Ja, herzlich willkommen zurück auf dem Femm-Channel.  Welcome to the talk, das ist doch Haar. That is, but it is, High Availability by Jenny. This talk is being translated into English for you by Jörn and Attila E. Any feedback is appreciated. Please use the hashtag C3Lingo on Twitter or Mestadon. We hope you enjoy the talk. Vielleicht sieht man sich ja mal später in der Welt. In this talk, there will unfortunately be no Q&A and no breakout sessions. Ja, because Jenny doesn't have that much time right now unfortunately. If you want to hear the English translation, this talk will also be translated into English as you hear right now. And you are already in the English translation. Now, please enjoy this is High Availability. Hello, I'm Jenny. I'm going to talk about High Availability constructs. Out of funny reasons, they might not be as high available as thought. So, shortly, who am I? I'm a computer science student since 2017. And also in the resource technology of the FEM. I also am responsible for software constructs in the Internet. Here's my email, my Mestadon, my Twitter, my GitHub. If you want to know what I do, just a quick overview. This is the introduction. I'll talk about my motivation. And also the reasons why High Availability constructs are falling apart. Why are we doing this? At the FEM, we have large software constructs, self-made constructs, and they are far more complicated. And that's why they fall apart out of funny or actually sad reasons. And now we'll talk about the reasons and we'll take a look at it. Let's start with something, which I don't have as much exposure to, with the GC. The FEM operates a GC instance in the past. This only has been one VM, but since corona started and everything went online, the demand was to have a GC, it had to be expanded. And that's what happened. There has been a master VM, which has been globally reachable, and it's several video bridges that were controlled by the master. And the master VM has public IPv4, IPv6 from the standalone VM, and that has been turned off, the standalone VM. There has been a problem where if you look at the approximate configuration, here we can see that a boot has been forgotten to turn off. And that at the proxmox update, it led to problems, namely that if we rebooted the node, the VM also was on afterwards. And it also took its statically configured IP, and there has also been assigned to the master. This also led to it being broken, half broken, because we had two masters, because according to the old standalone VM was not so and so. And what's interesting, the GC was still largely usable. So you could do conferences, people didn't hear each other, sometimes people couldn't connect. And we asked ourselves why is that? According to our GC admin, you could use SSH to connect, but it still worked.  Everything has worked since then afterwards. And now about something that I have even a little more exposure to Web 1. What is Web 1? The Web 1 is a web cluster of the FAM. I was managing it. It's largely been used for web hosting for us, for the FAM, but also for other clubs and other at the Uni. Lots of institutions have relied, and also us have relied on a web cluster. We have put a special eye on the high availability of this web cluster. I have made an overview of this Web 1, one for Lautex. Ich get drawn, thank you to Nex. I'll show you how this construct is put up, composed. We have two load balancers, one node number two, port 22, is also add by one, so that people can also login through SFTP, and Active Note Lab Balancer is forwarding the requests to the web nodes, two PHP nodes. Currently there are two for PHP 7.1, two for 7.0 and 6.4. This is not state-of-the-art, but I'm actually just managing it. I didn't set this up. Additionally, PHP applications can also use MySQL on the web nodes or Postgres, depending on what they need. This is our MySQL cluster. It consists of MariaDB with a master-master web application. It consists of two nodes. PS2, I built it myself. This is the only component I built myself. We have three nodes that are in hotstat by Postgres 13. We also have high availability here. All of those web nodes use an FS to access data on the high availability storage, depending on what the web page needs. These files that are there are also available on Web1Manage through NSF for those people who login through SFTP, so that they can access their data. The authentication is happening against MySQL 2 through the people attached logins, simply because we don't have as many logins. So we made it simplified there. Here, the HA Storage 1 is standing alone. Is there a reason why it doesn't have an HA? It was originally planned as high availability storage and we wanted to realize this with GlusterFS, but then realized it's actually not a good idea because it's slow and that's why we rejected that idea. So now we only have one node which offers a network file system share. And when this node is down, all PHP-Scripts are not available and all websites are down. And basically, this is a single point of failure. Und wir haben ja, we're going to talk about the next failure now, the AdminDB. And some will wonder what is the AdminDB. The AdminDB is the member database at FAM and it is maintained by me and others but I didn't build this, I'm just maintaining it and it manages all devices in the FAMnet and configures the switches and if people join us with their devices, they have to register the devices und dann we keep track of what kind of devices on our network and they have to be university members or and the devices of the members get aesthetic IP so that we know who did what and when and that's why the AdminDB is also configuring the DHCP and DNS server. Dann hier einmal eine sehr stark vereinfachte Struktur der AdminDB. This is a very simplified structure of the AdminDB and I hope so I'm trying to explain this to you and this is the AdminDB2DB this is the central Postgres database and it has a hot stand by construct of two masters and two slaves und ja, das ist so realisiert dass das dbd also das die Postgres-Dat dbd ist praktisch ein WebEin it works as follows so the data lies on a dabd und das ist eigentlich ein recommended way by Postgres to realize this and this is how we do replication und ja, dann ist der primary and we have one block device and this block device is being mounted and this is how we have access to the data und ja, dann ist der primary and we have one block device also the data but this didn't work as intended and we will come back to that again we also have the web front end consisting of two nodes so one is stand by um die AdminDB zu verwenden but only one of them has the high availability IP and we have AdminDB to radius so these are two active radius servers which get contacted by the switches and who authenticate the switches and the radius server checks for the MAC addresses and determines which device gets access to which VLAN we also have the AdminDB X so was X and actually I am not quite sure what X means in this context so based on our wiki this is extra services extra services and the switches are being configured automatically via SSH die werden halt darüber dann automatisch verweitet genau und zusätzlich ist das Ding auch noch der primäre DNS server für alle unsere internen Zonen die wir bei uns im Netz haben and we have, this is the primary DNS servers for our internal grouting this is the power DNS power DNS server hier haben wir einfach wieder zwei nodes, auch mit einem Arbiternode she takes it from the Postgres database and we also have two nodes also with an Arbiternode that share the services some, for example on one one things, some things run on one of them and the power DNS also we have the AdminDB to DNS those are the secondary DNS servers for our internal zones and also the DNS resolver our clients receive through the DHCP these DNS servers there are two the high availability is for the IP to send the IP from one to the other if one is not available and we also have an arbiter here and the clients receive the IP addresses from the DHCP this is also fully high availability those are two load balancing DHCP servers the node one is also in the file 1 to 3 the second is vlan 2 4 to 6 they also receive the configuration from the AdminDB there are also scripts additionally you can see on this arrow the art watch and what that is we will talk about this later I just wanted to mention it here so AdminDB 2DB that might arise from this over engineered design now let's talk about AdminDB 2DB this is a centralized Postgres database and through that the centerpiece of this AdminDB high availability and as I already mentioned only the current primary node the problem is at stopping Postgres really wants to write to the disk that it's really stopped and it's really shut down but the problem is before that happens the DBD in a lot of cases has the failover made to a different node and doesn't have the data system and couldn't write that it has done a proper shutdown the old node couldn't write that it's still stopped the new node couldn't start because Postgres seemingly hasn't been stopped properly and then the AdminDB was broken and the Femnet was broken completely the radio service the DSP server doesn't regenerate its comfort you can't sign into the Wi-Fi it's difficult and by and large one by one the network is broken if we do these type of things man redet nicht direkt mit den SQL-Tabellen one last thing with the database there's a specialty with us you don't redirect the SQL tables but to the functions that has the reason why we are being checked we have a simple tree design for writes and you simply sign in with your Postgres credentials and then you do the functions through that but functions can also have access to very sensitive data so the intention is correct but we want to log in transactions but they shouldn't disappear at a broken or cancer transaction because you could say I do very illegal things I look at things that I'm not allowed to look at and I cancel the transaction and you could think what's your opinion but we're putting this into practice through a Postgres function in Python and also logs into MongoDB I know you can think about how intuitive you think this is or not that's why on the DB-Months we have a replicated MongoDB and then the logs are being written in there and now I have a code snippet from the adminDB log I have a bit of a modified for this but actually only this part is important I hope you can see that normally this would have been aligned all the way to here but what you can see here for logging it connects to the MongoDB AdminDB Master 1 Master 1 lief this has a great effect that once we had the host of which is the Master 1 if Master 1 was off Master 2 has the Postgres database in the primary everything worked it took its IP I've looked it up and that's pretty bad either you log on one node or on the same one right below this little mistake could easily be resolved by changing the one to a two if nothing is locked even the DSCP config is being locked and it breaks the entire FAM network so the old concept still works but the DSCP updates can't be run this breaks the FAM network this once again breaks the high availability now one more component that breaks sometimes is the wired device in the FAM network gets a public IP address because if you connect through wire you get at least a gigabit connection and nothing a gigabit to several people might not be a good idea for many years so that's why we do public IP for addresses and additionally the IPs are statically assigned according to the MAC address this has the reason that we know in abuse cases which device has which address but if an IP address is freed then that can also be reassigned really quickly that's why we have a least lifetime of 5 minutes but we also have 5.000 devices in the FAMnet but that means every of those 5.000 devices lets assume if they are active at the same time they get to the DSCP server and every 5 minutes they request whether the IP is still valid that's why the DSCP server has a lot of fun, lot of work to do additionally to the normal DSCP server we also have the task what I've already mentioned the app watch on admin db2x so what is app watch it looks at the following in the following app and looks whether the IP is connected to the right MAC address and it says which IP address is assigned to which MAC address if the DSCP is completely through a PostScript is called which on Redis writes on admin db that this MAC has this IP address at a certain time we can talk whether this is the right solution or not but at least this app watch script writes an email if there is an IP address that is assigned to a MAC address that it doesn't know there are a lot of these just to say that but that leads to the DSCP server after all 5 minutes it has to assign a new lease to all devices and call app watch and in the past it's been a way that's why I'm talking about this now in our construct a single DSCP server in our VLANs the DSCP construct was on two nodes but it was as a hot node just one was active and one process was responsible for our VLANs and at peak times the DSCP didn't have any fun it just simply broke because of the high demand the DSCP was broken and that didn't help the DSCP requests still came through and then the legacy internet IP was broken and you can see all the emails because people mentioned that only Google is possible and nothing else works that was a small insight into our infrastructure and some more things that actually failed but these were the highlights that I also had to work with and I very much thank you for your attention and yes, goodbye next thanks for this really nice and interesting talk and also thank you for your attention from the translation booth you just heard the talk that is but it is high availability by Jenny it was translated by Jörn and Attila E if you have feedback for us please use the hashtag c3lingo goodbye


In the huddle is brought to you by A-plus Rittles. It's a new year and a new era for the Pike Central Hawks, who are now under the direction of head coach Eric Ratliff, who has previously coached for the Hawks, Eastridge, Jenkins, and led the Shelby Valley Wildcats to the state semifinals in 2014. It's going to be an emotional game, I'm sure, on both sides. With looking at Pike Central, you always think they've got some athletes, and they've been putting you in space and throwing the ball around and things, so we're still going to do that and get people in space, but we're going to take a little bit of approach, we're trying to run the ball a little bit more, and take a little bit of pressure off our quarterback and allow him to throw the ball when he wants to, not when he has to. Although that we're playing really good teams, we know that we're all going to step up and have to make more leaders out of ourselves, but I'm really excited for this season, just knowing that everybody's pushing themselves way harder, and coming off a three and eight season, we know that we're going to take a step up. We hope to bring a brand of football that's exciting, of course, so the fans can come out and watch and things like that, but we want to try to be more physical than we had one last year, and it all starts out front, trying to put our best kids out there and figuring out where they need to be, to put them in the best position to play better and win football games. We can't give up. Last year, if we got down, we'd just give up and everybody'd quit trying. We can't do that. We have to get after it. We've got to go and keep trying and work our way back until we will actually do something and change the season around. Well, we hope that everyone will come out and watch us play. We hope we put something on the field that they'll be proud of. We want to play hard for four quarters, no matter what the score is, and we're getting better each and every day. I've seen that since I've been here. I've been waiting all year for Friday night lights to come back. I just want to get out there and do my best for my brothers and for my community, and hopefully everybody will come out and support us. Reporting from Buckleys Creek, Free KB News, I'm Chris Atkins.


To continue our discussion of special correlation coefficient, recall that I said that these correlation coefficients 9 of them are difficult to measure in a real non-homogeneous, non-isotropic turbulence usually when measured, they are only measured in one direction say R1. In homogeneous turbulence as we said earlier, all statistical correlations of time average fluctuating components are 0, their gradients are 0, but gradients of mean quantities can be finite that is the definition of homogeneous. Isotropic turbulence implies that any relation between the turbulence quantities must be constant or invariant under rotation of the coordinate system and under the reflection with respect to the coordinate system. As such turbulence cannot be isotropic unless it was also homogeneous. So, what this means is for a homogeneous isotropic turbulence only R11, R22 and R33 will be finite because all other quantities would involve special gradients of phi 1 dash phi 2 dash and therefore, they would all be 0 for i not equal to j and secondly for 180 degree rotation and let me explain this. So, let us say if I had x1, x2 and x3 and let us say I am considering at some point the fluctuation u dash and the fluctuation v dash let us say. Now if I turn this system through 180 degrees so that x2 takes this position and therefore, x3 would take that position this is the negative x2 and negative x3 that is the turning through 180 degrees. Then in this new coordinate system x1, x2, x3 you will see v dash will now appear negative v dash will be negative in the new system and therefore, you will see the time averaging of the product u1 dash u2 dash in the first system will equal u1 dash into minus u2 dash in the second system and this would essentially be minus u1 dash u2 dash. Now plus u1 dash u2 dash equal to minus u1 dash u2 dash can only be true if u1 dash u2 dash were identically 0 that is the meaning of homogeneous isotropic turbulence and for that only r11, r22 and r33 would be finite. Further r22 and r33 would also equal since the coordinate system is invariant under rotation about x1 axis that is what I showed. So, the r11, fr coefficient parallel to xn axis is called the longitudinal coefficient whereas, coefficient r22 equal to r33 equal to gr is called the lateral coefficient that is what I showed in the slide here. This is the lateral coefficient this is the longitudinal coefficient both fr and gr declined to 0 as r tends to infinity. For a given r, fr turns out to be usually of a bigger magnitude than gr. The coefficient curves are nearly parabolic near r equal to 0 and therefore, symmetric about r equal to 0. Expanding therefore, fr and gr in Taylor series about r equal to 0 you will see and retaining only the first couple of terms. You will see fr would equal 1 when r is equal to 0 minus r by what I have called Lf square and I will define Lf in a minute plus additional term. Likewise, gr would be approximately equal to 1 minus r by Lg whole square plus several terms where Lf square would turn out to be minus 2 times d2 f by dr square r tends to 0 raise to minus 1 and Lg square will be minus 2 d2g dr square. These are the projections of the second derivative of f and you will see for transfer for longitudinal correlation the Lf would appear as that and Lg would appear somewhere over there that is the estimate of Lg and this is the estimate of Lf. The Kolmogorov scales of course, would be very very small distance L epsilon would be somewhere here and here, but the integral scales would be of that order because there is the integral of this curve between 0 and infinity and likewise here. So, the Lf and Lg are somewhere between L epsilon and L integral the two length scales which we had earlier identified. We have now identified a third length scale which is in between these Lf and Lg are called Taylor micro scales and they are defined in this manner 2 u 1 square divided by du 1 dash by dx 1 whole square raise to 0.5. So, you can see this as a length dimension square raise to 0.5 and therefore, Lf and likewise Lg would be based on u 2 prime square separated by distance x in x direction. The special derivatives are very very difficult to measure because in a turbulent flow to measure fluctuating velocity simultaneously at two adjoining points it turns out to be quite a difficult task and therefore, the gradients of fluctuations in x direction would be quite difficult. We will see how to get over that difficulty, but before we do that we will make some important observations. Lf and Lg in Lf and Lg the derivatives of difficult to measure that is correct. Nonetheless, if these local spatial change is imagined to have been caused by the smallest scales of motion then Lf and Lg can be regarded as the average dimensions of the range of small scale motions because they are close to r equal to 0 and therefore, they can be considered to be range of small scale motions. Similarly, if we integrate Fr from 0 to infinity we will get integral scales L int f and L int g and thus we have four length scales Lf the micro scale in longitudinal direction, micro scale in the transverse direction, integral scale in the longitudinal direction, integral scale in the transverse direction in a simple homogeneous isotropic term. Besides of course, L epsilon at the smallest colmograph scales where viscosity kills turbulence and isotropic prevails. How do we estimate L epsilon? Recall that in slide 9 I showed that colmograph related L epsilon to new cube kinematic viscosity cube divided by epsilon raised to 0.25. Therefore, L epsilon can only be estimated if we can estimate epsilon the magnitude of the rate of kinetic energy dissipation. It can be estimated by noting that in isotropic turbulence and there is a wonderful book by Heinz. It is called turbulence and introduction to its mechanism and theory published by McGraw-Hill in 1959 where some properties of isotropic turbulence have been given. One of them is that du 1 dash by dx 1 whole square would equal du 2 dash by dx 2 whole square, but it would only be equal to half of du 1 dash by dx 2 whole square equal to du 1 by 2 du 2 dash by dx 1 whole square and so on and so forth. So, remember rho epsilon is actually equal to mu times 2 du 1 dash by dx 1 square plus 2 du 2 dash by dx 2 whole square plus 2 times du 3 dash by dx 3 whole square plus 2 times du 1 dash by dx 2 plus du 2 dash by dx 1 whole square plus du 1 dash by dx 3 plus du 3 dash by dx 1 whole square plus du 2 dash by dx 3 plus du 3 dash by dx 2 whole square plus d x 2 whole square.   So, I will get 8 times d u 1 dash by d x 1 whole square from this likewise, I can show I will get 8 times d u 1 dash by d x 1 square from these also and this is d u. So, I get essentially 3 into and therefore, all this will become 24 plus 6 is equal to 30 mu times 30 d u 1 dash by d x 1 whole square and that is what I have shown here that rho into epsilon remember this definition L f is equal to 2 times u 1 dash square over d u 1 dash by d x 1 square and that is what I have shown.  This is how one estimates epsilon provided we know this quantity and this quantity we can also estimate L f. To estimate now integral length scale consider homogenous pure shear flow in which the strain rate S i j of the mean velocity gradient is constant. In the turbulent kinetic energy equation all spatial gradients of product quantities would vanish, but the mean quantities would survive and so would this survive, but that would go to d term will go to 0 b term will go to 0 and production and dissipation would survive. Then from turbulent kinetic equation and assuming steady state we would have minus rho u prime u j prime mean velocity gradient equal to tau dash i j d u dash by d x j which is equal to rho times rho into dissipation and or in other words production will exactly equal to equal dissipation. This is called equilibrium state. Another way of writing this is u i j u prime j equal to S i j by 2 remember equal to nu times remember this is tau dash as mu times strain rate S i j small S i j is d u i by d x j plus d u j dash by d x i whereas S i j is from the mean quantities by d x j plus d u j by d x i that is the mean S i j. So, in other words I get u i prime u j prime time average into S i j by 2 equal to nu times small S i j S i j divided by 2 and that is equal to epsilon because I have divided through by density. So, you get that as a very interesting result. Now, the left hand side of this equation is associated with large scale motion u i dash u u i dash S i j by 2 is really dimensionally because u i dash u j dash is essentially v dash capital V dash square divided by l integral essentially large scale motion because mean velocity gradients are involved and that would equal v dash cube divided by l integral and since that is equal to epsilon, epsilon would also be equal v dash cube by l integral. This is a very important result remember epsilon is associated with very small scale motion and action of viscosity and yet it can be estimated from the representative scales of the large scale velocity fluctuation and large scale integral length scale. Therefore, this is sometimes called the first law of turbulence that the ability to estimate epsilon i j or epsilon from large scale fluctuation velocities and integral length scale is a very welcome result because it helps us later on in economic computation of turbulent flow and this result is routinely used by modulus of turbulent flow equations. Another way of writing this same is that S i j, S i j strain rates of smallest fluctuating motion divided by the strain rates of mean motion would be v dash cube l in nu divided by v dash l in squared and that would equal v dash l in by nu or the turbulent Reynolds number formed from fluctuations of the mean and integral length scale. So, this is totally representative of the large scale. What it says is that and since R e t l in t is of the order of 100, it means that the strain rates of the fluctuating quantities at the smallest scales are much greater than the strain rates of the mean quantities like u, but the strain rates formed from u dash are much greater than these. Another way of saying is we can expect therefore that in terms of amount of straining, the small scale motions are totally again uncorrelated with the large scale motion. From the results of the previous two slides, we can now estimate and compare Taylor and Kolmogorov scales. So, time scale of t f would be L f by u 1 prime and that would equal 30 nu divided by epsilon and under root 30 t epsilon. That would equal under root 30 because nu by epsilon is square root of is really the time scale of the Kolmogorov scales. So, it shows that the Taylor micro scale time scale is under root 30 times Kolmogorov time scale in the longitudinal direction. Similarly, L f divided by L epsilon would be again that quantity. Time scale in the transverse direction would be root 15 times t epsilon. So, there is a considerable separation between time scales associated with Kolmogorov scales and the micro scales, but not as big as what we observed between integral scales and the Kolmogorov scales. So, integral and Taylor scales are related as follows. Since epsilon is v dash cube by L in cube is equal to 15 nu times u dash square by L g. If I take u dash as about a times v dash, then it follows that L g by L in would be a root 15 under root nu by v dash L in equal to that where Reynolds number of turbulence is of the order of 100. Therefore, t g by t integral would be under root 15 by that. In other words, the transverse micro scale would be much smaller than the integral scale and the same thing would apply also to the longitudinal time scale in comparison to integral time scale. The only difference being 15 would be replaced by 30. T epsilon by t integral as we observed is Reynolds t integral raised to minus 0.5. So, in summary we can say L epsilon is less than L f and g and is also less than L integral. Although the distance between this and this would be considerably smaller than the distance between this and this and the separation distance overall separation distance would be determined by the Reynolds number. Same story applies to the timescales. The Kolmogorov timescales would be much, much smaller than integrals timescale, but just about small from compared to the micro scale, Taylor micro scales. So, now we have discovered that there are three scales, the middle one being representative. As I said, spatial correlations are very difficult to estimate and therefore, that makes L f g very difficult to estimate. In order to do that, we undertake measurement of what is called as the autocorrelation in which as I said we consider the same point, but separated by let us say this is u 1 dash at t and this will be u 1 dash at t plus delta t as separated by time and we would define exactly in the same fashion as we defined the spatial correlation coefficient and this is what I show here. The value of u dash at t at the same point x k and the value of u dash j at t plus delta t this is essentially b i j and u i dash squared which is b i i and u dash j squared. This will be at t plus delta t and this would be at t and then again if I plot values of r i j for different values of delta t the separation time, then I would get a perfect correlation of course, when delta t is 0, but it will go on declining as I go on increasing delta t and beyond a certain delta t of course, the fluctuations at the later time would be completely uncorrelated with the fluctuation at time t equal to 0. So, like what we did earlier I can estimate a micro time scale tau micro associated with L F g as that equal to u dash i into d u i dash by d t at delta t equal to 0 raise to minus 1 taking advantage of the fact that the variation here is very nearly parabolic and therefore, the projected delta t or tau micro would be that likewise the integral time scale would be somewhere there where 0 to infinity r i j d delta t. Now, we can get an idea of what should be the smallest magnitude of t max required in Reynolds averaging in Reynolds averaging the remember phi cap average equal to 1 over t as tending to infinity 0 to infinity phi cap d t that is what we said and the really the for practical engineering measurements we would of course, need the estimate of epsilon. It has to be some finite time because we cannot go on measuring in for infinite time that estimate is now available all it says is that this from this expression we say continue for t max to be much greater than tau integral. This would ensure reasonably that phi dash bar would be equal to 1 over t max integral phi dash d t 0 to t max would be equal to 0 that is that is the meaning of the importance of the first importance of autocorrelation. There is also another very important thing as I said it is not possible to measure spatial gradients of u i dash to estimate r i j the spatial correlation coefficient. So, the time derivatives of fluctuations at a fixed point however, are easier to measure with a single instrument like a hot wire can enable us to measure that as a function of time and Taylor made a hypothesis that if mean u 1 is very much greater than u 1 dash which is usually the case then d 1 dash by d t can be taken as minus u 1 into d 1 dash by d x 1 which gives us the estimate of d 1 dash by d x 1 required to estimate l f the longitudinal Taylor micro scale. And therefore, we can say that r 1 1 x 1 d x 1 would be equal to u 1 1 r 1 1 delta t d t or in other words l integral would be u 1 times tau integral that is given here. Now, this is a very very important deduction there are two important deductions from autocorrelation. First of all they are much easier to measure than the spatial correlation the autocorrelation gives you the idea what T max should be usually 4 to 5 times the integral tau in is taken as a in practical measurements. And then we would we are also now able to estimate the spatial correlation coefficient and therefore, estimate the l integral l integral from tau integral which as I said is much easier to measure. So, my final comment on these two last two lectures would be that we have shown how turbulence once generated sustains itself by creating fluctuations of ever smaller and smaller length and time scales. This was shown firstly by observing terms in the kinetic energy equations. Secondly from transverse momentum transfer processes in a boundary layer where we got reasonably good idea of separation between the dissipation scale or viscosity affected scales and the large scale. And then thirdly we did the scale analysis we have also shown that although epsilon is associated with very very small scale motions magnitude can nonetheless be estimated from large scale characteristics of large scale motion. This factor is extensively used in turbulence modeling of Rans equations. The length and time scales of eddies are easier to measure from autocorrelation usually most people measure autocorrelation and from that derive the spatial correlation coefficients. Energy from mean motion is somehow transferred down down down to very small scales where viscosity takes over and kills turbulence. This story we have tried to understand in physical space with physical measurements what can be done with physical measurements. But by transforming equations in the wave number space it is possible to elucidate this story even more convincingly. That is called spectral analysis although the equations generated cannot be solved in physical space unless they are brought back again in the physical space. The equations in the wave number space are difficult to solve but nonetheless it reveals a story of what really goes on most likely going on in sustaining turbulence. Which are the terms which actually carry out energy production turbulent energy production. What is the role of the redistributive terms that on the cross section vanish and what is the contribution of the dissipation dissipating motion. That story I will take up in the next lecture where I will explain what is spectral analysis. There is also another possible explanation of this transfer process which can actually be shown figuratively by imagining stretching and torturing of an fluid element by vorticity dynamics equations. I will try to show you how both these actually tell the same story that we have revealed already through equations in the physical space and measuring capabilities in the physical space.


one of the they did this kind of an experiment where they took a non-believer an atheist did not believe in God at all and they took a believer and they asked both of them the same question they said if your mother was thrown into the hellfire and burned by a law by God how would that make you feel now the question for a for an atheist you know it should be you know i don't believe in God you know for a believer of course they believe in God but they weren't really monitoring what that person said in response what they were doing is they were measuring their their breathing and their blood pressure and all of that and what they were found was that the atheist and the believer both of them their breathing became heavier their blood pressures increased historic sweating like all of this stuff happening and it's a jeep because the atheist doesn't believe in God but then that reminded me of some verses in the Qur'an or or Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala says that on that day when their own tongues their mouth will be shut and their own bodies will testify against them and even in the dunya with this experiment the atheists may not believe but his body is testifying against him his blood pressure is going up his breathing is becoming heavier because the soul knows Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and in the same way in this blessed month that is about to we're about to embark on the main one of the main concepts of Ramadan one of the main things is forgiveness to to forgive to be forgiven and the thing that is a jeep about forgiveness is one of the things if you've been hurt by somebody or if you've had a traumatic you know occur as a traumatic event or a friend for instance hurts you real bad or or you know somebody stole your money every single time you think about that thing you're reliving that you're reliving that tragedy you know you're reliving it every so forgiveness really is not about the other person forgiveness is for your own self because I think this mic is not that heavy I can hold it out here for a long time but finally it's going to overcome me and it's going to be a burden in my hands going to fall and when you carry the rancor you carry that out of mouth and you carry that hurt in your own heart it overburden is your own soul so forgiveness is for your own self so when you forgive others they might not even be deserving of it but you're deserving of the peace you yourself are deserving of the peace and so this month of Ramadan what are we doing we're we're not eating everything that's halal for us we're not drinking you know no relations you know from sun up to sundown why do we do that you have you ever like been audited by the IRS or taken a test and waited for your score you know you're gonna that's just gonna give you're gonna get an A and you're gonna you know go to med school or not or or something you know you can't eat you can't you know you can't think you're tripping the whole time what is so hard because you know what because you're so focused on that thing you know because that's the thing that occupies your mind you know and what happens when Ramadan is when you're not doing all of those stuff what are you doing you're adhering to a higher column you're focused on Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and what does that do why does fasting why does every time like about Ramadan is about to come I hear so many people going oh man you know a lot of people you know that understand that they're like oh my god I hope I make it y'all but if not Ramadan let us let us receive Ramadan let us get there you know the asha prepared six months before but some people are like man I'm gonna get a headache I can't have coffee in the morning I'm gonna stop smoking you know like all these things come to their mind but then three four five days pass by and it becomes easy why why because when you love somebody like when you love a woman you can't eat sometimes you know you're just like thinking about her when you love Allah and you're focused on Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala that thing becomes easy for you that action becomes Allah makes it easy for you and you for yourself it becomes easier and easier and forgiveness in this month is it's it's the it's the focus of this month is forgiveness and see you said I talked about you know people that are caught up people that can't forgive people that are going to cancel people people that are caught up in these kind of things it's because of a void inside of themselves it's because they're in reality looking for divine love they have a void of love and they can't and they're searching for that thing somebody give me some water a little water it always weighs on me when I talk a lot of law it really does so so it's about that void because you know they're missing something in their own hearts the Arabs they call bread ish literally life why because bread sustains people the mojahideen they used to just have bread and water but if you look at the process of making bread they take the wheat they grind it and then they turn it into dough and then they knead that dough and then finally what happens they have to put it in the oven and bake it and then it turns into bread but that that oven that's what Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala for us to become mature we have to go to we have to be baked we have to be meat we have the dough has to be kneaded and then we have to become cooked and when you become cooked that's your matured that's all of these things that you go through in order to realize and to find Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala now the people that may have a void or not in their hearts if in reality you know Ramadan one of the things about Ramadan what does it do allows you to focus on Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala give up thing we're not supposed to do idle talk we're not supposed to be watching television really we're not supposed to be doing that any that stuff what are the prophets all I'm going to do for months at a time he went to the to the heart of Hira and he what are the isolation you know and he concentrated and he meditated you know what is all of that for was it to find who like one of the awliya of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala said I searched for Allah for 40 years and then I realized hey Allah's not lost to be found I have to find myself so when you go into this state and you go into halloween you go into isolation it's really to find what is to find yourself because you should not have a void because you should have an understanding we should all have an understanding that each one of us every single one of us is like a universe we're all small universes your hair is like the plants right your veins your blood or like the rivers your eyes are like the stars and your heart is the sun and everything is dependent on that sun and that is why people and what is so and your and your soul is the universe this mysterious thing so each one of you is so special you're a universe and what is it about with that heart you know the entire cosmos because you know Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala you know and when you realize that within yourself that Allah created you that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala that's divine love because you know that Allah loves you you don't need anybody else you don't have to look for love in all the wrong places and when you know that Allah loves you then in return you love Allah and you love yourself first you can love other people that's why the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam says none of you believe until you love and more than everything and then what is Sayyidina Omar what is Sayyidina Omar saying he said Ya Rasulullah I love you more than everything except myself you know Sayyidina Omar was a teacher 13 places in the Quran actually agreed with Sayyidina Omar you know what when he said that what did the prophet Ya Omar you have to love me even more than yourself and then he said okay Ya Rasulullah I love you more but what is I mean you have to love yourself first because if you won't know what love is if you don't love yourself how can you love anything if you don't love yourself you can't love Allah and then you love the prophet what because because he's here for your souls because if you can't love the prophet you can't love Allah if you don't love people you don't love Allah if you don't love people you don't love Allah because just like your universe they are a universe that has been also created and the key to this forgiveness and I'll say a quick story inshallah Sayyidina Yusuf alayhi sallam joseph peace be upon him the grandchild of Sayyidina Isha alayhi sallam what happened everybody knows a story 11 brothers you know they took him they threw him in the well all that you know and then but what happens Allah says something in the Quran at the end of it when Yusuf alayhi sallam he becomes the governor of Egypt and then his brothers all they come there before him all 11 of them and his parents are there and he takes Allah says and he says in the Quran he takes his parents and he puts them up on thrones next to him and he asks his 11 brothers and he says to his father and he says this this is my dream that I had that like the 11 stars that were that were prostrating before but what does he say at that point he says he says Sayyidina Yusuf from the blessings of Allah he took me out of the prison he took me out of the prison Allah did a lot for him Allah took him out of the well too but because his brothers were all there he didn't mention they took me out of the well in the tafir he doesn't say they took me out of the well because what it was kind of like poking at them because they're the ones that threw him in the well but he only mentions the decision he also only mentions the prison and then after that what is he saying he says and Allah it brought all of you back together to me when what when shaitan separated us he then took it and put it all on shaitan he didn't blame his brothers again he didn't blame his brothers again and this like the Quran is slamming itself its behavioral health its mental health this forgiveness it allows you to heal and I will leave with a poem of Sayyidina Imam Shafi Rahimullah radiullah ta'ala anhu and I and I actually translate this and he says and he says and I'll just do the translation he says whenever somebody defiles my character whenever somebody abuses me whenever somebody makes up something about me whenever somebody hurts me I have forgiven them out of my love and reverence for the Lord of the world subhanahu wa ta'ala and then he says because I do not want to show up on the day of judgment before my Lord and have somebody's entrance into Jannah depending on my forgiveness of what they had said to me because I too am in need of forgiveness may Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala during Ramadan and tonight unite our hearts underneath his roof may he bring us together may he bring back the sunnah of the prophet sallallahu alayhi sallam may we not let us be united with those that that that lied about mariyam alayhi sallam that made up stuff about Sayyidina Aisha alayhi sallam and we might be among those that spread buktan and khiba and any of these things and may Allah rectify us and bring us together in love as brothers and sisters how Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and his messenger meant it to be sallallahu wa sallam wa barik ala Sayyidina wa maulana ma'hamad wa ala ali wa sallam alhamdulillahi wab al alameen I'll from it and I'll tell it to Allah


So demand was crazy for it. It was crazy time for us So what we did after that was We shut it down So I'll touch upon why we shut it down in a bit later but before that I want to get into The title of the talk and what I mean by design and why it's called designing your startup Does anyone have a definition of design here anyone want to attempt? What does design mean for you? No one Whatever the one so curious about Enough so I you're using the word design As a noun there is it like like a plan for what do you want to do? Okay? So when I use the word So I also looked up the meaning of the word design and there isn't a generally accepted definition of it Everyone has their own definition. It means Different things to different people which is which works out for me because then I can go ahead and define it How I want to and so this is my definition of the word form of design So design is a process of solving problems or achieving goals given a set of constraints Right. Does everyone agree with that? Does anyone disagree? anyone Okay, the two key points here are that you're solving a problem You're fulfilling a need but you're doing that within Given constraints, right? So there are these boundaries. There are these constraints that exist That that's the context of the problem and you're always trying to solve them within that So what that necessarily means is that design is about making trade-offs Right, you have to balance all these constraints that you have you can't have your cake and eat it too So, you know There is a give-and-take and there's a balancing that has to happen. Does that side look interesting? So I Want to pause That discussion of a design for a while and I'll talk about something else that happened last year and that was the next slide I became a dad as well last year, right? That's one of those events that can have like a profound impact on you and how you perceive What you're doing in life and what your goals are and so it did have an impact on me it made me realize that These years that my daughter's growing up The formative years are the most important for me and that's something that I didn't want to miss out, right? So it made me realize in in turn that Time and location independence was very important for me and that became one of the most important goals in my life I wanted to have time and location independence. That means that I want to be able to work From where I want to work and when I want to work, right? Before this I was doing a job So, you know, we would have flexi hours and stuff like that But that means I still need to give in a fixed set of hours. I need to be at a certain place You know because I have to interact with a lot of people have to get stuff done But now suddenly my time was very important to me because I wanted to spend it with my daughter There you go. So that became one of my constraints for the startups I'm sorry that I wanted to create now If you don't remember anything else about this talk This is one thing that I wanted to take away about it, which is that when people talk about startups You know, there's there's a lot of talk about the idea There's a lot of focus on solving the right problems finding the right solutions How do you acquire customers when no one's talking about the startup founder what you want out of this, right? There's there's this myth that Ideas or good ideas are very rare to find Yeah, so everyone takes the first idea that they get and they start working on it You know and they give everything to it the idea becomes the most important thing and they have to make it work at every cost That might be the case if you're looking for big ideas, right? If you're if you want the sort of ideas that will make you millionaires, right? But that's that's not everyone's goals. It certainly wasn't mine. So the the thing that I want to emphasize here is that When you when you think of an idea Think about what that idea is giving you as well, right apart from the money What is it? Is it going to help you achieve your life goals or not? And that's the sort of criteria That's the sort of framework within which you need to think about the ideas that you work on That's that's that's what I was talking about. Just give me a sec. So This is now I can I can tell you why we shut down the first start of that I started, right? It was it was one of those startup ideas that Wanted to be big it had to be big it had to get economies of scale for it to make sense and I Realized that at this point in my life. That's something that I don't want to do I don't want to work on an idea that's going to take up a lot of my time and it's going to have me running around all the time so Which is why I walked away from that idea It's it's it's a very hard decision to make because here's something that's making a lot of money has a lot of potential But I still chose to walk away from it because for me it was a very clear decision, right? I have this constraints that I have and I have to You know work within those constraints and it's very clear to me that this idea is not going to take me where I want to go in life so here are some of The criteria that I came up for the ideas that I'll work with right that makes sense for me Given my context given my needs and given my constraints The first one is passive recurring income. What this means is that I? Want to sort of income? Let me let me backpack. I want to build something that makes money for me without me having to be actively involved in that product all the time right seems like The perfect idea for everyone, but The way to do this Right is first of all the recurring part is very important You need to have money coming in every month, you know, you can't just charge a one-time Charge for the product you can't sell someone the product and the guy disappears and then you don't make any money we need that money to becoming every month month after month and That way you can sustain yourself for much longer and focus on other things while that's making money for you The next criteria was multiple products the idea here is that Statistically I'm more likely to fail When I'm working on an idea then succeed which is why it makes sense Which is why it makes sense for me to work on multiple ideas because and also On small on smaller ideas as well, right? If I take a big idea and I spend too much time working on a on a big Idea that doesn't work out. I would have wasted a lot of time, right? Which this is why I need to scale down and focus on very small things So that there's very small turn around time and I can get immediate feedback and see whether it works or not There's also this aspect of luck luck is a game of probability, right? The more I play the game the more better my odds get so which is why I Would prefer Working on multiple ideas and take that one big idea and bet everything on it and hope that it succeeds The chances of a big idea succeeding could be maybe one in a million, but a chances of a small idea succeeding Could be maybe one in hundred or one in thousand, right? And you can control that by doing your research in terms of the sort of space that you're building the product for The sort of niches that you're building the product for Sure Sure good. That's a good idea. So that's a good question. I meant When you say spreading yourself to thin you mean not focusing enough on each product, right? So that's where This concept of building small products Comes into the picture, right? If you're building a big product It requires a certain critical mass. It requires a lot of investment from you before it can succeed And in that context if you're focusing on multiple products, you might not do justice to any given product But if you're building these small products and you're solving very easy problems And there's lots of easy problems out there to solve I'll come to that in a bit, but in that context you can solve that problem and you can move on, right? It won't take so for example, there's one product that I've that I've built That's taken me about a month to build and it was no work for me after that There is something to be said about taking that product to the next level if you wanted to right? that product competes in a market where there are about Nine competitors, right? All of them are VC funded companies with about, you know, 20 plus employees And they're playing a different late game, right? I'm playing a different game So I'm not looking at achieving those sort of goals with that product for me. It's about you know solving a very specific problem for a subset of those users and Making money of that does that make sense I'll come to that in a bit. Yeah So feel free to ask me any questions. You as you can see I'm sort of winging it So if you ask me questions, it helps you get information out of me as well I think I touched upon this 37 signals talks a lot about this Who knows 37 signals here? Okay, so Solving hard problems is means a lot of time and investment again and that's something that I didn't want So which is why I focus on easy problems and there are easy problems everywhere for people to solve 37 signals DHS has this very famous quote about how he talks about base camp being just a little bit better than email Right, there's there's all these competitors that they have the thing that they need to be far far ahead Of just email, you know, they build all these complicated projects Project management systems, but they don't realize that people just people right now are using email to do this thing They're using email to collaborate to communicate. They just need something. That's a little bit better than that That's enough for a small sort of users which which makes them money This is the other thing right if you focus if You have if you build a bit big product and you're trying to you know Make a mass market product and target a lot of people You're you're setting yourself up for failure if you're going to make everyone happy, right? Which is why no one does that And which is why you end up with a product. That's the least common denominator for everyone Which in turn means that you you're not making everyone happy In fact, you're not making anyone happy with a product like that But instead if you focus on a very small niche of people who have you know within that big segment have a very Small need you saw their problem beautifully for them And that that totally works out right then they love the solution They don't they don't go to these other winners because they don't need the the the other things that the software is doing They just need that one one problem solved for them. So that's about niche markets there's this talk there's this drive that I went to with with a Friend of mine a while back who spoke about having enough money in life I think a lot of us think when we think about enough money We think about how much more do I need to make how much more do I need to save up and you know We were stuck in this mode of thinking about how much more to make and he sort of changed that perception for me by saying that He has enough money now because he reduced the amount of spending that he made What he did is he's he sold of his house in this big city and went in state in a small country In a small country house, and he's very happy doing what he does. He loves what he's doing, but he got his freedom and his independence By reducing his cost by changing his lifestyle not by getting more in life, right? So there's something to be said about About giving up things as opposed to getting more and that's what working by myself is is for me It's about reducing my cost if there's more of us There's more money that we need to make if there's just me I just need you know just a little bit of amount of money to do well basically so This is feedback that Some of my users have given for that product that I mentioned this product This is an interesting story as well, right? Since I'm working alone. There's only so much I can do I'm doing the programming. I'm doing the designing the marketing sales all of that stuff So and like every programmer. I'm lazy. So I need to optimize for my laziness so I looked around for ideas that That where I could get away by doing very little and one way to do that is Is apps these days, right? I found a platform known as Shopify, which is an e-commerce platform They have an app store, which is very cool for people like us because we don't have to spend time acquiring customers Shopify has an incentive to Sell or to tell people the shop owners about The marketplace and people automatically come to the market. So I don't spend time requiring customers And so that's what the product does what it does is it takes their inventory off of Shopify and creates a Facebook store So it enables social commerce and like I said that space has about nine competitors one of them is is a y-combinator company as well from 2011 last year and I'm competing with them when I launched this product there were about six competitors and There's two of them in the top ten right since I've launched I'm in the top ten above all the others that are there and I think the reason I'm there is because I'm solving a Very small problem for which exists for a lot sort of people, you know people don't read this as software developers We like DHS says as well that you know, we try to solve elaborate problems for people but Not realizing that for example in in Shopify a lot of these people Are not techies, right? They're just regular people who want to sell stuff. They don't understand all these features So what it what I did was build a product that basically has no features It has absolutely no features. You just click click click it installs and it's done I did take some default decisions for them and that's it. That's all it does and people love it and It's obvious from those reviews that they love it. So, yeah, that's about solving solve small problems Are there any questions a pertinent thing I've said so far does anyone disagree? Does anyone have anything to say? What is the product you didn't get the product so what the product does is it's basically an app that takes That people were using the Shopify e-commerce platform for to build a e-commerce store It takes their inventory off of Shopify and creates a Facebook store for them So the product is actually a Facebook store for people who already have a regular e-commerce store. Does that make sense? Yeah, right So that's one of my products. That's that's sort of doing. Well, I make a little money Based on what I've described so far, but it should be obvious that none of these ideas like you know a million dollar ideas That's not what I'm looking for The eventual goal is to have about nine or ten products each of them making a small amount of money for me And and you know sustain me for a while. I think sustain is a really bad word For me to have a decent life and not a rich life. Just a decent life. This is other aspect about Recognizing your strengths as well I'm I'm the sort of person who gets bored very quickly with stuff So this plays to my strengths, which is building small products moving on building other products And you know, therefore, it's fun for me as well. So don't forget your strengths play on your strengths as well I don't know about that. My my graph has been going So I don't know what that any other questions investment My investment right now is a line or slice. That's that's a VPS, which is about 19 dollars And I pay them five bucks for backup And that's about it. That's all my costs. I work out of home Do everything by myself so my my There is there is another cost where which I pay get up for a private repo But so everything is inside $30. So everything about $30 is profit for me And that one VPS because these are small products These are not targeted towards millions of users that small VPS can host about, you know, five to ten apps for me So my cost remains fixed while I keep making more and more money. I'm sorry Yeah, that's that's the line or VPS that I'm talking about At some point, I think I'll move to getting my own bare metal machine. But for now, this works out for me Any other questions? Right. So that's something pricing is the most fun part of creating a startup. I Made a lot of mistakes with this product at least So I went with a freemium model Where I have a free version and then people pay me for a little more features You know, so the the mistake that I made was giving away too much in the free version It's so good that people don't need to upgrade to the paid version. Which is really stupid of me But even given that I still make a decent amount of money so right now That ties into this other thing with with the shopping buy platform, right that made it very easy for me They take care of billing for me. I have no billing system Shopify collects money From my users and they give me money once a month. So I it's almost like getting a salary from Shopify It's brilliant. I don't have to worry about any of the hassles of dealing with customers and stuff like that I Intensely didn't put anything in here. So you could come and talk to me and I can tell you and I know They're interested in it, but the startup that I found it is called sim things simple things Yeah, simp th ings.com any other questions So with that app I have over 1500 shops using it and on the world In less than two months, I think in about two or three months I Get support emails. I do support by email and it's mostly the free users who ask for support. I Rarely get support requests from paid users so And then there are users who don't belong So I think free users have a tendency to complain a lot more I don't know why I've seen this over and over again in lots of different contexts The guy who's complaining the most is always the free user who's not giving you too much business And that reminds me of another Value that I have if I Believe in firing customers as well. If there's someone who is giving me too much trouble is not worth the pain I would ask that person To stop using the product and move on to something else because I I don't want them on the product Yeah How did I launch that's again part of why I chose Shopify They have a place where all their customers are focused on right? They have a blog and they have a forum All I had to do was do a blog post On on no on the platform So the company has a blog and the company has a forum. So I just made post there. That's it. That's all I had to do The answer question Ha So who's familiar with the freemium model, okay, do you know what sort of conversions people get on the freemium model? One who said one person Five percent what else anyone any other? three percent So that's I think That's where the range is in the industry as well, and that's where I am as well Yeah Somewhere in between that somewhere in between Thank you


When women dares to go into the public sphere or into politics, usually they're criticized, first of all, for doing that. They will be accused of abandoning children because they're given them less time. Typical stereotypes of women are used by political opponent and mainstream media to question women's capacity. At the end, power remains in men's hands. When I was a candidate, they would ask me, you are single, how are you going to deal with your emotions? How are you going to cope with your problems? In the news, everyone trying to identify who is the man who really makes me do the decisions that I was doing. If you made hard decisions, they will hit you because you made hard decisions. If you don't do it, they will tell you that you're weak. Change the stereotyping about women. Demand more presence and recognition of women's contribution in all levels of life. More women in politics and public life, better societies, better democracy.


Everybody for us here ripping two boxes of sorry four boxes of 22 23 prison basketball hobby for Jeffrey H Let's see what we got Jeffrey. Let's find a big gold rookie or something Good luck man Red Prism John Morant number to 299 Tatum Pulsar third Ricky Ryan Rollins Blue Ice Rookie Dale and Terry that's solid That was numbered 62 of 125 silver Reggie Bullock Ty Ty Washington Purple eyes Mimi Esquita number to 149 with a Justin Lewis rookie sensational signatures bulls Hyper Gary Trent Jr. Jabari Smith Jr. Rookie base Ruby wave of Miles Turner Silver D. Anthony Melton Jane and Ivy Rookie base Hey, what's up, man? It's one online Pulsar buddy healed Lanes up late Heals Tyrese Martin. He's a good thing. Lane wasn't here for Don movie name Lane for sure heard some of the Don the Don movie name things with 100% certainty Silver luck of the lottery shade on sharp Silver rookie Blake Wesley Jake Laravia Silver prismatic Anthony Davis Silver after that is a Jaren Jackson Jr Dillon Terry Vince Williams Jr. Red Prism Michael Porter Jr. Tatum 99 with a John and the Kaminga second-year signatures Hyper hero see well those are Knights They got that they got that slim lead Ruby wave Taylor Dorton Tucker Hyper rookie Kenneth Lofton Jr That's a good one Marjahn Bochamp Jaden Hardy Purple Rookie Coloco to 99 These are rookie color in this box. Not the biggest names, but solid nonetheless Silver Anthony Davis Patrick Baldwin Jr. Mark Williams Ruby wave Jonas Valenchunis pelicans Hyper Christian Brown rookie Nuggets Lane.  I have to sue me for the bulls Malachi random He can Murray All right I'll check the schedule after this after this break. That's just personal watch it's gonna be like It's gonna be like Friday Sunday game or something like that It might be because they start Monday So if it's every other day the Monday Wednesday Friday Monday Wednesday in Boston and then Friday Sunday and uh in Sunrise Florida silver fireworks Kevin Durant nets You should definitely try to go to light any game in the playoffs over David Robbins and spurs Lane's gonna go to the the Bruins Panthers game. I'll be here kicking Murray If they if they do every other game. Oh, I won't be able to go unfortunately Every every of the day Ruby wave Zach Levine for the bulls What they start on a Tuesday post our mullin warriors old that they definitely start on Monday the first game is for sure Monday I'm guessing the second game is Wednesday Malachi Branham Ruby wave rookie Vince Williams jr. Grizzlies Hyper miles Turner Pacers Come on. Jeff, let's say something big here silver Cameron Thomas Donnie Gore trying to play who? Purple eyes Franz Wagner to 149 Magic second-year Dwayne Wade Nice sensational signatures That's a good one. That'll do hyper Brandon Ingram got Roddy and Baldwin jr. Lock of the lottery silver who's mind-janging thunder? That's silver occasion bars with jr. Rockets nice Good few packs there jade and ivy base Why doesn't seem like the rest of right gonna fight more Used to be just you start fighting just let him fight it out. No, it's like the rest are good they're just trying to like Mitigated a bit. I think red James Harden six especially like nationally televised games 39 and 299 they step in too much, but I mean it's Raps are just I mean some people do hyper carry pain the second blazers I don't care for fun. I don't care about fighting like if it happens cool I don't care, but I think if like they're gonna like stop it so much. I think that's not that cool To me it doesn't it doesn't like enhance the game a whole lot like cool fights can be good But like if it's a weak fight like nobody cares the players care So I mean that's why they should that's why they should allow it, but right a mojo Darius Garland number nine at a 25 Nice mojo there Starland Silver Miles Turner to me. I like I like watching the actual game, right It's back. You care about hockey fights blue eyes Ken and Martin jr. To 125 for the Rockets there a silver Lamello ball Tara Easton Yeah, if I go to a hockey game don't see a fight. I probably wouldn't even think about it I've been to a few hot games haven't seen a fight. It doesn't affect my Yeah, it doesn't affect my like experience honestly been there with them been there without them red bug Donovitch Hawks 299 like the fight has to be a good fight if it's like gonna right if I'm gonna care about it Kelly Olanik auto hyper Donovan Mitchell The most of them are just whatever glue on these I'll send a box. Yes, I'm glue on these. I'll send a box with the With the order, let's just be separate. I guess Lane ones where you find out there's no fight. Yeah, that sounds like Lane Violence first this one Very movies goon. Goon is a great movie. Okay movie, but I Like watching hockey for the skill. That's why I like watching sports for the skill of it, right? It's entertaining Ruby wave Doreen Finney Smith Mavericks Silver Jamie Lee Blazers if I don't see a fight I just go down to Orlando Sheila Williams on any given night. I can see a fight. I want to see elite level of hockey I can only go to a certain places for that Pull saw miles Turner for the pastures like little dots paint Watson Yeah, when I pulled them apart. I felt them like cling just a bit Send one if there's some damage cards. I'm gonna send it a refund if there's no fight Well, the playoffs there's rarely a fight because players don't want to leave the ice Doesn't happen a whole lot they'll the refs will also like After the whistle, they'll jostle a lot more because you can't like you're not gonna fight a ton They'll jostle a lot more after the whistle and the NHL playoffs Shoving and the glove in the face thing and all that stuff Ruby wave coming to Warriors Silverbrook Lopez bucks Jayden Hardy there. I'm not doing like MMA on skates. They can't like like once a guy goes to ground. It's over Blue Seth Curry Nets number to 199 Ty Ty Washington, Jr. Rockets Ricky Silverado.  Good day to use it. That's right Silver prismatic Jason hit himself. There's not doing body shots. They're just trying to hit you're only trying to hit him in the head So it's great only brand damage silver rookie Christian Brown Nuggets Benedict Matherin Ruby wave Nicola Yolkich Nuggets Got hyper Evan 48 nicks Brown then you always got a you always got to grab their jersey and try to yank it because if their jersey comes off It's game misconduct. They get ejected. Really?  It's like it's like equipment malfunction.  That's purple to 99 Rudy gauge Yes, I know me. Yeah, it's just like dude. It's like it's like an equipment malfunction silver Cole Anthony magic That's what they that's what they see it as oh Shag Bajie That's what you always try to do first if you can Like oh, you really want to win the fight get the guy ejected Red Jason kid number to 299 a want this kind of Anderson Silver signatures Pulsar Bradley Beal We something big here for Jeffrey. Oh, yeah, that's a good goal right there. That's nice. Yeah Yeah, you got it orange wave Brooke Lopez to 60 24 of 60 yeah Silver Austin Reeves Jaden Ivy Wow Vegas has three points Yeah Ruby wave rookie was my jang thunder Donnie's committed Pulsar rookie Kaloka Raptors. I said I said it points that a goals. Oh Yeah, well that's I have a normal. Yeah, he calls it all points. I'm on bay. He's done. He calls it all points That's a three-point home run. Wow. That was great God silver precious Chua. I can't go back I can't twice with junior all year in golf really got 67 points under That happens when I play hyper Jonathan Isaac, okay, I Don't know what I would play but March on Bochamp even then how that's even that's impossible. I think Well, no, it's not it's not impossible Silver fireworks, Amy Lillard Actually, yeah, it is because you have to you have to swing 18 times so it is impossible silver rookie Christian local Raptors Okay, you get a whole 18 holes and you just do that four times or oh, yeah for a whole yeah Yeah, I'm like one round. Yeah. No, not one round blue of Franz Wagner to 199 magic Got something and it's it's late rookie hyper Caleb Houston Okay, if you don't understand golf course Why is why does it why is the guy that has lower negative win? I don't understand Tiger would scored 74 the other guy scored Why Want to win Just swing more. Why are you guys trying to make it so fast? Swing more. Why is it trying to make it so worse? That's what I've always done swing more You're just playing a different game. I just short put it every time on purpose Pop up golf. I just be walking it in Ruby wave rookie Andrew Neymar and Pacers Pulsar is Obi-Wan Jenobley J. Nivea. Yeah swing clock would be good. They need to do that for golf I mean Be the worst thing but like it'd be so much harder to like manage that I think there's a lot Silver Boucher Raptors I think the issue with that is For one person to go like to think about like 20 different factors that to consider like it's very hard to do it I mean, I mean, that's that's baseball, too, right? You could be white bulls number to 299 Pistons Isaiah livers on these sensational signatures Lane. I think that's one I believe post our Gary Payton second Malachi Branham Keegan Murray there's got to be someone somewhere that like not an actual tournament that has done that before though What they do hole in one in a row You wouldn't like you physically wouldn't be able to like not unless it's like a part unless you have that you put You're like, oh, let me play the same hole again. Let me see if I do that again You're not playing like an actual round of golf. You know what I mean? Oh, if you're doing on the same hole At some point in history it's had to have happened right Ruby waved any idea Silver Marvin Magalek pistons Sorry, Eason Yeah, they be walking real slow to the ball. If the clock starts to get there. They're just like As long as they're meeting like the pace of play Ever that's called I perukey Caleb Houston magic. It's pretty good. It could be faster. It could be a little faster But man, you thought some baseball people got upset about the clock wait till they wait till it What if they did that in golf people would be freaking out man silver fireworks Julius Randall nicks? I'll tell you what some of the amateurs that play golf needed. That's for sure silver rookie Jaden Hardy So the amateurs in golf needed yeah She had a hardy rookie silver very nice card March on Bochamp March on Bochamp Jaden Hardy base Donnie yeah, it's too old in the road for you Donnie. I need to get one. What are you talking about me? Let's take baby steps here Let's go to the par three and just start swinging dude. Yeah, right on my side of my for the Suns 299 I was I was literally like hyper chat now Good parallels here a nice hyper chat Holmgren Probably three or four weeks ago. I was literally two inches away from your home. That was so disappointed Yeah, actually damn. When is that ever gonna happen? Yeah pretty much. Yeah I'll be waiting like five years. That's worse to get that close purple blue ice to 125 contagious Caldwell Pope Silver Trevor or sorry, Terry Rose here. She bars me the junior four more packs. Come on show us show us a monster card here Come on Come on prism. Come on prism Blue prism of Tyrese Martin rookie To 199 with a Jason Tatum Sensational signatures All right All right Some of the we were hoping for right there. Congrats Jeffrey. I'm gonna get that in a mag for you, of course hyper George Nyang smack I'm usually right now. I Usually try to play at least once a week, but I'm also practicing to if you're done a week as well so Silver luck of the lottery dice and Daniels pelicans Silver rookie March on Bochamp bucks. I'm pretty much doing something golf related at least like four days a week At least trying to Ruby wave Donovan Mitchell with a hyper Paul George Orange Dale and Terry that's a nice one right there at a 49 rookie 22 a 49 Dale and Terry a nice parallel Silver Wendell Carter, Jr. Roddy and that'll do it appreciate you Jeffrey. Thank you again, man. Look at these out to you


Outside of a CMMC, what are some of the major issues that you've seen that are facing small businesses today? Well, if you've ever heard of this e-commerce solutions, they have many different names for it But it was originally called the tell me colloquially called the Amazon amendment because everybody figured Amazon would get it But the idea was, you know Eric you and I we can go on Amazon one click Two-day shipping. It's very easy online retail. Oh, I know which one you're talking about I know that one That's the one that they could just buy direct whatever they want, right? Yeah, I know that one Yeah, so they want the contracting officers The acquisition people to be able to buy just like you and me can off the street right make it a lot easier and so everybody just called it the amazon amendment because they figured it was kind of Most likely it would be amazon that would get the contract to be the go-to source For commercial goods like that that you can just go online and click Now it has later been changed officially to something like the e-commerce solutions The the portal they have all kinds of names, but They've now been very careful to say that it won't necessarily just be amazon There's other players out there, right? We have Best Buy Walmart.com staples all kinds of things like that, right? But here's the issue to watch out for There's two sides of the story. I'll tell you one side one side Would say as far as small business set-asides go We're entitled to 23 by law 23 goes to set-asides to small businesses to accomplish that goal. You'd say well How are we going to count whether it's a small business set-aside when we're using this this new e-commerce when we're using an online platform And the government can just kind of use it the same way the consumer can Well, what some people have very controversially proposed is they would say Okay, well when you use the e-commerce solution you log on to amazon and you go into like the government window of amazon If you buy something From the company that's on amazon if that company, you know the the third party seller If that company is a small business Then those dollars that the government spent on amazon Counts as a small business set-aside now eric, you know where i'm going with this one, right? Keep keep it up Okay, so so what what this is not christoph's opinion? I'm telling you what some people are proposing they're saying that All those purchases that the government could make on a platform like amazon would actually count For the small business act for federal agency goals every year as a small business set-aside So they would need anybody Okay, so let's go to the other side Let's talk about being a small business advocate like eric and i would be The other side of that would say are you kidding me, right? We have a law saying that you're supposed to prop up and help and energize the small business Economy and the engine of growth is small business and you're going to count these buys from amazon Which is one of the largest most successful global businesses ever You're going to count purchases made through that platform as a small business set-aside That's that's probably not going to fly too well with the House and senate small business committees. Let's just leave it at that, right? interesting well interesting Tell me something that An aspect of the federal contract law if small business new better would help them become better contractors I think You don't even have to get to the law part. I would give you Some of the procedures that are involved with just contract administration I think knowing the rules behind modifications That's where you can make or break yourself So I have some articles that I've published. They're out there for free on my website I have a chapter devoted to it in government contracts in plain english my book The difference between a request for equitable adjustment And a claim if you can master those two ways of asking for a modification on your contract I think that's going to help a lot of small businesses and I'd be happy to give you the bottom line up front in plain english right now So If you have a request for equitable adjustment, you're asking for more money. You may be a schedule extension You're asking in writing and it's because of some clause in the contract or some change in circumstance If you're submitting a claim, you're doing exactly the same thing So people get these confused you're asking for more money in writing based on a clause or a change in circumstance The difference between the two Is that a request for equitable adjustment? They call it an rea that counts as contract administration It's not as if you're suing the government. So because of that You are allowed to build a government for the costs of creating that request for equitable adjustment That means that if you hire eric or christoph as your consultant and you hire an accountant as your cpa to help you calculate the costs Of that modification that you're owed You can build a government For those costs and include it with the increase to your contract. That's with the rea route. I didn't know that Now if you submit a claim a claim is the start of formal Dispute it's the claim the claim starts the litigation process and The claim requires a contracting officer to write back to you within a certain amount of time within a deadline They have to write a final decision The final decision is a lot like a judge's decision and it will stand Unless you appeal that Final decision by the contracting officer and from there You can appeal to federal court or to the boards of contract appeal But the point is You can't get there without first submitting a claim you can't just go to court It requires you to submit a claim but a claim is this first step in litigation So you cannot submit those costs of creating preparing the claims such as outside consultants it also you know the claim creates a A deadline that the government has to respond to and it's a little bit more forceful It's a little bit more adversarial because like I said, it's kind of like you're starting the litigation process if it gets to that point So for that reason People usually And if they don't they should they usually consider submitting a request for equitable adjustment first Before they submit a claim Because first of all an rea is not considered as adversarial a claim is You know sometimes people's feelings get hurt and the government says why did you submit a claim? You could have accomplished this another way But the other reason is that there's a there's a cost advantage to submitting an rea But I think that most small businesses that I know would feel like they've received backlash for even submitting an equitable adjustment I think you're right. I think you're right They might get backlash that people would just do the work just suck it up and eat that cost Yeah, they might get backlash But they would definitely get more backlash from the claim because the claim and again This shows you the differences the the claim creates a timeline and it requires A written contracting officer's final decision. It's more formal Whereas with an rea the government doesn't have a timeline. They can kind of sit on your request for months and months So that's another reason why we have the strategy of submitting the rea first and then the claim you kind of see where it goes with the more I wouldn't say it's friendly, but it's less adversarial method of using an rea And then if the timeline is not going where you needed to go and you need to get a little bit more serious Then some come some contractors will opt for a Claim and you know your your point about riling up your client It's a great point and that certainly applies to protests as well Well, let's let's again.  You said you didn't know Do I submit a record? Well, do I send my an rea? For for which circumstance are we the one with the windows where they told me I have to use one of these four suppliers Well, did you get the contract in that case? Yes, I did Okay, so if you already have the contract And look, you know, I'm being careful here. I don't have all the facts We're just odd cast but we have this example But I mean, that's what we're again, I guess I'm trying to get something out of you, christoff You got to give me something what to do like I need something I mean, I can't I set back. Okay. I told you what I actually did Yeah, I ate it Yeah, it's it's gone like the contract's over with it's already gone So it's nothing you could do to save me at this point or sink me. I got you. What should I have done? Well, let's walk through so if the change like that or some kind of a problem that you feel you're owed Compensation I didn't say we're filled. We owed it. I don't know. I don't how do you determine that? How do you determine if you're owed compensation? Yeah, they told me I could use this guy I used them. Then they told me after I got the contract. I can't use them anymore. Yeah Well, I you know, Eric, I will not I cannot cannot just give you legal advice on something like that I just can't I can't do it. I won't touch that one But instead what I'll do is I'll say what's step one and step two If you think you want to get some kind of a change to your contract You want to add money to your contract in some way? Step one is go for the rea And if that doesn't work File the claim now with step one having no timeline the rea does not have a required timeline That's where I would advise you to put something in your request for equitable adjustment saying We do want a written response within x number of days Because if you don't do that the government can really just kind of sit on it for as long as they would like But I would go with that one two punch Request for equitable adjustment first And follow it up with a claim if you don't get what you want in the first one Okay, let's go back But when does a small business request for an equitable adjustment when there is some change In circumstances that has increased your You know the money that you have to spend to keep this contract going um If you need a schedule extension A request for equitable adjustment can cover almost anything as far as time cost and schedule But what people usually ask them for is for more money So There could be an example where the government has given you direction That causes you to hire more people and put more people on staff Maybe your schedules have increased Maybe people are working more than they used to Maybe the government has sent you a change order Um a formal change order that entitles you to a equitable adjustment and the way you get that equitable adjustment And when I say equitable adjustment, that's just a fancy word for money change to your contract a modification, right? We're talking about the formal process of getting that modification earlier You said that there's something in the in the cares act that talks about this. Yes Well, so we're we're dealing with this coronavirus covet 19 And there was the cares act passed by congress and the interesting thing for government contractors that you need to know about If you are in any way shape or form connected with government contracts You need to know about section 3610 3610 of the cares act that was specifically written for government contractors Now what it does is it? You know, I won't say entitles you But it allows you to get a modification to pay Your employees and your subcontractors, which is extraordinary, but your employees and your subcontractors To pay them the minimum billing rate even if they're idle and they cannot work So let me explain in plain English. They don't want government contractors and government subcontractors To be laying off employees Because we're all shut down. We're having changes in work schedules. People can't come to the work site They know that if you're not billing the government if you're not working your regular regular schedule that that employer Is going to start laying off employees So they don't want that to happen. So when the economy goes back into full speed They don't want to have all the federal contracting companies be it, you know, 50 staffing So section 3610 Allows you to get a modification to pay your company more money So that it can actually pay its employees The minimum billing rate on that contract even when they are not working So this is for contractors who cannot work and who cannot telework Due to changes from, you know, the corona virus quarantines or whatever And the idea is that the government will foot the bill for your idle employees so that you don't just boot them off your Your payroll completely So this is something that every federal contractor should examine and see if they're eligible And I would add that it is based on contract per contract Okay, so you have to look at each one of your contracts and submit a request for equitable adjustment or perhaps a claim I'm citing to section 3610 of the cares act and the line has already been forming This is causing a huge flood of modifications and requests for modifications So you want to be at the front of that line and you want to get your modification quickly And to do so you need to have all your ducks in a line You got to have all your documentation and paperwork ready to go