Hello everybody and welcome to another hobby cheating video today. We're gonna talk all about painting red hair Well, let's get into it. Let's strict techno man sir. That is Vincy V. Let us get to the technique and learn it Vincy V style So I'm painting up this really awesome fig of this druid for my wife so it's a gift for her and I'm painting this scene in nature It's gonna have lots of natural colors, and I thought what a great chance to paint some red hair So here in this video, I'm gonna take you through sort of the steps the tricks and the pitfalls of painting red hair Red is often one of the most challenging colors to work with. It's very transparent And so as a result it can be very difficult to get convincing red hair Highlights often look too pink or too orange shadows often look too messy So we're gonna show you how using some very simple colors some spread of red That you can make something that is convincing while still capturing the light and showing all the necessary contrast We would expect in here. Let's head over to the desk. Let's start painting All right, let's talk about paint So first off I've got a selection of reds here. I've got a deep hole red a darker a little more brown infused red and then I have both the red and To ladine red basically the two very bright reds are pure pigment one is PR 170 one is PR 3. They're both just intense reds Now our shadow is gonna be created with anthracite, but any pains gray or blue will you work? And our highlight is gonna be dark warm flesh. This is out of the pro krill signature series from myself and John the Generally those kinds of like flesh tones are gonna work really well as highlights for red. They're rich. They're warm They're a yellow orange But there's a little bit of peachiness to it that will make it nice So you'll see when we get there Now apparently this figure is going to San Francisco Because of all these freaking flowers in her hair, which ends up being very annoying for this painting process, but it's fine We're gonna start by just establishing a nice base coat and I do basically two thin layers here of this Whole red. I want to make sure that they all of the hair any black from the primer or you know If you even even if you're doing a zenith undercoat, you want a nice even tone of this all the way through so there we go Now I'm going to build in some soft shadows So this is whole red in the anthracite and it's in there is a glaze. It's quite thin like I'm not I'm not working with it strongly This is one of the few times I'm gonna want this to flow into the shadows and I'm gonna try to match the shadows on her figure, but effectively Nothing that's facing directly upward should have any of this shadow color in it Okay, so only the parts that are either down or facing, you know, like facing directly down remember in our Highlight colors we are darkest color that's there our shade tone in our highlight areas is our mid-tone and As I'm applying these initial steps, I'm really just going for I'm using a big fat brush This is like a size 8 or something crazy And I'm really just trying to establish these bands of light where are the values where is the light going to fall and Hair has this sort of specular highlight to it meaning it'll reflect to the viewer's eyes It also has sort of a halo effect of to it As always if you're not sure how to highlight hair Just do a Google search for hair dye bottles like the pictures in the front of hair dye bottles Those are all Photoshop perfect and will give you the exact placement of your light now the jump here between the burnt red and the Are up to the next color is going to seem very strong But this brings me to one of the challenges of red Which is as you're working with the reds you look how much darker that looks after it's dried Red goes on super bright and super intense and looks really really red When it's first on there, but as it dries and mattes out, it's very transparent So it shows the colors underneath That's okay. We can use that to our advantage in this process Because it'll help us create nice smooth transitions, but it means we really want to let it dry in between each application But these first applications are just big layers in areas to establish the values just shingles on a roof Nothing complicated. We're just each time covering less and less space Now with red hair the part that always throws everybody Which is we need to establish a really bright tone to create our Halo of light and those little light catches This is where the dark warm flesh comes in in this initial application. It's not mixed This is pure dark warm flesh and all I'm doing. This is my highest highlight color All I'm doing is placing it everywhere I want there to be a highlight and I'm actually going to go ahead and do two applications of this But the second one I don't cover everything that I covered on the first one It will be fairly transparent And so as it dries some of the red will come through and that will work to our advantage So with my second application, I actually cover less just pushing toward the areas that I want very very highlighted Okay, now that's going to look stark and insane, but trust me now as we then go to the next step I'm going to work with this to lead in red and it's going to be a thin glaze consistency but not super thin And I'm going to just cover over everything every all of the I'm going to cover over all of the highlight to mid-tone areas So beyond where I placed the flesh but not down into the shadows And you'll notice it has an immediate and punchy effect on that red Creating a sort of highlight area right away making it look rich and warm and vibrant like she's in sunlight That under toning coming through Gives us that powerful highlight punch that we want when we're dealing with red hair After everything dries here it is now if I was working on a just an army figure Honestly this step you can just stop like you're good here. This would be fine for an army figure But as this is a little more display oriented We're going to go farther Remember the important thing about this is you want to set the values first So I'm not worried about blends. I'm not worried about anything like that The first step is just getting those lights in place The other important thing here and I can't highlight this enough Is that in the highlight areas? Our mid-tone is our shadow in the shadow areas our mid-tone is our highlight Right so basically We don't want to have the deepest shadows up on the top of the head where it's facing up toward the light Nor do we want to have the brightest colors down in the shadows where there's basically no light reflecting All right, how do we go farther and take this paint job? Now we get out the thin brush and now becomes the time of lines The rest of these steps are not complicated. It's just time consuming So here you can see I'm working with basically a mix in the shadow colors But I'm going to work with a lot of half steps And all those half steps are just going to be lots of little thin lines I'm going to extend those in to the areas To bridge the two colors. So for example here, I'm tracing a lot of them over the shadow area up into where that red starts This will help bridge those two colors The hair we don't want red hair to actually be dark blue But dark blue is a nice cold shadow for the warm red hair And so I just keep Bringing it down in the method of thin lines trying to show the individual strands the texture Of it while at the same time smoothing my blends basically through creating just hundreds and thousands of little thin lines As I move up of the spectrum into my higher mid tone So too do I move up the placement of my layer lines? Now I'm going to start working, you know higher up And if you've got a particularly deep ridge like you see those couple ridges that are creating really strong Shadows on her head. You can then push a little higher up into your highlight areas with this stuff But you you want this banding of light to occur So it's not a flat even line Instead it's traveling like a band over the particular areas, but you want it to be uneven staccato Right, so it looks like a volume in an the volume in an audio recording Okay, where it's lots of thin lines that are bouncing up and down in exact length But I'm just using these thin lines over and over again Covering in between the two areas where those paints are So if I mix two paints together then that layer line has to extend into both sides Right, so if I use burnt red plus the Tulidine red then wherever those two colors were That's the space I'm going to cover with those lines, but not any completely even fashion I will alter the length of all of my strikes on the miniature As I move up into my highest highlights now I'm pushing actually slightly above what would technically be registering on this figure And um, this is where most of the action is the shadow colors with red are pretty easy Because everything is so naturally Transparent and dries out very transparently your low colors your mid to shadows will all blend really smoothly The highlights where we start adding the flesh you have to walk this very careful balance a little too much And it starts to feel weird and false and not credible not enough and you don't get that highlight there But red hair will turn either like orange or pink Or or peach in the highlights just depends on the sort of underlying base color here. We're going for sort of um real stark irish red hair, right? So as we continue to move up I'm getting thinner and thinner and thinner with my strikes in these highlights But you'll notice again not all of these lines are the same length We need real and true variants some are quite thin some are quite long It extends up and down across that specular Band of light that I want to create And I'm just slowly integrating more dark warm flesh in there To to sort of branch out that highlight And then what I'm going to do Is just then take some of that very thin tulidine Red and glaze it back over One more time And by the way, if you're working on like a real display figure You might do this three times five times ten times where you just keep slowly Building and shrinking and building and shrinking and building and shrinking until you get up into this really smooth fine specular band of light One important note here this tulidine red is very thin which means as I'm working in these very thin lines It will somewhat run down into the recesses That's actually an advantage here at the highest highlight because that will act as the mid tone effectively for those High highlight colors, but that's going to be my deepest shadow I don't want anything up in the highlight area To be darker than effectively that red Now here I am back again with a little mix but still with a lot of that dark warm flesh And just reinforcing but shrinking That band of light so every time we cover a little less And then we glaze and then we cover a little less and then we glaze And you'll notice I'm not just hitting that band but also the part in the center of her hair I'm also hitting the lower areas pushing those highlights to remember the tops And the sticky outty bits every time there's a volume change So where where it comes out from under one of these flowers and it pushes back out and becomes a sticky outty bit And so we have both the top of the volume and something sticking out Then we're pushing a highlight there These last steps are all just refinement more thin lines more slight adjustments of the color Making sure that my bands of light extend completely across that entire area where they're hitting So you can see here she has a highlight at the top In the middle where it sticks out over her shoulders and at the bottom where it sticks out over her butt And those are our three bands of light Now it's just refinement And there she is that's how the hair looks I thought I'd do this as a video here So you could actually see where she's at And this is where it is and still a lot more work to do on this figure But of course you can see how all those highlights are registering across the surface I really like how this came out. I hope you do too There you go. The hair is all finished. I've still got a lot more work to do on this figure But she's coming along nicely and I think the hair turned out okay If you liked this, hey, give it a like subscribe for additional hobby cheating in the future We have new videos here every Saturday If you've got any questions on this or any other topic that I didn't answer drop those down below I always answer every question asked if you want to support the channel There is a patreon link down below focused on review and feedback and taking your next step on your hobby journey We'd love to have you as part of the community As always, I thank you so much for watching this one and we'll see you next time


Hi and welcome to the session. I am Leha and today I am going to help you with the following question. The question says a flooring tile has the shape of a parallelogram whose base is 24 cm and the corresponding height is 10 cm. How many such tiles are required to cover a floor of area 1080 m2? Since the shape of the tile is parallelogram, so before proceeding for its solution let's recall area of a parallelogram that is equal to base into height. This is the key idea for this question. Now let's see its solution. Here we have a tile in the shape of a parallelogram. Now we are given that its base is 24 cm, so this is 24 cm and its height is 10 cm, so here the height is 10 cm. So let us write base of tile is equal to 24 cm and height of tile is 10 cm, so area of tile is equal to base into height and base is 24 cm, so 24 cm into height that is 10 cm. Which is equal to 240 cm2. Now we need to find that how many such tiles are required to cover a floor of area 1080 m2. So first of all let us write area of floor is equal to 1080 m2. Now as we can see that the unit of area of tile is cm2 and the unit of area of floor is m2. So we will change the unit of area of floor that is m2 to cm2 because we want same units. Now we know that 1 m is equal to 100 cm but we want to change m2 to cm2. So here we will have 1 m into 1 m is equal to 100 cm into 100 cm. That means 1 m2 is equal to 10000 cm2. So here to change m2 to cm2 we will multiply 10080 with 10000. So this will be equal to 10080 into 10000 cm2. Which is equal to 1008000 cm2 that is 1008 lakh cm2. Now we need to find number of tiles to cover the floor and that is equal to area of floor divided by area of one tile. Which is equal to area of floor is 10080000 cm2 upon area of one tile that is equal to 240 cm2. So here first of all cm2 and cm2 will get cancelled and there will be no unit as we are finding out the number of tiles. And the number of tiles will not have any unit. So this will be equal to 45000 tiles. Therefore 45000 tiles are required to cover the floor and this is our required answer. With this we finish this session. Hope you must have enjoyed it. Goodbye and take care.


What's going on guys it's your boy DPJ here today with another destiny video and in today's destiny video We have top five epic funny and what the fuck moments of the week guys Don't forget if you have anything badass to send in send it into the email I just linked in the top of the video description getting straight into this top five in at number five We have a clip sent in by Nora. Oh gee that Falcon punch At number four. We have a clip sent in by QT R One zero now I've heard people say the vex glitches out and acts like a normal fusion rifle But never have I seen it and to be honest it looks pretty badass Three we have a clip sent in by Marshal and he shows us what happens when chips and burgers collide In at number two we have a clip sent in by Rectums. Now. This is amazing now I hear this is an actual fallen sport where vandals surf shanks I feel they need to leave the training away from the battlefield absolutely hilarious in at number one We have a clip sent in by it's nine five. Wow. Wow. Wow. What is this day little cabal doing here?  Peace out till next time. Peace


When we focus on manufacturing, I think we need to first set our goal. If you look at two very interesting and major countries who broke through in manufacturing and created world-class brands, Japan, Germany, you will see that they focused on the basics. You will see that they focused massively on quality. So brand doesn't get built without the basics. Today in India, we have islands of excellence. When you compare against the best, we have a long way to go on creating brand making India across the border. Because there's discrepancies and wide gaps between the islands of excellence and the many others who are not yet connected. So I think it's very important for us to get back to the drawing board, to invest on people, on upskilling them, on training them, on the belief, on the culture. When you look at quality mindset, when you look at what are the enablers to a good brand, it takes a lot of hard work at the basics. And from the basics to go on a journey. So it's about climbing the value chain. It's about creating clear multipliers by these islands. Otherwise, making India will be good, but it'll be a slogan unless we really tackle these things.


What has Dr. Fauci done right? What has he done wrong? Can you grade his performance in handling the coronavirus? I don't know. I don't know well enough. He's in a very difficult situation. He's dealing with Donald Trump. He works for Donald Trump. Now that is an impossible situation to be in as a scientist or a man of any reason. And I have a huge amount of respect for him. Keese, he's one of the few people ever who have actually in public stood up to Donald Trump, have said he disagrees, have provided alternatives. So I have a massive amount of respect for Fauci, just for that. Most other people who thought Donald Trump was wrong got fired, got eliminated. Trump can't afford to fire him. I think he's toast once this crisis ends. Once Trump doesn't need him, and he can't be perceived as dismissing him because he disagrees. So after this crisis, he's definitely gonna be fired. But for now, Trump needs him. He gives him a facade of credibility because he's a doctor and he seems to tell the truth. But beyond that, I just don't know. Clearly, he was pretty nonchalant about the threat early on in January when other people thought we should do more. He seems to be willing to call it like it is, at least like he sees it. I'm not sure he's right. I'm not sure he has the data. I'm not sure he thinks about these issues properly in the sense of what are the alternatives? He's one of these guys, he's a doctor. And like most doctors, not all. Amesh Aduljah is an example of a different type of doctor. He thinks the only thing that matters is saving lives. So if we have to lock down everybody, we have to lock down everybody, that's all that matters. And he jumps on that. So I don't think he's right on that. I haven't seen and present alternatives and be nuanced. He has, so I think his virtue is that he stands up to Trump and he seems to speak his mind. But we don't know because we don't know to what extent he's muscling himself because of Trump. Hard to tell, hard to tell. So I don't know. I'm skeptical about Fauci because he's been in a government job for so long. I'm skeptical of anybody who holds a government job for a long time, including a military. I'm skeptical of anybody in the generals in the military because after he'd been in the government for a long time, the kind of government we have, not every government, not an ideal government, but the kind of government we have, there's no way not to be corrupted. What we need today, what I call the new intellectual, would be any man or woman who is willing to think. Meaning any man or woman who knows that man's life must be guided by reason, by the intellect, not by feelings, wishes, wins or mystic revelations. Any man or woman who values his life and who does not want to give in to today's cult of the stare, cynicism and impotence and does not intend to give up the world to the dark ages and to the role of the collectivist, broads. Using the super chat. And I noticed yesterday, when I appealed for support for the show, many of you stepped forward and actually supported the show for the first time. So I'll do it again. Maybe we'll get some more today. If you like what you're hearing, if you appreciate what I'm doing, then I appreciate your support. Those of you who don't yet support the show, please take this opportunity, go to uranbrookshow.com slash support or go to subscribestar.com uranbrookshow and make a kind of a monthly contribution to keep this going. I'm not sure when the next...


Welcome to NPTEL lecture series on Bioelectricity. So, we are into the 12 lecture. So, in the last lecture we talked about the patch clamp technique. So, we talked about the current clamp, we talked about the voltage clamp and I showed you graphically how you could have an axis to finite number of channels. And we talked about how we record the action potential that is basically varying the voltage by injecting current which is essentially in technical term it could be called as current clamp or voltage clamp where you are clamping the voltage at different level and you are measuring the flow of current across the membrane. And after that I told you that there are several techniques by which you can really manipulate these channels and study their voltage and current or the electrical overall the electrical properties. So, today we will be discussing that and we will discuss about one more modification into the existing patch clamp. So, which is also called planar patch clamp array. So, essentially what does that mean? So, before I get into the channel let us talk about the planar patch clamp array. So, planar patch clamp array. So, let us draw a comparison between the existing patch clamp and the planar patch clamp. So, this is fairly new technique. So, in the existing patch clamp what is happening that you have this electrode which is coming from the top and you have these three axis manipulator by which either you can move the electrode like this like this or like this or up and down. So, there are three axis by where you can move the electrode and this all you are doing either seeing the electrode through a microscope from the top. So, essentially this is how it works. So, if this is your micromanipulator. So, this is where the electrode is connected this can move like this, this can move like this, move like this all the possible movement are possible and here you have the cell this is your cell and this is your electrode E this electrode can move up and down and likewise fine. And you are observing all these things using a microscope either from top or from bottom depending on where your sample is if your sample is in a transparent sheet you can see it from the bottom or you can see it on the top. And logistically speaking this is a very cumbersome procedure and it becomes even more cumbersome when you have to out here you have to give a suction pressure. So, for any specialized lab in this area you first of all need and need a specialized electrophysiologist and on a given day with the best of the best efficiencies there are very small finite number of patch clamp recording which could be done by any human individual. So, what are our alternatives? One of the alternative which has been in the mind of neurophysiologist as well as bioelectronics people could we automatize the whole process somewhere or other. So, how to automatize the process now that is where comes the whole concept of automated planar patch clamp arrays just like microelectrode arrays these are automated patch clamp arrays.  So, what are the other ways how you can recreate that situation without approaching from the top. So, one option is say for example, I have a substrate something like imagine a substrate like this where I have say one micron holes like this and I ensure that something like this. So, I ensure my individual cells are sitting on top of it like this. So, the cell is sitting in a three dimension a cell is sitting on top of this small hole. So, very small hole and ensuring that the medium is not really flowing out because there is a continuous supply of medium which is replenishing it or recirculating it. So, say for example, any medium which is present there is getting which is coming out from there is kind of getting recirculated into the system back and of course, a fresh medium could be put here. Now, underneath that those small holes you have imagine something like exactly like a patch pipette you have a already existing structure which could be put and replaced something like that. For simplicity say I will be showing with only 3 or 4. So, that you understand this is coming from underneath all of them are underneath. So, say for example, if this is the sheet and on top of that imagine this watch is the cell what I have this is what I am trying to draw from underneath. So, such multiple things are underneath and exactly you follow the same configuration inside that you have you have this electrode like this and you have the ground electrode. So, this is connected to the amplifier. Now, if you look at this configuration what I have drawn here and if I translate it in terms of patch clamp you just reverse this on the top imagine it is coming from the top it will be the again the same configuration here is the cell and here is the electrode I just reverse the configuration to this. So, either you are here it is the same configuration it is just the upside down. Now, you are approaching the cell from the bottom and you really do not have to approach the cell it is already the setup is already made. Now, as soon as the cell touches on top of this electrode what you essentially do you follow the same protocol, but it is completely automatized. So, at one point of time you can provide it of course, if you could ensure that all the individual cells are sitting on top of those small holes and that could be done using modern lithography and photolithography technique where you can ensure that you know you can ensure that only the cells will you know be sitting there. So, for example, I put the yellow out here ensuring that the cells are not going to grow in these places if I could ensure that something like this. So, the cells will only sit on top of those small one micron hole and if one could ensure that that essentially what you are what is happening is that now you have a high throughput planar microelectrode array sorry high throughput planar patch clamp array just like high throughput planar microelectrode array. So, this is one approach which is currently underway specially in Germany and some of the universities in Germany and some of the companies has taken it over and they are fairly successful for cell lines where the size of the cells are uniform and they could be put much more easily, but in terms of real primary neurons directly taken out from the animals is still it is possible, but it is not still so streamlined there is enormous amount of work which is going on to ensure even that is feasible. So, what we are essentially seeing while summarizing this and of course, again in this situation you could have all the three different modes you could have a you could have a whole cell mode where you have the electrode like this which is the easiest one what you could see or you could have of course, one more thing here I will add you may not be able to so easily study this kind of things for individual channel where I was showing you where I showed you that you know the inside out and all those things where you have only the membrane out there and you can study the membrane that may not be so easy enough, but again at least you could do a high throughput screening at least you do not have to you know spend so much time for drug screening. And of course, if some of the drug really work then you may go over and verified further using patch clamp the regular patch clamp arrays where you know pull out the channels and you know study the channel dynamics and everything. So, this is one of the most recent advancement of last 5 to 10 years I would say slightly more may be you know of translating the traditional patch clamp into a high throughput screening system for especially these kind of things find applications in the drug discovery industry there it is being really one of the favored candidate drug discovery toxin detection and in the diagnostics this is where this innovative technology or designing problem or designing accomplishment find a lot of applications. So, as of now we have talked about that we could approach the individual channels. So, next what we will be talking about is these individual channels how those channel structure could be manipulated. So, say for example, so just before going to that. So, whenever we are measuring from individual channels in terms of something like this what you see essentially is the channel opening and closing you will see something like this these are single channel opening what you are seeing. So, these are the situation where you have this cell and there is a patch out here and you have the finite number of channels out here something like this and you are measuring the conductance of individual channel you can pull this out inside out or outside out which other way you can measure the conductance of individual channel and what you essentially do if you really know the total number of channels on a or you have an approximate and you know within this much area you have this many and then you can back calculate and tell that for how many channels you are getting it and from that you can back calculate and say for single channel how much will be the conductance fine. So, with this background of approaching the channel. So, I told you that I am not getting the structure of the channel as of now because first of all I want to introduce you to the channel how to measure the channel electricity since now I have introduced the channel electricity. I will introduce you to one more technique which will help you to appreciate the research of last 30 40 years since the time patch clamp has been discovered that how molecular biology techniques have helped in understanding bioelectrical phenomena at the cellular level. So, whenever we talk about channel. So, now I will pick up that again let us see. So, this is the cell and we are talking about an individual channel. So, this channel when you look at the molecular level it is something like a structure like you know which we have already discussed in depth in detail like something like and you have the membrane on both sides of course, running through like this. Now, you have three features here you have something called this zone which is the selectivity pore. So, this selectivity pore this selectivity pore decides whether it will be sodium or it will be potassium or it will be calcium or it will be you know chloride or whatever. Then you have a voltage sensing element somewhere in this structure which could sense a voltage voltage sensor and then this voltage sensor is somewhere other is connected to a gate which ensures the opening and closing there is a movement in this. So, this is basically your gate. So, this is the overall channel architecture. Now, in terms of the molecular structure of this whole thing this is the gross molecules in terms of the nitty gritty details of the molecular structure if you look at it. So, this is nothing but this is a simple protein which has occurred a shape like this it could be a monomeric protein it could be a dimeric protein it could be a trimeric protein it could be a tetrameric protein it could be a pentameric protein it could be an exomeric protein likewise. So, whenever we talk about protein so what essentially this structure if it boils down. So, it basically there are amino acids like this these individual circles are the amino acids A and this is the peptide bond which is attaching individual amino acid. So, these amino acids join together and form these three dimensional geometries of large large huge proteins which are 10,000 15,000 amino acid structures these are fairly huge. So, how really you have to understand which part of the structure. So, whenever I am writing gate or voltage sensor selectivity port which part of it is really involved in gating or which part is involved in voltage sensing which part is involved in selectivity for the specific ions. So, how this is being determined. So, let us break down this problem complete problem into a array of amino acids first. So, it will be something like this. So, you can break it down this A A stands for amino acids and this is the protein just not. So, this there is a N terminus of that protein and there is a C terminus of that protein fine. Now, the weight is being done is the most tedious way you. So, whenever we talk about these amino acids they are coded by the specific codons or you know. So, these structures are regulated by specific you know nucleotide sequences from the nucleus from the DNA. So, now the weight is being done you individually replace each one of them at a time or a chunk of them at a time or you remove them delete them mutate them.  So, likewise you using mutation technique using deletion using different kind of point mutation replacing the amino acids over 40 years of research. Now, today we know at least for some of handful of channels. So, in the in the meantime there are a couple of things which happen cloning as I was telling you the discovery by Carrie Mullis which change the way molecular biology is being done the modern current molecular biology. Then came the whole sequencing the first time it was Shishimu Numa and all these people who could you know sequence the whole channel. Once you know the sequence then you go back using genetics tool that you know that exactly how to mutate specific amino acids. So, that way what you do now you have a control on this is structure you can you can ensure if this is a sequence of amino acid like this you can really you know ensure that this part is replaced or likewise or you know if say for example, in this is involved say for example, let us take a simple example I say you know this sequence say for example, this 4 amino 1 to the 4 amino acids are involved in same voltage sensing just for a hypothesis sake. So, what I do essentially is I kept on replacing each one of them one at a time and I express those mutated ion channels on some cell line expressing those mutated ion channels on some cell line and use those cell lines. So, in the meantime cell line technology was fairly straightforward now with the development over last 40 years and the cloning and everything is fairly straightforward. So, I express the expressing mutated or genetically altered ion channels on cell lines. So, now you have a cell line which has genetically altered ion channels when you take this and you perform the electrophysiology. So, that is where you will be able to figure out that how a specific change in a sequence or a mutation at a particular part could influence its voltage sensing, could influence the selectivity pore, could influence the gate likewise and it is a very very tedious process. As a matter of fact, I mean think of it within sodium channel there are so many sub types fast activating in activating sodium channels within them there are types. Then you have slow activating channels, then you have so many potassium channels, then you have calcium, then you have chloride, then you only have water channels aqua parenes. So, really to do it like this and there is not much other tool only other tool which is available is a bioinformatics tool where. So, this is another thing which happen in the mean time. So, you have electrophysiology going moving on. So, electrophysiology techniques where getting kind of electrophysiology going hand in hand with molecular biology tools simultaneously came fairly late slightly late in the game is something called bioinformatics where you can start predicting the structure functional relationship by theoretical modeling. So, essentially you can tell the molecular biologists that which particular sequence may should be you know or you can you can share this with both of them which particular part may be involved in voltage sensing or gating or a selectivity port likewise one and so forth. So, if you see the timeline the way it is moving and if this is. So, electrophysiology was there long time back then came the molecular biology specifically with PCR cloning expression systems and in the mean time it is going on hand is toxicology because as I was telling in one of the previous classes you need certain specific compounds which can block this channels. So, you have to have those kind of toxins like tetradotoxin, 4AP, triethyl ammonium likewise. So, toxicology was also which is a fairly old science moving with electrophysiology then you have the molecular biology then you have the bioinformatics coming into play simultaneously there is another technique which people are on the structural set this is all about the functional aspect of ion channel. So, these functional aspect of ion channels could be correlated with the structural aspects on the structural side simultaneously there are you are moving with techniques like you know x-ray. So, one of the very hot area is membrane channel crystallography then you have cryo electron microscopy cryo EM. So, all these are adding more and more information about the smallest filter system or smallest filtering machine of the biological world once again and if you look back from a very historical perspective the way things have moved electrophysiology or bioelectricity studying bioelectricity was there for a long period of time with in the biological system it was known since the time of Luigi Albany and Alcindor Volta that these techniques are existing. And the techniques started getting finer and finer and finer and one of the important breakthrough came in 1970s when with the discovery of the patch clamp where you really can access the smallest unit which is involved in mobilizing the charges or mobilizing the ions which is the ion channels. And then simultaneously with the discovery of PCR sequencing cloning the whole molecular biology world opened up a totally new vista then came happened the first marriage between the molecular biologist and the electrophysiologist along with the toxicologist who were putting helping hand in a blocking channels. As this was moving simultaneously there was enormous understanding about crystallography. So, people started attempting could we crystallize this structures really could we see those filters which are so precise that they could only allow a specific form of ions to move through. As crystallography was proceeding the discovery of cryo em or very low temperature electron microscopy where basically what we do is something like a freeze fracture to do if this is the membrane if imagine this is the ion channel sitting on the membrane or you just using a cryo knife you cut it at a very very low temperature. So, essentially you can dissect out you can separate out the cross section of the membrane and you can really study the whole topology or the whole topographic feature of the membrane channel. And while this was all happening simultaneously the cyber world was really flourishing PCs were pretty much ruling the market and everything. And that is the time when PCs were about to come 1980s the whole field of informatics or bioinformatics where all the known sequence sequences of different proteins were all getting data based. And now people started predicting you know what like these. So, already there are data which are feeding through from those who are doing this mutation and electrophysiology. So, people started predicting you know these residues may be helpful. So, instead of think of it instead of as I was showing you can do a random mutation out here you can keep on doing mutation forever. But if a bioinformatics or ion for theoretical biologist with a bioinformatics specialization comes into play they will tell you know what these are say for example, these are meaningful ones or try this one. So, they could actually reduce your time for discovery instead of you know having a random walk all throughout like you know muted this, muted this, muted this, muted this and there is no end to that. And then you do the electrophysiology and then you say yes you muted this this is how the voltage sensing kind of got hampered or the ion selectivity got hampered or conductance reduces or the gating becomes little obviously, conductant reduces or something when the gating is not working fine. So, if you look at it the way the modern world is moving to solve one problem you need a basic understanding of all the different tools which are available at your disposal. And you need really big team effort to understand these different bio, bioelectrical phenomena at the molecular level and could we translate them to make a device those are even bigger challenges. So, as of now what are what all I have talked to you people is all about ionic electricity. And there is one technique which is left which I have not talked to you where solid state electronic devices specially the semiconductor devices like field effect transistors are being used to major these kind of ionic events. So, those are some of the pioneering discovery by Peter from Hertz from Max Planck institute of biochemistry. So, we will talk about that in the next lecture. So, what I expect from you people just kind of you know open up your windows of looking at a problem from multitude of angle and that will really help you people to appreciate these subjects and try to you know have a very broader vision to solve a very fundamental problem. Thanks a lot.


Welcome everyone, this is the Jenkins platform Sieg meeting where June's the 20th and today around the table we have a table, we have Damian DuPoto, Kevin Martens, Mark Waites and we'll see you later on if we see Kenneth or not. On the agenda we have one open item, maybe we'll close it, we'll see, we have a proposal for Mark, we have a little bit of work ongoing and we can make a small update of what has been done and I think that at the end we should be able to talk a little bit about the Docker hub stats. So as always it's been the case for many months now, Docker imagine and especially the Blue Ocean one, Mark we talk two weeks from now about the deprecation happening for Blue Ocean and the fact that you provided something within Jenkins that would allow people to know more about what they are running Jenkins on, I mean if their operating system is deprecated or the parts of what they are using is deprecated. So is there any progress specifically for Blue Ocean or not? No, the container images need additional work in the code so not yet and it will probably be several weeks before I make any progress there. Okay, no rush there but we decided that we would talk about each and every meeting until they sort it out. And I think that's fine, let's keep it on the agenda, I don't feel at all ashamed saying that I haven't made progress, we'll just keep talking about it. Fine with me, thank you Mark. Then you made a proposal to cancel the meeting for July the 4th, it's Independence Day in U.S. and maybe in other parts of the world. So yes, why not? Because lots of you won't be able to attend, fine with me, Damian fine with you. Okay, Kevin I guess it fine with you too because you're located in the U.S. So okay, let's get it done, we'll cancel that. So Mark you can remove it, you have the right to remove it from the agenda I guess. So thank you for doing that. And a short paragraph about what has been done lately on agent and controller images. Some parts of the agents and of the controller were not using yet update CLI, it's not mandatory to use update CLI, you can use renewable, dependable, whatever but I tried my luck and added a few things here and there to update some parts of the Docker images. So I have done a little bit of update for SSH agent. Thanks to the guidance and patience of Damian, thanks a lot for that. And also for the Jenkins controller image, so for them being we are tracking, no we are not yet tracking, it's not merged yet. I think, yes it is, sorry, I even can't read my own notes. So we are working to update surveillance part of the controller and for the agent images. Damian, would you have anything to share about that? The work is great, it's ongoing, so step by step. So I have actually had a question and with Damian here it's a good thing. So previously we were managing the operating system updates through Dependabot. This will change it so that now they are managed with update CLI rather than with Dependabot, is that correct? Exactly, one of the limitations of Dependabot is that it can only track the from instruction of Dockerfiles, while update CLI and Renovabot can track also arg instruction. So in any case, you cannot use Dependabot for tracking, for instance, the Git version we install on the Windows Docker images as an example. We have to choose and to carefully select which tool we use because from instruction is easier to read and maintain, but the advantage of the arg instruction is that we can specify it one from the environment and then use it on all the Dockerfiles. What we saw is that arg makes more sense even for the parent images because it allows us to keep track of it once for whole. And what we saw on the Docker agent image is that we can even factorize, we don't need to maintain duplicated code between gdk11 image and gdk17. So is there some hope then also to factorize similarly in the controller or is that not feasible? Technically, yes, that would be a good thing. But yeah, right now we focused on the image because less code on the agent images, sorry, it's also a good step. But then, yes, absolutely, that could be a nice improvement for the controller image. Great, thank you. Okay, so update CLI will see increased use and the benefit of that is we will then be tracking operating system versions and gdk versions with update CLI. Great, thank you. Yes, I was trying to force push the use of update CLI is just that I know nothing about renovated boat and not so much about depended boat and just a little tiny bit about update CLI that kind of works for me. So that's why I and of course I had discussion with Damian before that. I proposed that but it's not my own idea. It's just I'm just the one who implemented that with the help guidance in patients of Damian. That's all. Thank you. Anything else about that? No, cool. So now a little bit of a list à la prévère, we would say in French, about the latest updates for the Docker images. So once again, we have breaking changes for SSH agent, which happened in 5.4.0. And we are now with the version 5.5.0. And the breaking change and things for the pinning of the Alpine version, then the tracking of the Alpine Linux base version. Or was it the fact that we burnt Alpine Linux? No, no, I think it was a pinning of Alpine version. Damian, am I right about that? Damian? I don't remember exactly to be correct. Not a problem, it was not a trap. Whatever, it's a breaking change. Please have a look at the changelog if you're using that and note what is important for you. One thing that was awaited, I think, is the Git version bumping on Windows, which was kind of blocked because of the little update CLI bug, I think? Bug or lack of feature, whatever. Exactly. We updated the update CLI this weekend with the latest version and everything is going back to normal, including updating Windows version. So yeah, Windows Git version. So yeah. Yeah, that's pretty cool. Then there was also a Docker agent release, which bumped the Alpine Linux version and the Jenkins remodeling version. A new Docker in boot agent, which bumped the parent Jenkins agent version. And then, of course, a new Docker controller 2.410 because of the delivery of Jenkins 2.410. And now, a modification for Mark, which helps to download for mirrors and not from repo.jenkinci.org. I guess this has to do with the bandwidth reduction effort or is it something totally different, Mark? It does sort of. It was inspired by that, but the inspiration is not actually driven by any real data that says that the download volume is measurable or detectable as an appreciable change. It's not. It's just that we've already got a... We don't need to download everything from repo. And anytime we can download from our mirrors, we can actually make it faster for our users because there's only one repo, but there are seven or eight mirrors of Jenkins binaries all over the world. And for instance, my access to the mirror nearest me is significantly faster if I use the mirror than if I use repo. Got it. Thank you. It's a good practice nonetheless. Thank you, Mark. Any questions about the latest updates of the images? Okay. Fine. Now to the Docker hub stats. I had a look at the shared spreadsheet this morning.  I even can't remember them, whatever. The thing is I had a look at the download statistics later on and so that the Arc Linux for JDK 11, for example, was not significant at all. So maybe we don't need to do something about Arc Linux for JDK 17 because nobody is using the JDK 11. So I don't know... Yes, you updated that once a month, I guess. It's kind of manual for the time being Damian, but it's useful, to say the least. Nice. So I guess that should ask or at least trigger again the question raised by Tim Jacob a few months ago about should we keep the Arc Linux image? Yeah. I've sent a tweet to the Arc Linux account a few weeks ago. I've never had any answer. No one jumped as fast as I can tell. So my proposal is that we start the process of removing a stop providing the Arc Linux image. My proposal is to continue on the issue that Tim started. And that might need to include a mark on your, let's say, tentative to mark some operating system as deprecated. Any occurrence of Arc Linux inside a container would trigger the message in an ideal future. Yeah. So as we can see, I don't have the name of the headers, unfortunately, but I see 3770 not very encouraging for that. So in the month of March, three only unique IP, three by type three. Yes, I guess we can forget about Arc Linux. So and that was the agent download, right? Is that correct? Yep. Because we don't deliver a controller with Arc Linux at all. That's what I knew. Okay. Yeah. Now, in terms of that is another piece of the deprecation thing. I'm confident that Jenkins has a way to let us tell users that the running and operating system on an agent that is deprecated, because there are plugins that do that, but that's not what the current thing does, right? The current one only warns about the controller operating system. But I think it's a logical extension to declare to the administrator, hey, someone in your environment ran a job that used a Docker container that is running a dead operating system. Are you sure you want that to continue? Nice. Thank you. So of course you can close if I don't do it by myself. My PR doesn't make much sense in this context. Anything else about Docker Hub stats, Damian, or anybody else? I need to update last month. I haven't done it yet. Say this, nothing else for me. Yeah, it's okay. I guess that we are not using it yet to its full potential. So we'll see. Maybe we'll make decisions later on based on that. But yes, all the time being, not so much. Thank you, Damian. Mark, Kevin, Damian, any open question or subject you would like to address during this meeting? Yes, the availability of the Windows image for the controller. We have one contributor that's requested that we update because for a lot of reasons that I don't want to details now, the Windows image doesn't provide any version tags such as 2.401.1-Windows. So we don't have this one. So it's always the latest. When you docker pool Jenkins slash Jenkins column Windows Server, you get the latest. But latest is Jenkins weekly version from 14, 15 months ago, which of course trigger a lot of red messages to the users. And the user complained for good reason about that. And the user took actions. And we have merged a pull request from that user as a short term yesterday. And the weekly release that we had today ensured that the pull request has an effect. So now the latest Windows version is 2.410. So that's the weekly release from last week. Now, the next step will be to update the Windows specific builds. So they will produce the expected tag and update the image. So next week, the goal is that if we can meet the deadline, we will have a weekly release 2.412 Tuesday. And we will have an LTS update. If we're able to learn that challenge before that, that means next week we will have updated version for Windows controller images. So is, this is a terrible thing to ask, but I'm going to ask it anyway, is there enough interest in Windows-based controller images for us to justify the work? So we've got one contributor that found the problem in 15 months or that detected enough of a problem to submit the pull request. That's great. That's a victory. Is it really worth it to us to continue that? I guess the answer is it cost us nothing to do it badly, right? It cost us nothing to ignore it. And if this contributor is willing to help maintain it, then it costs us almost nothing to keep shipping it. But there's something to be said for not shipping it at all. Help me out there, Damien. Today, each time we have a release, we spawn a Windows machine to build containers. So today it's costing us money on each release, in any case. We don't pay for the storage of the image on the Docker Hub, though. So additionally to that, we have the visibility of someone who won't try, if we have one user who reported the problem and was, let's say, good and patient enough to even propose contribution and make a contribution, that means we have other silent users. And the image of Jenkins of providing a default Windows thing to newcomers that has a big red warning is not good, though. So my proposal is that now that we have simplified the publication process, you have a tag and you build a version with that tag. The efforts to add the new tags and use that environment variable properly is simple. And for me, it's worth it because we already build and push an image every week. Your question still is a good thing. Should we keep using the Windows image? In that case, that will mean stop publishing Windows images at all to avoid costing money. The amount of money we are speaking here is almost nothing. I think, yeah, so, yeah, we could gain something but I would prefer having more exotic platform. We have one user that's enough. Then it's like our clinics. If the user disappear from the surface of our issue trackers, at least, and then we have issues, then we can stop publishing the image. That's all. But for now, we have someone active, so I would prefer following there, given the effort looks really easy there. Okay, so I would phrase it. I like what you're describing. I would phrase it even a little further. I would say, so long as we have a maintainer for the Windows image and this user who submitted the poll request is acting as though they are a maintainer, we may want to ask them officially, would you be willing to become a maintainer? That I don't know. But so long as we've got a maintainer, I'm okay with it. I think that sounds reasonable. If they drop out and no longer able to maintain or we find it becomes costly for our efforts, then we can consider dropping it. I think you're right that we will waste more energy communicating the end of life than we will just by bringing it back to life. Absolutely. I agree on that proposal. So if it's okay for everyone, then I propose that I will ask the user on the issue they opened on the controller image and ask them if they are willing to help with a safe message saying they won't be alone, but we need someone identified at least by default. I don't mind helping and being identified on the Windows port. I don't fear it now. So yeah, being to maintainer of that port, but I don't want to be alone and we need someone else than someone working for the Jenkins infra. Well, and I think that's the crucial element, is are they willing to help? We don't need them to carry the whole burden, but if they're unwilling to help, they say, no, I just don't have time to help. Then I think our answer should be, okay, we need to reconsider if the Windows container image is worth us doing. We appreciate your contribution, but it obviously was not important enough for the rest of us to have detected it for those many months. And since it was not important for the rest of us, we need someone for whom it is important. Thank you. Okay. Mark and Damian, I'm just kidding, but you said a few words that triggered me. Damian said, I'm not afraid of Windows containers. And you also said exotic operating system or something like that. So I was thinking, Mark, do you still have your Windows ARM64 machine? Yes, I do actually. Step right there. It's not supported for Docker. Docker CE doesn't support... And I don't need Docker. I don't use Docker on Windows ARM64. So absolutely, yes, I do still have it. And it is in fact still connected to my controller as an agent. Okay. I stopped writing my tracks. Okay.  Okay. Looks like it's a wrap. Thanks a lot for coming. The video should be uploaded and available from 24 to 48 hours. And see you in a month from now, I'm afraid. And until there, see you on Gitter, Community Jenkins IO, or on the Jenkins mailing list, whatever. Thanks a lot for your time. And see you in a month. Bye-bye. Bye-bye.


It is really late. I should probably get the bed. It's like 2 a.m. Right now. I don't know what I'm doing. I really don't know what I'm doing. Sitting around. I was working on videos earlier and I've just been sitting around the past hour or two. So with that being said, I'm waking up at 5 o'clock, 5 o'clock, 5 o'clock. Driving to Savannah. Gonna be sighing on my house. I'm very excited. I need to get some rest. I'll catch you guys in the morning. Well, it was probably the hardest I've ever had to get up. I nearly went to bed at like 3, but I got back from the gym like near 11. Now I've already been exhausted and it's like 5.30 right now. Now we're gonna drive five hours. Let's have the paperwork to drive five hours back. Hmm.  Before anything, my dad's still in the shower and everything, so my grandpa just got here. He's actually coming with us because he's signing on the house. He's gonna be on them. His name's gonna be under the house as well.  I'm out of gas. And I'll also gonna grab some McDonald's because I'm starved. I don't know why. This is just bizarre like I just ate before I went to bed and now I'm like starved. Starved. Then again, I'm like bloated. I don't know. I mean, look at me. It's crazy. It's gonna be an interesting trip. We got McDonald's. We got gas. We're ready to get on the road. I got you and it's all that I need when I wake in the morning. All right guys, we've been on the road for about, I'd say two hours now. No traffic through Atlanta. It's perfect. You know, for my house, you know, I live in Buena County, Buford, Georgia. Going to Savannah right now. And it's like a four hour, four hour, 15 minute drive. We have like two hours left. Really a straight shot. So I drive straight through Atlanta. And then I hop on the 16th and stay on 75th Street. And I hop on the 16th and I bug it right to Savannah. It's like a four hour drive. It's not bad at all. And I'm actually going to be going up here.  So I'm pretty much driving 10 hours today. Didn't really get any sleep last night. Just a little update. We're going to be stopping here soon. I'll take you guys to the gas station and everything. We'll stop. My grandpa ended up hopping in the car for me. I'm actually with my mom right now, but we'll hop in the car. We'll take our snacks, load up on everything. Go to the bathroom, take a piss. First stop, pilot, gas station. Get down behind me. I got to piss a bit. It should be good. We only have an hour and 30 minutes left. So that's great. Going to meet the realtor at 11. It's 9 o'clock right now. Closing on the house? Pretty good time. Closing on the house. Everything's going to be done. It's going to be good. Get a few things done while we're there. It's crushed up. Dang, USB. All right, I'll pump gas right now. I got to get to the bathroom. I got to stop by the gas station. Load up. Got some beef jerky. Do you know how you normally get jackleys or something? I've been getting this in the world of kitchens. Beef jerky? I've never tried the pepper. I've just tried the original. It's freaking amazing. It's like jackleys on steroids. It's just so much better. Need more bang for your buck, too. If you guys like beef jerky, I promise you that stuff is way better than beef jerky. I've tried that store buck. We're going to keep on cussing. I'll be in 30 more minutes. Let's go. You got Craig Myrtle today, Noah. You know what we need to do. Happy closing day. Thank you. How are you doing? Good, good. Congratulations. Let me grab all my tools. Are we videoing? Everything.  This guy just comes and beat on the door. Hey, hello there. Good to see you. Good seeing you. Welcome back. I'm good. It was actually pretty easy. Yeah, it was nice. See you right here, Steve. Next year, we need to cover up for the job. Come on in. The AC is on. This is weird. Nothing to it. All right. It smells all right. There's no furniture in here. Yeah, it was clean, too. He was here. I came out here Wednesday. Look at this. Look at this. Everything you need. Key wise. All laid out. He's labeled everything. I know. Finally, I can move. I want it. I need to pick the top. And I'm zoning. You got me. I got you. And it's all that I need. When I wake in the morning. That is awesome. We got to run out of town for like a week. But then we're back. We're back. We're back. We're back. We're back. We're back. We're back. We're back. We're back. We're back. We're back. I'm looking for like a week, but then we'll be back moving him in. The neighborhood knows. Celebrity moving in. Say hello to the camera. We'll put you on. All right guys. So, how's it going to tell? Some of the walls got some wear and tear. And you know, we're going to have all this repainted. But I'll show it like a little quick tour of everything. So they actually left this or nice enough to leave this it's gonna be like a little office area This room a be for my dad This room would be for me And this room would be for my dogs. I'm totally good, but seriously this would be office Spare room This is a second bathroom Whatever you want to say first bathroom. There's a bath towel area This room definitely not repainted unless I want to come move in this purple room, but uh Me I'm sorry. I'm mirroring every room closet This room needs to be repainted like I said, it's another spare room one of these rooms are gonna have spare bed and stuff so if I have my parents or grandparents come over that They'll be able to stay in one of these rooms Like I said, they gave us this store stuff in that This is a master. This is where I'll be living as you can tell wear and tear Gonna have all this repainted And done especially on me in this wall.  I'm very excited about those Very excited about this the whole upstairs But they the the whole like thing with like the blue and the purple room stuff like this blue room They added that a boy He stayed in here purple room a little girl She stayed in there. Then they had another kid, but I'm guessing it just stayed amazing young Then that was their old room Yeah, they're nice enough to give us this it's definitely good storage, you know the camera stuff Whatever I want and Yeah, I'm told I'm moving in this room Easy to be touched up also this look see this The windows need to be fixed I don't know what causes that that needs to be fixed. I'm asked all that worry. This one's this one's fine though. Oh No You know it calls it Monday Chimney living room Stairs outdoor Front door.  I was actually in here. We got shelves bathroom This bathroom is actually a really very There's a lot very great condition And you got like the dining room which is attached to the kitchen Which leads then you got this little patio outdoor patio So this is a screened-in patio. It's got the yard. This is gonna be awesome You know like grill out eat do my homework edit videos All that good stuff Pantry water and dryer, then there's a small garage Very small very very small.  Don't you don't get me wrong cuz I'm not gonna like throw stuff everywhere That's not how I want to do things But I will keep it semi-organized is gonna have stuff along the edge But you won't be able to park the car in here once over, you know, I came to this house You know I'm checking out the house and everything There's actually some kids in the neighborhood that watch my videos. You know, they're actually fishing across over there Yeah, I guess you guys live fishing their old kayaks and They want to say something. I'll say anything Down the road and when he said that you We're excited and we look you up and it was like, um, we started watching you subscribe like your videos Hello Is I see your top watch it videos See that's awesome guys.  You'll be seeing them on the vlog Sounds nice It's too nice. That's like something darker when you have something lighter, you know, it's just tears up They're like lightly Terrors are easy Got some paints picked up Little bit touch up stuff, so we're looking at paint you're not what to do Figuring out what colors we're not buying it right now Now we're gonna look Trying to steal something here's the buzzer going off. We're gonna get back to the part or part I only have to call an apartment here But I get back to the house and forgot what color we need to use Whatever we got to do now, we're trying to find patio furniture though, you know, there's like a seat outside It's like an outdoor My waterproof couches thing that was on on the back patio So now that's what we need to look for that's what we need Every single person in the stores looking at me like I'm crazy home and camera talking to you, you know Really don't care. It's the time. We've been waiting for Just parked. I don't like where I parked, but I'm gonna go with it Because I don't really have a choice right now We're about to walk to the signing right now Get picture of me with your son That's a perfect picture Yeah, look at that What's going on guys just got home tornado about Today was an amazing day. I'm Overly exhausted. I mean exhausted to the point. I made that clip in the morning at I believe like 2 a.m I ended up going to bed till 3 30 Just couldn't go to sleep and so I stayed on my computer woke up at 5 drove to Savannah Signed on the house went to Houdnepo Got a lunch Drove all the way back like I've been on like a 10-hour drive today get was like zero sleep today was just so crazy and You know, it was absolutely amazing, you know today I just like to think everyone who supports me, you know parents my realtor my grandparents, especially You know everyone who helped me and you know helped me out with this and made this happen, you know, this is my big opportunity and You know first step into the big world first step in the life You know just got my first house ever and it was just such a great experience to actually get the vlog this and actually get to document this and You know get to watch this 30 years from now and be like, you know, this is my first house, you know I happen this way, you know, I videoed the whole thing Sadly on the whole signing deal with a lawyer and everything and just everyone People in the house before I didn't film in there just because that was kind of something that I Probably shouldn't bring the camera, but I did film after I believe my dad got a picture of me During the video But overall guys, thank you guys so much for the support, you know I want to be here where I'm at today without you guys and that's just Something that's just straight up facts.  I don't even know what's going on It's not good. I was like falling sleep driving. I chewed a whole bag of sunflower seeds. There's a chaotic It's crazy. Thank you guys so much for watching if you guys enjoyed this video Please hit the thumbs up button be sure to leave a comment below Also, be sure to subscribe and hit the little bell. I'll catch you guys In the next video Yeah


Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening to all. Appreciate you joining this session. What I'm going to be talking about today is a proposal we're making to extend the Operation Smart Contract for Hyperledger Fabric to support consortia governance. So this is a proposal for work activity to be done, something that we're at Oracle definitely interested in because we see consortia formation and governance as being a major issue when it comes to blockchains. So what I want to cover today is a little bit of just a really brief intro about what is a consortia, a little bit about what the Operation Smart Contract Hyperledger Labs project is all about and then some information about consortia governance, some voting enhances we'd like to see and as well then the summary. So whenever I present, whenever I talk to customers, whenever I talk to other technical folks, I like to refer to blockchain as a team sport. There are certainly a lot of blockchain networks out there that have been created that are managed by a single organization, but then you lose much of the capabilities and much of the advantages of having a decentralized environment. So a consortium basically is just an association of businesses. So it's one or more businesses that want to get together and be able to conduct business together for some mutual benefit. That consortium has been around for a long time. That's nothing new. So what we're looking at is how do we solve some of the issues associated with forming a consortium? There's a number of them that are business related issues. What are the laws that you adhere to, all that sort of stuff. But there's also a bunch of technical issues, especially when it comes to blockchain. So when you create a blockchain instance, you create a network, you need to have members join that network, you need mechanisms to be able to include those in the network.  And the need is for multiple organizations to work together without one being in sort of in control of the Uber organization. A lot of blockchains have that right now where there's one organization that essentially formed the network and it's roughly in control. What we'd like to propose is something that's a bit more decentralized than that. And as well, we think that decisions and any actions that take place in the blockchain network need to be auditable. So they've got to be recorded on a ledger someplace where they can be verified and people know what's actually been, has been decided and what actions were taken. And ideally what we want to do is sort of automate as much of this as possible, especially this technical side of things. So a little bit of introduction to the Operations Smart Contract or OPSSC. This is a Hyperledger Labs project that was contributed by Hitachi. There was a session on this or a demo of this on Tuesday, I believe. And what it consists of is several different components. So the first two major components are there's two smart contracts. One smart contract is used to maintain the chain code lifecycle or manage the chain code lifecycle. And another one to manage channel management. So adding members to the channel, those sort of operations. And largely, this is all around workflow. So it's trying to automate and simplify these operations, which right now are largely manually done and have to be done by each organization that's participating. So what these smart contracts do is they manage the state transition. So from a proposing of a chain code deployment to or proposing a new member to a channel or changing the channel configuration, those are all done as proposals and voted on. And the smart contract is what sort of manages the lifecycle of those proposals and changes. There's also an agent. So this is the OPSSC smart contract agent. And what it does is it automates the operations. So when an agreement is made to say deploy or upgrade a new chain code, the agent gets notification that when sufficient members have agreed to this and so they meet the policy associated with updating or deploying a new chain code. And then the agent does is it automates that for each individual organization. So that's an optional thing. You don't have to use that. But the agent then definitely takes care of automating much of the operations. And then there's also an API server. So the API server is what manages the state of the workflow. So it provides a set of REST APIs to be able to access those chain codes, the chain code for lifecycle chain code and the channel management chain code. And what it does is it basically accepts things like proposals to do some of these operations. And then it also accepts votes from the various members. And again, it runs as a separate server in each organization's instance or somewhere within their organization. And again, I want to focus to say that this is focused largely on automation, not on enforcement. I'll talk a little bit about enforcement because some of that will require some changes to the way fabric manages the decision making process and agreements. So for chain code operations in the current OSSC is that an organization that proposes a new or upgraded chain code calls its API server. So it makes a request to the API server. The API server in turn then invokes the chain code up the channel channel or the smart contract chain code to record the proposal. Once that proposal is recorded, the operation system chain code, chain code, emits an event. And that event is listened to by all the organizations that are part of the consortium and then operates on those events. So in the case of let's say it was a proposal to update a chain code as each organization then votes for that. That information is also done by invoking their API server, which records the vote using the OSSC chain code. And as well then the OSSC system chain code emits an event for each of those such that once enough votes have been achieved to be able to meet the policy associated with upgrading or deploying new chain code that those operations can proceed automatically. So let's say once the vote passes, the organization one agent will download, install, and approve and commit the chain code. And the other two agents in the three organization network would download, install, and approve the chain code as well. And then this happens automatically but based upon once the necessary criteria of voting has been met. Channel operations operate in a similar fashion. So one organization proposes a config update in a human readable format, which is important. And it does that by then calling its API server with this human readable update proposal. The API server then invokes the channel chain code to record the proposal. It converts that proposal into a configuration transaction. And then he also emits an event so that all the other organizations that are associated with the smart contract can receive the notification that a proposal has been made. Other organizations that get to vote on the proposal by calling their API servers. Once the API servers have recorded the vote, and again it emits an event just like they did for the chain code deployment, and that again is received by all the organization's agents. Once sufficient votes have been recorded, then one of the agents will take that converted configuration transaction and then I can perform the channel update operation. So that'll include having all the various signatures. That'll be part of what the voting operation is, is to record the signature of each organization as they approve the vote. So what's missing? So what's missing from our perspective is this notion of consortium governance. So who are the members of the consortium? What are they allowed to do? How do you add or remove or alter what members can do? So all this issue about membership and what they're able to do and who's responsible for what. So we think that's one major piece and I'll get into more about what our proposal is to address this. And as well we believe that we need some of the voting enhancements. Right now we just it's all that the opposite system chain code supports is a simple majority mechanism. What we want is to be able to support things like non-uniform voting rights. There are a lot of cases where some organizations may have more rights than others. There may be a subset of the organizations that are sort of a governing council if you will. But there's a lot of different various use cases for why you might want to have non-uniform voting rights. And as well we'd like to see the support for abstaining and opposing. So right now all the support right now is basically to say I approve. There's no ability to say that I oppose this particular request or particular vote or a way to be able to say I acknowledge it but I'm not going to vote on it. I'm abstaining from voting on it. So what's needed then are some extensions then to the OPC system chain code to be able to support these governance operations. And again I say this is largely focused on automation. Supporting you know the enforcement of it is something that will have to be done as well with not only within the chain code but also inside a fabric itself. And I'll get into some details of what kind of enhancements we need to be able to support that in a minute. So what we're trying to do is let's say move from these oftentimes these what we call founder led consortium to a more decentralized governance. And initially not going to change the enforcement policies within fabric. Ideally we want to do that such that we can provide some of these things like potentially veto capabilities or as I say asymmetric voting capabilities. That's not necessarily part of the initial proposal but something that we believe ought to be done. So there's nothing that we're proposing right now to prevent members from using standard fabric capabilities. So you can create your own config TX transaction. You can solicit the signatures necessary from the various organizations through some out of channel or out of band mechanism. This isn't going to prevent that. Something else is that we want to support as I mentioned before is that all members are not necessarily equal. So in many cases as you have consortiums where for whatever reason some members have more rights or different rights than others. And so we want to be able to support that kind of capability in the voting mechanisms and how it's determined as to what members can propose and do what. So we want to support you know say non voting members. So members who are basically they don't get to say that you have to go along with whatever the agreements are that are made by the voting members. And as well you know with the proposals to be able to change who can do what whose members are those sorts of things are something that we also feel should be supported. And then again as I mentioned earlier that all these decisions and all these actions need to be recorded in the ledger so they're auditable and it can be you know ensured that the proper processes were followed. So one of the issues is probably the major issues in forming the consortium is how do you exchange the information. Right now there are no mechanisms to do that per se. So to form the consortium everything's got to be done out of band meaning that it's not recorded in the ledger there's as there is no network yet you're still forming the network. And so what we're proposing is that this be done partially out of band and I'll explain a little bit more about that in a second. But it has to do with a bootstrapping issue. How do you how do you put something in place that people can use to come to agreement before before everything is settled. So and then you know what information has to be exchanged. We believe in this minimally for each member organization we need the MSP information so we can verify signatures and the like. And we also need some information about the ordering service network that the participants will use. And then finally in terms of you know for the consortium members what actions are they each allowed to perform. So this is something that has to get decided up front and a proposal made to be able to to create this kind of a network. So what is being proposed is that when somebody proposes the formation of consortia or you know how do you bootstrap a consortia there's going to be a single member that at least in theory a member that's what we're calling the proposer. And so the proposer is the one that would create the ordering service and their initial ordering service nodes. It would create the ops channel. So this is the channel over which the various consortia actions would be recorded and voted on. Deploy the two chain codes that mentioned actually the three chain codes now because we're proposing adding an additional one. There's the chain code ops. There's the channel ops. And then there'd be a consortia ops chain code that would be deployed as well for managing consortium operations. And then finally the the the proposer starts his own agent and its own API server. And what we're proposing to be able to solve this bootstrapping problem is that the proposer provided a temporary set of limited credentials to their API server. And what I mean by limited credentials is credentials that can only be used to perform certain operations. And in this case here it would only be able basically to be able to provide their information and accept the membership into the consortium. So the proposal also then defines you know who they the it I'm sorry then the the proposer then commits this initial consortium proposal to the chain code that's only now at the moment running in its own organization. And then the somebody either the proposer or the agent could potentially do this emails the other notifications to give them the access to the API server so it's URL and its temporary credentials. Obviously there's other mechanisms that be used here to exchange that email just the proposed mechanism. There are probably other more secure mechanisms that would be desirable but this is at least the initial go. And then as the other organizations will get this information they'll connect to the API server and they'll provide their MSP information. And then the agent then will then update the ops channel with their information and have them join that channel. Finally the other organizations they say they'll use the the initial members or the proposer's API server. They will download the conversion performance formation proposal and use the information in there such as the OSN information the proposer's MSP information that sort of stuff to configure a minimal instance in their network or in their in their environment. And then if they decide they're going to join the network they would as well provide their MSP info through the initial members API server. So once all that's once that's been done then the initial members agent can add the MSP information to the ops channel and install then the ops game code and start up a local ops agent API server. What we're thinking in terms of what would be in this initial consortium formation proposal would be information about the consortium itself. So this would be things like the name description a list of who the initial organizations are that are being proposed what the voting policy is for the consortium. So this is like what is the policy that it and what that has to be met to be able to change the configuration of the consortium. And then that's in terms like you know like voting policies and other information. But then we'd also have a membership voting policy. So what's it what is it required by the existing members to be able to add or remove members. So that may be that's we're envisioning that as potentially a separate policy. And then for each organization what's required then is we would need the name we obviously want some contact information because they email address of administrators or operators what number of votes are provided if we're using asymmetric voting and what permissions they have are they allowed to perform you know a chain code upgrade are they allowed to do any other sort of operations that would all be listed as a set of permissions that that each organization is allowed. And then also as part of the initial proposal the proposing organization would need to provide its MSP info so the other organizations can then join the ops channel. So a little bit also as well about about voting. So you know voting is basically an issue about how is it how is agreement achieved. So right now in Fabric Fabric uses signature policies for approving or endorsing or allowing the submission of transaction and committee of those transactions as well as for things like channel config updates. So the config TX transactions and a signature policy is is nothing more than an expression of one or more principles. So if you're not familiar with this this is basically says that I can have an MSP and a role so like here org one admin and then I can specify a set of logical operations that that that can be used to specify what what meets the the policy. So there's an example here of an and so it says this is an and of org one member and or two member. So that means that if that's the policy then both a member of org one and a member of org two would need to sign the proposal. There's a more complicated one where we have and of either org one or org two signing as well as org three admin signing. So these are different ways in which the policies are currently defined right now within Fabric but they have a number of limitations and we'd like to try to enhance the voting capability or the agreement capabilities within Fabric to support some of what's proposed here for the operation system chain code. So what is missing so in the operation system chain code itself related to voting there's no ability to abstain there's no ability to veto and abstention is valuable in terms of being able to know whether an organization is voted or not. So it would be valuable to have recorded as part of the voting operations that some organization abstained just to know that they have voted that then and they don't really have an issue with whatever the decision is. You still need to support whatever the policy is but they're just indicating that this is something that was not of interest to them or they want to let people know they're not going to vote for or against it. The current thing only supports a single vote for organization basically a signature and there's no veto capability so in some forms of consortiums there are certain members that would have veto capabilities and if you look at something like you know the United Nations not necessarily that's a consortia but certain organizations or members have veto capabilities and others do not. In Fabric then we would need additional changes then to be able to support additional voting policies here so right now the only thing that's supported in Fabric is what we would call a forevote so basically if you sign the proposal you're agreeing to it if you don't sign the proposal we don't know whether you're agreeing disagreeing or just didn't bother. So this would require some changes in Fabric then to be able to support these kind of voting enhancements. So what we'd like to propose in Fabric is that we and actually into the operations system chain code is the ability to support these consortiums the formation of them and the administration of them so that would entail creating another chain code to support consortium just like there's a chain code for channel operations and a chain code for chain code operations we'd have another one for formation and administration of consortia. We need to add some voting enhancements to the current OSCE voting mechanism and we would also then need to add some additional support endorsement policies and the like to Fabric to support this enhanced voting so there are changes that will be required both in OSCE as well as in Fabric and then ideally it would be helpful to take something like the OSCE agent right now and integrate that with a deployment tool such as something like hyper ledger cello that can be used to then create the initial deployment because right now to create this a network it's largely up to each individual member to take care of all the all the manual steps that have to be taken with something like integrations with the OSCE chain code and cello we can potentially automate a lot of that initial deployment so in summary let's say we think and our experience has been that consortium formation is difficult and often has been you know led by a single organization so it's not particularly decentralized we'd like the formation and management of the consortium to be much more decentralized and and much more automated because right now largely to say it's a manual set of steps we want to leverage the existing operation system chain code as it provides you know much of what we needed and if it's a model that we believe makes sense for consortium management provides you know say the mechanisms to be able to automate stuff to be able to come to agreement on decisions that affect the network and that's all that's all in place right now what's missing is sort of the consortium side of that and especially the consortium forming portion of that and you know the ultimate goal here is to simplify and automate the formation of a consortium based upon hyperledger fabric to join in if you'd like to comment like to help do whatever you'd like there's a rocket chat channel for the operation system chain code the link is provided there on the slide and as well the source code for that project is located at in github as a hyperledger labs project and with that i'm going to open it up for any q&a any thoughts any questions any interest in contributing or you know help helping with this so the question was my hesh asked uh if you're going to provide any of these features as part of the oracle blockchain as a service our oracle blockchain platform i had to be careful here i don't have a safer harbor statement here all i can say is that we are proposing this this is in line with with our thinking about how consortiums should be formed and managed i obviously i can't make any commitment to say that we're going to provide this what kind of peter asked what kind of storage with the initial out of bounds out of band i'm assuming you mean bootstrapping could use so this is the idea that the out of band mechanism is is what we're proposing using these these temporary credentials where the proposing organization would grant temporary access limited access to its api server so that those organizations could then provide the information that's necessary to bootstrap the organization so that would all be stored on chain uh and initially it would only be in the proposers network but as that network then is expanded and other other members join the network agreed to be a participant then that they would automatically get a copy of that ledger as well so there's no really the intent here is there's little to no out of band storage that that all the storage would be maintained in the chain code operations and mark mark willmitch asked how would handling dropping members out of the consortium if they leave again this would be based upon the the voting policies that are for the consortium membership itself um so this would be something where members might have to be careful uh that you don't get yourself uh you know hitched you know the issue right now is like in fabric if you have an endorsement policies is that every organization must endorse a transaction to be accepted and one of those organization drops out uh you're you can't get a valid set of signatures to be able to perform a config transaction to alter the the channel membership so you have to be very careful about this that such that you don't end up in a situation where you can't uh you can't actually meet the endorsement policy or the signature policy required um a hash asks besides the rest api for agents is there a front end for the agents being open sourced um at at the moment there's that's not part of the opposite siege system chain code uh project but i could envision that being something the issue there is that that probably needs to integrate in with whatever sort of you know front end the platform that you're using uh requires so in the case of oracle blockchain platform if we pick this up and integrate this in with ours this would be something that would all be handled through our console and so i would imagine other other fabric implementations would have similar uh sorts of capabilities or some sort of management console and again that's where this stuff would would lie any other questions right if not i thank you and i'll give you back another two and a half minutes of your day uh and i hope you found this uh a valuable session and please if you have interest in this we're you know it would be great to have additional contributors supporting this uh and as i mentioned the the the information in the rocket chat and and github is there in the slides so if you want to go back to that later they should be able to find that without problems and with that uh see no more additional questions then i'll close the session then thank you all


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