I think some desks paid there.  We have three weeks left of personnel that's backed up. Pretty simple, this particular agenda. Some of these names that you'll recognize. The number one item here, I think the biggest job, is the deputy secretary of commerce. Clarence Brown is the choice of Mac Baldridge and also well, hello, I'm in the Excellency. How are you? Very happy to see you, and happy to be with you. Pleasure. Our past Bishop of New York, our past Bishop of New York, and that's how we do it, so we're just going to have you presently have a look at the reception of the meeting with Jim, and we'll get you to lie to my God, and just tell him, sir, I'll see you in the meeting. Local, where on the table? In the interest of Jim, where do you see him? We're waiting for Chip Pichet, Mr. President. You've been here a long time, terrible. Oh, yeah, it's my pleasure, Mr. President. Yeah, this is the one. Chip is the one who put this. All right. Well, this is my visit. It's very nice to see you. It's a great surprise to see you. So I have this, my first passport. I'll come to pick it up. Mr. President, Chip Pichet is the same Pichet. Thank you. Well, we, the attorney general, when I was better, have a nice reception. I do, I do very well. I have been there. And on the 4th of November, as a Catholic, I was in California when you were elected. I did some prayer. Thank you very much. And I know you very well. I should be very honoured. Yes. First of all, I would like to see you in the name of Mark Beorah, who waited and breathed my first prayer in his arms. So, in the name of all his alumni and people, I thank you and your administration for the work. So understand that the American government, through you, leadership has taken in support of that. That country for us is our home. And indeed, we are so much. I hope that through you continues and steady effort of supporting the President and the Center Foundation. That is that all communities wish. And I add my voice to the voice of other community leaders. Well, thank you. Thank you for opening up the tour again. We're going to continue. Yes. And secondly, that I would like to express to you my joy of seeing my people and many people so happy, so prosperous, in this country of so great freedom and opportunity. And we Armenians and other communities in the world look on the USA as that great nation. And it is not for the compliment, I say this, we believe in it, that support the growth of the small nations who really aspire for contribution in the family of nations and the states, the United States, that's for all these people and we are very happy that your government has provided our people all the facilities in this country of the United States to prosper and to bring their offer, they offer their contribution to the growth and prosperity of this country. And therefore, this is the insignia of the Grand Cross of Cilicia. Cilicia is the ancient kingdom where my ancestors came from, where my predecessors lived that only it was after the First World War that Arctolicosate moved out of Cilicia and came to really be reestablished in Lebanon. So this is the Grand Cross of the ancient kingdom of Cilicia with your permission I would like to have the great honor of drawing this decree in the name of that small Armenian nation. I am really honored. Thank you very much. May God strengthen you in all your services. Thank you. Paul Volcker, how about you? This is a different occasion. We're in here this launching of the fundraising drive for the United Negro College. It has been well launched. I'm just taking your representation on your rentals, Dominique. They contribute with millions of dollars. It's a very worthwhile drive and more that I can do for it. Mr. President, can you tell us when you might have something for us? There's a photo offer here, but when I have something for you, you're going to be the first to know. Next week. Will it be today? Will it be today? No. Thanks, Dad. Thank you. Well, thank you again for helping. Thank you for doing it. Thank you. Mr. President, I'm making business out of the villains anymore. This whole private enterprise president has just spread throughout the country. President. Thank you. Mr. President, let's get a group picture and face the camera again. Again. Surround me. Can't see you. I want you to look closer. I want you to look closer. There's a lot of space in between this. Mr. President, we're very happy and thrilled to have done a copy of the Centennial Prodigy, which I know you're quite interested in. Yes. We're asked to produce this, by the Mr. Ayacopas committee. And we very happily agreed to do so. And as I said, we're very thrilled to be a part of it. We're a product of our printing plan, particularly in New Jersey. We hope that the Centennial Fund starts to grow and grow and grow. Well, there's a very handsome contribution to the effort. And I'm sure it will be a help. I'm very proud to. We have 250 people who have a big part of it. We're very happy to have a part of it. We're just feeling to be here. Well, I'm pleased to have this. Thank you very much. This Philip Spocker had a lot to do with that. Well, pleased to. That's the lady money. Continue to stand there. I hear the money's rolling in pretty well. Oh, that's good to hear. We hear that. Well, this should be a big hit. This is just beautiful. I once had the thrill of getting up virtually before dawn. Coming back on a ship from Europe in my first years. It's quite an impressive sight. It's going to be great to have it all in good shape. Yes. We appreciate your having us down here. Well, my pleasure. Again. It may take a little bit of time because these things never seem to cooperate with what they're supposed to. Sure. And if you just pin it right on the flap of this pocket, he's got rid of some of this above it.  If you'd like to just say a few remarks to the Commander-in-Chief's family. People came, immigrants came, and they didn't have papers. They put a card on a WOP that meant without papers while they straightened out whether they came to the country or not. That's where it came from. You've got to breathe. What is family going to build in this? I haven't seen you this low an altitude. Yes, sir. That's my son, Jeffrey. That's my daughter, Wendy. That's my wife, Sue. Hello there. Well, it's nice to see you. I think we ought to have a group photo but I think we ought to wait first for a little ceremony here that is going to take place. I think those things happen. Yes, sir. The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the Legion of Merit to Commander William A. Waters, Civil Engineer Corps, United States Navy for service as set forth in the following citation. For exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service as commanding officer of the Presidential Retreat at Camp David from May 1981 to June 1983, Commander Waters consistently demonstrated professional competence in the highest order and performed all duties with great distinction. His keen insight, leadership and attention to detail enabled him and the personnel in his command to provide the highest degree of support to the most senior officials of the United States and numerous foreign governments. Commander Waters provided the perfect atmosphere for each Presidential event at the Naval Support Facility, Thermont, Maryland, and maintained and supervised a facility improvement program which resulted in the maintenance and a more capable emergency response organization. He exercised sound professional ability, initiative, and exceptional judgment in carrying out his many assignments in support of the Office of the President of the United States. His outstanding leadership, perseverance, and selfless devotion to duty, Commander Waters reflected great credit for himself and of held the final traditions of the United States Naval Service. It's a jar with the Presidential sealant but it's filled with jelly beans. This President, we need to get a family picture of her. Yes. And incidentally everybody over this way, this President, we're getting a reflection of her. There. Which is the President? The Honourable. Why don't we get this guy in front of the President? So we're going to be clear. This way. See, there's one thing. Why are you wherever there? Did you ever measure the height of that basket every time you drive? I look at that basket and I think that's higher than it's supposed to be. When we said height, girls are good boys, sir. I never knew whether it was just that it looked that way or whether it really was. I believe it's regulation. Is it? I saw it here with a basket bomb by now. All right, sorry. I do have two more years to enjoy. It's probably more. It's a special place. We're honored to live there, to be a part of it. We certainly enjoyed it more because of your presence. Thank you, sir. Thank you, sir. There was a little mystery the last time we were there. Down along the trails where we ride on a tree, the arrow went up and I love Nancy. Oh, really? Now I know what you do with your English. I didn't do it. I didn't do it. I was just beginning to wonder. Mr. President, oh, that's a great charm recently. Will this water? Thank you, sir. Thank you. All right, well, good luck. Thank you very much. Thank you, sir. Thank you. Bill, let's have it. Let's have it. Mr. President, for Roger Smith, General Motors, for General Secretary. Good to see you. Good to see you. This is the one. This is the one. No, don't use the call of your argument. I'm Bruce Haynes. Dr. Haynes, please. This is one of the award winners. Jay Kropp. This is another awardee. Dr. Frye. Dr. Ross. Nice to see you. Dr. Erickson. Good to see you. I'll have a connection with NIH. Mr. President. Yes, and the whole board winners from Cancer Research. I'm going to have a chance to congratulate you. Thank you very much for what you're doing, but also to thank General Motors that played such a part And making this research possible is certainly part of our private initiative that is working with us. But the most important people are behind us. What's that? The most important people. What? Yes. Yes. We want to hear and to be able to say congratulations and thanks. You want to show them the award right here next to the President? Yes, look at the awards. Look at this. Look at this. Look at this. Mr. Kettering. Mr. Kettering. Mr. Kettering. Mr. Kettering. Mr. Kettering. Mr. Kettering. Mr. Kettering. Mr. Kettering. Well, he did this upon me and a electric starter. He did this upon me and electric starter I had learned. Let's see if we have Mr. Sloan and one of them, Mr. Mottage. And behind him is Dr. Roach. So nothing is important. I'm in Chicago. It's kind of a lot of things. As soon as I'm related to that, it's my marriage. I'm a Nancy's father. You know, sir, tomorrow. The first year of service. That's my marriage. That's the very same story. I'll work with President Obama. Is that right? Thank you very much, Mr. President. Yes, thank you, Mr. President. I thought you liked that. We've got to write down the floor of the accelerator now. You like that? We'll be some happy people out in the lead. We'll go through the rest of them. We're getting it done. 4,500 today. Isn't that wonderful? We're getting down where we're getting most of them. Then we can get back. We'll be back probably another year or two. Finally, it's back over. And we're not after that. Thank you, Mr. President. Reganomics, starting over. I hear the first fish caught, Maine, comes to the President, and his father caught the one that was delivered to Franklin. That's the great keeping of his family. He must have told you where the fishing pole was. He did. He taught me well. He had to retire to keep it. I'm going to present it. Just a little one for Maine. Just a small one. That's a small one. 9.5 pounds. Mr. President, it's an honor and a privilege to present this first Atlantic salmon from the Bangor Salmon Port in Bangor, Maine, but I'm Scott Grier. I hope that you sincerely, and Mrs. Regan, enjoy it. With your dining table, here's a delicious flavor for you. It's really like a treat. Of course, it's symbolic of something else, and I know that there's been a great effort up there for Maine. It really is. Oh, it's happening. It's just wonderful. Thank you very much. This is a symbolic of a joint program that we have for Maine. This is federal government, state government, enforcement and health care. We started a number of years ago. And this will be Nicaragua 3rd. The mean Nicaragua 3rd. Nicaragua 3rd. Ambassador Spen. Mr. President, I have a question. Mr.  Welcome. Next Tuesday, we're looking forward to that visit, and we enjoyed very much having a royal family here, and we had met them once a couple of days ago in Spain. Yes. Please return my warmest regards to him to the camp. Thank you. It's been a great pleasure. Welcome to Washington. I'm pleased to have you here. Mr. President. Mr. President. Hello there. This is a meeting for you.  Is it alright to give them a kiss? Sir. Good. I want to. Come on. Say thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much.


Hello, welcome to NewsClick. You are watching Present, Past and the Future and I am Neelanjan Mukhopadhyay. Twice a year, the Republic Day and the Independence Day are occasions when we are coaxed to flaunt our nationalism of patriotism by buying flags which are being sold in various red light junctions in different cities across the country. About 250 years ago, a very important scholar had said that patriotism is the refuge of scoundrels. In the contemporary world, especially in India, we might as well say that nationalism has become the last refuge of paranoid politicians. Why do I say it? Since 2014, nationalism has become some kind of a favorite tick of this particular regime that we are under in this country. Every time that there is a crisis or a challenge, the word nationalism is flaunted and anybody who disagrees with their version of nationalism is painted as an anti-national or somebody who is working against national interests. This is not the first time that it is being done in India. Almost 35 years ago, Indira Gandhi used to constantly warn people about the foreign hand whenever her regime was being challenged and toppled for various indiscretions of her own government. So, we do have a past where insecure leaders invoke the nationalist spirit to strengthen themselves to gain greater support. But this has become much more serious in the last few years, especially because it is increasingly being also used as an electoral strategy. Now, to discuss this very important question, especially at a time when we are getting into the election season, it is fairly certain that the spirit of nationalism is going to be denigrated and is going to be misused. I would like to talk about this and for this, I have invited Sukumar Mudlidharan, a very senior journalist who is also currently teaching journalism in the Jindal University. Sukumar, welcome to the program. My first question to you if I can actually put a question is that right from the beginning, we have had two strands of ideas as to how we define nationalism right from for almost more than 100 years in India from the time we had the freedom struggle going on. On one hand, you had an inclusive government, inclusive nationalism which was articulated by the Congress and by several others who were a part of the mainstream nationalist movement. On the other side, you had a sectarian or a non-inclusive kind of nationalism, also called Hindu nationalism. Basically, the point being that different kind of premises as to what kind of India, what is our kind of India, idea of India as we say it, that determined as to different forms of nationalism. It is continuing even today. We see it for the last five years under this present regime. That's right. Although I would disagree whether the inclusive form of nationalism was the exclusive property of the Congress. There were other strands of that and there were sectarian elements within the Congress also. But yes, nationalism is a distinctly modern idea and people try to reach back to distant recesses of history to discover the origins of nationalism. And nationalism are essentially on a futile quest or creating an artificial kind of sense of solidarity when it didn't exist. Nationalism is very much an artifact of modernization and industrial society. And I think these begin in India in the late 19th century and there were two strands as you say. There was one which was early on, it was difficult to articulate a kind of civic bond between Indians of all faiths and communal leanings. So there was a talk, an elite kind of nationalism which said that the educated Indian strata has proved itself deserving of equal citizenship in the British Empire. And there was the other which was associated with the five brands like Tilak, Lokman, Tilak and others, which spoke of revivalism of ancient cultures, of Hinduism and the Vedic civilization. Revivalism which Tilak articulated, that is what eventually gave the inspiration for what became the Hindu nationalism. That's right, yes. So he is left a very strong kind of bequest in terms of the Hindu nationalist stream. And of course the other stream also, these were continuously in contention and of course the Hindu revivalist stream of thought also triggered an equal and opposite reaction of Islamic revivalism. And there was a severe kind of contest between these in terms of capturing numbers because numbers suddenly came to be seen as key to political success. And with the census that the British started during the colonial times, it is very important to prove that you had numbers so that you could take a claim to political power. But if we talk in terms of an ideology, the ideology of nationalism, let's not look at the various streams. But under the colonial era, nationalism had one kind of meaning. That's right. The post-independence, nationalism had to evolve as an idea and not be used as a very dogmatic ideology which is what it is. That comes about over time. There's a slow process of evolution which of course you have Tagore, Rabindma Tagore during World War I, articulating a very serious kind of opposition to nationalism as an ideology because he sees the carnage of World War I all around him and sees that this is the consequence of nationalism which pits man against man, community against community. And there's a long debate between Gandhi and Tagore over how future Indian politics should be organized. But from about 1929, you have what is a sense of civic equality being seen as a foundation of nationalism. And key points in that evolution are 1929, the Purna Swaraj Resolution of the Indian National Congress which adopted Purna Swaraj as the objective. So, you know, because still then there had been a lot of wavering between Dominion status of Purna Swaraj and so on and so forth. So, 1929 under the... That you had a clear cut in 1920 and you had a clear cut objective. Right. So, what you are trying to get with the leadership of Pandit Nehru and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and so on, the Congress finally committed itself to Purna Swaraj. In 1931 in the Karachi Congress, the Resolution spoke of nationalism based on civic equality of all citizens, religious neutrality. That's right. There will be no kind of... There will be a strict separation of church and state and welfare orientation which would promote the well-being of all citizens, including the poorest with a special kind of emphasis on welfare. So, that 1931 Karachi Resolution is a Resolution of Historic Significance. And I think that essentially was the template for post-independence India. We, of course, didn't settle the issue there. That's also the period when the template of the other strand, the Hindu nationalist strand, is also set up. That's also the time by which the RSS has been formed. The RSS is actually in a quandary, head give or is in a quandary at that time, especially after Purna Swaraj, as to whether to support it, also whether to celebrate January 26 as the national celebration day. It also forces the RSS to agree to allow its corridor to participate in the civil disobedience movement, but as individuals, not as an organization. So, the contradictions really starts coming in. Let me also just read out, you know, I'm sure that you would know, but also for the benefit of our readers, you know, what Nehru wrote in the Discovery of India. He said that, Nationalism can only come out of the ideological fusion of Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and other groups in India. That does not mean that extension of any real culture of any group, but it does mean a common national outlook to which other matters are subordinated. To which other matters are subordinated. So, definitely he is talking about a fusion, you know, something which is against the idea of this particular regime against the Sangh Parivar which this government represents, the ideology of Hindu nationalism which was first articulated by Savarkar and then later on worked upon by various other ideologues of the movement. Yes, indeed. There are two kinds of attitudes here again. There's one which speaks about an exclusion of our religion and faith from the public sphere so that you're essentially talking about privatization of all faiths. And there's another one which says that, okay, allow all faiths equal opportunity in the public sphere and if you have that foundation of civic equality, they can all have their say and you can achieve a kind of higher synthesis of all these faiths which will get you a kind of syncretic national identity that reflects the complexities of our history. So, those were continuously in play. They emerge even during the constitutional assembly debates and there are people who articulate the former viewpoints, a strict exclusion and there are people who articulate the latter viewpoints. But this has become much more sharp and much more crystallized in the last three decades since the emergence of the Ram Janam Hume movement. You know, really if you try to put it as a watershed, that's a time when the nature of Indian political discourse starts changing and there is greater acceptance for the Hindu nationalistic idea. It did, you know, be in, you know, as a contested idea for a long period of time but in the last 10 years or so, there's a greater amount of an acceptance of the ideology of Hindu nationalism. You know, you find various of the political parties also, even the Congress, we talk about soft Hindu. But if you consider this very carefully, you'll find that it has a shifting constituency. There are different elements which sign up for that ideology from one election to another and the key aspect of the Hindu nationalist Hindutva coalition, if you might call it that today, is the large scale entry of OBCs who used to be outside that consolidation at one time. You also have the non-dominant subcasts among the Dalits who are the influential. You have a very conscious strategy. So they have managed to put together a social coalition based on these calculations of what ensures best electoral success. So in a sense, they're playing upon short-term resentments that certain sections may feel at their exclusion from the ruling arrangement. Like, for instance, in UP, they have recruited the non-Jatav Dalits because the Jatavs achieved a lot of power under them. Even among the OBCs, you have the non-Yadav. Exactly. They already did it. So they have welded this constituency along with the traditional high-upcast constituencies to create this coalition. Well, that's stable and how far they can hold that constituency together, that coalition together from one election to another is still debatable. It still remains unproven. If you look at the evidence of the recent assembly elections in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, even Gujarat. There definitely has been an erosion from the vote levels which the party had in 2014 and even in 2017, especially in Uttar Pradesh or in other assembly elections. If you look at the bi-elections in Uttar Pradesh. But the point is that if you actually try to plot an imaginary index of Hindutva, go back and look at the 80s and bring it now, we'll find that the index of Hindutva has been rising slowly. There are periods when there's a slump, but that does not mean that it is dying out. So it definitely has emerged as a dominant ideology in the country and it is acquiring, it has a huge amount of space in the public discourse. Well, what has changed is that the Congress leadership has kind of retreated from its commitment to oppose the Hindutva. And not just the Congress. It's not just the 80s, it's the 1960s. Also there was a strong revivalist movement when the Congress coalition was under some stress and they had successive electoral setbacks, 1967, 68, 69. What we are seeing in the way in which nationalism is being used as a stick to beat the adversary with, you know, we are talking also about the JNU charge sheet which has been filed very recently. The idea being, you know, this entire campaign again, this so-called tukde-tukde gang, the idea is that opposition to the government is also opposed to the nation. You know, if you are questioning government policy or anything, be it on the issues of minorities, be it on the issues of deprived communities or different neglect of regions, be it Kashmir or be it in Chattisgarh or various places, you know, where you have people's movements going on of different kinds. If you are questioning it, then it means that you are against the nation. So what is happening is that you have a very singular idea of nation and this is not happening only in India. Very recently the French President Macron, you know, while celebrating the centenary of the First World War, talked about that it was universal ideas which motivated the soldiers and not a narrow, parochial nationalism which might have motivated or rather, you know, what Donald Trump would want to present that occasion, you know, to celebrate American nationalism. So it is a part of a global trend. Well, there are global determinants for this in the sense of the increasing turbulence, the kind of globalization which has eroded a sense of belonging, a sense of identity. There are flows of manpower, there are flows of capital which nobody can control. Your lives are being increasingly determined by the rhythms of international capital flows which very few people understand. So there is a sense of loss of control that citizens all over the world are feeling and this is the kind of response to that, a reaction to that which is taking it along a direction in which the hazards are more because you are going to get into more and more of insularity and fail to see that the solutions lie in common pursuits, common endeavors across borders. So you are retreating into these national borders and creating artificial kinds of antagonisms within these borders and seeking a solution by disentitling certain people. Some certain categories of citizens are now being disempowered. If you see this kind of... Beyond that, you know, this other problem is that especially in India what we are seeing is that there is a very consistent use of hate. Yes, exactly. And that is a prelude to the actual disenfranchisement of people, the disempowerment of people because when you have this kind of a campaign directed against certain categories of citizens basically saying that they are not deserving of civic equality and they are not deserving of citizens' rights, that's the first stage towards an active disempowerment in terms of the constitutional rights. So that is a danger that we are seeing all over the world. Everywhere the new nationalism is built upon definition of the other which is threatening the security of those who are truly deserving. So in India it is the illegal migrant which is a kind of coded reference to a certain religious faith because everybody from that faith is regarded in some sense as undeserved. And you can see the conflict coming up over the citizen bill, you know, citizen chip. Exactly, exactly. And the imposition of the other criterion for availing of certain citizens' entitlements. Now that cuts across the religious fault lines and potentially disempowers large sections of our Dalits and tribal communities also. So there are all these kinds of stratagems at play which mean that we are moving further and further away from an inclusive nationalism based on civic equality. How can this be countered because the mainstream political parties, even those who are in opposition to the dominant political force of today, they are not willing to tackle it ideologically for pragmatic electoral reasons. We saw that as to how very important minority-related issues were not articulated by the Congress in Madhya Pradesh and in Rajasthan. Last year we saw that even in Gujarat they were not raised issues which are critical not just to minorities but to the secular fabric of this country do not get raised. There is a general kind of sense that we should not be seen to be stating too much for the minorities. Sonia Gandhi made a public speech last year in which she said that unfortunately the Congress has got the image of being a pro-Muslim party. So there is a conscious attempt to move away from a commitment to safeguarding minorities' status in this country. Which is probably the most unfortunate thing that's happened since independence because so far we have, at least the Congress has chosen never to adopt that idiom of political discourse of identifying people by religion and targeting particular people on the basis of their faith. Now that they have, you have to really wonder if this rightward shift of the political center of gravity is going to finally culminate in the disempowerment and disenfranchisement of entire sections of people. But what I do believe is that the political costs of this will prove more than they can bear at some point because you cannot have too accurate a targeting of people based on religious faith alone. It becomes a process by which along with this category of people you begin to exclude others also from other social strata, from other social sections. And then you create a potential for consolidation of those who are threatened by exclusion, who could exercise their franchise and reassert some of their electoral strength and then regain some of the ground that they're losing. So it's a complex game and I don't think there's any party which is willing to risk the entire loss of say 13% of the national electoral constituency, national electoral vote which is people of the Muslim faith except for the BJP. BJP has built a strategy on excluding them altogether. BJP strategy is what we call reverse polarization that you try to, you do not, you target the Muslims so that you can go back to the Hindus and say that. In Uttar Pradesh they had a clear strategy of what is called 60 to 40 because they identified 40% of the population as people who would be averse to their appeal. That includes the Muslims, the Yadavs and the Yadavs and a few others who are aligned with these categories. So the other 60% is where they directed their entire focus, their entire attention and they managed to win that substantial number of votes. That BSP and the BSP coming together, if you speak to leaders of the BSP and the SP individually, they do confess that there is actually no certainty that their loyal voter base is going to rebate with them and not get swayed away by a last minute Hindutva wave in favor of the BJP. Their worry is that there may be certain kind of reasons as to what happened in 2013-14. You had a criminal riot in Muzaffarnagar and that impacted the elections all over the country. Those kind of events can sway voter loyalty at the last minute but finally, I think they will make a calculation about how far will this particular political formation safeguard my interests in the next five years. So that they are, I think, better aware of than most parties give them credit for. I think they will make the decision based on a fairly sound calculation. So to counter it, do you think that there is a necessity to point out that their version of nationalism is different from the kind of patriotism which should be encouraged and allowed to thrive in this country? How can it be argued upon? Well, yes, patriotism and nationalism, there have been periods in history when these have been in contest. Patriotism, the origin of the term is in the Latin, but patriotism is also a common root for patrimony. There was a notion that only people who have a stake in the land, the owners of the land, are capable of patriotism. Patrimony is being property. So there was a disenfranchisement of all those who were labored on the land but didn't have ownership interests in the land. So nationalism became at some point a popular form of mobilization by which they managed to recruit even these people without property into the common shared political quest. So in India, again, you could say Tagore was not a nationalist, but he was a patriot in the sense that he believed that everybody should have a stake in the political... I think on that note that it's possible it's time for us to go back to the kind of patriotism which was articulated by people like Tagore to go back and say that that is patriotism and this false nationalism which we are pursuing and which is... Tagore and Gandhi in his own way? Yes, it is. Many several others also. Ambedkar also has one specific understanding of this. So a kind of patriotism or a kind of nationalism which is not unitary, which is not inward looking is the kind of idea which we should go back. Thank you, Sukumar, for coming and joining me on this particular program. And thank you for watching. We just hope that we do not really become a people who start living in very small boxes and instead of being a great nation, we become a nation of very small people. Thank you very much for watching this.


The study proposes an approach for estimating photosynthetic vegetation, senescent vegetation, and bare soil fraction in North America's mixed grasslands using Landsat-8 imagery and a constrained linear spectral unmixing model. The DFI index performs better than the SWIR-32 in predicting NPV from spectral unmixing, and index selection and equation setup have significant effects on estimation accuracy. This article was authored by Cialau, Qingxiaogua, Cheji Chen, and others.


From Korea to Germany, from Alaska to Puerto Rico. All over the world, the men and women of your army are on the alert to defend our nation, you, the American people, against aggression. This is The Big Picture. Welcome to The Big Picture. I'm Captain Carl Zimmerman. We have an army for one reason. To fight should have become necessary. Soldiers of free nations fight only to preserve their freedom, not to conquer or enslave other people. Last week on Our Big Picture program, we showed you how the American soldier must know what he is fighting for. But he must also know how to fight. Because we never know when the enemy will force us to fight. Our army must be ready. And we can be ready only after hard, rugged training. For the young men who are becoming soldiers in army training centers here and overseas, training today is rugged because combat is even more rugged. Combat experience shows that our soldiers must be physically tough, mentally alert, and skilled in the care and use of their weapon. These three abilities, plus the eagerness to use them for the good of the team, are what make the army fighter. Most of our new soldiers never fired a weapon before putting on the uniform. The belief that Americans are naturally good soldiers has led to other beliefs that don't stand up under close study. One of these ideas is that Americans who are brave and self-reliant as individuals will always show these qualities when gathered together as soldiers. This does happen, but only after each man has learned how to live and fight alongside the other members of his team. Life in a training center is not only rugged, but it moves at a fast pace. General Mark Clark, who as Chief of the Army Field Forces is charged with the training of all field troops, has said, in the training of the American soldier, great emphasis is placed on preparing him psychologically and physically to meet and overcome a savage and ruthless enemy who violates every recognized rule of international law. A trainee learns to be a soldier much as you would learn a civilian job. He starts by acquiring basic skills, which every soldier must know no matter where he may serve later. A new 16-week basic training is a coordinated program with some subjects previously taught in separate classes, now presented concurrently with other instruction. Here's how this works. Map reading may be taught during field marches rather than in classroom lectures. Trainees learn how to take cover or dig foxholes as part of other training, not as separate subjects. There are no non-essential subjects in basic training. Its main purpose is to teach the new soldier how to use and care for his weapons and equipment, as well as how to care for himself. At the rifle range, each man gets to know the capabilities and limitations of his weapon. He comes to regard it as vital, not only to the mission of his unit, but to his own preservation. Everywhere he goes during his training day, the new soldier usually carries his rifle with him in the field or classroom. Although the tempo of the training program has been speeded up, the trainee still gets plenty of individual instruction. Experienced instructors teach the importance of such things as taking care of clothing and equipment. First aid. Guard duty. The soldier's responsibility in protecting government property. Precautions against enemy chemical attack. How to conceal and camouflage troops and equipment against enemy observation. Knowing how to work with one squad. This includes how the squad is organized and how it operates in combat. Soon the satisfaction of learning how to be a soldier far outweighs whatever difficulty a man may find in getting into the swing of things. The busy training schedule allows time for supervised athletics. Physical conditioning is continuous, integrated with other training. As the weeks pass, the bodies toughen. Muscles and minds respond to discipline. The short close marches to and from training areas and classrooms are now expanded to longer route marches and progressively longer forced marches. By this time there are bivouacs, gun drill and no one minds very much if it gets dirty digging foxholes, machine gun emplacements, or mortar emplacements. Some veterans claim that hard training can be as tough as combat itself. For at least two weeks of the training period, the men live in pup tents and train in the field regardless of the weather. Individual training is something like making the football team. After a couple of weeks, the men forget about feeling physically sore and find the enjoyment of playing the game. They must stay with it, train hard in order to be able to carry the ball when the time comes. Your army is constantly trying out new methods to make instruction more practical and more readily understandable to the trainee. Effective training aids are used to help the soldier absorb the teaching and if there are more ways to make the instruction interesting, leave it to your army to find them. Training of one kind or another continues for the soldier as long as he is in the army. There are important lessons to be learned in the amphibious training course or perhaps it's back to the range to learn to fire additional weapons like the 30 caliber machine gun, the recoilless rifle, the portable flamethrower, the various mortars and as his training progresses beyond the basic stage, the new soldier is impressed more and more with the importance of teamwork. It discovers that the rifle squad is a team made up of soldiers armed with several different weapons and trained in special skills. Each man on the squad has a special job to do to make the team move. It takes a team of soldiers to fire an artillery piece, run a tank. No matter what a soldier's job is in the army, it must be done exactly right so that his team will perform the way it should. The new soldier learns that your army is made up of many teams. Tank infantry teams, infantry tank artillery teams, air ground teams, supply teams, all working together to win. Some of the methods introduced in World War II to add realism to training are now back in the program such as the infiltration course. A company of men crawls out of a starting ditch, ahead of them are machine guns firmly mounted and fixed to assure safety. The guns fire live ammunition over the heads of the men as they crawl 75 yards toward the finish line. Each soldier inches forward, head and body down, and keeping his rifle out of the dirt. There are obstacles in his path, barbed wire barriers, under which he must pass on his back, and at frequent intervals demolition charges are set off to emulate actual battle. Finally, the soldier rolls into the finish trench, fixes his bayonet, and charges a dummy enemy. Constant improvements are being made on the combat in cities course. In mock villages, trainees using live ammunition and grenades learn the special tactics of street fighting and advancing from house to house learn how to toss grenades into buildings before entering. And how long to hold a grenade before the toss. All too frequently in actual combat, the enemy has thrown back grenades to the center because they weren't held long enough. The new soldier learns teamwork and coordination in locating hidden enemy troops in village buildings and how to ferret them out. The third of the three combat indoctrination courses is the close combat course. This tests a man's ability to handle himself under unexpected conditions. As a team advances, targets suddenly appear. Man-sized silhouettes spring up from the ground. This course is training for keeping constantly alert to be ready to use one's weapons at a moment's notice. It gives the trainee confidence in himself and in his bodies who work with him. During their training period, most new soldiers witness an impressive demonstration of firepower. Like the mad minute at Fort Benning, Georgia, where a representative group of combined weapons of a reinforced infantry company fire simultaneously. Demonstrations such as this show the enormous firepower that a standard American division carries. And familiarizes the new men with the weapons available in supporting units is just what it is. In field problems, trainees fire their weapons using blank ammunition. Under the new system of teaching the technique of fire, the trainee moves out into an area, is fired on, and then proceeds to a firing point where he takes positions. Practice mines which can be detonated without harming a man, make the trainee acutely conscious of the mine hazard and give him experience in mine laying. Groups of men pass through minefields, mark or detonate the mines, and then relay them in different spots for the next groups to discover. Your army's light aviation is proving to be of considerable value in troop training. Planes are used to accustom the soldier to enemy bombing attacks. Infamiliarization with procedure for the adjustment of artillery fire and in reconnaissance training. The aggressor force plays a prominent role in the training program. Equipped with the uniforms and weapons of a mythical enemy, the aggressor force brings a realistic atmosphere to field problems. By firing blank ammunition against trainee attackers, the aggressor force provides sufficient resistance to make the field problem seem very close to the real thing. As an aid to avoiding panic and hysteria on the battlefield, the new soldier is exposed to the noise and confusion of combat. Instead of just sitting and listening to the shells passing overhead, the unit engages in a tactical problem. The trainee is taught to respect enemy artillery but not to fear it. He learns to appreciate the aid which friendly artillery offers. Where conditions permit, he approaches in a foxhole while a tank passes over him. This helps to give him confidence and the ability to act calmly. One third of all tactical training is done at night. This is to prepare soldiers for action under all conceivable conditions. Very recently, Army cameramen were on hand to record combat training exercises at Fort Dix, New Jersey. This attack course provides the trainee with the opportunity of showing to himself as well as to his superiors how well he has learned his lessons. Here, the young soldier must apply his know-how to situations that seem confused and unexpected because that's the way things are in combat. The soldier and his squad make mistakes in these combat exercises. Now at Fort Dix, they're just mistakes. Later, in actual combat, they would cost lives. Fort Dix attack problem were the commander of the 9th Division, General Allen, and Secretary of the Army, Pace. How are you, General? Fine, thank you so much. I've enjoyed this exercise and for me, it had all the elements of realism. This certainly looks like a place where there had really been combat. Thought maybe, though, to find out from some of the men, we might step over here and talk to a couple of the men who've been through it. What's your judgment on that? I'll be fine, Mr. Secretary. Step on over. How are you, son? Son, what's your name? My name is Private Robert Gilmour. Where's your home? I'm in Connecticut, sir. How long have you been in this training course? I've been here for 16 weeks, sir. Is this the 16th week? Yes, sir. Did you just participate in this maneuver? Yes, sir, I have. What's your reaction to it? Do you think it's realistic? Very much so, sir. Yes, I do. How about air support, tank support? Do you get the feel of being on a team? Yes, sir. I think it's a very good coordination between the three of them, sir. Tell me, do you think they could make it tougher and you could take it? I think so, sir, yes. Do you think you could take it even tougher? After all the training, sir, yes. Well, that's what I want to know. Now, overall, the thing I really want to know is do you feel like after you've had something like this you could play your part in combat if you had to go into combat? That's the real question. Yes, sir, I could. Very much so. Do you feel that way? Yes, sir, I do. Fine. Thanks very much. And best of luck to you, old boy. Soldier, I'm Frank Pace, secretary of the Army. My name is Private Browning, sir. How long have you been in the Army, Private Browning? I've been here for about four months and a half. Four months and a half. How long have you been in this training course here in Fort Decc? 16 weeks, sir. Tell me your own reaction to this maneuver you've just been through. Well, I think it's a very good problem, sir. You think it's a good problem?  Well, I think it do give you a lot of more guts and it really may be for being able to take at yourself more better by going through this problem before going overseas. Do you develop some buddies in this outfit that you think you could rely on if you went overseas? I think you could, sir. I see. Now, let me ask you just one other question. Do you think that you could take it if it were tougher? I think I could. You think you could have it? After being... going through the 16 weeks of base, I think... You think your 16 weeks fixes you up so you can take it tough? That's what I like to hear an American soldier say. Good luck to you, old boy. Thank you, sir. All right. After they have been fully trained in the fundamentals, soldiers take part in maneuvers like exercise snowfall at Camp Drum in Northern New York. Maneuvers are tactical exercises by large bodies of troops. One of the main values of maneuvers is that they give practice in teamwork on a bigger scale than anything possible in the earlier period of training. Companies, battalions and regiments learn to work as teams just as the squads and platoons learned it earlier. On maneuvers, the soldier begins to see how the team is much larger and greater than he thought and that he depends on a lot more people than members of his own squad or company. Born troops were part of the maneuvers at Operation Snowfall. Large numbers of paratroopers participated in the airdrop invasion of a cold, snow-covered country. Southern Pines was another recent exercise held in North Carolina. Here, our troops gained valuable knowledge on what fighting is like in a temperate climate. Exercise Portrex in Puerto Rico was designed to prepare troops for combat fighting in the semi-tropics. In the snows and cold of Alaska, in war games called Exercise Sweetbriar, soldiers practiced the fundamentals they had learned and gained new experience in arctic fighting. The dry sands of Nevada was the scene of Operation Desert Rock. Here, soldiers had a brand new experience, a first-hand introduction to an atomic bomb explosion. They were at a safe distance but still close enough to understand what to expect from atomic warfare. Maneuvers are not confined to the United States. Mock warfare on a giant scale is carried on by American troops stationed in Europe and in Japan, where our fighting men undergo intensive training, which prepares them for Korea. In all our more and still more emphasis on training, your army is doing everything possible to teach our men how to survive in battle. This includes all those men who have jobs behind the lines. They too may have occasion to fight, even if only to defend themselves. Soldiers in Korea know that a well-trained fighter is an asset to himself and to his unit, that a man must be good in combat in order to fight and win and stay alive. Soldiers now being trained in the USA are given this reminder. Training is tough because battle is tougher.  By sweating now, I may save blood later.  Yes, more sweat, less blood. That's what makes a good combat soldier and keeps him alive. With this goal before them, the men of your army are pitching into their training with energy and enthusiasm. The clue to next week's program is in the motto, duty, honor, country. The three words at four generations have inspired men to become leaders at the United States Military Academy, West Point. This is Captain Carl Zimmerman inviting you to be with us then.


Welcome! In this video I will introduce Nexlout Text. Text is a distraction-free, rich text editor. Let me create a document to record an idea I just had. And Nexlout Text then opens. So you see, I can do the basics, like bullets, headers, links and images. In the sidebar I can share the file to one of my colleagues in marketing. Let me share this with Marinella. She will get a notification now, but I want to talk to her in any case. So let me hop into the chat and ask her to join me. I will show you what this looks like on her side. So now Marinella gets a notification and she goes to the chatroom. From there she can talk to me directly or go to the filing question and discuss and edit it with me. When she opens the file, I can see that on top, just like she can see that I am in the document right now. You see that she disagrees with me on the idea, so I suppose we should have a call about it. Hey Marinella, thanks for joining. Hey, so okay, you think the cat thing doesn't really work? Do you have other ideas? Yes, what are other things that people might like, for example flowers? So now we are at the end. I hope you enjoyed the view on how you can work with others on Nexlout. Thank you for watching and do check out our website for more.


Section 4 of THE GREAT STONE FACE AND OTHER TAILS OF THE WHITE MOUNTAINS by Nathanael Hawthorne Section 4 THE GREAT CARBUNCLE, A MYSTERY OF THE WHITE MOUNTAINS The Indian tradition on which this somewhat extravagant tale is founded is both too wild and too beautiful to be adequately wrought up in prose. Sullivan, in his history of Maine, written since the Revolution, remarks that even then the existence of the Great Carbuncle was not entirely discredited. At nightfall, once in the olden time, on the rugged side of one of the Crystal Hills, a party of adventurers were refreshing themselves, after a toilsome and fruitless quest for the Great Carbuncle. They had come thither, not as friends nor partners in the enterprise, but each, save one youthful pair, impelled by his own selfish and solitary longing for this wondrous gem. Their feeling of brotherhood, however, was strong enough to induce them to contribute a mutual aid in building a rude hut of branches and kindling a great fire of shattered pines that had drifted down the headlong current of the Omanusuck, on the lower bank of which they were to pass the night. There was but one of their number, perhaps, who had become so estranged from natural sympathies by the absorbing spell of the pursuit as to acknowledge no satisfaction at the sight of human faces in the remote and solitary region whither they had ascended. A vast extent of wilderness lay between them and the nearest settlement, while scant a mile above their heads was that black verge where the hills throw off their shaggy mantle of forest-trees, and either robe themselves in clouds or tower naked into the sky. The roar of the Omanusuck would have been too awful for endurance if only a solitary man had listened while the mountain stream talked with the wind. The adventurers, therefore, exchanged hospitable greetings and welcomed one another to the hut, where each man was the host, and all were the guests of the whole company. They spread their individual supplies of food on the flat surface of a rock and partook of a general repast, at the close of which a sentiment of good fellowship was perceptible among the party, though repressed by the idea that the renewed search for the great carbuncle must make them strangers again in the morning. Seven men and one young woman they warmed themselves together at the fire, which extended its bright wall along the whole front of their wig-wam. As they observed the various and contrasted figures that made up the assemblage, each man looking like a caricature of himself in the unsteady light that flickered over him, they came mutually to the conclusion that an odder society had never met in city or wilderness on mountain or plain. The eldest of the group, a tall, lean, weather-beaten man, some sixty years of age, was clad in the skins of wild animals, whose fashion of dress he did well to imitate, since the deer, the wolf, and the bear had long been his most intimate companions. He was one of those ill-fated mortals, such as the Indians told of, whom, in their early youth, the great carbuncle smote with a peculiar madness, and became the passionate dream of their existence. All who visited that region knew him as the seeker, and by no other name. As none could remember when he first took up the search, there went a valley of the saco that for his inordinate lust after the great carbuncle he had been condemned to wander among the mountains till the end of time, still with the same feverish hopes at sunrise, the same despair at eve.  He was from beyond the sea, a doctor cacapital, who had wilted and dried himself into a mummy by continually stooping over charcoal furnaces, and inhaling unwholesome fumes during his researches in chemistry and alchemy. It was told of him, whether truly or not, that at the commencement of his studies he had drained his body of all its richest blood and wasted it, with other inestimable ingredients, in an unsuccessful experiment, and had never been a well man since. Another of the adventurers was Master Bod Pigsnort, a weighty merchant and selector Boston, and an elder of the famous Mr. Norton's church. His enemies had a ridiculous story that Master Pigsnort was accustomed to spend a whole hour after prayer time every morning and evening in wallowing naked among an immense quantity of pine tree shillings, which were the earliest silver coinage of Massachusetts. The fourth, whom we shall notice, had no name that his companions knew of, and was chiefly distinguished by a sneer that always contorted his thin visage, and by a prodigious pair of spectacles, which were supposed to deform and discolor the whole face of nature to this gentleman's perception. The fifth adventurer likewise lacked a name, which was the greater pity, as he appeared to be a poet. He was a bright-eyed man, but woefully pined away, which was no more than natural, if, as some people affirmed, his ordinary diet was fog, morning mist, and a slice of the densest cloud within his reach, sauced with moonshine whenever he could get it. Certain it is that the poetry which flowed from him had a smack of all these dainties. The sixth of the party was a young man of haughty mean, and sat somewhat apart from the rest, wearing his plumed hat loftily among his elders, while the fire glittered on the rich embroidery of his dress, and gleamed intensely on the dualed pommel of his sword. This was the Lord Devere, who, when at home, was said to spend much of his time in the burial vault of his dead progenitors, rummaging their moldy coffins in search of all the earthly pride and vain glory that was hidden among bones and dust, so that, besides his own share, he had the collected haughtiness of his whole line of ancestry. Lastly there was a handsome youth in rustic garb, and by his side a blooming little person, in whom a delicate shade of maiden reserve was just melting into the rich glow of a young wife's affection. Her name was Hannah and her husband's Matthew. Two homely names, yet well enough adapted to the simple pair, who seemed strangely out of place among the whimsical fraternity whose wits had been set agog by the great car-bunkle. Beneath a shelter of one hut, in the bright blaze of the same fire, sat this varied group of adventurers, also intent upon a single object, that of whatever else they began to speak, their closing words were sure to be illuminated with the great car-bunkle. Several related the circumstances that brought them thither. One had listened to a traveler's tale of this marvelous stone in his own distant country, and had immediately been seized with such a thirst for beholding it as could only be quenched in its intensest luster. Another, so long ago as when the famous Captain visited these coasts, had seen it blazing far at sea, and had felt no rest in all the intervening years till now that he took up the search. A third, being camped on a hunting expedition full forty miles south of the White Mountains, awoke at midnight and beheld the great car-bunkle gleaming like a meteor, so that the shadows of the mountains fell backward from it. They spoke of the innumerable attempts which had been made to reach the spot, and of the singular fatality which had hitherto withheld success from all adventurers, though it might seem so easy to follow to its source a light that overpowered the moon and almost matched the sun. It was observable that each smiled scornfully at the madness of every other in anticipating better fortune than the past, yet nourished a scarcely hidden conviction that he would himself be the favored one. As if to allay their two sanguine hopes, they recurred to the Indian traditions that a spirit kept watch about the gem, and bewildered those who saw it either by removing it from peak to peak of the higher hills, or by calling up a mist from the enchanted lake over which it hung. But these tales were deemed unworthy of credit, all professing to believe that the search had been baffled by want of sagacity, or perseverance in the adventurers, or such other causes as might naturally obstruct the passage to any given point among the intricacies of forest, valley, and mountain. In a pause of the conversation the wearer of the prodigious spectacles looked round upon the party, making each individual, in turn, the object of the sneer which invariably dwelt upon his countenance. So, fellow pilgrims, said he, here we are, seven wise men, and one fair damsel, who, doubtless, is as wise as any gray beard of the company. Here we are, I say, all bound on the same goodly enterprise. Me thinks now it were not a mist that each of us declare what he proposes to do with the great carbuncle, provided he have the good hat to clutch it. What says our friend in the bearskin?  The Lord knows how long among the crystal hills. How enjoy it? exclaimed the aged seeker bitterly. I hope for no enjoyment from it. That folly has passed long ago. I keep up the search for this accursed stone, because the vain ambition of my youth has become a fate upon me in old age. The pursuit alone is my strength, the energy of my soul, the warmth of my blood, and the pith and marrow of my bones. Were I to turn my back upon it, I should fall down dead on the hither side of the notch, which is the gateway of this mountain region. Yet not to have my wasted lifetime back again would I give up my hopes of the great carbuncle. Having found it, I shall bear it to a certain cavern that I want of, and there, grasping it in my arms, lie down and die, and keep it buried with me for ever. O wretch, regardless of the interests of science, cried Dr. Cacapital with philosophic indignation, though art not worthy to behold, even from afar off, the luster of this most precious gem that ever was concocted in the laboratory of nature. Mine is the sole purpose for which a wise man may desire the possession of the great carbuncle. Immediately on obtaining it, for I have a pre-sendiment, good people, that the prize is reserved to crown my scientific reputation, I shall return to Europe and employ my remaining years in reducing it to its first elements. A portion of the stone will I grind to impalpable powder, other parts shall be dissolved in acid, or whatever solvents will act upon so admirable a composition, and the remainder I designed to melt in the crucible, or set on fire with the blowpipe. By these various methods I shall gain an accurate analysis, and finally bestow the result of my labors upon the world in your folio volume. Excellent, quoth the man with the spectacles, nor need you hesitate, learned sir, on account of the necessary destruction of the gem, since the perusal of your folio may teach every mother's son of us to concoct a great carbuncle of his own. But verily, said Master Ichabod Pigsnort, for my known part I object to the making of these counterfeits, as being calculated to reduce the marketable value of the true gem. I tell ye frankly, sirs, I have an interest in keeping up the price. Here have I quitted my regular traffic, leaving my warehouse in the care of my clerks, and putting my credit to great hazard, and, furthermore, have put myself in peril of death, or captivity, by the accursed heathen savages, and all this without daring to ask the prayers of the congregation, because the quest for the great carbuncle is deemed a little better than a traffic with the evil one. Now, think ye that I would have done this grievous wrong to my soul, body, reputation, and estate without a reasonable chance of profit? Not I, pious Master Pigsnort, said the man with the spectacles. I never laid such a great folly to thy charge. Truly, I hope not, said the merchant. Now, as touching this great carbuncle, I am free to own that I have never had a glimpse of it. But be it only the hundredth part so bright as people tell, it will surely outvalue the great mogul's best diamond, which he holds at an incalculable sum. Wherefore, I am minded to put the great carbuncle on shipboard and voyage with it to England, France, Spain, Italy, or into Heathendom, if providence should send me thither, and, in a word, dispose of the gem to the best bidder among the potentates of the earth, that he may place it among his crown jewels. If any of ye have a wiser plan, let him expound it. That have I, thou sordid man, exclaimed the poet. Dost thou desire nothing brighter than gold, that thou wouldst transmute all this ethereal luster into such dross as thou wallowest in already? For myself, hiding the jewel under my cloak, I shall hide me back to my attic chamber in one of the darksome alleys of London. There, night and day, will I gaze upon it. My soul shall drink its radiance. It shall be diffused throughout my intellectual powers, and gleam brightly in every line of poise that I indict. Thus, long ages after I am gone, the splendor of the great carbuncle will blaze around my name. Well said, master poet, cried he of the spectacles, hide it under thy cloak, sayest thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern. To think, ejaculated the Lord Devere, rather to himself than his companions, the best of whom he held utterly unworthy of his intercourse, to think that a fellow in a tattered cloak should talk of conveying the great carbuncle to a garret and Grubb Street. Have not I resolved within myself that the whole earth contains no fitter ornament for the great hall of my ancestral castle? There shall it flame for ages, making a noonday of midnight, glittering on the suits of armour, the banners and discussions that hang around the wall, and keeping bright the memory of heroes. Wherefore have all other adventurers sought the prize in vain, but that I might win it, and make it a symbol of the glories of our lofty line? And never, on the diadem of the white mountains, did the great carbuncle hold a place half so honoured, as is reserved for it in the hall of the Devere's. It is a noble thought, said the cynic, with an obsequious sneer. Yet, might I presume to say so, the gem would make a rare sepulchral lamp, and would display the glories of your lordship's progenitors more truly in the ancestral vault than in the castle hall. Nay, forsooth, observed Matthew, the young rustic, who sat hand and hand with his bride. The gentleman has bethought himself of a profitable use for this bright stone. Hannah here and I are seeking it for a like purpose. How, fellow! exclaimed his lordship in surprise. What castle hall has thou to hang it in? No castle, replied Matthew, but as neat a cottage as any within sight of the crystal hills. Ye must know, friends, that Hannah and I, being wedded the last week, have taken up the search of the great carbuncle, because we shall need its light in the long winter evenings. And it will be such a pretty thing to show the neighbors when they visit us. It will shine through the house so that we may pick up a pin in any corner, and will set all the windows aglowing, as if there were a great fire of pine-knots in the chimney. And then how pleasant, when we awake in the night, to be able to see one another's faces! There was a general smile among the adventurers at the simplicity of the young couple's project in regard to this wondrous and invaluable stone, with which the greatest monarch on earth might have been proud to adorn his palace. Especially the man with spectacles, who had sneered at all the company in turn, now twisted his visage into such an expression of ill-natured mirth that Matthew asked him, rather peevishly, what he himself meant to do with the great carbuncle. The great carbuncle, answered the cynic, with ineffable scorn, why, you blockhead, there is no such thing in Rerum Natura. I have come three thousand miles, and am resolved to set my foot on every peak of these mountains, and poke my head into every chasm for the sole purpose of demonstrating to the satisfaction of any man one wit lessen as than myself that the great carbuncle is all a humbug. Vain and foolish were the motives that had brought most of the adventurers to the crystal hills, but none so vain, so foolish, and so impious, too, as that of the scoffer with the prodigious spectacles. He was one of those wretched and evil men whose yearnings are downward to the darkness instead of heavenward. And who could they but distinguish the lights which God hath kindled for us, would count the midnight gloom their chiefest glory? As the cynic spoke, several of the party were startled by a gleam of red splendor that showed the huge shapes of the surrounding mountains and the rockbed of the turbulent river with an illumination unlike that of their fire on the trunks and black boughs of the forest trees. They listened for the roll of thunder, but heard nothing, and were glad that the tempest came not near them. The stars, those dial-points of heaven, now warned the adventurers to close their eyes on the blazing logs and open them in dreams to the glow of the great carbuncle. The young married couple had taken their lodgings in the farthest corner of the wigwam and were separated from the rest of the party by a curtain of curiously woven twigs such as might have hung in deep festoons around the bridle-bower of Eve. The modest little wife had wrought this piece of tapestry while the other guests were talking. She and her husband fell asleep with hands tenderly clasped and awoke from visions of unearthly radiance to meet the more blessed light of one another's eyes. They awoke at the same instant, and with one happy smile beaming over their two faces, which grew brighter with their consciousness of the reality of life and love. But no sooner did she recollect where they were than the bride peeped through the interstices of the leafy curtain and saw that the outer room of the hut was deserted. "'Up, dear Matthew!' cried she, in haste. "'The strange folk are all gone. "'Up, this very minute, or we shall lose the great carbuncle!' In truth, so little did these poor young people deserve the mighty prize which had lured them thither, that they had slept peacefully all night until the summits of the hills were glittering with sunshine. While the other adventurers had tossed their limbs in feverish wakefulness or dreamed of climbing precipices and set off to realize their dreams with the earliest peep of dawn. But Matthew and Hannah, after their calm rest, were as light as two young deer and merely stopped to say their prayers and washed themselves in a cold pool of the Amanusuck, and then to taste a morsel of food ere they turned their faces to the mountainside. It was a sweet emblem of conjugal affection as they toiled up the difficult ascent, gathering strength from the mutual aid which they afforded. After several little accidents, such as a torn robe, a lost shoe, and the entanglement of Hannah's hair in a bowl, they reached the upper verge of the forest and were now to pursue a more adventurous course. The innumerable trunks and heavy foliage of the trees had hitherto shut in their thoughts which now shrank affrighted from the region of wind and cloud and to naked rocks and desolate sunshine that rose immeasurably above them. They gazed back at the obscure wilderness which they had traversed and longed to be buried again in its depths rather than trust themselves to so vast and visible a solitude. Shall we go on, said Matthew, throwing his arm around Hannah's waist, both to protect her and to comfort his heart by drawing her close to it. But the little bride, simple as she was, had a woman's love of jewels and could not forego the hope of possessing the very brightest in the world in spite of the perils with which it must be won.  Come then, said Matthew, mustering his manly courage and drawing her along with him, for she became timid again the moment bold. And upward accordingly went the pilgrims of the great car-bunkle, now treading upon the tops and thickly interwoven branches of dwarf pines, which by the growth of centuries, though mossy with age, had barely reached three feet in altitude. Next they came to masses and fragments of naked rock, heaped unusably together, like a cairn reared by giants in memory of a giant cheat. In this bleak realm of upper air nothing breathed, nothing grew. There was no life but what was concentrated in their two hearts. They had climbed so high that nature herself seemed no longer to keep them company. She lingered beneath them, within the verge of the forest trees, and sent a farewell glance after her children as they strayed where her own green footprints had never been. But soon they were to be hidden from her eye. Densely and dark the mists began to gather below, casting black spots of shadow on the vast landscape and sailing heavily to one center, as if the loftiest mountain peak had summoned a council of its kindred clouds. Finally the vapors welded themselves, as it were, into a mass, presenting the appearance of a pavement over which the wanderers might have trodden, but where they would vainly have sought an avenue to the blessed earth which they had lost. And the lovers yearned to behold that green earth again more intensely alas than beneath a clouded sky they had ever desired a glimpse of heaven. They even felt at a relief to their desolation when the mists, creeping gradually up the mountain, concealed its lonely peak and thus annihilated, at least for them, the whole region of visible space. But they drew closely together with a fond and melancholy gaze, dreading lest the universal cloud should snatch them from each other's sight. Still perhaps they would have been resolute to climb as far and as high between earth and heaven as they could find foothold, if Hannah's strength had not begun to fail, and with that her courage also. Her breath grew short. She refused to burden her husband with her weight, but often tottered against his side and recovered herself each time by a feebler effort. At last she sank down on one of the rocky steps of the eclivity. We are lost, dear Matthew, said she mournfully. We shall never find our way to the earth again. And oh, how happy we might have been in our cottage! Dear Hart, we will yet be happy there," answered Matthew. Look, in this direction the sunshine penetrates the dismal mist. By its aid I can direct our course to the passage of the notch. Let us go back, love, and dream no more of the great car-bunkle. The sun cannot be yonder, said Hannah, with despondence. By this time it must be noon. If there could ever be any sunshine here, it would come from above our heads. But look, repeated Matthew, in a somewhat altered tone, it is brightening every moment. If not sunshine, what can it be? Nor could the young bride any longer deny that a radiance was breaking through the mist, and changing its dim hue to a dusky red, which continually grew more vivid, as if brilliant particles were interfused with the gloom. Now also the cloud began to roll away from the mountain, while, as it heavily withdrew, one object after another started out of its impenetrable obscurity into sight, with precisely the effect of a new creation, before the indistinctness of the old chaos had completely swallowed up. As the process went on, they saw the gleaming of water close at their feet, and found themselves on the very border of a mountain lake. Deep, bright, clear, and calmly beautiful, spreading from brim to brim of a basin that had been scooped out of the solid rock. A ray of glory flashed across its surface. The pilgrims looked wence it should proceed, but closed their eyes with a thrill of awful admiration, to exclude the fervid splendor that glowed from the brow of a cliff impending over the enchanted lake. For the simple pair had reached that lake of mystery, and found the long-sought shrine of the Great Carbuncle. They threw their arms around each other, and trembled at their own success. For as the legends of this wondrous gem rushed thick upon their memory, they felt themselves marked out by fate and the consciousness was fearful. Often, from childhood upward, they had seen it shining like a distant star. And now that star was throwing its intense luster on their hearts. They seemed changed to one another's eyes in the red brilliancy that flamed upon their cheeks, while it lent the same fire to the lake, the rocks and sky, and to the mists which had rolled back before its power. But with their next glance they beheld an object that drew their attention even from the mighty stone. At the base of the cliff directly beneath the Great Carbuncle appeared the figure of a man, with his arms extended in the act of climbing, and his face turned upward as if to drink the full gush of splendor. But he stirred not, no more than if changed to marble. It is the seeker, whispered Hannah, convulsively grasping her husband's arm. Matthew, he is dead! The joy of success has killed him, replied Matthew, trembling violently. Or perhaps the very light of the Great Carbuncle was death. The Great Carbuncle cried a peevish voice behind them. The great humbug! If you have found it, prithee, point it out to me. They turned their heads and there was the cynic, with his prodigious spectacles set carefully on his nose, staring now at the lake, now at the rocks, now at the distant masses of vapor, now right at the Great Carbuncle itself, yet seemingly as unconscious of its light as if all the scattered clouds were condensed about his person. Though its radiance actually threw the shadow of the unbeliever at his own feet, as he turned his back upon the glorious jewel, he would not be convinced that there was the least glimmer there. Where is your great humbug? he repeated. I challenge you to make me see it. There, said Matthew, incensed at such perverse blindness, and turning the cynic round towards the illuminated cliff. Take off those abominable spectacles and you cannot help seeing it. Now these colored spectacles probably darkened the cynic's sight, in at least as great a degree as the smoked glasses through which people gaze at an eclipse. With resolute privato, however, he snatched them from his nose, and fixed a bold stare full upon the blaze of the Great Carbuncle.  Thenceforth there was, in every truth, no light of the Great Carbuncle, nor any other light on earth, nor light of heaven itself for the poor cynic. So long accustomed to view all objects through a medium that deprived them of every glimpse of brightness, a single flash of so glorious a phenomenon striking upon his naked vision had blinded him forever. Matthew, said Hannah, clinging to him, let us go hence. Matthew saw that she was faint and kneeling down supported her in his arms while he threw some of the thrillingly cold water of the enchanted lake upon her face and bosom. It revived her but could not renovate her courage. Yes, dearest, cried Matthew, pressing her tremulous form to his breast, we will go hence and return to our humble cottage. The blessed sunshine and the quiet moonlight shall come through our home. We will kindle the cheerful glow of our hearth at eventide and be happy in its light, but never again will we desire more light than all the world may share with us. No, said his bride, for how could we live by day or sleep by night in this awful blaze of the Great Carbuncle? The hollow of their hands they drank each a draft from the lake, which presented them its waters uncontaminated by an earthly lip. Then, lending their guidance to the blinded cynic, who uttered not a word and even stifled his groans in his own most wretched heart, they began to descend the mountain. Yet as they left the shore, till then untrodden, of the spirit's lake, they threw a farewell glance towards the cliff, and beheld the vapours gathering in dense volumes through which the gem burned duskily. As touching the other pilgrims of the Great Carbuncle, the legend goes on to tell that the worshipful master Ichabod Pigsnort soon gave up the quest as a desperate speculation, and wisely resolved to butake himself again to his warehouse, near the town dock in Boston. But as he passed through the notch of the mountains, a war-party of Indians captured our unlucky merchant and carried him to Montreal, there holding him in bondage, till, by the payment of a heavy ransom, he had woefully subtracted from his horde of pine-tree shillings. By his long absence, moreover, his affairs had become so disordered that for the rest of his life, instead of wallowing in silver, he had seldom a six-pence worth of copper. Dr. Cacapital, the alchemist, returned to his laboratory with a prodigious fragment of granite, which he ground to powder, dissolved in acids, melted in the crucible, and burned with the blowpipe, and published the result of his experiments in one of the heaviest folios of the day. And for all these purposes, the gem itself could not have answered better than the granite. The poet, by a somewhat similar mistake, made prize of a great piece of ice, which he found in a sunless chasm of the mountains, and swore that it corresponded in all points with his idea of the great car-bunkle. The critics say that if his poetry lacked the splendor of the gem, it retained all the coldness of the ice. The Lord Devere went back to his ancestral hall, where he contented himself with a wax-lighted chandelier, and filled, in due course of time, another coffin in the ancestral vault. As the funeral torches gleamed within that dark receptacle, there was no need of the great car-bunkle to show the vanity of earthly pomp. The cynic, having cast aside his spectacles, wandered about the world a miserable object, and was punished with an agonizing desire of light for the willful blindness of his former life. The whole night long he would lift his splendor-blasted orbs to the moon and stars. He turned his face eastward at sunrise, as duly as was an idolator. He made a pilgrimage to Rome to witness the magnificent illumination of St. Peter's Church, and finally perished in the great fire of London, into the midst of which he had thrust himself with a desperate idea of catching one feeble ray from the blaze that was kindling earth and heaven. Matthew and his bride spent many peaceful years and were fond of telling the legend of the great car-bunkle. The tale, however, towards the close of their lengthened lives, did not meet with the full credence that had been accorded to it by those who remembered the ancient luster of the gem. For it is affirmed that from the hour when the two mortals had shown themselves so simply wise as to reject a jewel which would have dimmed all earthly things, its splendor waned. When other pilgrims reached the cliff they found only an opaque stone with particles of mica glittering on its surface. There is also a tradition that as the youthful pair departed the gem was loosened from the forehead of the cliff and fell into the enchanted lake and that at noon tide the seeker's form may still be seen to bend over its quenchless gleam. Some few believe that this inestimable stone is blazing as of old and say that they have caught its radiance like a flash of summer lightning far down the valley of the sacco. And be it owned that many a mile from the crystal hills I saw a wondrous light around their summit and was lured by the faith and poetry to be the latest pilgrim of the Great Carbuncle. End of Section 4 The Great Carbuncle of Mystery of the White Mountains Section 5 Of the Great Stone Face and Other Tales of the White Mountains by Nathaniel Hawthorne The Great Stone Face and Other Tales of the White Mountains by Nathaniel Hawthorne Section 5 Sketches from Memory The Notch of the White Mountains It was now the middle of September We had come since sunrise from Bartlett passing up through the valley of the sacco which extends between mountainous walls sometimes with a steep ascent but often as level as a church isle. All that day in two preceding ones we had been loitering toward the heart of the White Mountains. Those old crystal hills whose mysterious brilliancy had gleamed upon our distant wanderings before we thought of visiting them. Height after height had risen and towered one above another till the clouds began to hang below the peaks. Down their slopes were the red pathways of the slides those avalanches of earth, stones and trees which descend into the hollows, leaving vestiges of their track hardly to be effaced by the vegetation of ages. We had mountains behind us and mountains on each side and a group of mightier ones ahead. Still our road went up along the sacco right towards the center of that group as if to climb above the clouds in its passage to the far of the region. In old times the settlers used to be astounded by the inroads of the northern Indians coming down upon them from this mountain rampart through some defile known only to themselves. It is indeed a wondrous path. A demon it might be fancied, or one of the Titans was traveling up the valley, oboing the heights carelessly aside as he passed, till at length a great mountain took its stand directly across his intended road. He tarries not for such an obstacle, but rendering it asunder a thousand feet from peak to base discloses its treasures of hidden minerals, its sunless waters, all the secrets of the mountains in art, with a mighty fracture of rugged precipices on each side. This is the notch of the white hills. Shame on me that I have attempted to describe it by so mean an image, feeling, as I do, that it is one of those symbolic scenes which lead the mind to the sentiment, though not to the conception of omnipotence. We had now reached a narrow passage which showed almost the appearance of having been cut by human strength and artifice on the solid rock. There was a wall of granite on each side, high and precipitous, especially on our right, and so smooth that a few evergreens could hardly find foothold enough to grow there. This is the entrance, or in the direction we were going, the extremity of the romantic defile of the notch. Before emerging from it, the rattling of wheels approached behind us, and a stage-coach rumbled out of the mountain, with seats on top and trunks behind, and a smart driver, in a drab great coat, touching the wheel-horses with the whip-stock and raining in the leaders. To my mind there was a sort of poetry in such an incident, hardly inferior to what would have accompanied the painted array of an Indian war-party gliding forth from the same wild chasm. All the passengers, except a very fat lady on the back seat, had alighted. One was a mineralogist, a scientific, green-spectacled figure in black, bearing a heavy hammer, with which he did great damage to the precipices and put the fragments in his pocket. Another was a well-dressed young man, who carried an opera-glass set in gold, and seemed to be making a quotation from some of Byron's rhapsodies on mountain scenery. There was also a trader returning from Portland to the upper part of Vermont, and a fair young girl with a very faint bloom like one of those pale and delicate flowers which sometimes occur among alpine cliffs. They disappeared, and we followed them, passing through a deep pine forest, which for some miles allowed us to see nothing but its own dismal shade. Towards nightfall we reached a level amphitheater surrounded by a great rampart of hills, which shed out the sunshine long before it left the external world. It was here that we obtained our first view, except at a distance, of the principal group of mountains. They are majestic and even awful when contemplated in a proper mood, yet by their breadth of base and the long ridges which support them give the idea of immense bulk rather than of towering height. Mount Washington, indeed, looked near to heaven. He was white with snow, a mile downward, and had caught the only cloud that was sailing through the atmosphere to veil his head. Let us forget the other names of American statesmen that have been stamped upon these hills, but still call the loftiest Washington. Mountains are earth's undecaying monuments. They must stand while she endures, and never should be consecrated to the more great men of their own age and country, but to the mighty ones alone, whose glory is universal, and whom all time will render illustrious. The air, not often sultry in this elevated region, nearly two thousand feet above the sea, was now sharp and cold, like that of a clear November evening in the lowlands. By morning, probably, there would be a frost, if not a snowfall, on the grass and rye, and an icy surface over the standing water. I was glad to perceive a prospect of comfortable quarters in a house which we were approaching, and of pleasant company in the guests who were assembled at the door. Our evening party among the mountains. We stood in front of a good substantial farmhouse of old date in that wild country. A sign over the door denoted it to be the White Mountain Post Office, an establishment which distributes letters and newspapers to perhaps a scorer of thousands, comprising the population of two or three townships among the hills. The broad and weighty antlers of a deer, a stag of ten, were fastened at the corner of the house. A fox's bushy tail was nailed beneath them, and a huge black paw lay on the ground, newly severed and still bleeding the trophy of a bear-hunt. Among several persons collected about the doorsteps, the most remarkable was a sturdy mountaineer of six feet, two, and corresponding bulk, with a heavy set of features such as might be molded on his own blacksmith's anvil, but yet indicative of mother-wit and rough humor. As we appeared he uplifted a tin trumpet four or five feet long, and blew a tremendous blast, either in honor of our arrival or to awaken an echo from the opposite hill. Ethan Crawford's guests were of such a motley description as to form quite a picturesque group, seldom seen together except at some place like this, at once the pleasure-house of fashionable tourists and the homely end of country travelers. Among the company at the door were the mineralogist and the owner of the gold opera-glass, whom we had encountered in the notch, two Georgian gentlemen, who had chilled their southern blood that morning on the top of Mount Washington, a physician and his wife from Conway, a trader of Burlington, and an old squire of the Green Mountains, and two young married couples, all the way from Massachusetts on the matrimonial jaunt. Besides these strangers the rugged county of Coas, in which we were, was represented by half a dozen woodcutters who had slain a bear in the forest and smitten off his paw. I had joined the party and had a moment's leisure to examine them before the echo of Ethan's blast returned from the hill. Not one, but many echoes had caught up the harsh and tuneless sound, untwisted its complicated threads, and found a thousand aerial harmonies in one stern trumpet tone. It was a distinct yet distant and dreamlike symphony of melodious instruments, as if an airy band had been hidden in the hillside and made faint music at the summons. No subsequent trial produced so clear, delicate and spiritual a concert as the first. A field-piece was then discharged from the top of a neighboring hill and gave birth to one long reverberation which ran round the circle of mountains in an unbroken chain of sound and rolled away without a separate echo. After these experiments the cold atmosphere drove us all into the house with the keenest appetites for supper. It did one's heart good to see the great fires that were kindled in the parlor and bar-room, especially the ladder, where the fireplace was built of rough stone and might have contained the trunk of an old tree for a backlog. A man keeps a comfortable hearth when his own forest is at his very door. In the parlor, when the evening was fairly set in, we held our hands before our eyes to shield them from the ruddy glow and began a pleasant variety of conversation. The mineralogist and the physician talked about the invigorating qualities of the mountain air and its excellent effect on Ethan Crawford's father, an old man of seventy-five, with the unbroken frame of middle life. The two brides and the doctor's wife held a whispered discussion which by their frequent titterings and a blush or two seemed to have referenced to the trials or enjoyments of the matrimonial state. The bridegrooms sat together in a corner, rigidly silent, like Quakers whom the spirit moveth not, being still in the odd predicament of bashfulness towards their own young wives. The Green Mountain Squire chose me for his companion and described the difficulties he had met with half a century ago in travelling from the Etiquette River through the Notch to Conway, now a single day's journey, though it had cost him eighteen. The Georgians held the album between them and favored us with the few specimens of its contents, which they considered ridiculous enough to be worth hearing. One extract met with deserved applause. It was a sonnet to the snow on Mount Washington and had been contributed that very afternoon bearing a signature of great distinction in magazines and annals. The lines were elegant and full of fancy, but too remote from familiar sentiment and cold as their subject resembling those curious specimens of crystallized vapor which I observed next day on the mountaintop. The poet was understood to be the young gentleman of the gold opera glass who heard our laudatory remarks with the composure of a veteran. Such was our party and such their ways of amusement. But on a winter evening another set of guests assembled at the hearth where these summer travellers were now sitting. I once had it in contemplation to spend a month hereabouts in slaying time for the sake of studying the yeoman of New England who then elbow each other through the Notch by hundreds on their way to Portland. There could be no better school for such a place than Ethan Crawford's Inn. Let the student go thither in December, sit down with the teamsters at their meals, share their evening merriment, and repose with them at night when every bed has its three occupants and parlor, bar-room, and kitchen are strewn with slobbers around the fire. Then let him rise before daylight, button his great coat, muffle up his ears, and stride with the departing caravan a mile or two to see how sturdily they make head against the blast. A treasure of characteristic traits will repay all inconveniences, even should a frozen nose be of the number. The conversation of our party soon became more animated and sincere, and we recounted some traditions of the Indians who believed that the father and mother of their race were saved from a deluge by ascending the peak of Mount Washington. The children of that pair have been overwhelmed and found no such refuge. In the mythology of the savage these mountains were afterwards considered sacred and inaccessible, full of unearthly wonders, illuminated at lofty heights by the blaze of precious stones and inhabited by deities who sometimes shrouded themselves in the snowstorm and came down in the lower world. There are few legends more poetical than that of the great carbuncle of the White Mountains. The belief was communicated to the English settlers, and is hardly yet extinct, that a gem of such immense size as to be seen shining miles away hangs from a rock over a clear deep lake high up among the hills. They who had once beheld at Splendor were enthralled with an unutterable yearning to possess it. But a spirit guarded that inestimable jewel and bewildered the adventurer with a dark mist from the enchanted lake. Thus life was worn away in the vain search for an unearthly treasure, till at length the deluded one went up the mountain, still sanguine as in youth, but returned no more. On this theme me thinks I could frame a tale with a deep moral. The hearts of the pale faces would not thrill to these superstitions of the red men, though we spoke of them in the center of the haunted region. The habits and sentiments of that departed people were too distinct from those of their successors to find much real sympathy. It has often been a matter of regret to me that I was shut out from the most peculiar field of American fiction by an inability to see any romance or poetry or grandeur or beauty in the Indian character, at least till such traits were pointed out by others. I do abhor an Indian story, yet no writer can be more secure of a permanent place in our literature than the biographer of the Indian chiefs. His subject, as referring tribes which have mostly vanished from the earth, gives him a right to be placed on a classic shelf, apart from the merits which will sustain him there. I made inquiries whether, in his researches about these parts, our mineralogist had found the three silver hills which an Indian sacrum told to an Englishman nearly two hundred years ago, and the treasure of which the posterity of the purchaser have been looking for ever since. But the man of science had ransacked every hill along the sacrum and knew nothing of these prodigious piles of wealth. By this time, as usual, with men in the eve of great adventure, we had prolonged our session deep into the night, considering how early we were to set out on our six miles ride to the foot of Mount Washington. There was now a general breaking up. I scrutinized the faces of the two bridegrooms and saw but little probability of their leaving the bosom of earthly bliss in the first week of the honeymoon and at the frosty hour of three to climb above the clouds, nor when I felt how sharp the wind was as it brushed through a broken pane and eddied between the chinks of my unplastered chamber, did I anticipate much alacrity on my own part, though we were to seek for the great car-bunkle. End of section 5 Recording by Roger Maline End of sketches from memory, The Notch of the White Mountains End of The Great Stone Face and Other Tales of the White Mountains by Nathaniel Hawthorne