Rwy'n gwneud ei fod i, ar y ddyfyn i'r parthfoliw gwaith, a hyn gan silk i ddangos gael mewn pethau fel y cael mewn gwirionedd, byw i'r rhawb, yn gwybodaethau, yn ymddangos gael a ysgolu'r dyfodol. We now move to portfolio questions on social justice, communities and pension rights. Question 1, Rob Gibson. Ysgrifffordd o dda, Llyfridog ddechrau y gafeligau o��wyr ydw i'n bethau i'ch perthygian Cymdeinig? Mae sydd yn cefnod graphicsau yng Nghymru, ac ar amser cewddion cael ei byd yn fawr weithgawdd ar hyn, oherwydd y cymryd hynny. Felly, y ffordd gyrfaeth, ffordd i gwylliannol, y bwrdd ac i gwylliant o ffwrdd neu â'r bwlith. Gwylliannol yw, cymryd yn cyddiwg ymgyrch, yn eich ddweud yn y ffordd, dych chi'n ffordd ar gyfer nyferwyr cymryd, gan rydych chi'ch 21 per cent for new dwellings and 43 per cent for new non-domestic buildings when compared to current standards. Rob Gibson. I thank the minister for that. Is the minister aware that local Scottish source timber for buildings embeds more carbon than the import of photovoltaic equipment and that planners do not seem to give timber construction buildings preference? What assessment has been made to compare the cost of insulation properties of current mass-built conventional housing with the potential of mass-built wooden homes in our fight against fuel poverty and reducing heating costs for families across Scotland? Through building standards in terms of energy efficiency, no assessments have been carried out to compare the benefits of different types of construction materials. Generally, the mandatory standards do not favour one form of construction over another. That in particular helps to avoid any issues in terms of European construction products regulations where favouring one form could be considered to be a barrier to trade. I hope that planners would be aware of that. It is recognised that current new-build energy standards and supporting guidance already make a very significant contribution to mitigating fuel poverty. That contribution will be further increased in October 2015, when the next set is announced. To ask the Scottish Government what support it provides to people facing poverty. We are committed to tackling the long-term drivers of poverty through early intervention and prevention. That is why, over the lifetime of this Parliament, we have planned to invest over £1.7 billion in affordable housing. That is why we are spending around £1.25 billion in fuel poverty and energy efficiency programmes over a three-year period. That is why we have contributed to collecting investment of more than £274 million in the early years change fund. Further to that, the First Minister outlined a range of actions to tackle poverty and inequality in the programme for government. As part of that programme, we are having to provide over £104 million of devolved funding in 2015-16 to mitigate the welfare cuts that are being imposed by Westminster. Can I thank the minister for that answer and welcome all of the measures that she has outlined in that answer? Will the minister agree with me that local authorities play a very important part in delivering some of those front-line services? Is she as horrified as me at South Lanarkshire Council's proposals to cut things such as the Covid-by-prend services, funding to advice services, teacher numbers, nursery teacher numbers, and now the council leader has thrown the toys out the pram and refused to set a budget when it comes to budget set in time? I would certainly agree with Christina McKelvie that local authorities have a responsibility in delivering the services and that their local government settlement is a good settlement to do that, but individual local authorities are responsible for managing their own budgets and when doing so they allocate the resources available to them according to local needs and priorities while at the same time recognising statutory obligations. We encourage councils to use their resources to address poverty and inequality and we encourage them to engage actively with communities in the democratic process of deciding their priorities for spending. Can I ask the minister if she recognises that families containing a disabled adult, 20% of them live in relative poverty whereas for families without a disabled adult the figure is only 14%. Can I ask whether or not the minister has made an assessment of the impact of rising care charges on disabled adults in recent years and in particular whether she promises to get rid of Scotland's unfair care tax? The Scottish Government has previously announced that that is something that we are looking at with COSLA in terms of the care charges but in terms of what this Government is doing to tackle poverty in disabled families and in other families with a whole programme outlined our child poverty strategy, what has already announced to Christina McKelvie and what we are doing in general over the peace for poverty and we are also continuing to do that with our social wage, which is helping families with disabled children and families throughout Scotland. Question 3, Alex Fergs. To ask the Scottish Government what engagement it has had with Dumfries and Galloway Council and Unison regarding equal pay claims from 2005. Cabinet Secretary, Alex Neil. The Equal Pay for Local Government staff is the responsibility of councils as employers. The Scottish Government has therefore not had any engagement with the Dumfries and Galloway Council in Unison about equal pay claims from 2005. Alex Fergs. I am grateful for that confirmation but last week many classroom assistants and special leaders assistants in Dumfries and Galloway received notification from their union of a settlement of this long-running equal pay claim that it has been pursuing against the council. Inevitably in such a rural area, many employees did not hear about the ability to claim and I have already heard from a number of my constituents whose colleagues will receive some ranging from a few hundred pounds to several thousand pounds while they will receive nothing and have been told by the council that any further claims will be time barred. I am sure that the cabinet secretary will agree with me that this is not fair and it is most certainly not equal. Can he tell me if there are any steps that the Government could take to intervene in this situation and I also wonder if he would agree to meet with me to discuss it? I absolutely agree with the member and indeed in my own area, North Lanarkshire Council or Labour-controlled Council, they have spent thousands of pounds fighting the workers fighting for equal pay. It is outrageous and I am more than happy to meet the member and although I have very limited statutory responsibilities in this area, I certainly think that maximum political pressure should go in all the recalcitrant local authorities who are not playing fair with their own employees. Question 4, Elaine Murray. To ask the Scottish Government how it will support town centre regeneration in Dumfreshire in 2015-16. We have published the town centre action plan one year on report last November. The report was debated in this chamber and sets out the range of actions that we as a Government are taking to support town centre regeneration. That includes expanding fresh start rates relief for small businesses, increasing opportunities for town centre living and agreeing the town centre first principles with COSLA. Local authorities are best placed to respond to the local needs of their communities and to work with them to develop the right vision for the town centres. The town centre action plan sets the conditions for this to happen. We call on the wider public, private and community sectors to take action to help address issues faced by our town centres. Dr Murray. I thank the cabinet secretary for his reply. Regeneration initiatives involving community groups, housing associations and the local council are all under way in several towns and villages in my constituency, but I note that none, for example, have been successful in achieving funding through the regeneration capital grant fund. Can the minister advise what support is available from government to support regeneration in smaller communities and what opportunities it provides to enable good practice in achieving funding to be shared? One of the most successful initiatives ever undertaken by this Parliament that had unanimous support was the town centre regeneration fund, which spent £60 million, including in the number of projects in Dumfries and Galloway. Ideally, I would like to rekindle that kind of project. Unfortunately, because of the capital cuts from Westminster, we have been unable to do so. Having said that, there are a range of funds depending on the nature of the projects that local groups can apply for. I am happy to ask my officials to send a list of all such funds that may be available for application. Margaret McAlloch, I thank you, Presiding Officer. The Scottish Government previously indicated that both the new start and the fresh start relief schemes could support town centre regeneration. Yet, in a written question, I was told that data on the uptake of those schemes is not held centrally. How is the Government monitoring the effectiveness of the new start and the fresh start schemes? As with normal, with all those schemes, from time to time, we do a full-scale evaluation and we do that in co-operation with the local authorities involved. If we monitor everything centrally and collect all the information, we need another army of officials to gather all that information. It is much better to do a proper evaluation on a timmiest basis, either as part of a conquinial review process or if a conquinial review is too long to do it before a conquinial review, but to do it as an independent evaluation task. Question 5, Siobhan MacMann. To ask the Scottish Government what progress is being made on preventing youth homelessness. Minister, Margaret Burgess. Preventing homelessness amongst young people is a priority for the Scottish Government, and this work is overseen by the Homeless Prevention and Strategy Group. We have seen a fall in homeless applications to local authorities from 16 to 24-year-olds from around 15,000 a year between 2003-04 and 2010-11, to under 9,000 a year during 2013-14, primarily due to the person-centred housing options approach that is being taken forward by local authorities. The Scottish Government also provides funding for a range of third sector projects working to prevent homelessness amongst young people. Margaret MacMann. The minister will be aware that family breakdowns, addiction issues and mental health problems are most commonly behind youth homelessness. There is also an employability challenge for young homeless people as they are perceived. There is a perceived stigma attached to being homeless. Can the minister outline what housing advice, information and support is being provided to those young people, particularly those who have been in care to ensure that their complex needs are being made? In addition, what steps are the Scottish Government taking to improve the significant obstacles to employment, training and education that young homeless people face? Margaret MacMann. I think that Siobhan MacMann outlines very well some of the difficulties that young homeless people are faced with. The Scottish Government's purpose of the housing options approach is to look at the individual, the person-centred approach, to look at all the circumstances around homelessness and to prevent them from being homeless. That includes providing support and a range of issues that are referred to, for example, addiction services, providing money by support and sometimes in tenancy support within their new tenancy. All of that is provided. There is a duty in local authorities, a statutory duty to provide support services and advice services to certain homeless people and young people who certainly come into that category. In terms of young care leavers, we have strengthened the young persons bill to ensure that they can continue to get services and aftercare services up to age 26. We are also working very hard—the homeless teams are working very hard—in local authority areas to ensure that young people have a smooth transition moving from care to settled accommodation. It should be a planned process through the housing options approach, and young people leaving care should not have to make a homeless application. To ask the Scottish Government what it is doing to tackle poverty in the Highlands and Islands. In reply to Christina McKelvie, I outlined the national approach that we are taking to tackling poverty. However, the challenges of living in rural areas are well understood. Increased travelling and fuel costs and access to digital services can often have a greater impact in rural areas such as the Highlands and Islands. We are working with others on research to share our understanding on how we can better target support to the rural areas of greatest need. In response to the Rural Scotland in Focus report 2014, we are also refining social economic index tools that will better measure poverty and disadvantage across a rural area. That will help us to better target support to the rural areas of greatest need. Rhoda Grant, I thank the minister for that response. She will be aware of the incredible 139 per cent increase in claims to the Scottish welfare fund in Highland last year. She will also be aware that the cost of buying basics is much higher in rural areas, including heating fuel costs that she mentioned. That means that fuel poverty is much higher in off-gas grid areas. Will she reinstate targeted fuel poverty funding and ensure that that assistance is available off-gas grid? In terms of the Scottish Government heaps projects to tackle fuel poverty, that was based on areas of deprivation and rurality, as well as the numbers of people in fuel poverty. Rural areas did get extra funding last year for that. We recognise very much that there is a problem in off-gas grid areas, and we have made that case to the UK Government on more than one occasion. Fergus Ewing has also written to the UK Government about the price of fuel in the rural areas and asked that that be looked at as well. I wrote to Ed Davie to increase the warm homes discount and to ensure that it is paid out of central funds and to consider how it impacts in rural areas. While it is not going to increase the warm homes discount and the new scheme for that, it has certainly taken on board that rural areas are a greater problem and the Scottish Fuel Poverty Forum sits on that working group. The 2p per unit electricity surcharge in the Highlands and Islands contributes a fair bit to poverty in my constituency. Will the minister be responding to my energy survey that showed that 95 per cent rejected the 2p surcharge and that nearly 99 per cent of the 1,700 replies are received backed public ownership of electricity production and supply? As I said in my previous answer, the Government is concerned about the level of the energy bills throughout the country, but especially in the north of Scotland. Fergus Ewing has raised the issue of the high electricity bills and charges with the chief executive of off-gem directly and has written to the secretary of state for energy and climate change. He has highlighted our concerns about the impact of the current charging arrangements and the apparent slow progress in terms of off-gem's further investigation into the matter. We will continue to press for a timely and effective solution. Thank you to ask the Scottish Government how it will support and develop the third sector across the south Scotland region. The Scottish Government recognises the critical role that the third sector plays in addressing issues of inequality and the needs of disadvantaged communities and is committed to supporting the sector across Scotland, including the south of Scotland region. The 2015-16 Scottish Government budget will enable us to continue to significantly invest in the third sector as a key social partner, maintaining funding of £24.5 million towards direct support of the third sector. I thank the cabinet secretary for his response. He may be aware that funding difficulties encountered by action on hearing loss Scotland has meant that the excellent here to help initiative is coming to an end in March across Ayrshire and Arran and the Borders. We also know that service users potentially face isolation without the support of here to help. As we move towards integrating health and social care, does the cabinet secretary agree that health boards need to look at their services to ensure that best use is made of the extra reach and resource that the third sector, such as action on hearing loss Scotland, provides in supporting people with hearing loss in their communities? Obviously, health boards and the new partnerships need to take care of the priorities. Clearly, assisting people with hearing difficulties has got to be a priority. Although I gently say that, if his colleague Danny Alexander hadn't sliced the Scottish budget to the extent he has done by 10 per cent in the resource budget, we would have far more money to help the third sector, not just in the south of Scotland but throughout the whole country. To ask the Scottish Government what action it has taken to help to bring empty properties back into use as housing. We are bringing empty properties back into use through support of the shelter-led Scottish Empty Homes partnership. The 4.5 million Empty Homes loan fund and other funding programmes Scotland's network of Empty Homes officers have reported that over 500 Empty Homes will have been brought back into use in 2014-15, and that is up to 2708 in 2013-14. We have recently extended the partnership for a further three years and at the end of which we expect 1,200 homes per annum to be brought back into use. We are also finalising details of a new £4 million town centre Empty Homes fund to provide grant and loan funding to increase the supply of housing. That will focus on both problem empty homes, which causes a blight on their community and on conversion of empty commercial spaces into residential accommodation. I thank the minister for that answer. She will know that there are significant rural housing pressures that can indicate what action has been taken to bring empty properties back into use in rural areas. I can say to the member that action has been taken across Scotland to bring Empty Homes back into use. I saw a great example first hand in a rural town of Cirmure, where the Empty Homes loan fund helped to turn a disused church hall into nine units of affordable housing. There are further Empty Homes loan fund projects in rural areas, and the town centre housing fund will also welcome bids from rural towns. We now have to move to a portfolio of fair work skills and training, question 1, Alison McInnes. To ask the Scottish Government what steps it is taking to improve access to modern apprenticeships for disabled young people. The Commission for Developing Scotland's Young Workforce recognised the need for more action to support young disabled people and made specific recommendations towards achieving that. In response, developing the Young Workforce Scotland's youth employment strategy sets out the framework for how we intend to tackle the issue. For example, Skills Development Scotland is working with Bernardo's employ and training providers to increase take-up of modern apprenticeships by disabled young people. Skills Development Scotland has also met with BC resources for inclusiveness in technology and education and with Capability Scotland to discuss ways in which the accessibility of their My World of Work web service can be improved to ensure that it is accessible to all customers. I would note that, with less than 0.5 per cent of modern apprenticeships secured by disabled people, we have a long way to go. The Commission that the minister mentioned highlighted that the learning journeys of young disabled people are often disjointed and can take a long time to complete. It concluded that funding levels and funding rules should be adjusted to give them the best possible chance of succeeding. Will the minister update us on what adjustments have now been made to those funding levels and funding rules? I would say to the member that the specific recommendations incorporated in the refresh youth employment strategy are being actively worked upon. It may interest the member to note that there are a number of funding streams, so some £3 million has been allocated directly in response to the recommendations of the Developing Scotland Young Workforce to address wider underrepresentation across our employability programmes. The Scottish Government has also provided £2 million for the targeted employer recruitment incentive to facilitate transitions to sustainable employment. The result is, of course, the community jobs fund, which the Scottish Government delivers in partnership with the SCVO, which creates targeted opportunities for those who face additional barriers to employment, including those with a disability. I would say to the member that, of course, there is always more that can be done if the Scottish Government is determined to do all that we can to improve access on the part of disabled people to apprenticeships and, therefore, to the world of work. Ministers outline the Scottish Government's plans to tackle underrepresentation on the modern apprenticeship programme, but does she agree that what disabled people crucially need is adequate money to live on in the first place and, therefore, continuous welfare cuts from successive UK Governments are holding back disabled people completely? I would say to the member that it is clear, and as a former member of the Parliament's welfare reform committee, that the UK Government's changes to the welfare system are continuing to cause hardship for a significant number of people in Scotland with disabled people suffering disproportionately. That is unacceptable, Presiding Officer, and whilst the Scottish Government will continue to do what it can to help those most affected, it is clear that whatever the exact nature of the powers that may come to this Parliament, it will come with a 20 per cent cut across the board imposed by Westminster. Sadly, Presiding Officer, for the Westminster party, spending £100 billion on nuclear weapons takes precedence over providing a safety net to some of the most vulnerable people in our country. Thank you very much. Question 2, Mary Fee. Thank you to ask the Scottish Government how it will roll out the work programme once it is devolved. Following the publication of the UK Government's command paper, we are taking forward discussions with the UK Government through the joint ministerial group on welfare, on the devolution of the work programme and the other employment services that is currently contracted by the DWP. Meaningful devolution of those services could indeed provide an opportunity to offer far greater support into work for the unemployed and especially those who face the greatest barriers to work in Scotland. Once we have greater clarity from the UK Government on the details of its legislative proposals, we will engage with colleagues across the chamber in civic society to ensure that we maximise the opportunity that is afforded within our future services. Mary Fee. I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. As the cabinet secretary will know, many companies are desperately looking for young people to work in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics sectors. Can the cabinet secretary tell me how the work programme can be used to boost opportunities within STEM? With the greatest respect to the member, we do not yet know what will be available to us within the work programme and the devolution thereof. The things that she is discussing will be a matter for us to consider once we are aware of exactly what is going to be available. At present, it looks as though what is proposed will only be in terms of the longer-term unemployed those over a year. There are some restrictions in terms of the disabled as well. Until we are actually aware of what we are going to be able to do in terms of powers, it is very difficult to answer specific questions. However, I have given a commitment to come back to the chamber once we know the detail and to engage with people on specific aspects. John Mason. I wonder if we can have any guidance as to what scope the Scottish Government has to go down a different route from Westminster, given that the work programme contracts, as I understand it, have been extended, despite the Smith commission's recommendations? In some senses, my answer to the member is similar to the answer that I have given to Mary Fee. It looks as though there may be some scope to redesign services for the long-term unemployed in Scotland, which would better align future delivery with the Government's policy objectives. However, limitations do, as we understand at present, exist primarily conditionality and sanctions, which will remain reserved to the UK Government. The UK Government command paper, for example, limits the devolution of contracted services to those lasting over a year, which appears to unduly restrict the further devolution of any services. We continue to discuss the position on the work programme extension in Scotland through the joint ministerial welfare group. We will press for a resolution that meets the needs of the unemployed in Scotland and does deliver the spirit and letter of Smith. However, it is a little premature for me to be able to go into the detail that members undoubtedly want to know. Question 3, in the name of Jamie McGregor, has not been lodged satisfactory explanation, has been provided. Question 4, Mark Griffin. To ask the Scottish Government whether it plans to establish a future jobs fund for Scotland. The Government has already invested in a wide range of employment initiatives that are available from day 1 of unemployment and are directly helping to move our young people into sustainable employment opportunities. Through Youth Employment Scotland fund, we are providing support in partnership with local authorities to move 10,000 young people into sustainable employment. Through our Community Jobs Scotland programme, we have supported over 5,000 young people into job training placements in the third sector. As the chamber is aware, we also recently published the developing the Young Workforce Scotland's Youth Employment Strategy, which presented our refreshed Youth Employment Strategy. Given all of that work, there are no current plans to establish another jobs fund in Scotland. Mark Griffin. I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. I would ask if she is aware of North Archer Council's youth investment scheme, where the council has invested £7.5 million over the past three years to secure 5,000 jobs for young people in my region. Does the Scottish Government have any plans to investigate the success of North Archer Council's scheme and have any plans to roll out across Scotland? I would always want to investigate any schemes that are brought to my attention, because it is important if we see successful schemes, and by the sound of it, it may very well be that we consider whether lessons can be learned in other areas. Of course, that is a decision that local authorities can take. Other local authorities are equally able to look at the success of that scheme and consider it for their own areas, as well as the Government is looking at it. However, I will engage with the member on the specifics of that, if he wishes to discuss it further. To ask the Scottish Government for progress that it is making on implementing the recommendations of the commission for developing Scotland's young workforce. We are making good progress against the milestone set out in our implementation plan, developing the young workforce Scotland's youth employment strategy, which was published in December 2014, in which has already been the subject of some of my responses. I am particularly looking forward to the inaugural meeting of the national advisory group tomorrow, which I shall chair jointly with Councillor Douglas Chapman, COSLA spokesperson for education, children and young people, and where we will discuss progress. I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. The commission recommends that the Scottish Government work with its proposed new apprenticeship supervisory board to ring-fence a proportion of all modern apprenticeship starts for STEM frameworks. It also recommends that this proportion should be significant and above the current level, and that STEM apprenticeships should be actively promoted to employers and young people. Given that the oil and gas sector is facing a significant level of retirement among its workforce, what discussions have taken place with the industry to plan for future workforce needs, and how many STEM apprenticeships does the Scottish Government envisage going forward? The delivery of apprenticeships in Scotland requires a partnership to take place between employers, colleges and schools. STEM engineering apprenticeships and IT apprenticeships are all something to which we afford a great deal of priority. As the member is aware, there are a great many conversations taking place at the moment in respect of the situation in the north-east of Scotland. It is important that all employers, including those in areas such as the north-east, engage actively in the work that we are doing, because apprenticeships require employers to take on the apprenticeships but also employers to continue to offer jobs. The specifics of the regional difficulties that can arise, such as have arisen in the north-east, will also be addressed through our invest in young people groups. At some point in the near future, I hope that we will be discussing a regional one in respect of the north-east of Scotland, and that will be a primary area of discussion there. To ask the Scottish Government how it encourages engineering apprenticeships. Through Skills Development Scotland, we have exceeded our ambitious target to deliver over 25,000 modern apprenticeship starts each year, with 77,402 new opportunities delivered over the past three years. The number of apprentices starting engineering frameworks has gradually increased in recent years. There are almost 500 more engineering apprentice starts in 2013-14 than in 2010-11. In August 2014, Skills Development Scotland published the Skills Investment Plan for the engineering and advanced manufacturing sector. Developed in partnership with industry, the Skills Investment Plan provides a necessary blueprint for addressing skills supply issues within the sector, including a specific action to better meet employer demand through the promotion of modern apprenticeships in engineering. May I thank the minister for that answer, which I will have to read very closely, because there was so much in there. I ask whether the minister is aware of the excellent work of East Kilbride group training association and that, recently, the first two apprentices in sign making ever trained in Scotland entirely through the good work of the training association and the respective employers received their certificates? I ask that she and perhaps the cabinet secretary to visit East Kilbride group training association during apprenticeship week to see the innovative work that is carried out there. On the extended offer of a visit, I am always very happy to visit any examples of local good practice, whether it is during apprenticeship week or not would depend upon my existing dairy commitments, but I will ask my office to be in touch with the member. I would like to take this opportunity. I did see the member's early day motion to offer my congratulations to those young apprentices who have completed their sign making apprenticeship, and I wish them the very best for their future careers. I would also like to acknowledge the efforts of private training providers such as East Kilbride group training association in supporting the Government's ambitions for the modern apprenticeship programme and, indeed, the ambitions of our young people. The earlier target that we have already exceeded that I referred to is not where we are going to sit, because we have set a further more ambitious target of 30,000 modern apprenticeship starts by 2020. To ask the Scottish Government what steps it is taking to ensure that the Glasgow curriculum and estates plans propose transfer of activity to the city centre, does not have a detrimental effect on the training needs of people from deprived communities in Maryhill and Springburn? The Glasgow Colleges regional board is responsible for planning college provision that meets the needs of learners and employers. It is a legal duty to exercise its functions with a view to improving the economic and social wellbeing of the city. We understand that the Glasgow curriculum plan proposes a 2.5 per cent increase in activity in community locations, including access level courses, supporting more students who live in the most deprived areas, those with low or no qualifications and those furthest from the labour market. I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. Indeed, the information about the access courses is very welcome indeed. However, a great deal of uncertainty has been caused by a lack of clarity in that particular plan, as it suggests that some specialties or some skills and training opportunities will not be available in the local communities where they are most needed. I would be grateful if the cabinet secretary was able to reassure me that that unwanted scenario will not, in fact, transpire. The colleges in Glasgow have carried out an extensive review of the region's curriculum offer. A wide range of stakeholders have already been consulted on the plan, and the regional board has endorsed the direction of travel. It is an ambitious plan that recognises the collective resources available in Glasgow, but the aim is not for the transfer of activity to take place until August 2015. There is a huge opportunity for college education in Glasgow to be the jewel in the crown, and it is important that the many positives for learners and employers are not overshadowed by difficult questions, such as being raised quite rightly by the member. However, overall, colleges have always delivered very strongly for deprived communities in Scotland, so I am hoping to be able to reassure the member that that will continue to be the case in Glasgow. Students from deprived areas benefit from free full-time education and record bursary support. The results for colleges speak for themselves. Two thirds of those from the 20 per cent most deprived areas study for recognised qualifications at college successfully completed their course up on 2012-13. The latest figures show that 26.6 per cent of students come from the 20 per cent most deprived areas. That is the backdrop against which the particular plan that the member is talking about will be set. I would hope that fairness will always be a major consideration, regardless of what aspect of the roll-out that we are talking about. To ask the Scottish Government what it is doing to promote the IT industry as a career choice. An underpinning theme of the ICT and digital technology skills investment plan, which was published in March 2014, is to raise the profile of careers in the IT sector. To help achieve that, Skills Development Scotland is working in partnership with the industry on a multi-channel marketing campaign aimed at highlighting the opportunities available through a career in IT. The campaign will begin in spring 2015 and will complement the wider careers information advice and guidance that is already available through my world of work. I hope that that answer is also of interest to Nanette Milne. Cabinet Secretary, you may be aware of an event that was hosted last week by Oracle Academy, entitled Future Job Framework, which has presented from the Oracle Academy a new college, Lanarkshire, in my region, on their joint working. Will the cabinet secretary agree that this is an excellent example of the IT industry engaging with local colleges and in so doing expanding the knowledge and opportunities for IT in Scotland? I can agree with the member. This type of collaborative working is a step in the right direction in terms of ensuring that those entering the labour market are equipped with the right knowledge and skills that such a fast-paced and dynamic sector requires. The Scottish funding council is currently supporting seven early adopter college regions to explore and develop senior phase vocational pathways. Focusing on STEM and sectors of regional importance, the activity will bridge the gap between school, college, university and employment for 15 to 18-year-olds. The pilot projects from Skills Development Scotland will begin to improve representation and will identify best practice that can be shared and replicated. It is of interest that one of those pilots is indeed the partnership project in West Lothian to encourage women into STEM subjects. To ask the Scottish Government how it ensures that the agency and contract staff at employees enjoy fair terms and conditions. Agency staff are not directly employed by the Scottish Government. The agency staff's suppliers are responsible for pay and other terms and conditions of service. Scottish Government works with them, however, throughout the contract period to ensure that the very best terms of supply are available. Can the minister tell me how many people employed by the Scottish Government contractors and subcontractors and employed using so-called umbrella company contracts? It would be difficult to establish the exact figure, because the nature of those contracts means that people are set outside the normal employment patterns. I am aware that there is a member's debate this evening precisely on the subject. It has been a matter of some concern. I have a meeting in respect of the umbrella contract position this afternoon and another meeting that has been rescheduled with the Labour front bench spokesperson on this. All of the unfair or unacceptable uses of contracts such as the umbrella contracts are ones that we would wish to discourage where possible. That concludes support fully of questions. It is now time to move on to the next item of business, which is a debate on motion number 1, 2 to 2, 6, in the name of John Swinney, on the Budget Scotland number 4 bill.


First, I would like to thank the secretary general of ITU because during his visit in Bangladesh in 2010 he has applauded the digital health initiatives of Bangladesh and that really has encouraged us a lot. Again ITU by arranging this conference has let us know that there are so many wonderful and amazing things happening in different parts of the world. And the subject of the conference, the diverse subjects of the conference, how technology will transform the health sector, funding modules for digital health and how innovation can help us tackle the health sectors, different challenges. So we have learnt a lot and also was amazed with the smart home concept where we can take care of the health of the elderly population, their blood pressure and if the conditions of Alzheimer's can be known to us even prior to its attack. So you know it's like a whole new experience that we are having here and ITU being a global platform has thus encouraged us to know about the best practices of other countries and at the same time we have learnt from the lessons learnt from different countries. So we will not be repeating the mistakes that other countries have. And through this global conference and initiatives that ITU takes every year actually we thus become a strong global partner. The country experiences matters to us, we know that we have to work together to establish or to build up a very strong infrastructure, telecommunication infrastructure. If we want to give smart phone to every women's hand or every population's hand, every citizen's hand then we have to work together, we have to have the financing. So global partnership is what matters and I think ITU has created this platform for strengthening the global partnership. There are actually many issues that touched me like how we can take these digital health initiatives at the doorstep of the hard to reach population. The last mile solution is very important specifically for Bangladesh, we are laying optical fiber connection to 1,000 unions and 290 upuzillas which are the lowest tire of the administrative unit but we are struggling with the last mile solution. So their ideas about the last mile solution will be really helpful for us and at the same time how we can work in coalition with different countries and also inter ministerial collaboration. These are the things that have interested me. I think the major challenge is infrastructure and though we are really trying hard, we generate so much of revenue but most of it like goes for the physical infrastructure. So we want our portion of the share to be invested in the telecommunications infrastructure. Amongst the population of 160 million, 130 million are mobile phone users. Yes and they are, we have many projects like I've talked about Shauna Kishore where the adolescent girls they communicate with each other, they have created their own network and they talk about taboo subjects like how HIV can be transmitted, how they can prevent HIV, they talk about health and hygiene during menstruation which are taboo subjects in rural areas or in villages but they have established a network, they are networking with the local administration, with police stations, with NGOs, so they are doing a tremendous job and also we have 24 hour health service, we have linked numbers with the district hospitals and also now we are trying to link each and every hospital with these health lines. So we are doing quite a lot in this sector, we are also trying to include the people living in different slum areas, we are also working to include the well-being and the healthy living practices of the slum dwellers by introducing digital health care there also. So we are just empowering them with a computer, with a laptop, with a mobile phone but here I would like to say that we are looking at a Bangladesh, we want to look at a Bangladesh where each and every woman will have a smart phone in their hand because we have seen that if we empower a woman with a smart phone she empowers her family, she empowers the entire community and she invests in the family and also in the education of her girl child, so that is where we want the support of the international community.


Hey guys real estate gaming here today. We're gonna be playing some scary stories and roll blocks as you can see I'm here with John do the pizza. He was here yesterday. He's a long time subscriber and Robbie Rodden. Oh, yeah, we're here with Jason. Look at him. He's like drunk or something. I don't know. I'm just kidding. Okay, so we're gonna start with this With this what's it called the return of Jason. It was requested by Corey YouTube JY2. Okay, so let's begin. Oh, yeah, by the way, if you guys are new to the channel remember to subscribe, like, like button Turn that notification bell. Oh, by the way, say hi tweeter before we start my little friend Yes, we did mister. Okay, so let's see Logan I don't understand why I'm bullied. Oh, no, she's bullied. She's a victim of bullying. That's so bad, man Okay, Jason breaks window. What? He just ran in here like nothing Logan Okay, so this girl was at her house just chillin. She was calling out to Logan and then Jason just runs into the window He's insane Okay, let's see Logan. Oh my god. I got a call Tommy Jarvis. Who's Tommy Jarvis? Maybe that's her boyfriend or something. Okay, so she got away from Jason. Okay, that's a good sign Okay. Oh, yeah, by the way, if you guys ever wondered what RGMC9 stands for that's my Roblox username. It stands for Realistic gaming Minecraft. That's because I started my channel off with Minecraft at the time So that's why RGMC that's what it stands for, right you guys? That's where you guys ever wondering Okay, so let's go back to the story. What? He's pushing her away from the story Okay, so Logan. Ah What were you taking a Robbie? Oh? My god, it's Logan. Logan in disguise. Oh, they think he is in disguise So I'm guessing that's Logan Pa or something in disguise as a girl Oh, no Jason knocks knock knocks door down so he busted in knocking the door down. I Think it is you guys Maybe Maybe it is Logan five to think of that nice one John Logan ah Jason cuts Logan and stabs her wait But this is Logan and then this is her So Logan's a girl in this okay. Oh my god rest in peace you guys Common rest in peace Logan and the comments below because he just got his guts ripped apart by Jason Look at Jason bro. He's a savage his machete. He's not even in his hand. It's just floating. Oh My god, what a mess here.  She's supposed to rest in peace bro. I'm not resting lit Rest in lit. Oh, no This isn't it. Oh, no, don't look at the story you guys. Let's go from the beginning Rip her that was okay. Yeah. Oh, this is another Jason one Cool, so we have two Jason stories. That's pretty cool. I never had two Jason stories before the rise of Jason Oh, so that one was the return Jason and this is the rise of Jason nice Okay, max listening to the radio so boring. Wow, that's one giant radio if you ask me oh my god Yeah, what's up John AFK, okay? Max Wow killer on the loose Fake, okay, so you heard on the radio and that's it seems the best of okay. Oh, okay, John's having problems. Okay, um So this guy was on the radio and he heard that there was a killer on the loose and he had and he thinks it's fake He's like man. I'm not gonna listen to the radio. I'm gonna go to bed Okay, you better make sure to lock your windows mister. Hold on the game volume still out you guys No go no wonder it's super loud Okay, go to bed with me Robbie Rodin wants to go. Oh my god Jason's in the window Was he back there in the other one? No, he wasn't okay, so Jason is creeping up on him now What is that at my window bro that is Jason? What do you mean? What is that? He's a killer and if I was you I would have get up and run. Oh my god for guy. Thank God. It's gone Okay, so now Jason's not there at the window you guys. What do you think maybe he broke in the house already?  What he stabbed him from under the bed. You can't even see him under the bed though.  Oh my god That's Jason is a hacker Oh My god Jason managed to sneak in his room get under his bed and he stabbed him from the bottom of the bed What's that the same that tip? That's like a total Jason attack move, right? Okay, ghost girl. Ooh a ghost story warning. Do not look at the story at night if you do not you will have nightmares Oh What's up, okay, I'm getting okay, let's go 3 a.m. In the morning rip 3 a.m So I know this man. So Robbie Michael hmm. What should I do? Oh? No Michael. What are you doing at 3 a.m. Awake with why did why did okay? You guys explain me? Why does Michael have? sunglasses at 3 a.m. Like Are you kidding me whether I think necessary you smack me in the face? You should watch TV Okay, I don't see any TV Michael. I think you're cuckoo. Well, they ain't go. There's a TV Michael This movie is new can't even see a movie. Hey, that's exactly like the same TV. I have on that wall like I Look you guys can see it's pretty insane, right? Haha, that's so funny isn't it all right? Let's go. I'm sorry Michael.  He has a big TV. I Have the same TV I showed on vid That's so funny. Okay, Michael. Ah, that is a ghost ghost girl Makes creepy sound. Okay. Let's make a creepy sound. What we should make like uh, I Don't know Okay, let's get out of here.   Oh My god, so she like came out of the TV. Oh Dude, you're like pushing her Look at her arms Robbie just detach her arms from the ghost girl. How is that even possible? How is that possible? She's a ghost girl Like how can her arms detach off of her? She's a ghost, right? What? Oh my god, Robbie.  Oh, this room is scary.  No, that's not the right one ghost girl my first enemy this picture of me eating blood will be here forever. Oh My god, this is so terrifying, man Okay, you guys comment rip Michael in the comments.  You can't eat blood dummy What why is there why is there animatronic here? What? This makes no sense. He's just floating here eight part one. What I know, right? Is this a poop monster Freddy? He said is that a poop Freddy? Okay, this is it What why is there a piece of hair on the floor? Excuse me girl.  Look at the ball, baby Hey, oh Bob. I know Why should Bob Catherine it's a fun playing outside. Oh No, what do you say? It's so fun playing outside in the sunny hot heat. No, it's not I hate going outside when it's super hot man. Okay. Tell me why is there animatronic everywhere? That's so weird Catherine. Hi. I'm a cat. I am Catherine. What's your name? Hello Hello there. I am a circus clown. I make all dreams come true Okay, Catherine if I was you I would not speak to this clown because he looks scary to begin with I would just keep walking Catherine and take your baby with you in her fake hair.  Well, can you give me candy mr. Pennywise Catherine? Why are you asking Pennywise for candy? Are you insane like deep first of all? Do you see this guy Pennywise? Well? I am the dancing clown. No, you're not.  Oh god? Oh My god, what's Pennywise just died over here. Oh my rip Pennywise. Oh my god Common rest in peace Pennywise you guys that's so sad Catherine okay, so she took the candy from Pennywise and like oh no She told him he was a dancing clown and she said okay smiley face I got Pennywise follow me Catherine to my candy truck. Don't follow him. He's a creep Real what's up poop monster here? What? Oh, yeah, he disappeared on my screen He disappeared Never mind. Yeah. No, I had seen him. Oh my god. Did she really follow him? Catherine mr. Pennywise what is going on?  Oh no. He has other victims in his ice cream truck.  Ah, oh no. He sucked her blood out. Oh my god. Look at Catherine's face. She's pale white. Oh My god, and the baby's on the floor. Oh, no, it should not bald anymore Oh my god common rest in peace Catherine in the comments you guys Poor Catherine do we play it survival now? I don't want to play it survive. Oh my god John what is What is mr. It doing out here? Okay Hi cat what Catherine what what is this girl doing out here? Why is her hair floating in front of her? Okay, something is definitely Definitely going on here you guys the dead that Freddy fast bears. Oh Let's go. There's a Freddy fast bear one everything's all messed up here, man Whoa, this peter is cool. When is my birthday at the same time? Oh my god So it's his birthday at the pizzeria. Oh look at Freddy. Welcome. Oh My god, he's at FNAF pizzeria you guys Okay, Kevin. Ah, what there's no dialogue for Freddy's out here What are you doing to him Freddy leave Kevin alone? Ah help me. He is killing me Okay, I think he's supposed to be stabbing him or something, but The game's like list. Okay. Help me guys. Oh, no Kevin got taken out already Common RIP in the comments you guys rest in peace Kevin poor Kevin. Oh, what's up with this girl? I didn't even see her Kevin dad. Oh my god purple guy.  Oh Well, yeah, I know right purple guy. Of course. I do Ayla. Hi there. Do you like pizza and then he's a course I do. Oh, no Ayla. You shouldn't mess with this guy He is so evil rest in peace Well, I think that's it you guys. That's the last of the scary stories Which you guys will thank you guys for watching. Thank you for the amazing support as always and I will see you guys next time say bye Twitter I love you Twitter.  I wish you guys. I'll see you next time


Hey, people trying to say, oh, I can't put myself in a category with two-part them. Actually, I'm better than them niggas. You know why? Because I love what I rap about. Them niggas were just legends, like, because they died. Yeah, man. Jumping into Kodak Black, who says, and we're going to play the clip, you know, in the edit, but he compares himself to Biggie in two-part, you know, and says he deserves that status. Listen, man, I will put this on the table, man. Call me the old hat, call me whatever. Yeah, I didn't live to see these dudes, man. But anybody could do simple math. Anybody could do simple math. Tupac had five years in the game. He had his first album in 91. It was called Tupacalypse Now. It was mostly considered a flop, but it had one song on it called Brenda's Got a Baby, which charted number seven on the rap charts and was one of the most emotionally, consciously, creatively most impactful records in the rap genre at that time. 1992, he stars as an act named, a role named Bishop in a movie called Juice. Okay, give him the history. 1993, he drops an album called Strictly for My Negas, that has two songs on it. One is called Keep Your Head Up, which was a smash, and the other called I Get Around, which was a smash.  This is the Thug Life Pock. This is the Crazy Pock. This is the Interviews Pock. This is where the East Coast, West Coast beat starts happening. Now he's in jail for a rate charge going into 1995. He drops Me Against the World in jail while in Coast Platinum from jail and drops a song on that album called Dear Mama, which is one of the greatest songs about.  This is off the top of the top. How many Pock movies you got to see to do the math? Like, stop it. Okay. Stop it. Like, stop comparing yourself to Biggie and Pock. I don't believe, I believe it's hard for any of these rappers to ever have a chance, bro. Like really do the math. Pock was dead by 25. Dead. By 25 dead, Alistair hits two classic albums, two classic movies. Like, come on, like do the math. All right, bro. I think you touched on like, I mean, you said a lot already. So I'm not even going to add much of that. All I'll say is like, no, the answer is no. Obviously, he doesn't represent for the culture anywhere near of what Tupac or Biggie represented, right? Like in many ways, and this is even talking about me personally, but a lot of people look at Kodak as like a laughing stock, you know what I'm saying? Like, and those two people weren't. Tupac was so much more than music. Like, you know, he was, he was a movement.  He was trying to connect, move the culture forward for real, for real. Not just, oh, move the culture forward. I'm doing it for the culture of some music. No, he's like literally in the neighborhoods. And just because of that epic East Coast, West Coast battle and how that position, both of them, all that, all those people, like that, that's just a, that's not a thing where lightness is not really going to strike twice or not too often. It's hard to even be put in that situation. No, it was like a lot of history that had to take place. And for that to even get where it was. Yeah, I love Kodak Black, man. I love Kodak Black, man. That's what I'm saying. Like when we, when we have love for you, don't put yourself in position to be hated.  And I know the people I know. It's just like, all right, when Meek Mill got like a key to Atlanta or no, he got a day in Atlanta now or whatever happened recently. Why, bro? Why? Like does, does, uh, Tia have a day? Does Andre the Thousand Big Boy have a day? There's Luda Day Weekend, which I mean, like Luda did that himself though. It's not official from the city. It's the same thing as when they were mad. Um, part of me, he did Detroit or something like that. Like, and, and didn't, like Eminem don't have a key to the city. I don't think, but it's like, why are you putting yourself in a bit? Now, this isn't even no, like shot at me, but it's like, why, um, why that kind of stuff puts people in position to where they have to say, Hey, we love you, but this, this is different. You know what I'm saying? Like you put yourself in a position where we might hate you or have a little hate for you.  We watched him be, you know, in jail and have cases and all of this stuff. And then we watch him to be who we see now. Meek is also, Meek is the closest thing to that, in my opinion. Meek is somebody that we've seen with the dirty braids.  Yeah, we've seen that Meek. And now we're watching him be this, this clean cut guy who's fighting for, for, for jail, for prison reform. So it's like, to me, he does represent something huge and, um, he's very hip hop. So no, Oh, Atlanta native, like a for real Atlanta, just that old man, Tally, I'm from this zone. I'm from that zone.  This is reality, bro. Like, and I love Meek and I don't blame Meek for this. I don't blame whoever it is in the, um, I don't blame Cardi B for the whole Detroit thing. It has nothing to do with them. It really don't make me feel any way about the artists. It makes me feel that way about the city. Cause that's the people who give these awards.  Like, I just don't, I just don't understand it. Like, but like, it don't make me have any distance to Meek at all. I just, it's just an annoying thing from a city standpoint. And bringing it back to it is weird. I don't understand. Like, yeah, it doesn't make that much sense. It's wild, bro. Like in the closeout Tupac, real quick, though, I will just, uh, I thought like one of the closer people I've seen compared themselves to Tupac was Lil Bootsy. Now, not in Tupac as a whole, but some of what he represented, where he's from and what he was doing, like before he went to jail, all the things he was doing in the city. And I'm not like, I'm not from that area. So I'm not speaking in holy, but just from what I saw, like when my sister, I went out of Jackson, Mississippi, when I was a young, like she went to college over there. So I started learning about the culture and I was watching him and him, you know, do stuff, schools and all that stuff. It seemed like he had a little bit of air of that side. As far as not just a rapper, but really, really putting on for the hood and helping the community. But when you, but when you talk about the other aspects, especially to the culture as a whole, like there's nobody who's even close. Like Biggie's not even Pocke and Pocke's not Biggie. Just like not, not as a shot of Biggie. If you want to get, if you real young and you want to get like a snapshot of like what it kind of felt like when Pocke was living, just picture a mix of like Kendrick Lamar's impact musically with Tekashi 6ix9ine's impact off of the mic. Sheesh. Just like road and road. I think that was that's a perfect game. Road into one artist. Like if you just want to get an idea of what it felt like, he was Tekashi 6ix9ine on the media, which wasn't the internet at that time. But when you got a record, it was we going to be all right. Yeah. It wasn't, it wasn't Gummo.  So it's like, yeah, if you want to just get like a snapshot of what that moment felt like, that's the comparison you would have to make, you know, like Kendrick Lamar and Tekashi without this mission. He was in jail for the rape kids after he got shot at quad. That's Tekashi. But then he dropped me against the world, which is like, you know, to purple butterfly. That's well, that's well, yeah. Bro, that's a wow comparison. I never really thought about that, but I think you really spot on. And I got love for pop because he used to be indicated. That's all. Yeah. Yeah, that's it, bro.


Hi there, my name is Hadi. I'm from the IT department at American University of Sharjah. Due to the situation that we've had at the university, we have tried our best to ensure that all faculty and staff have the right equipment, the right knowledge in order to work remotely. We have trained over 600 faculty and staff within three days, got them all up to speed on how to use our software. We have been providing the faculty with online collaboration tools, software such as Blackboard Collaborate, Google Mies. We created WhatsApp groups for students and faculty so we can be accessible at any time. We also created hotlines for the faculty as well and for the students. We've also been updating our ITFAQ so most of the commonly answered questions that we have, we've been putting on the website, we've been constantly updating it and just providing a lot of outlets for information for faculty and for students and just make light of the situation at hand that we have now.


Wal-Mart pays its employees wages that are so low that many of their employees are forced to go on food stamps and Medicaid. Now here is what is absurd. The middle class and working class of this country pay higher taxes in order to subsidize the workers of Wal-Mart who work for the wealthiest family in the United States of America. See that is that's a rigged economy. Working people should not have to subsidize a family worth $130 billion. You know you got a lot of Republicans talking about people on welfare ripping off the system. It turns out that the Walton family is the major beneficiary of welfare in the United States of America. Billions of dollars actually. We give their family billions of dollars to subsidize their employees. So I say to the Walton family, those of you working Wal-Mart, you can convey convey this to the family. They've got to start paying their workers a living wage. We're tired of subsidizing them. And then just to kind of complete the circle here it turns out that one of the Waltons, Alice Walton, makes a $300,000 campaign contribution to Secretary Clinton's PAC, super PAC. So maybe instead of contributing hundreds of thousands of dollars to Secretary Clinton's super PAC, she might want to use that money to pay her workers a living wage.


So, for an adiabatic flame we have the unburnt enthalpy should be equal to the burnt enthalpy which means we could now say sigma k equals 1 to n yk,u times hk,u equal to sigma k equals 1 to n ykb hkb where hkb is now the enthalpy of the burnt products ykb is something that we have seen so far. So what we then do is the normal thing which is we now say enthalpy is formation enthalpy plus sensible enthalpy right so using heats of formation and sensible enthalpies we can write sigma k equals 1 to n yk,u minus ykb times delta hfk0 which is the reference formation enthalpy for each species equal to now we look at the sensible enthalpy which is t ref time to t or tb that is cpb dt minus integral t ref to tu cpu dt right our job is to actually find out tb given to you okay that is what you are trying to do here. So where of course cpb is equal to sigma k equals 1 to n ykb cp cpk of temperature and pu is sigma k equals 1 to n yk,u cpk of t now so what we want to do is we want to try to find out what this is right and therefore and then we have already looked at how to do the products therefore we can do the same thing. So we had dyk divided by nu k double prime minus nu k single prime times capital Wk equals over many species to let us say one particular species dy1 divided by nu 1 double prime minus nu 1 single prime times capital W1 so integrating this integrating this we get yku minus ykb equals so let us suppose that you do this for the kth species in relation to the fuel so that means you take any kth species and then you take fuel the left hand side and right hand side respectively then you could you could write this as yfu minus yfb times nu k double prime minus nu k single prime Wk divided by nu f Wf now keep in mind your nu f here is actually the stoichiometric coefficient for the fuel and you do not have any fuel on the right hand side therefore your nu k double prime minus nu k single prime for the fuel is simply nu f right so you do not have to worry about that anymore because you know how the reaction looks like for this so from here if you know this difference now for the kth species multiplying by delta hfk and summing over all k sigma k equals 1 to n yku minus ykb times delta hfk not is equal to then you see the only thing that is really getting summed over on the right hand side is this part all right and this is all this is independent of k it is only for the fuel therefore why yfu minus yfb divided by nu f Wf times sigma k equals 1 to n u k Wk delta hfk not where we now use a symbol where of course it is going to get a little bit bigger so we tried to compress it by seeing nu k is nu k double prime minus nu k single prime just to just to kind of have our bearings on when you see nu k is equal to nu k double prime minus nu k single prime that is like a set that you are trying to allocate a particular symbol but we have also looked at the nu without a subscript which is a stoichiometric stoichiometric ratio mass ratio and nu f is actually the stoichiometric coefficient for fuel that is already been identified which is basically this one evaluated already right so these are these are the different news that we have we are looking at so you just do not get confused about these things all right so if you now look at this then the left hand side here is what this is effectively what it means is this essentially translates to just looking at this summation all right and therefore if you now say that summation if it is Q let that so we can we can now define heat of combustion heat of combustion Q equal to negative k equals 1 to n nu k wk delta Hfk not all right let us just see heat or the other way you can do is you can also say negative sigma k equals 1 to n nu k delta Hfk not where this is on a molar basis this is on a mass basis so mass basis multiplied by the molecular way is what you look in that so for simplicity let us now say t u equals t ref now we have already gone through this before in the context of premixed flames but it does not really lose much generality here by doing this and also zoom constant Cp constant Cp therefore now for a lean mixture for a lean mixture when yfb equal to 0 right means you are running out of the burnt fuel because you do not have any of it as an excess as for a lean mixture then all you do is you now say here why just plug in yfb equal to 0 here right that is what you would actually do for the left hand side on the right hand side there is a simply Cp times Cp times tb minus to you effectively right so that means a Cp can come to the other side in the denominator and then you will get tb minus to you equal to q yfu divided by Cp nu f wf okay now it is not for nothing that we chose to actually look at fuel as one of the sides of this equation so in this equation we chose one of them to be fuel with the other one being any kth species on the left hand side because we are looking at a lean mixture where you are going to substitute yfb equal to 0 but for a rich mixture you would want to actually substitute yo2b equal to 0 right which means we need to have a place in which we can substitute yo2b equal to 0 for which we should have started out having oxidizer integrated rather than fuel right so that is what we would do for a rich mixture we go back and integrate again as yku minus ykb trying to redo this again with oxidizer on the right hand side is to the fuel so ykb minus yku equal to yo2u minus y so this must be yo2u minus yo2b divided by nu o nu o2w o2 times times nu kwk divided by yeah that is it I will re-wrote this so nu k of course is again nu k double prime minus nu k single prime which I have not done before so if you do this and of course you now can take this step where you multiply by delta hfk and sum over and then you now recognize this is q and plug this back in here and write your tb minus tu I just say you now plug your yo2b equal to 0 right for the rich mixture and plug yo2b equal to 0 for rich mixture right tb minus tu is equal to q yo2u divided by cp nu o2w o2 now what we are really looking for is the burnt temperature in terms of the mixture fractions up because mixture fraction is kind of like our basic function now so we want to now represent this in terms of sorry yfu in terms of Z and yo2u in terms of Z which is not very difficult okay so we can say that this is basically Z times yf,1 and this is 1-Z times yo2,2 right so we know how to do that so so we we now write yfu and yo2u in the above expressions in terms of Z the mixture fraction then right also the unburned temperature temperature in terms of mixture fraction how does that work out you have tu of Z equal to t2-Z times t2-t1 right how do I know that this is right t2 is the oxidizer stream temperature and t1 is the fuel stream temperature right so if I now plug Z equal to 0 then it is all oxidizer then I get the unburned temperature for the oxidizer stream to be t2 that is what this is if Z is equal to 1 then it is the fuel stream right then the t2 gets cancelled and you get t1 for the unburned temperature so that is the temperature of the fuel stream so this is basically like a linear relationship between the two temperatures for the unburned temperature of a mixture of any given mixture fraction in between right so if with that being the case you now go back and plug that and in terms of Z and then plug your yfu in terms of Z and yo2 in terms of Z right so all of them put in put in terms of Z will be then tb of Z equal to tu of Z plus qyf, 1 divided by cp nuf wf times Z with Z much mean less than or equal to Z stoichiometric or tb of Z equals tu of Z plus q yo2, 2 divided by cp nuo2 wo2 times 1- Z for Z greater than or equal to Z st right now the maximum temperature you can calculate the maximum temperature so Z keeps on increasing you see tb will keep on increasing up to Z st and when you now cross Z st you now have to use this expression where as the Z keeps on increasing tb keeps on decreasing right and at Z equal to Z st you should actually get the same expression from both that means you should have like one temperature at which the stoichiometric mixture has a burn temperature so the maximum temperature and that will be the maximum temperature the max temperature T st is calculated for Z st from either expression from either expression above so how does this look like now we have been drawing these pictures at every now and then as in as in when we get a bunch of expressions are in terms of Z we try to plot them so here you see if Z is plotted along the horizontal axis and let us say go from 0 to 1 all oxidizer stream here and all fuel stream there and let us say the oxidizer temperature is T2 and the fuel temperature let us say is T1 the unburned temperature is not going to depend on whether you had a stoichiometric surface and so on okay what about it may be you just get a straight line that connects the two which is basically following this expression that is a linear expression in Z as well okay and you just get a straight line that connects these two this is TU as far as burnt temperature is concerned you have to now worry about whether your fuel rich or fuel lean right and that means you have to look at where your Z st will be so if your Z st is going to be here then the T st is going to be the peak and on the one side when you are now having only oxidizer you you do not have any reactions you are simply not having any fuel at all so you go back to T2 right and similarly on the other side you just have to look at a linear variation from T st to T1 so it just becomes that that simple all right so in some sense what this really means is we can now put the whole picture together in what we are doing in a bigger bigger graph let us just try to do that now need more space so let us now say we had a unburned situation and a mixing field in which you have the Z varying along the horizontal axis going from 0 to 1 all oxidizer to all fuel right and we now want to look at how this proceeds in a third axis where we are interested in constructing the same kind of picture for the burnt process so let us suppose that that is what it is right and along along the this third axis we now have a variable called reactiveness what is the level of reaction that is going on how do you monitor this by looking at yf minus yfu divided by yfb minus yfu so when you started out all right when you started out you have yf is equal to yfu so r is equal to 0 okay when you end yf becomes yfb the 4r becomes 1 all right so we can we can plot this along this axis maybe let us say along this axis maybe we just plot along this right that is a way the reaction is going all right and yf is turning into turning on turning from yfb yfu to yfb initially we are having your yfu actually starting starting from let us say yf1 here to 0 on this side and therefore you are going to have a straight line that looks like this so this is your yfu and somewhere in here you are going to have your zsd right and your yfb is going to be so maybe we can look at you do not have to worry about zsd at all here you just to just to get a perspective on how this kind of a linearly increasing yfu actually turns out to start increasing up to yf1 over here right and similarly you could think about a yo2u which starts from yo2 and goes all the way to 0 when z goes to 1 that is the unburned oxidizer right and that now is going to go all the way to so this is also yo2u and of course I should have marked yf1 there and then we could do a couple of things one let us assume that you have diluent only in the oxidizer like an air right so more the air more the oxygen and correspondingly more diluent if you do not have any air you do not have any oxygen you do not have any diluent either right so you could now think about a diluent concentration that is going to grow with more and more o2 as we go along backwards in this axis starting from 0 so so this is like ydu where d is for diluent right and this picture is not going to change at the end of the reaction it is about the same so you are now going to get this picture to look like ydu right and of course there is a value here that corresponds to how much diluent you have for how much oxygen so this could be for example 0.23 that could be like 0.77 and this could be now 0.77 alright okay and so on then we talked about temperatures oh no I think we talked about products so we talked about products we do not have any products here to talk about alright we are talking about products only here and the way we talked about it is we now said you are going to have your yco2b go like that and yh2ob go like that alright and finally we talked about temperature so the temperature we can plot two things the unburned temperature and the burn temperature right so the unburned temperature that supposed would be we now pick a scale like that this is your t2 and this is your t1 it is as if like the fuel stream is colder than the oxidizer stream right it could be and then you can mark these two points t2 here and t1 there maybe t1 is somewhere there according to this and now going to go all the way to TST and go back here so if you think about it this is like what we were saying for the vicinity of the Burke-Schuman flame so in the Burke-Schuman flame if you have a diffusion flame sheet in the Z axis it is going to be located at Z equal to ZST right and from Z equal to ZST the temperature is going to fall on either side on the fuel rich side one way and the oxidizer rich side the other way but in the flame we are looking at how it is behaving in space rather than in the space as in the physical space above the burner rather than looking at it in what is called as the mixture fraction space so in this picture everything looks very nice straight lines okay all linear dependences in the mixture fraction space but that is not how the curves were looking looking like in the physical space and that is one of the reasons why the mixture fraction space is quite valuable so question basically now is how do we transform this into or how do you utilize this in the physical space system that is what we are worried about like for example if somebody is giving you a burner and asking you to find out how the flame is going to look like and how the species concentrations in the temperatures are going to vary and all those things you cannot give them a picture back like this which is in the mixture fraction space you have to now translate this into the physical space so you now look at how the mixture fraction for example can be utilized in looking at the spatial variation that means we need to have a governing equation for how the mixture fraction varies in space that means we have to have an evolution equation for this what I am going to now write is basically the steady state counterpart but there is nothing that really stops you from doing an unsteady counterpart just like how you would do an unsteady Schwab-Zehler which formulation which we did not go through but we said it is possible to do so so similarly we can now write for example a evolution equation for the mixture fraction right so the mixture fraction essentially is like a conserved scalar and it is now being evolved by convective and diffusive processes okay now that is the physics behind how this goes you can actually derive this mathematically in two different ways one go back to the definition of mixture fraction mixture fraction is nothing but a fuel mass fraction kind of notion right so you can now find that you have like a new yf-y02 divided by something plus some plus new y02 2 divided by something so the all the things that are getting added up and divided by our constants which depend on the inlet concentrations but what is really happening is you are now forming this coupling function like new f-y0 new yf-y02 right if you now use the evolution equations for species concentration yf-y02 and you now multiplied by new subtracted one from the other added something else divided by something some other constant and so on you should now be able to get this and while you do that you can also find out that the right hand side being the reaction rate term is now going to go to is not going to get subtracted out pretty much like the way we did in the Berkshuman problem in the Berkshuman problem we started looking at the Schwab-Zeldovich species equation with the reaction rate on the right hand side and we now try to normalize things and subtract and form the coupling function such that you get the same expression on the right hand side you saw that when you subtract you get to get to 0 so you get you get 0 here similarly the other way of looking at it is while we were looking at the mixture fraction we also noticed that we could form element mass fractions like for example Zc Zh Zo and so on and we could form our mixture fraction based on the element mass fractions. So, so long as the mixture fraction is essentially defined based on the element mass fractions and in a combustion process the chemical reaction that we are going through conserves elements it does not really destroy the elements. So, no matter whether carbon is present in in the hydrocarbon or carbon dioxide no matter whether hydrogen is present in a hydrocarbon or water no matter whether oxygen is present as itself or as part of carbon dioxide or water right the mixture fraction gets conserved because it is based on element mass fractions and therefore the reaction rate term will not show up when you now try to write a evolution equation for this. So, we just write this out as it is and then the other thing that we need to do in order to actually look at the structure of the So, this is okay as far as the infinite chemistry kind of approach is concerned. So, what we talked about in the Berkshuman problem was that this is like a sheet that corresponds to infinite chemistry and on either side you have these things dropping and varying correspondingly. But if you want to now think about finite rate chemistry okay. So, if you are to think about finite rate chemistry you have to have the reaction rate show up somewhere and typically the problem with finite rate chemistry is the finite can the finite chemical reaction depends on species concentrations as well as temperature right. And the Schwab-Zeldovich formulation what we have noticed is we have to keep the reaction rate at least in one equation even while you are subtracting a lot of other things. Therefore if you now say let us now we have to consider the energy equation where the reaction rate depends on the temperature as well as react concentrations and the concentration is governed by reactions the sort of equations that have been subtracted from each third to get this okay. So, this represents a pair of species reactions the species equations and then we have the energy equation. So, if you now write this as so this is of course before we do that we can we can say this for a simple case of let us say the Buxchermann kind of problem if you now say rho u dou z divided by dou x minus right or if you want to do it in cylindrical polar this would be like this and 1 over r and so on that is okay equal to 0 now you could go ahead and solve this as it is and then finally look at the solution and find out wherever z is equal to z st is where the flame shape is in terms of so you are now going to get finally z of r, z equal to z st is the flame shape right. So, you could go ahead and do do your solution that way and once you do this on either side in the in the in the burner let us say you have your flame like this this is your z equals z st you can now get the solution to give other z values and so on that picture looks very good isn't it right that is how it actually turns out to be you can solve the show up Zondavich formulation and get this kind of picture and so these will correspond to different values of z with z equals z st being where it is to correspond to where the flame is and then you can now look at for different values of z what should be your yfb what should be your yf yo2b what should be your tb and so on all right so you could you could do this but that is actually the infinite rate chemistry approach now for the finite rate chemistry approach as I said you need to have at least one equation which contains the reaction rate that means you have to have the energy equation let us say minus 1 over r dou by dou r r rho d dou t by dou r right equal to 1 over cp sigma k equals 1 to n delta hfk0 wk this is directly coming from our Schwab-Zondavich energy equation right now what we have to do next and I am not going to do this in great detail I am just going to point to directions that that will take you there because this is just getting a bit too involved and I think the idea is essentially made and we could leave it there so what you now do is transform the equations with respect to Z that means we could say let one of the variables let us say Z here equal to Z which is the mixture fraction and let us say r is equal to Z1 so no big change there just changing symbols but here we are actually changing meanings okay and this is kind of like what is called as a croco transformation where you are replacing one of the independent variables by a dependent variable upon which you want other dependent variables to depend so involved that we have seen so far all the dependent variables that you are talking about are depending upon Z and Z itself is governed by this given that it is depending on X and sorry Z and R right so once you know how Z depends on the spatial variables we now transform our equation in terms of Z capital Z being the independent variable and now try to obtain the energy equation in terms of capital Z get your solution in terms of capital Z if you know how Z varies you know how your temperature varies right so this is not this is not so trivial you will actually end up with lots of so essentially what you have to go through is like if you now want to say dou by dou Z then let us say that that is actually dou by dou Z plus dou by capital dou capital Z by dou small Z times dou small Z and so on so you have to apply chain rule across and you have to bring in the dependence on capital Z everywhere by chain rule and then you plug this in these equations and this actually becomes a fairly huge term because of this and you will have lots of cross derivatives and so on and then you could make now an approximation you could make an approximation whereby you say gradients that are perpendicular to the flame are important gradients that are tangential to the flame or unimportant this is typically valid whenever you have a flame sheet kind of situation right and you can now throw away a lot of terms and to leading order you can even throw away terms that are there and other derivatives except these and finally what you will get is so neglect tangential gradients gradients and you will now get something like rho chi divided by 2 dou square T by dou capital Z square equal to minus 1 over Cp sigma k equals 1 to n delta hf not k wk where where chi is 2d dou Z by dou dou dou Z the whole square okay in general in 3d you could actually have this as a gradient square gradient Z squared and this would basically call be called whatever this is basically what is called as a scalar dissipation rate and this is essentially looking like a diffusion term in fact the scalar dissipation rate has dimensions of 1 over time and essentially it gives a it gives a characteristic diffusion timescale right and basically it tells us how the diffusion happens Z mixed Z is mixed a fraction keep that in mind and you now have the gradient coming in picture that means is essentially represents the transport phenomenon of mixing how the how the mixture fraction variable is now going to decay because of diffusion right while the mixing happens between fear and oxidizer and this is actually quite important in turbulent diffusion wherever you are looking at for example scalar transport by turbulence then you have the turbulent diffusion mass diffusion coming into picture and the scalar dissipation rate in and the turbulent conditions would be would be quite important quantity there where the moment let us not worry about all those things and the point I wanted to make is it looks like you have a diffusion term and reactive term and the effect of this would be to try to find out what goes on in between in a very narrow region in this in the Z space where things are varying due to finite rate chemistry and that is the effect of this okay and what you will find is in reality you do not really have the oxidizer concentration come all the way down to 0 it could leak across the reaction zone if you now take finite rate chemistry into account because it is not able to consume all the oxygen right it is not really infinite rate reaction now and then it will look like this is like a essentially a diffusive reactive balance that we saw for the reaction zone in the preheat premix flame and I also pointed out that this region is going to be like the reaction zone in the premix flame and whatever is outside of this in the near vicinity is going to be like the preheat zone in terms of transport processes dominating except it is going to be radial transport versus axial convection and so on in the Berkshuman problem or any co-flow diffusion flame problem like get diffusion flames and so on except this is not really a diffusion term alone you have it actually as a function of as a second derivative of capital Z which is the mixture fraction so this is a derivative in the mixture fraction space so it is a transformation that contains within it convection as well as diffusion but by making this transformation in terms of the mixture fraction we have essentially enabled it to look like a reactive diffusive balance all right but but the transformation contains in it the convective and the diffusive effects so we would like to stop here and then we can pick up on let us say droplet combustion from next class.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discussed the following question which says the ages of Sohan and Mohan are in the ratio 7 is to 5, 10 years hence the ratio of the ages will be 9 is to 7, find their present ages. Let's move on to the solution now. We are given that the ratio of the ages of Sohan and Mohan is 7 is to 5 so we have age of Sohan upon age of Mohan would be equal to 7 upon 5. Now we take let the present age of Sohan be equal to x years so we get the present age of Mohan equal to 5x upon 7 years that is in this we put the age of Sohan as x and we get the age of Mohan or the present age of Mohan as 5x upon 7 years. Now after 10 years age of Sohan would be equal to x plus 10 years and age of Mohan would be equal to 5x upon 7 plus 10 years. Now according to the question we have that 10 years after the ratio of the ages will be 9 is to 7 so we have x plus 10 is to 5x upon 7 plus 10 is equal to 9 is to 7 or we can say that x plus 10 upon 5x upon 7 plus 10 is equal to 9 upon 7 this gives us x plus 10 upon 5x plus 70 upon 7 is equal to 9 upon 7. We have taken the LCM in the denominator this gives us 7 into x plus 10 upon 5x plus 70 is equal to 9 upon 7 that is we have 7x plus 70 upon 5x plus 70 is equal to 9 upon 7. Now cross multiplying we get 7 into 7x plus 70 is equal to 9 into 5x plus 70. Now we open the brackets on both the sides so we get 49x plus 490 is equal to 45x plus 630. Now we transpose this term 45x from right hand side to the left hand side and we transpose this constant term 490 from the left hand side to the right hand side. So we get 49x minus 45x is equal to 630 minus 490. This gives us 4x is equal to 140 that is we get x is equal to 140 upon 4 then 4 35 times is 140 that is we get x is equal to 35. We had assumed the present age of Sohan to be x years so we now say that the present age of Sohan is equal to 35 years and the present age of Mohan is equal to 5x upon 7 years and we put the value for x as 35 in this so we get 5 into 35 upon 7 years. Now 7 5 times is 35 so this is equal to 25 years so we get the present age of Sohan as 35 years and present age of Mohan as 25 years. So with this we complete the session hope you have enjoyed the session.