Hello and welcome back. In this lecture we are going to look at the use of functions in programs. Here is a quick recap of some relevant topics that we have already studied. We have looked at various constructs that allow us to write some useful programs. Specifically we have looked at assignment statements, input output statements, expressions, sequential and conditional statements and also looping constructs. However, so far all of these constructs were encapsulated within the same main function. In this lecture we are going to break away from the monopoly of main. We will have other subunits of a program that can also do computation and we will see that it indeed reduces the burden of programming everything that we wanted to compute inside one single main function. Specifically we are going to look at functions other than main. We are going to look at how these are used in programs and in this lecture will keep our discussion simple. We will simply look at a contract centric view of programming with functions. Now, to get going let us pick up a simple example through which we can illustrate the use of functions. So, in this example we want to store the quiz 1 and quiz 2 marks of all CS11 students in an encoded form. Why might we want to store it in an encoded form? So, that others cannot figure out the actual marks even if they get access to the encoded form. So, what should be the encoding strategy? Let us say that we are going to choose a simple encoding strategy. So, an ordered pair of marks m comma n, m is the marks in quiz 1 of a student, n is the marks in quiz 2 of the same student. We are going to encode this ordered pair as the single integer 2 raise to m times 3 raise to n. And let us assume that all marks are integers in the range 1 through 10. Now, for those who know about how any natural number can be factorized uniquely as the product of powers of primes will realize that since 2 and 3 are prime numbers. If I give you this number 2 raise to m times 3 raise to n as 1 integer, it is not difficult to extract out m and n from the single number. And therefore, this is indeed an encoding that can be decoded without any loss of information. Nevertheless, this is the encoding strategy specified and we have got to write a C++ program that does this. So, let us look at how a C++ program for this problem might look like. Here is the main function, within it we have several integer variables declared. Then we ask for the number of students, read in the number of students in this variable num students and then we iterate in a for loop for every student. So, we iterate num students number of times and for each student we ask for the quiz 1 and quiz 2 marks, read those in and then we compute the cipher, the encoded form from quiz 1 marks and quiz 2 marks and within store the count and the cipher in an appropriate file. Now, since we have not studied how to do file operations, I am not going to elaborate on this comment further now, we will however elaborate on this comment. Now, how do we compute the encoded from quiz 1 marks and quiz 2 marks? We have seen that this has to be 2 raised to quiz 1 marks times 3 raised to quiz 2 marks. How do I compute 2 raised to quiz 1? Here is a simple for loop which will help us do that. Notice that in this for loop I have the simple counter i which starts from 0, the loop condition is i less than quiz 1 marks and the loop counter is incremented every time I go through the loop. So, this loop is going to be iterated exactly q 1 marks number of times and in each iteration I am going to multiply 2 raised to q 1 by 2, where 2 raised to q 1 is originally initialized to 1. So, in fact, the entire job within this loop is done within this part of the loop, the 3 different parts of the for loop, the actual body of the for loop is completely empty. By a similar logic, this loop calculates 3 raised to q 2 and then we multiply them together to get the cipher. So, we could put that code in our C++ program fragment, but now you know we have code here for reading quiz 1 marks, quiz 2 marks, outputting some statement. We have code here which is computing 2 raised to q 1, 3 raised to q 2, multiplying them up to compute the cipher. So, we have basically mixed up longish code fragments with different purpose. Of course, in this case the code fragments are not very long, but in a more realistic scenario, each of these code fragments doing I O or doing some cipher calculation could be much longer. Now, when you mix code fragments with different purpose, it hurts the readability or understandability of the code. So, we would like to avoid this. Well, there is also another problem here. If you look at these two for loops, they are basically repeated code with very small changes and this is really, really bad. This is in fact a recipe for introducing errors in some copy of the code. So, we would not like to have this repeated. So, can we encapsulate this task that we have here for computing a cipher as another computational sub-task which would take quiz 1 marks and quiz 2 marks as input, compute the cipher and return it back to us. Well, it turns out that in C++ we can do this. We can do it in the following way. We could say my encode as a function which is fed q 1 marks and q 2 marks as inputs. It returns a value which I can then store in the variable called cipher. So, note here my encode is the name of the computational sub-task. I have just formed such computational sub-tasks are also called functions and if you recall our earlier lecture on naming conventions, the same naming conventions as for variables apply also to names of functions. When we call such a function to do a computational sub-task, we say that we have invoked or called the appropriate function in this case my encode. Q1 marks, Q2 marks are inputs to this function just like we provide inputs to the main function to compute some result and every function evaluates to a value and has a type. We had already seen this earlier in our lecture on naming conventions and type declarations. In this case, my encode evaluates to a value of type int which can then be assigned to this variable called cipher. Well, so I could now use this statement in my program where I am invoking my encode, but I need to specify somewhere in my program file that my encode is a function that it takes integer inputs and that it computes integer values. Why is it necessary to specify this explicitly? Because this is going to be used by the compiler to enforce that my encode is always used in the correct way. We do not want to provide a string as an input to my encode and it is also used by the compiler to allocate space for the return value of my encode and also space on what is called the activation frame which we will see in a later lecture. So, why does all of the specification of my encode come in? It comes in just like we declare variables. We have to declare that my encode is a function whose return value is of type int. It takes two arguments. We will call them q1 marks and q2 marks and both of them are of type int. Well, having done that, we must still specify what the instructions my encode should execute in order to compute cipher from its two ordered inputs. So, we need another piece of code where I must specify how cipher is going to be computed from its two ordered inputs and we know what this code looks like. We have already seen this earlier. The interesting point is that in this code I am using variables like i 2 raise to q1, q1 marks and so on. Now, are these variables the same variables as they were in the main function? The answer is no unless we explicitly require two different functions to share variables in general each function will have its own copy of variables. So, in this case we can declare these variables once again inside the function my encode and these will be local variables of my encode. They will never be mixed up with the variables declared in main unless we explicitly ask for sharing between sharing of variables between functions. In fact, we passed values to my encode through these two variables q1 marks and q2 marks of type int these are also called formal parameters of the function and these will also be viewed as local variables of my encode. So, as you can see there is really no confusion between the variables used inside a function and the variables used inside main and in fact this will be true for any two different functions. Well, so my encode compute cipher but then we wanted this value to be passed or returned back to main. How do we do that? We do that by the special statement called return cipher. So, now you see that this return statement is really needed to say that go back to the calling function and give it the value cipher that I have computed over here. Well, of course, the value of this the type of the return value must match the declared types of what this function evaluate to in this case it is an integer. Now that we have seen a simple usage of functions, let us try to understand how we might also want to view functions when we are calling them from a function like main. So, in fact, when I call the function my encode from main I really need not worry about how inside my encode the cipher will actually be calculated. I can think of the internals of my encode as a complete black box. In fact, what I need to know when I am calling my encode is what are the preconditions, what does my encode expect its input arguments to satisfy. So, here the preconditions might be like this that both the input arguments lie between 1 and 10 and what are the post conditions, what are the relations between the returned value and the input arguments that my encode is going to guarantee if I satisfied the precondition. So, in this case the post condition could be returned value is 2 raise to q1 marks times 3 raise to q2 marks and no other side effects. We will see in a later lecture what side effects of functions mean. So, once I know the precondition and the post condition of my encode I really need not care how my encode actually computes the cipher. When I am calling my encode inside main all I need to ensure is that the precondition of my encode is satisfied before I invoke my encode because that is what my encode assumes about its inputs and once I have satisfied the precondition my encode is going to guarantee the post condition. So, after this function is invoked and this assignment happens I am guaranteed that the post condition of my encode is satisfied. Now, we have seen the use of a function within main could we have one function within another function well let us look at the function my encode that we just wrote. In this function we have precondition post condition and the code that we have already seen earlier. However, once again we have these two statements for loops which are almost repeated and so the question here is can we avoid this repetition and in fact an interesting question to ask is can we use another function within the function my encode and perhaps this function could just compute the power of a base raise to an exponent. Well if I did that then my implementation of my encode would look something like this I would say 2 raise to q 1 is 2 raise to q 1 marks 3 raise to q 2 is 3 raise to q 2 marks the exponentiation here is happening through this power function and then of course I need to write what this power function looks like. So, this power function must take a base and an exponent it is going to assume as a precondition that the base is greater than 0 the exponent is greater than equal to 0 and it is going to use that simple loop that we have already seen earlier compute the result and return the result. So, the post condition that it guarantees is that the result is base raise to exponent and once again there are no side effects. So, here is how the overall program structure might look like I have declared two functions that I want to use I have declared what kind of arguments it takes what kind of values it returns here is my main function which calls the function my encode provides two arguments to it the function my encode has its own preconditions post conditions and it in turn invokes the function power and provides arguments to it the function power has its own preconditions post conditions and it raises the base to the exponent and returns that value. So, in summary we saw simple use of functions in programming and we have seen that by using functions we can do modular programming we can do separation of concerns we can solve a small sub problem in a function and then use that solution in a larger sub task and we have also seen the contract view of functions where we specify preconditions post conditions and that is all that we need to know when we invoke a function. Thank you.


Hello! My name is Jesse Egan. I am originally from Maryland, but I now reside in Boulder, Colorado, within the United States, where I am currently a graduate student at the University of Colorado Boulder. I will be an E4C fellow in 2021 with the pleasure of working towards advancing sustainable development goals, six clean water and sanitation, and seven affordable and clean energy. I am most excited about this fellowship because I think it is an incredible opportunity to connect with brilliant minds from all over the world. I am especially excited to learn from and share knowledge with my fellow fellows, as well as with the E4C staff and research partners. As an E4C fellow, I will be working with the US Environmental Protection Agency to identify sanitation solutions, specifically anaerobic digesters for cold weather and off-grid communities. I believe we are all part of a global community and therefore we each have a duty to uphold the well-being and dignity of one another and our planet. Through this fellowship, I hope to become a better engineer and I hope to learn. I hope to learn from others and I hope to contribute to improving access to wash solutions by accomplishing any and all tasks assigned to me throughout this fellowship.


disability to make sure that our adversaries are deterred and if they cross that line that we can respond effectively. We conduct Titan Fury to prepare the entire wing so that we're ready to face a near-peer adversary. Each airman works hard every day to prepare for this mission set and Titan Fury is the culminating event that tests them and shows that we are capable to perform this mission. So the first phase of the exercise is to create the posture that the aircraft are ready for the mission and the aircrew are on standby as well as the maintainers. Next we need to sustain that posture and be able to respond. That's the exciting part. That's where the aircrew are rushing to the aircraft. It is a difficult exercise. There's some elements that we don't control like the weather, cold, ice, snow, but we the Inspector General office apply some rigor as well to test the wing. We normally see through multiple repetitions a measurable improvement in our ability to execute the mission. Team Fairchild has a really long history of performing this mission and carrying this ability to make sure that our adversaries are deterred and if they cross that line that we can respond effectively.


We are all the way from Europe, so welcome to SINEPA. Thank you. Thank you, everyone, for joining my session. And good morning. Am I audible? It looks like there was a lot of fun in the social event last night. So let me take you through this session on how to scale MongoDB. My name is Igor, and I'm working as a principal consultant at PTM in the open source database practice. PTM has more than 25 years of experience in managed database services, 450-plus experts across the globe. We are a premium partner with most of the cloud providers. Recently, we started supporting SAP, Snowflake. And we have customers across the globe. So in this session today, we will start with MongoDB high availability and how MongoDB achieves high availability, discuss a little bit about replica sets, its components, and deployment apologies. Then we'll move into scaling, horizontal and vertical scaling, what is a Shattered Cluster in MongoDB and its components. And at the end, we'll see what are the sharding strategies with MongoDB. So let's start with high availability. High availability usually refers to systems that are durable and are likely to operate without a failure for a long time. If we take a look at the systems on this diagram, like system A, B, and C, there is application connecting to the system A, which system A refers to as a database. If this database fails, then the entire system fails. Then it means system A doesn't have any fault tolerance. As soon as this database fails, then the entire system is done. System B looks like it has a fault tolerance of one, but that might not always be the case. With systems that have a standby secondary that it will take over when the primary fails, in most cases it's necessary that someone else decides whether this other is convenient to take the traffic, or maybe there is a network partition between these two. So it's not always easy when there are just two nodes in the system to decide which one will be the new primary. While in system C, system C has fault tolerance of two nodes because at any given of time, if two nodes out of five go down, the rest have majority. So there is always the majority of the nodes to elect and decide what would be the new primary. So with MongoDB, MongoDB achieves have availability by replication, and there's just a group of processes that maintain the same data set. There is a concept of primary, and that's where all the rights go from the application connecting to a driver. And there are secondary nodes which provide redundancy for high availability, as well as the secondary nodes can be used for scaling grids. The driver has options for sending grids with read preference to a primary or to a secondary. And our other read preference is like primary preferred, secondary preferred, or nearest. The failover in MongoDB replica set is automatic, which means the primary goes down, then the rest of the nodes will form election, and it will decide what would be the new primary. But for that, there has to be odd number of voting members. Some of the configuration options for MongoDB replica set, the limit of nodes in a single replica set is 50, and seven out of those can be voting members. There is also a node type arbiter which just participates in elections, and it doesn't hold any data. Priority zero node means that it's a secondary node. It doesn't participate in election, and it will never be elected as a primary. But it has votes. Hidden node is also a priority zero node, but with a difference that the hidden node is not visible to the application from a driver perspective. And there is also a delayed node. The delayed node is also a secondary node with a replication delay. So it's usually used for disaster recovery purposes, taking backups, and things like that. Another feature in MongoDB replica sets is configuring the secondary nodes with tags. And this is good for scaling grids. So if we have our primary node, let's say, in Singapore, there are seven voting replica sets. There are seven voting members in this replica set, and the rest are non-voting members. If we configure the replication members into tags, we can do local reads. Our application, if it's North America based with tag options, we can direct the reading just for the nodes that have the tag North America. And we can do the same with Europe, or Australia, or Japan, or whatever we configure with the tags. So this way, we can scale our reads, adding more members, as well as use data locality. That will work just for reading data. Any write that this application from North America will do will have to go to the primary node. So let's move into scaling. And in general, every process, including databases, when the working set outgrows the memory, it's usually time for scaling. With the database, that will be usually we want to fit the indexes in memory and plus the working set. So as the databases grow over time, at one point of time, the working set will outgrow. So we will have to start thinking about adding more memory or even more CPU power to the instance that the database is hosted. And the first thing that we can do with any scaling, including applications or databases, is that we need to grow the instance. So when we think about vertical scaling, the first machine worked for a while. It served its purposes. Then we need to grow vertically. So we need to increase the machine. We need to make it bigger. In terms of computing power and systems, this is an example from GCP. If we start with a small instance and we have, let's say, 8 gigabytes of memory, that will serve for a while. As soon as our database outgrows and the working set no longer fits, we need to increase the instance size. And we can do that up to a certain limit. Vertical scaling cannot go above some physical limitations that, for example, in GCP, we cannot go above this M2 megaman 416 instance. Even if we do, probably this will cost us a lot more than, for example, if we go with horizontal scaling. So horizontal scaling is, instead of building the machines up and increasing the memory and CPU, we want to partition the data. We want to parallelize the workload. And so that more instances in parallel will do the same job and return the results. And in the computer world, that will be adding more instances in parallel. But adding instances in parallel means more operations work. So it adds a little bit of complexity. We need to know when we query, is our data on ABC, how do we return the data, whether we really need to query all of these machines, or whether we need to send a query just to a single machine. And horizontal scaling, at the beginning, if we just initially start with horizontal scaling, it is more expensive compared to vertical scaling. But after some time, if we decide that we need to scale, horizontal scaling costs grows linearly compared to vertical scaling, which almost grows exponentially. So there is a time where we just need to decide whether we want to keep growing horizontally or vertically or just go with horizontal. So all these complexities about scaling with MongoDB are solved with the MongoDB Sharding. And MongoDB Sharding is just a cluster environment where we split the data across multiple instances. We shard. It's not just adding a pool of resources, but the data is actually partitioned across multiple shards. And the components in MongoDB Shards are shards. This is where actually the data lives and it's partitioned. Then there is the metadata on the config servers. And this is where the information about each document in the MongoDB database, where it exists, it has config metadata. And there is a MongoDB router, or the MongoS, that is basically the interface between the application and the cluster. And the router is just getting all the metadata from the config servers and it throws the queries. So the shards are just the subset of the entire data from the cluster. Each document in the cluster exists only once, and it exists on a single shard. There is a primary shard for each database in the system. And the primary shard is defined when the database is created initially through the MongoS. MongoDB's router will decide what would be the primary shard for this database. So if we have a database that has a collection which doesn't have sharding enabled, that collection will only exist on the shard where the primary database is. And it doesn't get distributed across the shards automatically. We need to enable sharding for that collection, decide what would be the shard key, and then it gets distributed across the shards. So in this case, collection one has sharding enabled. It will be more or less immediately distributed across the shard. For collection number two, there is no sharding enabled. It will only exist on shard A where the primary database for this collection is. And that's kind of important because if we have many collections that are not sharded, then we are potentially making a single shard a bottleneck because that's where most of the queries for these collections will go. And the config servers are just the part, the metadata of the cluster where when we decide to shard, that is where all information is stored, what documents, where they exist, and how the MongoS will route the queries to the shards to get the result. Starting with MongoDB version 3.4, which is already out of life a long time ago, the balancer is running on the primary node of the config servers. And this also runs as a replica set for availability. And also on the config servers, there is the admin database that stores all the information about the users and the authentication and privileges on the system. The balancer, we'll talk about that later, but it's a process that we define what's the balancer window in the cluster, so we can enable balancing during the night. And during the day, the balancer will stop and not migrate any data, so it's flexible. And the last piece of the shard cluster is MongoS, which is just a router, and it doesn't have any persistent state. It has all the metadata in memory, and it just routes the queries to the shard where it gets the metadata from the config server, refreshes the state, and when a query is sent, it makes a decision where to send the query to which shard. Since version 4.4, MongoS supports hatched reads, which means that if we are reading data from a secondary node, it will distribute the query to the secondary nodes in a cluster in the shard. And the fastest that returns the response, then that will be returned to the customer via the driver. So there are two options for sharding with MongoDB. The first one is range-based sharding. And with range-based sharding, it's just dividing the data into continuous ranges. With this type of sharding, it's more likely that the documents that have close values will live in a close chunk, and potentially will live in the same shard. So when we send a range query to the cluster, it's more likely that this range query will end up on the single shard, and with that, we have a query isolation. So we are eliminating potentially the scalar better query, which means a broadcast query will have to go from shard1 to shardn, scan all the documents, and then return the result. Range-based sharding, if the shard key is properly defined, should eliminate that, and we should have better query isolation with this type of sharding. Instead, if we go with hash-based sharding, every document on the key that we decide to shard, the cluster will decide it has a hash function. The application doesn't need to compute that. The cluster will have a hash function, and it will create a hash of the shard key. And with this, the data will be randomly distributed. So by doing this, we can have a better data distribution across the cluster, across the shards, but with the expense of not good query isolation when we are scanning a range of shard keys. And the data in the cluster is separated in a logical units called chunks. So that's just a continuous range of documents. Starking MongoDB version 6, the default chunk size is 128 megabytes. Previously, it was 64, and it's customizable. We can configure it between 1 megabyte and 1 gigabyte. If we lower the chunk size to something that's close to 1 megabyte, then we'll have a lot of chunks. The data will be more evenly distributed. With the expense of having many chunk migrations across the shards, if we go with an upper chunk size, then there will be less chunk migrations in the cluster, but the data might not be that evenly distributed. And also starting with MongoDB version 6, which is the latest, we have this balancing of data instead of chunks. So previously, the balancer was just making sure each shard has the same number of chunks. Starting with version 6, the balancer is just making sure each shard has the same amount of data. And some tips on choosing Shark key. We're running out of time, but a good Shark key should have very high cardinality, low frequency, and it shouldn't be a monotonic changing Shark key. Again, the same as replica sets. We have configuration options zones. So we can localize data. Let's say if we want to localize data on North America, we can tag the shards as North America. And the Shark key, if it has the North America tag, will have documents only leave in those shards. And this is good. For example, with the GDPR rules, we usually have applications that need to leave their data in Europe. And so we can localize the data and leave only in Europe. And some summary for best practices deploying and scaling applications on MongoDB. Scaling should be a resort when we no longer have vertical scaling options. But if we can run the system as a replica set, it's better that we keep replica sets instead of clusters and then move to Charlotte clusters when we really need to scale. And that's all. Thank you. Thank you very much, Agung. Do we have questions for Agung? Thank you for the talk. I have a question that when you do sharp think, you always introduce some problems like data consistency between shards, something like this. I have heard that Mongo added support for distributed transactions. What is the current state of this work in Mongo? Yes, so there are distributed transactions with MongoDB. So a transaction is basically when we commit, it's either committed, or if we want to roll back, then it's rolled back. But that's not the bigger problem when we want to save data on a distributed system. There are other problems with MongoDB on a replica set based. I don't know if we have enough time, we can discuss. But if document is inserted on a primary node and that primary fails, then it doesn't guarantee that it will be replicated on the secondaries. And a secondary maybe elected as a primary that doesn't have replicated the document. So we need to make sure that the right concern is set properly. And MongoDB has right concerns which can be one, two, or n, the number of the nodes, or majority, which means it gets replicated to the majority of the nodes. And that's what can guarantee our rights are happening across the replica set. And that includes the cluster. Do we have any other question for Rager? From the sharding and distribution standpoint, is there any built-in tool or some tooling to show the distribution? But how do you know if it's equally distributed or not? Yes, there is commands that can be run on a MongoS, which is SH status, for example, which shows the status on the cluster. And there is on a collection level, SH.collection.get sharding distribution, for example. So it prints out a summary, per shard, how many documents, the average document size, and with percentage of data localization. Do you have to run a statistics? No, it's already updated in the metadata. OK, it's automatically updated. Thanks. Thank you for your speech. Is there any recommendations for hash-based sharding instead of range-based sharding, or perhaps some use cases? Yes, hash-based sharding is, in general, better for more even data distribution. And when we have more write-intensive workloads, while range-based sharding is, even in the latest version of MongoDB, range-based sharding has sorted out the issue with not even data distribution. But with range-based sharding, the benefits are that we have local per-shard reads. And we eliminate the broadcast operations. A broadcast operation on the cluster means we are sending the query to all the shards. And at that latency, the query response is slower. Instead of just directing the query to a single shard, I'm getting the result back. That's all the time we have for questions. Thank you very much, Hacker.


How can an instructor effectively use games with adult EFL students? When I first made the transition from primary school to university, I knew that my lesson plans were clearly going to have to change. As I began to come up with ideas for my new job, I was disappointed that most of the content I previously used had no place in the university. Games, such as Hangman and Pictionary, worked excellently in capturing the interests of my young students, but I didn't think these childish games had any place in a university classroom. I found out weeks later how wrong I was when I used Pictionary at the beginning of one of my courses to preview the vocabulary we would be covering in class that day. I discovered that day that games can support a lesson if the educator effectively incorporates it into his, her lesson plan. What is a game? Before moving on I think it is important to clearly define what a game is. Looking on Mariam Webster, the first definition that comes up is activity engaged in for diversion or amusement. We could say role-playing is an amusing part of the lesson, though I wouldn't categorize this as a game and would instead label it as a speaking activity. To make my position more clear, a game is not just fun or diverting from the normal course of a lesson, but it also must have students attempting to solve a problem. In a role-play, there is a clear objective and some students will do a better job than others, but they are not trying to reach a definitive solution. In a game like Pictionary, there is a clear answer that is getting drawn on the board. Also, games often carry a competitive element with them, a game like Pictionary rewards correct answers with points. When an educator chooses a game or really any part of a lesson plan, nothing should be an afterthought and each stage of the plan needs unity and flow. How to Choose an Appropriate Game? To effectively choose a game directed towards older learners, the educator needs to consider the content being taught and the stage of the lesson. Let's take for example a straight-arrow ESA approach that uses a small game at each stage of the lesson to teach the past tenses. The engaged stage would consist of a warmer, slow Pictionary. I found the description in Unit 3 was a better way to go about the game as opposed to how I typically do it. I now think calling on a student after each benstroke does a better job in getting the students to interact with the game. Though this does not necessarily link into the lesson's topic of verb tenses, the warmer still does a good job at capturing the student's interest and gives them ample time to warm up their minds before the lesson takes way. Learning Stages Using a Game? The first part of the study stage would begin with a game of Hangman that incorporates that day's vocabulary, that is past tense, past participle, irregular verb, etc. After this the instructor can write those words up on the board and elicit responses from the class, that is can anyone tell me an irregular verb? How do we know when to use an irregular verb? The final part of this stage involves a gap-fill exercise that students will first complete individually. Then, the students get into groups of four or five to go over their responses and give their reasoning for any discrepancies. Finally, the class goes over the correct answers while stating the reason why the answer is correct. Depending on the level of the students, the instructor can try to elicit the correct answers. This stage is concluded by going over a short power point that describes the form and usage as for each tense with accompanying examples. The active stage begins with one of the activities mentioned in the course contents. This is perfect in having students practice past simple and past continuous while they also make connections with their written work and expressing themselves. Students then share their stories in their groups. The final part of the lesson involves groups competing against one another in an adaptation of Jeopardy. There will be four categories for each of the past tenses, past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous. The rules are the same as the TV show Jeopardy. Questions range from 100 to 500 points and groups have an opportunity to steal if another group gets a question wrong. The questions can include form, that is what is the form for past perfect? Stop fill, multiple choice, giving an example of the tense, etc. Since the game is a bit competitive, this can be a great way to make the students stay focused and try their hardest. Perks of using games with adult students Incorporating games into a lesson plan for adult students is essentially the same as with younger learners, captivate their interest in an amusing way and tie in the content of the lesson. When I first began learning Mandarin Chinese, the most memorable part of my lessons was when we would play a game. This is similar to my experiences learning German in high school. I listened to the German metal band Ramstein and studied their lyrics. Even though I have remembering little from my German studies, I can still translate the lyrics to many of Ramstein's songs. When I cared about what I was learning, I was more receptive to what I was studying. As educators it is not only our duty to provide students with knowledge, but to find ways to make what we teach matter to them. Through the use of games, speaking activities, and application of technology, resources, learners become more invested in what is being taught and thus they are able to take away deeper meaning and understanding from their lessons.  Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


Good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindu Daily News Analysis brought to you by Shankarai's Academy for the date 27th of September 2022. The articles taken up for discussion are displayed here. You can have a look. With this, let's get into our discussion. Take a look at this article. It says that Cubans have approved a family law code that would allow same six couples to marry and adopt. It also redefines rights for children and grandparents. And this was approved through a referendum. This is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, let us understand about the different types of democracy. See, democracy is of two types. One is direct democracy and the other one is indirect democracy. Let us see how one is different from the other. See, direct democracy refers to the system in which citizens has the right to take part in the decision making processes. See, it requires direct participation from the citizens of the country in day to day decision making and administration of the government. So, the citizens of the country have a direct say in formulating the laws and affairs that influence them. It is also called as pure democracy or participatory democracy. Know that Switzerland is one of the countries where direct democracy is prevalent. Now, on the contrary, indirect democracy implies a democracy in which the citizens choose their representative. And this representative actively participates in the administration of the government and act on the citizens' behalf. Know that it is also called as representative democracy. And India is the common example of indirect democracy. See, in India, we elect the representatives through elections and these representatives will represent the people in the parliament. This is the basic information about the forms of democracies. Now, let us move on to see about the different devices of direct democracy. See, to exercise the supreme power of decision making in formulating laws for the countries, people use four different devices of direct democracy. They are one referendum, two initiative, three recall and finally plebiscite. Now, we will see a brief about each one of them. First of all, let us take referendum. It is a procedure whereby a proposed legislation is referred to the electorate for settlement by their direct votes. In simple words, it is an occasion where all people of a country can vote on a particular political question. The next one is initiative. It is a method by means of which the people can propose a bill for enactment. Any proposed law can be put on the ballot in an election. Sometimes, initiatives are first submitted to a legislature. If they are passed there, they become law without the need for a popular vote. If they fail, they may be submitted directly to a vote by the public, who may overwrite the action of the legislature. And the third one is recall. It is a method by means of which the voters can remove a representative or an officer before the expiry of his or her term. This is done when he fails to discharge his duties properly. It is based on the principle that office holders or agents of the popular will and therefore they should be constantly subjected to control by the electorate. And the final one is plebiscite. It is a method of obtaining the opinion of people on any issue of public importance. It is generally used to solve the territorial disputes. For example, after the partition of India and Pakistan in the year 1947, the Indian government made consistent efforts to persuade the Nawab of Junagadh to accede to India, but he did not agree. The Nawab wanted to join Pakistan. So, to resolve this issue, on 24th February 1948, a plebiscite was held in Junagadh. And in that plebiscite, 99% of the predominantly Hindu population of Junagadh voted to join India. And this is how Junagadh became part of India. These are all the four devices of direct democracy. Through this discussion, we came to know about the important difference between direct and indirect democracies. And also about the four devices of direct democracy. With this, let's move on to the next article discussion. See this article here. It says that Indian government is pushing companies like Samsung, GeoMe and Apple to make smartphones compatible with its homegrown navigation system. As per the article, this move is in line with PM Modi's drive for self-reliance. But the tech giants worry that this move will cause elevated costs and disruptions as it requires hardware changes in their products. This is the crux of the news article given here. So now we are going to see about NAVIC in Prillam's perspective. So what is NAVIC? First of all, it is expanded as Navigation with Indian Constellation. Know that NAVIC is the operational name of the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System, IRNSS. As the name suggests, NAVIC is an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by India. To put it simply, it is nothing but India's version of GPS. We all know about GPS, right? It is the navigation system of US. Now, with this basic information, let us see in detail about NAVIC. Firstly, let us see the area of coverage. See, it is designed to provide accurate position information services to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary. This is the primary service area of NAVIC. There is an extended area also. It generally lies between primary service area and area enclosed by the rectangle from latitude 30° south to 50° north and from longitudes between 30° east to 130° east. Secondly, let us see about the satellite system. The constellation currently consists of 8 satellites that have been in orbit since 2018 with an additional satellite on the ground as standby. Out of the 8 satellites, 3 of them are located in geostationary orbit and the remaining 5 satellites are placed in inclined geosynchronized orbit. I have given the satellites in this table, just give it a glance. Thirdly, let us see about the services provided. See, IRNSS provides two types of services. The first one is the standard positioning service. See, this service is for civilian use and can be used by all users. Now, coming to the second service. This service is called restricted service. This one is encrypted and can only be used by authorized users, that is for military purposes. Fourthly, let us see about the components of NAVIC. See, NAVIC consists of a space segment and a support ground segment. A space segment is nothing but the 8 satellites in geostationary orbit and geosynchronized orbit. The ground segment consists of many components which are listed here. These components in the ground segment are responsible for the maintenance and the operation of IRNSS constellation. Now, finally, let us see about the applications of NAVIC. See, the IRNSS operates in both dual frequencies, that is, the L-band frequency and the S-band frequency. So, it provides a position accuracy of better than 20 meters in the primary service area. Unlike GPS, which is solely dependent on the L-band, NAVIC's utilization of dual frequencies make it more accurate for positioning. And because of this advantage, NAVIC has many applications. Some of them include terrestrial, aerial and marine navigation, disaster management, vehicle tracking and fleet management, terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travelers, and finally, visual and voice navigation for drivers. This is all regarding NAVIC. In this discussion, we came to know about NAVIC, its components, its application, etc. With this, let's move on to the next news article discussion. Have a look at this text and context article. This article reports about the changes made to the scheme for the development of semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem in India. This is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, let us discuss what are semiconductors. Then, we will see about the reasons why Taiwan is solely dominating global semiconductor production. We will also see the changes made by the Indian government to the scheme for the development of semiconductors in India. And finally, we will cover about the specific challenges that are faced by the semiconductor industry in India. The syllabus for this discussion is highlighted here for your reference. You can have a look. First, let us see about semiconductors. A semiconductor is a material that usually comprises of silicon. This material conducts electricity more than an insulator but less than a pure conductor. Just have a look at this graph. You can see that the semiconductor has intermediate range of electrical conductivity between a conductor which conducts current well and an insulator which is a poor conductor of electricity. These semiconductors are used in development of electronic chips, computing components and various computational devices. Now, coming to the question, what it is made of? Semiconducting materials range in price and availability from abundant silicon to expensive rare earth elements. Here, these rare earth elements are a set of 17 metallic elements. They include 15 lanthanides on the periodic table plus candium and yttrium. Note that these rare earth elements are generally very difficult to mine. This is because it is unusual to find them in concentrations high enough for economical extraction which generally makes it unviable for mining. Have a look at this chart. This chart shows a history of rare earth element production between 1950 and 2021. You could observe the top competitors in this segment or USA and China. Also know that the most used semiconductor materials are silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide. Of the three, germanium was one of the earliest semiconductor materials used. Note that the number of valence electrons in a semiconductor material determines its conductivity. For example, germanium has four valence electrons which are electrons located on the outer shell of the atom. But now, silicon has taken the place of germanium as the most used material in semiconductor industry. Also know that semiconductors are created by adding specific amounts of impurities to the original element. The conductance or inductance of the element depend on the type and intensity of the added impurities. See, inductance is an impedance or resistance while conductance is reciprocal of resistance. So, depending on the type of impurities added to the semiconductor it can be either used as a conductor or inductor. There are lot of conventional devices and components built by using semiconductors. They are computer memory components, integrated circuits, diodes and transistors. Now, coming to the challenges in the manufacture of semiconductors. First challenge is the complex semiconductor chip making process. It is a complex process because of the multiple steps in the supply chain such as designing software for the chips and patenting them through the intellectual property rights etc. The second major challenge is the cost of setting up semiconductor producing units. Generally, the requirement for initial investment for the setting up of semiconductor industries is very huge. So, the Indian government recently made some changes to the already existing scheme for the development of semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem in India. This is to overcome the above mentioned challenges that we have already discussed. First of all, let's know about this scheme. See, it is a $10 billion production linked subsidy scheme. This is to encourage semiconductor manufacturing in the country. Indian government also announced another physical support scheme for the development of this sector. This is known as Design Linked Initiative. This is to drive global and domestic investment related to design software IP rights etc. Objective of these two schemes is to position India as a global hub for electronic manufacturing with semiconductors as the foundational building block. Also note that to develop semiconductor manufacturing sector in India, semiconductor mission ISM was planned to be set up. If you want to know more about this Indian semiconductor mission, watch our Hindu news analysis dated 12th February 2022. Now, coming to the changes made to this scheme. See, previously the center was offering to fund 30% of the product cost for 45 nanometer to 65 nanometer chip production. Then 40% for 28 nanometer to 45 nanometer and 50% for chips 28 nanometer or below. Now, the scheme is modified to provide uniform 50% physical support for all nodes. Besides, it will provide 50% of capital expenditure for other steps of the process of production. Thus, the new scheme provides equal funding for all steps of the semiconductor manufacturing process. Now, coming to the specific problem faced by India and the manufacturing of semiconductors. See, semiconductor manufacturing requires gallons of ultra pure water in a single day. This prerequisite makes it difficult for semiconductor industries to function during peak summer months in India. This is one of the major India specific challenge with regarding to the semiconductor manufacturing. Another important question that arises while discussing about semiconductors is why are these changes in the semiconductor industry made suddenly? See, the chip making industry is a highly concentrated one. The big players are Taiwan, South Korea and US. In fact, according to a New York Times estimate 90% of the 5 nanometer chips are mass produced in Taiwan. This is by the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, TSMC. There exists a tech war between the US and China post the COVID in order to retain control over the chip supply chain. The US has pressurized TSMC and others not to make chips for China. This is done specifically to cripple the Chinese electronic industry. So, from this episode, we can conclude that the monopoly of semiconductor production by certain countries is dangerous for all other import dependent countries like India. So, India is trying to become self-reliant at least to some extent in semiconductor production. These initiatives are directed to achieve this particular objective. Let me explain how far this TSMC stands in the global market. Have a look at this pie chart. You can see that the TSMC focuses solely on manufacturing and has been the go-to producer for many cutting-edge semiconductors. And in terms of revenue also, this Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company only stands first. Now, the question is why is Taiwan dominating in semiconductor manufacturing? See, currently, TSMC and its South Korean rival Samsung are the only foundries capable of manufacturing the most advanced 5 nanometer chips. The know-how of manufacturing minute semiconductors are resting only with these two companies. Thus, we can conclude that the technology is required for 5 nanometer chips manufacturing is mostly with Taiwan. Hence, Taiwan is dominating in semiconductor manufacturing. Now, coming to the question, what is this 5 nanometer chips? See, reducing the size of a processor is done to improve the efficiency of processors. Typically, this means shrinking down the size of the transistors. This is to allow the companies to pack more of the transistors into a given small area of the chip. That is, when there is more transistors, a processor can do more calculation. Thus, a small nanometer size indicates that there has been a significant improvement in the manufacturing technology. Now, coming to the main advantage of this 5 nanometer chip is it provides about 20 times faster speed than 7 nanometer processors. And also, it results in 40% reduced power consumption. Also know that this PSMC is already gearing up for the next generation 4 nanometer chips. This will reportedly start production in 2022. With this, we have come to the end of this particular discussion. Through this discussion, we came to know about semiconductors and its geopolitical significance. And also about the latest initiatives of the Indian government to increase the production of semiconductor manufacturing in India. With these key learned points, now let us move on to the next article discussion. Take a look at this news article. This news article talks about the flow of pollutants into the lakes present near Bangalore. This creates havoc on the aquatic ecosystem such as killing of fishes present in the lakes. The reason for the death is cited as the reduction of dissolved oxygen levels in the lakes. This is due to the entry of chemical pollutants. This is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, let us discuss what is nitrification, then about dissolved oxygen levels. And also, we will discuss the difference between chemical oxygen demand versus biological oxygen demand. First of all, let's start with the term nitrification. See, nitrification is a microbial process that converts ammonia and similar nitrogen compounds into nitrite and then into nitrate. This is a chlorine water system that contains chloramines. Now what is this chloramines? Chloramines are disinfectants used to treat drinking water. They are formed when ammonia is mixed with chlorine that is added to treat dirty water. What happens is because of pollution and nitrification, water contamination is caused. And because of this, the dissolved oxygen level decreases. And when the dissolved oxygen level reduces below 4% the fishes die. What is this dissolved oxygen level means? See, dissolved oxygen is a measure of how much oxygen is dissolved in the water. And know that this is the amount of oxygen available to living aquatic organisms. Now, coming to the term biological oxygen demand. See, BOD is defined as the amount of molecular oxygen required for the biological oxidation of organic matter in water. In simple words, BOD is the amount of oxygen that the microscopic bacteria need to break down the biodegradable organic matter. Yes, the bacteria break the organic matter into products such as water and CO2. Thus, biological oxygen demand testing is very useful in managing pollution control of any water body. Also, it is helpful in assessing the self-purification capacity. So, we can say that if BOD is higher more oxygen is required and signifies lower water quality. BOD is low. It means less oxygen is being removed from water. So, water is generally purer. Thus, this BOD test provide a good estimate of the quality of water from the perspective of its oxygen content. Then, what is this COD means? Chemical oxygen demand or COD is a test that measures the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize the organic material and inorganic nutrients such as ammonia or nitrate present in the water. It is used to confirm wastewater discharge. Then, it is also used to quantify the biodegradable fraction of wastewater effluent ratio between BOD and COD. So, the major difference between the two is that BOD is just a measurement of the oxygen needed by the microorganisms to degrade or oxidize the organic matter in the water. Whereas, when you take COD it is the measurement of dissolved oxygen requirement for the chemical oxidation of both the organic and inorganic matters. And, same as BOD, higher the COD value, the more serious the pollution of organic matter by water. That is why both COD and BOD levels increase tremendously when chemicals and untreated industrial effluents enter the water. Also know that COD or BOD measurements are used as an indicator of the size of the wastewater treatment plant required for this specific location. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. Through this discussion, we came to know about the term dissolved oxygen and also about the main difference between biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. With this, let's move on to the next part of our discussion that is prelims practice question discussion. We have today two different questions. Coming to the first question. It is a two statement question and we have to find the correct statements. Let me read out the question first. Consider the following statements. BOD in water indicates the water is very pure. Statement two, BOD and COD are inversely related. Which of the above statements are correct? Coming to the first statement. The first statement here is incorrect because when the BOD level is higher in water it indicates that there is more oxygen demand by the microorganisms. It also means that there is more organic matter to be decomposed. Hence, higher BOD indicates that the water is very impure. So statement one is incorrect. Now coming to the second statement. This statement is also incorrect because BOD and COD are directly related. This means that when BOD and COD increases the water becomes impure. We can say like this that COD is always greater than BOD. So coming to the answer of the question the answer is option D. Neither one nor two. Now coming to the second question. Countries are provided and the navigation systems of these countries are also provided. The question asked for the correctly matched pairs. The answer for this question is option B. Only two pairs. Because pair one and pair three are interchangeably matched. Baidu is the navigation system of China while Glowsnoss is the navigation system of Russia. This image shows the navigation systems of different countries. Pause the video and have a look. Main's question is displayed here. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post it in the comment section. If you like this video please like, comment and do share it with your friends. 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Family Theatre presents Ricardo Montalban, Audrey Dalton, and Yuna Merkel. From Hollywood, the mutual network in cooperation with Family Theatre presents The Daughter-in-Law, starring Yuna Merkel and Audrey Dalton. Ricardo Montalban will be your host. Family Theatre's only purpose is to bring to everyone's attention a practice that must become an important part of our lives if we're to win peace for ourselves, peace for our families, and peace for the world. Family Theatre urges you to pray. Pray together as a family. And now to our transcribed drama, The Daughter-in-Law, starring Yuna Merkel as Amy and Audrey Dalton as Beth. For eight years now, Amy and Bill Wheeler have had a daughter-in-law they've never seen except in photographs and snapshots. She's an English girl, their son Ted married while stationed with the Air Force in England. After a brief marriage of a month, Ted's plane was reported missing and for months, even years, hopeful letters flew back and forth across the Atlantic between the Wheeler's and their daughter-in-law, Beth. But now, in the last few years, the letters have been almost as frequent but Ted's name is seldom mentioned. It's a bright sunny morning, Amy and Bill are at breakfast and Amy is opening the mail. Yeah, anything for me, honey? There's the plumber's bill and the card from the filling station. Hmm, time to have the oil changed in the car. Oh, and here's a letter from your sister. I bet that kid of hers is in trouble again. Well, all you can do is send us some more good advice. Poor Ronnie, he's really just mischievous. Oh, Bill, a letter from Beth. Hmm, I wonder how she's getting along since her mother's death. Well, let me see what she says.  Is this the first letter from her since she wrote? Yes. Oh, here's another snapshot of her. Oh, let's see. She's certainly a beautiful girl. Hi, Mother. Hi, Dad. Oh, good morning, Joan. I just got a letter from Beth, dear. Listen while I read it. Oh, we'll make it quick because I have to rush. Dear Mother and Dad Wheeler, after giving your very warm and generous invitation a great deal of thought, I have come to my decision and decided to accept. Oh, she's coming here to live. Oh, wonderful. That's great, just great. The poor girl all alone now with her mother gone, too. Well, she's got us. Well, when's she coming, Mother? Let me see. Saturday. Oh, that's tomorrow. Oh, good heavens, and there's so much to do. Just like a woman, the house is spotless, but there's so much to do. Well, there's furniture to move and new drapes for the guest room. Oh, hey, I've got to run you, too. See you at dinner. Bye, dear. Oh, wait a minute, Joni. I'll drive you to the bus stop. You'd better hurry, too, Bill. You know something, Amy. I don't remember seeing you look so happy in almost eight years. I know, and I am happy. It'll be almost as though... as though Ted were home again. Yes, yes. Bill, I wonder why Beth is never married again. How would you like it if she did? Why, I think she should. Of course she should. Good. I'm glad to hear you say that, Amy. I'll see you tonight, honey. Well, here she is, honey. Oh, Beth, Beth. Oh, why, you're even prettier than your pictures. That's very sweet of you to say that. Come into the living room, dear, and let's sit down for a moment and talk. I'll take best bags upstairs. Then I'll move that dresser, Amy. All right, Bill. Here, Beth. Sit here on the couch beside me. What a perfectly lovely room. Oh, do you really like it? Oh, yes, it's so comfortable and warm-looking. There was a drapes' can do a lot to a room. I'm afraid that Ted thought our home was dreadfully stayed and formal. Ted was a boy who always had his feet on the furniture. You say his name so casually. Of course. He's gone, but we speak of him often. Do you? What a beautiful piano. Oh, do you play? Yes, I adore music. Oh, Joan will be glad to hear that. She and her friends have, what do you call them, jam sessions. I'm afraid I don't play that type of music. Then you can play for me. I like the less violent kind myself. Where's Joan? Well, she should be home right now. She gets out of work at 5.15, and she's so excited about your coming. She has all kinds of wonderful plans for you. You see, this crowd of young people that she goes with have lots of parties and picnics and just lots of fun. Joan's engaged to a boy in her office, but then I think I wrote you about that. He has many friends who'll be so glad to see... Mother Wheeler, I'm afraid I'm not much good at that sort of thing. I mean, well, you see, in these past years, I've kept very much to myself. But, my dear, you're young. Now is the time when you should have fun. There was only one person I could have fun with. That was Ted. I was always rather quiet, but he teased me about it, and he taught me to dance and laugh and all sorts of things I'd once thought idiotic.  Perhaps, but I can't. Oh, golly, you're here at last. Oh, Beth, Beth, how perfectly wonderful to see you. Don't let Joan scare you. Bet she is rather overwhelming. Hello, Joan. How nice it is to see you at last. Oh, gosh, what a gorgeous accent. Hey, do you think you could teach me to talk that way like you do, Beth? I wouldn't want to. I love the way Americans talk. They're so colorful, so explosive like fireworks. It's all right down here. Oh, I might have known your home, Joan. Well, now that you've met us all, Beth, think you can stand us? Oh, yes. It's just a... I wonder if you'll be able to stand me. Oh, you're one of us already, dear. You have been for years, even if it was only through letters. Joan, why don't you show Beth where her room is while I put dinner on the table? Come on, Beth. I'll tell you what. After dinner, the crowd is coming over, and we'll go... She's, uh... you know, what's the word in it? Not exactly quiet, but... Reserved. What's the matter, Amy? You look funny about something. I can't quite explain it, Bill. It's as though Ted had brought her out of the shadow and into the sunlight, and now she's gone back beyond the shadow into the darkness. Exactly what does all that mean? Well, she's living in a world all her own, one that won't ever change, but just stands still. I still don't get it, but I suppose you know what you mean. Remember when we were wondering why she'd never remarried? And you said you thought she should get married again. She hasn't, because of Ted. I sense that when she talked to me. But why? I don't know, but I certainly intend to find out. It's almost a month later. Joan has found Beth a job in the office where she works, and more than that, has tried to draw her into her circle of friends, but Beth has quietly refused. Tonight, Joan is having a party in the living room. Bill and Amy are reading in their bedroom, and Beth is sitting in her own darkened room, staring out into the darkness. Yes? Come in. Sitting in the dark, dear? Here, let me turn a light on. I was reading, but the story wasn't too interesting. Really, Beth? I do think you should go down and join the party. They're having such a good time. I'd really rather not. Do you mind, dear, if I ask rather a personal question? What is the question? What? Well, why haven't you ever married again? Why do you ask? Because I think you should. You think I should? Of course. Oh, Beth, you're young and lovely, and you have so much ahead of you.  I think that's all the more reason to be concerned. I love yours, though you were my own daughter. I want you to be happy. I'm as happy as I can ever be. You've given me a lovely home to live in, a family, and Joan has found me a job, and I'm so terribly grateful to all of you. That's all I want. Just what I have, no more. That's hard to believe, Beth. I think in time you'll change your mind. No, never, not ever. Beth, would you do me just one favor? Of course, Mother Wheeler, whatever you want. Go downstairs to the party just for a little while. All right, but just for a little while. And to please you. Thank you, dear. It will please me very much. I really must go upstairs. It's very late.  I think we just came out here. Anyway, it's only 11.10. That's not late. It's late for me, Mr. Hibbert. I'm not accustomed. The first name's Dave.  Well, I don't care for parties too much. What? You don't like parties? Don't they have parties like these in England? Why? I suppose they do. As a matter of fact, during the war, Ted, we went to a few. So well, Guy, Ted. He was a friend of mine, you know. You knew him well? Oh, sure. We traveled in the same crowd. Now, there was a guy who liked a good party. Funny thing, though, he didn't date girls very much. Usually went to a shindig by himself. I guess he was looking for you. You know, I can see his point. In waiting? What kind of work do you do, Mr. Hibbert? Dave. Why, I'm the assistant manager of a sporting goods store. My dad wanted me to go into the real estate business with him, but I was always crazy about sports. You know, football, baseball, hunting, fishing, especially. Do you like sports, Beth? Why, I don't know. I've never known anything about them except riding. You like to ride horseback? Hey, that swirl will go sometime. Well, that's very kind of you, and now I must go upstairs. Oh, come on. We haven't even danced yet. No, really, I must go upstairs. Oh, you too? How about some coax? Uh, just what I've been wanting, Joan. Thank you, Joan, but I'm going to bed. Good night. I'll see you in the morning, Joan. All right. Good night, Beth. Oh, she's everything you said she was, Joan, but... But what? I don't know. It isn't a coldness, exactly. Kind of as though she... she was afraid of letting you know her. Oh, yeah, I know. We can't figure it out. I guess she's just the kind of person who doesn't get over things like most people. I know, but eight years. Well, Mother thinks Beth was always a very shy, retiring sort of person. And when Ted came along, well, you know how he was, Dave. The crazy things he did, noisy, always laughing. Well, for a while, just that very little while, she came out of her shell. And then when they told her his plane was missing, well, she just went back inside of herself even farther and stayed. Well, maybe. Just maybe somebody can bring her out of it again. I was hoping you'd like her, Dave.  You and Ted were always a lot alike. Yeah. But maybe that's not a good thing. Give me a room, Joan. Oh, hi. What you doing? Cleaning out this bookcase. Hand me that stack of books on the chair, dear. Here. Where's Beth? She walked down to the library. There was some special book she wanted. I saw Dave Hibbert over at the tennis courts. He wanted to go to the Mitchell's party tonight. Said he'd been trying to get hold of her for a week. I know. Every time the phone rang, she'd run upstairs. Then when I'd call her, she'd say she was just going to take a shower or go into bed or some such thing. He's certainly persistent, I must say. Hand me the rest of the books, Joan. Here you are. Oh, golly, mother, I just don't get it. Is she going to be like this the rest of her life? Oh, Joan, I don't know. I worry so about her. If there were just some way I could get to her and break through that shell. Oh, say, where's Dad? Where is he usually on Saturday afternoons? Down in the basement at his workbench. Well, I guess I'll go down and see if I can bribe him into letting me use the car this afternoon. I want to get a new dress for tonight. Oh, Joan, will you get that call? I just hate having to give that nice boy another excuse. Yarrow, I'll guide you home. Well, I really like to walk. You wouldn't turn me down when I was looking for you, especially, would you? Come on, jump in. Looking for me? Sure. Well, I never got you on the phone, so I came after you. Oh, I called about 15 minutes ago and Joan told me you'd walk down to the drugstore. Oh, I see. Look, Beth, Tom Mitchell's having a party tonight, an outdoor steak fry. I'd like you to go with me. Oh, that's very nice of you, Dave, but I really couldn't. Look, Beth, if you... Don't, Dave. I can't go out with you ever. Can't? Why don't you want it? All right, then let's say I don't want to. I don't think you really mean that. I do mean it. All right, Beth. Okay, whatever you say. Except... I think you would have found your right... No, I guess not. I didn't mean to be so blunt. I'm sorry. It's all right. Don't worry about it. The butter's there on the sink, Beth. Put it on that blue butter dish. This one? Mm-hmm. This is the dish Ted and I sent you that Christmas. Yes, and I've always loved it. I won't let Joan handle it, for fear she'll break it. She's such a butterfinger if you don't mind the pun. Of course, you know, sometimes I think she breaks things just so she won't have to wash dishes. She and Ted were just alike. I'm trying to get out and play before the dishes were carried from the table. Yes, he is like that. You said he is like that. You don't believe Ted is dead. No, I don't believe he's dead. But eight years, Beth, eight years. There was never any trace of his plane. Oh, the war department declared him legally dead years ago. I know. But you never said anything, never gave me any idea that you believed... No, I've kept it to myself for a long time. I found people would look at me strangely if I spoke of Ted as still living. I could understand why they'd feel that way, but in my heart I knew. Even when you wrote and said you no longer had any hope. But you mustn't. Don't you say you mustn't. I must. I can't believe anything else. Oh, Beth. Beth, dear, it's wrong. Please don't say that. He was all I had. He was me. As long as there's a chance he's alive somewhere in this world, I've got to wait. Even if it means the rest of my life. But it's not right. And I'm going to prove it to you. You've got to believe he's dead. Please leave me the little bit of happiness I have. Would you... Will you let me talk to you? Please, I'd rather not. Better still. Let me show you something. Beth. Beth, I want you to see these. Whose letters are they? From the wives of the man in Ted's crew. I met the boys and their wives when the group was stationed in Texas. The girls and I kept up quite a correspondence. This one is a note from Bob Greer's wife. Bob, yes. He was Ted's closest friend. Well, this note was to tell me she had remarried two years ago. And this one, it's a wedding invitation. She was Steve McFarlane's wife. She married another flyer. And this one is a thank you note for a wedding present. Barbara Taylor. She's Barbara Henderson now. Are they all the same? All but one. One's a letter from Harry Klein's wife. She wanted me to know she's engaged. It's so strange.  Not trying, Beth. Making you believe it. Because you see, in your heart you really know. No, I don't. Oh, honey. There, there, honey. Yes, this way. I know right now you feel as though I've taken your brightest dream and crushed it. But it was just a dream, dear. And the world is a place of realities. Or a little bit of dreaming's all right. But for real happiness, we have to live among real people. And you deserve that happiness. Oh, Beth, honey, you deserve it so much.  Supposing he'd never had it at all. What do you think, Amy? Is she coming downstairs to the party? I don't know, but I've kept my fingers crossed all week. Did June ask Dave to come? Yes, she phoned him yesterday. This suspense is driving me crazy. Besides, my neck feels like it's broken trying to see in the door. Well, it's worth it, isn't it? Watching? Well, yes. That is if she comes downstairs. I could be in bed with a good book and feel comfortable. Oh, I don't know. She's acted awful, funny all week. Yes, but she's changed. Both John and I have noticed. I can't exactly explain how she's changed, but she's different. I noticed how when the phone would ring, her head would turn quickly in that direction. And twice when some of John's crowd picked her up in a car, Beth walked to the window and watched them. Poor kid. She's like that, not really knowing what she believes. Yes, and when she broke down, I felt just awful, Bill, as though I'd done something to her I shouldn't have. It was as though I'd torn away her only protection. And... Look! She did it. And look at her, Amy, look at her. Lovely, just lovely. Oh, I've never seen her look so beautiful. Look, there goes Dave. What a romantic, Mr. Wheeler. Well, I was pretty good at that stuff myself, if you'll remember back a few years. Stuff? Oh, men use the most appropriate words. A good word. Describes a lot of things. Yes, like food in the icebox and the wax you put on the car and love. Well, now we can relax. I thought you said you'd rather be in bed reading a good book. It's kind of nice out here on the porch. Just swinging back and forth. Ah, nice moon. Bill, if you'd move your arm a little, I could put my head on your shoulder. There. Your host, Ricardo Montalban. Some folks just love a symphony. Others, a Dixieland band.  Me? Well, as a matter of fact, I enjoy all kinds of music. In a sense, though, I'm an extremist, too. For me, there is a whole wonderful symphony in the jingle-jangle of a bunch of keys. Ah, let's see. This shiny one, the passkey to my home, lets me into the shouts of my kids.  The key to my car. A passport, so to speak, to the mountains, and all sorts of pleasant places. This little one now, my mailbox key. Much more important than its size.  I forget what this one is, but I've kept it on my ring for years. Ah, are you like me? Afraid to throw away an old key, thinking sometime, maybe tomorrow, you'll need it, perhaps to open an old treasure chest somewhere or a castle, perhaps in Spain? I bet you are.  I never think of keys as locking things up. It's always more pleasant to think what they'll open up.  But I'm afraid for all too many of us, it's like the old key on my ring. Oh, it's there, but we've forgotten its particular use. But it's a tremendously important key, prayer is. For it opens the gates of heaven, unlocks nature's greatest harmonies and lets us into the boundless treasures of God's mercy. It is a close reminder. The family that prays together stays together.  From Hollywood, Family Theatre has brought you The Daughter-in-Law starring Audrey Dalton and Yuna Merkel. Ricardo Montalban was your host. Others not cast were Joy Terry, Bill Johnstone, and John Stevenson. The script was written by Elaine McCall with music composed and conducted by Harry Zimmerman and was directed and transcribed for Family Theatre by Joseph F. Mansfield. This is Tony Lafranco expressing the wish of Family Theatre that the blessing of God may be upon you and your home and inviting you to be with us next week when Family Theatre will present The Longest Hour starring Loretta Young, Jean Lockhart, and Robert Stack. Join us, won't you? This is the Mutual Broadcasting System.


What's going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards. We are ripping 21 pretty flawless collegiate football hobby 1 box break number 45 Random left side serial numbers. Here's a look again at your random results As always you can find those on the website under the results tab as well as the link in chat. Good luck. Everybody Let me really quickly sort these Column B All right again 21 collegiate football here we go 2021 Nice cold briefcase on this one too. Remember they're always cold. I might always Actually, yes, the club not always the No, it's just like baseball is black. Are we talking about silver different sport? Yeah. Yeah, but even like It's actually pretty solid. I can't make out the It's a pretty solid in there All right. Well, we're going home with something here Sal one of one Kellen ma and I'm the adidas patch Nice one there. Congrats, buddy. One of one wasting no player worn slash use material as well. Very nice one of one You're gonna get another another card here. Sal one of one of five Jamar Chase one of five Jamar that's part of a bowl patch right there. I'm assuming player worn slash used one of five Jamar And now your four spot four of 25 Darius Slaton There you go on the patch auto player worn slash use material move that just a bit There you go, Sal Sal pick up the first three cards of the break. It's crazy. Very nice man. Congrats, buddy We've got three of five rookie auto Khalil Herbert's Nice one there three of five Khalil Herbert Herbert's going to Nelson v. Herbert Herbert There you go on the dot on the emerald the emerald Khalil Herbert Followed by 20 of 25 Brandon Ayuk Nice one there. That is 20 spot Scott H that's from 2020 flawless collegiate So that's the year after There you go Scott. Yeah, congrats No problem. No problem Sal. You got it man. Thank you, buddy Glad you jumped in and joined man. Glad you're having fun Uh, this is going to Robert S at the 12th spot 12 of 25 Dalvin Cook Nice one there Dalvin Cook three color two color that is player worn Dalvin No worries man. No worries at all. Thank you I can magnus one two two and 25 going to the two spot dw davante smith Nice one there for a Bama player worn slash used material now, of course an eagle. Yeah Yeah Nice one there. We'll get that into a mag for you, buddy Oh drippy Empty empty. Let's go into our outer now Start with this one. This is going to the 22 spot Jason L Jalen Hertz 22 of 25. That's uh Jalen's quarterback right there. Yeah, or davante's quarterback I should say Jalen Hertz Wouldn't shock me to be honest. How good he is. It's true. Nice one there on the diamond Diamond encased very nice Okay, um moving on the 16 spot Troy D We've got a Travis etn jr 16 of 20 on the rookie auto There we go 16 spot Troy D Congrats Troy There you go my friend Nice hit there Travis etn jr Let's go into it chris a three colored rpa trailance Congrats on that one chris. There you go, buddy It's uh, where did he go north dakota state legend? Yep NDSU legend Trailance who knows he might get traded eventually too. Maybe he'll play there We don't know a lot of question marks with this guy, but that's never a bad thing It's not really about if he's gonna play it's about where he's gonna play So a nice one there. I guess I guess we'll do a recap because that only took five minutes So there's empty case guys We've got a dalvin cook 12 of 25 Uh brandon ayuk that's from 2020 rpa to 25 where one clio herbert three of five rookie auto Darius latin four of 25 um patch art jamar chase one of five Nice one there Okay, you're taking my you're taking it out of out of context illegal. There's jail and Hertz 22 of 25 Diamond, uh, that is davanta smith two of 25 Jersey auto for the two spot travis etn 16 of 20 Nice one there. We've got trailance. That is uh, eight of 25. Oh, we're doing more Uh, we're doing more NFL now. We just started football actually joe and one of one kelin man on the adidas patch That'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill up next number 46


Hey there friends, thanks for checking in. Today we're looking at what I consider the most exciting handgun that Springfield Armory has ever launched. And it's a 1911. I'm going to show you shortly, but prior to doing that I just wanted to bring out a small sample of some of the 1911s they already have available. Over here is the 1911 Ronin chambered in 10 millimeter. It handles that 10 millimeter recoil like nothing. And over here, we've got a modern featured emissary that not only looks beautiful, but shoots amazingly well. Here is an operator. I love the way this shoots. Also has some modern features there. And this is a Springfield Armory TRP tactical response pistol. It's highly polished. It's a beautiful shooter as well. And over here, we've got the Ronin EMP.  And I have a special place in my heart for all these. But what I'm about to show you is, I just think it's the most exciting one yet. And it has a lot to offer. So let me clear off the table and we'll bring it out here. September 1st 2022 Springfield Armory is launching the 1911 DS Prodigy. Check that out. The DS stands for double stack. It's a double stack 9 millimeter 1911. Right here is a 17 round mag. Also ships with a 20 round mag. And with that in there, you can see that definitely extends the height of the pistol, but you get 20 rounds. And I don't think many people would complain about that. This is called the AOS system. Agency Optic System. They collaborated with Agency Arms to create this system. You can see that the optics rather low on the slide, it works great. Now it can be shipped with a hex dragonfly or without. So if it is optic ready, and you can buy it with the hex dragonfly, very nice red dot, it will be an AOS system. If not, it'll just be a 1911 DS Prodigy. But check that out. The grip is super cool. It's a polymer wrapped grip around the steel frame. It's got some nice texturing there. A little groove feels nice on the hand. I like the way that grip feels, and I think they did a great job with it. You may notice, well now you will, it has a ambidextrous thumb safety. All right, lefties will certainly like that. Full pick rail. The slide is seracoded. Seracoded black as well as the frame. Forward serrations. The rear sights, which are serrated black, are heightened. You can see they're tall, and you get a perfect sight picture with the fiber optic front sight. You can see right through that glass, and it co-witnesses incredibly well. Now let me talk about the hex dragonfly. It has a large window right there. One touch on, one touch off. When I took this out of the case and shot the pistol for the first time, I did zero adjustments to the red dot. And that's the first time that has ever happened. I've never had that happen before. Zero adjustments, and that was, well it made the range session quite enjoyable. Here is a Surefire X300 Ultra, and it'll slip on there. Very cool. And you can see that. All right, that forehand weight is nice. There is like no recoil. All steel firearm, but that additional weight on the forehand makes it even less recoil if you could imagine. Now this has a five inch barrel. It is a bull barrel. Okay, two piece guide rod, bull barrel. This is also available with the 4.25 inch commander size 1911 DS Prodigy. The MSRP is the same, and that's what you're wondering. How much is this thing going to cost? Well the MSRP, with this model here, AOS, with the hex dragonfly 1699. Without it being AOS, Agency Optic System, you're looking at 1499. So 200 bucks. And you know 200 bucks to have the red dot already on there and installed. To me that's a price worth paying. With the commander size, it's the same MSRP. 1699 AOS without the Optic Ready 1911, you're looking at 1499. It has an extended magazine release. You don't have to adjust the grip, easy access, drop that mag, perhaps throw in the 20 round mag. This is also available with 26 round mags, if you could believe that. It doesn't chip with that, chip with 17 and 20, but it's also available with 26 rounds. Let's take a look at the trigger. I'm measuring a five pound trigger pull. I love the 1911s. I love the trigger. I think Springfield does a great job with the triggers and their 1911s. I really like the way that grip sort of wraps around the steel frame. Okay, texturing in the back. You have that polymer stippling all throughout. Ambidextrous thumb safety, but at the range is where it really shines. Let me go ahead and roll through some of that footage and you can check it out. Steelcase tool ammo and the Prodigy. Whenever a new release is launched, people ask about holster support. What I have here is a black point outside the waistband holster made for the Surefire 300X Ultra. You can see it's a nice fit. I loosened up the retention screws quite a bit. I don't like yanking on the gun to try to get out of the holster. I like it just like that. Nice easy in and out. But the one thing this offers that I find pretty unique is that it grasps the belt. Okay, your belt goes through there and you just it snaps in there. It has this lever that will lock it in.  Alright and you push that lever down, pinch these tabs here and it comes off just like that. But I'm happy to have it with this setup. I think that the Surefire light is really nice and it works great with this combination. I mentioned the Springfield Armory 1911 DS Prodigy has an MSRP with the AOS system and an optic included 1699 and that's a lot of money. I get it, it is. But in comparison to what else is out there, it's a steel. If you look at the staccato models, if you look at the DS9 from Masterpiece Arms, if you look at the sand viper that Terran Tactical put out that I reviewed, I said it was a great gun and it is a great gun, but they want eight grand for that and it doesn't come with the optic or iron sights. So if we look and compare, we will see that for what you're getting, it is a real good deal. For a staccato, you're looking at 2,503 grand for the same pattern type of 1911. So I'm really happy to have it. I think they did a great job. I love the Cerco Black. I love it that the Hex Dragonfly is such a nice optic. I like that you can co-witness. I like everything about it. Bull barrel, easy, smooth shooting, nice trigger, nice grip, magazine capacity 17, 20, and 26 rounds are available. I just think it's a great handgun and in my estimation, this is the most exciting handgun that Springfield Armory has produced to date. If you like videos like this, please subscribe and share. I always appreciate thumbs up button. Thanks for watching and you guys be safe.


Freedom Family! My name is Nolden and you're watching another episode of The Brotherhood of Gamers! Freedom Family, I hope you guys are doing awesome today because I'm feeling so awesome today. So before we start the show, I would just like to say thank you for everyone who commented, viewed, reached out, and subscribed to our channel. You guys are totally rock. You guys are totally, totally awesome. Thank you. Freedom Family, this show is for you. Tell me in the comments section below on what other games or what other things you want to see in this show. So guys, just comment in the section below. Do you want to see me freak out on a very, very scary video game?  Or, do you want to see me have a hamburger eating contest with my boss, Mike or George? Tell me in the comments section below. Guys, I would really love to play games with you. So, here's my Steam name to catch me on Steam, and here's my Blizzard name to catch me on Overwatch. I would really love to play games with you. So, comment in the comment section below on what times and day you are available so we can set up a gaming party, right? Awesome! Alright guys, it's that time for the day again. It's Knows Funniest Jokes Ever, featuring Tony Robgazer. Congratulations, man. So, did it! Where does the Lone Ranger take his garbage to? Toodadum, toodadum, toodadum, dumdum, dumdum, toodadum, toodadum, dumdum, toodadum, toodadum, toodadum, dumdum, dumdum, dumdum, toodadum, dumdum, dumdum, dumdum, dumdum, dumdum, dumdum, yeah. Thank you so much, Tony Robgazer, for that amazing joke. It cracked me up, I swear. So guys, check out his channel, subscribe, and collaborate with him in order to grow as a family. The freedom way. Guys, help a brother out.  Thank you. Now that's done, here's my gameplay of Overwatch with my buddy, Immortal Jeremy. Toodadum! Okay, that's not what I'm looking for. Guys, give him a shield. Good job, alright. Bummy. Getting those moves. Ah, probably not. I never, I swear, I get it maybe once every ten hours. Godness. Yeah? So Jeremy, your own words, what is freedom for you? Well, they gave me the chance really early on, and I've been with them for a little while, you know, and I think it was just over, just over a hundred subs, and I don't know if any network that really cares about the small guys more, honestly. I had the interactivity as well, like the Georgia show, especially in the early stages, he was doing like reading compliments and such, with all the freaking partners, and I really liked that. I always tried really hard to get on it, and I did it actually a couple times, fun times. So how long have you been with us, with our network? Since 2014, I think, I don't know exactly how long it's since 2014. Just before there was any kind of, like, milestones you had to reach. I think it was pretty early on. Yeah, three years. We're like a real, we're like a real creature to our network. Awesome. I'm really honored to be with you, man. No, no, I wouldn't be talking about honors. What? Yeah, go anyway. Alright, last question. What's your message for freedom, our network, for freedom partners, and for non-youtubers out there? Honestly, I would just say go for your dream, like, especially for freedom partners and for non-freedom partners. If you're looking for a network and you haven't found one, I would seriously consider looking at freedom. Freedom Family, let me tell you, Jeremy is a really, really good Hanzo player. He's a master archer, and of course, he mastered the art of the Ryuga Wagatekiwokurao. Yeah. So check out his channel, guys. Subscribe to him and collaborate with him in order to grow as a family the freedom way. Yeah. Alright, guys, we still have more for you. So, DJ, spin it. Shotgun, frenzy. Never mess with a sniper, ever. I hope you liked their videos, guys. If you did, check out their channel, subscribe to them, and ultimately collaborate with them in order to grow as a family. The freedom way. Guys, don't forget to submit your epic plays, saddest misplays, and of course, funniest compilations ever in our Google Forms. And you can also submit it in our forums page under the media tab of the Brotherhood of Gamers folder. And before you can upload your content, here's a few guidelines. Rule one, you need to become a freedom partner. Rule two, your videos should be less than or exactly one minute. Rule number three, you are not allowed to use copyright materials. And, of course, swearing. No, that's a big no-no. Please. Number four, you upload your clips or content. The title format should be like this. Your channel name, the date you posted it, and the name of the game. So it's like this. Ninja Maker 1-2-3, August 2, 2017, and League of Legends. Number five, you need to have fun while making those clips. I need to feel that you're having fun so that your passion can flow through everyone, especially me. So number five, have fun. Want to know more about our gaming brand? Check out our MGM channel. And if you want to play with us on Steam, check out our Steam community. Do not forget to visit our Freedoms Forms page where you can get all the materials you need to grow your channel. Materials like intros, outros, banners, and, of course, Freedom Partners you can collaborate with. If you're not yet partnered to our amazing network, check out our Freedoms page. That's episode four, guys. Thank you so much for all the support and love you have given me. I really, really do appreciate it. You guys rocked. Thank you. So tell me in the comment section below on what other else you want to see in the show. You want me to like goof around the office, talk about other things, play other video games, have contests or events here in the office, maybe games. So tell me in the comment section below so that we can know your thoughts and we can know what you want to have. All right. Thank you. So my name is Noel and you're watching The Brotherhood of Gamers.


All right folks happy Monday. Happy Monday new opportunities to succeed out there. Hey, oh, hey, oh All right, let me just park one second film on the GoPro Whoop, I know the GoPro has a fisheye look It basically looks like the image is kind of bent around the edges Can you see that over here and over here? That's called the fisheye. All right, basically I'm done with work wrapping up the day and and Going to the grocery store and going to ace got a little situation popping up in the shed It's not good. It's not good. So let's go into ace buy what we need to buy and Let's just say PETA is not gonna be happy with me. I Sad to say we have a mouse problem. Maybe a rat problem. Sorry to love didn't want to scare you But there's been a little signage in the shed as of late that we've got an issue with a little rodent So time to take things to the next level. That's what this is for. Oh, man What did I say last week and the week before and the week before it never stops it never stops And the the sooner you accept that as a homeowner as a car owner as a person who owns anything There's maintenance and that is life and yeah, can it be frustrating and You know a pinch on your time at times. Yes. Yes, it will be and so anyway the quicker You accept that in your life I think the more at the happier you will be and the more content you will be that listen I've got to fix things. This is part of being alive So all right on my way to the grocery store to spend this guy I'm not sure if you're watching sir. Whoever gave me this, but if you are thank you You are supplying a much-needed calorie Intake and vitamin intake for my long runs Okay, secondly, yes, we have a little mouse or rat problem, I think it's a big mouse Basically, this is poison. I I'm sorry Peta. I'm sorry, but we cannot be having mice Rummaging around our shed. In fact the footage you're watching right now The culprit is that they are living the little mouse is living next door to us And those are the neighbor's dogs on the screen right now sniffing around because they can smell this mouse in the yard I know it's coming from there because it's dug a hole under our fence and I've had it I've had some dogs get them And lastly before we wrap up today a Couple things came in the mail I know what this is and I'm gonna wait to open these for tomorrow's vlog But here we go I can't I can't wait because I think I can use this for tomorrow's run. I hope let's see What is it? All right? Basically we live in Colorado. We live at 5,280 feet above sea level That's exactly one mile above sea level and a lot of my running takes place at two miles above sea level In fact, that's where I'm going tomorrow, which means the intensity of the sun on my Skin and on my body is intense and I put a ton of sunscreen on and sometimes I wear a long-sleeve shirt Sometimes I don't it just gets so hot out there. It's hard. So to cover Wow, okay to cover my head as best as possible. I got a new Ah Hat from Solomon and I went with a bright green color Basically so that people can see me in races They can look because I have two white hats right now, which is good But I wanted something brighter and that's where this guy comes in so that people when I'm racing are like, oh There's the green hat that must be Seth or Also from a safety standpoint if you're up in the mountains and you know, let's say you get a little lost or something It'll be a lot easier to pick somebody out wearing this hat versus a white hat makes sense So the other thing the reason I got this hat It's got a I'll just call it a gator on the back. No, what is that called a visor on the back? Basically? Let me show you Boom so it'll cover there we go. Oh, yeah Yeah It'll cover my ears and my neck and that is the most important part. It's made by Solomon I'm kind of becoming a Solomon fanboy a little bit and that's okay as long as my head is protected, right? So that's the vlog today folks We love you. We're calling it and I know that was Nice, you know good old shopping and oh actually I'm gonna set this up. I'll show that to you seek beauty work hard Sniff out the rats Love each other. I don't know what I'm saying anymore. See you tomorrow