Good morning and welcome to the Johnson Space Center. Thank you for joining us here this morning for the joint post-flight press conference for the STS-71 and Mir 18 crew members. Now to start the conference and to introduce the rest of the crew members is the commander of STS-71 Navy Captain Robert Hoot Gibson. Hoot. Thank You Arlene and welcome to the post-flight press conference for Mir 18 and STS-71. It was a bit of a complex mission and so I'm sure the debriefing will be done in a little bit of a complex way but first let me start off and introduce the the two crews that we have here in Houston today. Seated immediately to my right our mission pilot for STS-71 Charlie pre-court. Next to Charlie our payload commander and mission specialist number one Dr. Ellen Baker. Next to Ellen our flight engineer mission specialist number two Dr. Greg Harbaugh. Seated next to Greg our mission specialist number three and the Mir 18 backup crew member Dr. Bonnie Dunbar and then we have the crew of Mir 18 starting with the board engineer Mr. Gennady Strikolov the commander of Mir 18 Vladimir Dejurov and our very own cosmonaut researcher aboard Mir 18 Dr. Norm Thigard. So at this point I would like to have the the Mir 18 crew perhaps starting off with Dr. Thigard discuss Mir 18. Normie. Thanks. We actually as the Mir 18 crew began training in February late February of the 94 and in the course of about a year Bonnie and I went through a program that was a combination it was a combination of the sorts of things we would normally do as a candidate for a whole year just that alone and then at the same time we had to train specifically for the Mir 18 flight. So that made it a little bit intensive but not overly so and we found I think by the time that we were ready to fly we had managed to acquire enough expertise enough knowledge of the systems of Mir and Soyuz to feel fairly comfortable with the mission. I won't talk a lot about the mission now I'm sure there'll be questions but I will say that Volodja told me about a week before the shuttle got there that I had seen more than almost any cosmonaut ever sees because we had gone up on a Soyuz we had seen the arrival of a progress resupply ship we had done several transfers of modules from node to node at the at the attachment node and in addition of course we had seen the Spectre module come up there and finally the shuttle at with that I think what I'd like to do is go ahead and start in with our slide in our videos we'll start with the slides first and we'll we'll try and give you some commentary first of all no nothing we do ever starts out without the emblem or the patch that was the Mir 18 patch we all had a hand in the design of that patch and so we all we all feel some ownership for it it represents of course a launch our launch Mir 18 from Baikonur in Central Asia docking with the Mir station the three months stay and then finally the arrival of the shuttle and our return to earth at Kennedy Space Center in Florida the the first concern I guess I had because it was long duration spaceflight and we didn't have any recent experience with it is what do you need to do by way of exercise to make sure that you're in good shape when you come home there is an excellent program of physical conditioning on board the Mir station we had two treadmills and a bicycle shown here is the bicycle and when the Spectre module arrived of course we receive yet another bicycle so the space station Mir can adequately provide for physical exercise and it's my personal feeling although we are certainly studying it to see if that's true that the exercise is a benefit for those people when they upon return to earth I have already had experience on the Mir station however I had to get used to the station and you although the adaptation didn't take much time that was a very atmosphere that we were used to working on the station and this slide in particular shows you how we are studying atmosphere parameters and we were studying contaminations in the atmosphere and quality of the air I would like to say that station atmosphere practically has not changed for the five years that I have not been on the board of the station Dr. Thagard and myself were measuring these parameters many times many times in different points of the station in different modules and air quality was always good we have conducted a great amount of work and a very hard work on board of the Mir station especially it was a very hard work after Spectre module docking to the Mir station it was necessary for us to activate the module and to prepare it for docking with the shuttle in order to do that we had completely replaced and routed the necessary number of cables also we prepared the power supply system of the whole complex we also prepared the station for the docking with Atlantis it took a large amount of time but we were able to fulfill this completely and all of us Gennady Norm and myself were working on the same tasks at the same time also here on the slide you can see how we were working with the power supply system of the whole station we have replaced many accumulators on the station we were preparing for docking and we were maintaining the space station we're making sure that the work with the shuttle will be sufficient and this is a very brief minute of rest yes during the day we were getting very tired and when I saw a guitar that has been on board of the station for many years I was trying to play some music and Norm Thaggart took a picture of me with the guitar this is also one of the moments on board of the station certain systems are close to the crew quarters where Norm Thaggart was sleeping in particular this is a Mir station propulsion system control panel air quality control system is located here too sometimes we had to disturb Norm because we had to work with his systems he was very understandable and he was never upset at us here my jumpsuit is open because this picture was taken prior to Chibick's experiment and we had to put on the polter 24 hours in advance and you can see that polter is on at this time Norm Thaggart was making sure that halter is on on time and halter is off on time this was actually taken obviously during the sts-7 joint mission but this was a pretty standard view to be seen on station that is right in front of the dining table we had and that wound up being pretty much the center of activity if you needed to write anything down or do planning and a lot of the experiments I conducted were conducted right from that place and also when we held our video conferences during the course of the mission we were usually pictured just as you see there in front of the dining table with the camera looking in that direction and Veloja and Gennady here are preparing for their EVA and I saw a lot of this there is an actual model of the Mir station and they would on the eve of the EVAs of their space walks get out the model and discuss among themselves and how they were going to do it what handrails they would use what paths they would choose to get there they had trained for that of course before flight but by the time the EVAs occurred it had already been a couple of months and it was necessary to do these sorts of reviews and apparently it worked out very well because the EVAs of course were successful and perhaps Veloja would like to comment a little about EVA preparations yes I completely agree with Norman prior to an EVA we had to model everything and simulated a few times because with time after a certain period of time a certain part certain details you forget and in order to remember them again we had to simulate every stage of an EVA on the model also during the whole period of time we were able to perform five EVAs the most difficult were the first three EVAs where we had to retract the solar arrays and relocate it with this boom cargo boom to another module and the following deployment of the solar array is as shown on this slide so it would be able to operate normally within the whole complex but on a different module Gennady might want to comment on this one I found this fascinating Gennady basically is using a metal can lid for one of his schematics for work that he has to do we were proposed to perform a job to transfer a part of the power after we relocated the solar arrays to quant one module we were routing electrical cables for power transfer from this battery to other modules sometimes we were using all means even drawing schematics on such unusual parts this is a new module it's shown right after docking with the equipment that came in that module and as you can see on the slide we were not even able to uninstall it and activate it this yellow part is a mirasque equipment which is going to be installed by mere 19 crew by Anatoly Solovyov and Nikolai Budarin when they perform an EVA and I'm guilty of putting this slide in there the STS-70 crew 71 crew actually never saw this view this is the base block the core module and it's basically taken from that dining table that you saw before looking toward the central post which is the post from which the entire complex is controlled and we went through and did a bit of housekeeping just before the shuttle arrived but in the course of many months mission you do things for convenience and that is if you use an object you place it back in a place that's convenient for you however because we wanted to be good good host and present a nice clean station the 71 crew never saw this because the day before they arrived we went through especially Veloja in the core module and cleaned everything up and that's the slides I think we have a bit of a video perhaps about 15 minutes so maybe we can go right into the video and that is the mere 18 crew of course you could see the world and then the course of three months we got to see a lot of the world however we thought we'd show one that's familiar to a lot of our viewers that is Houston we had many passes over Houston this was one of the better passes it was almost directly over the city and as you can see it's virtually a cloudless day and as a Floridian I couldn't resist sticking this one in there we also had a lot of nice passes over Russia we didn't get so many good pictures over Russia simply because in those passes we were usually on communications with Mission Control Center in Moscow there is a I always wondered how do the cosmonauts come back looking like they're in reasonably good condition and their hair is all neat and everything and I found out and Gennady's prices were reasonable too only one dollar a symbolic price I had to pay him with beer with a haircut you have seen this picture already Gennady claims he doesn't play but actually he did a very nice job we did a lot of science during the flight this was early on I think the first metabolic session we tried to document as much of the science as we could with video Gennady we had to give him a certificate he's basically a qualified doctor now he did all of my blood draws and he did a nice job there was never a time when we didn't get the blood that we were supposed to get so I guess that's testimony to his proficiency we had had to I don't know if I ought to fully comment on that or not that was another one of our science experiments which involved a collection of biological samples and that bag was a biological samples floating about midair these were some of the air sampling slides or no I guess actually these these are the air sampling slides here the others were surface sampling but you can see the mirror station while clean still you can grow a few organisms fungi and the like but that would be true almost any place you picked here on earth in any event I can say that no one suffered from any infectious disease during the whole course of the flight again a little slide that bicycle I showed you before that I was sitting on could also be used for upper body exercises just by turning it around just as below just going here especially prior to an eva we had to work with our hands a lot so we should we would maintain our durability and save our strength for an eva we were very often using their government or both the hands exercises also twice a day we were exercising on the treadmill and once on a thermometer of course we were using the expander's also for maintaining our muscular strength we had to exercise a lot on the mirror station you can exercise in two places on board of the mirror station and also in the crystal my job there are two threadmills I've mentioned before the progress a resupply vehicle that came up there this is the progress and I apologize it probably would have been a lot more spectacular in the daytime however the system of docking is fully automated and it works very well in fact it works well enough that you can do it in the light or the dark depending on which is more convenient in this case it was more convenient to do it at dark so the entire docking sequence the final approach and docking were conducted in the dark it it did seem to me however that we got some pretty good photos when it got close in even though it was dark now this is the mirror station is seen from that progress vehicle there is a television camera mounted on the progress and here it is at this point it probably was no more than I would guess 25 or 30 feet away when it actually I took these pictures but when it actually docked I was within I was probably about where Gennady is located there from the docking node this is the docking node to which the progress is attached and we're opening the inner hatch I was going to say there was a no vibration nothing sensed or heard during the docking so it was very gentle and now you're looking at the docking cone of the progress vehicle itself and what we just opened there was again the hatch located on the station itself which is the receiving cone for that docking cone and it's pretty surprising how easy it is to open all of that and get access you do have to verify of course the pressure seals before you can start opening hatches all that went normally and you have a little tool that you use to unlatch the latch so that you can then open the hatch to the progress vehicle itself and I think after the hatch opens you can probably see a little bit of the wares that were stored inside we each for our benefit and to our joy received I think about five kilograms a piece of candies and foods and photographs and letters things from home so the resupply vehicles everyone looks forward to their arrival many of the systems on board the Mir station are regenerable but there will never be a station I suspect completely regenerable so it's still necessary to send up some supplies to the station using the progress vehicles those things amount to of course replenishment of the food supplies fuel because the station requires fuel to maintain attitude from time to time and water and again we're back in the EVA so we'll turn this over to Velodja to take you through the EVA sequences we had to spend a lot of time to prepare the spacesuit for an EVA check all systems of the spacesuit before an EVA and of course norm has helped us a lot as a third remember especially before an EVA when you have to put on the spacesuit it is very hard to work in it especially when you have to close the hatch and perform that kind of works always we would put on a spacesuit norm would help us it would close all hatches and then we would start communicate and work outside here you can see this is Gennady Strikalov is on the cargo boom and I'm helping him to move to the modules where the solar rays were retracted and on the top there is a box with the tools that you may need at any moment usually when we go EVA we take with us a little more of tools than we plan on the ground just in case for some unexpected events here you can see certain elements of EVA when we had to fix the cargo boom and move along the cargo boom yes now we were we're going to retract the solar ray norman is initiating a command to retract an electrical drive and we're just helping to fold the solar rays accurately so they would fit into a certain box and fit nicely in that box here you can see how the electrical drive itself works it was not a difficult job to retract the solar rays we were just helping the electrical drive the hard work was after we undocked the solar ray from the module and started relocating it as you see on the end of the cargo boom you see the battery its mass is approximately 800 kilograms and last a cosmonaut is on the same cargo boom and cosmonauts weighed together with a space suit is approximately 150 kilograms altogether the mass is usually one ton at the end of the cargo boom it was hard to control it because there were large moments of inertia and when you stop to control the cargo boom it still continues to move there is strong oscillation momentums and it was hard to control them well of course the public probably actually received more attention or got more attention from the docking and the approach however i think as you have seen from the video that proceeded before a lot went on before the shuttle could come up there those five EVAs had to take place and had to be successful and they were we had to move the modules from node to node because the crystal module needed to be located on what we call the minus x axis because that is the axis to which the shuttle will dock that all went beautifully thanks to good help from the soup and to a lot of hard work by the loge and gennady it's amazing i could not believe that you could sustain that much of a workload for that long a period of time but they did and they did beautifully however i think at the last we were all glad to see the shuttle come up there and not the least of the reason was just the sure the sheer beauty of seeing the shuttle because it is a beautiful vehicle no question about it and to look out through a window someone asked me well did you watch the docking on the on the monitor and i said no i looked at it through the window and that is a thrill i'll never forget so we managed to get a lot of good video as the shuttle came up there at times actually the behavior of the shuttle was too good because what happens is the movements are so precise and so controlled that it looks as though there is no motion and that you're looking at a model and not a real shuttle i had mentioned before when the progress came up and docked i heard and or felt nothing when the spectra module came up we heard nothing but we could feel just a very slight vibration however in the shuttle we're looking at a hundred ton vehicle and when it docked with the station there was definite motion of the station and perhaps at the end you can actually see a little bit of camera motion at the moment of docking again so well controlled that the only way you could tell that there was a relative motion between the station and the shuttle was the vertical tail has a tile separation lines and you could gradually see those tile separation lines that just disappear under the docking node on the crystal module but it was as though we had it on a fishing line and we're just slowly reeling it in very controlled very precise i had thought beforehand that we'd all be a bit nervous looking out and seeing two large objects so close in space but when you saw how well controlled it was all of that went away i don't think any of us were nervous except hoot might want to comment about sweaty palms or something while he was operating the controls but from our side though we never had a moment of concern at all in a smiling face of charlie even was calming us down even more and i think yes that was actually the moment because it did move us a little bit and i was trying to brace myself there in the window to stay steady with the photography


Dietary and metabolic therapies have been attempted for various neurological diseases, including epilepsy, headache, neurotrauma, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, sleep disorders, brain cancer, autism, pain, and multiple sclerosis. The rationale behind these treatments is the lack of effectiveness of pharmacological therapies and the appeal of natural treatment, however, the spectrum of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these diseases suggests that a single dietary treatment may not be effective universally. Nonetheless, alterations in certain dietary constituents could affect the course and outcome of these brain disorders. The ketogenic diet, KD, is an example of a dietary treatment with proven efficacy against epilepsy. Its mechanisms are unclear, but evidence suggests that its effectiveness may be related to normalizing aberrant energy metabolism. The concept that many neurological conditions are linked pathophysiologically to energy dysregulation could provide a common research and experimental therapeutics platform for several neurological diseases. This article was authored by Zhang Min-Roe and Carl E. Staffstrom. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


These cute little new pandas are going to be colored in these very pastel colors because it's spring and I thought it would be fun to do these as little rainbow pandas. You can do this kind of a thing with a lot of different animals or different types of images. Just use rainbow colors but do it in a deliberate enough way that it looks like it's whimsical rather than looking like you just forgot what color that animal is. So here if I make all the pandas in different rainbow colors, it looks like I'm deliberately making a choice to do rainbow pandas. The one in the front here is going to be very much in the front and I want to push the others to the back and let them be softer. So I'm going to do more detail and more shading on the front panda and less on the pandas in the back. And by the way, in the stamp set, this little guy in the front is one stamp and the three together are another stamp. So if you don't like doing masking a whole lot, then this is a nice stamp set. A lot of the art impressions ones are because they'll have a couple images together so you can do three pandas in one scene. I did mask out the little guy in the front in order to stamp the ones in the back and I used some gray ink. All the supplies are as always listed in the doobly-doo. I used some gray ink so I could do some tone on tone coloring and have those lines not appear as much except for where I want them to appear because I'm going to do a little bit of additional detail work on this. What I'm doing here is creating a number of colors to make this yellow. I'm doing my undershades with purples. That V04 is really strong and I soften that with a V12 and then I started going into my darker yellows because if you've been following me or you've taken the Copic Jumpstart glass you'll know I like to do some of my shading sometimes with compliments and purple is the compliment of yellow so it makes a really great undercolor for the shadows. But right here what you might be noticing is there's a really big transition from my mid-tone yellow which is what I would call the Y17 since the purples are my darkest. But there's a really big gap there so I'm going to add another color. There's a whole lot of colors in this little panda. Another color to transition from the Y17 toward that Y02. If you struggle with blending don't feel bad if you have to add three, four, five colors when you're trying to get a good blend. And if you end up with getting too much ink on the page when you start doing that then just let colors dry a little bit beforehand and make sure you have a piece of paper underneath of whatever you're coloring. If you're doing it on a wooden table like a really reflective type of surface some of that color is going to bounce underneath of the page when it starts bleeding through and then bounce back up into the paper and you're going to get bleeding that you didn't expect because of that so make sure there's something absorbent behind it.  Sometimes you can do those in colors that are related to what you're coloring so I could do a little bit of reflected yellow in him but I wanted to just make his white areas white by using some grays. You can also use light blues for that all different kinds of ways you can do it.  I'm just going to use a couple different grays here to create some roundness on his belly and the roundness around his head.  His eyes have disappeared so now I have to figure out how to go back in and add that detail back in and that's one of the things you can do with this quote unquote no line coloring which I kind of chuckle at because we still have lines but I'm going to use a tiny Copic marker and you can use if you're not going to do any extra coloring on top of it you can use any thin pens if you've got micron pens or something just don't use Copic afterward and I'm combining using a little bit of a black Copic multiliner with then pencil and pencil you can use to create some really fine details in things. I realized I forgot his little tongue but if you use pencil don't go back in over the pencil with some Copic marker because the Copic marker will bleed the pencil but look at how much his face popped out now since his face is the only part that has those dark colors there will be a few areas around the stamp that I can add more detail with the pencil and you know a graphite pencil is a great tool in your pocket make sure it's a really sharp one or I'm just using one of those little little clicker self whatever it is pencils mechanical pencils that's the word for it escaped my mind for a moment but you can use a little pencil like that just make sure you have a nice sharp point on it and I can create a heavier line underneath of his chin because that's where shadows are and then let it slowly disappear into being just the ink line on the top of his head and that sort of thing I'm thinking in terms of the shadows I've already got and putting heavier lines under the shaded parts and either no line or lighter lines on the lighter parts and this allows me to have great control over my outlines when you have a stamp line it's all one weight regardless it's just completely an outline and if you just do no line coloring without any extra detailed pencil stuff a lot of times copic markers can feel really clunky if you love detail because their point only gets so far it doesn't continue to to give you fine detail it it it's just thicker that's just the way it is but here where I want to have some super fine detail I have the control of just using a little bit of graphite to do that when I'm doing my shading underneath of here probably should have done that before putting any pencil down there because I could very easily cause myself some trouble by touching the copic marker to the pencil so if you're trying to do that then make sure that you get your coloring done first and do any of your pen and pencil work as one of your last things same with your white pencil or white pen or white pencil that you're using for added detail copic markers it's alcohol ink and those things are not alcohol ink so they tend to bleed them and and drag color all over the place that sort of thing process on these guys is just to use a couple of the light grays on their white areas and then I'm only doing solid colors for their arms and their legs the less detail I put on them then the more the little guy in the front is going to appear and I can add a little tiny bit of details with the pencil just like I did before so they still have their faces and they still look kind of cute that way but without putting a whole lot of detail around them the way I did around the panda in the front and it just creates that little bit of contrast I can go in and add just a little bit of those lines notice they're lighter lines than they are on the yellow panda but I can add just a little bit in areas where I want a little sharp detail and then I wanted to go back in on this front panda and darken up some of his shadows create a little more contrast and a little more depth on him and even go around and do a slightly stronger outline it looks more like a sketch this way than it does like a stamp and just creates a different kind of a look so there is today's cute little video I just put a couple of layers of matching cardstocks I have tons of different kind of cardstocks and just did a couple layers around it and added it onto a card base to make this happy little card wishing somebody a fantastic day and I will leave this video by wishing you a fantastic day go out there and make something beautiful and share it with somebody else because people love to see beautiful things that you've made and I would love to see them too so tag me if you use this video idea this tutorial idea for something that you create and I will talk to you guys later bye-bye


out everyone Sam here with late in sports guard we are doing 2022 panini elements football hobby six box half case break number 10 random team style here is a look again at the results you can always find these on the website under the results tab as well as the link in chat let's do it start with some elements we've got some fire coming out of this cmc to 199 on the steel and cobalt jesson jefferson 12 out of 27 nice one there uh vikings going to the cowboys we've got dach prescott two-color patch 23 out of 27 player warren on the deck grads on that one dallas got dallas jotham q got vealish jones jr 10 out of 25 for the bears on the rookie neon signs purple parallel congrats bears i think they're a combo if i'm not yep james e on the combo and we've got going to the bronco six of 10 bill roman oski that's sick on the green steel signatures that's daniel p on the combo there you go buddy take a bill roman oski connecticut legend you grew up there isn't that bad that like two of our most famous athletes are roman oski and heron and is really yeah that's like two of our best athletes connecticut then again we have like white freanie you saw steve young the other guys grew up in connecticut uh tj watt on the steel to 199 and we've got jamar chase that is a mercy on 68 out of 95 the bangles got jahan dottsin going to the commanders on the turbo charge rookie jersey 62 out of 75 jahan going to ray j going to the eagles that is 24 out of 25 nicobe dean nice one there you go zack there's a hit for you buddy that's awesome and going to daniel p again on the same combo 27 out of 79 david bell rookie steel signatures auto on the gold congrats on that that is sick did that so uh trevor lorenz to 199 jeez a mercy on dach prescott 33 out of 95 got sky more rookie jersey card no that's up next uh arthur slash wane that's the next one next break uh 64 out of 75 sky more nine out of 15 justin jefferson third year auto going to the vikings kyle m on a combo spot they're like one of the best you can get yeah they go for pretty top dollar and rookie steel signatures trelon berks going to the titans 29 out of 79 eric r with tennessee i'm watching you don't like gaming get too crazy or else there will be consequences kaleb is live over on latent gaming he said he was going to spit in my water if you don't go check him out because might as well i've got bresaul rookie to 199 uh a mercy um to 41 out of 95 derrick henry going to tennessee oh two out of 10 that is player worn jerry judy look at the patch on that thing that's nasty that's a cool looking card congrats denver daniel p on that combo spot that combo spot is hitting hard because now we have 23 out of 75 that's david bell rookie neon signs oh man forest already stole the funny thing i can say with this next card i was watching elements released they pulled one of these got uh steel signatures going to the saints that is joe horn 12 out of 27 i would say like oh let me get my cell phone for my celebration see i'm gonna actually do the cell phone celebration joe horn one opto forest one opto rats on that one saints he's got new orleans that would be the new orleans eric car rats buddy two boxes to go here guys see what we can get out of this got niners that is tyrian david davis price the 199 and xena nick chubb 34 out of 54 for the uh brats got antonio gibson on the electric jersey card that is 17 out of 54 going to the commanders got next up wandale robinson rookie neon signs that is 17 jersey numbered 17 out of 125 there you go giants am i there standalone in this christ s congrats buddy and then we've got how about raheem mostert on the steel signatures 192 out of 199 for the niners that's really cool i feel like there's not a lot of raheem mostert photos out there there you go jonathan q with the niners he's a dolphin now right he's doing pretty good he's doing good that's a really good back feel because it's him admins you know still have gas in there right that's solid last box good luck here everyone we've got ooh justin herber on the on the earth nice one there short brick steel card scratch chargers got stephan digs behind that that is 49 out of 74 tungsten got uh 70 out of 99 that's erin jones on the electric patch jealous of this next card as well eric r getting uh 59 out of 99 rookie neon signs kyle hamilton for the ravens nice one there very sick looking car with the gold with the acetate jersey behind it and tyler higby that is for the rams 75 out of 79 now prism and select like hobby are very good that'll do it for the break guys gonna do no nothing a random which is good so it's gonna do a quick recap here got erin jones packers uh antonio gibson commanders jerry judy for the broncos uh sky more for the chiefs uh johann dotson for the commanders and dach prescott titans got tyler higby rams kyle hamilton ravens uh raheem mostert for the niners wandale robinson jersey numbered for the giants joe horn saints david bell uh browns trail on berks titans justin jefferson third year atomic auto for the vikings david bell with the uh browns and the coby dean eagles bill romanowski broncos and vila jones jr bears that'll do it for the break thanks uh again everyone next up we've got the mixer


Hello and welcome to our video summarizing all you need to know about Queen Elizabeth the first and the Elizabethan era My name is Barbara and in this video we'll examine life in Elizabethan times What did Queen Elizabeth's reign really mean for people at the time? So let's get started Now when it comes to Elizabethan times one thing to bear in mind is that there was a lot of poverty The number of people living in poverty in Elizabethan society was huge and it was an important problem Furthermore religious changes meant that there was less support for the poor So between 1536 and 1541 Henry the eighth her father had closed down England's monasteries and sold off most of their land And this was called the dissolution of monasteries and do check out our other video Summarizing Henry the eighth's life as well as his reign where we go into more detail about this However, of course, this had knock on consequence on also Queen Elizabeth and her time The monasteries had performed important social functions including providing support for many poor ill and disabled people and the dissolution of the Monasteries removed a valuable source of assistance for people's needs Now also population growth during Elizabethan times led to rising prices So in the 16th century Elizabeth's birth rate England's birth rate rather Increased and the death rate fell this led to a huge population growth during Elizabeth's Elizabeth's reign and the English Population grew from around three million people to at least four million people Also a most importantly food production did not keep a pace with the growth in population and as a result food prices rose and sometimes there were food shortages The prices for food and other goods rose much more quickly also than wages and standards of living fell for many workers as they struggle to afford the bare necessities So many were forced into poverty and because of the rapid population growth There was a huge competition for land and so rents increased and this trend was made the worst by changes in farming practices Hence poverty actually got worse in the 1590s and it reached a crisis point towards the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign In the late 1580s and 1590s England suffered several failed harvests Which led to food shortages and even higher food prices and this pushed even more people into extreme poverty in some areas People starved to death and so Queen Elizabeth's government introduced a series of poor laws to try and tackle this problem The government did become more involved in poor relief So traditionally the main source of support for the poor was charity So rich people made donations to hospitals monasteries and other organizations that helped the poor However, during Queen Elizabeth's reign the problem of poverty became so bad that these charitable donations by individuals were no longer enough And people began to realize the society as a whole would have to take more Responsibility for helping the poor so the government began to take actions to tackle this issue of poverty Now people believed that the poor could be slit into three categories So this is really important to understand So the categories were the helpless poor the deserving poor and the undeserving poor and this was also reflected in the poor laws So the helpless poor were classified as those Unable to support themselves including young orphans the elderly the sick and the disabled The deserving poor were classified as people who wanted to work But weren't able to find a job in the hometown or village and the undeserving poor Were classified as beggars criminals and people who refused to work and also migrant workers called Vega bonds Who left the homes and traveled around looking for work? Now the poor laws gave help to the helpless and deserving poor and so from the 1560s onwards the government brought in a series of poor laws to deal with this problem of poverty and Because voluntary donations were no longer sufficient to provide poor relief in the 1560s the government passed a poor law Which introduced a tax raise money for the poor known as a poor rate Also further poor laws were passed in 1597 and 1601 in response to the poverty crisis and under these laws the poor rate became a national system of compulsory Taxation and it was collected locally by an official called the overseer of the poor Now poor rates were used to provide hospitals and housing for the elderly sick and disabled and poor children were given Apprenticeships which usually lasted at least seven years and local authorities were expected to provide financial support Or work for the deserving poor and poor people could be sent to prison if they refuse to take on work Now those who were categorized as the undeserving poor were treated really harshly So under the poor laws of the 1590s the undeserving poor were to be publicly whipped and then forced to return to the home Parish and repeat offenders could be sent to prison Also the undeserving poor treated so harshly because it was seen as a threat to society many believed that poor criminals and vagabonds Encouraged northern rebellion in 1569 and in response to the rebellion the government introduced really harsh punishment for the undeserving poor in 1572 However, there was a golden age So despite the very high levels of poverty amongst the working class and the middle classes in Elizabethan England Also, Elizabeth's reign was ironically referred to as a golden age There was growing prosperity of the elite which contributed to flourishing in architecture the arts and education So bear in mind that the gentry really experienced a golden age They became richer during Elizabeth's reign and this is because the population growth and changes in farming practices Which we talked about why they were bad for the poor was actually good for the landowners And it was especially good for the gentry so the aristocracy Also the enclosures meant that land was farmed more efficiently and at the same time Rents were increasing in prices of agricultural products that grain were rising So those people who actually owned the land that these things were farmed on earned a lot more money from their land They had a really really extended period of prosperity and so Members of the nobility really saw the incomes increase and the growth of towns and the development of national and international trade Allowed some merchants to become very rich and they often use the money to buy even more land and become part of the gentry So some members of the elite built new houses So from the set fifteen seventies members of the gentry and nobility improved their homes or built new ones This was called the great Rebuilding and these building projects enabled members of the elite to really show off their wealth new houses often had many large Windows as glass is very expensive So using a lot of it was a sign of prosperity and large landscaped gardens were also a really popular way to display wealth and the great Rebuilding improved living standards for the wealthy because the new homes were much more comfortable The large windows made them lighter and bigger chimneys and fireplaces meant that they were better heated Also art literature and education really flourished because we're seen as really fashionable So the nobility and gentry had money to spend on elaborate decorations for their homes Support roots miniatures which are tiny portraits tapestries and boydery were all really popular at this time And it was also fashionable to take an interest in literature So some people collected large libraries and members of the elite supported the work of poets and playwrights And of course William Shakespeare is the biggest playwright at the time who really profited from this trend and elite support for Playwright and acting companies contributed to the flourishing of Elizabethan theater and more people could afford to give the children an education Now when it came to family life Families were seen at the as at the heart of Elizabethan society and They were usually positive and loving environments and family life taught children important moral and reinforced Elizabethan social structures So family of our life was something that Queen Elizabeth really really placed an emphasis on Now Elizabethan families were usually asked to be loving and foster close relationship with family members and Elizabethan family life was interestingly quite hierarchical So some members of the family had more authorities than others So the father was the head of the family the mother assisted him and the children obeyed the father and do bear in mind that This is the time when women weren't allowed to own any properties So the father would be the person who essentially owned all the property including the mother and the women in his family Because they were seen as part of his property Now when it came to wider kinship extended family This was also important and kin formed part of a family's social life and could be called upon to provide financial help So having important or rich ancestors was also a source of pride and status Noble families would often hang portraits or miniatures of the king and Ancestors in the home and kin also produced useful political and social connections particularly in wealthy families And so children's education other households will sometimes arrange using wider family connections Also when it came to family life, of course marriage is a really important aspect of it So in Elizabethan England marriage was a way of increasing one family's wealth of social status and husbands usually owned All of their wife's money and property once they were married and also the woman and the wife became part of the husband's property once married For members of the nobility and gentry the right marriage could enhance and advance a man's career at court or in government and Marriage however was not always about money or status some Elizabethans married for love A husband was also seen as a head of the household as I've mentioned earlier And he was responsible for providing an income from his family And he was expected to care for his wife and children and the wife's main role was surround the household and looked after her Children and husband and if the husbands went away women were often left in charge of all household staff and servants in richer families And in some poor families the wives did have to work and women could help the husbands with Farm work and sometimes to con separate jobs such as midwives and shops assistants Children also often left home to learn new skills So first see childbirth was extremely dangerous in Elizabethan times and many women died given birth and infant mortality rates So this is the number of childhood children who die was really high especially amongst the poor Now Elizabethans expect to parents to love and take care of the children particularly those who survived and parents were also Responsible for teaching children morals and social expectations Now richer Elizabethan children were often sent away from the family home Some went to school But many became skilled apprentices and children of the nobility were often sent to noble households to train for nighthoods Now most poor and middle-class children stayed at home for work But some were servants in other households or did an apprenticeship and a poorer of families Life was often a struggle for both parents who had to work hard to feed and clothe the children Now when it came to education during Queen Elizabeth's reign People increasingly began to recognize the importance of education and children often received a really basic education at home Now most parents probably taught the children how to behave correctly and gave them a basic religious education And from the age of six all children had to go to Sunday school where they learned things like the Lord's Prayer The Ten Commandments and the Creed which is a basic statement of the Christian faith And from a young age boys were trained in simple work skills whilst girls helped the mothers in household activities and Some children from noble households were taught at home by a private tutor whilst others were sent to live with another Noble family and educated there Now more children did start attending schools however, only a small minority of children in Elizabethan England went to school and Education however still remained really important for many careers particularly white-collar trades like government administration work Now there were different types of schools The first were known as petty schools, which are small local schools that provided a very basic education Many were run by the local parish priests and others were attached to grammar schools or set up by private individuals These schools taught basic reading and writing as well as a little maths There wasn't a set curriculum although lessons usually had a very strong religious focus and the schools didn't usually have any books Instead the main teaching aid was a horn book, which is a wooden board that showed the alphabet and the Lord's Prayer Most pupils were boys although some petty schools admitted a few girls and there was no fixed age for pupils to start school But they usually started around six and stayed until they could read and write the other types of schools were grammar schools and Whilst grammar schools had existed for centuries There was a huge expansion of them in Queen Elizabeth's reign and there was a foundation about a hundred new grammar schools There was no state education system at this time instead most schools were mainly set up by very wealthy individuals It was also very rare for girls to attend grammar schools Most pupils were boys from upper and middle classes and some schools offered free places to very bright boys from poorer backgrounds But few of them were able to attend because their parents needed them to work at home Also children usually started grammar school at around the age of seven and lessons focused mainly on Latin and classical literature Such as from ancient Greece or Rome and a few schools also taught Greek Also the number of university students increased So when they left grammar schools some boys went on to study at one of two English universities Oxford and Cambridge and the growing Prosperity of the upper middle class has meant the number of university students increased during Queen Elizabeth's reign Also university courses were conducted almost entirely in Latin So students studied advanced written and spoken Latin before moving on to study arithmetic music Greek astronomy geometry and philosophy and after completing an undergraduate degree students did specialise in law theology or medicine Now when it came to popular culture some Elizabethan pastimes like tennis fencing football and theatre are still popular today and Hunting and sports were a really important part of court life So Elizabeth and her courtiers often hunted deer and other wild animals as well as being a form of entertainment Hunting was an important source of food at court and the Queen was skilled at Hawking Spending many hours with her trained Falcons as they hunted and only the rich could afford to train Falcons Queen Elizabeth's courtiers and other nobles practiced fencing from a young age Tennis and bowling was so important and very popular and the sports needed expensive equipment And they were only played by the rich Now most ordinary people worked six days a week and went to church on a Sunday So they had very little leisure time However, there were several festival days in the calendar including midsummer's day and ascension day and on these days People are free to enjoy sports feasting and other pastimes Football was also popular sport and often people between two villages competed in these football tournaments and an unlimited number of players could take part and there were few rules games often descended into long and violence fights Blood sports like cock fighting and bull fighting or bear baiting were also really popular The theatre also became extremely popular under Queen Elizabeth's reign So there were no permanent theatres in England at the start of her reign instead actors traveled around in bands Performing in village squares or in courtyards The first theatres were built in London in 1570 They included the theatre and the curtain They were usually round open-air buildings with a red stage and they stretched out into the audience Now the theatre interestingly appealed to both the rich and the poor Powerful audience members known as groundlings stood around the stage whilst richer people sat under the cover around the theatre's walls Queen Elizabeth herself really enjoyed plays and often had them performed a court She supported her favorite performers and even set up an acting company the Queen's Men Members of the elite including some privy councillors also supported theatre companies and the London authorities and the Puritans Did oppose the theatre because they saw it as a source of crime and immorality and as a result many theatres were built Just outside the city of London in Sardauk Now Queen Elizabeth and the Elizabethans at large were very superstitious and they grew increasingly hostile towards witches and the idea of witches Now Queen Elizabeth banned Catholic rituals like charms, blessings and exorcisms Which were used to cleanse someone of the devil and evil spirits and this made some Elizabethans feel really vulnerable In 1592 Queen Elizabeth passed the Witchcraft Act which made all acts of witchcraft a crime Accused witches were given a trial at court and witches found guilty of causing death were to be hanged And less serious offences like providing herbal remedies carried a prison sentence of a year Those accused of witchcraft were usually older women who didn't fit into society These included mothers with illegitimate children, spinsters who were unmarried women and women who were rude or outspoken And formal accusations against witches reached their height at the end of the 16th century So between 1570 and 1609 263 people were accused of being witches but only 64 were executed Now Elizabethan sailors also played a really important role in Elizabethan England So Queen Elizabeth's reign was also a really exciting time for sailors There were lots of developments in navigation and shipbuilding which were finally opening up the oceans and enabling explorers to discover the world beyond Europe The English were really slow however to take an interest in expropriation Now the Portuguese and the Spanish were interestingly the first to explore the world beyond Europe And in the 1400s the fleets began to set out on voyages of discovery to Africa, the Americas and Asia By the time Queen Elizabeth became Queen in 1558 both Portugal and Spain had established many colonies in the Americas However it was only from the 1560s that English sailors began to take an interest in global exploration and set out on their own voyages of discovery Now explorers were attracted by economic opportunities So firstly Spanish trade with these colonies was seen as really profitable And this therefore attracted English privateers, men with their own ships, who hoped to profit from trading with Spain's colonies and raiding Spanish settlements and ships John Hawkins was the first English privateer to join the Atlantic slave trade and in the 1560s he made three slave trading voyages He bought slaves from West Africa and sold them to Spanish colonies The Spanish didn't want the English to trade with these colonies so his actions fueled a lot of tensions between England and Spain Now Hawkins first two voyages were really profitable but on his last expedition he was confronted by Spanish ships in the battle of San Juan de Ulua And most of his fleet was destroyed and from the 1570s English merchants also looked for routes to Asia like the Northwest Passage around the top of America In 1591 James Lancaster sailed to India around the Cape of Good Hope which is the southern tip of Africa And after this the East India Company was set up in 1600 to trade with Asia and of course the East India Company eventually evolved And it took over India and what is modern day Pakistan and this really was the beginning of this period of colonization Now new technology also made longer journeys possible so firstly as Portuguese and Spanish organics for the seas they developed better navigational techniques They learned how to navigate by the position of the stars or the sun using an instrument called a sea astralo In 1561 a key Spanish book called The Art of Navigation by Marion Quartz was translated into English and this gave the English sailors detailed information about how to navigate across the Atlantic using a sea astralo From the 1570s the English built larger longer ships and these were better suited to long ocean voyages as they were faster, more stable and easier to navigate They could also carry longer cargoes making the voyages more profitable and one of the most significant sailors of the Elizabethan era was Sir Francis Drake He is best remembered for sailing all the way around the world which was a tremendous feat at the time He was the second man ever to sail around the world and he was John Hawkins' cousin who travelled with him on two of his slave trading expeditions So between 1577 and 1580 Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the world, in other words he sailed all the way once around the world He probably interestingly wasn't trying to sail the world, it seems that he was sent by Elizabeth to explore the coast of South America looking for opportunities for English colonialism and trade He also explored the South American coastline raiding many Spanish settlements as he went along And in the Pacific he captured two very valuable Spanish treasure ships and in order to get this treasure safely home he had to return by different route The Spanish were blocking the way that he had to come Instead Sir Francis Drake therefore, given that he was blocked, sailed west across the Pacific to Indonesia and he then made his way across the Indian Ocean Went round the Cape of Good Hope and back to England He was finally knighted by Elizabeth on his ship the Golden Hind and this royal recognition and the wealth that Drake brought back encouraged more English sailors to go on long distance journeys Now Sir Francis Drake was involved in many other important naval expeditions, so for instance in 1587 he led a raid on the Spanish port of Cadiz and in 1588 he played a really important role in the defeat of the Spanish Shimada He unfortunately died of disease in 1596 while trying to conquer Spanish colonies of the Americas And however his circumnavigation was a huge achievement and his expedition was the only second successful global circumnavigation, the first was done by an English sailor So Sir Francis Drake and his crew had overcome some major challenges in order to complete this expedition Now one of the major challenges of course was how difficult it was to navigate across vast oceans So Elizabethan sailors knew how to use the sun and stars to work out how far north or south of the equator they were so their latitude But they couldn't really measure how far east or west they had travelled which is their longitude Now many of the places also that Sir Francis Drake visited had never been explored by European sailors before There were no detailed maps or charts to help him navigate, he was an explorer in the truest sense of the term Also he faced a threat of death from disease, though many sailors who had died of disease during long journeys and one of Drake's ships had to be abandoned after crossing the Atlantic because so many of the crew had died Bad weather also blew ships off course and even sunk them and storms destroyed one of Sir Francis Drake's ships as it attempted to sail around the bottom of South America and forced another to return back to England However after his circumnavigation England tried to challenge Spain's dominant as an imperial power by establishing a colony in North America but creating permanent settlements turned out to be really difficult Now came in Water Rally and his attempts to colonise Virginia which were unsuccessful So Walter Rally was a member of the Gentry and he was from a place called Devon His family were involved with international exploration and Walter Rally himself first visited America in 1578 and from the early 1580s Rally had a really powerful position at the court as one of Queen Elizabeth's favourites Now in 1584 Queen Elizabeth gave him permission to explore and colonise unclaimed territories and she wanted him to establish a colony on the Atlantic coast of North America And in 1585 Rally sent 108 settlers to establish a permanent colony on Renauke Island in Virginia and Rally did rename this colony after Elizabeth known as the Virgin Queen However the settlers or the planters soon ran low on supplies and when Sir Francis Drake visited Renauke in 1586 most of them abandoned the colony and returned to England with him A second group of planters reached Renauke in 1587 they were expecting supplies from England in 1588 but the fleet was delayed by the Spanish Armada And when the supply ships did finally reach Renauke in 1590 all the planters had disappeared they were never found and Renauke became known as the Lost Colony Now Rally was partly responsible for the colony's failures his funds were too limited and the whole project was poorly planned However other factors like bad luck and a lack of supplies also played an important part Now Walter Rally's careers did have its ups and its major downs so despite the failure of the Renauke colony Sir Walter Rally remained one of Elizabeth's favourites However in 1592 he was disgraced when Elizabeth found out that he had secretly married one of her ladies in waiting and as punishment he was banished from court and briefly imprisoned And this wasn't however the end of his career after his release he continued to play an important role in politics and he became a member of parliament and was still involved with the Royal Navy So that's all if you found this video useful please do head over to our website which is www.firstrate tutors.com There you will find history model answers and exam papers that you can use to enhance your SEO writing skills in this and indeed any other area of history As well as learn how to get top marks in your exam. Do make sure you come back to our channel for parts 4 and 5 when it comes to Queen Elizabeth's reign And there we will delve into lots of detail relating to troubles that Queen Elizabeth herself faced at home and abroad and also Elizabeth's war with Spain Thank you so much for listening


the sixth album by Steel Panther on the prowl that was released on February 24th. Yes. Yeah. We're good on that. And currently on tour. Where are you in Philadelphia right now? Yeah, man. I just got back. We went for a session. I went for a long coffee journey, man. We get we land in the town. We wake up pretty much the same time and get the Starbucks app out and find a new Starbucks. And that's like that's our first, you know, like hiking thing that we do together. And then they went to the gym, you know, to work off their hangovers. And here I am. Cool. Cool. All right. So Philadelphia, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Detroit, I think it's Massachusetts or Minnesota, I'm not sure. Oh, Rochester. Yes. MA. Perrin. Yeah. Well, why don't we start there? Why don't we, before we have some fun, let's talk about the record. So at very least, the record has the album cover of the year. And who knows, it might be the album of the year too. So what's what's up with on the prowl? What's different? I'm assuming on the prowl is not a tribute to the loudness record of 1991 on the prowl. These are your own compositions. So tell us about on the prowl and what's different? What's new? Well, that's really nice to know somebody else other than Steele Pather knows who loudness is. Because, you know, that's that's a really deep, like a deep cut on the record, right? Yeah.   It's pretty cool. I love that band. So yeah, this record on the prowl is pretty cool. I really love the album cover too. We had, we did a tour with a band called Airborne. They joined us for our Australia tour. And the artist that made the artwork for the actual tour poster for that tour in Australia, we really loved it. So we, we contracted this artist to, to make our own cover. And that's what she came up with.  It's so cool. It's fun to look at like, yeah, when I look at the cover, I'm like, I want to hear what's on that record, you know, that's fun. Well, we come from a generation where we all went to record stores, right? And sometimes if you only had 10 bucks in your pocket and you were kind of looking through the bins, sometimes it's, it's the record of that cool cover is the one that you wound up taking home with you. So a little, little nod to the old school there of the cover. And then so cool with the music, but about, so like, I mean, it's, it's obviously the steel panther we've all come to know and love, but any, anything different? Anything to kind of spice it up for you guys? Yeah, I can tell you all about that. I just want to back up to that, the record of artwork first really quick. So like, if you buy in the vinyl, right? It's exactly what we always love when you're a kid, like looking at the open up the middle of our new record on the prowl.  And, you know, and there's all the lyrics in there for you to read along with all the thank yous are in there to read. And it's a fun, it's a fun read. So you can actually put the record on and spend time, you know, reading along with it. It's really cool. And the record was made during the pandemic, which was, I don't know, we didn't realize we'd be doing a record during the pandemic, because we're already, when the pandemic hit, we were supporting our latest record, which is called heavy metal rules. And so the pandemic hit, and everybody's doing the same thing like everybody else in the bad world, feeling the same way everybody in the whole world was feeling like, we're how are we going to pay our bills? What's going to happen? All the scary stuff. And then once it kind of mellowed out, we figured out we can live on food stamps, we just, you know, figured out what to do. And, and but the thing about this record is, we did it all ourselves, for the most part, except for the mixing process.  Yeah, we didn't have money to go in the studio and do it traditionally. So we were, I don't want to say we're forced, but we were like, fuck, let's do it. Because Satchel had like, seven months during the pandemic to write these great songs. And he wrote them. He's just an amazing writer, in my opinion, you know, he's extremely talented.  He's obviously got a lot more time on his hands to really, like focus on what's going on in his life. And a lot of the lyrics are reflective of where we're at collectively as a band. So it's, it's kind of, I think there's a little more touchy feeling on this record than the most of the steel pattern records. Well, the first one was really that, that for us, but this one really is kind of similar in that case, the process, you know, it was all, all, it was us or all or nothing, you know, and we weren't touring, we weren't tired from touring, we weren't like trying to fit it into our schedule. Because usually when you're touring, you have to tour to pay the bills, keep the lights on. But then you also have to text us to write music, and then we have to record it.  And it just kind of, it makes it more difficult. So this way it was, it was definitely more comfortable. And we were able to, we recorded all the vocals at Sixus Studio. And Satchel would come in on FaceTime and Sticks and Satchel produced my vocals. So in other words, what that means for people who don't know, like, I'll be singing a take. And we'll all sit there and we'll analyze it, like, okay, is that good? Which take is the best one? And then we would comp different takes together and put together a whole song. And it's usually our producer, Jay Rustin would do that. But like I said, we're, you know, dealing with the finances. So, you know, we just did it ourselves. And it was a really scary, but fun process.   It sounds really powerful, clear. You can hear everything. I agree. He makes every song sound like it should be on the radio, in my opinion. Jimmy Kay here, Metal Voice. Look at this. The Metal Voice shirts are now on sale. Just go to the video description to find out on how you can purchase one. Metal! All right, the single 1987 is the last single that was released. Oh, by the way, note, out of the 21 loudness albums I have, about 10 or 15 of them. So I collect, I love loudness, loudness. 1987, you know, so we're all pretty much the same age. And, and I think this is a song that sort of might be actually, you know, big, it'll be a breakthrough song in the sense that it kind of borders comedy, but at the same time, it's, it's, it's retro in a sense that people remember 1987. Well, we got it. We got all the references. I know that. Can you elaborate on what 1987 means to you? Yeah, it's a love song. It's a love song about a time that was decadent, fun as hell, and will never be repeated again.   You're like, God, man, she was great. I miss her so much, but it's gone. You know, it's kind of the same thing. It's like, 87 was the peak of heavy metal. And then shortly at five years, shortly, five years later, it was, if you had long hair, it's like you're unvaccinated. You know what I mean? You can't eat here. You're making us all sick. But yeah, that's what that song means to us, you know, and it really, man, there's so many lines in there that even hit me while I'm singing it. Like last time we played in New York at Irving Plaza and we're doing 1987. There's a dude by our age.  That's not really synonymous with steel panther crying. And that's what I was getting at.   So you're kind of going away from the comedy a bit and now you're getting into sort of a, what's the right word? Well, it's a history lesson, right? It's also a history lesson for people younger than us. Yeah, it's different, but we connect, but we connect more with, you know, the white snakes and the guns and roses and when they started going off, right? Yeah, I think that this song is really definitely reflective of the times when it was written. So Satchel wrote it during the pandemic. And I'm sure you guys may feel the same way, but I know for me, I felt the same way as Satchel. It felt like, you know, we're home. We can't do what we love to do. We're stuck. We're worrying about, you know, taking care of our families, all the stuff that goes with it. And you start really reflecting on what your life is all about, right? And I think that's how that kind of came up from that. From that, it stems from that, in my opinion. And so, you know, you're reminiscing and thinking, oh, God, remember those times, looking at old pictures and, you know, because you have way more time on your hands, man.  I think I got shingles from sitting too long, you know what I mean? But it was, I think that's what it is, you know. And people can, I think people can relate to that on a more human level. You know, Steel Path is usually, it's really about being in the moment to Steel Path. So when you go to Steel Path or show, you get a laugh.    How come they're not canceled?  And you just kind of, you're able to escape reality for a while, you know. And then when we start singing 1987, it kind of brings you back into reality, but you're still not in reality.  So it's really, I suggest micro dosing before our show, man, because I'm just saying, you know, it's a trip, man. It's really, you know, music resonates with people in so many different ways. And I think that this particular song resonates with people pretty much in the exact same way, even for kids, because I don't know if you've noticed this, but I have a lot of kids are, and when I say kids, I mean, 15, 14, 16, that age, right? That was really weird counting, but, you know, you think about that age and they're like, God, I wish I was born in the 80s. It's true. Wow, really? Cool. I love metal. It's my favorite music. How these kids hearing metal, they're not going to record stores and looking for it. They're on Spotify or YouTube looking. You know, when we were, when we were living it, we never thought it would end, you know, but it did end, it ended like this. Yeah. That's what I was saying. It's like, you know, you don't realize what you have until it's gone. And so, you know, people really look back at it fondly, even people that didn't live through that era. And I think everyone can relate on that particular song that way. It's cool, man. It's a really good song. It makes you, if you don't have a little bit of compassion and some overwhelming feelings of reminiscing and love and connection, hearing that song, then you probably might want to start doing drugs.  But then you can also listen to friends with benefits, you know, and go, oh, no, wait, no, they're back. So speaking of being on drugs, you guys are on tour right now. So I was all wide open. Tell us about the tour. I think you guys are out with cro-bot and tragedy. I saw tragedy not too long ago. They were like a really good time. And then we saw that you're doing some UK dates with Winger. And we got that was kind of cool that, you know, a band that you kind of probably make reference to in a lot of ways and a lot of your lyrics is all of a sudden going to be out with you in the UK. So tell us a little bit about what's happening with the US tour, what's happening next, maybe in the UK, what's going on on tour. Well, we got about almost a month left on this beginning of the US run. And we're out with a band that's direct support called Cro-Bot. And they're a really great band. I know you guys know who they are.  You know, touring is like being with a family.  We eat together, we hang out together, soundcheck together, all that stuff. And it's got to work. You know, that chemistry has got to work. Otherwise, it's no fun.  And those guys fit right in. And then tragedy, man, what a great surprise that's been. You know, people really dig them. They're fun.   You know, it's cool to go, you know, when you go to a show and you get to watch all the bands before the band you want to go see, and they're fun bands and they're fun to watch, that makes for a great night. You know, and it's worth the ticket price when you get three bands that make that move you. And the same thing is going to happen in the UK. We're going to go on tour with Winger, dude. Can you believe that? How does that? How do you go from Cro-Bot and tragedy to like Winger? Because I mean, we're kind of all related, but it's kind of a different era also. Yeah, it is a different era. You know, it's one of those things you guys, excuse me, sorry to cut it out. It's one of those things where everything just kind of aligned properly. Now we've talked about touring. We had this whole tour campaign that we're going to do with Limp Bizkit. And we did all the photo shoots for it.   But anyways, it didn't align. It didn't work out.  They couldn't get out of, we got some work we couldn't get out of. And it never came to fruition. And we've been talking about going on tour together, Winger and us, and it just hasn't lined up until now. It just happened to line up and worked out and we're going to go do it.  And we're one of the bands that are trying to bring Heavy Metal back and we love Winger.  So maybe we get a Kip Winger, Michael Star, 17 duet by the end of the tour. Yeah, that'd be cool. We can all do it. You know, she's only 17 and he can sing 17 girls in a row with us. Isn't that crazy? Yeah, it's a theme. It's a theme. I like that. So, okay, let's talk about in the 80s, when, when bands talked about Satan and Black Metal, there were people burning records and they were trying to get canceled. What you just spoke about before, Steel Panther, do you have like, I don't know, snowflakes outside your shows, trying to cancel you guys? Has it been any pushback? Are they burning, I don't know, USB sticks now with your albums on it or deleting files? I don't know what they're doing, but, or maybe they're taking LPs and they're just throwing them in a bonfire. What's going on? Are you getting pushback from your shows and from your music today? No, not really. Shocking. I mean, I don't want to say not really. I will just say, I mean, the only pushback we got was for a plugin that Satchel designed called Pussy Meltzer. And it was on TC Electronics website and a girl guitar player saw it and she got extremely offended by it and she wrote the company and then they pulled out, they took the plugin off because one person was upset with it.  We're like, okay, so we got into the guitar pedal business, man, that thing flew off the shelf so quick because people were trying to cancel us, everybody. We only made like, I think, 10,000 of them, so I'm just a small order of them because it's expensive to get that capital to make them all, right? So we made like 10,000 and we made a limited edition and it cut off at a certain number and we sold them all in like two weeks.     And if it's their first time, it's because they're friend brawl, you know, and people are pretty aware of what's going on. So I think everyone's, everyone is there for the same party. So we've really, really haven't experienced any of that yet. It's good to hear, it's good to hear. Humor's got, you know, humor is the last stand, right, in freedom of speech. Yeah, all we got left. Yeah, I think that people, our shows have been selling out on this tour.   But at the end of the day, at the end, somebody wins and somebody loses. There's truth to that, right? And when you come see us, at the end of the day, you're going to get drunk, you're going to laugh, you're going to have a good time. You can't argue with that. And I think people really want to just do that. So we want to talk about, you know, we want to get your thoughts. There's a lot of metal stuff in the news right now. So we figured who better to ask than Michael Starr on, you know, some of the metal current events. So like one of the biggest things in the news this week is Motley Crue. So obviously, Mick Mars is out. John Five is in. All of a sudden, making the rounds this week. Carmine Aposy, who's friends with Mick Mars, has said that, you know, Mick really wasn't happy in the crew anyway. They're using all kinds of tapes and just, just all kinds of drama in the Motley Crue camp. So just thoughts on John Five replacing Mick Mars, thoughts on Carmine Aposy out of nowhere, kind of saying Motley Crue are using tapes, just riff on that. Well, as far as tracks are concerned, you know, people get all freaked out because bands use tracks, right? In my opinion, it doesn't really matter. You know, we could hire a keyboard player and a guy to do the shaker and another rhythm guitar player, but we can't afford it. So it's like we can put these things on tracks and use them and it sounds killer. It's, you know, the most important thing for us to do is to, when people come to our show and they hear us play our music, it sounds as close to the record as we can get, you know, with that live feel because that's what I really love.  But you know, as far as the, I don't even want to say dysfunction, but whatever's going on with Mick, you know, I don't know him personally. And I don't really know many people in that camp, but hopefully, you know, John Five is a great fit.   He's an amazing dude, super nice guy. And they sound great. So hopefully they get it all worked out. And maybe Carmine should just start a band with Mick, Mars. There's no need to go out and lobby for other people.  Just start a band with him. That's a good idea. All right. So what else we got here? A little word association, since you're the doctor of eighties. Are you good with that? Yeah, we'll give you a name and you can kind of give us the first thing that comes to your mind. Sounds good. All right. Well, I'll do Vince Neil.  I can't do it. Give him another one. Give him another one. Wait, take two. Go ahead. Vince Neil. Motley Krugman. Nicky Six.  Gene Simmons.  Tommy Thayer. Another awesome guy. All right. David Lee Roth. The King. Well, in that case, Sammy Hagar. Second King. Gary Jerome. Gary Jerome. Extreme. Best guy. Van Halen. Nope, and he knew it too, but he wanted to do it so bad. He's like, let's do it. I think what they did was kill her. But man, have you heard the new Extreme song? It's better than Van Halen. We have. And actually, side note. Today is the anniversary of VH3. VH3 came out whatever number of years ago today. So everyone's debating the merit of VH3 today. But like you said, it's better than Van Halen. You know, let me rephrase that. Okay. The song is catchier than the songs that Gary did with Van Halen. In my opinion. Gotcha.  Like the star of things, Van Halen sucks. How about back to word association, Wolf Van Halen. Amazing. It's been so nice that during the pandemic listening to him after his father passed just, it just, man, that was like for me, like 1987. Like I listened to it, the songs, and it just brings me back to Van Halen. And then to see their relationship together. Cause you know, he released all those videos. Very touching, very touching. Oh my God. It made me cry. And I just felt so connected to his music. And it's really good. And his dad loved it.  And I know that his associated with his dad has been very difficult for him to deal with. So, but man, I, I, I love the guy. I think he's great. Kurt Cobain.  I wish he didn't take his own life.     Yeah. And you just made three bands where the singer has gone also. So, uh, unfortunately. Yeah, dude. It's a bummer. Cause who knows? Look, look what Chris Cornel did with Audio Slay.   You know, who knows what Kurt would have done. So yeah, it's definitely a wasted, wasted life in my opinion. This is an interesting one for me. Tracy Gunns. Good friend. All right, that's good.  That was my first ever real tour with Alley Guns. Yeah. You know, we did, I did two years with them and I learned the ins and outs of what it's like to be a replacement singer, what it's like to be out on the road, what it's like to only live off of 50 bucks a week.  We had such a great time, man. All right. The last few questions. When are you planning your first farewell tour? I don't know, bro. That's going to be a tough one. It's like, when's the the best time to have your never ending farewell tour? When are you going to start somewhere?  I don't know, bro. I'm really, we really are still enjoying what we're doing and I really, I just want to keep doing it until we can't do it anymore. Well, if there's no farewell tour, then, you know, Def Leppard announced it this week, so you have to have this on the horizon. Is there, is there a steel panther symphony record on the horizon? I heard that last night in my book. I was going through it, I was like, that's interesting. I really want to hear it. You guys got to do it until you've heard 1987 or Tiger Woods with a symphony. I don't know. So like, is, is there a symphony that would like to work with you? I don't know. Probably not. Would it work? Yeah, it would totally work. Dude, Satchel, he's the, he's the, he is extremely talented.  This guy's, Satchel is the most underrated heavy metal guitar player in the history of heavy metal. All right. You think about it. Who's better than him right now? He kicks ass, man.  That's all I'm going to say. Name one guitar player. That's better than him right now. Richie Faulkner, Richie Faulkner, Richie Faulkner from Judas Priest. I like Chewie from Voivod, but you know, it's a different genre altogether. So in that genre, I agree with you. Well, you know, the whole thing about guitar heroes is it is subjective. So obviously, I'm a singer. So I think he's the best guitar player in the world, but when I watch him play, I'm a guitar player too. And I play pretty well, but when I watch him, it makes me never want to pick up a guitar again. He does. He kills it. I'm going to agree with you, man. He kills it. He's just amazing. You know why? He has taste, tasteful, colorful solos. Very, very 80s reminiscent too. That we don't have today. That we don't have. You don't have it today. And also, it's also the attack he has with this, with this pick.   I was going to say something I forgot. That's, man, the frontal lobe is going quick, guys. Sorry. Sorry. We got one minute, Perrin. Last question. Well, where do we want to end it? Well, you're talking about satchel. Well, Nita Strauss kind of left Alice Cooper to go do this thing of Demi Lovato, and now Alice welcomed her back. So is this satchel out the cheat on you? Like, do you guys have an open relationship? Like, is he, can he moonlight? Like, what's up? We all, we all moonlight, because we have, we have so many friends. I just did a song for a guitar player called so, her name is Sophie Lloyd, and she's playing with machine on Cali right now. And her and I collaborated on tune. It's just getting mixed and we're going to put it out in a few months. But yeah, we do all kinds of stuff. All kinds of stuff. Yeah. All right. Satchel has his own guitar line he does. It's the satchel con sheet, satchel con sheet on on that note, the seventh album on the prowl, not loudness on the prowl, but steel panther on the prowl, pick it up. They're going through North America, then it's UK, correct? After North America? Yeah. And then Brazil. Then Brazil. All right. You know, our United, our North American run is going to, will extend through July through September. Thank you very much. Well, Michael Starr for being on the show. Thank you so much. We wish you all the success. And I'll go out there. Have a good time. Go see a steel panther. Dad, why not? What do you got some blues?