So this lecture is part of an online course on commutative algebra and will be mainly about the following question, what is a scissorgy? So this comes from a Greek word meaning a yoke where if you have two oxen pulling a plough you yoke them together and we'll sort of see a little later why mathematical scissorgy is called this. So the aim of the next few lectures is Hilbert's theorem on finite generation of rings or algebras of invariance. So a better start by explaining what an invariant ring actually is. So let's just look at example one. Let's look at rotations of R3 or we can allow rotations and reflections. So here we have a group denoted by the orthogonal group or maybe the special orthogonal group if you're restricting to rotations, so the O3 of R is just three by three orthogonal matrices. And rotations and reflections preserve length. So you can think of length as being an invariant of this group, it means if you act by any group on the any group element on two points of R3 the length, the distance between those two points will be preserved. Well another way of saying that is it preserves the polynomial x squared plus y squared plus z squared. So this is just being the square of the length. So we can think of x squared plus y squared plus z squared as being an invariant of O3 of R acting on the vector space R3. So x, y and z are all linear functions in R3, so this is just a polynomial on R3. And we have a similar question where you can replace the orthogonal group by your favorite group and replace R3 by any vector space axed on by this group. There's one actually slight tricky technical question which is how does G act on polynomials? So if G is acting on a vector space V, what we really want is how does G act on a polynomial function from V to R or our field K or whatever. So this is part of a general question, suppose you've got a function from a space x to a space y where x and y are acted on by G. In our example G acts trivially on K but more generally we can allow G to act non-trivially on y. And so what is G of f? Well in order to indicate the action of G of f you need to say what it does to x and this is usually defined as follows. If you apply G f to x then this is equal to G of f of G to minus one x. And there's a bit of a puzzle here because you can look at this and well the G is fairly natural but what is this doing? Why do we put in a factor of minus one there? Well I'll first explain why we put in a factor of minus one and then I'll explain what goes wrong if you don't. So the rule shouldn't really be written like this, it's better to write it like this. We write G f applied to G of x is equal to G of f of x. And this if you think about is really just a sort of special case of what happens if a group acts on A times B then you want G of A times B equals G of A times G of B. And here B might be x and A might be a space of functions from x to y and then this rule here turns out to be essentially this rule here. Now if you change x to G to minus one x you get this rule G f of x equals G f G to minus one x. So this rule looks a bit odd but this rule looks much more natural so maybe it's better to remember the action of G is looking like this. The other question is what happens if you miss this out? And if you miss it out you run into a nasty mess. So let's try putting G f of x equals f of G of x. Let's make the action of G on y trivial just that it's one less thing to think about. So what happens if we define that?  Well on the one hand this is equal to f of G1 G2 of x because we can just move G1 G2 into the inside. On the other hand it's equal to G2 of f acting on G1 of x because we can move the G1 inside and then it's equal to f of G2 of G1 of x. And if you look at this you see we get a contradiction these are actually different. So if you don't put in this minus one when you're defining actions of groups on functions you really run into horrible contradictions. So we better don't ever do this. Another way is you can put the G on the right if f acts on the right on x then you can indeed put x times G there and get away with it. So there's this, I have to remember there's this irritating and confusing slight complication when you want to define group actions on functions. You sometimes need to use the inverse of the group. So next example of invariance is just determinants. So here's example two suppose we take the special linear group and over a field acting on k to the n. So I'm just going to take n equals two so you might have A, B, C, D acting on vectors x1, x2 in the usual way which I can't be bothered to write out. And there are no interesting invariance of this in fact SL2 of n acts transitively on all non-zero vectors of k so you can't really have any non-constant functions that are invariant. On the other hand we can make k to the n bigger. We can have SL2 of k acting on k to the n plus k to the n plus k to the n and so on and what I'm going to do is I'm going to take n copies so we might have A, B, C, D acting on a space x1, x2 so that'd be one copy of k to the n and it might act on y1, y2. And now we can find an invariant we can just take the determinant of this stuff here. So in this case we can just take the determinant which will be x1, y2 minus x2, y1 and in general the determinant on k to the n plus k to the n is an invariant of SL2, sorry SLn of k. That's not terribly surprising because you basically define the special linear group to be the matrices that preserve the determinant when it's acting on n by n matrices. So the determinant is an example of an invariant and by the way if you look at the word determinant it ends in the word ant and pretty much anything that ends in the word ant tends to be an invariant of something, I guess it comes from the ant at the end of invariant so you get things like determinant, resultant, discriminant, catalecticons and all sorts of other weird things and they all tend to be invariants of some group acting on something. Well so far we've only had one invariant at a time so let's look at a more complicated example where there are several invariants. So this time I'm going to take g to be this symmetric group of all permutations of n objects and I'm going to let it act on c to the n by permuting coordinates. So polynomials, the polynomial functions on these are just going to be polynomials in x1 up to xn and the symmetric group just acts on polynomials by permuting x1 up to xn and the problem is let's find invariant functions or invariant polynomials. So we want to find polynomials that stay the same if you renumber all the variables, that's an obvious one, let's try e1 which is you can just add them all up and that's obviously stays the same if you mute them or you can multiply them together or you can add up products of pairs of them so we can take e2 equals x1x2 plus x1x3 and so on all the way up to xn minus 1xn and these are the famous elementary symmetric functions and you can write them all down by thinking of the xi's being roots of a polynomial so if I take y minus x1 times y minus x2 up to y minus xn this is y to the n minus e1y to the n minus 1 plus e2y to the n minus 2 plus or minus en. So this gives some obvious invariance and the question is is every invariant a polynomial in e1 up to en and this is the basic theorem of symmetric functions which says yes it is so every invariant polynomial in x1 up to xn is a polynomial in e1 up to en and the proof of this is quite easy so I'll just give it in a couple of minutes what we define is an order on the monomials so we say x1 to the m1, x2 to the m2 and so on is greater than x1 to the n1, x2 to the n2 if it's bigger in lexicographic order so this means m1 is greater than mn1 or m1 equals n1 and m2 is greater than n2 or m1 equals n1, m2 equals n2, m3 is greater than m3 and so on and now what we do is we suppose f is invariant and what we do is we look at the biggest monomial in f so suppose it's x1 to the n1, x2 to the n2 and so on x3 to the n3 and so on so suppose this is the biggest one we can find and now all we do is we subtract x1 plus x2 and so on to the n1 minus n2 times x1, x2 plus and so on times n2 minus n3 times x1, x2, x3 and so on plus times n3 minus n4 and so on and this kills off the biggest monomial in f and you just continue so we can subtract a polynomial in these elementary symmetric functions and kill off the biggest monomial in f and if we keep doing this we eventually make f0 so this actually gives an algorithm for expressing every symmetric function as a polynomial in the f in the elementary symmetric functions there's one slight thing that looks a bit suspicious about this if you look at this proof where did we use the fact that this is a symmetric polynomial it looks at first sight as if we've written every polynomial as a as a monomial in symmetric functions well the key point is that if f is symmetric this implies that n1 is greater than or equal to n2 is greater than or equal to n3 and so on as you can easily check and we need this because these numbers here must all be greater than or equal to zero otherwise you otherwise these things wouldn't be polynomials so that shows that every symmetric polynomial in every every invariant of the symmetric group act on polynomials is is generated by these so the invariance of sn acting on c to the n are finitely generated algebra over c so this means that you can find a finite number of invariants such that every invariant is a polynomial and those with coefficients in c so this is um maybe the first non-trivial example of of invariance being finitely generated i mean in fact it's quite easy to check that the algebra of invariance is a polynomial ring um over the events e1 up to en in other words there are no non-trivial relations between them which i won't bother checking because it's very easy and this is actually very unusual most of the time if you've got a group acting on a space the ring of invents might be rather complicated you can find a set of generators but there might be some relations between the generators as we will see in the next example um so i'll say this is unusual and it tends to happen if g is a reflection group that's a group generated by reflections in hyperplanes and the symmetric group acting on on c n happens to be a symmetric group which is why its ring of invariance is particularly nice so now we're going to see an example where the ring of invariance is a little bit more complicated so this time i'm going to take g to be an which is the alternating group and if you forgot what that is i'll tell you in a moment so the alternating group is a subgroup of s n the symmetric group and well we have the following polynomial let's call it delta which is going to be product of i less than j of xi minus xj so it looks like x1 minus 2 if n equals 2 or x1 minus x2 x1 minus x3 x2 minus x3 if n is 3 and so on and now you notice that every element of the symmetric group permutes these factors opt to sign so either so it changes delta to either delta or minus delta so a n is the subgroup of s n fixing delta and you can see that a n has indexed 2 at least if n is greater than 2 and what i want to do now is ask what are the invariant polynomials under the alternating group well that's quite easy this is just polynomials in e1 up to en and then delta is also invariant because we pretty much defined a n to be the thing such that delta is an invariant um so um and um so we saw well we stated that there are no relations between e1 up to en however there are relations between e1 up to en and delta because you notice delta squared is symmetric so is a polynomial in e1 up to en and we can figure out what this is explicitly for instance let's take n equals 2 then we find delta squared is x1 minus x2 squared and this is equal to x1 plus x2 squared minus 4 x1 x2 which is equal to e1 squared minus 4 e2 um now and when n gets larger you can still express delta squared in terms of these but the expression gets kind of complicated for instance here i've got a picture of it for degree four polynomials i guess i'm just trying to magnify this a bit okay so here we have the discriminant of a fourth degree polynomial and you can see it's already getting a bit of a mess um it's two lines long and as the degree goes up this discriminant gets worse and worse um so this is an example of something called a scissor g so let's sum up what happens for a n the ring of invariance is finitely generated oops sorry i better turn the magnification back down it's finitely generated by e1 up to en delta but there is a non-trivial relation where um delta squared minus some polynomial in e1 up to en is equal to zero so here that the invariant ring is no longer a polynomial ring it's something a little bit more complicated um and it's fairly straightforward to check that this is essentially the only non-trivial relation and that any other relation between delta and all of these has got by taking this relation and multiplying it by some polynomial so that's an example of a first order scissor g however things can get a little bit more complicated so let's see an example of a second order scissor g so for this i'm going to take g to be the cyclic group of order three and i'm going to let it act on two-dimensional vector space and i'm going to let it act in a very boring way i'm just going to put um i suppose sigma cubed is equal to one where sigma is in g as a generator and i'm just going to put sigma x y is equal to omega x omega y where omega cubed is equal to one so omega is equal to two pi i over three which is minus a half this root three i over two if you're interested which you probably aren't and now let's try and find some invariant polynomials well it's not too difficult to figure out what all the invariant polynomials are we notice that x the a y to the b is invariant if a plus b is divisible by three because omega just multiplies this by a cube root which is one if a plus b is divisible by three um and so the ring of invariance is generated as an algebra by the following monomial so we have x cubed x squared y x y squared y cubed so let's call these z zero z one z two z three and it's easy to check that these generate the algebra of invariance however there are some relations or synergies between these because we notice that z naught z three equals z one z two z naught um z two equals z one squared and z one z three equals z two squared so here we have three scissor g's well um things are a little bit more complicated than that because we've not only got three scissor g's so um so we can write the scissor g's like this we put z naught z three minus c one z two and let's call that a two and then we have z one squared minus c naught z two and let's call that a three and we have z two squared minus c one z three i'm going to call that a one and now we notice that a two a three and a one are related because a z one a one plus c two a two plus c three a three equals naught so these are the first order scissor g's and this is a relation between scissor g's so this is the sort of second order scissor g um so things are beginning to be a bit more complicated well in order to see what's going on let's draw a picture so we've got a map from the ring of polynomials in z naught z one z two z three onto the ring of invariants um and this map has a non-trivial kernel and let's call this ring r so that i don't have to keep writing it out so the kernel is an ideal and this ideal is generated by three elements a one a two a three so we can map a one two whatever it was z two squared minus c one z three and a two and a three go to um those other expressions but there's uh so this is a three dimensional three module over r mapping onto the ideal of relations and which is really a sub-module so this is a map of modules from this module to this module and the relation between a one a two and a three can be thought of as a map from a free module in one generator to r cubed so this is mapping the element b let's call this b this maps b two z one a one plus c two a two plus c three a three um and now what we have here is something called an exact sequence so an exact sequence means that the kernel of each map like the map from here to here is exactly the image of the previous maps that's just saying that b whose image is here um gives you all the relations between a one a two and a three and that any other relation between a one and a two and a three has got by multiplying this by an element of the ring r and similarly um a one a two and a three form a basis of all the relations between z naught z one z two and z three so um so this is pretty much what happens in general so I suppose we've got a ring um of invariance of some group acting on some vector space what we do is we have an invariant ring and we have a map from this from some set of polynomials say k z nor z one and so on onto it and if I call this ring r then we have some relations between the r i's which are scissor g's and we might be able to find some scissor g's forming a basis of this so we have some map from a free module r to the m to this and then there would be a map from some other free module to this and some map from some other free module to this it might go on and on and on like this so these are the first orders scissor g's or at least and these are the second order and so on and you as you can imagine you couldn't get higher order but I'm not going to write anything out because it really gets to be a bit of a mess um so um we can now ask the following questions first of all is our finitely generated as a k algebra in other words can we find a finite number of element z i and then we can ask is is the module of first order scissor g's is r to the m finitely generated as an r module and notice I'm contrasting um the ring r which is we want to be finitely generated as an algebra but all these we only want to be finite generators modules in other words we're asking is this number can we take this number m to be finite and to see the difference we notice that say a polynomial ring in x is finitely generated as an algebra over k because it's just finitely generated by x but it's not finitely generated as a module over k because you need an infinite number of powers of x to span this as a module and then we can ask is r to the n finitely generated as an r module so if we've got a finite number of first order scissor g's we can ask are the second order scissor g's relating them also finitely generated and so on um actually from this you can sort of see why a scissor g is called a scissor g because um for instance this second order scissor g b is kind of yoking together the first order scissor g's a b a1 a2 and a3 i mean you know a yoke would would tie several oxen together and here the scissor g is tying several polynomials together in a way that's isn't really at all like oxen being tied together but whatever um and then finally we can ask does this sequence of free r modules go on forever you can see that in this particular example um it's stopped after two things because this map here was injective so we can ask is this chain of modules finite so we've got three different sorts of finiteness questions we want to know if this is generate finitely generated as a algebra we want to know if these are finite generators modules and we want to know if this long chain is is finite in length and Hilbert showed um the answer is yes if g is reductive and your field k has characteristic zero well i guess he was working over complex numbers but it's close enough um so what does reductive mean well i'm not going to worry about that too much because we're not going to do the general case of reductive groups we're just going to do the special case when g is a finite group and k has characteristic zero um so the next few lectures we will be developing the commutative algebra necessary to prove well we'll be doing at least the first two of Hilbert's theorems the third one may or may not come later on in a course depending on um what i feel like um so the next lecture we will have some more examples of invariant rings which are rather closer to the problem that Hilbert was actually looking at


If phytonutrients can alter gut flora in a way that helps people lose weight, then you'd think people eating diets based on plants would have significantly different colon populations, and yes, indeed, that's something that's been known for four decades, and may help explain why those eating plant-based diets tend to be slimmer. Another reason vegetarian eating patterns have been tied to better weight management may be the water content of plant foods. Fruits and vegetables average about 80 to 90% water, just as fiber can bulk up the volume of foods without adding calories, so can water. Cognitive experiments have shown that people tend to eat a certain volume of food, and so when that volume is mostly water, they don't end up gaining as much weight.  Perhaps because of the stretch receptors in their stomach, sending signals to the brain saying, we've had enough. Scientists have identified a multitude of ways our body controls our appetite, and a good thing, because if we were off just a few percent every day, that would have huge impacts on our weight over the years.  Doesn't work. You feel more full during the meal, but you end up eating the same amount of calories throughout the day, unless they found you preload. Drinking water with a meal doesn't seem to help control calories, but drinking a big glass of water a half an hour before a meal might. Thus it appears that water on its own may be effective at increasing satiety and decreasing intakes for some population groups when drunk before, but not with a meal. Ice water may be even better, or even just ice. Water has zero calories, ice has less than zero, since our bodies have to warm it up. From the annals of internal medicine, the ice diet, using simple thermodynamic calculations of how much heat our body would have to generate to take an ice cube up to body temperature, they conclude eating a quart of ice, like a really, really big snow cone with no syrup, could rob our body of more than 150 calories, the same amount of energy as the calorie expenditure and running for a mile. Sound too good to be true? Is actually, as Ray Cronyce talks about in his body hacking work with thermogenics, you may just be diverting some of the body's waste heat. If one really wants to use chronic mild cold stress to lose weight, turning down one's thermostat or wearing fewer layers outside may be more effective in the long run than drinking slushies of slush.


Hello, everyone. We are continuing on our discussion about data acquisition and acquiring data in a forensically sound manner. Right now, I am in my Windows 10 forensic workstation or the workstation that the investigator would normally be using to do their acquisition and analysis. And to this forensic workstation, I'm going to connect the suspect disk that I want to acquire. Right now, the suspect disk that I have is a relatively small USB disk. It's just USB 2.0. So whenever we're connecting the disks, we want to think about how fast, what's the fastest connection I can get between the suspect disk and my forensic workstation. And that connection will determine basically how fast that connection as well as the speed of the disk itself will determine how fast I can actually transfer data to my computer while I'm acquiring. So I have this USB 2.0 disk. And I know that even if I had a faster bus than USB 2.0, the suspect disk itself will not be able to go faster than that. So that's kind of my bottleneck here. Or I want that to be my bottleneck. I don't want to have any connection in between the slower than that. So I have my suspect to USB 2.0 disk, and I have it connected to a Tableau right blocker. And then I have the right blocker connected via USB 3.0 into my forensic workstation. So I know that the bottleneck here or the limiting factor is going to be the suspect disk. So I can kind of go as fast as that disk can go whenever I'm transferring data. Whenever I connect the suspect disk in to my to my workstation, in this case, Windows 10, if Windows 10 understands the, if a partition exists on the suspect disk, and Windows 10 understands the file system on that partition, then it will attempt to mount that partition, just like a normal, just like a normal USB stick, for example. So here there is, this is my test USB disk. So this is my test USB, it is mounted, this partition is mounted on eDrive, and I can now see all of the the data on this suspect disk, and it is currently right protected. Okay, so if I right click on this test US test USB, I go to properties, I can see how big the disk is, or at least this gives me a general view of how big it is.  And the partition itself is capacity of 3.77 gigabytes, and it's mostly unused. So this is kind of what we would normally expect. So whenever I connect a drive via a right blocker, it will still show up like a normal disk. And in this case, because it was fat 32, Windows recognizes it, so it automatically mounted it. If it was something like an ex ex t three or ex t four file system, Windows would not mount or even show the partition. If we just view using explore. Now Windows has another tool, if we type MMC in Windows, we should get this management console, Microsoft Management Console. It's not in every versions of Windows, they there's a couple like home versions that might not have this, but you should be able to get it in most versions in Windows 10. It's there. So if we click file, go to add, remove, snap in, scroll down, we can find disk management. If we click add for this computer, click finish. Okay. MMC is actually very powerful way for local and remote management of computers. But this I just wanted to show you gives you a better overview of the actual disks that we have in the system. So for example, if I if I pull this out a little bit, here we have my disk one, and this is the main disk in my forensic workstation. And I have our sorry, disk zero. And then I have disk one, we see disk, this kind of test USB eDrive, simple basic fat 32, healthy, etc. So it kind of gives me the capacity of the, of the partition. And I can see the overall physical disk here. So disk one, 3.7 gigabytes online. And it tells me a little bit more, or at least it gives me a, in my opinion, a little bit better view of the actual disk rather than just the partition information, it gives me a little bit of everything, but I can't access the files directly from here. So we can use Microsoft Management Console to see the disks in Windows from our forensic workstation. So I'm going to go ahead and close that. These are the files that are inside, I can see that they're mostly JPEG images. There's also a Python script and what looks like emails. So, so yeah, that's pretty much all the data that's in the disk. To acquire this disk, we are going to use access data's FTK imager, whatever I double click on FTK imager, click yes to give it administrative privileges. I tend to use on Windows at least, if I'm if I'm acquiring data on Windows systems, I tend to use access data's FTK imager. On my forensic workstation, I will install FTK imager. If I'm doing live acquisition, then there's a version of FTK imager that you can put on a USB stick, and you do not need to install on the suspect system. So if we're doing live investigations or live forensics, then I would probably use access data FTK imager on a USB stick. Basically, just because it's extremely easy to use, and I've never really had any problems with it. So once we start up FTK access data's FTK imager, if we want to acquire the disk, first off, we go to file, and we go to create disk image. Now there's a couple other options we can do, but I'm going to focus on creating a disk image right now. So create disk image. And now we have a few options physical drive logical drive image file contents of a folder and basically dvds or CDs multiple dvds if we have this device, we most of the time, especially if you're just starting out, you should normally go for physical drive because you will be able to recover more information if you go for logical drive. Remember, this is like a partition, basically. And there could be some hidden information that we miss if there's logical drive. We might also not be able to carve out as much data if we collect only the partition information or the logical drive, we get physical drive, we're copying all of the data for the entire disk, even parts of the disks that are not used by the partition, we will still copy them. So we tend or you should try to go for physical drive if you can if you have the space to to go for physical drive, you should logical drive. We tend to use more whenever the disks are either way too big, or, well, there's a couple different situations we might talk about later. Image file, we can also use FDK imager to make forensic copies of image files. Remember, we should never work with the original copy that we make. So once we acquire data, we have this this image file that we have containing all of the suspect data, and we do not want to work with this original file. So we want to make copies of it. Well, FDK imager can make a copy, a forensic copy of your image file. So you can work with the copy instead of the original. Contents of a folder can be used for a lot of different things. For example, if you're acquiring data from, I don't know, a cloud, and the disk in the cloud is just way too big, you'll never be able to copy everything, you might want to copy only the contents of a folder. And this will copy all of the data in that folder into basically like a forensic disk image type of file. So rather than actually just copying files out, you're putting the files into a container that's treated then like a forensic disk image. So contents of a folder sometimes were also restricted in what we can copy. Maybe on a on a disk, there might only be maybe there's maybe there's many directories that have a bunch of different users information in it. So a lot of different people have data on this computer. And we can only collect legally only collect the data from one person. In that case, we might need to go contents of a folder instead of a logical drive or a physical drive because if we copied the physical drive or logical drive, we might be copying private information of many different people. And we only have the authority to collect data on one person. So contents of a folder might be useful in cases, some cases like that. Okay. So in this case, because I know I have enough space to hold my my disk image, I'm going to choose physical drive, click next. And then it lists all of the physical drives that we currently see in the system. And I know, I know my physical drive is basically this four gigabyte USB. And it's not this 68 gigabyte ID. So the ID drive is the type of connector USB is the type of connector. So I know that this four gigabyte disk is my connector. And we see this slash slash dot slash physical drive one. And this is how Windows identifies physical disks in your system. Okay, so the slash slash dot slash physical drive. And then a number is how Windows identifies physical disks in the system.  Now, we've selected it has the image source. And we know that this is the drive that we wanted. And it's saying image destinations. Okay, so we need to click add. Okay. And now it's telling us the destination image type, destination image type. So basically, there's a few different image types that are used, basically raw DD is just an exact copy of the disk smart. Actually, I don't think it's used too much anymore. So we won't really cover that. I've never seen anyone who's actively using this in the field. Easy row one is the expert witness format. And this is basically the in case standard, let's say, not it has the raw data, all of the raw data from the suspect system. And it also has check sums within the raw data, as well as a file header and footer. And it also has some support for encryption and things like that. Basically, easy row one has all of the raw data, and also some extra features built in for, for all kind of checking checking to make sure the data is okay. AFF has a lot of different features as well. But I don't really see a lot of tools supporting it. And then I heard for a while that this file format was no longer supported by the developers even. So we won't really talk about this one. The two main ones are raw, just copying the data bit for bit to make an exact copy of the data. And easy row one is kind of the de facto standard that a lot of different organizations tend to use that copies all of the original data plus has some extra features like air checking built into the file type. So I'm going to go ahead and choose raw DD, just for example. And then it's going to ask me for a case number. And case number has probably, if you're already at this stage, you probably already have a case number assigned from your organization. And then we need to assign an evidence number. Now this evidence number, if it hasn't already been assigned by the time it comes to you, you need to give it an evidence number that's relevant and orderly to the case. So in this case, let's assume that this is the first hard drive or the first artifact that I've received from the suspect. So I might also call this something like 001. And then a unique description. Here it is a gold USB with black case and red LED, something like that, something that is descriptive that describes the device that you're looking at. Even this is probably too general because there might be another USB stick like that. If there's any markings on the disk that are somewhat unique, you want to make sure that you actually describe them. This will help you determine which one is which later. If there's a serial number on the disk, definitely put that in there. And then the examiner, basically just put your own name or whoever is examining or collecting this. And then notes put any relevant notes. And this information will be saved or created with your disk image. So you want to make sure that all of this information is provided at the time. At the same time that you're imaging that way, whoever looks at the image knows who created this image, why was it created, what is the evidence number, what is the case number, and you have all of this documented. At the same time, you should also be keeping case notes with all of this information in it. So you can refer back to your case notes if anyone asks you in the future. So we click next, and then it's going to ask me the image destination folder. Now this, I'm currently working in a virtual machine. I would normally, before I get into that, one thing you need to definitely be aware of is I have this test USB drive right here. We never want to save the suspect data back onto the disk that we're trying to copy from. You never want to copy data or copy data back onto the disk that we're trying to save from. So we do not save any data to this suspect disk. Make sure you know what your suspect disk is called. Make sure you know what drive letter it's been assigned, all of this should be in your case notes. And we do not want to try to save anything back. So I would go to this PC, and I'm currently working in a virtual box guest VM. So I only have one disk. And I would go to users. I would normally have a separate disk specifically for working with or doing acquisitions. And I would have a separate space specifically for or specifically for my cases. So I would have a case in this case, let's say that our case number is 001. So actually under documents, sorry, under documents, let's do new. I know that is true in it. Okay, under, let's say desktop, never put anything on the desktop, but we just will do this for just for an example. I would make a new folder called cases. New folder called cases. And then normally this cases folder would be on a separate disk, like a D drive or something like that. And then inside the cases folder, I would make a new folder with the case name or the case number. And then possibly the date, but at least at least some unique case number. Okay, and then so let's browse to that desktop cases, case number. And then I also want to create a new folder called images. Okay, and inside this images folder. So in the case folder, for example, in case 001, I would probably have a folder called images, I would probably have another folder called docs, I would probably have another, another folder called, let's see, temp, like a temporary working space whenever I'm trying to do my analysis. So I would have a couple different folders by default, I would just create in my case folder. Those would at least be docs, which would be documentation. And then images folder for all of the image files that I would acquire, and then a temporary working space to do different types of extraction analysis. I might, yeah, okay. So in the images folder, now I want to create another folder, which is the exhibit number. So right now this is my first disk that I am working with. So I'm going to put 001. Okay. And then this is where I want to save an image of disk or exhibit number 001. So I click okay. So now we're in C drive users test desktop cases 001. This is the case number images. So I'm making an image of exhibit number 001. Again, this would normally be so instead of C drive users test desktop, it would be something like D drive cases 001. And that D drive would be specifically and only for this case data. So now this disk, I would say is for example, the exhibit number. If the USB had a serial number, or if the exhibit has a serial number, I would also put the serial number. I might also put for example, the date. So I'll just put 2016 here. And then it says insert file name excluding extension. So we don't need to give it an extension here. And I'll just say, in this case exhibit number and a date to make it a little bit more unique, but I don't have to put them. Okay. Image fragment size. So what this is going to do is if we have, well, if we have a disk in this case over 1500 megabytes, then it will split it into 1500 megabyte chunks, and we will get different sizes. That's usually used so we can save different pieces of the data on to DVD or maybe a disk that is formatted with an older version of fat 32, and they have a four gigabyte limit to the files that can be saved on there. So we can use this to split up the data and make it a little bit more manageable. Imagine that we had a one terabyte hard drive, we probably would don't want to create a one terabyte file because it will be difficult to move that file around or work with that file. So I'm going to leave fragment image size fragmentation on. If we set it to zero, then it will not be fragmented. In this case, my USB stick is only four gigabytes. So I don't need to fragment it, but I will just to just to show you and then use encryption. We can create an encrypted disk, but honestly, I never really use this. So next finish. So now we come back to this image destinations. It shows where I'm going to save the image and what type of image it is. It also lets me add, if I want to, it lets me add another location, a different format, another location. So we can use this feature to write the disk or write the image to, let's say multiple hard drives or maybe a local disk and a centralized server. So think about redundancy here. Save yourself some save some time basically and and think about all the places where you want to make a copy of the data. Remember, we want to make at least a couple copies of the data. That way we don't have to access the original disk basically ever again. Okay, so some other features verify images after they are created. So this just creates the, well, while it's while it's copying, it will create sha one and MD five hashes. And it will use those hashes and verify the image. Once it's done, this take this makes the whole process takes a little bit longer, but that's okay for us. Pre calculate progress statistics also makes it takes a little bit long take a little bit longer. I don't usually do this and create directory listing of all the files. Again, this is kind of pre processing. We won't worry about that for now. So if I click start. So now we can see the image source physical drive one destination is the destination that I said 001 2016 and it's creating the image. I can see on my right blocker, the right blocker is flashing with activity now, and the USB stick to is also flashing with activity. Okay, so if we go into our cases folder, well, that's running. Okay, so just to show you estimated time left, because we did not pre calculate, estimated time left will not show here. Basically, you'll just get this for four gigabytes, you're looking at probably four gigabyte USB 2.0, maybe 10 minutes or so, I think. So we'll let that run. And if I go into my cases folder, case is 001 in the images folder and then exhibit 001. Now I see this, what's called a 001 file. And if you choose raw or DD image, then the file extension will be 001. If you choose an easy row one file, then the extension will be easy row one. And then if you have multiple parts, you'll have 001. Once it gets to 1500 megabytes, then we will have 001 dash 2016 dot 002. And that will be the second part. So the extension is actually really, really important that you keep the extensions for multi part files, because you'll have basically 001, that's the first part 002, that's the second part 003, that's the third part. And if you're missing any of those parts, then you basically can't reconstruct the entire image again, for easy row one files, basically easier one easier two easier three and so on. And kind of the same idea. You won't be able to reconstruct the entire image if you're missing certain parts. Okay, so I'm going to let this run and speed it up and come back to you whenever it is done. Okay, so now we have our disk image. So I'm going to close FTK imager. And you see that we have these this three part disk images, where the extension the file extension is 001, 002, 003. And it basically just says 001 file to file three file. You notice that it's 1000, basically 1500 meg for one and two, and then about 900 meg for the third part. And basically, these are split up into 1500 megabyte chunks. And then number three just couldn't fill out the the last of it because it the disk ran out of essentially ran out of space. So we couldn't copy more because the end of we found essentially the end of the disk. So here we have a three part image. And then we also have this text document here. And if we open up the test text document, then this tells us some interesting information about about our entire image process, basically, so we have created by access data FTK imager 3426. Now this number, this version number for FTK imager is going to be very important for us. Case information acquired using access data 3426 case number, like we put in earlier 001 case number, evidence number 001, some sort of description, a unique description. And this is like, this is what I typed in earlier, examiner, and notes. So this is all of the information that I typed in earlier, identifying our suspect disk, plus the version of the software that we used. And then information for basically the image that I created, and it gives the full path where I save the image. And then this is giving us information about the disk itself, including the model, the serial number, which I did not see on the disk, but there is a identifier inside, drive interface, usb, removable drive true, source data size, which is very important sector count also very important. And probably the most important on this are these MD five and shall one checksums the this is the information that I need to be able to verify my desk later once I create these numbers. Every time I check the data again from now on, these numbers should always be the same, the data should always produce the same number. Every time I calculate an MD five checksum or a shall one checksum, these numbers should always be the same image information specifically acquisition started at 955 acquisition finished at 1004. So you see it took about about 10 minutes for four gigabytes over usb two. And then segment list basically says the the full path name the full path plus the name and extension of each of the parts of the image. Now, this MD five and shall one checksum is the hash value for the entire disk, the hash value for the entire disk. So that means that all of these three parts have to be recombined. If I want to calculate the hash of the entire disk again, and there are a few ways to do that. And we'll we'll show you that later. So this is the acquisition parts of this lesson. We've done acquisition in windows using FTK imager. Next, we'll show you acquisition in other operating systems. Thank you very much.


THE EXPLINATION Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and threw, alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er, they found mingled arrows through the ground. Hastily they gathered then, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored, with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Roger Kipling Read for LibriVox.org by Barbara Clements Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found, mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered then, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored, with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Roger Kipling Read for LibriVox.org by Caliban Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found, mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered then, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shaft he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Roger Kipling Read for LibriVox.org by Corrie Samuel Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found, mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered then, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Roger Kipling Read for LibriVox.org by Diana Meilinger in November 2009. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found, mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered then, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Roger Kipling Read for LibriVox.org by David Lawrence. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found, mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered then, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Roger Kipling Read for LibriVox.org by Ernst Patinama. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found, mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered then, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Roger Kipling. Read for LibriVox.org by Ellie. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found, mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered them, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was the wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Richard Kipling. Read for LibriVox.org by Ken Sterry. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found, mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered them, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was the wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Rudiart Kipling. Read for LibriVox.org by Katherine. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found, mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered them, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was the wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Rudiart Kipling. Read for LibriVox.org by Leanne Howlett. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered them, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Rudiart Kipling. Read for LibriVox.org by Marina Kiers. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered them, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Rudiart Kipling. Read for LibriVox.org by Philip Griffiths. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered them, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Rudiart Kipling. Read for LibriVox.org by Ruth Golding. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered them, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION By Rudiart Kipling. Read for LibriVox.org by Raven Notation. Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered them, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. THE EXPLINATION Love and death once ceased their strife at the tavern of man's life, called for wine and through alas, each his quiver on the grass. When the bout was o'er they found mingled arrows strewed the ground. Hastily they gathered them, each the loves and lives of men. Ah, the fateful dawn deceived. Mingled arrows each one sheaved. Death's red armory was stored with the shafts he most abhorred. Love's light quiver groan'd beneath venom-headed darts of death. Thus it was they wrought our woe at the tavern long ago. Tell me, do our masters know loosing blindly as they fly. Old men love, while young men die. End of poem.


Welcome to All Hands Update. Here's what's happening around your Navy. Board eligible first class petty officers, listen up. The deadline for submitting your package is arriving quickly. For step-by-step guidance on submitting your package or writing a letter to the board, check out ah.mil. Explosive ordinance divers from five nations are conducting drills to address some of the biggest notional threats to maritime commerce as part of the International Mine Countermeasures exercise. This exercise allows the divers to sharpen their skills on identifying and neutralizing mines and other maritime threats. This will ensure the waterways in the Middle East remain safe for commercial shipping. A new underwater robot is making waves to aid U.S. Navy divers in navigation, communication, search, and transportation called the Dive Buddy Remote Operated Vehicle. This robot is capable of carrying backup life support systems, tools, perform dive site reconnaissance, and navigate and transport the diver to the dive site. You can read more about what's happening around your Navy at Navy.mil.


The container ship MV Cape Ray and her crew deployed this week from Portsmouth, Virginia. Cape Ray is part of a DOD initiative to assist in the neutralization of serious chemical weapons. Sektev said the deployment is the first of its kind as chemical weapons have never been destroyed on a vessel at sea in international waters. Back on the home front, the Naval Academy's ship selection ceremony is Thursday. Commanding officers, command master chiefs and other special guests will be there to greet them at Shipman. After graduation, these new surface warfare officers will report to their chosen ships and begin their naval careers. You can watch the live event on the Pentagon Channel, direct to sailor or on the Navy Live blog. Bring more about these stories at navy.mil. From all hands update, thanks for watching.


Before J.J. Abrams brought life back into that old husk of a taun taun known as Star Wars with The Force Awakens and then it was naturally destroyed not long after, he did another film in the Star Universe, but this time Trek related. I'm talking about 2009 Star Trek, what a weird slow role to get there. Let's talk about it. Why now? You might be asking Adam, why all these years later bring up this flick? Well, because I love movies. I love talking about movies and I don't just jump on the trend or what's currently running on the algorithm, which is probably why my channel's not bigger than it should be, but I rewatched Star Trek just a couple days ago with my family for their first time.  They're used to the MCU stuff and the DCU stuff and the blockbusters of today. It wasn't that long ago where there were practical sets, of course a lot of CG, but actual sets and time and energy and artistry put into big blockbuster flicks that weren't just solely created to drum up money, which obviously that is the number one goal, but there's other goals there. And J.J. Abrams absolutely nailed it with this first Star Trek film, one of three in the newer franchise. Fourth one is still supposedly in the works, 10 years after the last one. I don't know what's happening. I do know this. 2009 Star Trek freaking holds up well. It's a great flick. I'm not going to spoil anything is what I'm trying to say here.  What I'm just doing here is giving you a public service announcement. This movie's older now. It's crazy to think. It's not a fresh little hatchling. It's been around the block. It's got two other sequels and a lot of people haven't seen this. So this is a public service announcement to tell you to give it a chance. Pop it in. You will be pleasantly surprised, I think, as long as you're not one of those, you know, like smells his own farts, Star Trek fans that only believes that Leonard Nimoy should be Spock and William Shatner should be Captain James Kirk. Okay. I mean, Leonard Nimoy is in this movie. We have the old Spock in here. We also have Chris Pine as the reckless young Captain Kirk. We also have Christian Hemsworth. Chris Hemsworth, he often goes by, I say Christian because why not? He's got a little cameo in this. We got Zoe Saldana. We got a couple people from the MCU. I mean, at this point, it's so bloated who's not, you know, Simon Pegg. What else do you have to say? What else can you say about him? He's a treasure. Zachary Quinto, Carl Urban. May know him from the boys as of late. John Chow. Wynona Ryder. The kids will know her from Stranger Things and nothing else. And Anton Yelchin. I think that's how you say the name. I'm not sure. I believe that actor sadly died a few years back, which is such a sad thing to hear because he was really good as Chekov. This whole cast is great. I just watched this movie and to summarize the plot would be insane for me to do. It's got time travel in it. It's got Eric Bonapist as the villain. His whole planet has been destroyed.  He's out for revenge against the Enterprise, against the entire galactic Federacy for what happened. He blames them foolishly, ignorantly, and mainly he blames Spock, a man who said he could take care of it. He could fix the problems they were facing. Well, he was too late. And his wife and child and whole planet and civilization's gone because of that mistake. I'm not going to go much deeper into the plot because it involves time travel, which can be very sticky. I also don't want to spoil anything because like I said, I want people, newcomers that haven't seen this to go out and watch.  Go out of your rooms and into the family room and watch. I also have a nice TV in your bedroom. Again, we're just, we're just rambling here today, aren't we? Production-wise, let's get into it. Looks gorgeous. Home movie from top to bottom. Now there is a lens flare issue. For some reason, JJ Abrams had a, had a bizarre part of his life where he thought this could use more lens flare. It's like the SNL skit, except for more cowbell. It's more lens flare. And that's what he brings to the table constantly. It's not as overpowering as I originally remember it. The first time I watched, I thought, oh my god, can we calm down? There's like lens flares slitting people's throats, lens flares left and right. There's baby lens flares birthing out of original parent lens flares. It's lens flare seption. It's not near that bad. Could they have calmed down on it? Absolutely though. The movie's got action. It's got intrigue. It's got some sexiness to it. We got a lot of young good-looking people here. Got a lot of hot bodies. Got a lot of hot minds. There's some sharp, sophisticated dialogue. It's witty. It's funny banter. And if you have a phaser of your own, you're going to want to set that to fun because this movie is fun from top to bottom. It's two hours and nine minutes. It flies by like it's an hour, 45, hour and a half. You will want it to be longer. And that's how good movies operate. You want more. Leave them wanting more. And thankfully you get more with the sequels. Now, I don't think they're as good as the original 2009 version here. The original Star Trek's been going for like decades.  But this newer run. The two sequels, not as good, but still solid additions. Still a great trilogy, one that I hope they do continue on with. I don't want to make this longer than it should be outside of these weird, bizarre little tangents I went on. I just wanted to let you know 2009 Star Trek holds up. Give it a chance. I know people have been really upset with a lot of stuff in Star Trek lately, so just go back. It wasn't that long ago where there was some pride in the franchise. Did it work for everyone? Of course not. But I think for the majority, they didn't just knock this one out of the park. They knocked it out of the galaxy. All right, there's my public service announcement. Star Trek, check it out. I didn't get paid for this review, although I wish JJ Abrams would pull up to the house with the truck loaded money. Some of the leftovers he had from shitting out to that last Star Wars movie. And yeah, I would gladly accept it. Let me know if you've seen the film, if you like it, if you hate it, why I'm wrong, why I'm absolutely right. More people should check this gem out. Like this video if you had a good time, and please subscribe if you haven't. I post movie content each and every week. Love to have you stick around. And I guess I'll just leave you with a classic. May the Force be with you. That's not right.


What's up fam? Raif DeRozzi here and first of all, let me point out if you haven't noticed already I got a new banner up on YouTube I've been working on that for a little while with the graphic designer. I just wanted to re-brand if you will re-emphasize what this channel is about. If you noticed it before it just was like this really ambiguous kind of blueish landscape and it said Raif DeRozzi and that was it and it was like that didn't inform anything really about the channel whatsoever and I know this is just two words becoming and Raif but at least now There's a movement to the name. You kind of get a feel for what's happening It's a verb becoming and that's exactly what I want it to be focused on over time I've been realizing as I'm getting to know you guys and as you guys are getting to know me This channel isn't just about HIV. It's not just about fitness or bodybuilding It's not just about growing and becoming a better person on the surface They might seem unrelated, but the reality is they're all part of this bigger picture this bigger machine of what I'm trying to Bring across on this channel. It kind of just dawned on me This journey is about me just becoming myself who I am who I've always been who I was as a kid You know who I want to be in the future. It's about becoming me becoming Raif That's the umbrella of what this channel represents me on my journey and along the way Yes, some of it has to do with living with HIV some of it has to do with fitness and bodybuilding some of it has to do with overcoming personal issues and Some of it will be lifestyle and I want to start venturing into that more and some of it will be about my daily routine And like what is my morning ritual and just everything I wanted to include the whole thing? Because I'm hoping that you guys being able to experience my journey that you'll be able to relate that to your own story And your own journey and hopefully gleam some insight from that and maybe a lesson or two and maybe some inspiration Who knows what else or just some entertainment and maybe laugh with me share in the adorable moments with Duke. I Hope you guys like it. Tell me what you think. I'm curious to know I feel like this is a new chapter for me. Anyway back to the purpose of this video today December 1st 2019 is World AIDS Day every year on this day We recognize World AIDS Day and it's a day to bring attention and Recognition to those people who are living with HIV AIDS to those people who have passed from HIV AIDS and To just recognize where we're at, you know Where society is at education and where we need to grow and all of it and I think that's a good thing You know, we have come a very long way It's far from being the epidemic at least in the US that it was in the 80s medicine has just I mean relative to how medicine advances over time is just made leaps and bounds especially in the last five to ten years and continues to Venture forth into unknown territory with new things that are being trialed now Like shots that you can take and that will last you a month at a time. So you you don't even have to worry about taking medicine every day It's just a shot that slowly releases medicine into your body or the course of a month and then possibly soon three months and possibly six months Meanwhile, many researchers scientists and doctors are working on many possible avenues for a cure There's lots of things that pop up in the news of possible Pathways to a cure and I think one of those at least is In just a matter of time going to present itself as a feasible practical cure for the general population That's just a matter of time with all of that said I think the biggest most challenging hurdle that we face today is Education or lack thereof and access to medicine and then third stigma Which has a big role to play with education and I think that stigma is for many many people who are living with HIV today The number one most difficult thing to grapple with mentally psychologically in their social spheres family Workplace environment. So that is I want to put a spotlight on that is the place where we have the most need for growth I read on I think it's world a day org They said one in five people that they did a survey and one in five people living with HIV felt that they needed help with loneliness Three out of four of those people who said they needed help with loneliness said that they are not able to find the help that they need And that's really sad And I think it's important to continue talking about HIV AIDS and people living with it on social media and in media in general Because because of the fact that so many people feel alone and isolated and it's just not true We're not alone. We don't have to go through this on our own You know what I mean by very virtue of the fact that you can watch this video means that you have access to the internet Which means that you have access to whole communities of people who are in a similar position as you or who are and can be Supportive of what you're going through. I don't have anything specific that I want to talk about today I'm just very heartened and hopeful and I'm so encouraged by you guys and the community that we've developed over time Online and I think there are so many great things that are happening in on the way I'm super happy and super stoked with all the developments that have been made so far We just got to keep going just got to keep chugging along and we'll get there I have no doubt about that So if there's one thing that I have to say to those of you out there who are living with HIV and struggling It's that you are not alone. You're not alone. I'm here. I'm one person I got your back and you can reach out to me and you can talk to me You can send me DMs. You can send me comments I do my best to get to everybody in a reasonable amount of time. Sometimes it's hard I do my best, but it's not just me There's so many other people online who are willing to talk to you and lend a hand and lend an ear and give you some Advice and be there for you. So if you're one of those people who is feeling alone do yourself a favor I know it's hard when you feel when you're feeling down or depressed or lonely To take initiative and do something for yourself But it's so important if you just take that little step to put yourself out there to reach out and to say hey Like I need help. There's even a reddit for people who are living with HIV. There's forums. There's Facebook groups There's you know YouTube channels and in the comment section the videos where you can link up with people It's just so important that you take control of that part of your life And you take action to find people even if it's only online And I shouldn't say only because you can make some great relationships with people online. Yes, you're not alone I'm not alone.  We have each other And so we're here going on this journey with each other and to that I say happy World AIDS Day Keep up the hope keep up the faith and the motivation and the inspiration I'll be here to help you keep it up and I will see you guys


Greetings from the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C., which sits on the ancestral lands of the Nacotch Tank Peoples. I'm David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States and Head of the National Archives and Records Administration. July 4th is a special occasion here at the National Archives. We are the home to the original 1776 Declaration of Independence. We like to say July 4th starts here and for over 50 years we have had a ceremony in this building to honor the Declaration of Independence and we hope to celebrate here again soon. But today we'll have a virtual Declaration of Independence reading ceremony. In this program you'll see highlights of past 4th of July celebrations here at the National Archives. Even though we can't be together this year, we can focus on the future. In 2026, five short years from now, we'll be celebrating America's 250th, 250 years since our founding fathers signed the Declaration of Independence, jeopardizing their lives, committing treason and risking everything for American independence. We have the signers to thank for the freedoms we enjoy today. Even though this year's celebration will not look like our usual 4th of July festivities, we can look forward to marking the 250th anniversary as a healthier, stronger and more perfect union. Before we start, I would like to thank all of you for joining our virtual ceremony. I hope to see you in person at the National Archives building very soon. Have a safe, healthy and enjoyable Independence Day. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people. This phrase is where it began more than 240 years ago. The desires of one people to unite together, forming a new nation to break free from the tyranny of a king, a nation based on the principles that all men are created equal and have the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. This radical notion shook the world and became a compelling testament to the strength and spirit of what it means to be united and free. This is our Declaration of Independence. If the Constitution is the roadmap for democracy, the Declaration of Independence is the road on which we all travel. Abraham Lincoln called it a rebuke and a stumbling block to tyranny and oppression. That declares our liberation from dictatorship, our foundations for democracy and our formal pledge to abide by these terms at any cost. Over the centuries, the powerful ideas of this document continue to inspire not only our country, but countries around the world to fight for freedom, justice and equality. It sounds like a dream. And in a way, it is. It's the American Dream. We are the only country with the word dream attached to it. It is a dream in which people from all over the world arrive as immigrants and create the mosaic that makes us stronger. In America, you can start with nothing and build an industry. In America, you can turn a spark of an idea into a lasting legacy. This is more than just a dream. It is our way of life. At our best, we embrace our differences and allow all to flourish. When we fail to include all, we find the courage to face our shortcomings and work together to continue building a more perfect union. It took Thomas Jefferson three weeks to pen the Declaration of Independence, with the hope that his words would serve as an expression of the American mind. We still stand by those words today. The permanent home of the Declaration of Independence is in the National Archives, right here in our nation's capital. The Archives preserves and protects all sides of the American story. And like the principal idea in our country's proclamation, the information it contains is free, accessible to all who seek it. A walk through its main rotunda is to exalt in the story of America. It is, as journalist Koki Roberts once described, America's Cathedral to Democracy. For 50 years, the National Archives has held a July 4th celebration of the Declaration of Independence on its grand front steps. It is the traditional kickoff event for all of the patriotic activities in our nation's capital. Circumstances have made it difficult for all who wish to celebrate with us in Washington D.C. to do so this year, but that should not mute our collective spirit to celebrate our independence. So wherever you are and whomever you are with, please wave your flags and join us in our celebration of the Declaration of Independence at the National Archives. July 4th begins here. We begin our celebration with the presentation of the colors by the 3rd United States Infantry Old Guard Continental Color Guard and the singing of the National Anthem by retired Army Master Sergeant Caleb Green. Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light what so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming, whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming, and that our flag was still there. Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave, o'er the land of the free and the free. Circumstance artifacts, photographs, and films in the holdings of the National Archives tell the story of America, and the mission of the National Archives is to protect, preserve, and make these documents available to you, the American people. Here now is the person to whom our nation has entrusted the care of our documented history, Vietnam veteran and 10th archivist of the United States, David Ferriero. Good morning, thanks to all of you for joining us in this 241st celebration of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, and greetings to the folks in 10 of our presidential libraries who are live-streaming this ceremony this morning. I'm originally from Beverly, Massachusetts, the birthplace of the American Navy. In Beverly, the 4th of July meant a real bonfire built of kerosene-soaked barrels, fireworks at West Beach or a trip to Boston for the Boston pops on the Esplanade, performing the 1812 overture and fireworks over the Charles River, and you all have your own 4th of July commemorations, a time for friends and family to gather and celebrate summer. My own view of this day changed when I became Archivist of the United States. I realized that we own this day. The 4th of July starts here, here at the National Archives building. We are the keeper of the original Declaration of Independence. This seminal document signed by our founding fathers. It is enshrined in the rotunda of the National Archives behind me. Just think of the courage it took to sign the Declaration and how important independence from England meant for them to risk their lives. It was an act of treason for those who signed. They became wanted men, traitors to the king. By the end of the Revolutionary War, more than half of the signers suffered direct personal consequences for their support of American independence. We have the signers to thank for the freedom and celebrations we enjoy today. The Declaration of Independence has had an amazing journey since it was signed on August 2, 1776. During the Revolutionary War, the Declaration was rolled up and moved from city to city as Congress moved to avoid capture by the British. When the British were burning Washington during the War of 1812, Secretary of State James Monroe directed State Department clerks to gather up the important documents and get them out of town. They wrapped the Declaration and other precious documents in bags of linen, commandeered wagons on the street, and in the dead of night headed for Virginia with the records of the country. First, they hid the Declaration in an unused grist mill near Chain Bridge in Virginia, in a private home in Leesburg until the war was over. During the 1800s, the Declaration was on exhibit for long periods at several locations in Washington where it was exposed to sunlight, fluctuating temperatures and humidity, all of which took their toll on the document. Finally, officials took note of these effects of aging and wrapped the Declaration and stored it flat at the State Department where it joined the Constitution until 1921 when President Harding signed an order transferring both of these documents to the Library of Congress. Just before Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entrance into World War II, the library sent the Declaration and the Constitution to Fort Knox for safekeeping, where they remained until September 1944 when they came back to the Library of Congress. Finally, the documents came to their rightful home here at the National Archives. The transfer occurred on December 13, 1952 with great pomp and circumstance and security as the newly encased Declaration of Independence was carried up these steps with a military procession into the Rotunda. And the Declaration of Independence was safe until 2004 when a good treasure hunter, Nicholas Cage, cleverly stole it during a party in this building to protect it from an evil treasure hunter. And our national treasure was miraculously and circuitously restored to its rightful place and now poses the most often question in the Rotunda, can we see the back? And I can tell you for certain that the only thing on the back of the Declaration are the words, original Declaration of Independence dated 4 July 1776. So thanks for coming out today. The National Archives is home of the Declaration of Independence and July 4 starts here. Now, let's take a trip back to the era of our independence with the colonial uniforms and music of the 3rd United States Infantry Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, the United States Army Military District of Washington under the command of Brigadier General Omar Jones is proud to present the United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps. The 3rd United States Infantry Regiment, the Old Guard, traces its lineage back to George Washington's original Continental Army and today serves as the Army's official escort to the President of the United States. In 1960, the Fife and Drum Corps was organized to participate in official ceremonies and to revive our country's musical heritage. From the days of the American Revolution through the 19th century, fives, drums, and bugles were vital to military order and discipline. Field musicians were used to issue commands during battle and to regulate the duty day, signaling when to rise, when to eat, and when the day ends. This morning's show paints a series of pictures from the life of a Continental soldier musician. We open at the beginning of the duty day with a training scene. In the 18th century, signals like a tension and breakfast call would have sent the soldiers into action. Here, we begin with those signals and accompany their daily training with marching tunes including drums and guns and simple jasha. Declaration of Independence was our first act of unity as a nation. With a vision for a better way of life, we persevered against an unimaginable force at the threat of personal peril and impossible odds of success. That unifying moment established the two pillars of our national character, service and sacrifice. Over time, our character has been tested in many ways. From hurricanes and tornadoes to wildfires and floods, we have weathered the fiercest of natural disasters to help our communities heal and get back on their feet. During two world wars and several regional conflicts, we helped our allies on foreign fronts while we rolled up our sleeves, rationed and sacrificed at home. We lifted ourselves from the depths of the Great Depression with the tenacity of public works programs, social security and Medicare to ensure every American gets help when they need it. We fought back and stood strong against acts and threats of terrorism. And we continue to take strides towards creating a more perfect union and equality for all by seeking to right wrongs and provide justice to the oppressed. Americans respond in times of crisis. And we do not stop until the work is done. With service and sacrifice, we have overcome the monumental challenges of our past. And as was set forth so many years ago in the Declaration of Independence, it is these principles upon which we will persevere against the challenges we face now and in the future. This is who we are. This is America. The soldiers of the United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps wear uniforms patterned after those of General Washington's Continental Army. In order to be easily identified, military musicians wore the reverse colors of the regiment to which they were assigned. At that time, American infantry soldiers wore blue coats with red facings. Thus the musicians wore red coats with blue facings. At the end of the day, troops would often gather around the campfire to relax. And the musicians would provide entertainment. Picture yourselves in such a setting now as we feature the Fife and Bugle groups in a scene reminiscent of the soldiers' respite following a challenging day. National Archives tradition for over 50 years. Join us now for a reading of the Declaration of Independence by our distinguished group of guests, General George Washington, Mr. John Hancock, and Mrs. Abigail Adams. In Congress July 4th, 1776, the unanimous declaration of the 13 United States of America. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, and that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. To secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. And that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness. Students indeed will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes, and accordingly, all experience hath soon that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable than to write themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations pursuing invariably the same object in visions that designed to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to throw off government and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient's sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having indirect object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. Now to read the grievances against King George III, we have three of the leaders of the Second Continental Congress, Mr. Thomas Jefferson, Mr. John Adams, and Dr. Benjamin Franklin. These gentlemen know the words of the Declaration better than anyone else. All three served on the committee to draft the Declaration, and Mr. Jefferson was the primary author. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained. And when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has repeatedly dissolved representative houses for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time after such dissolutions to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers incapable of annihilation have returned to the people at large for their exercise, the state remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and confusions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. A judge is dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among us in times of peace standing armies without the consent of our legislatures. He has effected to Randa the military independent of and superior to the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation for quartering large bodies of armed troops among us, for protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states, for cutting off our trade with all parts of the world, for imposing taxes on us without our consent, for depriving us in many cases of the benefits of trial by jury, for transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses, for abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing there in an arbitrary government and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies, for taking away our charges, abolishing our most valuable laws and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments for suspending our legislatures and declaring themselves invested with the power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. Mr. Adams, in every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms. Our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of their circumstances of emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations which would inevitably interrupt our connections and our correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must therefore acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation and as we hold the rest of mankind enemies in war in peace, friends. Therefore the representatives of the United States of America in general Congress assembled appealing to the supreme judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions do in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states. To the British crown the connection between them and the state of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved and that as free and independent states they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the support of this declaration with a firm reliance on the protection of divine providence we humbly pledge to each other our lives, our oceans and our sacred honor. The six signers of the declaration these names we read by Private Edward Ned Hector of the third Pennsylvania artillery company, a free black colonial soldier, patriot and an American hero. Which one of you out here has courage? Which one of you would be willing to sign your own death warrants? These people were willing to sign their own death warrant. Attend now as I read their names. The Honorable President of the Continental Congress, John Hancock, Huzzah, Georgia, Button Gwynett, Arthur Middleton of Carrollton, Topkinson document is the secretary of the Continental Congress, willing to sign this document. Let us give them. The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps drum line in a battle feature. Please welcome the veterans and active duty service members of Voices of Service and their moving rendition of America the Beautiful for joining the National Archives July 4th celebration. The ceremony is coming to a close, but the spirit of our independence lives on. Our national characteristics of service, sacrifice and unity will help us through these challenging times and for whatever challenges we face in the future. The National Archives is honored to continue its mission to protect, preserve and make public the entirety of the American story. Please visit archives.gov to learn more about the American story and how you are part of it. We are one people. We are united. We are America. Happy 4th of July from the National Archives. The audience, did you hear how the people were behind what was read? Did you hear the spirit? We felt it and it was quite an electrifying time to be up there and to hear their response. So this is the first one where I really get to see the expanse of the parade and really get to enjoy the portico and all the National Archives has to offer for the 4th of July. Really enjoyed it and got a lot out of it and gives me a real good sense of history now. The music was fantastic from the opening band all the way through to the drum and Fife Corps. It's the energy, the people, everybody celebrating what a great country we have. You can't get a better feeling for loving your country than being right here where it all started so this is the best place. We're in the greatest city, in the greatest country in the world and I just feel honored to be a part of it. The festive atmosphere, everybody is having a great time, it's a very American patriotic feel. And check out the Declaration of Independence. You can see the Declaration of Independence on 4th of July, I mean there's nothing better. We're here to celebrate our nation's capital 4th of July with you guys and visit all the great monuments and all the festivities. One reason why the archives exist is to show our founding documents and tell the American story. Very special experience. It's really special. It's awesome. It's been wonderful. Also patriotic. Happy 4th of July. Happy 4th of July. Happy 4th of July. Happy 4th of July. Happy 4th of July for the National Archives.


You need a financial advisor with the freedom to focus on your specific needs. Whatever your goals, Reid Potter can create a game plan tailored to you. Call Reid at 432-0777 at Pikeville, Kentucky to learn more. Prestonsburg Tourism has recently received two awards from the Kentucky Travel Industry Association for their Star City Summer Series posters and When I Say I'm from Kentucky series. We placed silver for the first three episodes of our digital series When I Say I'm from Kentucky which followed different cultural and unique aspects of Eastern Kentucky and Prestonsburg and our people and our heritage and our traditions here. And then aside from that we also placed bronze for our Star City Summer Series posters that we put out for those sharing information. 199 creative projects from tourism offices across the state also submitted for the Traverse Awards for excellence. So we are in categories with Louisville, with Lexington, with Northern Kentucky and then also organizations that are smaller than us. And so it's just really neat to see the different creativity and innovation in ways that people are sharing the good work about their own communities and bringing visitors into their destinations. So it was wonderful to celebrate our awards but it was also amazing to see all the great things so many other communities all around Kentucky are doing because we live in the best state and it was really cool to see all the ways that that's being shared. For more information about Prestonsburg tourism and their upcoming projects go to Prestonsburg Tourism on Facebook. Reporting for Mountain Top News, I'm Brianna Robinson.


Over 14,000 firefighters are on the front lines of 15 large wildfires across California. To date these fires have burned over 644,000 acres. Here's the latest numbers on the five largest fires burning in California. Starting south, the Holy Fire in Orange County grew slightly overnight. Over 4,000 acres containment at 5%. The Ferguson fire in Mariposa County also saw minimal growth overnight. Over 94,000 acres containment at 43%. The Donnell fire in Tuolumne County grew by nearly 2,500 acres. Now over 13,000 acres containment at just 5%. The Mendocino Complex fire in both Mendocino and Lake County is the largest fire in California history and the first wildfire in California history to burn 300,000 acres. It grew by another almost 10,000 acres overnight but containment is up now to 47%. And the Car Fire in Chasta County grew by close to 6,500 acres overnight. Containment at 47% nearly 1,600 structures destroyed. For the latest information on any of the wildfires burning in California you can go to the Cal Fire Incident page at fire.ca.gov.