فشرف بالاشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دا دا دا لا وياله من شراف عظيمي لنذهب إلى إن شاء الله تعالى لنذهب إلى السبب الطعن الراويو The criticism that is put onto the narrator in terms of his memory 5 How many is it? 5 The first one is فحش الغلط فحش الغلط فحش الغلط means she does many mistakes فحش الغلط is when the narrator he makes many many mistakes And that hadith is called The one who has فحش الغلط is hadith is called How the scholars reached a conclusion that this person has فحش الغلط فحش الغلط means The word فحش means a lot غلط means mistakes He's got too many mistakes How the scholars reached a conclusion that this person has too much mistakes is when they look at his narrations Let's say he narrated 10 hadiths If 8 of those hadiths are wrong and 2 of them are right he's got فحش الغلط So it's all compared to how many narrations he's mentioned But if he gets 8 hadiths wrong and he's narrated 80 hadiths then this is not فحش الغلط Does that make sense? This is not the number It's a percentage of his narrations Because there's not an individual on the face of this earth who doesn't fall into mistakes No one Then the author mentioned from those whose narrations are among the criticism of a narrator سوء الحفظ He has bad memory His memorization is excessively bad سوء سوء الحفظ And سوء الحفظ is two types First of all, what does it mean? It's that his mistakes pass what he gets right or it's equal Some of you might think to yourself What's the difference between that and فحش الغلط We'll come to it سوء الحفظ is two types سوء الحفظ This narrator is excessive This is the characteristics of his He's always doing mistakes So his memorization Sorry سوء الحفظ is bad memorization And so this is the characteristics that stuck with him This person's hadith becomes according to a view that stands The second one is that No, no, no His memory was good He was a sharp person But he became like this This is now called مخطلط He mixed up now اختلاط happened to him He used to have good memory He was a sharp person But now suddenly His memory has now become His memory has now become bad This is called اختلاط It's called اختلاط It's called what? اختلاط The third one is غفلة Heedlessness The third one is غفلة Heedlessness And what it means is that يسهو يعتري الإنسان فيغيب عنه مراده ولا يتذكر Heedlessness He's absent minded If somebody gives him a narration This is one of your hadiths That you narrated to me He'll say okay He accepts تلقيد He should be sharp Realize No, it's not my narration What are you doing? It's not my narration I never told you this Like when يحيب المعين tried to test أبو النعين فضل المدوكين And أبو النعين فضل المدوكين Didn't accept it from him Every time he put a narration In just to see his memory And he did it deliberately أبو النعين became I'm saying I kicked نحيب المعين In the chest From the stool that he was sitting on Because يحيب أبو النعين فضل المدوكين Was alert And يحيب تنبو Backward from the Stool that he was sitting on And أحمد said I told you You wouldn't listen to me All day I was telling Leave this man alone This man is known It's precision It's memory It's something else And he said I enjoy his kick I enjoyed the kick That he kicked me It was worth the journey Even better than the journey That I went through When I went to أبو النعين I preferred that kick Now I know When I speak about أبو النعين مدوكين And somebody asks me About him I can surely tell them That he's أحافظ وطقن And that's how he was So غفلة Is an origin that's weakened Then the next one is كثرة الأوهام كثرة الأوهام Is basically excessive mistakes Excessive mistakes This one كثرة الأوهام Is Two types I understand This is two types The first type is ظاهر apparent Are you with me? And two fall under that Which you just took فحش الغلط And غفلة غفلة is a form of وهم وهم But it's ظاهر the apparent form Are you with me brothers? So now you guys Know why أحجر bought this وهم I remember some people Asked in the Shabbat of Baikounia What's the difference? It's the difference The وهم That's ظاهر It encompasses what? فحش الغلط And غفلة They fall under it Are you with me brothers? But the second type of وهم Which is خفي Hidden That's the one The scholars call معلل The Hadith that's called the defect The defect narration Where you see بخاري and أحمد And the other scholars say what? This Hadith is what?  There's no فحش غلط No غفلة It's not that apparent Here it's خفي And how he's going to say How he's going to realize it Is بالقرائن وجمع الطرق Bringing the narrations together Bringing it all together And reaching a conclusion And saying you know what this is what it is That's the form That scholars refer to as معلل This Hadith is defect Does that make sense brothers? So كثرة الوهم Here it doesn't mean The ظاهر version Because the ظاهر Already took the two out of it Did he take it out? He took it out غفلة And فحش غلط Are وهم But they are the most Apparent type of وهم The one he means here When he says كثرة الوهم He means وهم which is خفي And last but not least Is مخالفة مخالفات with تقات The opposition of the reliable people And five ام لحادير منشن That come under it Five Are you with me? Five فولانده The مخالفات with تقات That the author mentions Are you with me brothers? The first one is المدرج And the mudرج is two types The مدرج is what? Two types مدرج الإسناد And مدرج المتني Are you with me? All of these five Are مخالفات مخالفات تقات Means opposition of reliable people It's also a criticism It's also a weakened مخالفة means what? Are you with me brothers? Pay attention here It's opposition of the Trustworthy integrity Those who hold high integrity And reliability opposition Does that make sense brothers? And it happens in five ways مدرج is the first one مدرج has how many types? Two types مدرج الإسناد which is It's asserting It's to assert Or change The chain of narration It's to change the narration We call that مدرج الإسناد The second one is called مدرج المتني مدرج المتني مدرج المتني means what? A speech of the person enters the narration For example It happens very common with زهري Are you with me? Is that then I'm talking sometimes And it happens to me A lot of the times And that is Brothers are typing Something I'm saying So I'm an example I might read the كلمة من القيم And I always explain That what the كلم is Are you with me? So what happens was What happens is They think much Exploration is actually The statement of إبن القيم So it's still adding it To إبن القيم statement And that's not إبن القيم said Does that make sense? So they add my speech Into the speech of إبن القيم And a lot of the time That happens when This person is trying to Comment on something Where the student Can't tell between When is he talking And when is he quoting So it's better always To just quote Say end of quote That is very common with who زهري He does that a lot Let's quote مدرج Then the second one is مقلوب مقلوب is when حديث goes Back to front استقدي من تأخير It's a very common حديث صحيح البقاري Which أبغريرا Narrated at the process And he said سبعة يضيله هم الله فيضيله يوم لا ضل إلا ضله سبعة الله سوف يضيفهم يوم لا ضل And from them is what رجل أنفق بيمينه دنوريشن يقول رجل أنفق بالشماله فأخفاها حتى لا تعلم ويمينه ما أنفقت دنوريشن went back to front That a person gave with their left And they hid it so much That their right Doesn't know what their left gave It's meant to be what They gave with their right That their left Doesn't know what the right gave But it happened It just turned This is another form of opposition Of another narration And that's why إبن القيم as well When it came to the Hadith Of placing your knees down on the ground first Or your hands down إبن القيم And his What did he say? He says that this narration That says Put your hands down first He said it's a person That narration that says Put your hands down first On the ground He said this narration is a person And that it should be Put your knees down first And that is not a correct opinion We hold Strongly That you have to place Your hands down first Before you place your knees down first وذا مسألة فقية It is But did the Hadith Is authentically transmitted From the process of Salama لا يابرك أحدكم كما يرببوا كالبعير وليضع يداه قبل الرقبة Is it right from the prophet? نعم صحت It's right سنة دن ومتن That you put your hands down first That narration is authentic سنة دن ومتن The third one is called The third one is called Sorry, did I finish it? Yeah The third one I need I'll finish them all right? The third one is called It's called The person He adds A narrator into the chain of narration Extra narrator And the fourth one is مضرب The مضرب is Contradiction This opposition is coming because of what As Ibn-Hadir mentions إبدال راوين Is changing a narrator with another narrator And what ولا مرجحة There's no way to do ترجح This is مضرب It's contradicting It can also happen to the metin It can And that's the Hadith وَأَتْكُلُوا أَمْرِنْ دِيْبَالِيْ لَا يُبْدَأْفِيْ بِسْمِيْ لَا فَوَ أَبْتَرْ فَوَ أَكْطَعْ فَوَ الْأَجْتَمْ All those words are مضرب Because it's ضرب Contradiction All the meanings are contradicting one another So even if we forget about the Senate The metin itself Each wording What it's saying Is contradicting the other wording مضرب The scholars rejected that Hadith Last but not least Is the issue of مصحف What's the difference between مصحف And محرف مصحف means when the letters It's distortion by the way مصحف means distortion مصحف Is when the letters get affected And محرف Is when the dots get affected One is the شكل One is the نقط When Hadir mentions it المصحف هو المحرف We have now finished A Hadith Which armor dood And not to be And to be honest we finished All of the chapter which is تقسيم الحديث يبقى تباري وصوله إلينا That whole chapter Of dividing the Hadith And categorizing the Hadith In terms of how it reached us We finished it How many times did I say The khabar is divided into Two In terms of how it reached us And the second one was what In terms of it In terms of who it attributed to إبن حديث now is going to go into In terms of who it Going back to the one Once we finished In terms of who it attributed to مصطلح الحديث is over It's finished From this minute onwards After we speak about In terms of who it attributed to Everything after that Has nothing to do with تصحيح تضريف Authenticating and strengthening حديث Now When the scholars say this What do they mean صح How do you take narrations How are narrations passed on Are you with me brothers If it's your choice If you guys want to Still finish it off And study that we could If you want to stop there And say خلاص انتهى الأمر We studied مصطلح الحديث The science itself That we needed We kidding and authenticating We could So let's just Take this one now إن شاء الله ثم الإسناد إما إي أنتهى إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم تصريحا أو حكما من غوله أو فعله أو تقريبه أو إلى صح أو إلى صحابي كذلك وهو من لقي النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم رم مننبه ومات عن الإسلام ولو تخلل تردة في الأصح أو إلى التابع وهو من لقي الصحابي كذلك فالأول المرفوع و الثان المقوف و الثالث المقطوع دون التابعي فيه مثلهم ويقال للأخير للأخيرين الأثر والمسنة المرفوع صحابي بسنة ظاهره للتصالب الآثر now goes into categorizing حديث in terms of who it's attributed to he mentioned three but he's left a fourth one does anyone nobody left حديث القدسي the reason why he didn't mention that ها does anyone know homework homework صح طبعو بهذا مجن حديث القدسي صح so this is something you can add onto it so the first one is الحديث المرفوع حديث المرفوع is that which is attributed to the best in the صلى الله عليه وسلم directly or by ruling what does it mean directly تصريحا أو حكمان يعني حكمان is الصحة it has the rule مرفوع it's as if the professor صلى الله عليه وسلم beautiful تصريح means معظيفة للنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أو فعال أو تقرين أو صفة خلقية أو خلقية it's anything that's attributed to the process in terms of the speech actions he's some of those consents the consent where he consented to his attitude and how he carried himself and his manners and also how Allah created him all of that is حديث that's direct حكمان means when a Sahabi talks about an event that's going to happen the day of judgment and nowhere can he have ever got that from except the prophet the scholars they call this موقوفو لفظان مرفوع حكمان it's wording as موقوف meaning it stops at a companion but the ruling is a ruling on my phone he's talking about جنة and ناب and how the people are going to do how does he know that where did he get that from بشارط if that Sahabi is not known to take from Ben Israel for example عبدالله من عمر البعاص لا his narrations are not meant said موقوفو لفظان مرفوع حكمان is a khas he's specific the reason is because عبدالله من عمر البعاص he went to the Jews on the day of khaybar I think it was I think it was khaybar and he went and he took two big big زاوية the two big baskets from the Jews and in there was their book and their works and he wanted and he took it and he used to read them so sometimes he would narrate from بروس صلاعيل so scholars said he's direct he'd be taking it from there when he says it he's not talking it from the Prophet he's taking it from here so they didn't are you with me but as for the other companions when they say it they never read the Qutb and the أخوى اللبن صراعيل so who they had it from the Prophet عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم so they say it's موقوفو the word is موقوف because this عبدالله didn't attribute it to the Prophet مرفوع حكمان it's مرفوع in terms of it in terms of its حكم that's called مرفوع then the second one it's called مكبو it's called موقوف what's attribute the third one is what what's attribute to تابعي what's it called مقبو مقبو it's called مقبو it's called التابعي it's attributed to التابعي it's called مقطوح also when I had it in the opinion that even anybody after a تابعي it's also called مقطوح he says أي شيء بعد التبعي is called مقطوع. And then he goes on to saying وَيُقَالُنِ الْآخَرَيْنِ The last two, which is موقوف and مقطوع are called أثر. Anything that's attributed to the companions and anything that's attributed to what? The تبعين is called what? أثر. Somebody asked what's أثر? What does it mean? That which is attributed to it. أثر is the synonym of a خبر. So it encompasses the Prophet ﷺ, right? That's what some said. And the fourth one, which he left out, which is what? الحديثة القدسي. حديثة القدسي is what الله سبحانه وتعالى said. So that's the order it should be. حديثة القدسي is number one. Then حديث which is مرفوع. And then a حديث which is موقوف. And then a حديث which is مقطوع. Now those are the four حديث can be attributed to. Those are the four in terms of who a حديث can be attributed to. Then the شيخ رحيب الله to explain to you he said to you the Sahabi's definition is ملقيا النبي. It's anyone who met the Prophet. He didn't say look. He didn't say anyone who saw the Prophet because some companions were blind. You can't say somebody who saw the Prophet. This is wrong. You can't say that. You have to say somebody who met the Prophet. When he met the Prophet he met him in what state? مؤمنة به in the state of Eman. ومات على الإسلام.  ولو تخلل ردته في العصحة. Even if there was a time he disbelieved. He did disbelieve in a period of time. But he came back to Islam before he died. He's a companion. No one's going to dispute him. He comes back to Islam. اتاقب ملدنبي كملا. كملا كملا دنبلا. An example for that is اشعة ابن قيس. رده ورجعه. اشعة ابن قيس was a companion who left Islam and came back again. Not two people disputed him.  Does that make sense? Where did this come from? It goes back to the concept of when a person postates. Does his deeds nullify? Or does it wait for him to die? This is a question it goes back to. And that's insha'Allah we're going to deal with it. It's a deal and it's a quail from there. Which is the issue of when a person postates. Does his deeds all go? So for example somebody done Hajj. ورتده. ورجعه إلى الإسلام. They say okay Hajj again. He left Islam. Or does his Hajj that he did when he was a Muslim still stand? This is al-fiqiyah. صح? That's its place. Did he become Muslim after that? اشعة ابن قيس. He was a companion. He saw the professor. So he came back. The professor is dead. The professor is dead. عليه الصلاة والسلام. This is after the professor. He deposited. So that's the sheikhs he took. That's what he said. وَلَوْ تَخَلَّ اللَّهَ تَرِيدَتُونِ فِي الْأَصَّحِيْ. He said according to the strongest opinion. Then the author. رحمة الله. He mentioned the issue of what's a Muslim. Are you with me brothers? Some scholars they took the opinion that Musnad is any hadith that's connected. ابن حجر is of the opinion no. It's connected. I mean it's مرفوع. The rafa is different upon. So I'm saying no, no, no, it's not a rafa. It doesn't have to be a rafa. A موقوف is also a musnad. أما قطوع is also a musnad. As long as it's connected to the صحابي. As long as he says المسندو مرفوع صحابي بسندن ظاهر هو الإتصال. Are you with me? And he's refuting a people who see opposite to what he said. We've now finished الخبر وتقسماته خبر and its categorization. This point is taken صحيحا بعيف. What we're now going to enter is something that this chat is gone. Before I move on. Are you guys ready to go in? Shall we go in? Carry on. So we can say we've finished نخبط الفكر. Some of you guys know. Please let's go home. We've got time. We've got two hours left. It goes under categorizing خبر in terms of who it's ascribed to. So we categorize the خبر into two. We categorize the خبر into into two. The خبر in terms of how it reached us. And the second was in terms of who it's ascribed to. That's where it goes. It's the first categorization that we did. Brothers, can we take the questions right at the end? Write it down please. Sisters can benefit from your questions. Sisters will benefit from those questions that you guys put. Write it. Take a little paper. Sometimes a question might come to your mind. Write it down. If you have the knowledge for it. Okay. To repeat the definition of the مسند. Of course I can repeat that. The مسند is مرفوع صحابي بسند ينظاهر ولتصال. It's a hadith that's connected. It's a hadith which is connected to the Prophet. That's what he believes. Whereas others have said no, it's connected is the only condition. It doesn't have to be connected to the Prophet. It can be connected to صحابي. It can be connected to تابعي. It doesn't matter. And some people say no. I want it to reach the Prophet. The connection has to be right to the Prophet. Does that make sense? So for him it's what it's a hadith that's connected to the Prophet. There's more details pertaining to that. We'll leave it there. Now let's go in with the other chapters that the author brought. The author, he now goes into a concept known as سلسلة الروات. He's now going back to the issue of the chain. The concept of chain. And Matt is pertain to it. He's now going back to the issue of chain. He's now going back to the issue of chain. He's now going back to the issue of chain. He's now going back to the issue of chain. Matt is pertain to it. The author, he mentions that the scholars, when they look at the chain of narration they categorize it in terms of its length and how long and how short it is they categorize it into two. The first one is a hadith which is that has what? And a hadith which has نزول. This has nothing to do with authenticity and weakness. A علو can be weak and a نازل can be صحيح. A نازل can be weak and a علو can be authentic. There's nothing really to do with authenticity and weakening a narration here. It's just something that the scholars used to love and that is getting close to the messenger. علو means between you and the prophet there's a very short chain of narration. Are you with me? Today if I'm not wrong. If I'm not wrong. The shortest chain of hadith books today is with the noble شيخ ضهير الدين المباركفوري. He has the shortest chains of hadith books today. He's in India. شيخ ضهير الدين المباركفوري. So if I now go to شيخ ضهير الدين المباركفوري and I narrate بقاري مصر ويداوتر ميد من الماجل نسائي from him and he gives it to me. I will be leveled with حافظ الحكمين. حافظ الحكمين مية will be leveled. Are you with me brothers? He's Sorry, I will be leveled with عبد الله القرعاوي. Above حافظ الحكمين. The teacher of حافظ الحكمين. The one who commanded حافظ الحكمين to write سلم الوصول إلى علم الوصول سألني من لابد من انت ثالث سؤاله الممتل. I was commanded to write this book with a person who I could not disagree with him. That's what he says in his كتاب, right? He's referring to his شيخ عبد الله القرعاوي. If I go, I'm leveled to him. This is for me علو. Very short chain for me. I've passed a person who can not only be my father but can be my dad's dad. Are you with me brothers? This is something they used to like. The علو is of two types now. This is علو كود علو نسبي and علو مطلق. علو مطلق is the one that's the علو that's between you and the prophet and he's short. It's between you and the prophet and he's very short. The second one is called علو نسبي. It means نسبي in the sense where to a particular شخ and the شخ gave you an example. Like who أو إلى إمامي دي شيء سفة عالية كشعبة. Like for example I might have a short chain of narration to شعبة and that might even be 10 narrators. Does that make sense? But it's to شعبة I have a very short. Not to the prophet but it's to a particular إمام. It's to a particular إمام. I'll give you an example. الإمام البقاري is شوطس حديث which is which is called علو مطلق is three. بقاري has three narrations three narrations between him and the prophet. That's the shortest. As for الإمام البقاري if he narrated from him to Imam Malik him to Imam Malik the shortest chain that Imam البقاري رحمة الله has between him and Imam Malik is nine. No, so between him and the prophet he has two narrations sorry before I go to Imam Malik between him and the prophet إمام البقاري he has two narrations and some narrations to the prophet it's three and some narration longest he has is nine. Some narrations is nine between him and the prophet. Three is the shortest. The شتري is called علو and the nine is called نازل look how long he is now he's been come distance from the prophet. Are you with me? Are you with me brothers? And the one that he's short is called علو That's the look. So if somebody asked you today that حديث البقاري صحيح البقاري what's the علو الإمام البقاري تلاثيات خلاص. إم حد الولد أن يتكأوضق تلاثيات أن يكأوضق تلاثيات is the book sorry the other one is the the حديث which are نازل which are نمام البقاري رحمه الله I narrated it and that is نازل long it's nine Now we go back to علو نسبي علو what نسبي for example if we look at a senate of the نمام البقاري رحمه الله between him and him a man he's got one narrator that's his علو the shortest chain الإمام ماليك has towards إمام ماليك بقاري has towards إمام ماليك is one that's the shortest he has بالنسبة إلى من and according to who إمام ماليك is one and if he was to narrate it and another narration he could become two so for example if he goes through عبد الله إبن يوسف التنيسي is one narrator he jumps through him to him a man or else he's got two and that's his نازل so the to him a man it's called علو what علو نسبي and to two narrators that's called what نزول نسبي then the author رحمه الله he mentions then the author رحمه الله he mentions that the علو and the نزول they are نسبياني I explained it right the علو نسبي and the نزول نسبي have four types and he mentions them they are الموافقة and بدل and المساوات المصافحة four are علو علو النزول نسبي what's the first one الموافقة the second one is بدل the third one is مساوات and the fourth one is مصافحة what does موافقة means موافقة means when you reach to a شيخ علو علو حدر نسبي for you it means علو صولوا إلى شيخ أحد المصنفينة when you reach to one of the scholars of hadith من غير طريقه without his chain you reach موافقة you reach a hadith the same without his chain of narration for example الإمام البخاريو he said حدثنا عبد الله بن يوسف أخبارنا أمارك عن أبي زناد عن الأعرج عن أبي هوريرا another narrator came he doesn't use the رواية الطريقة of الإمام البخاريو rather he brings it with another طريقة عن يوسف عن عبد الله بن يوسف what was the first person who narrated from? الإمام البخاريو narrated from who? عبد الله بن يوسف somebody comes and he narrates it from what? عبد الله بن يوسف what is he in accordance to? so he doesn't go through the طريقة of الإمام البخاريو he goes through somebody else are you with me? this is called موافقة agreeing with the author second is called بدل بدل means you change الوصول إلى الشيخي شيخي it means I don't even come to بخاريو I actually start from who? إمام البخاريو from the عبد الله بن يوسف is the teacher of إمام البخاريو no no no I actually go to إمام البخاريو بدل المساوات it means the number of narrators are equal the عدد is the same the fourth one is called مصافحة is that you're equal to the student of the author بخاريو student like فريابي for example who is a student of المام البخاريو I become equal to him that's called الرابع that's called مصافحة and the reason why it's called مصافحة is like you shake the hand of المام البخاريو just like his student his teacher that's what it is now the author mentions I'm going to quickly go over it now the author رحم الله he goes into something known as سلطيف سلطيف and that is if a teacher are you with me and a student if two people sorry اقراء means two people share the same teacher this is called اقراء فإن تشارك الراوي ومرواعه في السن واللقي we're the same age and we're also narrated from the same person وقود اقراء اقراء I mean you are اقراء we took knowledge from the same person we can be اقراء in age that can make us اقراء and we can be اقراء even if you're older than me it doesn't matter if we took from same person on your contemporary so the youngest person here and the oldest person اقراء they took from one teacher the second one is called مدبج it now means if the two contemporaries narrate from one another two contemporaries like you guys now eat it from each other this is called مدبج now the author mentions رواية الأكابل عنه اقراء that's the third one اقراء اقراء اقراء for example I now go to yeah I'm sliding I need a narration from you I was a teacher I was the Not an issue of Getting هذا الشيطة التي يتحدث عنها تلميذي كان سعيدة للمام البخاري النريت والحديث الصحيحة منهم بها بيطلق الله والبر تلميذي البخاري النريت والباسيس ديشا رأي ادبائز يقول تجوط الكتاب فتح المغيث وشهد شرحه بالفيته اراقي اراقي انظروا في هذا الكتاب وانه هو تفصيله انه يذهب إلى سخاوية بحيث اشواء الرواية الأكابر عن العصارة نعم يحدث كثيرا يحدث عنه يصارة وفوز تصارة يحدث عنه يصارة يصارة يحدث عنه هذا يحدث ويحدث ويحدث عنه رواية الأصاغر عن العكابر المغيث المغيث يحدث عنه يحدث لكن هذا هو الذي يكبره لأنه اوه يكبره سبحان الله يكبره هذا يكبر هو يتخيط عن العكابر اذا استرقت فيلم عن شيخ واخذه ما فروص الواحق سبحان الله مثل هو إشهر سابق الواحق سبحان الله هل تت with me brothers it means ان اريدت مني على وقت اي سيل ات الخلق اهر اتع Extension ان اريدت مني على وقت وخلق and the youngest of you here اريدت from him يقول لي كتب جديد انا 50 لن أخبرني أن لا أعرف بعض الأشخاص يبدو أنهم يبدو أنهم ينزلون بي ويأسين مني ويأسين ويأسين بعضكم يستطيعون أن يستطيعون لأخر 60 سنوات هل هذا يكفي؟ لذلك your chain is equal to a teacher's chain


This study found that the CNN model performed the best among the three algorithms tested, while the LR model performed the worst. Additionally, the CNN model produced a more accurate prediction of the distribution of susceptible areas than the other two algorithms. Furthermore, the accuracy of LSM can be improved with the advancement of algorithms, such as selecting more representative features, which serves as a more effective guide for land use planning in the study area, or other highlands where landslides are frequent. This article was authored by Zhu Liang, Wei Pingpeng, Wei Lu, and others.


A millionaire taunted a poor family in an expensive restaurant. The waitresses act became known all over the world. Hello friends! Sadly today more often than ever, we witness horrible behavior from people who think that they are better than somebody else for this or that reason. Or for some reason, many of them believe that if they are more successful than other people and they have more money, this automatically puts them on another level where everything is allowed. The story that I'll be talking about today could have gone this way too, but a waitress's actions made her a real hero in one evening. But let's slow down. A woman named Jinnitsa works in an expensive and prestigious restaurant in Silicon Valley in California. She's seen many successful and rich people during her first year of work who spend their money right and left. As the girl says, these are quite lovely people most of the time who will always ask how she is and sometimes give advice. They're just like us with their own type of problems and failures. The only big difference is that their accounts have six more zeros at the end. No matter how much money you have, you need to stay human. There was a scandal in the restaurant where the young woman works not so long ago. Thanks to which, her name became known around the world. It was a normal evening and nothing foretold troubles. The music was playing outside was a bit windy. Jinnitsa was waiting for customers. A man was sitting at a separate table who was a regular client and left quite a big tip for the waiting staff. A Chinese family who rarely came here was sitting opposite him across the hall. They were celebrating his aunt's birthday and have been preparing for this evening in the particular restaurant for a long time. It was an anniversary and they've decided to spend the evening in a tight family circle. In any case, the calm evening didn't last long because something overcame the regular customer. As soon as the family walked into the restaurant, he started to watch them, kept his eyes on them. Of course, the Chan family were not millionaires and were shy when choosing meals for themselves, discussing the prices. The man continued watching them for a couple more minutes, after which he started to openly laugh and mock the guests. You can see with a bare eye that he was annoyed not only by their manners, but even by their presence in this expensive place. But things just got worse. When one of the family members saw the rich man, he flipped them off to show disgust. After that, he started to openly insult them and kept showing inappropriate gestures. Most probably, he believed that they didn't deserve to be there, but he and people like him, rich and successful, did. Yeah guys, the millionaire's behavior was strange. Perhaps alcohol affected him or maybe there were other reasons why he behaved like that. But none of them serve as an excuse for his behavior. It seemed like the birthday party was spoiled for the poor people. They started to look around anxiously and already wanted to get up and leave. But fate intervened. When the family decided to shyly collect their things and judging by their behavior they're bringing up didn't allow them to act the same as the rich man, but then something unexpected happened. Our hero put a hand on the shoulder of the head of the family and said confidently, we're sorry, please sit down. I'll resolve everything. After that, Janitsa headed to the rich man's table and stood up for the family without any doubt or fear. She came up to the man, asked him to leave saying that he wasn't welcome here. He was shocked because he didn't expect the situation to go this way and started to shout at the young woman asking, what the hell are they doing here? Then started to shout at Jordan Chan telling him to get the hell out of this place. However, the girl was confident and took the family side, daring to point to the exit to not just someone but an executive of one of the companies of Silicon Valley. While the situation escalated, Chan's daughter filmed it and posted it online saying thank you to the waitress for her help. In just a few days, the video had tons of views. Many people were appalled by the man's actions and were happy to see the waitress standing up for the family. After the video went viral, names of the people started to come up. The Chan family was a normal family that had to save up for a long time to celebrate the anniversary and wanted to have a great time in an expensive restaurant. The rude man's name was Michael Loftaus, the executive director and founder of Solid 8. He deleted his social media accounts and apologized to the Chan family and the people who saw the video after receiving countless threats and emails. He said that he acted that way because he was drunk, pointing out that he respected all races and classes, but he wasn't himself that day. As for our hero who stood up for the Chan family, many people decided to thank her and started a fundraiser. After a few days, the amount raised reached $50,000 and it's grown bigger every day. Janessa herself is convinced that she did the right thing and that no one has the right to insult people. She's not proud of herself because she believes she couldn't have acted any other way. She was just doing her job by being brave and asking the millionaire to leave. The fact that she did so for an average family makes her a real hero. Because most of the time, such person would just be asked to move to another table or what would be even worse, the family would be asked to move. And then their evening would have been ruined. What do you think about this young woman's actions? Do you think she made the right call? Let me know in the comments and give us a thumbs up. I hope you liked the video. See you soon.


Let's rock and roll. We have 2,697 kilometers to get home. Let's see, 2,697 kilometers divided by 1.61. That is 1,675 miles. We're gonna be home on Friday, because today is Wednesday. We'll be home for a few days then. So, I don't know about you, but I'm ready to rock. Diesel, you ready? We're loaded up with a little tug test. I don't need to do this tug test, but I'm gonna do it anyway. Peace of mind. Peace of mind, the trailer will not fall off. Okay, okay. I'm trying to go out the entrance, aren't I? Okay, wait, emergency exit only. Okay, so is there another exit? There's probably another exit, isn't there? Okay, watch out, people, coming back. Okay, apparently they want us to go out this side. Makes sense. Then we don't have a big kerfluffle of people trying to get in and out. Blocking the driveway and stuff. This is gonna open for me, right? Which side opens? That side opens. I am so confused. No, wait. Ha, ha, ha, ha, I don't know what I'm doing. Why would I go on the left? No, this side's got to open. Right? Let's drive up to it and see what happens. Something's beeping. There we go. Oh, I'm just a moron, that's all. Why don't they have like a sign here that says exit? That would solve all these problems, all right? Ah, I could just dust off the cobwebs of my common sense, but that would be no fun. I don't want to stick out. Common sense, what's that? Nobody uses that anymore. All right, Diesel, hang on, bud. You want to go home? I do. I don't know about you, man. I don't want to go home. You want me to honk the horn and celebrate? Hey, Diesel. You want me to honk the horn? Should I honk the horn? Look, Diesel, it's the Wafflehausen. It's the Venus' favorite store. It's a restaurant, I get it. It's the Venus' favorite restaurant, the Wafflehausen. I wish we had waffle houses in Canada. Love waffle house. Who doesn't like a good waffle?  This trip home from Alabama, like I was saying, is going to take three days. In the US, I can only drive 11 hours per day. So as far as I can today, I can usually get about 1,000 kilometers or 600 miles done per day. So I should be able to get probably three full days, because there's going to be 700 kilometers left or 500 miles or whatever, 450 miles the third day. So I'm leaving here at 10 a.m. central time. That's about 30 hours or so of driving. That's giving three hours leeway for traffic jams, other things, bathroom breaks, eating and stuff. So 30 hours, plus I'm going to need two nights, which are 10 hours each. 30, 40, 50 hours, I should be home. Just over 48 hours, if everything goes according to plan. That would be what it says Wednesday, Friday. I'm going to say Friday, around one o'clock in the afternoon. Did I sound right? It seems kind of early. No, because I got to drive all day today yet. All day tomorrow and all day. It'll be Friday afternoon, Friday evening. I'll do the math later. For now, let's just get down the road a little bit. There's a lot of math in trucking, long haul trucking anyways. Oh, you could see it just a little while ago, behind these trees off to the right. The building is coming. You ready for it? The Batman building. That's where Batman lives. Or so I'm told. Nashville, Tennessee. In one kilometer, keep to the right on I-40 East. A lot of famous musicians in this city. A lot of good music coming out of here. This is definitely one of those cities that I would love to stop in and tour around for a while. I-65. Traffic up here, we're about to merge on to I-40. Please, this won't be too bad here. Needers, keep to the right on I-40 East. Nevermind, looks like we're coming to a stop. What is the time now? Time is quarter to five. I guess it's rush hour right now, makes sense. What is that Batman building actually? From here, what is it? It looks like, is that an AT and T symbol on there? Oh, and I'm in the wrong lane. Really?   Okay, well, I gotta get out of this lane too. Why wouldn't they? Did they give me a warning? Did I just miss it? Maybe I just missed it. Oh, this'll be fun. I thought that this lane merged onto I-40.  Excuse me. Keep to the left on, I-24 West, I-65 North. Oh, there's a kind soul in this city. Thank you so much, but thank you so much. I'll give you the little flash throughs, thank you. Thank you very much. Now I need to get one more lane over.  Look at this. Wow, there we go. Oh, whoa, what happened to you, buddy? I don't know, that should be on the road. He got smacked pretty good in the back there. Lost all my momentum because of this automatic transmission. And we're coming to a stop anyway. Okay, oh boy, oh boy. Why are we stopping? But no other lane is stopping. Transmission again, all right. Nashville, love you too. Maybe we can get through this city. How many of you are, oh, and we're stopping again. Okay, just got my momentum going again. In 500 meters, keep to the left on. I 24 West, I-65. I'm trying, Karen, I'm trying, but my lane keeps stopping for no reason. Nashville, any of you musicians? Another brand new loves location in, let's see, where are we? Google, help. Help, Google, where are we? One second. Again, it's not even on Google Maps. That's how new this is. Like, Love's Travel Plaza has been expanding like crazy. We're in Oak Grove, Kentucky. Oh, well I didn't even know I was in Oak Grove because I didn't know there was a Love's in Oak Grove. There's a Flying J, a couple of them. Yeah, brand new loves. Everything's brand spanking new. This place, I tell ya, they are expanding like there's no tomorrow. Good for them. You know, I've actually been really enjoying Love's Travel Plazas. They're exactly the same as Pilot Flying J for the most part. I'm pretty sure they're owned by the same people because they're almost identical. Just everything's, you know, it looks a little different, but it's the same products. Same coffee, even. Like they got that same bean to cup coffee. The only thing I don't like about Love's is their parking lots are usually a lot smaller. But, I've been spending a lot of time at Love's lately in building a relationship. I like them quite a bit and they're becoming more and more convenient. All they gotta do is expand across Canada. They'll be right up there with Pilot Flying J with me. And it's a brand new truck stop, but of course, it's already packed at six o'clock. Good thing. It doesn't matter how many they build. They always fill up. It really is true. If you build it, they will come. See now, if I was spending the night here, I would take that spot right there in front of me before that guy did, before that guy could. He's going for this spot. He thinks I'm gonna go for it. He thinks I'm gonna go for it. He's gonna go for it. I'm just messing with you. You can have it. I'm leaving. He thought I was gonna take the last spot, right before him. It's funny he's getting all mad. Here's my spot. That's my, don't take my spot. Hey, if I was staying the night, I would have taken it. I'm just saying, I'm ruthless. It's, you gotta, you gotta take care of yourself out here, man. It's everybody for himself. You find a parking spot, you take that. You take that parking spot. Look at that, there's, there's nothing else left. So maybe one over here. This one's got a bobtail in it. And that one's got a bobtail in it. Yeah, that was the last one.  That would have been interesting. All right, that guy's lucky. I'm going another two hours down the road. You know, the only real sad thing about these huge corporations, like loves and pilot flying JTA Petro is, these smaller truck stops, the one in front of me here where this guy is going to, good guy giving them his business. These small ones, they don't survive long. Now that this loves is built across the street, I'm sure this truck stop will have its doors closed in a year or two. They just can't survive. I mean, and I'm part of the problem too, because I go to the big chains as well, but it's just that the big chains have been so convenient. It's so convenient to go to the checkers, then you get the points and then you can use the points for free laundry, get free showers. The big chain's better, but it's just too bad that the small businesses suffer and go bankrupt because of them. What can you do, right? What can you do? That's just how the cookie crumbles. I don't know what to say. We're gonna get back onto the interstate here. Interstate 24, Westbound. Like I said, another two hours, that'll bring us to eight o'clock. Hopefully we'll find some parking at that time. And then we can get home in two days. This road for 198 kilometers. 198, that's about what I'm gonna run out of hours. Right at the intersection with Interstate 57.  So that's probably where I'll go for, go for the night. You know the best way to make sure you'll have parking at the end of your day? So shut down early and start early. So we're shutting down here in Paducah at Southern Prime Travel Plaza. I could go another hour yet, but I can make it home in two days from here and I wanna make sure I get parking tonight and tomorrow. So we're starting early tomorrow. So it's seven o'clock here now, seven, seven, 30. That means I can get out of here before six a.m. That means I'll be done my day tomorrow, probably around six or seven o'clock. You've got a man turned left in 600, 10 meters. Guarantee me a good parking spot.  I checked on Trucker Path, the app, and all the truck stops from here to where I would run out of hours or already reporting full. In 400 meters, take US 68 Paducah and then turn left in 600, 10 meters. So I don't wanna risk it. Now I'm just gonna park here. This one is reporting lots of spots still. Guess we'll find out. In 500 meters, turn left on US 68. Entrance. It's better not be one of those pay to parks. Looking pretty full already. I'm kinda glad we're stopping earlier today. In 500 meters, make a U-turn if possible and then approach in destination on the right side in 120 meters. You're talking about us right here, Karen. You blind? Already going into the driveway. What do you mean U-turn? You wanna go down the road over there, make a U-turn and come back when they have a perfectly good driveway right here? Yeah, out of here. That's the best way into this parking lot. I feel like I've been here before. Really think I have. Enter. Ah, there we go. Entrance. Look at this guy's load. Woo! Fancy. Very fancy. I feel like I have been here before though. It's just, this looks very familiar. I probably have been. I've been everywhere. Yeah, yeah, I remember this. I parked here with a flatbed. It's an empty flatbed. I was on my way back. No, no, no, no, no, no. I had steel on, didn't I? Go to Jackson, Tennessee. Going back to Canada. Yeah, and I was parked right over here along the side by that building. I was in right beside this guy, but I would block the shop. I don't wanna get woken up. Be told to move. Oh, I think there's space over here yet. Come on, show me the spaces. All right, I think this is, I don't know what's a parking spot and what isn't. Is this a driveway or is this a parking spot? You know what I mean? I can't tell, there's no lines. Guess we'll do a lap around the property and see what happens.


Hey, everyone welcome to our monthly update I want to review all of our closed trades for the month of April So total profit $1,385 and 38 cents average profit per trade $125.94 We had 11 total trades nine of which were winners We had two losers for a winning percentage of 81.8 percent We traded six different strategies including short strangles iron condors iron butterflies pre-earnings long straddle pre earnings long strangle and a long call vertical Now our pro membership is currently closed to new members. We have a waiting list So if you go to navigation trading comm Slash pro dash member if you're interested in following along on all of our alerts You can get on our wait list and we are just letting a couple people in a week So if you're interested in that go to that site navigation trading comm slash pro dash member But for now, let's jump into The alerts starting with our performance page. This has been updated now for the year in 2019 year to date We have 41 closed trades average profit per trade of $116 with a winning percentage over 80 percent And as you scroll down we break down each month giving you the date that the trade was closed the symbol the number of contracts and The strategy traded along with the profit going all the way back to June of 2017 when we first started posting trades so continue our good streak here and let's jump into the membership area So if you're a pro member, this is what your membership area is going to look like and under navigation alerts We'll go to closed trades and let's break down these different trades to give you an idea of what happened So our first trade was a short strangle in Disney We are in and out of this trade with no adjustments pretty quick trade for a hundred eighty six dollar profit Next trade was an EWZ also a short strangle again in and out pretty quickly for a quick profit of a hundred forty four dollars In Ford slash six B, which is the British pound We did have to make one adjustment one roll By staying mechanical booked a nice profit of five hundred forty three dollars and seventy five cents WBA we did a an iron butterfly for a hundred and forty four dollar profit and Went back to six B the British pound and we were only in this trade for two days booked a quick profit of three hundred thirty one dollars and twenty five cents did a pre earnings long call in JP Morgan Got to the point where we had to get out of this because we didn't want to hold this through earnings But we're able to scratch out a little bit of a profit just 20 bucks on that trade And then Johnson and Johnson we did a pre earnings long straddle Never got to the point of being able to get profits on this one And so we took a loss of 207 and then Netflix We did also a pre earnings long strangle, which we just basically are widening our strikes out same situation This one just never moved implied volatility actually declined going into earnings, which is not normal So we ended up taking a loss of seven sixty seven on that one Lulu we did a long call vertical booked a nice profit of two thirty eight and In the notes we had to do several adjustments here But by staying mechanical again booked a nice profit of four eighty four thirty eight and then lastly in Wells Fargo We did an iron condor here and booked a profit of two sixty eight So those were all the closed trades for the month of April our pro members got those sent immediately by text and email In addition to the trade alerts, we also have all of the Individual strategy training from iron condors to short strangles calendar spreads butterflies directional strategies futures how to trade options on earnings for quick profits Money flow and several others. So if you're interested just go to navigation trading dot com And click on the pro membership button There is a waitlist to sign up but as soon as that opens up and a spot opens up We will let you know Also in the meantime if you're not a pro member make sure you check out our trade hacker community Just go to community dot navigation trading dot com. There's a ton of good trade ideas You can meet like-minded traders and interact and get good ideas from them along with their Experience everyone is there to help. It's a great group of folks So look forward to seeing you on the inside and look forward to another great month of trading See you next month


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So when he said sva dharma, sva means self, dharma means law. So the law of yourself, he's talking about the law of the self. What is the nature of the self, how does it operate, what is it that you have to do with it? As there is law of the physical, there is law of the self. He is saying you must live by the laws of the self, not by the physical laws. If you live by the physical laws, this will happen. Today we are friends, tomorrow something comes, we will be fighting. Yes or no? Yes? You are sitting there, I am sitting here. We are nice. If you try to sit here, there will be a fight. Yes or no? Isn't this happening even in the closest of relationships on the planet? Not just between two nations, not between communities, not between societies, is it not between happening between husband and wife, father and child, mother and child, is it not happening? Yes or no? Because this is the physical law that you sit there, I sit here. Once in a way I come there, we'll do this. If you feel like it, we will hug.  Yes or no? Now repeatedly one fly will come and sit here. Initially, initially it just sat here. After sometime it started biting, then chuckle. Yes or no? You may not get it, that's different. But you want to get it, isn't it? So this is the nature of the physical.  So Krishna is saying, see you go by the physical laws, you have to kill. They stayed away, you stayed away, no problem. Now we crossed our paths, no chance of escaping this. Today or tomorrow you will have to kill. So the moment has come to kill. You can't stop it. This is not your choice or their choice. This is the way of the physical. Physical happens with boundaries. If transgression of boundaries happen, yes or no? For everybody, for everybody in this world you have a boundary. Yes? Your enemy means the boundary is there. If he crosses that, there will be trouble. Your neighbor means boundary is there. If he crosses that, there will be trouble. Your friend means the boundary is here. If he crosses that, there will be trouble. Your spouse means the boundary is here, but if he crosses that, there will be trouble. Your child means the boundary is here, but if he crosses that, there will be trouble. Yes or no? So for everybody there is a boundary, isn't it so?  Is there a boundary or no? There is a boundary, isn't it? Only if you maintain the boundary, see the yellow line? If you maintain the boundary, things work in the physical world. If you cross the boundary, any transgression happens with the boundary. Beginning of violence has started, isn't it? First step towards violence has begun, initially it will happen in words, then little pushing and then chopping. Don't think, no, no, I won't do it. You will also do it. This is the way of the physical. So Krishna is saying, if you don't want this, you're struggling with this chopping business, you follow your swadharma, the way of the self, where there are no boundaries. You can sit here and be everywhere, you can sit here and be nowhere. Nobody is a transgression in this. When you sit here and there is no… you cannot transgress anybody and nobody can transgress you, if you experience this, then I don't have to pre-tell you fight the war. But you live by the physical laws and you try to avoid the fight, it is not going to help. Any way you have to fight. So how to follow this? You have to turn inward. If you live by the way of the physical, collision is just one step away, isn't it so? Yes or no? Colliding with something is just a step away. Always you got to dodge it, all the time dodging, isn't it? If you don't dodge, you will go like this with somebody, invariably. So that's swadharma.


As the controversy surrounded the introduction of 15% national automobile cancel levy on imported vehicles lingers, some maritime lawyers have demanded court intervention as a way of resolving their matter. Now, the Nigerian customs service had recently introduced a 15% NAAC levy on used imported vehicles, a decision which didn't go down well with Clarence agents in the country's maritime sector. The agents have argued that the NAAC levy is mostly meant for new vehicles, questioning the rationale behind the introduction of the duty on used vehicles. In a quick response, the service in a statement by the National Public Relations Officer, Timi Bomodi, said the move was in compliance with the economic community of West Africa common external tariff. Well, that's our focus on the show for today. Welcome to Business Insight and Plus TV Africa. I am Justin Abadouni. Before we get to the main discourse, let's bring you a highlight of major business stories which trended this week. Take a look. Telecommunication subscribers under the aegis of the National Association of Telecom subscribers have said they are set to drag the federal government to court in May in a bid to temporarily suspend the government's barring of subscribers' outgoing calls. On Monday, April 4, the federal government ordered telecom companies to bar outgoing calls on all lines that have yet to link their national identification number and the subscriber identity model. As a result of this, about 72.77 million active telecom subscribers were barred from making calls on their sims. In response to this, not firms urged the federal government to extend the implementation of the same NIN policy by three months. The association also gave the government one month to implement the ban. As controversy continues to surround the introduction of 15% National Automobile Commission levy imposed on important used vehicles by the Nigeria Custom Service, car dealers have threatened to close their stores this week. The NCA that recently introduced a 15% National Automobile Commission levy on used imported vehicles, a decision which didn't go down well with clearing agents in the country's maritime sector. The agents argue that the NAC levy is mostly meant for new vehicles, questioning the rationale behind the introduction of the duty on used vehicles. In a quick response, the service, in a statement by the National Public Relations Officer, Timi Bomodi, said the move was in compliance with the economy community of West African Common External Tariff. The World Bank says increasing fuel subsidy puts the Nigerian economy at a high risk as subsidy payments could significantly impact public finance and pose debt sustainability concerns. The Washington-based lender said this in a new bi-annual report known as Africa's Pulse. According to the Bank, Nigeria is projected to have a 3.8% growth in 2022, adding that as an all-dependent country, weak oil production amplifies economic recovery. Despite other that increasing fuel subsidy poses a high risk to the country's economic growth despite the increase in oil prices. The National Bureau of Statistics, NBS, says about 30 million passengers travelled through Nigerian airport in 2021. The figure represented growth rate of 43.41% from 9 million recorded in 2020. The NBS disclosed this in its recent Air Transportation report for 2021 released on Wednesday. According to the report, the total number of arrivals in 2021 stood at 6.5 million, which was higher compared to the 4.9 million recorded in 2020. And those were the stories that made headlights in the world of business for this week. Now, partner and co-founder VIM Professional Solutions and of course the MD of Umwahi Associates, Magnus Mwong, joined us now to share insight on this issue. Thanks for joining us, Magnus. Thank you very much. All right, now maritime stakeholders, especially Clarion agents, have described the new policy as an illegality, explaining that it contravenes the nation's Finance Act. What does the Finance Act say about this? So one of the things we've also done as a business on this side is that we've monitored the Finance Act over the last three years. I mean, the first Finance Act was released, was made available in public in 2020, which is the Finance Act 2019 and from 2020 to date, we've had yearly editions of the Finance Act. And I dare say, having reviewed all of this act, there's nothing that talks about clearly this national automobile commission levy. So it's a lot of controversy at the time, and we probably need to be calling out on the Minister of Finance to give a proper clarification on what this implies. So chances are that there might be some publication or some notification by the government in connection in partnership with the Nigerian Custom Service to issue such a legislation, but it's not contained in any of the Finance Act that has recently made news. So we're looking at the 2020, which is the Finance Act 2019. We're looking at the 2021, which is the Finance Act 2020, and the very recent one, which is 2022, the Finance Act 2021. There is nothing in any of those acts that talks about national automobile commission levy of 15%. So those are my views as the end of my associate. But, and I know governments couple of times bringing certain legislations to mitigate or manage the buying attitude of its citizenry. So chances are that this is one of such things. So if the lawyers, the baristas in the automobile industry are saying that this contraband the Finance Act, then maybe this gives credence to their position. All right, let's take this one step further now, Magnus. The clearing agents and dealers have argued that the NAAC levy is an attempt by customs to arm-twist importers in order to meet their yearly revenue target of $3 trillion now for the year 2022. What do you make of this? So if anything we've said before is something to hold water with and the various societies and groups and organizations that are coming up to challenge the position of this levy, something to hold onto, then there may be a smoke somewhere there. To say perhaps because government is also trying to increase its internally generated revenue, they are also looking at ways of trying to get such funds because like you know, impotention of vehicle is also a key factor in this part of the world. So chances are that the clearing agents may have some smoke that they are stoking in that regard. All right, now the stakeholders are also arguing that the NAAC levy was supposed to be uncollected. Let me take that question again, sorry. Now the stakeholders have argued that the NAAC levy was supposed to be collected on new vehicle imports at 35% to encourage local vehicle manufacturers and industries in the country. Can you break this down for us? So what we have currently is the impotention of new vehicles, depending on the age of the new vehicle and then depending on the make, there is a levy for it, for new vehicle. There is a given levy that you have to pay, then in addition with the national, with the automotive levy, NAAC levy. But for used vehicle, there is a 20% custom duty you need to pay and in addition with the 15% levy. So the clearing agents are arguing that a combined 35% of this levy on used vehicle will, it's too much, considering all of the economic effects going on in the country at the moment. Okay, so just what, in other ways now, let's look at this critically. Just what is the implication of this new development on Nigerians? So the implication is that we begin to see a lot more increase in vehicle as someone who's also involved in the impotention of used vehicle into the country and knocked down vehicles by way of parts. Cost of buying these vehicles have increased because of course, the FX has a lot to play in this industry as well. So your cost, you bring in your vehicle, you bring in your goods into Nigeria, you sell in Naira and by the time you sell, you need to convert that funds back to US dollar to be able to, or foreign currency to be able to import these vehicles into the country. So you begin to see certain bottlenecks along the way. So there is the FX one, there is the increase in duties that you need to pay, which is now put at 35% except if the customs and the Ministry of Finance tend to reduce that. What we tend to see is that the cost of vehicles are going to go up, cost of transportation are going to go up and it's going to have multiplier effect down the road. So even if you don't have a very, and you need to go show up what a client means in looking, looking to use, you probably will be ordering an Uber or a boat service or any of those other types of transportation. The cost of buying those vehicles in that line of business is going to go up and for the owners of those business to be cool, they're going to have to pass on that work to the ultimate consumer. So what we see play out in the next couple of months or into a 12 month period, which is one year, is that the cost of buying vehicles, cost of transportation, cost of going from one place to another is going to go up. OK, fine. There's a whole lot of talk that has surrounded this new development. But do you agree that by slamming this 15% NAC levy the government was simply forcing people to tilt towards patronising local manufacturers? Well, the school of thought would argue that how many local manufacturers we have and how do we block those vehicles? Do you want to spend about 10 million Nair buying a vehicle? And in two or three years down the line, we're looking like you've not even started up anything. And the cost of making 10 million Nair these days is not what it was five years ago. So while I would also encourage that government putting policies and policies in place that will support local manufacturers, they can clearly put in place certain policies to mitigate those of us who tend to buy used vehicles. So I agree we may tend to begin to look at home-grown vehicles for our commuting, but we need to try as much as possible to make those vehicles a lot more durable. Because if you look at buying a used vehicle, say Toyota Corolla today in 2012 Corolla or in 2012 Toyota Camry, you can use that vehicle comfortably for another six to 10 years if you have good maintenance culture. But if you pick up a brand new locally manufactured vehicle, can you actually use it on Nigerian roads for the next five years without looking like it's been battered? So we need to put all of this in concentration so that we can begin to encourage home-grown manufactured vehicles. So in your opinion now, would you say that governments and policies have not actually encouraged local manufacturers of vehicles in the country? Yes and no. Yes, in the sense that when you begin to look at cost of running, cost of testing in Nigeria, cost of running diesel, those are signals that our policies are not given towards encouraging local manufacturing. And if you go further to look at infrastructure, the road network and all the connectivity from one point to another and a number of other factors, you see that those are not there. All right, we still have Magnus Amonwa on the show. We'll take a quick break and return with more. Do join us again. Welcome back. It's still business in site and plus TV Africa. And we still have Magnus Amonwa with us. And we are looking at the NAC, the 15% for vehicles that have been imposed. But right now, let's just take it one step further and just do a bit of a critique of the finance act and how it has actually helped in revenue generation for the country. Thank you so much, Amonwa, for standing by. Yeah, thank you. All right, let's just talk about the finance act that is actually enforced in the country. And Nigeria has over time talked about revenue generation and how they can diversify the economy. How would you rate the finance act, the recent one, and what contribution has it really done to the nation's revenue generation? So before 2020, it's typically time to wait for a minimum of five years or thereabout before we can make certain legislative changes. But what we see happen with the introduction of the finance act is that it's looking like an unlawful. So over the last three years, we've had different amendments to certain legislations in the country. And the potential that the finance act leads is that it's issued and it's signed and it's made available to the general public simultaneously with the project of the federal government for that year. So the finance act is geared, it's a mechanism geared towards helping the federal government with its vision to raise the necessary internally generated funds with which it can execute its project. And over the last three years, it's steadily progressed like we've seen. A number of things have been there. They've encouraged the growth of small businesses in the first finance act when it changed the threshold of the categories of small businesses that can pay taxes and what needs to be paid. So there's a bit of clarity. It's becoming a lot more flexible. It's becoming a lot more interactive. So if government sees that a certain portion of the legislation is not yielding its fruits, they are able to change it in the following year and make necessary amendments. And the beauty as well is that it's not just government sitting down and designing the finance act, the citizenry, key stakeholders, business decision makers, a lot of consultation that go in. So it's citizens like you and I who are pulled together into a group that sit down, discuss, deliberate their discussions in various sectors and geopolitical zones of the country to agree as to what makes or what should be in the next finance act. So it's a work on development, but we're yet to begin to see a lot more of this play, especially in the engine room, which is the small and medium businesses. We would like to see a lot more traction with government trying to ensure that those who they require to pay tax or pay certain levies, and when they do have certain people or certain infrastructures to keep running their businesses. All right, thank you so much. We have been speaking with the Magnus Omoa and he has been sharing useful insight on all of this recent issues and that have generated a controversy. Magnus is the MD Omoa here associates. Thank you so much for your time. Thank you very much. All right, it is still business insight and plus TV Africa will now leave you with useful tips on how to write an informal proposal, but that's the size of the show for this week. I am Justin Acadone. Many thanks for watching. Writing an informal proposal. The thoughts of writing a proposal overwhelms many people, but the task does not have to be daunting. Informal proposals are written when people need to ask permission to make a purchase, undertake a project or write a paper. This type of proposal is a way of persuasively putting forth an idea and asking for action to be taken on that idea. When writing a proposal, consider who will read the proposal and what that person may or may not already know about what you are proposing. Follow these steps when writing a proposal. One, state your purpose. Do this clearly and concisely so that the reader knows immediately why you are writing. Two, give some background information. Explain why you are proposing your suggestion so that the reader has a better understanding of the problem. Three, state a solution to the problem. This is where you give specifics about your suggestion. Four, show costs. Lay out any costs that will be involved. Five, conclusion. Wrap it up by restating the problem and the proposed solution.