Welcome back. So, we were discussing jointly continuous random variables. So, we said x and y are jointly continuous if the joint law p x y is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure on R 2. So, if you take any 0 area set Borel set on R 2, it should have probability 0 under the map x comma y. So, then we invoked Radon-Iquodin theorem and said that this p x y the probability law can be written as the integral of some non negative measurable function with respect to the Lebesgue measure lambda. And from there it followed that the joint CDF can also be written as an integral namely f x y of x y is equal to minus infinity to x minus infinity to y f x comma y of s comma t d t d s.  Again there are many text books many authors who take this is the definition of a jointly continuous random as jointly continuous random variable Grimace Sturzaker says if x and y are jointly continuous if the CDF has this kind of a form for some function which is also correct which is equivalent to the definition we gave any questions on this. So, next we said that if you want to look at the marginal if you want to look at just let us say f x of x we can just send y to infinity in this. So, you will just put y equal to infinity here and then what you will end up with is it look like the integral of. So, this is f x of x.  Then you have that. So, that will be some non negative function of s and then you basically have establish that the CDF the marginal CDF of x can be written as minus integral minus infinity to infinity in minus infinity to x some function of s d s which means that x should be a continuous random variable. So, this and we can identify that as the density of f x of I should say s I think right f x of s. So, that was the logic. So, what this essentially says is that if x and y are jointly continuous then x and y are separately marginally also continuous random variables. The converse of course, is not true we gave an example yesterday. So, with me so far. So, next I want to deal with independence of jointly continuous random variables. So, if x and y are jointly continuous and independent. So, from independence I know that if x comma y are jointly continuous and independent random variables then. So, we know this f x comma y of x comma y must be equal to f x of x f y of y. This is because of independence right now I can use the fact that x and y are jointly continuous. So, I can write this is for all x y I can write this is this is to for all x y minus infinity to x minus infinity to y little f x y of s comma t d t d s is equal to integral minus infinity to x f x of s d s times integral minus infinity to t of l minus infinity to y f y of y y of t d t. How do I get this? So, I know that the joint c d f can be written like that right and this marginal. So, if x and y are jointly continuous x and y are separately marginally continuous. So, I can write the marginal c d f says also as integrals correct then I will have. So, let me just. So, I can write rewrite this integral as this guy has integral minus infinity x integral minus infinity y f x of s times f y of t d t d s and all this is true for all x y. I am just writing this product as a double integral here. So, what can you say now looking at this equation you have a certain integral right you have integral over the semi infinite rectangle of some function of two variables which is equal to integral over the same semi infinite rectangle that function right. And this is true not for some particular x y this is true for every x y in r correct. So, we will see later that when this holds whenever this kind of relation holds for all x y if the integrals are equal no matter what set you integrate over then it must be the case that the integrants the function you integrate must be equal almost everywhere. So, this function must be equal to that function except possibly on a set of Lebesgue measure 0. So, this is this we will see formally later, but this essentially implies that. So, f x comma y of s comma t is equal to f x of s f y of t for all s t in r except possibly on a set of Lebesgue measure 0. So, this is called so I mean this is called when an equality holds everywhere except possibly on a set of Lebesgue measure 0 you call this almost everywhere a e equality holds almost everywhere on r 2 a e just like a s almost surely means except possibly on a set of probability 0 same similar kind of a terminology is followed here are there any questions. So, if you have jointly continuous random variables which are independent then the joint probability density function factorizes into the product of the marginal p d f's the converse is also true by the way if you have this relation almost everywhere then you can show that x and y are independent with me very easy. No. So, what I am saying essentially is that. So, you have one integral of let us say some star d lambda that is what you have is equal to integral of some dagger d lambda over the same set and this is true no matter what set you integrate over then you can say that star and dagger are equal star and dagger are two functions. So, the star and dagger are equal except perhaps on a set of lambda measure 0 whatever measure this lambda s in this case it is Lebesgue measure this is something we will see later the integrants must agree except possibly on a set of lambda measure 0 whatever measure you are integrating with here it is just Lebesgue measure. In particular what it means is that this relation does not have to hold everywhere it can fail to hold on say a countable set or some antar set or something like that something of 0 measure no that is not the point. So, I am talking about the see all I know is that these two integrals are certainly equal right. So, normally if you say I mean even in Riemann integration right if you say integral a to b f x d x is equal to integral a to b g x d x and this is true for all a b then you can in fact say that f x and g x are equal except may be on some countable set of points or the finite set of points right. But with Lebesgue measure Lebesgue integral you can even say that so changing. So, you know this the changing the functional value at a few points does not change the integral right that is what that is what this is coming from right. If I just redefine the function at one point the integral does not change right. So, if I say two integrals of two functions are equal the functions may not be equal everywhere right they can disagree on let us say a few points right see we will prove this later what I just said we will prove later when we do integration any other questions. No it is not because of that. So, there is no this f of x need not be continuous p d f need not be continuous right any other questions. So, just like so just like we did it for discrete random variables. So, we define we define joint p m f and then went on to define conditional p m f remember. So, we fix the value y equal to y and asked for the p m f of x is equal to x given that y equal to y we will do the same thing now except we run into little bit of rough weather what I mean. So, if you want to do a conditional. So, if you want to define a conditional p d f so the main so the main road block is the following you want to condition on y taking the value little y right, but you cannot do that because single terms have 0 probability for continuous random variables right. So, it is not as easy as the case where x and y were both discrete there there was no problem right it was an elementary definition. So, you want to define something like this. So, we want to define something like this want to define f x given y of x given y as. So, we want this to be roughly probability of x less than or equal to little x given y equal to y right this is what. So, this is if this is my conditional is not my conditional p d f this is my conditional c d f let us say right. So, this will be so I want the probability that x is less than or equal to x given that y has taken some value right suppose you have already seen y right you want to talk about the conditional distribution of x. So, the main problem here is that, but y equal to y has 0 probability right. So, you cannot it is not so easy to do this you cannot even. So, even writing this is a meaningless thing right only. So, you can keep this under like some kind of a this is highly informal statement right I want to define something like this, but I cannot. So, what is on the right side of the condition must be here strictly positive probability event right, but I cannot do this right. So, something I made very clear when we define conditional probability. So, what we do now right. So, let us say you know here x in everything I am going to say x and y are jointly continuous. So, the only thing we can do is to condition on some very small set which has not 0 probability, but close to 0 probability right. So, what we will do is the next best thing instead of condition on y equal to y which we cannot do I will condition on y lying in the in the interval y y plus delta or y minus delta y plus delta it does not matter right some tiny interval and then I will say delta to 0 that is the next best thing I can do right. So, here is the motivation for how. So, finally I am going to define a conditional pdf as some definition which I will give, but I am going to motivate it with a very informal calculation of what it is supposed to be right. So, let us say motivation. So, this is this you get right. So, let us condition on y lying in y comma y plus delta for small delta. So, then you will have this right. So, then you will have right. So, this will be the conditional cdf given that y is capital Y is close to little y not necessarily equal to little y, but close to little y well ideally I guess I should say that right. This is well defined assuming that y takes values in y y plus delta with positive probability right. So, this is a. So, if this has positive probability this is well defined. So, this will this is like probability of a given b which is probability of a intersection b over probability of b right. So, this is like see I am not proving anything this is an informal calculation do not. So, do not take this too seriously finally I will use this calculation to motivate my definition. So, x comma so that is fine and then y less than or equal to y less than or equal to little y plus delta over right. So, can I write these guys is this I can write in terms of the joint right and this guy I can write in terms of marginal of y right. So, what will this be? So, if I so the denominator is much easier I will write f y of y plus delta minus f y of y right. If this is positive this is well defined and what is on top is it will be the joint right it will be the joint of I will write this properly f x y of x comma y plus delta minus f x comma y of x comma y right. Now, so now what if I send delta to 0. So, let us say now. So, now this looks very this invites me to del divide both numerator and denominator by delta right very inviting right.  So, roughly so I mean as it is this is roughly small f y of y times delta right approximately and this will be this will be this will be like a partial derivative on y right x is fixed correct. So, you will you so you will get something that looks like the partial derivative with respect to y of the joint divided by the marginal p d f right. So, this is what is going to motivate my definition now. So, so far is just informal computation now I am going to give a definition. So, definition you do not say y right I mean it is just what it is it is a definition right and that is the informal motivation for it. So, definition the conditional c d f of x given y is defined as after all. So, this is the definition. So, the denominator is exactly what you predicted and the numerator is actually also exactly what you predicted right. You are you are just integrating over the x variable right the x variable of the joint density. And this is exactly what this is if you send delta to 0 right that is what this is correct, but this is the definition. So, the one approach you can take this that this is my definition and do not ask any further questions right. So, you can verify that this is this has the properties of a c d f in the sense that I mean if you put x is equal to infinity you will get 1 x is equal to minus infinity you will get 0 it has right continuity etcetera right. But, what I informally wrote down there is what motivates this definition right you essentially what you do is condition on y lying in some interval small interval.  So, this see this is like a c d f and it is looking like integral minus infinity x of something right. So, what is inside must be my conditional p d f right. So, it is a very natural definition x comma y over f y of y. So, it has a fairly intuitive form finally. So, although this was a bit of a problem to define it correct I mean define it precisely you are back to the form where you have the joint p d f over the marginal p d f which is which is happy news which is good news right which is. So, this is exactly similar to what we had for the discrete case except the discrete case what is on top and what is on bottom were actually probabilities here these are not probabilities these are densities right these are densities which have nothing to do with probabilities right only if you integrate them you get probabilities and this is defined whenever the density is non-zero correct then finally, I will just make one more definition. So, the conditional probability of an event a given y is defined thus see so far I have defined so far I have defined the probable. So, this is the joint c d f right. So, this is the probability of the event that capital X is less than or equal to little x given y equal to y. Now, I am talking about some generic event in the sample space it may not be x less than or equal to x it may be something more complicated. So, it is defined as follows probability that. So, I am looking at the event x belongs to a right this a is. So, this is. So, this is well this is not really an event in the sense that. So, what should I say this is some probability of some Borel set actually. So, maybe I should not I should not say it is an event. So, let me write this down and let me think about what to say that probability of x belongs to a given y equal to y is defined as integral over a f x given y of given y d x which is again nothing but the indicator of a. So, I should probably say the conditional probability of the event x belongs to a right this a is some Borel set the Borel set on r. So, this I can write as f x given y of I a of x this is the definition of. So, here the c d f only gives me the event that x is less than or equal to x, but I can now talk about x lying in any Borel set right if you want if you do not like a you call it B a is just a Borel set. It is given by the integral over the Borel set of my conditional p d f which is again defined to be the integral over the whole space whole real line of the indicator function times the p d f this is also by definition. Any questions on this? So, let me do an example I will do some very simple example. So, let us say so let us take a following distribution. So, this is so let me define the joint p d f yes. So, this f x given y is exactly this. So, you can put this guy here joint over marginal this we have already defined see this is like a density conditional density. So, you integrate you integrate the conditional density over any Borel set you will get the conditional probability that is it. So, the example I am talking about let me just make some example where. So, I have some uniform distribution in this. So, let us say that is 2 that is 1. So, in this triangle. So, my here I will have I want a uniform density on this which means f x y of x y must be equal to 1 is not it right the area of this triangle is 2 yes. So, it should be 1 for x y lying in this inside this triangle and 0 everywhere else. So, that is why. So, I have describe my what is this joint probability density function now I want to define. So, now I want to obtain the marginal of x marginal of y and conditionals. So, if you want to. So, if you want to if you want to let us say get f y of y f y of y will be the integral of f x y of x y which is simply 1 1 you have to integrate with respect to the other variable which is x. So, this will be 1 d x and x ranges from. So, x ranges from 0 to 2 minus 2 x or what 2 minus 2 y. So, what is this line this line is 2 x plus y equal to 1 or the other way round 2 x plus y equal to 1 this is the line right. So, if I fix. So, I am fixing an I am integrating x right fixing a y I am integrating over x. So, x should vary from 0 to 1 minus 2 x no 2 x plus y equal to 2 here right 2 x plus y equal to 2. So, which should means I should vary my y from sorry x from 0 to 2 minus 2 x correct. So, I should sorry. So, yes yes yes. So, I should vary. So, this should be something in y right here right here right sorry. So, what should this be then 2 minus y divided by 2 1 minus y over 2 agreed with me. So, is this correct see around this kind of stuff I do not do it correctly often. So, this is equal to simply 1 minus y over 2 and y vary what is the range of y now again 0 to 2 this is for 0 less not equal to y less not equal to 2. So, that is your marginal pdf. So, how does the marginal pdf look. So, if you plot this guy if I am plotting f y of y it varies from 0 to 2 the y varies from 0 to 2 and at y equal to 0 I have 1 then I have like that right is it not. So, now I am plotting. So, this is the plot see this is simply the x y plane, but this is the plot of the density of y and you can see that this is a valid density because integrates to 1. So, why do you think. So, it looks as though. So, y is more likely to be closer to 0 right I mean that is because there is even if you fix. So, whatever. So, if you just look at this y there is more mass coming in from here right closer to 0 which is why it is looking like this well and good marginal of x can also be easily computed. So, what is f x of x the same thing integral 1 d y I have to integrate I have to do it the other way right 2 minus 2 x 0 to. So, now I was computing f x back then. So, that should be 2 minus 2 x good over x in 0 1 right. So, that looks like that is 1 and at x is equal to 0 I am at 2 then I will go down like that right that is my this is my marginal p d f of x. Now, from this you can ask r x and y independent see if you multiply the marginals 2 minus 2 x and 1 minus y over 2 you do not get the joint. So, they are not independent x and y are dependent. So, now suppose you want to compute conditional p d f. So, I have f x given y of x given little y is equal to f x y of x y over and this should be equal to. So, this is 1 whenever it is if x y is in the appropriate the triangle this is 1 divided by f y of y which I computed as 1 minus y over 2 right. So, that is simply 2 over 2 minus y and this is valid for what range see y is see the here y is some fixed number right and x this is for x varying from x in 0 2. So, this is for x belonging in 0 2 2 minus. So, 1 minus y over 2 is not it is that right yeah correct yes or no they make a mistake f x y. So, f x y x comma y is equal to 1 that is my joint all right and I am dividing by my marginal of y which is defined for. So, y is between 0 and 2 right, but I am fixing a y all right. So, I fixed a y I fixed a y and so my x should. So, my x can only be between 0 and 1 minus y over 2 correct. So, what kind of a distribution is this. So, this is like a uniform right is not it. So, this is like a uniform this is conditionally uniform yes or no fine. So, see remember this y is a constant now you fixed y it is not a function right. So, this is a. So, all those f so I want to make this perfectly clear what you are computing is actually a function of x and the right side there is see of course, this will contain this will be dependent on y right because you are fixing a y the answer will be a function of y also, but this is actually a function of the function you are computing is that of x right and there is no x here which means x is only in the constraint x is implicit. So, this is constant in x correct. So, I hope I did not make a mistake I think this is actually correct right. So, you have you have a uniform distribution in 1 minus y over 2 if you fix a y. So, does that make sense. So, what this is saying is if you fix a little y y plus delta here and look at how x is distributed in fact distributed uniformly and that makes sense because in that little rectangle or whatever the little strip you are after all the original thing is constant right original f x y the joint p d f is constant. So, what you expect and say that strip is should be constant and it is constant except you have to know what constant it is right it is that constant. Similarly, you can figure out the opposite y given x. So, that will be 1 over that guy there is also uniform right correct. So, everybody is with me that this is a uniform random variable conditionally uniform the intuition is just what I said just to blow up that figure. So, you have that figure. So, you have 2 1 x y sorry. So, this is y x you have f x comma y equal to some constant 1 right. Now, you are fixing a y and looking at the little strip right you are looking at that little strip y y plus delta and you are looking at how x is distributed on that strip. Of course, to and you are going to divide by f y right. So, on that strip it must be uniform because what you started with is a uniform in the first place correct. Are there any questions? So, you can do any number of examples now right you can give yourself some homework take x any joint distribution you want and compute all these conditional PMFs and marginal PMF PDFs sorry conditional PDFs. If there are no more questions I will stop.


What's up everybody Jason from jazby's case breaks calm just quickly running the 2020 immaculate five box picker team number five Rnb random number block for the Memphis Grizzly. So again, the break is not technically sold out guys We start to sell out this last hanger to sell the last two spots here in a 21 team Rnb here with two left But we are really close now guys just two left to straight up in the break and then two left in the Or one left hang in the hangers that we can do tonight and again For this random number block there guys Memphis Grizzlies are random number block to all the customers that are bought in here Everybody gets a 10th a piece of the Grizzlies and works just like any other random number block on our website But only for the Memphis Grizzlies in immaculate picker team number five So again as an example of you randomized block three you will get all cards with Grizzlies in this five box case break They're being three being the first number next to the dash on the left side So for example, if you get a John Moran or any Grizzlies player 13 out of 99 block three would get that Three out of 25 43 out of 49 93 at 99 and so on Number three block we get all those cards if there is any redemptions for the Grizzlies in this five box case break Picketing number five for the Grizzlies. It'll go to spot zero. Even if we know it's a one-on-one. It'll still go to spot zero So there you go. So this is just a randomizing part guys if we do sell out that break tonight It'll be in a separate video. Here's the dice roller Here's a cousin names from Shawn down to Robert and here's the number zero through nine Let's roll the dice and we got ourselves a snake eyes just two times. So good luck one Two two times Cameron down to Robert. All right two times One two There you go two times Four down to three and here you go So Cameron you have block four Robert one any one of ones would be yours for the Grizzlies Actually with five came with seven so I'm in with two Chen with six Robert with eight came with nine Sean with zero and Robert with three So there you go guys. So in a separate video guys if we do solve the break tonight, it'll be coming up next Jaspies case breaks.com


House Speaker Nancy Pelosi recently spoke at the Aspen ideas climate conference in Miami, Florida And she had a message to the Republican Party, which was um a wee bit tone-deaf given everything that's happening currently in the country Take a look. I mean the fossil fuel industry is They weigh in so significantly I mean how could it be That nobody on the Senate side cares and the Senate cares about Climate Some of them do and they talk about it when it comes to the votes. It just isn't there They're just aren't there. So rather than saying well, we have to defeat them. No, let's just try to persuade them. I Want the Republican Party to take back the party take it back to where you were where you cared about a woman's right to choose You care about the environment I am Nancy Pelosi saying this country needs a strong Republican Party and we do not a cult but a strong Counterpoint know it does not we do not need a strong Republican Party We have a very very strong Republican Party so strong that they are now imposing their Theocratic beliefs on all of the country and they're not currently even in power. You know what we need You know, it would be really nice Nancy Pelosi is if we had a strong Democratic Party an Opposition to fight against these fascists who are ruining this country destroying democracy stripping away voting rights Attacking marginalized people day after day after day in state legislatures across the country if we had a strong Opposition to the Republican Party, then we'd be in better shape I don't know what she expects the Republican Party to be stronger than it is currently what because they have a bunch of Psychopaths that have taken over their party that they need to be strong and take it back from them This is who they are Nancy Pelosi. You just don't want to accept it. This is who they've always been This is the Republican Party It's not as if you know, they used to be good as she suggests and they just turned bad They've always been this way. Have you not been around? I mean she's existed much longer than me Does she not remember all of the things that happened throughout the Reagan era the way that Republicans have? Consistently targeted our social safety and that stripped away the new deal benefits that our previous generations have benefited from I mean, it's preposterous that the Speaker of the House that the leader of the Democratic Party would say we need a strong Republican Party when they are Absolutely strong. They're stronger than the Democratic Party. That's why we're in this predicament currently So she says a rather than saying we have to defeat them. No, let's just try to persuade them Let's just try to persuade them. This is what you've all been doing for a very long time Nancy and how's that paying off? They just voted to overturn Roe v Wade and they're going to go even further. They're essentially criminalizing trans existence in certain states They will continue to strip away LGBTQ plus rights women's rights. So how are you going to persuade them? They've already made up their minds.  So how are you going to get Republicans to go along with it?  Suggest that they can work with Republicans and convince them and then have Republicans spit in their faces and then turn around and say Well, we should try that one more time at least how about you actually fight as a Democrat She's currently campaigning for Henry Kwayar an anti-abortion Democrat And this anti-abortion Democrat is running against the progressive woman who Nancy Pelosi and Democratic Party leadership refused to endorse And this supposedly pro-life individual denied maternity leave to one of his staffers And then she ended up having a stillborn a child as a result of this supposed pro-life individual who she's campaigning for Why don't you worry about the Democratic Party and how you all only fight when it's against the left and Stop worrying about the Republican Party. They are psychopaths.  When was that was there ever a point in history where the Republican Party was actually pro-choice? When was that? When you cared about the environment again, when did Republicans care about the environment Nancy Pelosi?   There was a world where Nancy Pelosi was very progressive before where she supported single-payer healthcare But now she sees that you know, well, I'm a conservative and Republicans are to my right So it must be that they were good before no, that's not actually the case They were never good.  They should never be legitimized These are fascists and trying to persuade fascists isn't going to go very well for you Nancy Pelosi It's not going well currently and because we don't have a strong Democratic party We're in this situation where our democracy is essentially dying in front of us And there's almost nothing that we can do at this point And this was all explained in a brilliant Twitter thread by Bryn Tannehill who writes just a reminder because of non-proportional Representation and demographics in order to break the filibuster and overcome the r plus six to seven bias in the Senate Democrats would need to win three straight elections by 19 points to make abortion legal Nationally they need to win the national vote several times in a row by five plus points to have a shot at breaking even most Forecasters look at the 2024 landscape and don't think there's much of a chance for Democrats to hold the Senate past the 2024 election Mitch McConnell has promised that if Republicans regain control of the Senate in 2022 that he will not let Biden put any more Supreme Court justices on the bench You would keep seats open for up to six years if he had to starting in January of 2023 There is probably no meaningful hope of changing the composition of the court It is estimated that the US is already sky-high maternal mortality rate will rise by 21% as a result of Dobbs v. Jackson This is the current case about the Mississippi law where the Supreme Court will be overturning Roe v. Wade by the way Most states are so gerrymandered that changing the composition of the state legislature is effectively impossible The GOP has been able to maintain super majorities in the Wisconsin legislature despite losing elections by up to 10 points Because SCOTUS has approved political gerrymanders in most states that ban abortion There is no realistic hope of reversing these bands by voting out the incumbents who put the bands in place only 8% of US House seats are competitive due to gerrymandering a few states allow voter initiated ballot initiatives or state constitutional amendments However, SCOTUS has allowed state legislatures to effectively overturn them Example Floridians voted to restore the voting rights of felons overwhelmingly the gerrymandered state legislature turned around and passed the law Requiring felons to prove they have paid all court fees before rights can be restored problem is records in Florida are so sloppy that it is Effectively impossible to do so this requirement is as fair as a 1950s literacy test to vote and thus the ballot initiative was thwarted by politicians who cannot be voted out of office Aided and abetted by a SCOTUS put in place by presidents who lost the popular vote There are very few good options for bringing back abortion rights after Dobbs v. Jackson The US political and legal system is so broken that it is completely immune to the will of the people a lot of legal-minded folks Can see the writing on the wall and the thread goes on she explains how essentially Republicans have taken this already flawed system, which Disproportionally favors them and they've molded it even more in their image They've made it so that way if you're dissatisfied with government you really don't have a good way of Affecting change in the United States, which is supposed to be a democracy So our voting powers have diminished substantially even though You know if you look at demographics if you look at the population of the US and what we believe Well, it should be the case that Republicans never get elected But they've broken our system and they've molded it in their favor and Nancy Pelosi is saying we need a strong Republican Party as if we don't already have a very strong Republican Party and The response from Democrats is we'll vote harder Well, you didn't pass voting rights the house might have passed voting rights So Nancy Pelosi gets a pass here, but she can actually put pressure on Biden I'm sure she has his ear as the speaker of the house to say hey Maybe you should try fighting once again to get rid of the filibuster Maybe put more pressure on mansion and cinema because we're not going to have another opportunity to pass voting rights Once we lose the House or Senate if we lose the House or Senate this fall.  Having a strong Republican Party is what we have now and it's been catastrophic They're so strong that they're imposing their will on everyone We need a strong opposition party to protect us from the breakdown of democracy and not fundraise off of it Not see the overturning of Roe v.  Well, I've got a solution for you It's called the opt-out app available right now in the iOS app store coming soon to Android Opt-out is an app made by and for progressives where they take all of the most popular independent news shows and they put them in one Convenient location you'll find all your favorites on there like the humanist report the rational national the majority report and the app is updated multiple times per Day so your news feed is constantly up to date if you enjoy watching independent media This is the app to get downloaded today


Throughout the course of U.S. history, service members have given their lives time and time again in defense of the nation. On Memorial Day, U.S. European Command, U.S. Africa Command and U.S. Army Garrison Stuttgart gathered together to pay tribute to their sacrifice with a wreath-laying ceremony at Patch Barracks, Germany. It is always an honor to speak at a Memorial Day event. There can be no greater privilege than to make comments honoring our service members that have given their lives and service to our nation. I often ask myself, why do we describe our citizens in the armed forces as service members? Fundamentally, it means to be in service to your country. The country's needs come first, and the needs of those in service come second. We can never forget that service means more. To serve means putting something above yourself, but we must also never forget that service goes both ways. Those in service have a right to consideration. We owe them. They didn't get the chance to take their uniform off at the end of their service. They didn't get the chance to return to their families, but because of their service, I hope that we all get that chance to one day take the uniform off. We owe them that honor. To me, that's what a Memorial Day event means. The men and women of the U.S. military honor those in whose footsteps they follow by remaining postured and ready to face current and emerging threats, not only in Europe but around the globe. From Stuttgart, Germany, I'm Air Force Staff Sergeant Crystal Wright.


Good morning everyone, welcome to the first shared street down in New York City, which is this area. There's gonna be questions always about, we make an announcement by the best way to start for people to see you know we already had live through action. This area was mainly centered on cars and we've been able to plan because of the bead, Emily and Sean, the whole team at DOT you know having big plan for the future of the city and that's how we came out to build the first shared street in the city of New York. So thank you for all who are playing important role. My name is Danis Rodriguez, the commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation. It is an honor to be here standing together with Mayor Eric Adden, the most progressive mayor that we have seen the city of New York. If he's measured by action, well he's pointing the money and he's pushing the city to address equity in all aspects. But we are also here with other members of the administration, Yatin, who is our chief for public space and our electoral officials, congressmen, athletes and advocates. Thank you for joining us. We are here today to celebrate the start of reconstruction for the next phase of roadway vision between 25 and 32nd Street. Roadway vision is DOT project to reclaim space people along roadway. Yes imagine from Union Square to Columbus Circle. Our streets are our largest network of public space and they serve all New Yorkers but too much of this space has been dedicated to just one use. The movement in stores of vehicles, but that's changing on the Mayor Adden's leadership. We know our streets don't belong just to cars. They belong to pedestrians, to cyclists and transit users too. And on this section of roadway, pedestrians and cyclists are common numbers, our numbers cars. So we are using innovative design along the corridor to reclaim our streets. New plazas, bike lanes and shared streets to create world-class public spaces. This design works for everyone. More space for people and we also designed to still allow local vehicle access for delivery pickups and drop-offs on what we call shared streets. And of course all those ideas are supported by resources. As the Mayor also in his state of the city added $400 million for DOT so that we can have all the resources that we need to do to do these type of projects. This design creates more safer corridors by slowing vehicle speed. We look forward to starting our design tomorrow. Thanks to the support of Mayor Adden's we will be building out this work with capital reconstruction of an even larger section of roadway in the years to come. But this agency prioritized equity. So we are now stopping our roadway. We brought a similar design to 34 Avenue in Jackson Heights, Queens. And that project has received national praise for creating safe welcoming public space alone 1.3 mile that used to be used only by car for cars. So while we look forward to our work here we can wait to bring this matter to more neighborhoods across the city. I'd like to thank all the hardworking members of the DOT that made this possible including Sharon Quinn, Emily, Wernan Hall, Kyle, Goldman, as well as many advocates here who have fought for this project for years in the bid that have been so integral to our success. I'm thrilled to be able to be part of this administration and team that is bringing this to fruition. We work 24-7, reimagining the use of public space. In this place the reconstruction will begin. But what is happening here is also happening in different communities, in different ethnic groups, in different social classes. Because the commitment of the Cadillac Regatta to ensure that we, in the transportation department, continue to rebuild public space for everyone, for pedestrians, for cyclists, and at the same time to allow vehicles to also be able to transit to deliver food or to pick up passengers. With that I would like to give you the best Mayor of New York City, Mayor Eric Gattens. You said the best in the city. I hope there's not another. Well, thank you so much, Edonis, really for taking the vision that you talked about while you were the city council. And now to see the vision actualize on our roads every day. We clearly understand that our streets are not only for vehicles, it's about redefining our city. And right in this area we saw a horrific accident with a taxi that struck several pedestrians. And so this is real. It's real that we utilize our street spaces in an appropriate way. Before I get on the topic of the day, as I mentioned last week, we recovered 91% of our job that we lost pre-pandemic. And so the city is really recovering at a healthy tick. You are seeing our various social gatherings are increasing. I hear from my restaurant owners all the time. We're seeing a real recovery in the city from Broadway to Times Square. Our tourism numbers are extremely impressive. We are doing extremely well in the city as we are on the road to recovery. But the announcement that we heard with the Silicon Valley bank that went under is ascending fears throughout the city. There's a real concern particularly because in New York we have such a substantial number of tech startups. And it is not only the new ideas that the tech startups bring, but it's also the employment, the employees, the visiting shops and restaurants and cleaners and just engaging and creating the cross-pollination of how do we solve some of the major problems that cities are facing. I spoke with Deputy Mayor Maria Torres-Springer. We are going to have a coordination with the federal government, the state, as well as here in the city to be a conduit of information. So we can relieve some of the anxiety that many people are feeling right now during these uncertainties with this major banking institution for tech startups going under. And we're going to be here for the employees and for the companies as well. And I'm happy we have with us our amazing Congressman, Congressman Nandler, the dean of the congressional delegation. And we're going to be coordinating with his office as well and my other congressional leadership. And so today we are extremely pleased with the announcement we're having right here in Midtown. We are revitalizing the future of our streets. A lot of people have talked about this for years. You know, ever since the Bloomberg administration, the Blasio administration, we're building on the vision that my former mayors really must be acknowledged for putting in place the concept and ideas of how we live in our city. Tomorrow on Broadway, the Broadway vision comes to life with construction work on major improvements from West 25th Street to 32nd Street. Reclaiming space for people to enjoy the greatest city in the world. You really appreciate the city when you're able to walk through it, ride through it, skateboard through it and really engage in all that the city has to offer. Offer new pedestrian plazas, widening crosswalks and for pedestrian safety. This work has started already and now we're moving it here to Broadway, a street that is notably a presence for New Yorkers. We're going to be adding two-way bike lanes, expanding city bike docks, as well as adding more room for outdoor dining, which we are going to make permanent with the City Council. We're excited about the future of outdoor dining, something we discovered during the COVID pandemic and now we're going to make it a safe, clean place, get rid of those COVID sheds and have a real safe place where people can enjoy outdoor dining. This is really how you imagine our city and under the leadership of Commissioner Rodriguez, we're going to continue to move forward. And it means more room to walk and to bike and to just enjoy this great city. And I'll say over and over again in the finest city on the globe and any of you that's here, if you're tourists, we only have one ask of you and that's to spend money, spend a lot of money. And what we're going to do this spring will start even an even bigger capital project to make these kinds of changes all the way from the 21st Street to 33rd Street as the Commissioner stated. We have seen what happens when we open space to people. They enjoy the city. We saw an exciting expansion and tourists reveled at what we did on open streets on Fifth Avenue during the holiday season when I walked through there seeing thousands of people enjoying the shops and enjoying the scenery and enjoying all that we have to offer during the holiday season. We want to expand that throughout the entire summer and early winter as well. We're going to go big just like there. We're going to be big here. We're going to build more public space in every borough, not just Manhattan, our central business districts, but we're going to expand this throughout the entire city. The first step of our Broadway vision plan to reimagine Broadway from Columbus Circle to Union Square and it's part of the $375 million capital public space enhancement that are announced at the state of the city. Those were not just words on paper. Those were actual projects that we're putting in place. New public spaces are critical to our city's comeback. It is really, it goes hand in hand. Safe streets, public safety is a prerequisite to our prosperity and having streets we can walk on and live on in a safe way is how we're going to continue recovery of our city. Last year, Senator Governor Huckle, we did the New York plan, the report, which highlighted the importance of public space to our city. We've already delivered on a commitment that planned to appoint our chief public realm officer, Yachting Liu. We're excited about what she has to offer, the LeBron James of public space, our anchor player, so she's going to do her thing. Today we begin to fulfill other commitment by revitalizing this area with public space and I want to thank Yachting for hitting the ground running and helping oversee the reimagining of our city. New York City is back and we are dreaming big again because we know the possibilities when we dream big. Looking down Broadway, you see the past, present, and the future. Broadway is the pulsing heart of Manhattan. Moving New Yorkers and visitors alike and powering our economy with world-class culture, sporting events, the improvements we make tomorrow will shape our city for generations to come. This artist's rendering is a real reflection of the excitement and energy that this is going to bring. This is a map of the area. I just want to thank all of our partners who are coming together to realize that when you open your streets, you open opportunities of enjoying all that this city has to offer. We're going to move on. I just want to have the opportunity and not giving it to my commissioner, but I want this opportunity of just really inviting a real partner, Congressman Natla. Congressman Natla during the most darkest moments. I was in Washington with the Congressman to help us so many levels in time and time again as the dean of delegation. He's a similar delegation together to really come and bail our city out from COVID to dealing with our asylum crisis, to dealing with the issues around public safety. He has been a real partner and I cannot thank him enough, so I want to bring up to the microphone our amazing Congressman, Congressman Natla. Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. It's a great pleasure to be here and let me congratulate the mayor and the administration for beginning, for reaching a stage where you can begin the project this week. Making this city, and especially Broadway, that's my parochial interest, safe for pedestrians and car free and a center for all kinds of activities is a great priority. I look forward to seeing this area have on the characteristics that we have in the Times Square area. That has been a great success and we should expand this. This is one stage of it. It'll be expanded. The mayor said from 59th Street to 32nd Street, I hope eventually it'll go all the way down to Canal Street. This is a great day for the city and I want to congratulate the administration and one day soon we will have car free, more car free areas, greater pedestrian safety and greater street activities. That's why I thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Congressman Nadler. This is here from James Method, President of Flatterer and All More Partnership. Thanks, everybody. Mr. Mayor, Congressman Nadler, Mr. Commissioner and everyone else here today, thank you for joining us and welcome to Nomad. I'm James Method. I'm the Mayor, I'm sorry, the President of the Flatiron and Nomad District. Only one Mayor. Only one Mayor. Unelected. This one. This one's unelected. Sorry. But yes, I'm the President of the Flatiron-Nomad Partnership, the Neighborhoods Business Improvement District and since the partnerships founding in 2006, we've created and maintained and activated safe, welcoming public spaces for everyone who comes to our district. And it's days like today that make our multi-year effort to expand our bid boundaries and services throughout Nomad and along this ever-evolving Broadway corridor worth it. The last three years have been New Yorkers' love outdoor spaces more than ever. Early in the pandemic, the Department of Transportation acted quickly alongside the bids and other community partners throughout the city to create open streets that were innovative and open restaurant programming that were vital to the city's lifeblood, which have thrived here and throughout the city. It's inspired this neighborhood's collective re-imagination of Broadway between 25th Street and 27th Street. It's called Nomad Piazza, a vibrant community vestibule that the partnership has had the privilege of managing. And in addition to making those blocks safer for pedestrians, Nomad Piazza has been an outdoor dining oasis thanks to our creative local restauranteurs. I see Mark Barak from La Corabianca here. We congratulate him. He's been a real leader in this. The transformation of Nomad Piazza is a hyper-local economic success story having helped to attract and retain many businesses over the past three years. And now it has laid the foundation for this project we're celebrating today, the next steps of Broadway vision. This new shared street will add more pedestrian, bicycle and dining space from here to 32nd Street, completing our Flatiron and Nomad Broadway vision corridor from 21st Street all the way to Greeley Square. That alone would make this a landmark day, but we're also here to celebrate the Mayor's commitment to capital reconstruction of the Flatiron plazas just south of us, Worth Square, and this section of Broadway in the subsequent phases and years ahead. Alongside our city partners, bid members, and the Madison Square Park Conservancy, we look forward to redesigning, reconstructing, and dramatically upgrading these models, plazas, shared streets, and making them permanent, world-class public spaces that New York deserves once and for all. We're grateful to Mayor Adams for his leadership on this and convening the New York panel that he mentioned with Governor Huckle. Their action plan, including transformative projects like this, has created the North Star for the city when it comes to reimagining our public spaces and accelerating our economic recovery. We also applaud the Mayor for his appointment of Yachting Liu, our LeBron James of public space. She's been a terrific partner thus far and we know she's going to be doing amazing things with us and throughout the city in the days ahead. And also, speaking of great partners, Commissioner Yadani Rodriguez, you and your tremendous public space team have been absolutely amazing to work with. And alongside of the borough president, our council members, Botcher, Power, and Rivera, and Congressman Nadler, we're looking forward for more creative, great creative safer streets and sidewalks for all New Yorkers. And last but not least, before I stop rambling here, I'd like to recognize our many neighborhood stakeholders and the supporters that have worked with the partnership and the city to make this day a reality, particularly the Nomad Piazza resilient restaurants, hotels, property owners, and residents that have invested in Broadway and this neighborhood from the start. This soon to be better Broadway is yours. So let's promise to bring the band back together in a couple of months for a ribbon cutting. I'm going to hold everyone to that and thanks everyone and enjoy Broadway in the days ahead. Good morning. So the block that we're standing on today as well as the next block will be a fully pedestrian plaza so no vehicles on these first two blocks. The rest of the corridor up to Harold and Greeley Square will be shared streets. It will be encouraged vehicles drive five miles an hour. We have different traffic calming elements like jocaines. We're narrowing the intersection so pedestrians will be able to cross safely. Cars will be turning slowly. And a huge dramatic change that this project is delivering is for the first time we have formalized two-way cycling. So this whole corridor from Madison and Worth Square all the way up to Harold Square will be a two-way bike boulevard for cyclists. It was always a plan to continually identify plaza areas but I think what the terrible accident did it highlighted why we have been focusing on creating these plazas. It was a horrific incident I recall it you know when I was notified by the department and it just really showed that throughout the city there are spaces we are reclaiming for pedestrians but this was always always on the plan it was a continuation of the Bloomberg successful years the Blasio successful years and we knew we should continue to build on those years. My predecessors were amazing they focused on this topic and this is something that we wanted to continue and not start from the beginning but the accident was a major major reason that we knew that it was time to really continue to push forward on this issue. I'll answer that as well all across the country we're seeing police officers who are going through resignation. We have a law enforcement crisis in this city in this country and it's serious but I know the men and women of the police department because I was one of them and it's clear that when you look at the double digit decrease in shootings double digit decrease in homicides you see the decreasing in the major felonies our subway system is getting safer. The customer satisfactory surveys people are stating that they feel safer because of the men and women of the police department. What I think we failed at is that we weren't going out and recruiting at the capacity that we should have and we're changing that we're back into the streets we're showing people excitement of being a man a man or a woman in the New York City police department there's a large number of people that want to be police officers and you know we have in retirements but trust me when I tell you NYPD is the finest police department on the globe and it's a privilege to serve there and we're going to continue to recruit the best diversified department. Many of my emerging immigrant populations are increasing these exciting times so yes there's a crisis of law enforcement globally but trust me this is the finest police department and it's a great career and we're going to continue to bring people in. Talk like a New York allowed. Staten Island don't forget Staten Island. Yes well the the the commission I made it clear this is not a Manhattan centered administration I'm a five borough mayor and it's about going to those other boroughs we have some great plans in all of those four boroughs that you just mentioned that we're going to roll out and the commissioner and his team they have made it clear every community deserve good safe streets with pedestrian plazas and that's what our LeBron James is going to make sure it happens you know yes no and and there's a culture shift that must take place in the city and when you look at the number of drivers of the number of pedestrians that walk clearly out numbers the number of drivers and I am encouraging people to get out their cars you know we have the best transportation system the MTA I'm on the train all the time I'm encouraging people you know we need to exercise we're two stationary let's get on our bikes let's walk let's skateboard you know so I'm hoping that people realize that vehicles are not the only way to get around those who must use the vehicle we're going to always be a city or country where vehicles are going to be used but we need to minimize them you know in this city our transportation system can take you wherever you want to go and we're doing it in a safe way so you know yes there's going to be inconvenience for those who are used to being in a car by themselves uh driving along well you know we're going to excite you you know get out your car meet the diversity of the city and enjoy our public transportation system and I think they're going to be excited about it and once you get on the train this is a Mikey moment why don't you try it you would like it


Welcome to a new week of the rundown. On this episode, Deployed Sailors will continue to receive hardship duty pay. We have the latest on the NWU Type 3's and we celebrate 241 years of the Navy. With the reauthorization of Hardship Duty Pay Tempo or HDPT, this month Deployed Sailors will continue to see extra money when they are deployed for 220 days or longer. The pay is designed to compensate Sailors for their duties during extended deployments. You can read more on HDPT in our story on navy.mil. Sailors are now authorized to wear the NWU Type 3's at your CL's discretion. The switch to the Type 3's begin October 1st. Navy Exchange Uniform Stores and Call Centers will begin selling NWU Type 3 components once they have enough inventories on hand. Nextcom expects to have the uniforms in select uniform stores next fall and will expand sales as inventories become available. Sailors are still authorized to wear NWU Type 1 until October 1st, 2019, which is also the date when the Type 3's will become the primary working uniform when assured or in port. Read our story on navy.mil that lists the 5 things you need to know on the NWU transition. Finally, CNL released a birthday message for Sailors honoring 241 years of the United States Navy. The Navy's birthday was October 13th. To celebrate, the Navy Ball took place in Washington, D.C. Guests included Seknav, CNL, and McPon. Check out navy.mil for photos from the ball. Well, that's all for this week. For any questions, send us a message at usnpeople at gmo.com. For the Chief of Naval Personnel, I'm Petty Officer 2nd Class, L.J. Burleson. Thanks for watching.


Hello and welcome to MPS goals to Casa Pelusa. I am delighted to be here with Miss Kate. Miss Kate, how are we doing? I am fabulous. How are you doing? I'm doing well and I'm doing well despite the rain. It's doing all right. I know I'm not letting it ruin my buzz. I'm going to embrace the rain Congratulations on your performance. It was excellent. I got a chance to like pop out and see it But how was it for you? I was great. Yeah, no, I love performing and I've never performed here at this festival before Yeah, it was great fun. That's cool. And I must say when I'm trying to describe your music to people I say it's a bit of funk. It's a bit of soul. It's quite striking. But like what influences this? How do you come up with it? Well, I listen to soul music all my life and growing up and a big part of the sound though is the band I met them a year ago when I put out an ad and then I met the girls my girls Sarah and Ria and Three mutual friends. So they've all really contributed to the sound and yeah It's a good a good party vibe. I think for festivals a bit of funk and soul That's cute. I know that you've collaborated like in Europe part of a band. How does songwriting work for you? Do you do together? Do you kind of contribute a bit or how does that work? Yeah, well depends on who I'm working with so like if I'm working in the studio With a producer and you know, I might write something send it to him He might come up with something or will send samples to each other. But when I'm with the band It's very collaborative. So, you know, they might jam something out And I might then come up with a melody that goes over it. It's a very creative space, isn't it? It is. Yeah, we get together from from two o'clock every Sunday for a few hours and it's it's a lot of fun a lot of hard work I'm kidding You're amazing. I'm not called Miss Kate for no reason. No, it's amazing. We love being part of the band. Perfect. So Miss Kate, if anyone wants to find your music or to find out more what you're doing, where can they find you?  Yeah, Miss KateOfficial is where you can find us. Perfect. Thank you so much Miss Kate and the higher state. You were absolutely fantastic. And I hope you get to enjoy the rest of the festival. Thank you. You're welcome. So this has been Miss Kate at MPS Girls 2 Casablanca.


Yeah, we on Boss Talk 101. Yeah, I can deal with any situation I was in. I believe it. Y'all know what time it is, that OG Percy show, No Murders, this is where my daddy cares, man. We on that Boss Talk 101, man. Y'all go check me out, man. We in here, that part. Hey, it's your boy, E.C.O. here, man. We about to do an interview, man. Another one, man. Another banker, holler at your boy. What grade did you graduate? Oh, come on, stop that. He's looking around. What you got me in there with you? You didn't know what you're talking to? No, back to it. No, sir. What did you do? I got caught with a gun in school. And they put you out. She back did it? For the second time. Put you out for the second time.  Just hanging in the locker. Yeah. Damn, you know, I didn't get caught with it. I got snitched on, trying to be cool and tell my partners, no, but I got saved that day. Shout out to my cousin, he saved me that day. I run the gun to school for the real intention. OK. Because the day before, I was jumping in the hall when I was having a one-on-one, you know, a couple of football players decided, you know, since I'm whooping when they look football partners, they're going to help them. But the next day, I'm going to show them. They ain't just jumping on no anybody. No, you all can get it. Oh, go and get it. I ain't coming to play. I can't, no, strictly to show out. So he saved you? He saved me. But what happened to the days of, OK, you got in a fight and they jumped you, why not go back after them, you know, fist fight? Because one thing about being jumped is not fair. You know what I'm saying? We got a one-on-one, you having a one-on-one, you know, they take that. You know, I can take a whooping and kick on tick.   Yeah, yeah. I got it tightened up. But when you, but when a nigga.  Two or three jingles. It's different. Yeah, the feeling is different. And you ain't going to try to jump them back. I mean, jump them back from where?  They cheating. No, don't break. See, I learned one thing about going to get people up. I had a partner named Scotty Worley. He lost his brother, Freddie Worley. You understand me? Where Freddie Worley ran? Got his brother over basketball game, didn't take him strong. We brought him back to do's, pinned him to a wall, stabbed him 27 times. I learned Red Dean. I never go run and get my brother for nothing. If I can't handle it, then when I leave, it's over. It's over. Yeah, I ain't going to come because they can't, you know, tell them what you can bring somebody else to.  You see a lot of people getting killed, but they ain't the ones causing the trouble. But they partners getting murdered, you know what I'm saying? So I'm careful who I go get and who I call. Because, you know, if I can't handle it, if it's over, it's over. No, I get it.  That's what I remind me of exactly what it reminded me of. It would have played out like that with my cousin. I told one of my cousins, I said, I'm going to get it. I said, be sure you're lucky. I'm going to smoke this smoke. I called him at lunch. He's like, yeah, I'm serious. I got the gun. Well, I'm ready. You know what I'm saying? My cousin knew I was for real. He knew I was serious.   In the class before lunch came. You were standing at the classroom. I said, everybody turned around the classroom, looked around, like, what's going on? I seen the principal, you know what I'm saying? Me, the vice principal, the real principal. Y'all got there or somebody. OK. And he said, where is Percy Demerson?  He said, he said, stand right there and they start watching. He said, sit right there. He said, stand up. Don't reach for nothing in your desk. He said, come on outside in the class. I'm like, OK. Ain't got nothing on me. He said, my locker. You know what I'm saying?  We had a team called Salt and Pepper. OK. No, they was black detectives. They detected the school, you know what I'm saying? They go from school to school. They was like the norts of the school. So they was standing there, like, what they got Salt and Pepper for. You see Salt and Pepper, you know you're in trouble. That's the police. The undercover with the regular suits on. So they took me on to the principal after they came back and the man slammed the gun right there in front of me. I'm like, god damn, that's too. They already done got it. But the sad part, when I walked in, I was even by myself. My cousin was sitting in there.  What you in there for? You know, he said, what you? And he looked at me, he said, oh. This before they even brung the gun. He said, man, I just. I had to sell him. He said, I didn't want to see nobody getting in trouble.  You didn't know what he was talking about. You see, who get in trouble? It's my cousin. It's my whole real blood cousin. It's my real at the fan reunion. All cookouts from his wedding's cousin. Yeah. I know he's not like him. But when he said, I didn't want to see nobody. It went over my head.  Did you beat him up? No, years later, he appreciated him. No. Had to. No, but I got a moment, you're mad about it. She right. I got a moment, you're right. But no, I didn't get a chance to beat him up. Oh, OK.  Never got a chance to go to noble forward independent school district. That was it. Yeah, we on Boss Talk 101.


Good morning. Let's try and we will try and stay on time today. Thank you so much for taking time out of your busy schedules to come and visit with us. I'm Bob Figlin. I have lots of titles but it really doesn't matter. I'm here to support kidney cancer patients and their families and to talk about where we are where we're going and and educate you about a disease that I've spent over three decades of my life studying and today's conference is really when Nancy Moldauer and I started to think about how to formulate this you see from the agenda that that we basically ask the questions that you ask us. So rather than coming at this from the perspective of a physician who talks about kidney cancer in a very specific way we wanted to look at the kinds of things that are we're asked all the time in relationship to the disease that you are dealing with know about struggling with or being cured from. So we hope that it's going to be a productive day. We've tried to address the questions in a way that's at a level that's commensurate with how you'll understand and and most of our speakers today will be available for kind of off the off the side conversations as well. There are a few ground rules. I kind of say this every year but I just want to just reiterate this. We're here to talk about the approaches to kidney cancer the things that we think about and the challenges that exist. Many of you have individual questions about your individual situations but we try and keep this conference really not about a single individual but about approaches to people who are are challenged by this disease. So when you ask questions and we encourage you obviously to do so please be sensitive to the fact that there are other people in the audience that are at different stages different places different therapies and and we try and make it so that everybody can understand you know the question and the comments and be instructive. Bathrooms are right outside coffee will be there all day we'll have a break for lunch where you'll be able to meet additional people and a couple of acknowledgements. So we've done this with the kidney cancer association now this is the second time we've done it at Cedars last one was in December of 2012 about a year after I got here and it's nice to see some old faces because as I've traveled throughout Los Angeles for my days at UCLA where I spent almost two and a half decades to my time at City of Hope and now at Cedars it's wonderful to see people that I've met along the way and and and worked with and helped. So one of the things that I almost always do is is ask you in the audience to and it helps me and it helps other people because a decade or two ago this room would have been much smaller the participants would have been much fewer and the successes would have been more infrequent. So I think we've arrived at a time in our in our history of kidney cancer that is really quite remarkable and one of the ways to to get at that is to see and ask you in the audience where you are in the process by looking at it from the perspective of how long it's been since you're in effect to me. So let's start with the question of how many have had their surgery more than a year ago. How many have had their surgeries more than five years ago? Look around the room don't look at me. I know I can see all of you but you can't. How many of you had your surgeries more than 10 years ago? How many of you have had surgeries more than 15 years ago? Any of you with surgeries more than 20 years ago? Well that's you know that's you know it's it warms my heart to be able to see people in the audience who've had this disease for more than a decade and a half go and still going. And for those of you that have had metastatic disease are any of you in the audience that have had metastatic disease free of your cancer or controlled your cancer for more than five years? Please look around the room. Any of you for more than 10 years? Any of you more than 15 years? You can raise it it's almost 15. So you know that's I want I want you to just take that in and keep in perspective of the fact that in when I started my career in 1980 treating kidney cancer almost 35 years ago there wouldn't have been this group there wouldn't have been these survivors there wouldn't have been the opportunity for long-term control even in the face of metastatic disease and and am I satisfied with the outcomes? No. Am I encouraged by the outcomes? Yes. Can we still make incredible strides to continue to move the the goalpost further and further away? Absolutely and hopefully today you'll hear you know some of the ways that we're gonna do that and how we approach this disease from trying to make more people in this audience trying to create more opportunities for the people that are challenged by this disease and some of the discoveries that we're thinking about kind of every day. So thanks so much for coming.