I'm Joan Rose. I'm from Michigan State University. I'm a public health water microbiologist and I've been talking about the water microbiome. You know, all plants, humans, animals and even water has a microbiome and we're finding out that these microbes make us healthy. So we want to understand what makes water healthy. There's been so many advances in technology, so now we're going from instruments that cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to an instrument that you can hold in your hand that costs a thousand dollars. This instrument can give us information on the water microbiome. And once we have that information, we can produce better diagnostic tools. This means we can understand when a water is sick and what we can do about it to correct it. So wastewater reuse has driven a lot of our use of technology because we see a direct connection from wastewater to our drinking water when we take on water reclamation programs. But we're putting most of our waste and most of our return flows back into the natural environment. It spreads very quickly across the globe once it starts raining, once water starts moving. And so we need to apply these tools not only to wastewater reuse but to the water cycle, to what we call the one water. That means we have to understand what comes off our land, what comes out of our wastewater treatment plants, what's in our rivers, what's in our estuaries, what's in our lakes. And so we can use these technologies to do that. I'd like to see more water researchers work with the water industry on some global initiatives where we use some of the cutting edge science to really explore the water environment. But secondly, I'd like to see the development of these diagnostics and centers around the world where water diagnostics could be used for better decision making. We're going to have to spend a lot of money to improve our waterways and improve our health and to meet the SDGs.  And once we have these things in place, my third message is let's go out and get the samples. Let's start looking at large-scale evaluation and assessment of key watersheds that are of interest to us. So for me, what's at the core of sustainability is water quality and water security. And if we focus on that, we're not only going to improve human health, we're going to improve the bio health of the planet, which means that that influences food security, ecosystem services, and that is what true sustainability is. So I've been part of the water industry for all my career and I see myself in that engineering profession. I'm now sitting on the board of the International Water Association and I think that this organization has a very important role to play to support these global initiatives to protect the bio health of our planet and our water quality. It was amazing to win the Stockholm water prize. That prize shines a light globally on our water issues. And this year, in accepting the award, I was able to really focus on this issue of water quality and all the new opportunities to really make a difference in people's health. So people say water is life, but I say water quality is health and we really need to focus on that.


Don't flop ATL. Y'all make some motherfuckin' noise. Yeah! ATL workshop. This is certified block party.  Yeah! Y'all should go to www.blockparty.com. I'm gonna talk to my man. Yo, what's good?  Don't flop worldwide. Don't flop global. Whatever you wanna call it. Any word that means worldwide. We're here in Atlanta, man. We've had a three crazy battles so far. We're gonna enter another fourth battle of the day. Shout out to everybody from Atlanta coming to show love. And yeah, this is another promo battle. You know the score, just like all the UK battles. Click through the end vote for the easy one. I'm gonna get straight into the introductions. MC on my right hand side. Appearing in Don't Flop numerous times. You know the name, Real Deal. Make some noise. Yeah! And to my left, we got ATL's own Sid Vicious. Yeah! I gotta go first. Alright, cool. It's Sid, but it's Real Deal. It's round number one on Real, though. Let's go. Yo, y'all hear me? Yeah!  Like, excuse me, I was sick for a week. The flu and obesity are two different things. Listen, judging by size, you think this guy would worry me. You big for no reason.  Apply security. Y'all ready? Listen, Snow. This is about to go from bad to ugly.  I had your body like mattress money. Don't try to pump me, Snow. I wouldn't let Ashton pump me. My wolves run through snow like Alaskan Huskies. Y'all like, hold on. Rookie's verse, that's over. Sonny is Trev sober. Yeah, I just figured out eight last week.  Homie's eating and I'm getting the dough this weekend. It don't matter who you put in front of me. They getting that Hulk vs. Loki treatment.   Jodie Sweeten. I got a habit making it crystal. I'm going to have it crystal Jodie Sweeten. There he goes again. I said last week I put a redneck in line like a honky ton. Just so I can climb the ladder and you booked me a battle with Donkey Kong. You look like your father figure growing up was Papa Johns. Papa Johns. You don't have a leg to stand on.   You a weirdo who be watching people tap like referees in the octagon.  She getting hockered on and then she talk slick back. I breeze her and get my faunzy on. I set up shot on your block more nerds with magazines than a comic con.  You'll feel more kicks to the stomach than Octo mom.  The meme that Saga's on. This is 95 David vs Elijah one. I would escape if it was the ice that Crosby's on.  Both of us should be Islamic because you need to fast for Ramadan and I'm known to rock Pete Fiddles and take heads off like Jahan Jones.  Real shooter no. It only takes one round of killer nigga. I'ma squeeze it'll help this nigga fall asleep since he don't know what that drama mean. I gotta lie. Try to sleep in a shot from me. We'll stop your dreams like doctors. I'm moving like caches but I got the right hook to ruin your glass chick. When I box a nigga I have to view him in caskets. Let a couple pop a boom metal jasses. I cap ten waves wet him like a boat ride. I put a round to his neck like a cactus like a coat dry miss. Like Medetron. She don't get hotter than white phosphorus. One shell with no gun. That's my accomplishment. There was no hope. Niggas traded scholarships for our politics. They teach niggas how to stick in a place and call it politics. So when you rep your state I'll send niggas like a congressman.  Grind your kids getting felonies before they even drive a whip.    I said crime. You may be up in the cell but take a just from your belt. They can put me under the cell. I see food so let's crowd get a couple of shells. The only woman that I... Hit him up on the cell. The text said you ain't gonna stay. And if you read this it's too late. I'm basically Drake. That tech boat. I said I hit him up on the cell. The text said you ain't gonna stay. And if you read this it's too late. I'm basically Drake. That tech boat. Fresco. Let it bang in your face.  I'm thinking the same. Whoever pitchin' a picture. Town gassed. We're in gun bars. Please dead. Whisk with rhinoceros. Lost of all street credit. I tried to be nice.  I'm just here to drink some beers. He's clearly here to test my pride. That's why I love Battle Rep. Because you get to hide the Jekyll side. And this is sin from Atlanta. This is for the 92 Pirates. No way I can let him slide. I researched this.    She was the first lunacy, right? So you won't be on these streets scrounging.  Big boy grew up an outcast. His nickname was on trade 3000. Can't touch. Is it me or did I really receive the first official bear hug?  It's nature. So it's instinctual that you go to try to find a treat.   This is where I swag. This is the swag part. Listen, you at home every night wondering why your chick is major late. It's cause you wine and diner.  As far as whores go, that stripper takes the cake. She got you throwing paper in the air like a ticker tape parade. Me? Nah, I offered to buy her a beer to make her pay for the tab. I skip her songs on the jukebox. She ain't even that. I have a wave in the cab then it straight to the pad.  Good swag. There's a difference. You just look tough. Catch me after a good buzz. I'm bad enough to give Marcellus Wallace wife a foot rub. It's honey, nests, bricks, John John and Sid. That's a solid starting five. But as far as who makes the best decisions, I have to give that part the side. He's been on BET URL. He really built a brand that'll carry. But he wears colored contacts, which makes y'all the hocks. A good team ran by a fair. I said, let it be stated that this crime is my declaration of greatness. Whether my statements are debated or celebrated, you've been hating ever since Obama was nominated. I said, you've been hating ever since Obama was nominated. This for every cell phone and iPod you confiscated. Not a rapper. Why is that complicated? He's probably an English major. So Ron is honestly basic. You don't got to flow. You just keep talking and giving statements. You make some good points. Because it's a battle. I said, yo, so let's face it. This kid is dope, but he barely be spitting. And if dogs got a sense of humor, I don't care if he kicked me. He's a teacher, not a rapper. Seeing him at the school, I ain't there for nobody. This kid a real deal is trash. I don't know why he's gassed.  So quick, confusing the past. This kid gonna be getting lectures at his battles, but be battling his class. These dudes came in the class. These guys were puffy, but she got nades because she was sad. She said, Mr. Welling, I have one question I gotta ask. How does she give me a 30 on a test and I thought I passed? I mean, I'm a strange student. If I failed, I'm a daddy behind the mat. He said, my relapse. That's not a 30. That's a 3-0 box. It's like a vice war. Again, a lot of views, but I would just give you the trauma to find you a team of doctors. Vodka from your nugget. You don't really think that Mr. Feeny would freaking beat me? You're playing yourselves.  There's a giant gap when it comes to skill between you and me. Your bender battle was years ago. You still on a losing streak. I said, your bender battle was years ago. You still on a losing streak. You should thank me. I got you added to the bill like ratuity. Got you added to the bill like ratuity.   I keep them in question. Y'all really actually cheered for an easy e-reference. That shit's played out. Get you laid out. I only took this battle to get the paid route. Hold on.  I didn't even want this battle. You got on your horn like, what is the price, sonny? And then he gets back on the horn with me like, yo, bro, would you do it for the right money? This is about to get tight ugly.  The newer fans like Buddhist, man.  You couldn't get crowd noise if you rapped at New Atlanta Stadium.  After your bender battle you a G bulldog, you a peach. That's how you rep your steak.  They only scary until they meet leather face. It's okay, buddy. I know when no one will ever take your teddy's place. Bring me some loot shorts. Next time you have me go up against the professor and escalate. I got this quick shook. After this he'll get a two page spread in that yearbook. In high school I was out hustling with a rear of crooks. In high school you were perfecting your Richard Deer look.  I let out someone getting caught in like hay fever. So I don't care if I use the pump or the cane neaver.  In Atlanta I'm the gatekeeper. The face seeker with strange features.  My phone was like a space seeker and a steak freezer. This is when you cook the beef in bulk you get it way cheaper. Straight ether. Y'all see the folk regression when I'm spinning? I actually rap just to get elections for a living.   He said it in a minute. We ain't seen Snow. It's feeling like taxes in the winter. Now I said hold on, hold on, hold on. I said yo he ain't seen Snow it's feeling like taxes in the winter. Fuck. You got it? You got it? But if I lose tonight after the show it's popping off like these whack wristbands like that faux nipple is caged I'm the matstick man but for all the battle fans I'm glad that I had this chance to introduce to you Bastion player.


Machine learning has become increasingly important in the manufacturing industry due to its ability to provide solutions to many of the problems faced by manufacturers. This paper provides an overview of the various types of machine learning algorithms and their applications in the manufacturing sector. It highlights the potential benefits of using these algorithms and discusses some of the successful applications of machine learning in the manufacturing industry. This article was authored by Torsten Wiest, Daniel Weimer, Christopher Ergens, and others.


We may initially interpret it as difficulties, but the joy grows because when you fearlessly go with the impulse of the truth, there is like a foundation of joy created which you may initially not even understand because you've lived from ego a large part of your life. You don't even know what joy is. I'm not saying you personally now, but in general, systems that have been operating on ego for a large part of their life have to recalibrate, to even grasp that it is possible to live in that kind of joy without detachment as the posture, but surrender as the posture.


I work for the Nova Scotia Barrister Society, and so for those of you who are not from Nova Scotia or even from Canada, we are the regulatory body for lawyers in the province of Nova Scotia, and so we regulate the practice of law in the province. We are a self-regulating profession here, so we are lawyers regulating one another, and we operate under an elected council, an elected council of lawyers and some members of the public who are not lawyers. So our mandate is to regulate lawyers in the public interest, and we've grappled probably since the beginning of time with that concept of what is the public interest and what is regulation in the public interest and how do we define and understand the public interest. And I'll kind of come back to that as I talk about thinking about the public interest from a restorative perspective. Our primary role is things like admissions, so who comes into the profession, credentialing, and then of course what you probably most think of, and if you know anything about the Barrister Society, probably the only thing you may know about is the discipline of lawyers, but actually that's only a small part of what we do. Another, what I would say the most important part of what we do, this is what I do, is around working on access to justice and building an equitable profession. So I work in the, I am the equity and access office of the Nova Scotia Barrister Society, and so I have a wide broad mandate to improve access to legal services in this province and to make a more equitable, inclusive, and diverse legal profession. So just a small job, no problems, I've got it covered. But you know, we're working on it. So my office, again for those of you who are not from Nova Scotia, was born out of the Marshall Commission. And the Marshall Commission is extremely important in Nova Scotia. It was a royal commission into the wrongful conviction of Donald Marshall Jr., who was an Indigenous man convicted of murdering, wrongly convicted of murdering an African Nova Scotia man. So through the commission, I won't go into it, but I recommend that you would look at this. It's really been an important part of developing our understanding of equity and justice, I would say across Canada, but we found through the commission there was a finding of racism and discrimination at every level in our justice system. So from the lawyers, to the police, to the front level court staff, to the judges. And so my office was one of a number of recommendations that came into play to address racism and discrimination in our justice system. So the mandate of the office is quite broad. Addressing access to justice and the administration of justice through access to legal services in the court. Addressing issues of racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination in the legal profession. And trying, as best we can to ensure that the legal profession adequately reflects the public that it serves. We have a long way to go on every single one of those runs. And I think that has to be said at the outset. We still have so much more work to be done, but we're starting and we're talking about it. And I think that's the first step. In access to justice, in terms of access to justice, there's been a huge amount of conversation across Canada. Many of you would have heard of the access to justice crisis, being called a crisis. What's being said, so the research suggests that only those sort of very wealthy and very poor have any access to our justice system at all. We have in family court 60 to 80% of people being self-represented. It's a very significant crisis and our justice system is very much failing our public to adequately serve the needs of our public. One of the sort of cornerstones of access to justice and there's a mantra that we work within is put the public first. So again, like the public interest, put the public first. Well, what does that mean? How do you put the public first? What do we do? You know, really what it's talking about is sort of moving away from a justice system that has traditionally been based as being for lawyers and judges and making things easiest for lawyers and judges to a system that is really about the public and understanding and supporting and making space for the public to take justice back or perhaps to take ownership of justice for the first time. We who are working in this area continue to struggle to understand sort of what is it that the public really needs from our justice system. How do we know? What do we know? What do we need to know and how do we need to change and how do we need to do better? And one of the initiatives that we've recently taken on is called Tuck Justice and so we've done a sort of widespread community engagement strategy working with community to better understand what are the issues and most of you in this room could probably name them but it's probably no surprise that the issues are for the most part very much relational issues. They aren't just about money. It is actually about a justice system that doesn't discriminate, a justice system that recognizes the humanity in the people that come in front of it. A justice system that treats people with dignity, with respect, with mutual concern. A relational justice system and that was when we did our work in the area of Tuck Justice, that was what we heard over and over again. The problem of course is that we know these things now but we're quite ill-equipped to handle and address that in this current system that we have. So we've really begun, I've begun and others have begun to think about what is a restorative approach to access to justice. How can we begin to build a justice system premised on these concepts of dignity, respect and mutual concern? What does a relational justice system look like? And it has been in this thinking and we are still in this thinking that has really begun to shape our work in terms of our work as a regulator, in terms of our work as justice professionals and in the profession. Because we really need to understand this in our own house first and foremost. And so I give you this background because I think it's important for you to understand that this is the framework from which we're thinking about our restorative approach to regulation. It's starting in my office under equity and access, which is important. We could have started it sort of in the realm of discipline and only started thinking about it in that area in a much narrower way to think about what are the processes or the practices that we need. We could have just sort of said we could instead of using a more traditional hearing model, we're going to implement a circle. And it's very important that we are starting with the thinking, starting with well, we recognize that there's this dramatic culture change that is needed, not just within our own work and in our own disciplinary model, but also within how we approach justice in a much wider way. So, you know, I think what I guess sort of what we need to be where we're starting is to see a restorative approach. The legal regulation is centered in an improved understanding of discrimination and inequity and a lack of inclusion in our profession and in the justice system. And the reality that we continue to struggle to adequately address these issues both in relation to accessing the justice system and of course also internally within who is represented in our profession as a whole. So we've begun our work around sort of a principled approach to regulation. And so we've moved away from what is a more reactive, rules-based model to one that is proactive and principled and proportionate. And a restorative approach to me offers a very principled framework to work within and to shape our thinking as we sort of think about what does a relational model of legal regulation look like. So I'm going to be honest, we're really just the beginning. We started small. How do we start to, thank you, what is the change in thinking that's needed? What are the conversations that need to be had? Can we bring a small group of people together to start to dramatically change the culture, the way we think about our roles, the way we think about the system as a whole? It's big work and that's where we're starting. And I think, you know, what are we already doing that's working? Where are those sort of places that we can count on where we can grow our work in places where we are already being relational and how do we focus on that? So we're trying to build sort of a common understanding about restorative, what restorative approaches means. Having a common language, a place to talk about relational, you know, relational conceptions of justice. And to build these principles and then values into every aspect of our work. And some of that is my role in the equity and access office is looking at building this relational understanding and thinking into the everyday work that's happening through our regulatory model. So it can be anything from what are the questions that you're asking when someone calls on the complaint line? How do you start to think relationally about the way you approach at that first intake? Oh, okay. And I'm just going to have one line. Or not thinking of lawyer discipline as just the harm between a lawyer and a client, but really as a community-based harm. And that's been the sort of foundation to me is that we need to think about everything is in this very individualistic model of a harm lawyer to a client versus how do you reach out to say who else is being impacted.  And the very last thing I'll say is about lawyers is just that we are in all, everything that's being talked about today, there are lawyers present at every stage. And we need to be brought into all of those processes because otherwise we will be barriers. You've all seen it, lawyers as barriers in so many places. So this work is helping, I think, to kind of, in a number of other settings to, in our own house, thinking restoratively will help us move into that. Thank you. All right. Time to meet all the guys.


I passed out from VIT University last year, 2015. So right now, I'm working at Yamamoto's R&D. It's in Shri Paramidram. I took the exam in simulation and analysis of welding. I chose this exam because my final project was on welding, and I have pretty good interest in this area. And the professor who was teaching this course is from IIT Madras. I've been following his research lately. It gives me the opportunity to learn from him directly. The portal was very accessible. I think the forum was not everybody participated much on the forum. And the responses on the forum were very limited. So if that is one scope for improvement. I think you can use it in your resumes. It depends how an individual wishes to use it. But I think it is good from a resume point of view. Plus it is a kind of a testament that you have this basic knowledge, and then you can go to an advanced course. So it is that sort of a thing. It's on Dr. V Balaji. I'm working as an associate professor in self-financing knowledge. I estimate estimation in wireless communication or OFDMA for cellular networks. I have a more passion towards my doctorate degrees also in the form of a cellular network. So I went with an adopt routing for a manual. So I thought of going for a in the process of doing for PDFM, I'm trying for that. So that I thought of gaining some sort of knowledge. So as you know that in the initial we put up a more interesting learning for at least five modules, but last three modules we couldn't get it up because of our work pressure. And the thing is it's fine. So that's why I said that we are working in a self-financing knowledge. We couldn't find any time to have an active discussion. But whenever the time is there, we as a colleague will discuss among us all the people who are registered for the course in our college. The five modules I find it very easy. The last three modules, it is cat on the work. I'm Dr. Lakshmi, I'm a pediatrician. I'm working in Mehta Children's Hospital. We also have academic program there. So I took the online research methodology course. I took the research, health research fundamental. If you are going pursuing academics, we have to go through all that because we tend to guide so many students in research facilities. So for that use, we have a master's degree program in neonatologist. I'm a neonatologist basically. I've never taken an online exam like this. I found it very cool as against what descriptive exams we keep writing all the time or the clinical exam we deal with the patients all the time. But this is very cool. Ramesh, okay, I guess. I did well. I'm Dr. Siddharth. I'm working in the ADR Cancer Institute in Chennai. So I did the health research fundamentals. Found it very useful because nowadays, doctors are expected to do a lot of research also apart from seeing patients. So this course helped me to learn a lot and it has benefited me a lot. So I hope in the future it will help me to make trials and experiment and learn new things. The portal was very user-friendly. I had no problems in accessing the portal. The exam was also well conducted and I had a very comfortable experience and everything was within the portions which were taken during the course. I've already recommended to all my students and friends. I hope they also do it in the future. I'm Har Mondaz. I'm a faculty member in the mechanical department at Raja Lakshmi Institute of Technology. This is the first time I am attending this NPTEL online certification program. Being a mechanical engineer, I first of all I would like to congratulate IIT Madras for taking this initiative because giving all those information and open source manners first of all, being a technical person, I'm congratulating them, I'm thanking them. And moreover, here everything is good. But from my point of view, they can increase the number of questions from my point of view because they have given three hours and only 42 questions they have given. If they are increasing the number of questions means it will be a competitive for me also to compete because I completed all the questions within 45 minutes. Remaining hours I'm just simply sitting. So my suggestion is they are doing a wonderful job. Let it be, let them continue. I will support them. But try to increase the number of questions and give some more competition for the students. They are ready to face the competition. I'm from IIT Madras. I just took up the course introduction to research from January to March. I found the course quite interesting. And so like in order to improve my knowledge on that, I took up the exam. And I found the exam experience quite interesting. I have already taken up an exam last semester. Foundations of Computational Fluid Dynamics. I wrote the exam. So like I was quite familiar with the portal already. I ask questions sometimes. So I was able, the portal was also useful. And I was able to find the examination, navigation and usage also quite. My name is Akash. I have done engineering graphics. It was easy. It was good in the test. The time was correct. The chair was not right. There was no water facility to drink. That was good. My name is Murli Prasad. I am also from EG. This is the third exam. It went well. The course gives a good basic foundation. It will be better if there are animation videos. The assignments are good now. I work at the same engineering graphics. It was very useful to me. Some concepts have been taught well from the videos they give me. But the college center facilities are not good. The restrooms are not good. The course is not a problem. I'm Lavanya. I'm from RMD engineering college doing my BTEC second year. It will enable me for a certification for placement. It gives more weightage to the placement. Actually, in my college, we are planning to take forward design and analysis of algorithms. So we may take that. Myself, Shalini, and I'm from RMK Engineering College, Guamdi Pundi. This examination was really very useful. At first, I didn't prepare well for this examination. But afterwards, when I was going through the assignments, I really felt it was interesting. So that I was started preparing by seeing many of the videos. And finally, I did good preparation. And I thought when I'm entering into the exam hall, the most of the questions will be inappropriate to the videos. But actually, it was not. Most of the questions were asked during the assignments. And most of the questions were from the videos. So I felt really it was interesting and good. And I did my best. Of course, for placements, it will be very useful. And since it is from my IIT certification, so that the name itself indicates that it is really useful for our further career. I'm Ilyas. I'm coming from Namakal. My college is RMK Engineering College, which is located in Kaurapetai. I'm doing Bachelor of Technology IIT. I did design and analysis of algorithm in NPTEL exam. It's nice. I will score good marks. I asked questions, but some answers came. But it is not related to me. I have what I asked. This certificate is useful for me for my placement or for placement purposes. Hi, friends. I'm Dinesh Kumar. I'm coming from Kaur. I'm studying in RMK Engineering College, which is located in Kaurapetai. I written a programming and data structure. The question was somewhat difficult. But the questions asked about only with the programming and the data structures. So if you know more about the data structures, we can write easily. Moreover, the question is somewhat easy, so we can write easily questions. Hi, I'm Lokesh. I'm coming from Chennai. I'm doing my B Tech degree in RMK Engineering College. And this online course is very useful to me for my placement and jobs. And the questions are a little bit difficult and not easier to answer. But overall, this is good to me. Hi, everyone. My name is Ashwin. And I'm studying in RMK Engineering College. I'm doing my B Tech IT. And I'm coming from Chennai. The NPTEL exam was somewhat difficult. But I attended DIA, which is a decent analysis for algorithm of algorithm. And it was a bit difficult for me to attend. But I attended all the questions. I think this NPTEL certificate will be useful for my campus and placement purpose. Time was not sufficient for viewing the videos. But whenever I get time, I'll use to watch the videos. Hi, I'm Lokesh. I'm coming from RMK Engineering College. I did my D course here. The exam was quite difficult. Half was easy and half was difficult to answer. This certificates play a major role in placements. We picked and choose the content which we don't know. Hi, I'm Arvind. I'm doing B Tech at IT in RMK Engineering College. Came to attend the NPTEL exam in DIA course. And it was somewhat difficult to me. And something easy to me. It plays a major role in the campus interview. My name is Ashok Babu, actually. I'm from IIT Madras. I'm a student of MTech second year. Actually, I'm a sponsored candidate from L&D. So actually, in our curriculum, that's actually a taken course called Project Planning and Control from Koshy Varghese. So actually, that subject is there in our curriculum earlier in first semester. So I just taken this course to just explore the more things. Because I've seen the syllabus and contents. So seeing that, I thought it will be interesting if I take this course. And it will be helpful when I join the company also. So it's a good course. Actually, I will be mostly joining as planning engineers in the company. So this course is also project planning and control. So what are the different tools used? And it has a little bit up on the softwares also. I have just graduated from SRM Medical College. I took the Health Research Fundamentals course by NYSER. Actually, I work for an organization, Medical Student Association of India. So they had told us that there's a good course coming up by NPTEL.  It was easy to use. It was good to understand. It was quite informative. I was looking for such a course for a long time. And I finally found it. A couple of errors were there in the scoring. But that was fine. All of it was a good experience. Right now, I'm working only part-time. But I think even for people who are working full-time, this should be fine because the lectures were not too long or the questionnaires were not too long. So it was quite manageable. For me, I am interested in health research. So this was quite a good informative course. So in the future, I would be able to use all this in my research experience or whatever. It was a good experience, actually. I found it easy to go through all the questions and easy to use and everything, no problem at all. Actually, for now, it was quite good. We would love if there were more such courses coming up and on various other topics. Because in health, under health, this was the only one available. So for now, this was a good experience. I'm Dr. Balaji. I work in SRM Medical College, Potheri. I'm a pediatrician. I took on Fundamentals of Human Research Methodology. Previously, we didn't have much idea about research methodologies. So it was taken in modules. And they made and ensured us that we learned every week. So there was assignments. And finally, since we had a certificate exam, we prepared even better. And this MCQ-based online exam was a very good experience. Only thing is, the video-based lectures, it could have been made more interactive. It could have been made more interactive. Like, instead of lectures, we can prepare some small, small concepts followed by questions and answers whether we understand those concepts. Rather than 20 minutes video, which was very difficult to be attentive. But otherwise, the remaining part was good. My name is Naveen Murugu. I am from RMK Engineering College, Mechanical Third Year. I take Phenomenal Analysis. And the exam is easy. And it's most of the exam questions were coming from assignment.  And the portal was very easy. It's very interactive. My name is Sethu Madhavan. I'm from REC, Rajalakshmi Engineering College. Actually, this NPTEL helps me a lot in improving my career. Wireless communication and sensor networks. Actually, it's a very interesting course. I actually like the faculty who taught this course. It was very useful, actually, because I want to do my highest studies in communication systems. And I think it should be developed furthermore about in the 4G, 5G networks. So I had my own interest in selecting this course. It was easy and it was very interesting, actually. It's not like dry. It's full of theories, derivations, something like new we can find in this course. No, actually, I didn't ask. Because I could understand everything whatever he taught. I allotted a separate time for this course. And I just took my own interest and I did this course. This is my second course, actually. First course I did the basic of this wireless communication. Now this is the advanced application of this wireless communication system. Compared to last time, this time it was very easy. Actually, for improving my resume, when I approach for a company, maybe I think I'm specialized in this. So they can easily select me like I'm specialized in, I want to be something, do something specific in my course. I'm Pradeep. Actually, I'm not a student. I'm working in a particular research organization. I took aircraft performance. So basically I have some feedback, like my background is the mechanical department. So I have some passion enough to do what are the things behind going on. I want to know like in aircraft performance and that technology and all. So somehow I found an NPTEL. So it's one of the really fantastic organization to help all of the peoples like who want to learn more and more the things about the worlds going on. So I hope you guys also can enjoy, can just join it and enjoy the course. Pretty easy, but I have some suggestions like in previously you have something, but now you guys, I think you guys updated the portal things in websites, I mean. So it might be still you can easily be able to access. It could be there. Not that much, not that much easy. Say for example, to be frank, I'm not wrote the exam just for the certificate. It's just for the skill, what is just for the knowledge, what I'm going to have. So that is one of the main thing. It doesn't mean once you have a certificate, you got the things and all. Want to know apart from my department, that is the main stuff of this course. So that's why I took this. Time is one of the log for not only for me, the people like you and me, for every one time is one of the lacking thing. Of course, we have to manage in somehow. So like a weekdays or somehow I even last and yesterday and day before yesterday and all, I took leave from my company. So then somehow I managed. Hi, my name is Aditya Krishna and I opted for basics of finite element analysis one from NPTEL online certification course. I'm from RMK Engineering College. I thought it will be useful for me because in this current semester, I have the course finite element analysis. But even though this course doesn't cover the whole of the finite element analysis which I have in the semester, but it strengthened the basic concepts of my subject. So I opted for that course. Yeah, the experience was nice, but from my point of view, it could be nice if I get an like a theory, like if the audio is converted into a theory like PDF, it would be good for me because every time we can't see the video we could have. So if we, at that case, if we see the PDF, we will get some, yeah, we will be matched the time. The exam was good. It was mostly from the course material and mostly like from what we were asked in the initial assignments in the website. Hi, my name is Ilan Jalian and I took up project control and planning and I'm from RMK Engineering College. It has a lot of industry relevance and since most of the companies like, since I am a civil student, most of the companies like L&T and of course use these principles in their work. So it would be useful if I had to choose work as my future project. In my college, they insisted to take up any one of the courses. So for civil, there were three courses and I took up this course. More than the certificate, it's a knowledge, which is very important. Since we are using the same concepts like in project control and planning, we are using the industry relevant software and how it is working, we are learning here. It will be very helpful if I'm able to go for a job for this. This course is very nice and I have to especially thank Mr. Jacob Koshy, sir, who is the course coordinator for this. He was very helpful in understanding many of the concepts. My name is K. Murthy. I'm working in Chennai Port. I'm presently working in the marketing department, so I opted for a marketing management course. My organization has sponsored already to IIT, Metra. There I did my IIT, sorry, M-Tech in Ocean Engineering. So through that, from the Alumni Association, I got the information about the NPTEL. It's fantastic. I never experienced such a coordination. I can surf to any level, I mean from section one to section three very easily. So I feel comfortable with that. It's a very good experience, but the number of questions is very less. So I would have finished half an hour earlier. Actually, our around 60 questions have been raised in MCQ type, which is each got three marks. If that is increased to 60 for one mark each, it will be comfortable for the student to get more marks. My name is Arvind Adid. I'm doing mechanical and the exam I wrote was on basic computer science algorithm programming. This was the second exam I'm taking in NPTEL. The first one was in the first semester. It was in the basic mathematical stuff. The second step was computer science. Since I wanted to have in touch with the computer, I chose this. And the questions were quite challenging. The first two questions were actually a bit easier and easily findable in the algorithm, but the last two questions, the third was in the medium level and the fourth was really testing my knowledge to the core. It was if we take it to the end, if we manage the time perfectly, we can easily find. During the weekdays, I take care of the school, college stuff and during the weekends on the Saturday nights and Sunday mornings, I do the video stuff. It was actually good, but the debugger was crashing at some times. While I was doing the program, all of a sudden the debugger just crashed and it was not responding. So I have to wait for around 10 to 15 minutes to the issue to be solved itself. It was resolved and again, it was constantly happening and for every half an hour or sometime. I was just surfing through the night and while I was searching, first I was watching lectures of the Harvard and Stanford universities. Then I came to know that exams are available in our India. So I just, I have taken mechanical engineering so it doesn't deal with computer science at all. So if I take, this actually keeps in touch with the computer science as well as the other courses enhances the core subject of mine. In mechanical engineering also, computer is being a major part in designing, et cetera. So if I, these programming is, when I searched to our analysts to it, it was very important in computers and major part of the mechanical course. So I opted to. My name is Guru Venkatesh. I'm from RMK Engineering College. I take information technology, BTEP. Our HOD told about this, programming and data structure. Since I'm first year, now only I'm learning basics, so I'm doing programming and data structures this time. Portal is very easy to use, but at first I couldn't understand what, how to use that compiler. After that, after half an hour only I have, I am understood. Then only I used it. I want to develop my programming knowledge so only I selected this course. After doing this course, I'm feeling very comfortable in programming. I am understand the concepts very clearly through that completing that assignments. By completing today exams, I'm feeling very glad. It is very different from what I'm learning because there I'm studying simply algorithms. Here I'm itself doing algorithms. That's what the difference between there and here. You know, in Joseph, I'm an andis. I'm working as a lecturer in Panama Engineering College. I selected introduction to research because I want to do research. I completed my ME and after that I want to do research. For that case only I selected this course. It's easy only, but I found somewhat difficult to that is if it is of a text version. Given only the videos and that is very difficult to go with that video. So if the text version is available, it means it will be very easy for us. It's very, very helpful only, but the difficulties I'm basically computer science, but the research, they are giving the general manner. If it is so far, our subject oriented means it will be very helpful for us. Since it is online, so anytime I can access that phone. So regular classroom means at that time only if I attend the class, then it is easy for me. Since it's online though, so anytime in the home also I can access that phone. My name is Sriharsha. I'm from VIT Chennai campus. I'm studying triply, triply. So I've attempted for data structures and algorithm. So for just for trying how the different course will be, the questions are very qualitative and a little improvement needed is in the compiler that is working. It is working a bit slow. Rest of all the questions, the quality and everything is very nice. And even the location is also very appropriate and it is very easy to travel and look it. I think overall the course is very nice. Our college provided, gave us a mail regarding this course. Not exactly entire time was available, but as far as I can, I have seen the videos. Belonged to a triply branch, so I thought just how will the data structure course, to see how the data structure course will be, just attempted, I just gave a trial. So it's very qualitative. Next time I'll try my own core course, then I can, it will be something like I can prove myself. It is very nice.


What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Leighton Sports Guards, and I'm ripping a couple of Personals here for Landon G We've got a 2022 leaf autograph Jersey multi sport edition box as well as a 2022 Panini select UFC Hobby box. All right, best of luck Landon. Here we go.  Good luck. We've got all sick. How about a throwback here warren moon? Man, he signed that pretty darn big too with the Hall of Fame inscription Specket card all the way Warren moon Hall of Fame 06 got your Beckett card here Yeah, there's no hologram sticker on this Jersey Yeah, just the card here And not seen a sticker anywhere on the number which is odd Warren moon We'll send you the box we do send these in the box of course And that's something I would definitely reach out to leaf about So they can get you an authenticated Jersey because that hologram is really what authenticates the Jersey more than the car It's so that's weird. I have not seen that All right, we're gonna move on to your select hobby Again, I would definitely reach out to To leave Oh, it didn't go through Let's say I didn't see Didn't see an order for you Empty Good luck. I need Diaz silver of the Lollup, Muhammad Bradley Usmah Tri-color rookie of Grant Dawson lightweight. I should Go on and Gregor out of 99. We've got red auto of Jeff Neil Jeff Neil and bronze premier level Rob fonts Rob fonts on the bronze That one is 80 of 175 This rose we've got phenomenon of Asgharov and silver and Nate Diaz Lesnar We've got octagon side of Torres and silver Macy Chassion for another auto here Waterson penia Torres Tri-color of duplesis duplesis on the middle weight Oh gotcha Bradley All right make make sure it wasn't on our an aspirin all phenomenons and a jimmy crude on the tie guy Light heavyweight concourse One of 25 nice hit there for you landed Heck yeah, what they're now awesome. Okay Were you able to add a order note or no the Gregor costa porie? Silver Kaz much a man nice one there comes up Sounds good Bradley. We'll see if I get to it today. If not, it will break one of the first ones tomorrow night with me We've got silver patch of Uriah favor favor patch silver amir Albalde rookie Alba Gone ozman chakla del shevchenko scope of rosin strip Regas crooks Got octagon side of rocket and white rookie of billy quan Quaranteo White concourse that is 37 of 75 forgot no worries last pack here for you landing in ghanu Aspen all rookie and tri-color of meal magmae Alrighty landing that will do it for your two boxes. Thanks again. Congrats and we'll get these right out to you


Hello, thank you for joining me. I'm just going for a walk by the Langoflin canal now I'm currently in England. This is the Langoflin canal that goes up to Langoflin in Wales It is also known as the Langoflin branch of the Shropshire Union branch now as I say I'm currently in England the reason I say that it's very soon.  You can hear water off it. There must be an overflow from the canal and here In front of us is the Aqueduct the Chirk Aqueduct that takes a 70 foot above the Carriog Valley There's the river down there now if you want you can actually cross the border Higher than 70 feet you can cross it a hundred feet because adjacent to us We have Chirk Railway Viaduct Which is on the railway line that runs from Shrewsbury up towards Wrexham So obviously we're now on the Aqueduct you can see the river Carriog down there I think that's how you pronounce it apologies if I'm not quite pronouncing that right so to about now I'm kind of halfway between England and Wales if you look over there Just say welcome to England and Now if I walk a little bit further We are now above the fields So I think it's fair to say now we must be in Wales so this aqueduct was built by Thomas Telford the foundation stones were laid on the 17th for June 1796 and it was finished in 1801 And it stood on its own dominating the valley for almost 50 years until they then built the railway Which was added in 1848 so then from then on you've had this these two viaducts or one viaducts one aqueduct Together so when you see it from a distance over there you could be mistaken for thinking it's one fancy Structured it incorporates both but it is There's a good 30 odd feet not only height above us, but from here approximately more than 30 feet To the railway aqueduct so We've almost crossed it. I believe there's about ten arches on the aqueduct when we get to the other end I'll stand so you'll be able to get a bit of a view of the aqueduct Looking back now. We have crossed the border and we're in Wales I might catch a train later on over the viaduct and Whether I do it today I don't know but then be quite fun one day to say you've come into Wales on a canal and Gone back on the train and what I should do is I'll do it on a barge one day That'll be really fun to do the border crossing on a barge back on the train. I think today. I'm just gonna stick to walking So we've now come to the other side of the aqueduct if you look as the Abutment curves around you get a really nice view of both the aqueducts and the viaducts. It's a shame a train didn't come along but They're not that frequent on this line It is double track, but I thought we won't wait forever Just in case one we might be waiting for a long time. If you have a look at the aqueduct As you can see they are actually slightly sloped to give it more strength now After the aqueduct is if that wasn't fun enough There's then a tunnel church tunnel. So what we're gonna do now is we're gonna go from 70 foot above ground to I'm not quite sure how many feet below ground we're gonna walk through This incredibly dark looking funnel is actually a boat coming through it. So it might not be quite as dark I haven't quite decided Where I'll talk all the way through or not. I might cut the film and then start again at the end So there here we get quite a nice view you can see the reflection of the viaducts And obviously it's big area here because you can only have one boat on the aqueduct at a time You can only have one boat in the tunnel at a time So we're just approaching the tunnel. It's about a quarter of a mile long. So it's quite long and Might she tell us here. Oh, that's the whip. So it's six foot nine inches church tunnel Not gonna try and pronounce it in Welsh, but that's how it is Let's go through It's got number 23, so whether that means it's tunnel or or it counts as a bridge number 23 I'm not sure if anyone knows do comment and tell me There's also a railway tunnel, but it's much shorter Railway tunnels just next to this one and The only row tunnel only really goes under the road this tunnel though actually goes underneath the railway So when we emerge to land on the other side, we will not only Be somewhere completely different But we will be on the other side of the railway line now It's very narrow in here. I'm glad you can't really see it, but there is a fence And if you go let you look through Tunnel that way you can see the light of the boat I will pause the camera and walk through because not a lot to show you looking about that way you can see the tunnel so I'm gonna pause the camera now, and I'll show you a bit more when we get further down So I'm now approximately Halfway through church tunnel. I'm probably directly below the railway now as I said a moment ago There's a boat coming towards us. Just look at the site. That's making I just passed some other people It's so narrow and you have to duck right down into the corner in fact We can use the light of the boat just to give you an idea just how small the towpath is so if someone came past I had to get right down like this The boat is now pitch black and I cannot see a thing keep walking into the wall so I'll pause the camera again, and I'll talk more when we get to the end I think I underestimated a bit by saying we're halfway through it looks like it goes on forever. So see you at the end So the end of the tunnel finally beckons that was quite and a long and obviously very dark Experience it remind me a bit when I walked through the Chill Compton tunnel in the old Somerset and Dorset Railway But obviously had a lot more room to walk and there was more lights. It wasn't quite as narrow As you get to here give you another idea See just how narrow the towpath is and bear in mind you've got hardly any headroom So obviously you've got the tunnel itself when you come out here. It's almost like you've Come into a different world. Everything seems so bright and You know, it doesn't feel like we're in Wales now It feels like we're on a leafy section of the Grand Union Canal in Hertfordshire. It's so Different so we've come under the railway to the railway station must be up there somewhere So obviously we will not finish the video without a look at that There's a tunnel behind us So that is what we've come through a quarter of a mile of complete darkness except for when that boat came And it was interesting how once the boat had gone how suddenly pitch black it was there's a bit more same bit of info on the church Tunnel I'm now going to head up the slope Up to the railway station. So we'll have a look at the railway station and I'll tell you about another little Interesting railway that used to run from here. So up we go up the slope and Out of the canal cutting by the way up there is church castle. We're not going to go there today But perhaps at some point next year we were it's a lovely castle. It's national trust. It's got a lovely garden That's one for the summer. So perhaps next year we'll do church castle So here we are now. We're above the mouth of the tunnel and I said we're going to go and have a look at the railway station I'm just going to show you this view Looking along the canals cutting from above the tunnel almost perfect reflection Water is very still today and the setup there is church castle, which we'll do next year Now let's go out here onto the lane And we're going to go look at railway station So we have come I said the line of the tunnel is about that way underneath the railway line So when we get to the railway station, which is just here if we have a look down here You'll see there's What pays to me to use railway indeed it is that is the old glen valley tramway Platform it used to run from here up the valley now It opened in 1873 and it closed in the 1930s I believe from competition for buses the buses used to always run just ahead of The trams or trains. It was like a steam-hauled train, but with tramway like engines So the railway didn't really you know, it couldn't really survive It's unfair, but there is a group out there today who wishes to reopen it and best of luck to them I think it'd be great to see it reopened so you can see where it went it went under that bridge there That's obviously the main line It had gone off In a Turned off that way up the valley. There was also there were various branches to quarries now There's one that would have gone underneath the aqueduct and the viaduct As a good branch, but the passenger trains would have ran You can see up that trap bed Some of the carriages have survived they've ended up at the tunniflin railway and maybe if they ever reopen it They'll come back and get to run here again. I'll just let you see the railway line while we're here So as I said about there being a railway tunnel you can just see the railway tunnel up there Directly on the other side of the railway tunnel is the aqueduct and the viaduct And if we have a look on this side You can see the railway station. It's a bit strange They actually got the footbridge here and the road bridge next to each other And if you wonder why there's loads and loads of people hanging around us because there's a steam train coming through Isn't that a coincidence? I haven't come here under their steam trains coming through So obviously I'm gonna include that in the video before I go so I'll just walk down onto the station platform and We'll finish the video down there There's also a new bridge into last came on last came it was only this footbridge There's now put an accessible one in there's no lifts here, but there's a ramp So the station is now fully accessible which is good. Well, if you have a look over there It says Glen Valley tramway truss restoration in Valley tramway phase one coming here soon So we shall certainly look forward to seeing that. I'm not sure exactly when that's gonna happen But when it does we'll be back So what I'm gonna do now is I'm just gonna hang around at this church railway station And wait for the arrival of the steam train So we're just just gonna walk all the way up here just because we can nice flower that is even a bear Made out of boxed heads. It's not actually boxed heads. It's top hedge. It looks really nice so, yeah Very attractive railway station. And if you wonder what that is, that's the Cronus pan work So they make chipboard so you see a lot of log trains coming. Oh, there is actually a train coming not a steam train. Just stay I nearly say a river trains Wales, but not that anymore. They're transport for Wales one of their class 175 So we'll see that arrive and Then I'm gonna hang around and await the arrival of the steam train So I hope you enjoyed this video. Thank you very much for watching and Do please feel free to like comment and subscribe tell your friends tell your grandparents tell anyone else You know, you think might be interested. Thank you for watching


Now, the vice president, Yamio Shiba-Ju, has raised the alarm that Niger will fail completely if the leaders do not accept and implement what he described as ethical revolution. Abbas and Joe stated this while they live in a lecture titled, Values the Difference Between Success and Failure are the 100th anniversary of the Old Boys Association of the Baptist Boys High School, La Belgota, Oregon State. He insisted that the government must lead the ethical revolution by rewarding good behaviors and ensuring speedy punishment from his conduct. He called on educational institutions to inculcate the value of honesty, diligence, hard work, respect, trustworthiness, discipline, and integrity in their students so as to raise the youth with the right sink in. We must be able to demonstrate that it is not that well good order that building institutions don't come by just miraculous accord. They come by building hard work step-by-step, line-by-line, precept by Christian. That's what our religious leaders must teach. The religious elite must also reject and ostracize public officers and persons whose words cannot be explained, or is clearly from shady or social sources. Every modern society, everyone modern society has had to deal with corruption. Corruption is not a Nigerian thing. It's not. Sometimes we deceive ourselves, telling ourselves, oh, it is Nigerian. No. Many countries, in fact most countries of the world, had more corruption than us, but their elites sat down and decided we have to deal with this thing. If we don't deal with it, it will deal with us. There is no modern society today. And I challenge anyone to demonstrate to make any modern society that has not had to deal with corruption. And they deal with it by their elites sitting down and saying, we have to agree. This is the way forward.


size. All right, so we go there. And so the exercise is that I give, we go back to the other example where we had this FASTA file with bunch of sequence, so text sequence, ATG season stuff. And you have your sequence similarity function. And your goal is to try and optimize them for using either NumPy, Noomba, or Scython, preferably all three. And try to see which one gives you the best, what are the sort of tricks that you can put in place. Try to think and try to get the best performance that you can. Let's say that this is kind of really the challenge there. It has happened a few times and have been quite surprised by some of the results that people have come up with. And with very, very good improvement of performance. So my hopes are up. Okay, so now we want to try and optimize this. I think that now you have seen that these values method, they all kind of can work. But a very simple example that are provided in their documentation, they work super, super, super well. But as soon as you try and apply them to stuff a bit different than what is exactly thought for them, you can see some, you can have some varying degree of success. And it's perfectly normal. And it's also part of the learning curve to learn how to and when to apply them. It takes also a little bit of time and practice. So don't hesitate to come back to this sort of exercise later on. All right. So we have our two functions. First is sequence similarity. Okay, takes two sequence, compute the similarity between them by just going through a list. And if they are the same thing, you had plus one, two little similarities chord, which is then divided by the length of the sequence. And then this just wraps that function for all pair of sequence in there. All right. And we, when we time it, we see that, okay, it's fairly slow, right? Because there is only 500 sequence of small size. And so you, but it still takes a third or a second. And then we may want to change that using our various libraries. So first thing first, and I will spare you that one, but you can already get the times to speed up very easily by just using the little trick that we had used earlier. Remember, if J under I continue, and then here you just say that the matrix is equal to itself, but in, but in symmetry. All right. So just remember that one, we will, we will forgo that trick for, for now, okay, because we want to focus maybe more on the, on, on the libraries themselves and what they do. But remember that this should always kind of be your first go to write. Okay. Because this will always work. So just remember that. And now we are going to try and see what we can get without relying on that presuming that you've already removed redundant stuff. Like if for instance, our similarity measure was not symmetric, we could not apply that. So, yeah. Okay. So now, first, let's start with Numba. Numba, I think is always a very good, like first approach, maybe NumPy or Numba, but Numba is nice because it's just a decorator and it can get us very good results. So there is just the exact same code. Okay. But with the adjeet there. And now, if you try and run this, you will encounter a first little problem there. Okay. So let me try that directly. Okay. Let's say I just take that and try it out. And I will just apply this function there and see what we get. One, two. What you see is problematic stuff. Okay. That's mostly a Numba pending deprecation warning. So in itself, that's not an error. But that's something that you might want to care about. Okay. What they say is that right now you use a type that is scheduled for deprecation type reflected list found for argument LSEC. Okay. So we don't know exactly what is a reflected list. But we know that it has to do with this argument there. It's not very happy with our list. Or so second little thing, we see that our performance is actually worse than before. So first, let's try and address this little part. So this, if you go in because they are nice, it gives you this little link there. You will learn that what they call a reflected list is a list here that could potentially be changed inside this, inside the function. And in Python function, that's fine. And that's something that you can do. But in whenever, when you have a relationship between this list, for instance, sorry, when you have a relationship to account for an interface to account for between two languages such as Python C, it becomes a nightmare. And so they decided that they would deprecate the support for this sort of feature. And so they let you know that. So then the way that they propose that you go around that is by building a little interface. And so that's what I built here, where you from number the type you import list with an uppercase there. And then you create that list that uses about the same exact code that they propose to use in when you follow that link. And then you feed that to the function. Okay. So maybe we do that. And next, if we do this, all right, and we call it again, I will just do it now just with n1 so that it goes a bit faster to run. Now you see we don't have the warning anymore. We are still not that much faster, but at least we don't have the warning anymore. Okay. Next, of course, again, I know that I'm kind of fighting a losing battle there, but I still want to spend a bit of time on that. Before we get too much about the time here, we have to check that we do that we would get the same result. Okay, because if you have a function that is faster or something, it doesn't really matter if you don't get the same results in the end. So you need to check that you still get something that is good. Here, there is not too much risk because we did only fairly minimal change, but nevertheless, it's nice to check. So here, I propose two ways of doing that. The first is I create a set of random sequences, and then I check that both functions return to me the exact same result. All right. And then the second one would be maybe more visual. Okay. And I just create a very small example where it's fairly easy to compute manually what would happen. Like you know that this one and this one, there is one and then two differences, and then here six and so on and so forth. So I can just apply both and check that they return the same metrics. Here they do. And so I am happy to say that at least the function performed the same way. And then of course, now once we have checked what they do, we can actually measure a benchmark to implementations. And then of course, what we have seen there is that actually it performs worse. Okay, so that's really not like here Numba fails to do it magic. It's magic basically. So not always that simple. Yeah. The main problem is I told you Numba is super good with numbers, but when it comes to anything else, it's actually quite bad. Okay. And you see that in action. So something to think about. All right. Okay. So that's with the Numba one. Are there any questions at this stage or have you done things differently there? No questions. Everything good so far. I know it's getting a bit late. Maybe some of you are getting a bit tired. Yes. Ah, some signs of life. At least one person is alive. All right. For the rest we'll have to see. Okay. So the next one would be to go to maybe NumPy. So NumPy solution, I describe here a little bit what I do, but here the idea is to say, okay, rather than do a for loop with NumPy, what we can do is we can say, okay, we have a NumPy.array. What doesn't it type? Sorry. Okay. There we go. Yeah. And then we have like maybe one, two, three. Okay. And then we have another NumPy array, which is maybe one, and then it's different. And then it's the same, for instance, one, four, three. And what we can do is an equal equal. And then we get true, false, true. Okay. So we get false for everything that is different and true for everything that is the same. And so then if we sum this thing, the true is considered a one and the false it considers is zero. So it will count the number of stuff that are true. Okay. Oops. Sorry. All right. There you go. So the sum will be the number of things that are true. And then it will be because we want to divide it by the length of the number of elements. So we could do a divided by three there, but it's actually equivalent to just asking for the mean of this true and false vector. So far so good. Yes. Okay. So now with this in mind, what we do is that we rewrite the sequence similarity in NumPy. So there we have sec a, sec b, and then we just say sec a equal equal sec b dot mean. And that's it. Check equality and compute the mean of this equality. And that's all there is to it. There is no other stuff. And now the little thing that we have to do then is that we want to then use a little trick that I've given to you there. So if we want to transfer a string to a NumPy array, so if we just do np dot array of at ggca, we see that it doesn't really work. It's an array with a single element, which is just everything that we have there. So that's not what we would like. What we would like is to have that separated. So we have to add this little additional step of transforming to a list and then this. And that's when now we get an actual array with each letter being distinct. Okay. So that's the little trick. And this is the trick that I have given you there to transform a string into an array. You can use this. So with that, we have the two elements that we need. So the first is just that one. And then we first have the lsec, we transfer it to NumPy arrays of characters. And then is here the same thing. So we do the sequence similarity NumPy and so on and so forth. And that's it. Okay. So I'm going to first do this one. Then I do the two check to verify that they give the same thing. All right. So indeed this gives the same result. And I can check visually on a very simple example that they do. And then finally, I can test the two against one another. And what I have experimented when I tested this thing is that I get about a times four speedup. Okay. So while this run, I know that many of you tried, okay, here only five times three. So I know that many of you tried then NumPy, but you did not see an improvement. What did you do when you tried to switch to NumPy? Please write or raise hand and speak to tell us how you tried to tackle that and why you think maybe that didn't work. Yeah, you're okay. I have to find for a bit, but I created two NumPy arrays for the sequences. And then I compared that and summed it up. But that was much too complicated. It was for individual statements. Yeah. Okay. So you did the comparison with the for loop maybe or something like this. I can paste it. Yes, I think I think I see. And that might that that might be then a bit, a bit complex on the surface. But since there, what you would do is that you would then switch, you would convert the sequence from string to list several times each time, because you do n square operation. So this would be transferred from string to list n times. And this is costly operation that then if you had three done it once as I do here, then I think that you might see better performance. Yeah. But yeah, as you can see, it can be sometimes a bit tricky and we have to think, and that's where sometimes also if you saw that you could use profiling to try and see what is the function like, is it the call to list or the call to equal that takes the most time. And then you would see that it's maybe the call to list or the transfer from one to the other. And then you would work on reducing the redundancy there. So it's also kind of a process. But yeah, could try otherwise. Okay. So then we get, we do get a speed up. Okay. So, right. Number not easy. Here we do get a speed up. And then of course, as I've shown, if you also apply the little, sorry, the little trick, here I do it slightly differently than what I did before. But if you just ensure that you don't compute the same thing twice all the time, well, then you can also multiply by two your speed up just because you don't do redundant computations. Okay. So you get something better. Now, are there questions about this NumPy optimization stuff that you may have done differently or stuff that are still a bit unclear? None? All right. Yes. So there was a quick question about broadcasting. I've pasted there the link in the chat to explain what broadcasting is. I surely don't think I can do a better job than what they do at explaining what broadcasting is, because I think that they do a very good job. In that particular case, it's not going really to help you broadcasting, because as we have seen what we want to do is to just compare two vectors which are the exact same size. We had broadcasting refers in NumPy to those rules that happen when you try to do operations on vectors which are not of the same size. Okay. And then NumPy has a number of small rules, but basically what it does is that it tries to find dimensions where the arrays onto which you try to do the aspect have a similar size or have a size, which is what they say here. They go through all the shapes. So let's say you have a 2D or 3D array, and they go through all the dimensions that you have and try to find some that fit or where one is equal, such that if you try to multiply an array, which is 3D, you get an image 256 by 256 pixels times 3 for your R, G and B, red, green, blue channels. If you multiply it by a vector of size 3, it will understand that these three correspond to Z3. And then it will just multiply each element to each element in such that you have one number that applies to each of the colors. All right. So that's the sort of rules, but there they are not really what we want to use because we want to compare two things which are the exact same size. And that's why we can just simply say this equals that and that does the test for us. Okay. All right. So I think that this was a question from Tess. Tess, does that sort of clarify what you wanted or did you have further questions? Yes. Thank you. Yeah. I think I just overcomplicated for myself. I was trying to make a smaller similarity array than applying to the original. Yeah. I see. To me, it's also a fairly common thing that when we start playing with these libraries, we tend to go very complex. And when in fact, actually, and that's one of the beauty and the elegance of these libraries that they can, at least for NumPy and Nuba, that they are deceptively simple sometimes. It's a sort of solution that they offer to us. Okay. And that can take a bit like a while sometimes to get used to do something simple again. Okay. Right. So that was for NumPy. Yes, Tess? Oh, no, nothing. I just want to say thank you. Ah, cool. All right. So now the next one that we have is Scython. And in Scython, what I just said don't apply is that in Scython things are complicated. Okay. That's one of the ugly reality of Scython is that it's, yeah, it's not always easy to play with. So first off, I just here did something relatively simple where I just did some simple typing and mostly so I did the typing and then I just replaced the Python string and their typing will be STR. So it's simple Python typing. There is a smarter way of typing them. I will show it just next, but it's a bit more complex to play with. So I'll start with a simple one. Okay. So this is the exact same thing as what we have done earlier. Then this here is STR, STR. And then inside there, you see that we are kind of back to our native Python. Okay. And I just do here for, you know, element in and so on and so forth. And my goal is to have this be a fully typed function. Now there inside that one, I've done the same thing again. You say here, this is the exact type of code than what we had before with our pairwise distance. So I copy pasted that from, I think that was this example there. You can find the exact same style. Okay. And then here, this is the link between the two functions. So nothing too, too, too crazy there. Okay. Now then what we see when it has compiled is that it's not too, too bad, but then it has some difficulty in there. And if you delve a little bit in that, you see that it's mostly to do with this string there. So all of these elements there, each time you have a reference to one of the string here, it's unhappy because it's still a Python string. So it tries to access it and that creates interaction between C and Python elements. Otherwise, it's not too unhappy. All right. So then with that, when you execute this, you will see that already still, you do get a good speed up. So here just right now by, sorry, while playing with that one, I had a speed up of nine, which is now because that's without the little divided by two trick. So that's actually three times faster than the speed up that we had, that we had with the NumPy, if I'm not mistaken, right? So now we really have a nice speed. And that's, as I said, one of the nice thing that there is with Python is that you have more leeway when it comes to the way that you want to do the optimization. And so it's a bit more flexible than Numba because with Numba, if you are not in the right proper configuration that Numba likes, well, tough not, right? It can be hard to correct. But with Python, you can always play around. Now, with Python, we can go more complex. We can always go a bit more complex with Python up to the point where we write pure C++. So here, I will go a bit further and what I do mostly is that I switch from the Python type string, which caused problem earlier, to the C type, which is a character array, which is written like this. If you know a little bit of C or C++ will speak to you for the others. This is how we represent a pointer. So something that references some characters. It might be one, it might be several. In this case, it's several, right? That's just a difference of type. You see that the rest of the code is unaffected. It's only this that changes. So it's really kind of a Syson trick whenever you work with strings. Okay. And next, what we also need to do is that we need to ensure that the string that we give there are properly encoded to be understood by Thyson. And this one took me a bit of a time to understand how to do that and how to do that efficiently. But that's basically, I think, the simplest way of doing that. I just convert it to a UTF-8 and that seems to interface very well with then C code. So I do this. And now when I compile, you see that now my functions are pure C, okay, except for, of course, when you get in and get out of it, but otherwise, it's proper C. And then there as well, you only have a few interactions there, but they are fairly limited. Okay. So now, let's say in two levels, I'm able to achieve better and then even better performance. And if you execute that, then you see that you have a speedup of, here I achieved 17, but during my test, when I didn't have Zoom to slow me down, I achieved a 21 times speedup. So now I'm seven times faster than the NumPy implementation itself. So I really get the best speedup there. Right. So that's the Syson one, which I think that here, when it comes to not changing the problem too much, yields the best result. Do you have any comments or any further ideas which you thought about, but you have not seen me test and maybe we can discuss that together? I know that I have one further idea that I want to show you. Nothing for now, maybe, or maybe you're just frankly typing on your keyboard. Well, before we end this exercise session and go on a well-deserved break, let me show you what I think is also a good way of going at it. I told you repeatedly, Numba is super, super good with numbers, but it's not very good with strings. Well, then one, the reaction that you couldn't have with that is to say, let's shift the problem around and say that we want to work not with strings, but with numbers. All right. We have ATG and C. Okay. And that shifts that to numbers zero, one, two, three. Okay. Let's, without even thinking too, too much. Right. So that's what I tried. Okay. Sometimes, you know, you go for a very simple idea and it's nice. So I just made a simple function, okay, which has dictionary zero, one, two, three, okay. And then you just give it a string and it changes ATGCs for zero, one, two, three in the form of arrays. And then I just create a function to automatically change a list of these to a list of arrays. So, for instance, AAGC becomes zero, zero, zero, two, three, or zero, 88G, zero, one, zero, two, two. Okay. So far, so good. All right. So we have one person still alive. That's good to know. For the others, don't hesitate to use the reaction to show your enthusiasm, I would say. Okay. So, right. So now we have that. Now the question is, will that still work? If we come back to our code, I will not come back to it. Awesome. Yeah, I will. Actually, I think it's quick enough to see. So if we come back to our code, actually, we see that there is nothing specific to string there. There is nothing that forces us. I mean, this bit of code should work the exact same way if you have numbers or if you have strings. All right. And that's one of the beauty of Python sometimes I would say. So from there, we can just come back to our code and just say, okay, now I get that. I try Numba, the Numba implementation, I give it the string version. And now I give it the string version, but that has been transformed to an integer. So basically that, and we will first check, of course, that we get the exact same result. Right? You can also do the other check, and you will verify that indeed, you do get the same result. So once you are quite happy with that, you can say, okay, right now that I've seen that, now I can check which one is the fastest. And actually, when you do that, you see that you go from something that is worse to something that is actually much, much, much better. And with that, we are, I think this is about the same performance as the best, Python, right? Yeah, it's about the same thing. Right? So it's about 16, 17 speed up. So now just by changing, just by shifting around, what is the data type that we play with, we see that we have gained a ton of performance. And now, but not least, of course, we want to be as fair as possible. And so you can't just count this, because you have to also count the fact that you have to then apply this function that transforms from the sequence of the strings to a set of integers. And this in itself can take a bit of time. Here you see, it's really not negligible. It's about 25%. So in fact, this whole solution there takes about 25 milliseconds. So it's slower than Python. But you see, it's getting there, it's very comparable. And also, it has asked me fairly minimal development. I just still have my adjit on the original function. And I then just had to think of the trick of switching from string to integers. And this could also maybe, I think that that might be sped up. I think I could make this a bit faster and apply a couple of more tricks. So I might be able to get myself slightly lower than the Python implementation. I think if I applied more time on it, optimization. But yeah, that's a good remark. And that's a good thing too. Okay, so now you have seen, I hope that I've shown you different ways to go at this. I've shown you also how different libraries can have sometimes different areas where they might shine. Okay, and that sometimes there is some catch. I think that here, transforming to integer worked. And that was lucky for me. But for more complex operations, I'm absolutely certain that the number in the end will not work that much. And that the Python would be the one that shines. Okay, so it really depends on what sort of operation you want to do and how deep you want to go as well.


Everybody forced here ripping 20-22 Bowman Transcendent Collection Baseball case number 15 random hit style In this case, we will have a VIP event invitation an oversized cut auto one-of-one a one-of-one through the years Marcella Meyer or Bobby with junior auto a one-of-one Bowman icons Deco gold auto a 1990 Bowman design Superfracture auto one-of-one a complete set of Bowman icons number to 50 that stays sealed And then there's gonna be 30 Framed autos that are in like the set will go through that set those are individual hits here. We go. Good luck.  Oh, he is He always goes my mother would have killed me I First hit VIP event invitation which doesn't know how old he is That's awesome now that I'm 30 I'll probably start to forget Old enough to know I Want to see an Aaron judge Superfracture in this one and I want to see The Marilyn Monroe cut on it with this one. I think that'd be cool Be a cool issue a coolio cut off her All right guys again next one is at 18 to go Let's get it filled up Bowman icon set here. This one's 39 out of 50 again. This is gonna stay sealed These are the framed autos that we're gonna go through a redemption again So we're gonna have another extra that's every case tonight. Actually, it's kind of crazy last time only had like four So yeah, there's a redemption there that I can see so we'll have an actual combined some hits at a number to 20 and Make 36 spots Deco gold auto one of one one of one through the years Bobby Wood Jr. Marcello Meyer What one or not both one or the other I'm gonna go And then the 1990 Bowman Superfracture auto one of one you guys have matching pad tats. That's pretty sick That must be a good one Oversized cut auto one of one doesn't run around the rock. I'm gonna see you again. Okay. Let's do it Yeah, I ran a missile everybody gets something What's up Steve happy new year, buddy? So again this redemption I bet almost my life that it's gonna be who Jay Rod or wonder Sometimes gonna pull out a gun like Who blue parallel transcendent collection image variation auto blue parallel of wonder Franco Very nice, that'll be numbered to ten. Good luck on that one in the random Very nice rookie auto redemption wander blue. Hi. This is Jordan Lawler numbered eight out of ten on the blue auto Very nice. Oh if either of the Beatles have gotten hit Harrison or Lenin I'm interested. I want one with all of them Yeah, we pulled the mageo and Marilyn Monroe pulled the mageo Colton Couser five out of ten Real them in nice Couser five out of ten good parallel so far all blue so far Marcello Meyer 18 of 20 Marcello Meyer 18 out of 20 very nice. Good luck on that one Five of five green Christian Hernandez Nice hit there Again good luck on that one in the random all right, we're at 16 to go 16 to go on case 16 next Anyone gonna come to the National this year since talking about 2023 You know Larissa wants to go to the National this year. Oh boy. Really? Yeah, four of five Oscar Coloss Nice Oscar Coloss She'd be my assistant and need a hot dog in a coat Live in large next up one of one rose gold Ellie De La Cruz Whoo big card. Good luck one of one Ellie De La Cruz Seriously, good luck on that one. Yeah, Rich Larissa says she wanted to come to the National so you can put her to work Next up eight of ten Matt McClain Ashley 25 times. Are you sure are you sure? Are you sure you want to go to the National? Eight of ten Matt McClain very nice Next up is a Benny Montgomery 16 out of 20 Benny Helton John Colorado 16 of 20 Benny Montgomery everybody for the National after after Lashers National we could do anything. We could do anything Blue Samuel Munoz six of ten Very nice card there Dodger blue color match Dodger blue Did you do the National in Dodger Stadium inside of it? She starts a ring That was not a firework. That was that was artillery Henry Davis auto two of 20 Hank Davis alright Shane, we'll put you to the test Henry Davis to 20 there James Wood 15 of 20 James Wood LSE Jester Yeah, you and illegal kind of got that down You're done a deal of Santos auto 20 of 20 you are done a deal of Santos auto 20 of 20 Harry Ford 7 of 20 Harrison Ford get off of my plane Harry Ford 7 of 20 there. There he is. There he is He's equal to bar number one of 20. We're on a run of 20s now Get all the earlobe All the low numbers up front stuff one of one coming up though at some point one of those hats of the bells on it We do need a jester our other one quit Next up Khalil Watson number 12 out of 20 Yeah, guys 16 to go Khalil Watson 12 of 20 Sal Fralick 19 of 20 now Sal Fralick 16 to go everybody. Let's get it filled up breaking right after this tape switch Terrible next is three of five Brian Acunha Think I'll have green hair one time. We can match the parallel Brian Acunha 3 out of 5 5 of 5 Trey Sweeney now Trey Sweeney Trey way ice tray 12 out of 20 Roderick Arias The silver frames is a base that it stays as a whole sets one item Roderick Arias 12 out of 20 2 of 20 John Kenzie Noel Noel 2 of 20 that is a blue Jose Ramos Dodger color match six of ten six out of ten Jose Ramos nice What's up Michael welcome back Victor Acosta number one of 20 now next Dustin Harris seven out of 20 Oh dusty Denzer Guzman next 13 of 20 still have a 101 coming in the final like six or seven here Denzer Guzman, yeah, like a blue full I prefer the green personally Love the look of the green Isaac Pacheco numbered 18 out of 20 Bryson Stott rookie Otto nine of ten Bryson Stott nine of ten who's one of one we hit one of those earlier Do another one when you'll cruise 14 of 20 who's not cruise Come on. Let's see a wit one of one yeah 14 to 20 you're like an Abrams. That'd be nice CJ Abrams rookie Otto one out of ten nice Abrams Rookie Otto Spencer Torkelson nine of 20 I Think it's gonna be a wit one of one then right nine to 20 Spencer Torkelson last one Isn't one of one and it is Bobby wit, Jr Oh Good luck on that man huge one of ones Ellie De La Cruz and Bobby wit in the in the In the set here my goodness Huge one of ones in the frames Heck yeah, man. Love to see that again. Good luck on this one everybody Bobby wit jr. Red variation rookie Otto one of one Huge Which man that was that with the Ellie No, that's crazy. That is crazy We had something like that last night. It was like one of them had like J rod and like My or like my or something crazy something insane like that You gotta find two to twenty to combine not my or not Montgomery Not Davis not wood. So that they los Santos not tovar not Watson Not Fray like not arias. There's no well Acosta Shaco So De Los Santos Noel Yeah, welcome by and John continue all in the ordinate of Los Santos We'll have 36 here Yeah, the others are close, but I'll do that. All right, there's that makes 36 Let's get that extra filled up guys 16 ago link is in chat Come on now about to pull some we're pulling heat already about to pull some more heat Breaks in just a few minutes here. All right, Deco gold one of one up first Bowman icons Deco gold auto one of one of Reginald presciato very nice. He isn't he's not an auto subject in the framed autos Reggie presciato You go. He think it was part of the Darvish trade, right a couple years ago Press the auto auto very nice. Good luck on that one to everybody Awesome hit for the years next through the years Meyer or wit Bobby wit jr.  One of ones Up for grabs in the random Gorgeous, that's really cool. I like that one a lot. It's one of my favorites that we pulled. Yeah, that one really is sweet. Okay 1990 Bowman Super Fractor one-of-one auto Bryce Harper redemption Bryce Harper redemption Huge redemption there. Good luck.  I can feel it Come on Babe Ruth. Come on Babe Ruth. I'm on beetle Big one huge one of ones in this case so far. So we had a Harper L. A. Della Cruz with wit to wit Yeah, and press the auto was pretty solid too, man Maybe go left this way. We guys stay with what's going on. Yeah, all right. Here we go. They're smaller one. Oh Whoa, that looks old Samuel Adams Founding father lover of beer Samuel Adams senior That's so cool. Oh, man that's fire American Brewer you gotta love that You gotta love that All of them. No, it's like whatever President United States are like artists American Brewer Heck yeah No, that's not blood. I don't know for sure. I guess it could be you never know all all those up bounding fathers were you know Pretty badass, so Goes to the Brewer spot It does say Brewer on the card What do you want me to do guys? That's really cool. That's really cool. Good luck y'all. That's awesome. That's the founding father. Oh, he's much older Much older. No, it is not the founding father. All right. Here we go guys random time. We combined already, right? Yeah, yeah, he's not he's not the founding father. It's cooler Yeah, got all 36 here. All right. Good luck Names and hits same amount of times will put him side-by-side to see who gets what the creator of the beer Three and one four times four times Father of a founding father, so it's kind of the same thing It's just a grandfather founding father. All right, my head's in a blender one two three four Nick s Down to Zach s and four times on the hits again. Do you have a combo there and then there's I'm actually going to type in framed auto on the Bobby with Just because there's two. Yeah, I just thought of that Bobo junior framed autos all these are framed autos and then Everything else is really explanatory four times best of luck Founding grandfather. There you go one Two three Four the complete set Down to Oscar Colas the five Nick s the complete set John a Henry Davis at 20 mark s South Fray like the 20 Travis U Bryson Stott to 10 Zach s Jordan Lawler to 10 Craig G the VIP events invitation Trey J. Victor a costa to 20 Frank L. Dustin Harris to 20 Nick s Benny Montgomery to 20 Brian P Torkelson to 20 Zach s James Wood to 20 Tom B. Marcella Meyer to 20 Corey V. O'Neill Cruz to 20 John a Brian a cunea to five James D. Ezekiel Tovart to 20 DW Jose Ramos to 10 Gregory M. Trey Sweeney to five Nick s with the one-of-one oversized Samuel Adams cut auto one-of-one. Congrats Nick Ammo D with the Bobby with junior one-of-one framed auto. Congrats ammo Tom D Sammy Munoz to 10 Alvin M. Colton Couser to 10 Eric B. Pacheco to 20 Michael L. The Wonder Franco redemption that'll be the 10 Bernie with the Clio Watson at 20 Brian s Roderick Arias to 20 Philip D with the Bryce Harper Superfracture redemption Nick s with the Christian Hernandez the five Troy M Matt McLean to 10 Bernie with the Abrams to 10 Alan M. The Bobby with junior through the years one-of-one Gregory M. The Reginald Pressiato Goldeco one-of-one auto Bernie got the Delos Santos and the Junkenzie Noel Zach s Harry Ford to 20 Thomas J. Denzer Guzman to 20 Valerie Allie Della Cruz one-of-one. Congrats Valerie and Zach s Oscar Coloss to five Really good case there. We'll get those results posted to the site. We'll get the break poster moving on