event had occurred. In reality, they received 13,000 health complaints, including reports of serious injuries, hospitalizations, and deaths. If only there was a way to get the benefits of ephedra without the risks. There is, but to understand, you first have to grasp a remarkable biological phenomenon known as the diving reflex. Imagine yourself walking across a frozen lake and suddenly falling through the ice, plunging into the icy depths. I'm starting to think about greater instant fight-or-flight shock than that. Indeed, no adrenaline would be released, causing the blood vessels in your arms and legs to constrict to bring blood back to your core. You can imagine how fast your heart might start racing, but that would actually be counterproductive, because you'd use up your oxygen faster. Remarkably, what happens instead is your heart rate actually slows down. That's the diving reflex. First described in the 1700s, air-breathing animals are born with this automatic safety feature to help keep us from drowning. In medicine, we can exploit this physiological quirk with what's called a cold face test. To see if a comatose patient has intact neural pathways, you can apply cold compresses to their face to see if their heart immediately starts slowing down. Or, more dramatically, it can be used to treat people who flip into an abnormally rapid heart rate. Remember that episode of ER where Carter dunks the guy's face into a tray of ice water? And it was on TV when I was in medical school and a group of us would gather around and count how many times they violated universal precautions. Okay, but what does this have to do with weight loss? The problem with noradrenaline releasing drugs like ephedra is the accompanying rise in heart rate and blood pressure. But what the diving reflex shows is that it's possible to experience selective noradrenaline effects raising the possibility that there may be a way to get the metabolic boost without risking stroking out. Unbelievably, this intricate physiological feat may be accomplished by the most simplest of acts instead of drowning in water, simply drinking it. Wait, what? You can boost your metabolism drinking water? Buckle your safety belts. You are in for a wild ride. In our next story, we discover the effect of drinking water on adrenal hormones. Drink a few cups of water, and within three minutes, the level of the adrenal gland hormone noradrenaline in your bloodstream can shoot up. 60%. Have people drink two cups of water with electrodes stuck in their legs, and within 20 minutes, you can document about a 40% increase in bursts of fight-or-flight nerve activity. Chug two or three cups of water, and blood flow squeezes down in your calves and arms, clamping down nearly in half as arteries to your limbs and skin constrict took divert blood to your core. That's why, for example, drinking water can be such a safe, simple, effective way to prevent yourself from fainting, known medically as syncope. Fainting is the sudden, brief loss of consciousness caused by diminished blood flow to your brain. About one in five people experience this, at least one, one in ten may have repeated episodes, causing millions of emergency room visits and hospitalizations every year. Though fainting can be caused by heart problems, it is most often triggered by prolonged standing because blood pools in your legs or strong emotions, which can cause your blood pressure to bottom out. About one in 25 people have what's called blood injury or injection phobia. We're getting a needle stick, for example, can cause you to faint. More than 150,000 people experience fainting or near fainting spells each year when they donate blood. All you have to do to help prevent yourself from getting woozy, though, is just chug two cups of water five minutes before getting stuck. The secret isn't bolstering your overall blood volume. I mean, drinking two cups of water, even a whole quart, and your blood volume doesn't change more than, like, one or two percent. It's due rather to the shift in the distribution of blood towards your center, caused by the noradrenaline-induced peripheral artery constriction. Water drinking stimulates as much noradrenaline release as drinking a couple cups of coffee or smoking a couple unfiltered cigarettes. If the simple act of drinking water causes such a profound fight-or-flight reaction, why doesn't it cause our heart to pound and shoot our blood pressure through the roof? It's like the diving reflex I talked about in the last video. When we drink water, our body simultaneously sends signals to our heart to slow it down to still your beating heart. You can try it at home and measure your heart rate before and after drinking two cups of water. Within 10 minutes, your heart rate should slow by about 4 beats per minute, and by 15 minutes, you should be down 6 or 7 beats. One of the ways scientists figured this out is by studying heart transplant patients. When you move a heart from one person to another, you have to sever all the attached nerves. Amazingly, some of the nerves grow back, but still give healed heart transplant patients two glasses of water, and their blood pressure goes up as much as 29 points. The body is unable to sufficiently quell the effect of that burst of noradrenaline. Some people have a condition known as autonomic failure, in which blood pressure regulation nerves don't work properly, and their pressures can dangerously skyrocket over 100 points after chugging two cups of water. That's how powerful an effect the simple act of drinking a glass of water can be, and the only reason it doesn't happen to all of us is that we have an even more powerful counter-response to keep our heart in check. It reminds me of the poor woman who had a stroke after taking the ice bucket challenge due to an insufficient diving reflex to tamp down all that extra noradrenaline release. The remarkable water effect can be useful for people suffering from milder forms of autonomic failure, such as orthostatic hypotension, which is when people get dizzy standing up suddenly. Drinking some water before getting out of bed in the morning can be a big help. But what about that metabolic boost with so much noradrenaline being released with your adrenal gland hormones and overdrive? Might drinking a few glasses of water cause you to burn more body fat, could tap water, be like a safe form of a fedrum, all the weight loss with a nice slowing of your heart rate instead. Researchers decided to put it to the test, which we'll explore next. Given the 60% surge in the adrenal hormone noradrenaline within minutes of just drinking two cups of plain water, might one get the weight loss benefits of noradrenaline releasing drugs like a fedrum without the risks? You don't know until you put it to the test. Published in the Journal of the Endocrine Society, the results were described as uniquely spectacular. Drinking two cups of water increased the metabolic rate of men and women by 30%. The increase started within 10 minutes and reached a maximum within an hour. In the 90 minutes, after drinking a single tall glass of water in the study, subjects burned about an extra 25 calories. Do that four times a day throughout the day, and you could wipe out 100 extra calories, more than a fedrum. You'd trim off more calories drinking water than taking weight loss doses of the banned substance effedrin, the active component of a fedrum, three times a day. And we're just talking about plain, cheap, safe, and legal tap water. Using the 10 calorie rule, I explained previously, unless we somehow compensated by eating more or moving less, drinking that much water could make us lose 10 pounds over time. In essence, concluded one research team, drinking water provides negative calories. A similar effect was found in overweight and obese children. Drinking about two cups of water led to a 25% increase in metabolic rate within 24 minutes, lasting at least 66 minutes until the experiment ended. So just getting the recommended daily adequate intake of water, about 7 cups a day for children ages 4 through 8, and for ages 9 through 13, 8 cups a day for girls and 10 cups for boys, may offer more than just hydration benefits. Not all research teams were able to replicate these findings, though. Others only found about a 10 to 20% increase, 5% increase, or effectively, none at all. Pouring cold water, one might say, on the whole concept. What we care about, though, is weight loss. The proof is in the pudding. Let's test the waters, shall we? Some researchers suggest the increase in metabolic rate with water drinking could be systematically applied in the prevention of weight gain. Talk about a safe, simple, side-effect-free solution. In fact, free in every sense. Drug companies may spend billions getting a new drug to market. Surely a little could be spared to test something that, and at the very least, couldn't hurt. That's the problem. The water is a cost-free intervention. There are observational studies suggesting that those who drink, for example, 4 more cups of water a day, appear to lose more weight independent of confounding factors, such as less soda or more exercise. But you don't really know until you put it to the test. And finally, in 2013, effective water-induced thermogenesis on body weight, body mass index, and body composition of overweight subjects. 50 overweight girls, actually women, ages 18 to 23, were asked to drink 2 cups of water 3 times a day, half an hour before meals, over and above their regular water intake, without otherwise changing their diets of physical activity, and they lost an average of 3 pounds in 8 weeks. What happened to those in the control group? There was no control group, a fatal flaw for any weight loss study, due to the Hawthorne effect. We're just knowing you're being washed and weighed may suddenly affect people's behavior. Of course, we're just talking about water, so with no downsides, one might as well give it a try, but I'd feel more confident if there were some randomized controlled trials to really put it to the test. Thankfully, there are. I hate it when the title ruins the suspense. Overweight and obese men and women randomized to 2 cups of water before each meal lost nearly 5 pounds more body fat in 12 weeks than those in the control group. Both groups were put on the same calorie restricted diet, but the one with the added water lost weight 44% faster. A similar randomized controlled trial found that about 1 in 4 and the water group lost more than 5% of their body weight compared to only 1 in 20 in the control group. The average weight loss difference was only about 3 pounds, but those who claimed to have actually complied with the three times a day instructions lost about 8 more pounds compared to those who only did the extra water once a day or less. This is comparable to commercial weight loss programs like Weight Watchers, and all they did was drink some extra water. We would love it if you could share with us your stories about reinventing your health through evidence-based nutrition. Go to nutritionfacts.org slash testimonials. We may share it on our social media to help inspire others. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, or studies mentioned here, please go to the Nutrition Facts podcast landing page. There you'll find all the detailed information you need, plus links to all the sources we cite for each of these topics. For vital, timely texts on the pathogens that cause pandemics, you can order the e-book, audio book, or now hard copy of my latest book, How to Survive a Pandemic. For recipes, pre-order my How Not to Diet Cookbook out this December. It's beautifully designed, with more than 100 recipes for delicious and nutritious meals. And all proceeds I receive from the sales of my books go to charity. NutritionFacts.org is a non-profit science-based public service where you can sign up for free daily updates and the latest in nutrition research via bite-sized videos and articles. Everything on the website is free. There's no ads, no corporate sponsorship. It's strictly non-commercial, not sign anything. I just put it up as a public service, as a labor of love as a tribute to my grandmother, whose own life was saved with evidence-based nutrition.