Okay, good morning everyone. Thank you all for joining us. Can I ask Siddharth to lead us in practice before we begin? Siddharth, can you lead us in practice? Yeah, sure. We just want to thank you for this. Yeah, we just want to thank you for this. You have given us a lot. We just want to pray as we all come together to learn about your word and your teaching. I pray that you give us wisdom and knowledge to understand what we are talking about. So thank you for everything. Thank you. Okay, so last week we were looking at Second Committee, but remember the chapter we studied last week in Second Committee? Okay, thank you Prince Chapter 1. Okay, so in Chapter 1 we see that Paul is challenging Timothy not to be ashamed of the gospel or speaking of the Lord. He also tells him not to be ashamed of identifying with genuine ministers of God. Even if they are suffering for the sake of Christ, and Paul specifically says this because many of them or a couple of them, they stopped identifying or they stopped relating with Paul because he was in chains or he's in chains. He's writing Second Committee, he's in prison in Rome and he knows that death is inevitable, that he's going to face death. Okay, and so he says, you know, don't be ashamed of preaching the gospel or sharing the gospel or speaking of the Lord, and also don't be ashamed of identifying with genuine ministers of God. Even if they are suffering or being persecuted or in chains for the sake of the gospel, and then he encourages Timothy to stir up the gift of God in him, and then Paul goes on to make a statement on why he's not ashamed to suffer for the sake of the gospel, and we end it with that. Last class, he mentions two reasons. He says, I know whom I have believed, that means the one I have believed for is saying has given him the promise of life, and the one who has promised him life, eternal life, the Jesus Christ the Savior, and he is the source of all ways, mercy and truth as Paul begins this letter. He writes this in his greetings, and Paul also has mentioned that Jesus Christ is the one who gives immortality. And the second reason is he says, I know that God is able, the one who has promised him this eternal life is able to keep what Paul has committed to him, or God, what Paul has deposited with him. That means God is able to protect, to save God, to keep what we have committed to him until that day. So what have we committed to him? You know, if they've accepted Jesus Christ as our personal Savior, we have placed our life in his hands, and God is more than able to keep it, to protect it, to save God in both us. So we stopped at verse 12, we did not complete this entire chapter, but we continued today. One of you will read 1 Timothy chapter 1 verse 13 till the end of the chapter, please. Till verse 18. One of you will read 1 Timothy. So 2 Timothy chapter 1 verse 13 to verse 13 to the end of the chapter. There will be the best order for you to have your Bibles open, because we are going to read the 2 Timothy chapter 2 after we finish chapter 1. Like you will read your Bibles, you will have to follow. So one of you will read now 1 Timothy chapter 1 verse 13 to the end of the chapter, which is verse 18. 13 to 18, right? Yes. What you heard from me keeps us the pattern of sound teaching with faith and love in Christ Jesus. God the good deposit that was entrusted to you. God it with the help of the Holy Spirit who lives in us. Examples of disloyalty and loyalty. You know that everyone in the province of Asia has deserted me including ... including ... Fighting yes. Okay. And hermoableness. May the Lord show mercy to the household of honest followers, because he often refersed to me and was not ashamed of my chains. On the contrary, where he was in Rome, he searched hard for me until he found me. May the Lord grant that he will find mercy from the Lord on that day. You know very well in how many days he helped me in the future. Thank you Siddharth. Okay. So verse 13 says hold fast the pattern of sound words which you heard from me in faith and love which are in Christ Jesus. So here we see that Paul is giving an important instruction to our minister of God, to Timothy. I'm setting him the key to avoid errors or wrong teachings or deception. Deceptive teachings, deceptive people who bring in deceptive teaching is to stay with the pattern of sound words. What is the meaning of this place, the pattern of sound words? Paul is telling Timothy, stay with what you have learned, what was taught to you, what was imparted to you, by his grandmother, by his mother, by Timothy and what he has learned and so forth. Similarly, we are living in a world where there's a lot of false teachers, false teachings that are happening, wrong teachings that are away from God's word, away from the truth. So if we have to avoid these errors and avoid these deceptive things that come into the church or come deep into our minds, then we have to stay with the pattern of sound words. That means stay with what you have been taught, what you have learned and what you are reading and learning from God's words. So God's word is our standard. So we see from 1 Timothy, we recall what we learned in 1 Timothy that Paul is saying that one of the reasons why Paul assigned Timothy to Ephesus, the church at Ephesus in the surrounding areas is to protect the church from all kinds of false teachings. So what he is saying is the minding him, instructing him to stay away from all of these false teachings and false teachers. And secondly, we also read or we learned in 1 Timothy chapter 4 verses 1 and 2 where Paul is talking about seducing spirits that give rise to doctrine's teachings of demons that seek to infiltrate the church through the leaders. He is basically talking about the Jews and they draw people away from the faith. So many wrong teachings or errors in teaching in the church are actually the work of evil spirits. And this is through well-meaning ministers who have been seduced or deceived and sadly they don't know themselves. So we need to keep God, we need to keep our God always up against all of these false teachings and false teachings and how do we do that? It is by staying with the pattern of some words that means staying with what you have taught, being taught what you have heard, what you have learned and what is written in God's word. Paul once again reminds Timothy to stay with the teachings that he has learned and that Paul has given Timothy. And doesn't keep it simple, you know, stay with walking in the faith and not in Christ Jesus. Verse 14, can one of you read verse 14 please?  Thank you, friends. We always see that we have to guard what has been committed to us. And this is a repeat of 1 Timothy chapter 6 verse 20. There also is telling Timothy to guard. We know what has been committed to him. So we need to guard what is committed to us and we can guard it with the help of the Holy Spirit. We also need the power of the Holy Spirit to guard the word of God that is within us. You know, Satan is a deceiver who can deceive us with a lot of wrong things. So we also need to guard the word that is within us. We need the Holy Spirit's guidance. We need His anointing. The Holy Spirit will guide us. We need to all shoot. We need the anointing to guard the word of God that has been deposited in us. We need the anointing of the Holy Spirit. We need the anointing of God within to guard the word of God that has been deposited in us. So it is the anointing within that will teach us what is right and wrong as we are doing in 1 John chapter 2 verse 20 and 27. So in some of you we need 1 John chapter 2 verse 20 and 27 please. 1 John chapter 2 verse 20 and 27. 26 and 27 ma'am? Yes, 20 and 27. 1 John chapter 2 verse 20 and 27. But you have an anointing from the Holy Spirit and all of you know the truth. 27. Yes. As for you, the anointing you received from Him remains in you and you do not need anyone to teach you. But as His anointing teaches you about all things and as the anointing is real not counterfeit thus as it has taught you remain in Him. Thank you. So we see that the anointing you know will teach us everything. We do not need anyone to teach us but the anointing within will teach us. It will teach us what is the truth. And we know it will teach us what is lies. So we need to you know we need the anointing of God in our lives to guard the word that is the possibility and also the anointing within us will teach us what is right and what is wrong. Okay. So we move on to verse 15 and one of you read verse 15 please. This you know that all those in Asia have turned away from me among whom are easy, lust and homogens. Okay. So it appears that the many believers from Asia Minor have abandoned or deserted their friendship or their association with the Apostle Paul because he is imprisoned. They are all afraid that they might also be imprisoned. And Paul mentions two of them quite tedious and homogenous. There are two names that he mentions. Men who seem to have abandoned their friendship with Paul. We do not know any more about these two people other than that. They just abandoned their friendship or their relationship with Paul. And so it's no wonder that Paul is firmly encouraging people not to be ashamed of you know, preaching the gospel or speaking of the Lord and also being associated with Paul and others who are being imprisoned like we saw earlier in this chapter. Okay. And then the closing lines in this chapter was 16, 17 and 18 in one of you read that piece verses 16, 17 and 18. You know clearly it was 16, 17 and 18. Ma'am, can I read? Yeah sure, please. Thank you. 16 to 18, right? Yes. The Lord grand mercy to the household of Ones Fros for he often refreshed me and was not ashamed of my chain. But when he arrived in Rome he sought me out very jealously and found me. The Lord grant to him that he may find mercy for the Lord in the day, in that day. And you know very well how many ways he ministered to me at Ephesus. Thank you. So here Paul is mentioning about a question for Ones Fros. Ones Fros is not mentioned elsewhere but what Paul writes about him is a wonderful affirmation of what we did for Paul. Paul says that he ministered to him when Paul was in Ephesus. Ones Fros also came to Rome. He searched, he looked for Paul and he found out where he was in Rome and Paul says he has opened a refreshed Paul and then Paul also mentions that he is not ashamed of Paul when Paul was being imprisoned for relieving chains. So this is a good example for us to follow, to be like Ones Fros to do something similar to what he has done to fellow believers, just ministry to fellow believers, taking care of their needs, helping them in their time of difficulties or when they're persecuted to stand along with them. When they're going through troubles and difficulties to encourage them to strengthen them, just be with them. So it's wonderful to see this man, Ones Fros, to hear his testimony from Paul and to know how he has taken the pains and gone out of his way to minister to Paul, to care for his needs, cater to his needs and also the way he looked for the mentor, found him and has opened a refreshed Paul and Paul says he's not, he was not ashamed at all of us in chains but refreshed and ministered to him. So I think this is what even God looks for us to do as a community of believers, a church to refresh, strengthen, build each one of us, build each one another in the faith, not just in the faith, but also taking care of each other's needs, just like in the young church. They all sold their property, sold their things, brought and gave their money to the apostles and they shared it with those who did not have. So that is the kind of church that God envisions for us. He wants us to have and as pastors, ministers, that is the kind of care and that is the kind of relationship that we need to have with other fellow believers. It's okay Kiran, it doesn't matter. So Kiran says I was reading when the mic was muted. So that is the end of chapter one and second Timothy. The key takeaway was there are many important things but the second thing in chapter one was it says therefore do not be ashamed of the testimony of our Lord. Lord of me is prisoner, but shared between the suffering for the gospel according to power of God. That means we should not be ashamed to witness for our Lord. But there are many key takeaways that stir up the gifts that have been given to you because there's him, there's Timothy. So there are many other good key takeaways but this one is kind of emphasizing the emphasis in this chapter. Any questions in this chapter? Anything you'd like to share your comments, your thoughts? Okay, if not, we will move on to second Timothy chapter two where there are about 26 verses. So we asked almost six of you all. So each one of you can read four verses each and the last person can read an extra two verses. So can we begin with the second Timothy chapter two where all of us read four verses and the last two people can read about five verses. Yes, let's begin. Let's begin second Timothy chapter two. Then my son, be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus and the thing you have heard me say in the presence of many witnesses interested with reliable people who will also be qualified to teach others. Join me in suffering like a good soldier of Christ Jesus. No one serves, no one serving as a soldier gets entangled in civilian affairs but rather tries to please his commanding officer. Thank you. Even as you're reading it, after we finish reading I will ask each one of you to just mention one or two things that you can spend the steering of the heart or if it's something that you've missed it to do or some word or some phrase or some words that just left out in the pages that you and the reading spoke to you so you know, I will ask you to share that after we read all of these verses. Someone else can read from five to eight piece. I'll read. Okay. And also if anyone competes in athletics he is not crowned unless he competes according to the rules. A hard-working former must be first to partake of the crops. Consider what I say and may the Lord give you understanding in all things. Remember that Jesus Christ of the seed of David was raised from the dead according to my gospel. Maybe I had done as well. Okay, sure. For which I suffer trouble as an even to the point of change but the word of God is not changed. Therefore, I endure all things for the sake of the elect that they also may obtain the salvation which is in Jesus Christ with eternal glory. Okay, thank you. This is a faithful saying for if we die with him we shall also live with him. If we endure we shall also resin with him. If we deny him he also will deny us. If we are faithful less he remains faithful. He cannot deny himself. Remind them of those things sharing them before the Lord not to strive about word to no profit to the rain line of the years. Yes. Be diligent to present yourself. Approve to God a worker who does not need to be assumed rightly, divinely the word of truth. Continuing between two verses. Two verses. But some performed and ideal aboundly aboundly aboundly for they will for they will increase to more ungodliness and their masses will served like cancer. A hermeneuse and hermeneuse and peltiers are of this road. So. Thank you. If somebody else can read the next few verses. Who have strayed concerning the truth saying that the resurrection is already passed and they overthrew the faith of some nevertheless the solid foundation of God stands having the Lord knows those what who names the name of the Christ depart from iniquity. But in a great house there are not only vessels of gold and silver but also some for honour some for dishonour. Therefore if anyone senses himself from the letter he will be a vessel of for honour sanctified and useful for the masters prepared for every good work. He also youthful lust but pressure righteousness sorry, pursue righteousness faith, love, peace with those who call on the name of the Lord out of pure heart but avoid foolish and ignorant disputes doing that they are generate strife. Thank you Thomas was 24 was 26 the Lord must not quarrel but will gentle to all able to teach patients in humility correctly those who are in the position with God perhaps to grant them their principles so that they may not be trained and that they will come into their senses and escape the snare of the devil having been taken captive for him to do this today. So this is second film chapter 2 I would like each one of you to share one or two things that stood out for you I mean I just left out of these pages at you something that you remember you have learnt before I was hoping to you like to share that now for each one of us we just take the minutes to share we are going to unmute you Thomas and speak this this I highlight that be diligent in the present work so we need to do whatever we are doing we should not be ashamed that seeing a worker does not need to be ashamed so in chapter 1 verse 8 there also is here do not be ashamed for the testimony we also need to that response we should not be ashamed for the gospel Thank you please not to be ashamed of the gospel be diligent or to present ourselves as one of two God and we should not be ashamed but help you develop the word of God we should not speak the word of God see through the words thank you for sharing that ok, someone else we want to share so we are going to quickly let's move on verse 20, 21, 2, 3 and 4 also from the chapter we should to be ready to as a vessel for God's work within us we have to try to maintain ok, thank you Kiran Kiran says that we need to be blessed with honor that we serve God, that we serve him with honor the very mercy of God I am not really blessed Thank you Kiran What about Dave, Karan and Thomas? I would like to share things from I read verses 5 to 7 in this it's a general thing that in the world right, everything has if we are, if we want to become good there was a hard work has begun there so it's not only for the world worldly things, it's also for the ministry how much harder we work in our ministry, that much harder God will give people we can reach people yeah Karan, yes you know people that the workplace hard work people that the workplace in the world they work their own hours really hard, they slow it down but you know in ministry we also need to work hard like a farmer like a soldier and that's where we can we need the benefits of our hard work so then God can bless the work of our families thank you Karan okay, what about Thomas and Dave okay talking about yes, go ahead okay so verses 2, 3 and 4 the part that I read he's talking about what came out to me is like how we are to be like a soldier to Christ someone who have received a commandment from God because God is our our commanding officer like we are not to be tangled in civilian affairs like sometimes we we fear people and we want to please people but actually our command is from God from Jesus and we are to please what we are to obey what he has given us and we have to do what he has asked us to do if you look at so many places in the world there are so many places where we can see soldiers and we can see them guarding a place or when you go to Indiaget in Delhi or some famous places you can see soldiers standing there and they stand there for hours guarding the place despite their being hungry, despite they have to go if they even need to go to college yet they stand there and guard the place because they have received the command from their commanding officer so it is what in our life as well we are to be like a soldier for Christ and to please what he please and to do what our commanding officer Jesus has told us to do thank you great yes we like a soldier we need to hear the word the command of our commanding officer Jesus Christ we will do what he has seen and follow his commands thank you yes comments what should I read the poem saying that we have to look lens ourselves to you God more and more he is talking about the holiness and the purity of the life he says the pursuit of righteousness it is very important when we walk with the Christ we are sanctified that is true but we have to cleanse every day to check our life and to walk with the Christ so when we do that God will use in a powerful way many times we may focus on many things but not our holiness and the righteous life pursuit that God will make everything great that is what the Paul is trying to say for you and he says that flee from all the youthfulness so it is very important these things a personal life and the purity thank you thank you Thomas thank you for sharing that how we live a personal life with the purity and holiness is very important perfect thank you all for sharing so second Timothy chapter 2 now we will just study what it says in this chapter so let's begin now in second Timothy as I said last class when it begins in Timothy it is more a personal letter in first Timothy we see Paul is writing to Timothy about how to take care of a local church but second Timothy is more a personal letter where Paul is exposing more about his own personal life and ministry he is teaching another man of God how to be a servant of God and how to live as the man of God okay so we look at verse 1 in chapter 2 of second Timothy Paul is writing says you therefore my son is strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus so you see how Paul is referring to Timothy Timothy is a son in the faith who Paul has ministered for 17 years and now he is giving him the responsibility to oversee the churches at Ephesus and he says he is strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus which means he empowered by the grace in Christ Jesus in other episodes Paul mentions or asks whoever he is writing to to be strong in other things for example in Ephesians chapter 6 Paul tells the church at Ephesus to be strong in God and in the power of his might so he basically meaning to say that God is a source of power and to use that source of power you know use that in our own life to get strength to be able to face to persevere to endure all things but now in this letter to Timothy Paul is telling Timothy he is strong in the grace we know that God is the source of grace he has restored his grace on you and me the Bible says in Ephesians chapter 2 that God has lavished us with his grace and he talks about in the same chapter the abundance of his grace God has lavished that grace each one of us but Paul is telling Timothy strong in the grace of God that is given to us in Christ Jesus that means established in that grace what does it mean it means that don't let anyone or don't let anything you know shake you from the fact that God or God is a God of grace and his grace you know has been extended to each one of us the abundance of this riches of this grace has been extended to you and has been extended to you but the devil is very clever and very good and he is the the devil is the the devil is the devil the devil is the devil is very clever and very good at getting us to move out of this grace so one of the the devil they want us to move out of grace is giving more importance to works so we suddenly come into this whole idea that we have to earn things from God and so when we do that you know we have to make God happy we have to please him so when we think like that we get out of grace and we move into works and for example we know in my thing that only if you read 10 chapters a day or give God money or do some works of charity then you know God will be happy with us will be smiling at us will bless us and you see that everybody deceptively you know takes us out from our position of grace and he takes us into you know a place where you know we think that we have to earn God's love earn God's mercy earn God's goodness his favor his blessings but Paul is saying you are the strong in the grace and he established in the grace to do good works but we don't do it to earn but we do that good works because you know of what we have to see we have to see the abundance of this grace and so you know out of a joyful heart out of a blessed heart out of a heart that wants to thank God and bless him we say God I give you everything that you know I want to give back everything that you have given to me and I do this because I am so grateful ok so then we engage in good things for God not pick out of you know trying to earn our status our standing of favor with God but we do it just because we are so grateful we are so thankful our heart with joy because of everything that God has given us and done for us the other area that the devil can get us out of grace is and get us into another area is the failure of guilt and condemnation ok so we can fill us with guilt and condemnation and we move out from the position of grace to a position where we are feeling very content you know the grace of God has lavished on us divine favor God sees us as his beloved sons and daughters but we also know that the devil is the accuser of the brethren he keeps accusing us and when you take on his accusations when you feel so guilty and condemn shameful you know and you think that we are not in a position to serve God we are not in a position to minister to God we are not in a position to even read our Bible and pray or do anything for God we move from that position of grace to this position of the area of guilt and condemnation and so that is why Paul is telling the he is called in the grace ok the grace of God empowers us in the New Testament grace needs a whole lot of things it also means empowering it also means favor so we see that the grace of God empowers us it makes us strong the grace of God gives us favor as well and it also empowers us so we can draw strength from God's grace even as the enemy even as the devil tries to deceive us and move us out from position of grace to a position of works and to the position of guilt and condemnation you know another area that the devil makes us moves us to an area away from grace is when he makes us feeling inadequate that means we come to a point where he is thinking that we cannot do it you know where nobody we don't have the skills we don't have the talents we don't have the creativity we don't speak well enough we are not good enough you know so he moves us into that area of feeling inadequate yes we all feel inadequate sometimes when we are given a task where we feel it's too big too great we think that we really cannot do it but at those times you know when given to the feelings of inadequacy I don't think anything about the task that God is assigning us or giving us or the opportunity that he is blessing us or the purpose he created us for but at that time or at those times we will rely on the grace of God and we need to know at those times that the grace of God would empower me okay or the grace of God would empower you and we need to know that because of this grace we can go forward we can do what God has called us to do what this does to do or he has given us to we can still work on it because his grace is freely available for us and his grace will undergird us, undertake for all of our limitations our weaknesses our shortcomings inadequacies and we can stand firm in the grace of God we don't have to shy away from all the challenges or the greatness of the task but we can still go ahead because we know that his grace will undertake for us okay what the enemy does is it makes us feel so inanimate that we shy away from the task from the call and the assignment that God has for us but you know the grace of God will undertake for us and take for all of our limitations, shortcomings, weaknesses and inadequacies and we can go ahead because we know the grace of God is freely available for us and it has already been freely lavished on us okay so we need to stand firm in the grace of God to stay firm in his limiting you know sometimes we think that our own self will not be able to do it yes we feel inanity at times but the grace of God will enable us okay so just like God's timidity we can also be encouraged this morning that we need to be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus okay then any questions any doubts is this whole concept of grace is clear and why he is writing about this here yes yes no okay we move on to verse 2 okay and the things that you have heard being among the poor for me among many with this comment is to faithful men who will be able to teach others also to turn around and to pass on you know what he has been thought to choose that he has been thought what he has learnt to pass it on to the succeeding generations okay and this is something that all of us must do you know the question asked is what are we doing with what God has put in our lives or what are we doing with what we have experienced about God or what we have heard from God and the revelation with the truth that we have received that we have learnt from God what are we doing about it are we passing it on to others are we passing it on to someone else when it's very important because what God has called us to do you know all the experiences the truths we have learnt the revelations you know everything that God has revealed to us is something that we just don't keep it for ourselves but it's something that we need to pass on to others okay so we stop here we come back and you know move on to verses 3 and the rest of the verses we take a break now and we come back after the break okay


Now listen to Father Knows Best transcribed starring Robert Young as father, turn to Springfield and another half hour visit with the folks in the White Frame House on Maple Street. Sit back and enjoy life with the Andersons. Kathy, Bud, Betty, Margaret and Jim has the head of this typical American household again sets out to prove that Father Knows Best. Writers declared Benjamin Franklin have better memories than debtors and creditors are a superstitious set, great observers of set days and times. Jim Anderson is at this moment experiencing confirmation of Franklin's theory as he sits at the desk in the dam of the White Frame House on Maple Street and checks through the mail consisting mainly of those never ending, always punctual bills like this. Milk bill, 2475. Margaret, isn't this a pretty big milk bill? Well, that bill includes butter, too. Oh, no wonder. My gosh, another bill from the cleaners. Seems like I just paid the last one a couple of days ago. Mommy! $13. Are we carrying neatness a little too far? About the only thing we've been sending out to the cleaners lately is your suits. Oh. Well, a man has to look decent at work. Mommy! Look, I got my old clothes box just about filled. Can you help me find something else to go in it? Well, let me think, Kathy. What's this about an old clothes box? It's for our Sunday school class. We're having a drive. Going to help some people that need clothes. Could you get our name on that list? Kathy, I didn't say you could have this dress. I still wear it. If you don't mind, kitten, I'd like my sports shirt back. I'd like the word at least twice before you give it away. I think you'd better put these things back and start all over again. Oh, shucks. Where else can I look for old clothes? You were looking in the right place. It just happens we're still wearing them. Dry the attic and the garage. Oh, all right. If any of the things need buttons or patching, I'll fix them up. Okay. I've got to get back to these bills. Don't say. Here's a letter for you, Margaret. Oh? Well, it's from your Aunt Ethel. Oh, good. I've been expecting that. I haven't thought of her in years. Oh, how she distrusted me. She was sure you were marrying a strictly no-good character. Oh, it wasn't as bad as all that. Why is she writing to you? Is it not if I deserted you and left you destitute? No, she's just stopping in for a visit. What? She's passing through on her way to Zion National Park. She wrote last week and wanted to know when would be a good time to visit us, and I wrote back and told her to wait a couple of weeks. She should have made that a couple of years. I wanted to have time to get the house fixed up. That's why I sent the Davenporten chairs out to be recovered. Oh, well, when has she decided to come? Oh, my goodness. What's the matter? Did this letter just come today? Well, yes. I've come to think of it. I've been carrying this mail around for a day or so. Oh, Jim, Jim. Well, what's the trouble? She says she's going to be here the fifth. That's today. Today? Oh, dear, if I'd only known this, I'd never have sent the furniture out. Why didn't she wait a couple of weeks like I suggested in my letter? Well, you know Aunt Ethel. I guess I'll just have to explain to her where the furniture is. She won't believe it. Explaining anything to that woman is like squirting a seltzer bottle at the ocean. Oh, dear, this would happen. I'll never forget the first time I saw her.  I came along, saw the car starting to roll down the hill, so I jumped on the running board and set the brake. Just then she came tearing out of the house, and to this day she's convinced that I was stealing her car. I wonder if I could borrow some furniture. I explained till I was blue in the face. Just a Davenport would help. She just kept saying, oh, yes, yes, of course, I understand. But you knew darn well she didn't believe a word of it. Mom. I think I'll run across the street and see if Mrs. Davis will lend us hers. Mom, what do you want me to... Oh, hello, Dan. You home? No, I'm bear-hunting in the African belt. Why are you dragging a shovel through the house? I just came in to ask Mom where she wanted me to dig that trench for the sweet peas. But I told you I wanted the trench dug alongside the back fence, right between those two stakes I put in the ground. That's what I thought, but I wanted to be sure. Jim, I'm going to run over to Mrs. Davis's. I'll be right back. Okay. Oh, here, but don't sit down. You've got work to do outside. Oh, gee, Dan. I've got to have a little rest. Digging ditches is hard work. But you haven't done it yet. I know, but I might be too tired to rest after I get it done.  Okay. What are you doing, Dan? I'm trying to pay a few bills here, but I'm running out of checks. Now get that shovel out of here and get it to working. Mother! How much do you think this digging job ought to pay? I don't know. Mother! Oh, hello, Father. Where's Mother? Across the street borrowing a Davenport for Aunt Ethel. What? And don't ask me to explain that. What are you doing carrying around an armful of weeds? Oh, these aren't weeds. They're vitamins. Oh, you can buy them right in the bush now, huh? Oh, I didn't buy these. They're keratops, and they're simply reeking with vitamins. And Mrs. Leggett was going to throw them away. Think of that. Well, I hope word doesn't get around that my daughter goes about picking up old keratops for her father's supper. Yeah. Father, what are we having for dinner tonight? How should I know?  Probably a lot of cooked stuff. Well, I don't anticipate sitting down to a plate of raw pork chops. Well, I didn't say pork chops. We should eat a lot of raw vegetables, especially leafy ones. I like leafy potatoes. Ralph said that we... Oh, it's Ralph again. Well, Ralph is a very intellectual young man. He's utterly crawling with brains. Oh, I knew there was something wrong with him. Ralph says we're all dying of malnutrition and don't know it. Because we're not eating enough keratops. Well, I checked with Mrs. Davis, and she's... Oh, Mother, can we have something raw for dinner? What? It seems that Ralph has taken over our kitchen to save us from starvation. Ralph's full of vitamins. But haven't you gone out to dig that sweet peach wrench yet? Well, I was going to, but Dad hasn't figured out how much he's going to pay me for it. When did I say I was going to pay you? My goodness, do you have to be paid for every little thing you do around here? Mommy! Seems to me you'd do it just to help a little. Mommy, I got my old clothes box filled. Can I take it over and leave it at the church? Hey, what's my sweater doing in there? Give me that. Don't take it. Hey, give me my jeans. Get my hunting jacket out of there. Aw, heck. The box is empty again. Kathy, I told you not to take things out of our closets. I couldn't find anything anyplace else. Well, go around the neighborhood. Ask around at different houses. Oh, okay. I wonder where she found Dad's hunting jacket. I hunted for that all last summer. Bud, please go out and dig that trench. Well, if I was going to get paid, how much do you think the job would be worth? It's worth 50 cents to me to get rid of you. Okay, it's a deal. Mother, what is it, Betty? We've got to watch our nutritional intake. Well, I don't have time now, Betty. Aunt Ethel is coming. What are we having for dinner tonight? I don't know yet, but I want to plan something extra special. Maybe you can go out and start peeling some potatoes. Peeling them? Mother, we've got to stop peeling away all the minerals and vitamins. Well, all right. Put them in the oven and bake them then. Well, I'll put them in the oven, but Ralph isn't going to like it. Well, we'll throw Ralph a raw artichoke next time he comes around. I wonder what would be good to have for dinner tonight. Could we afford steaks? We can afford anything that will impress Aunt Ethel. The sky's the limit. How did you make out with Mrs. Davis? Well, she was perfectly willing to let us have the Davenport, but honestly, it's in worse condition than ours was. Well, maybe we can keep her out of the living room as much as possible. It'll work out. I hope so. Well, I'd better get out in the kitchen. No. What's the matter? Here's a second notice from the gas and electric company. I paid this bill a couple of weeks ago. What's the matter with that outfit anyway? Well, don't get so excited about it, just some little error. But there's no excuse for it. And I don't like their attitude.  Well, my stars don't let that happen tonight of all nights. You'd better drive down there and pay it right now. I've already paid it. Well, pay it again. This is no time to argue. Nothing doing. When you know your rights, stick to your guns. I'll just call them up. Hand me the phone book. No, Jim.  Aunt Ethel will probably be here any minute. Don't worry. That turning off business is just a threat.  Mother! What is it, Betty? No gas? No lights? Well, old customer, what now? The Andersons will be back in a moment. It used to be said that the pen was mightier than the sword. But today we have found that the pen is mightier than the radio broadcast, the commissar, and all the other means by which the Soviet Union has been spreading anti-American propaganda throughout Europe and Asia. When the pen is in the hand of friend writing to friend, of son writing to father, of cousin writing to cousin, when it tells the simple honest truth about the way Americans live, work, and think, it can undermine a mountainous barrage of false propaganda. Keep the truth about America alive in Europe and Asia through letters to friends and relatives abroad. When you know your right, stick to your guns. A worthy motto which Jim Andersons has accepted and even given a modern and practical application as follows. If you've paid the light and gas bill once, don't pay it again. Ah, yes, the White Frame House on Maple Street has become the watchtower of principle and rugged determination. It is also a watchtower with no gas or lights. With Margaret's Aunt Ethel due for a visit, this shortage of facilities seems to have Jim and Margaret in the hands of a fair-sized dilemma like this. If there's anything that burns me up when I pay my bills on time... Dear, I don't run the power company. It's a matter of principle, Margaret. When I have these stubs to prove it... Hey, Dad, where's the shovel? I've got it right here in my checkbook. What? What do you want, bud? I think I left it there in the den. For goodness' sake, where are you, bud? Here, outside the window. Oh, there's the shovel, leaning against the lamp. Oh, that's a perfect place for the shovel. You gonna be needing it, Dad? Well, I might want to spate up the living room. You're kidding, aren't you? Of course, bud. Come and get it. Now, Margaret, if I... I'll hand it to me through the window, will you, Dad? Bud, we're trying to talk in here. Besides, we can't hand it through the screen. I'll get a screwdriver and take the screen off. Bud, come in the house and get the shovel. Okay. Jim, I should be starting dinner. All right, I'll call the power company. I'll pay the bills, but wait till I go down there tomorrow morning. If it weren't for your aunt, Ethel, I wouldn't do this. I'd sooner... Hello? This is James Anderson, 607 Maple Street.  By mistake. Will you send a man out right away to turn them on? Not tomorrow morning, tonight, right now. Daddy? Shh, he's telephoning. Well, this is urgent. It's an emergency. Thank you. What did they say, dear? All the men are out. They're gonna get somebody here as soon as they can. Look, Daddy, I got some clothes already from the Phillips. Yes, kitten. Now let's get things spruced up a little, tidy up the front yard. I got a firm muff and a pair of overshoes and some old football pants. Well, that's gonna make a beautiful outfit for somebody. Now run along, Angel. I'm gonna get a lot of stuff, boy. Margaret, what time does Aunt Ethel's train get in this evening? She isn't coming on the train, dear. She's driving. Wouldn't you know that if all days Aunt Ethel would pick this particular day? I'll bet she ignored your letter on purpose. Plans to sneak up on me. Oh, it's not that, dear. She predicted I'd never amount to a hill of beans. Wouldn't you be tickled to find us flat broke? Don't be silly. Well, I'm gonna pull a surprise on the old girl. We'll solve the living room furniture problem and the gas and lights with one brilliant strategic move. We'll take Andy out to dinner. The most expensive place in town. I'll really splurge. Jim. I'll buy her an orchid corsage. We'll go to the theater, get the best seats. Jim. Later we'll take her to a nightclub. Ringside table. I'll have the orchestra play her favorite tune. Money will flow like water. I'll show Aunt Ethel how wrong she was about me. Jim, how much money do you have with you? Oh, I've got, uh... For Pete's sake, thirty-nine cents. If you're gonna have money flowing like water, it isn't going to be very deep. I forgot to cash a check today. Do you have any money? I bought groceries today. I have twelve cents. Margaret, there must be some money in the house someplace. Well, Kathy dropped a nickel down the furnace last winter. Betty. I'm in the kitchen, Father. Do you have any money? Maple syrup. I didn't say honey, I said money. Some new spark plugs. Oh, great. Dear, maybe Ed Davis could cash a check for you. Ed's out of town, and I don't even have a check. Hey, Mom. Where are you, bud? At the window. There's a car out in front and a lady looking at the front of our house with binoculars. What's this? She looks like my history teacher. Only truffer. It's Aunt Ethel. With binoculars? She's nearsighted, probably looking for our house number. Oh, no. Uh, bud, get in the backyard. Margaret, you go to the door. But, dear... Don't get excited, Margaret. We'll simply act as if everything is perfectly all right. We have a fairly nice house in the... Yeah, the lady's up on the porch pushing the doorbell, but nothing happens. No electricity. Go to the door, Jim. I have to get this apron off. But, Margaret... All right. I'm not afraid of her. Wow! Aunt Ethel! I broke my glasses in Baltimore. Is that you, James? Sure, sure. Come on in, Eddie. I swear you look younger than you did 20 years ago. Thank you. Thank you. Let me take your coat, Eddie. Well, you haven't aged much, James. Of course, you never were one to worry. Well, I haven't much to worry about anymore. We've been pretty lucky. It takes a lot of money to keep up a house like this, I suppose. You working now, James? Oh, yes. I'm in business for myself. I have my own insurance office. Well, I suppose it'll lead to something better. Aunt Ethel! Well, Margaret, dear, bless your heart. Oh, it's so good to see you. You look well, Margaret. Of course, I always said you were the prettiest of all the girls. You get that from your mother's side of the family. Don't you think Jim looks well, Auntie? Yes. And he says he's doing well, too. Oh, yes, Jim's done very well.  Oh, no, no. It's ours. We bought it. Oh, well, you changed, I guess.  Well, it's pretty hard now to believe that anything like that ever happened to me. Well, what would you like to do, Auntie? Drove all the way from Cleveland today. I'd like a nice hot bath. Bath? Why don't we all get in the car and take a drive around town? I think I'd like a nice hot bath first. We have a little problem, Auntie. You see the... The hot water heater broke down. But just this afternoon, the man's on his way out to take care of it. I'm awfully sorry. Well, don't worry about it. I'm glad you understand. Just heat up a kettle of water on the kitchen stove. Just a minute. The trouble with the water heater is the gas, you know. For some reason, the gas isn't coming through the pipes. No gas? Pipes seem to be stopped up someplace. The man will be here any minute. Betty? What's this? Aunt Ethel, this is our older daughter, Betty. Well, she's a pretty girl. Oh, how do you do? She told me so many nice things about you, Aunt Ethel. Really? Oh, here's the money, Father. It's all I could find in my purse, but you're welcome to it. Princess, wait. Oh, and I couldn't use the stove, so I'm making a cold salad out of those carrot tops I found. Carrot tops? Well, Aunt Ethel, you see... This is going to be the best meal we've had in weeks. You're all going to lie! Betty's all excited about raw vegetables. She brought these things home, Annie. We don't have to have carrot tops. Oh, I know. We can have anything we want. This is just a fad, you know. Oh, yes. I understand. Margaret, Betty looks a little thin. Are the children eating well? Oh, of course. This is just one of those... I finished my job.  I couldn't change them. I'm too hungry. Aunt Ethel, this is our son, Bud. Well, quite a boy. How do you do? I wouldn't have come in like this if I'd known you were here. What have you been doing? Digging a ditch. Gee, Dad, that's a hard way to earn 50 cents. When a guy's hungry. But I didn't tell you that you... Somebody's knocking on the front door. I'll get it. Margaret, isn't Bud a little young to be working on the streets? Annie, he was digging a ditch in the backyard so I can plant sweet peas. Believe me, Aunt Ethel, we don't eat carrot tops. I didn't send Bud out to earn 50 cents. We have plenty of everything. I'm doing fine. Beat the door. Gee, the neighbors were real nice to me. Look at all the swell clothes I got around the neighborhood. Kathy, your Aunt Ethel is here. Oh, how do you do?  It's a Sunday school drive, a Sunday school. The whole class is doing it. I got a coat that's just your size, Daddy. Kathy. Look, it's just got some holes in the sleeves. And Mommy said she'd patch up anything I got. Angel, take the things out, please. And look, Mommy, shoes. Excuse me, Aunt Ethel, I got to show this sweater to Bud. Annie, she didn't bring those things home for us. You understand that, don't you? Yes, James, I understand. You don't have to explain. It's her Sunday school. I know, I know. Excuse us a moment, please, Aunt Ethel. Come in the den, Margaret. Don't tell me, Jim. I know. Margaret, what am I going to do? That woman is sitting there in that empty living room absolutely convinced that I have a nickel. I'm starving my children. I tried to explain, dear. She keeps saying she understands, she understands. I'm right back to the day I tried to save her car. I'm still an auto thief. Look, dear, is it so important after all what she thinks? You know you're right, so what does it matter? That's not the point. I have a certain pride as the head of this household. I've worked 20 years for what we have here.  Who is it? It's me. If she's coming in here to tell me that she understands... Come in, Auntie. I have to be going along, Margaret. Aren't you staying? No, I want to make Hillbrook tonight. Before I go, I feel I should tell you, James. I think you've turned into a fine man. I beg your pardon? I don't know what your problems are, but the important thing is that you have three children who love you, who are willing to see it through with you. That's all that matters. I have some worldly goods, but I'm lonely.  And Ethel... Believe me, Jim, I understand. You know, maybe you'd do it that. The Andersons will be right back. If you're writing a letter overseas, remember that you can refute Soviet propaganda charges by including some simple, homely truths about the way you and your family live. Before you seal the envelope, stop a moment and ask yourself, will my letter from America make a friend for America? The lights are on again at 607 Maple Street. And Ethel is on her way to Zion National Park, and aside from a slight lingering fragrance of carrot tops, the White Frame House has returned to normal. Only a couple of small problems remain to be solved this evening, and Jim and Margaret are at work on one of them. Like this. All the clothes out of the closet on the floor. Where's Kathy? In bed asleep, dear. You can discuss it with her in the morning. I'll help you put them back.  I think you came out pretty well, dear, considering... That power company. Making me pay that bill twice. Why do I go down there in the morning? Jim, how long has it been since you wore this gray suit? A couple of weeks, why? I wouldn't go down to the power company in the morning if I were you. Why not? Here's the gas and light bill and your check. What? And my letter to Aunt Ethel, they were in your pocket. Seems you forgot to mail them, dear. Oh, well, what's the difference? The children love me. Next week when we'll be back with Father Knows Best starring Robert Young as Jim Anderson. In our cast were Gene Vanderpile as Margaret, Rhoda Williams, Ted Donaldson, Norma Jean Nielsen, Irene Tedrow, Bill Foreman, and Don Stanley speaking. Father Knows Best, directed by Andrew C. Love, was transcribed in Hollywood and written by Paul West and Roswell Rodgers.


India has administered 500 million covid-19 vaccines. Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced on Saturday, hailing it as an important milestone. India is administering more doses per week than the population of many countries in the world. India opened free vaccination for all adults, starting from June 21st, when the country administered a record 8 million doses in a day. Since then, the inoculation drive for daily doses has seen a downward trend. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


I think we can call back to the applications once we get there, but yeah, let's go to the connection, because so Richard, can you explain to me how, how does one comic cluster? Yeah, so yesterday we showed the connection using SSH, using the command line like, well like this you see here. And this is really the standard way. So the command line is the most powerful thing and it uses something called SSH, which lets you go, well, really connect to anything on the internet. It's one of the most fundamental protocols. These days there are other alternatives, so different web based methods like Jupyter or open on demand are becoming slightly more common. And there's also things like remote desktop environments, which you can use. But you could say these replace the SSH part, but they don't really replace the command line part because oftentimes even after you do this, you end up at the command line when you need to run lots of things. So yeah, so one of the fundamental questions is, do you connect directly or do you have to connect through some other jump host? But I guess most people have figured that out by now since, let's see, since most people are connected. So are you saying, are you basically saying that in order to get to a system with an SSH, you need to be able to see the system in, you need to be in the same network as the system? Right, yeah. So like for security, many times you aren't allowed to connect directly to the cluster from anywhere on the internet. So you have to SSH to some other computer and then go to the cluster. Let's see, what do you like to demonstrate the SSH? Yeah, sure. Let's try it out. So if I have a terminal here open, so how should I proceed? Yeah, so first off I'd ask, are you on the university network or are you not? I'm not. You're not. Okay, so which host will you connect to in the middle? So there's Cosh, for example, will you use that? Well, let's try. So I need to take SH, Cosh, Alt, I find the right. Yes. So I have a bit of a cheat enabled, I have SSH keys, which are a bit of an advanced subject. So this will automatically let me log in because I have these keys. But in normal case, I would have to type my password. But in this case, it's regular. Okay. Am I knowing Triton? Yes, or no. So you're on Cosh. So now let's make the next jump to Triton. Okay. So is it Triton or is it? .alto.fi. Yeah, okay. Now it asks me for the passphrase for my key. So this is the SSH key. So what's this SSH key and why should we make one? So these SSH keys are basically like, like I gave yesterday this kind of analogy that they're basically a doorman at the hotel.   When you leave the hotel to, well, I don't know, shop around or see the sites. You usually give the key to the doorman and the doorman keeps the key and then you go do whatever you want. So the SSH key is a bit of a similar situation. So usually you have this kind of a doorman. So you have this SSH agent that keeps hold of the keys and you basically authenticate to that SSH agent when you, let's say, log into your computer.  So you don't have to constantly feel a little around with a password or a passcode or if you're like in a hotel with these number locks or something like that. You don't have to constantly refer to those. You can just ask the doorman to open the door for you. So basically SSH keys are similar kind of situations. So you set up these SSH keys for your devices, for your laptop or workstation or whatever. And then you give access in the system. Like you tell the system that okay, you're allowed to access with these SSH keys. And then after that you can just go with the SSH key instead of your password. Yeah. So a lot of this, there's more information if you look at the page. There's this advanced SSH info. And well, you can read more about keys and even how to avoid this middle SSH by configuring the open SSH config file. There's someone in the HackMD who mentioned comment on the possibility of editor integration. And yeah, there are different programs that can connect directly to SSH so they can do things like either open the terminal for you or even some of them copy code to the other end and then we'll run it and then copy the results back. So it really pays to spend a little bit of time studying about these. But as someone mentioned in HackMD already, like if you're allowing your editor to do everything and not connecting yourself, then you sort of lose a lot of the power. Like, does the editor know how to interface with Slurm? Does it know all these data things? So it can make things easy, but you shouldn't stop at that. Yes, definitely. Yeah. We like to... Yeah, go around. I was going to say we mentioned vdi.alto.fi and these remote desktop solutions, but maybe we should do what you were going to talk about first. Yeah, I was quickly going to mention that in Windows, Windows natively doesn't have an SSH client, so you usually need to install, for example, party that is the most popular SSH client. Some of the advanced features of SSH such as like x-forwarding and window forwarding and stuff like that, it doesn't necessarily work that well with Windows, but that's life, unfortunately, because the system is quite heavily tied to Linux. But you can work around them. But if we want to look at the vdi quickly, or we could mention both Jupiter and vdi at the same time, so basically nowadays many people, they don't want to work separately in their laptops, let's say to do, for example, plotting and then to analyze all the data simulations in a cluster and use SSH to bridge this gap. So that is like the traditional workflow. But nowadays there's other possibilities and other possibilities usually involve either Jupiter or vdi. So this might be also, like the vdi especially is only in Alto. I'm not certain if other sites have similar systems. The idea there is that you set up some sort of like a virtual machine where you can connect to that is closer to the actual data, closer to the actual cluster. So in our case the Jupiter is like basically you can get a Jupiter, if you ever use Jupiter you can get a Jupiter running on a compute node so that you can with a web interface, web browser, you can basically work with the cluster. And the vdi is basically you can set up, you can install this VMware horizon client and connect to this vdi and you will get basically like a window that is a window to an operating system like Ubuntu workstation running in a virtual machine and then you can connect to try to do everything. So basically if you are using Windows and you feel like the Windows doesn't have the powerful tools, you can spin out this kind of a virtual machine and then use the Linux tools instead. So basically like fix many of these issues with that. Yeah. This is site specific or it might depend. On CSC machines they have this node desktop system that you can use to like if you want to get like graphical interfaces to CSC stuff. Yeah. So there are many of these tools and they depend on what the sites have provided. Yeah. So should we wrap up? Is there anything else to talk about connection or should we wrap up? I think most people have probably done it or if not, well, it'll probably take longer than we have now. There were a few of these connection exercises if you scroll up a little bit but I have a feeling most people have done them. Maybe we could have a five minute pause to make sure everyone has time to do this and ask any questions and then... Yeah. Yeah. I think that's like... I could mention a few things like in the chapters. Like, yeah, now's a good time to solve the connection problems if you have because then you're going to like look around and it's good to check that you got there. So jump host like this question on the chapter of what is a jump host? So jump host is basically like a server or machine, sometimes a virtual machine or something that is meant for like routing SSH connections. So basically like for example in the example connection that I did, I went through this course machine and that is basically like a Linux server that is just there for being available to the wider network. So for security reasons, usually like internal company stuff is an internal network and there's only like a few very secure servers that are allowed to access the wider internet or to be available to be accessed from the wider internet. And those servers are the jump hosts.   So I see a request for a bit of exercise time because some sites are having issues so maybe we can do this for 10 minutes. I see one comment in Hack and D, is it okay to use screen because of connectivity problems? And yes, by all means, I think that's what many of us do. So screen and T-Mux are two programs that let you basically keep stuff running on the other side of the computer when even after you disconnect. And in fact, basically all of my work is done by SSHing somewhere and running T-screen or T-Mux and then opening a text-based editor in there and then disconnecting and reconnecting from wherever I happen to be. And yeah, so the advantages here are I don't need a high quality internet connection to connect. I can resume and I can switch between computers easily. The disadvantage is it's a text-based editor but well, Emacs is fairly good for that. Yeah, so basically over here in the screen you see in the comment line I typed screen and it starts on the background this kind of process that will not go away if the connection breaks. So usually when you take an SSH connection, if the connection breaks, well, you need to start again. So basically similar to like if you use banking for like what's it called? Well, this kind of like a strong identification. Usually you have like a timeout or something like if you don't use it for 15 minutes, your connection is killed. So the SSH works in a similar way that if the connection breaks, you change Wi-Fi or something, you will like the terminal will die. But if you use screen for example, like here is a screen, you can disconnect from it. And you see that there's like detached from some screen and then I can attach to it. Is it like? Nope. Can't remember with the screen, I usually use TEMUX. Screen-X I usually use. Because it does R. Oh yeah, yeah. So you can see that the command I previously run, the output is still there. I personally use TEMUX which is like this. It gives you this, you can have multiple of these different windows and you can split it all the way. You can do fancy stuff there, but it's a bit more like an advanced tool. But we highly recommend you, like once you get hold of the command line, like it's first steps first. Once you feel at home with the command line, usually at some point you get annoyed by some of the features of the command line and then you start to use these tools to fix those features. So for example, like losing connectivity or something like that. Yeah. So let's go to a break until the 30 of the hour, which is, well, six minutes. We might bump this up if we get requests from the Zoom people and we can keep answering stuff via HackMD. Yeah. See you shortly. Welcome back. So let's see. Let's do a quick second round of the poll of have you connected to your cluster already. Let's see if we get better solution. If everybody has managed to solve their problems. So like we were trying to show here that the connection isn't that difficult usually. It's just like once you get the SSH, like done once, you can do it again and again. It's more of how do you work there once you get there. That can be complicated. Like there was already a question of whether you should use an editor to just copy stuff there or does the SSH for you. And is this kind of a, you need to find your own workflow and that is the complicated stuff. Your connection usually isn't that. Yeah. Okay. If there's still somebody who has problems to ask in the Zoom. You basically need to go on.


Hi, this is Jennifer Gonzalez for Cult of Pedagogy. Today, I'm going to teach you how to use an online application called Volunteer Spot. If you've ever been in charge of organizing an event, you know how it can get very complicated when you're trying to contact everybody to see who can do what. Typically, when we're in charge of an event like this, people tend to use a paper sign-up sheet or they will do a series of reply all emails. This can be very complicated. With an application like Volunteer Spot, you can get all of that online with no paper and no confusion in one central location. So to show you how to use Volunteer Spot, I'm going to suppose that you're in charge of a school dance and two of the things that you have to get people to sign up for are to chaperone and maybe to bring some refreshments. So let's take a look at how we would do that. We'll go over here to the Volunteer Spot website. It's Volunteerspot.com and I'm going to assume that you can create your own account and do all that. So once you're on the site, you click on create a sign-up. You're going to click on create new activity and you're going to be choosing a single day activity for this one. Let's call it dance and the other required field is the type of activity. So we will just put kids class school. Let's click next. The next window is for premium users. We're not using that. The next page just has your personal information, your email and name, which is important for later on when they contact you about who is signed up. Then you get a calendar. Let's suppose we want to do this on Friday the 30th. So we'll click that page to plan this day. Now we've got to-do tasks, the chaperoning, and we've got to bring tasks. We want people to bring some things for refreshments. So let's start by scheduling a to-do task. We're going to want chaperones and we'll have them work one hour shift. So we'll do start and end time here. Let's say your dance starts at 7. So we want some people to come at 7 p.m. and stay until 8 p.m. And let's say we need four chaperones for that time slot. Okay, click cancel, or sorry, not cancel, save. And so we would do the same thing for the next round of chaperones from 8 to 9 p.m. We just do the same thing, add a to-do task. And then for refreshments, let's have people bring some coaxes. Let's say we want people to bring a 12 pack and we need six people to bring these. We don't need to do start and end times for this. We can just click save. Okay, so you can see there are six spaces for that, four for the chaperones. So you can just add as many of those as you need. Now we've got those two things that are in there. If you look closely at this right now, zero out of four people have signed up for the to-do, the chaperoning, and zero out of six people have signed up for the to-bring. You've got to ask people to sign up. So I'll show you how to do that next. Click next. Right here they want you to send yourself a draft invitation so you can make changes to this message as you want to and they're going to send it to you. So you can just click send draft. That's so you can just take a look at how it looks when it goes out. This screen here shows you all the different options for how to actually send out the emails to people. You can put a link on a school website. You can just send a regular email. And so this lists all of the different options. I'm going to close out of here for right now and show you how to do it from the main screen. I'm going to show you how to send the invitation by creating a link. So we'll click on create a link. They've got lots of different options for doing that. I prefer to just copy the link up here and paste it into an email. So I'm going to copy that. Then I'll go over to my regular email and paste it into there. So I'm in my regular email application now. I'm going to send this to myself at another address. I'll just include the link right there. Just typing a short message and adding the link that I just copied. My tier spot is going to actually change that into an ad. I think that may confuse people. If you just X out of there, it turns back into the regular link. So you can do either way. Send that. Okay. So I go into my other email, open up the one that was just sent to me. And there it is right there. There's the link. I click on that. And I'm taken right here. They want me to enter my email address twice. I'm being a person who's signing up right now. And the only reason for that is because they will send me an email reminder later. I'm signing up for an account here. So when I go in here, I see there's the dance. And then here are the two different options of activities that I could sign up for. Let's say I want to sign up to bring a pack of Coke. So I will click sign up. It's got me in there now. And I click safe. Now the last thing I'm going to show you is what it looks like when I go in as the organizer. If I look on my activities, I see dance right there. Click on it. Now if I look here, there is now a one out of six. One person has signed up for one of those six refreshment slots. And so when I click there to view status, I can see that one person has signed up for the Coke. As the date gets closer, the person who signs up for the activity is going to get an email reminder. About two or three days beforehand, just reminding them that this is coming up and they do that. Which to me is the best feature of this, apart from all the centralization, is that that person is going to be reminded without you having to do anything. And that's how it works. I hope this tutorial has been helpful. If you liked this and would like to subscribe, please click on the button below. Thanks so much for watching and have a great day.


Mae yw Matenedd, yn fwy o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r ffordd ymdweud yma, ac rwy'n gwybod i'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r labdol yn ymdweud y papur. Yn y bryd, mae gennym eu rhaid o'r cyfnod, rwy'n gweithio'n gweithio i'r ffordd o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r llwyth sefydlu o'r cyfnod o'r rhom yn Lleymau.  Y cwynig o'r Fleta Anticorau was very different, ac so, I will not be dealing with that. Yn y tŷ-typi that I will be considering, I will tass at his comments in his Girmania on how the inhabitants of Central Europe beyond the Leymes understood and used Roman coins, so very much the colonial perspective you were talking about, and secondly what coinage left the empire and the mechanisms by which it did so. Yn y past, y dyfodol o'r cwynig o'r Fleta Anticorau yn y Gwynig o'r Barbarachau, yw'r cyfrifol o'r Cwynig o'r Hordd, yn ysgolio cyfrifol o'r Cyfrifol. Yn y tŷ-typi, mae'r Cyfrifol o'r Cyfrifol yn ysgolio cyfrifol o'r Cyfrifol o'r Cyfrifol o'r Cyfrifol o'r region.  Brannodd yn arca i dda ar yr uwrddysgcyn Llar States yn ddefnyddiadol yn oed点 mau yn Fwrdd instant���. So ddrちn siaraduc yn rhes operation yr arl diverse ym Oxpenistekio sydd buddych chi'n tynnu Those who inhabited areas closer to the frontier used gold and silver for commerce. They recognized different kinds of Roman coins. The interiors, on the other hand, who lived further away, relied on barter rather than coins for their transactions, and finally, the Gaumani preferred silver to gold as it was better for everyday, small-scale transactions. Before we start looking at his claims perhaps it's useful to take a quick look at the Augustine coinage system. is the basis of the coin finds we'll be looking at. The system had a wide range of denominations in four metals. On the left you have the aureus in gold. Second from the left the denarius in silver. Then you have the cistercius and the topondius which are made of brass and will have actually looked golden.  Yes, it doesn't like the font. Everything slipped over. Okay, great. The ass which has made a copper and will have read actually like the Euro coinage today. Now, if we look at all the single finds in the German Barbaricum, in other words without the hordes, then it is clear that just as Tacitus says there is indeed a strong preference for silver, here the blue column representing the denarii. But what about the claim that there was a difference in coin use across the Barbaricum? We can check this by looking at the coin finds from two areas, one close to the lemes representing the proximi and that is Turingen here at the bottom and one more distant area representing the interiores in my case Mecklenburg-Forpomann on the Baltic coast. And here you can see the range of denominations of the coin finds from the late 1st to the mid-3rd century AD in these two areas. Now, while there are some differences particularly in the level of cisterci, these differences are in fact relatively small. The spectrum of denominations among the single finds is significant as it tells us something about how coins were being used. In a market economy based on the use of coins we should expect large numbers of smaller denomination coins as they are more suitable for small everyday transactions. The diagrams you see here are an indication that in this sense there was little difference in the use of coins in the two areas. At risk of oversimplification, the evidence suggests that in neither area were coins actually being used for small scale transactions. This impression is further strengthened when the figures for the Barbaricum are compared with the figures for the Roman provinces along the Rhine. Here I have compared Mecklenburg-Forpomann on the right with the area immediately to the south of the lower Rhine in the province of Germania Inferior which was the subject of a study by Joris Otz. What is immediately apparent is that at 75% on the Baltic coast the proportion of Denari, the blue line, is significantly higher than in the Roman province. And the figure is particularly revealing when we compare it with different contexts within the province. Low denomination coins are more common in the province into towns, less common in smaller towns and even less common in rural settlements and villas. Clearly the smaller denominations were being more widely used and therefore more frequently lost in towns than in the countryside. What this then tells us is that in the Barbaricum, the intensity of the use of small denominations was even lower than it was in rural areas of the Northwestern provinces. This was in no means, by no means a monetarised economy in any sense of the phrase that we might understand it today. Clearly when the coins left the Roman Empire, their use was being transformed and they were being used in a very different way in their new environment. The coin finds from the bog deposit of Ilorub-Ordal in Denmark provide us with an insight into this transformation and show us how coins were now being used outside the empire. Here in the third century AD, the equipment of a defeated Germanic warband was offered to the gods and deposited in the bog by the victors. This equipment included a number of denarii which were generally found in groups that had probably been contained in small purses and here you can see two examples. However, it would seem that only a relatively small number of members of the defeated warband actually had coins with them, indicating that they were available above all to higher status individuals. We should also note that in the Barbaricam, denarii were used extensively as a store of wealth as is reflected in the huge number of denarii's hordes that are known from northwest Germany and here are a map of denarii's hordes from the area. Furthermore, the hordes reveal that such denarii were remained in use for a very long time. Still being present in large numbers in hordes of the fourth century, that is more than a century after they had disappeared from circulation within the empire, here for example in the Lennonish horde from the mid to late fourth century AD. The most extreme example of this longevity is provided by the grave of the Frankish king Sildrish who was buried in Tournai in Belgium in AD 481 or 482. The coins themselves have no longer survived but according to the original records, alongside a number of fifth century Roman coins were some 200 silver coins of which 41 denarii and one late Roman siliqua were identified. That the denarii survived so long and in such numbers indicates that they were not circulating intensively but that exchanges were infrequent. This is what is to be expected of the kind of high status exchange that is suggested by the coins from Elorob Ardal. If they've been passing more frequently from hand to hand in everyday transactions then we would expect them to be subjected to more intensive loss and so to disappear from circulation more quickly which they do not do. The transformation in the function of the coins when they left an empire also saw them being used increasingly as a jewellery. Gold coins are often pierced in order to be worn as personal adornments. Interestingly, silver coins were not used in this way during the Roman Iron Age. Later it's a different story. Suggesting that the two metals were circulating in different spheres. Silver as an object of material value, gold more as a prestige good and a marker of status. A bit of an oversimplication but I think you get it. We should also note that when gold coins are pierced then they are almost always pierced so the emperor's head is correctly oriented. This raises interesting questions of Germanic identity and what exactly Giamani who wore such adornments were trying to express but unfortunately I can't go into that in any detail today. In brief, we can state that it was not as a medium for market exchange and a monetised economy that the Giamani employed Roman coins. Upon crossing the limes their function was significantly transformed. They were no longer the general purpose money of the empire that could be used across a wide range of transactions and functions from the marketplace and tavern to the purchase of the imperial throne. In the barbaricum their role was more restricted. Silver was now used primarily as a means of storing and transferring wealth within a specific milieu. Silver coins will have been used mainly in high status exchange for example diplomatic payments, tributes, daris, et cetera. Gold coin, gold could also be used as a visible badge of status. As such coins became an integral part of the power structures of Germanic society and will have played a significant role in maintaining and transforming them. Now the role of coins within these power structures is closely related to the second point I would like to consider. The question of why and when Denari left the empire. The long standing view was that the influx was a commercial or economic phenomenon with Denari leaving mainly as a result of trade. However more recently scholars such as Alexander Burscher and Michel Ertrich have focused on the role of Rome's external politics and in particular on diplomatic payments and subsidies. They see the coins as conscious payments made by Rome to secure the allegiance of Germanic groupings and thus ensure the security of the northern frontier. Early work on the subject was based mainly on the Horde evidence. The Horde indicate a significant influx of Denari into the Barbaricum during the second century AD that ended suddenly at the beginning of the reign of Septimius Severus in the early one nineties. This break was generally interpreted as an action of a significant reduction in fineness of the Denarius that took place early in the reign of Septimius Severus who reduced the silver content from 66 to 46%. It is suggested that the Gemani with their love of silver rejected the less fine coins accepting only older, better quality Denari. On this interpretation, the break in the outflow of Denari was initiated by the Gemani who was seen as the active agents. However, if we look not at the hordes but the single finds then a very different picture emerges and the situation is even more complicated. Taking the single finds globally across the German Barbaricum, the break in the outflow of Denari at the end of the second century while still apparent is by no means as marked as it is for the hordes. There is the same reduction from Marcus Aurelius to that, to Commodus. However, there is no reduction from the reign of Commodus to that of Septimius Severus. The reduction in the fineness of the Denari seems to have had no effect on the single finds. If we then look at the single finds not at a global but at a regional level, then differences become apparent. For example, in Lower Saxony, that is, northwest Germany, there is a dramatic drop in the number of Denari from the reign up to into the reign of Commodus and thereafter. However, sorry. An interest in the then a significant rise in AD 222. In Turingon, on the other hand, the drop comes later and the end of the reign at the end of the reign of Commodus and is less extreme. So in Turingon, things carry on more smoothly. Quite clearly, there is no monocosal explanation for the drop in the number of Denari leaving the empire. Above all, it cannot be simply the result of the inhabitants of the northern barbaricum rejecting Denari with a lower silver content after the reduction in fineness under Septimius Severus. Nor can there have been a blanket reduction in the level of payments to all of the Gamani. The situation was more complex. Returning now to the role of Roman diplomacy in subsidies, and we heard about this this morning. Hans Ulrich Foss will be drawing attention tomorrow in a paper that following the Marcomannic Wars of the late second century, there was a significant realignment of Roman-Germanic alliances. And I would like to suggest that this realignment had significant effects on the direction in intensity of the flow of coinage and that Turingon played an important role in this realignment. Not only did Denari continue to flow into the area in large numbers, at this time we can also see the development of a significant centre of power there that is expressed in the rich burials of, for example, the Hass-Leven-Loyner group, as seen here in the burials from Dean Stett and Gomann. Evidence for how this realignment worked is probably to be seen in the recently discovered battlefield site at Hartzhorn. It was a great surprise when metal detectors started finding early third century Roman military equipment some 150 kilometres north of the limes. The small numbers of coins among the finds indicate that the battlefield in all likelihood is related to the campaigns of Maximino's threats. Clearly, the Roman army was operating much further from the limes than had previously been realised. Such an entertaining will only have been possible with the support of allied groupings along the supply routes and in the rear of the area in which the Roman army was operating. Turingon will have played an important role here and reflects the success of the Roman policy of concentrating the payment of subsidies in the form of coin in the area. So, summing up some of my main points briefly, coins were an important tool of Rome's external politics entering the Barbaricum primarily as payments to secure alliances. Here, Rome was the active agent. But once the coins left the empire, they were transformed and the Gomani used them very differently. Germanic agency led to them becoming an important part of the power structures of indigenous society. As for Tacitus and his colonial view, to some extent he was right, the Gomani did prefer silver and Rome exported mainly silver coin. This silver did have an economic function, but it was in a very different way to the function of silver within the empire. We can also observe a difference in the way different metals were used and gold could be adapted to other non-economic functions. Thank you very much.


village. And I, and I am eight years old, and I have a question. Why is algae bad for the environment? Hi Kanaya, and thank you for your excellent question. I'm Colonel Andrew Kelly. I'm the district commander for the Jacksonville district U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. And first, I just want to tell you not all algae is bad.  They come in all shapes and sizes and colors. You've got blue and green and brown. There's over 27,000 different kinds of algae and some grow on turtles and even on polar bears, although I've never seen them on a polar bear. But you're right, sometimes algae is bad, especially when it covers a water body. When it does that, it covers the whole top and blocks the sunlight from other plants and animals and denies them food because it's so hungry and grows so fast. And some algae get smelly and release stuff into the air that make us sick and cough, and that's not good for people either. But the good news is there are engineers and scientists all over the world, including the Corps of Engineers, that are working really hard to help fix some of that bad algae. So thanks again Kanaya for your thoughtful question. Keep studying hard and asking those tough questions because you and your friends someday will be helping us find the tough answers to those really hard questions for a healthier and more sustainable future.


August is hot and so are the savings at Appalachian Wireless, where all smartphones are 50% off. Even the 64, 128, and 256-gauge models, two-year agreement required. Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless and East Kentucky Network Company. Classes at the University of Pikeville began Monday, and faculty and staff are trying to help freshmen get accustomed to their new lifestyles. This week is Welcome Week at U-Pike, and the college is hosting numerous events. Tuesday, the Dean of Students invited students to a street fair where different campus organizations and community members attended to greet incoming and returning students. We're here today to really connect our incoming students and our returning students with the campus community of both on campus and the local community. To ensure that we create partnerships for those students, ensure the tension, and honestly just give a good time for our students. The whole goal is really to just get them comfortable with the campus community and really ensure that they have relations between the first-year students and upper class members. The street fair not only introduced students to campus life, but to things in the community as well. This setup really do engage our students not only on campus, but with the surrounding communities. There's some partnerships everywhere from McDonald's to Appalachian Community Care through local vendors downtown and providers to really have them understand what we have here and in the local community. So when they're on campus, they feel that they really understand what Pikeville is.  It's been kind of different for this change because I came by myself, so I've met a lot of friends, I've met awesome people, I really love it here. And everyone's just been so nice, like there's nothing greater to talk about. For a list of Welcome Week events, log on to upike.edu. In Pikeville, she'll be still EKB News.


Greetings fellow learners! This is going to be the second video in how to build neural networks from scratch and understand its core. But before we get into the topic of backpropagation, I have a thought-provoking question for you. How would you go about learning something new? This could be a life experience or a specific task at work or anything in between. Please comment your answer down below and let's just have a discussion. Now, this video is going to be divided into three passes. We'll start with an overview of backpropagation and as the passes go on, we'll start adding more color and detail. So with that, let's get to it. This here is a feedforward neural network. Now each circle is a neuron that has some inputs and outputs. Each edge connects neurons and has some weight given by a scalar value. Data flows from the left, that is the input layer, to the right, which is the output layer. And this can be used to perform different tasks. For example, it could be used to determine a price of a house given information about it. Or given an image, it could determine if the image is either a dog or not a dog. To do these tasks, a neural network needs to be trained on a lot of data. So if we want to train a network to understand if an image is a dog or not a dog, we would need a lot of images where each image is labeled either dog or not dog. The network sees some tens, hundreds, thousands of these images and labels and then it eventually learns to recognize patterns. This is the training phase. Back propagation is a part of this training phase and we'll take a look at it in more detail in the next pass. And once it looks at all this data, eventually the network can make predictions of its own. Now this part is the inference phase. Squeeze time. Have you been paying attention? Let's quiz you to find out. In a neural network, what is the primary purpose of back propagation? A. Making predictions on new data. B. Learning from labeled data during training. C. Assessing the model's performance. Or D. Applying the trained model to make decisions. Comment your answer down below and let's have a discussion. At this point, if you think I deserve it, please do consider giving this video a like. That'll help me out a lot so thank you so much. That'll do it for quiz one and pass one of this explanation but keep paying attention because I will be back to quiz you. Let's go through the training phase again but add some more details. So during the training phase, the network is fed pairs of an image and whether that image is a dog or not a dog. Now in looking at each pair or batches of pairs, the neural network learns. And by learning, we mean that the neural network actually updates its edge weights. But how is this exactly done? Well, it's done using three main concepts. That's back propagation, optimizers, and a loss function. So let's illustrate how they interact with each other by going through the training phase for one iteration. So the neural network parameters are initialized randomly, so it's effectively dumb. We pass the image to the network. The network generates a number that indicates the probability of it being a dog. This prediction along with the actual ground truth label is passed to a loss function to generate some scalar loss value. The loss quantifies the error of the network. And for this classification problem, we can use something like a cross entropy loss. We want to adjust the weights of the network to minimize the loss. And because of this minimization, we perform some calculus and hence we back propagate this loss in the network to compute the gradients of the loss with respect to parameters of the network. This is known as the back propagation of errors or simply back propagation because the gradients are computed from the last layer to the layer before until the first layer in the backward direction. These gradients are then used by an optimizer to determine exactly how a neural network should be updated. And they could be any of these functions, for example. Once the new network parameters are calculated, the network parameters are then updated. And so the neural network is potentially a tiny bit better at recognizing dogs from an image. And this process is repeated until the network gets better, the loss converges and we are all satisfied. Quiz time! It's that time of video again. Have you been paying attention? Let's quiz you to find out. How does back propagation assist in the training process? A. It performs the update of parameters. B. It determines how erroneous the predictions of the neural network is. C. It calculates the gradients of the loss with respect to the parameters. Or D. None of the above. Comment your answer down below and let's have a discussion. That'll do it for quiz time for now and for past two, but keep paying attention because I will be back. So back propagation is done to compute the gradients of the loss with respect to all the parameters. But let's dive into why we need to do this. So during the training phase the prediction of the network along with the ground truth is passed into the loss function to generate some loss. So the loss depends on the prediction which in turn depends on the network weight parameters. We can plot a relationship on a graph with the x-axis representing the parameters of the neural network and the y-axis representing the loss. But we don't know what this function really looks like. It could look like this or this or this or anything else. Whatever it is we want to adjust the neural network parameters such that the loss is the lowest. But for now let's just say that we have a U-shaped curve here for the loss as a function of neural network parameters. Let's say that when we initialize the network parameters randomly we are somewhere over here. And the goal is to adjust the parameters of the network to get to the bottom of the U where the loss is the lowest. And so we want to change the parameters of the network little by little along the direction of this loss curve until we get to that lowest point. So in general we want to make sure that the loss stays on this curve. To do so we compute the gradient of the loss with respect to the parameters. That's why you know in all of these optimization algorithms you'll see a formula that looks like this. New parameter values are the old parameter values minus a learning rate times the gradient. Now this negative gradient that is negative like delta loss by delta parameters represents the direction we want to jump on the curve. And the negative sign indicates here specifically that we want to descend that curve. The learning rate defines the magnitude that we want to jump. And hence this is the fundamental update rule that you would see in gradient descent which is a fundamental optimization algorithm. If you want to implement this in PyTorch code it's actually just a single line, loss.backward. This will compute the gradients and then if we want to actually learn and update the parameters it's simply optimizer.step. If you want a more detailed code of how this works you can check out my video on building your first neural network right over here. I'll link it down in the description as well. Quiz time! This is going to be an interesting one. Have you been paying attention? Let's quiz you to find out. In the gradient descent update rule what is the significance of the negative gradient of loss with respect to the parameters? A. It provides the direction to update the parameters. B. It provides the magnitude to update the parameters. C. It provides the direction to update the loss. Or D. It provides the magnitude to update the loss. Comment your answer down below and let's have a discussion. And at this point again if you think I do deserve it please consider giving this video a like because that will help me out a lot. That will do for quiz time for this video and also pass three and before we go let's start with a summary. Neural networks have a training phase to learn a specific task. The training phase is three concepts that is a loss function, optimizers and back propagation. The loss function is used to compute the error or the loss of a neural network prediction. This loss is back propagated through the network to compute the gradients with respect to the parameters. And these gradients are then used by the optimizer algorithm to update the parameters of the neural network. And hence the neural network learns. That's all we have for today but if you're interested in building your first neural network with PyTorch and explaining different components I'd recommend you check out this video right over here. Thank you all so much for watching and if you think I deserve it please do give this video a like, subscribe and I will see you in the next one. Bye bye.


It's sometimes difficult to understand what the attraction of Christianity is when so many of its basic theological teachings are both counter-intuitive and contradict the plain and simple meaning of the biblical text. One of the compelling factors however is what is sometimes called the bandwagon approach. People see a religion that has over two billion adherents and assume that that many people really can't be wrong. It's important to point out though that that number is not so simple because today there are over 30,000 Christian denominations, many of whom insist that all the other Christians are not true Christians. Also it's important to remember that our Bible teaches in the book of Deuteronomy chapter 7 verse 7 that God did not choose the Jewish people because we are the largest group and the largest nation in the world. God says he chose us as his special people despite the fact that we are the smallest people in the world and so therefore if there's a religion that is the largest religion in the world by far that may not be a very good sign. When you see two billion people walking in one direction it's important not to be overly focused on the fact that there are two billion people in that line. What's more important to determine is whether the first person was heading in the right direction because if the first person was not going in the right direction and two billion people followed that's not a group of people worth following. Years ago I spoke with a Christian minister who said that the Jewish people have a tremendous amount of gumption for thinking that they're right and the entire Christian world is wrong about questions such as whether Jesus was the Messiah and other such questions and I said to him well let me ask you a question. Let's do a thought experiment. Let's go back in time 2000 years to the day before Christianity began and look at the world back then. You had Jews but everyone else was a pagan and as we know pagans worshiped idols and rocks and trees and animals and the stars and I asked the Christian minister well who was right back then were the Jews right or was the rest of the world right and this Christian minister insists no the Jews were right and the rest of the world was entirely wrong so I said you hear what you're saying you yourself are saying that it's quite possible for the Jews to be right and the rest of the world to be wrong. Why do you think anything really has changed since back then? Finally we have a famous story where a priest came to Rabbi Jonathan Eibishitz and said Rabbi you Jewish people are not really following your own religion very well because Rabbi as you know the Jewish Bible says you should follow the majority and Rabbi we're the majority you Jews are a very small small group in the world today and therefore if you were to follow your own teachings your own Bible you would all convert to our faith and the Rabbi said let me explain something to you when the Bible gives us that advice that were to follow the majority that's not in all cases it's only in a case where you have a doubt if you don't know what to do then you look to the majority but he said that in our situation here we have absolutely no doubts whatsoever about the basic differences between Judaism and Christianity and therefore we are not about to begin following the majority in this situation.