So there were a ton of new updates announced at WWDC this week and iOS 15 is going to be bringing a lot to Apple devices this fall. But for me, the most exciting new features were the ones made to improve your health and productivity, which is literally what this channel is all about. So let's do a quick run through of the new iOS features that I think you should be looking out for this fall. What is up everybody? It's your boy Noah. If it's your first time here, I make videos on the best health and productivity tech out there. So if this sounds interesting to you, make sure you go ahead and hit that subscribe button. The first new feature was the walking steadiness. The idea here is now the iPhone can track changes in your balance, stability, coordination, and it alerts you if your risk of falling increases. What I love about this is that they are promoting mobility, which I don't feel a lot of fitness influencers or trainers are promoting as much. The second biggest health update to iOS 15 is the fact that Apple enhanced their lab results page, which now provides a clearer description of what your actual health metrics mean. Everything from your cholesterol stats to your blood glucose levels. What's also cool about this lab results is that you can actually store your COVID-19 vaccine and test results securely in the health app. The third and I think the best health update to iOS 15 is trends, which basically gives you insights into long-term changes in your health metrics such as your steps, resting heart rate, and it shares any positive or negative changes that it detects. I think seeing your overall trends in your health and getting important alerts and updates is a perfect way to truly understand the actual state of your health and how you may need to adjust what you're doing to make sure it's trending in the right direction. Now, what is super cool about all of these updates is the fact that you could share all of this data with the people closest to you and receive notifications when something may be off or moving in the right direction. It could be anything from sending your doctor important health data for an follow-up appointment or maybe it's sharing your information with the people closest to you, such as a spouse or other family members, and it does it securely through encryption. Now moving to the health-related features that will be added to the Apple Watch with the new WatchOS 8. The first thing being the revamp of their Breathe app. After a year, probably the most people experiencing burnout and mental health challenges, Apple decided to change their Breathe app name to Mindfulness. I think my favorite addition to the Mindfulness app is the new Reflect feature, which gives you a new animation and short prompts to focus on a certain theme such as gratitude or joy. I've been personally practicing meditation and reflection over the past month and it has seriously done wonders for me when it comes to clear my brain, helping me de-stress from daily anxieties and worries. In fact, if you're interested in hearing about my meditation routine and my favorite app that I use, let me know in the comments below. The second thing they updated is they added a new metric when it comes to tracking your sleep called the sleeping respiratory rate, which basically calculates the number of breaths per minute as you sleep. This provides you a greater insight into your overall wellness and sleep quality. I love to see these improvements and I'm hoping Apple keeps pushing further into making the Apple Watch an ultimate fitness tracker and smart watch to compete with the other brands out there such as Garmin, Fitbit, Amazon, which I actually am going to make a review on soon. The last and final health features that are going to be implemented within WatchOS 8 are going to be to the Fitness app. They added Pilates as a new workout and they also added in Tai Chi, which I think is cleverly called meditation in motion. I don't know if I'll personally be doing much Tai Chi, but it is great that they're expanding their list of trackable workouts. Now on the Fitness Plus side of things, they are introducing a guest celebrity trainer named Jeanette Jenkins to provide a special set of workouts and also include new workout playlists inspired by single artists such as Alicia Keys or Jennifer Lopez. I think they got this idea from Peloton with their artist series. If you didn't know already, I'm super obsessed with Apple Fitness Plus and couldn't recommend it enough to try out. Feel free to check out my latest review on the Fitness app itself. It's amazing, just trust me. Now finally, when it comes to productivity, which I relate to anything that helps to improve your mental health and learning ability, there's honestly a lot that Apple added, but I will just stick to my two to three favorite apps for the sake of time. The first being the Focus feature, which basically helps you to reduce distractions and focus better. For me, as somebody who is working on being more productive, managing a YouTube channel on the side and a full-time job, this is a big one for me and I think will be extremely useful. It allows you to filter out notifications and apps based off of the activity that you're doing. So you can set different filters based off of your working, you want entertainment time, and it's pretty neat as you can only allow the interruptions that are most important to you. And you can set up auto replies that your contacts will see that you are in focus mode when they try to message you. You can also set up a custom home screen for a specific focus setting to help reduce any temptation to engage with other apps. And what's really cool is you can actually transfer these different focus modes across your devices. And honestly, I think this is a really crazy cool feature that they implemented. My second favorite productivity feature that's going to be updated is quick notes, which is a fast and easy way to take notes anywhere and access across your Apple ecosystem by just swiping with a finger or using your Apple Pencil. This is good if you want to jot down phone numbers, ideas or contacts. They also added the usage of tags, which helps you to effectively organize your information and they are now allowing collaboration on shared notes where you could see the latest updates in an activity view. And then the last two honorable mentions that I'll fit into this category is the new live text and visual lookup feature. Live text basically allows you to copy and paste text from photos, screenshots, images and Safari. This is great when you're trying to grab notes from a presentation or a lecture and you want to translate these into a notes app similar to Evernote or Notion. And for visual lookup, you can just swipe up and tap the information button on a photo and it will recognize the objects that are in the scene and provide you a description of that image. Apple also improved the multitasking ability in iPadOS by providing easier access to the split view and slider over functions and a new menu on the screen. Honestly, I was a bit disappointed in the iPadOS update and was really hoping for more functionality, more on that in a future video. But it basically seems that Apple just keeps crippling its iPad and not making a suitable laptop replacement. Hopefully there is more to come this year. Please, Apple, please. Well, I know that was a lot of information, but those were my favorite health and productivity features that are going to go across the range of Apple devices in the OS releasing this upcoming fall. Question of the day, what was your favorite new health or productivity feature that you heard about in this week's WWDC? Let me know in the comments below. But that basically wraps up today's video. I hope it was helpful. If it was, go ahead and compile that like button, subscribe if you haven't already, and you already know, embrace the hype.


In this demonstration, you'll see me configure as your stack HCI to host a virtual machine on a cluster shared volume. You'll also see me deploy a virtual machine onto that cluster shared volume, configure the virtual machine and then move the virtual machine between as your stack HCI nodes. So we start here in the as your stack HCI Windows Admin Center console. The first thing we do is go to Volumes. What I'm going to do is create the volume that's going to host the virtual machines. So I click create and on the create volume dialogue, I type in the name of the volume, which is going to be VM storage. I select the resiliency here. I've gone with two way mirror. I'm setting the size just to a hundred gigabytes because this is just a test deployment. And I click create and it goes and creates a cluster shared volume that will be used by all nodes in this HCI cluster. So I can look at the volume itself. I can open up the volume in Windows Admin Center. I can go and create a new folder called ISOs. And what I'm doing here is I'm going to upload the Windows Server 2019 evaluation installation media to this particular folder. So I click upload, click select files. It goes to my local file system and I just select the Windows Server 2019 ISO. I click submit and that uploads fairly quickly because it's all local. Now that I've got that, I go back to Windows Admin Center and I select my as USDAC HCI cluster. It connects through to that. I then select under compute virtual machines. And what I do is I click add and select new. This is a new virtual machine dialogue. I give the virtual machine a name, it's just test VM. I select where I want to store it. I select the cluster shared volume. I'm just going with two virtual processes, two gig of memory. I connect it to the virtual switch. In this case, I'll call it compute switch. I then add a virtual hard disk. In this case, I only want it to be 40 gig in size. I then select that I want to install the operating system from a particular ISO. Click browse, I select the ISOs folder and then I select that ISO that I uploaded. I click create and it creates a virtual machine. So the virtual machine is in a stopped state. I click on the virtual machine. It brings up the properties of the virtual machine. I click power, I click start and it goes and starts a virtual machine. Now I click connect and when I click connect, it says, well, you need to configure it so that you can connect through. So I allow remote connections to this computer and I click save. Now, what it'll do is it'll allow me to make a remote guest top connection through the browser. So I go back to my Zustack HCI cluster. I click on the cluster. I click on my virtual machines. I click on test VM. And now when I click connect, it opens the authentication window, put in my password. I confirm that I want to accept the certificate and I see I get an error. Why? Because it started and nothing happened. So now I do a control alt delete. It restarts the VM and I get the Windows Server 2019 installation screen because I click the press any button to boot from the DVD. Accept the license term. And this is just, of course, your standard Windows Server 2019 installation routine. I'll let that run through. It restarts to complete the installation. I put in the local administrator password and I then have a running version of Windows Server. Okay, so I don't need to go and do anything particular with that. I come back to the Zustack HCI console and I can see the properties of this test VM. On the manage menu, I can do things like move, clone, domain, join, export, replicate, create checkpoints and so on. From settings, what I want to do because I want to move this VM, what I'm going to do is I'm going to take away that ISO that's no longer needed. So I go to the DVD drive settings. I save the new setting without the Windows Server 2019 ISO. And now that I've done all of that, what I can do from the manage menu is I can select move. When I do move, I can choose to move the VM and storage. I select the location. I want to put it on cluster storage on the other node. I'm putting it on node two. I make sure that I'm connecting it to the same compute switch. I click move, it submits the move job. I put in my cred SSP credentials and it needs those to make the move. And a couple of seconds later, we see that it has moved across to node two. So in that demonstration, you saw me configure cluster shared volumes on an Zustack HCI cluster, deploy a VM and then move the VM to another node.


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question which says, An insurance company insured 2,000 scooter drivers, 4,000 car drivers and 6,000 bike drivers. The probability of an accident involving a scooter, a car and a truck are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter driver? To solve this question, we will use Bayes theorem according to which if E1, E2 and so on up to EN are n non-empty events which constitute a partition of sample space that is E1, E2 and so on up to EN are pairwise this joint E1 union E2 union and so on up to union EN is equal to s and a is any event of non-zero probability then probability of the event EI given the event A is equal to probability of the event EI into probability of the event A given the event EI upon sigma probability of the event EJ into probability of the event A given the event EJ when J varies from 1 to n for any I from 1, 2 and so on up to n. So this is the key idea for this question. Now let's see its solution. First of all we are given in the question that an insurance company insured 2,000 scooter drivers, 4,000 car drivers and 6,000 truck drivers. So let us define event E1 as a scooter driver is chosen event E2 as a car driver is chosen event E3 as a truck driver is chosen. Now let us find out the total number of persons insured this will be equal to 2,000 plus 4,000 plus 6,000 is equal to 12,000. Now the probability of the event E1 that is the probability that is scooter driver is chosen will be number of scooter drivers insured that is 2,000 upon total number of persons insured that is 12,000 and this will be equal to 1 upon 6. Similarly probability of the event E2 that is the probability that a car driver is chosen will be number of car drivers insured 4,000 upon total number of persons insured 12,000 and this will be equal to 1 upon 3. And probability of the event E3 that is the probability that a truck driver is chosen is number of truck drivers insured that is 6,000 upon total number of persons insured that is 12,000 is equal to 1 upon 2. Now we are given that the probability of an accident involving a scooter, a car and a truck are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. Now one of the insured persons meets with an accident and we need to find out the probability that the person who met with an accident is a scooter driver. Now let us assume that A with the event that a person meets with an accident. So we are given in the question the probability that a person who met an accident is a scooter driver which is given by probability of the event A given the event E1 is given to be 0.01. Similarly it is also given that the probability that a person met an accident is a car driver which is given by the probability of the event A given the event E2 is equal to 0.03 and the probability that the person met an accident is a truck driver given by the probability of the event A given the event E3 is equal to 0.15. Now we need to find out the probability that a scooter driver met with an accident which is given by the probability of the event E1 given the event A so by Bayes theorem we have probability of the event E1 given the event A is equal to the probability of the event E1 into the probability of the event A given the event E1 upon probability of the event E1 into probability of the event A given the event E1 plus probability of the event E2 into probability of the event A given the event E2 plus probability of the event E3 into probability of the event A given the event E3 So let us substitute all these values to find out the required probability. So this will be equal to 1 by 6 into 0.01 upon 1 by 6 into 0.01 plus 1 by 3 into 0.03 plus 1 by 2 into 0.15 which will be equal to 1 by 6 into 0.01 upon 1 by 6 into 0.01 plus 2 into 0.03 plus 3 into 0.15 that is 0.01 upon 0.01 plus 0.06 plus 0.45 which is equal to 0.01 upon 0.52 that is 1 upon 52. Thus 1 upon 52 is the required probability. With this we finish this session. Hope you must have understood the question. Goodbye, take care and have a nice day.


And now for the most pointless scene in the entire film, the sword tip. Flash runs around in circles, quick silver-esque style, tips Wonder Woman's sword back to her. She grabs the sword and as she's falling turns and cuts one of these para demons, hits the ground and immediately has to be saved by Flash.  What was it gonna do anyways? Shoot Wonder Woman with its little P-Gun? Oh, and then it gets even better. Flash gets taken out, he trips, breaks his ankle presumably, falls down. Uh-oh, what's gonna happen? Nothing! He gets right back up and saves Wonder Woman two seconds later. There was no point to that at all, but oh, don't worry. After he saves her, he lands on her chest so we get that comical moment that no one in the world laughed at. Thanks for the reshoots, Joss Whedon. You hack!


Okay, I think we can get started. So good afternoon, everyone, and thank you so much for coming out and joining us for this session. My name is Ben Green. I'm a postdoctoral scholar in the Michigan Society of Fellows, an assistant professor in the Ford School, and a faculty affiliate of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at the University of Michigan. The Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, also known as STPP, is an interdisciplinary university-wide program dedicated to training students, conducting cutting-edge research, and informing the public and policymakers on issues at the intersection of technology, science, ethics, society, and public policy. One of the few silver linings of the pandemic is that people can join our events from anywhere. So for those of you interested in learning more about our STPP program, you can do so at our website, stpp.fordschool.umich.edu. Before I introduce today's speaker, I wanna make a couple of announcements. First, for those of you interested in the STPP Graduate Certificate Program, the next application deadline is in the new year, on March 1st. Second, our next STPP webinar will be on Monday, February 8th at 4 p.m. I, Ben Green, will be giving a talk called Algorithmic Realism, Expounding the Boundaries of Algorithmic Thought. If you're interested in attending, you can register at the link in the chat. I'm very excited about today's event, Digital Contact Tracing, an unlikely policy story, and to welcome our guest, Erin Simpson. Ms. Simpson is the Associate Director of the Center for American Progress, where she is working towards an open, generative, rights-respecting internet and effective democratic regulatory infrastructure. Simpson served as the civil society lead for the Computational Propaganda Research Project at the University of Oxford, where she supported international civil and human rights leaders in preparing for disinformation and advocated for improved platform regulation in the European Union, United Kingdom, and United States. She was the founding director of programs at Civic Hall Labs and a Microsoft Tech Fellow. A Marshall Scholar and a Truman Scholar, Simpson holds degrees from the University of Chicago and the Oxford Internet Institute at the University of Oxford. This afternoon, Ms. Simpson and I will have a conversation for about 30 minutes and then we'll open up the floor for questions in the second half of the hour. So you can please submit your questions through the Q&A function in Zoom throughout and we'll bring in some of those towards the second half of the hour. So Erin, thank you so much for joining us today. I'm really excited to be able to have this conversation with you. Ben, thank you so much for having me. Thrilled to be joining you in an hour. Great, awesome. Glad you don't have to make the trip up to our cold Ann Arbor days. So that's a good bonus for you. So just to get us started off and get everyone on the same page, can you provide a brief description of what digital contact tracing is and what exposure notification systems are, how they work, and why are they so relevant in the midst of this COVID-19 pandemic? Yes, I think you started with each of those things. Before I dive in, I just wanna make one note, which is just sort of to honor those affected and acknowledge that this is not a necrotic story, even though we're having a conversation. This is hard to talk about. People are suffering. The pandemic is ongoing. And indeed, I'm so much worse than when I proposed this topic in June. So even though we're talking about how exposure notification and digital contact tracing have played out in policy spaces, I just wanted to say that I hope our focus here is productive, not just as an intellectual exercise, but in helping catalyze some reflection and understanding in order to address the pandemic more effectively in the future. So just thanks and solidarity and support to everyone navigating this and just to acknowledge up top that this is about an ongoing crisis. And so to your excellent question, so contact tracing itself and I'm not a public health expert. And so I speak with the utmost humility about the whole thing, but the traditional infectious disease trained public health contact tracers, they're gonna call you up and interview you if you test positive for an infectious disease.  And then they're gonna get in touch with everyone you've been in close contact with to help them get care or isolate as appropriate. So the idea is you're slowing the spread of disease by tracing its spread and helping those people seek care. And digital contact tracing was this idea that if we harnessed mobile phone capabilities, we couldn't replicate the process of public health contact tracing, but there's something we could add to the public health process by reducing the time between exposure and isolation. So if you think back to, what did we know about the coronavirus in March? It's airborne pathogen, high levels of spread in asymptomatic people up to two weeks. We were asking folks before, they may or may not show symptoms. And all of that together meant that you're looking at a pathogen that's spreading really quickly. And early on, our public health team was putting together recommendations around contact tracing, the vaccine, the whole lot. And they're saying, what, there are some real limits here. No matter how much we ask states to staff up and you might remember the John Hopkins Center for Health Security we need to hire 100,000 contact tracers this summer. And some states have met the bars that were set. So incredible infrastructure investment. But even with that, there were gonna be some gaps. So one of them is speed, it just takes some time. One of them is capacity. Once we enter levels of community spread, it's really hard to do contact tracing. You don't even know where you got it. And then there's an issue of anonymity. So the city bus problem is how we've sort of shorthanded it. You've got a city bus and you don't know anyone else there. And so thinking about those gaps, in addition to all of the other measures, right? So mass testing, social and financial support to self-isolate, contact tracing, more resources, the whole kit and caboodle, people in the tech policy field were having a conversation of is there anything else we could do because our public health experts are telling us that manual contact tracing isn't gonna do it. And we're looking to places abroad that have explored a lot of different ways to make digitally capable public health response. And then your last point, so exposure notification applications grew out of this question of digital contact tracing. And when I talk about exposure notification systems today, I'm gonna be talking about the Apple and Google supported exposure notification system specifically. So this is a voluntary privacy preserving, decentralized system using Bluetooth low energy technology. In the shortest version of how it works, it exchanges temporary anonymous IDs with nearby phones who also have it enabled. So my phone's gonna log those IDs, if those around me, regular list of anonymous positive temporary numbers, match them on my own phone privately and let me know if my private log of temporary numbers actually shows a log of anonymous number that's tested positive. And so then that application can ask me to seek testing or self isolate. And then if I do end up testing positive, I can share that I've tested positive and it starts to cycle over in terms of helping people pull those numbers down and notify privately. And so this was, it was the name of digital contact tracing was a little misleading. This is not a version of what public health workers were doing at all. It was a tool that individuals were using to protect themselves and their community. And my team was involved really since the beginning and sort of trying to support this process in the United States, trying to help lift up recommendations of great university teams and other nations who were with and then helping draft privacy legislation at a federal level around those. And so as of November 24th, 16 states and territories plus DC are supporting exposure notifications. So in just a short amount of time, it's gone from a twinkle in the eye to very much real. Wow. So this is, this is a, as many of the responses have been this year, a rapid pace effort. And I particularly like your emphasis on this being in addition to everything else. So often we wanna talk about, here's this technology, it can solve this problem. That alone is going to do it. And I appreciate the emphasis on this. It's just one piece of the puzzle in addition to everything else. So you gave us a little bit of the preview of what you mean when you're, what the actual infrastructures are when you talk about exposure notification and the number of states that have already started implementing something. So let's go back to, you know, around the spring when the pandemic was starting and these conversations were starting and we were trying to figure out how to do some of this. What were some of the pressing, you know, technical questions but in addition to the social, political and policy questions that had to be addressed and asked before we could actually get something going. In March, I think just about everything was a question. I'll give you my top five category there. So first there was a question about Bluetooth at all. Most people are familiar with Bluetooth as like having their headphones not connect. And it was not at all designed to measure distance especially between two, only two points. So Bluetooth questions, they were crypto questions. Could we get to a privacy design that's gonna be good enough? There are interoperability questions both between Apple and Google had Bluetooth handshakes working a little differently. And then also how are we gonna do this between states? In the U.S. we have a really decentralized public health system at the state or sometimes at the county level. And so how are we gonna push a system that actually works with people moving around? Fourth, testing integration and verification. People were really freaked out early on about you could abuse the system by having a false positive. I say I test positive, I didn't. I really mess up my neighbor's day, et cetera, et cetera. So testing integration with state systems. And five calibration of the epidemiological algorithm. So we're still learning about the coronavirus but how close for how long did I need to be to you? Was it six feet? How do we make six feet in Bluetooth terms? So there's a lot going on there in opens or skit hubs and academic teams around the world sort of trying to work on those questions. And then simultaneously, and as we were looking about this from our specific U.S. context, we are thinking about first surveillance. So we have a history of expanding government surveillance powers during crises in this country. So thinking about the Patriot Act after 9-11. And we also have really disproportionate surveillance targeting communities. So thinking about the HIV AIDS crisis and public health surveillance of HIV AIDS during the 80s. Thinking about federal surveillance of civil rights processes during the 60s. There's a really long history of distressed sort of rightfully earned from the government. And so we're thinking about surveillance powers and we're thinking about how that history is coming in to deal with public trust. Two, I mean, just broader civil rights and equity concerns. So the disparate impact of the virus is already a problem on communities of color, on the disability community and working people and people without healthcare. And so are we designing a system that's helping to ameliorate those disparate impacts? Are we using our technology to just compound those things? Is this only gonna work for white teenagers who have iPhone 7s, et cetera, et cetera? And there's sort of traditional civil rights concerns. So about public accommodation. Could you be forced into using these? Could I be forced to show you that I don't have an exposure before I head into work or something? How could they be used in that way? And then there were also sort of, you know, governance and oversight concerns and concerns about private company involvement more broadly. So we had a lot to deal with. And on top of that, we had the number one political concern of just no federal leadership in this space and not really a desire to want to solve the pandemic and be working on the pandemic. So there were a lot of questions in the beginning. So it seems like you had your hands pretty full. So I think, you know, one of the major questions that people sort of started thinking about with this was these questions of privacy, both from the perspective of the technical infrastructure and design of the system, but also how it would connect to systems of surveillance and particularly during the course of a summer where we were both in lockdown trying to build these systems and thinking about them, but also mass protests across the US for the Black Lives Matter movement against police brutality and police surveillance. So how did these policy and technical elements interact and how did the policy questions and the concerns about privacy shape the technical debates that you were having or that researchers were having into guiding the types of systems that ended up being designed? Yeah, that's a great question. And you draw really the perfect contrast between like are we really gonna ask people to let us track them when we're trying to go to protests and being, you know, tracked by the police and in all kinds of different ways. The concern was really manifest when there was an official in Minnesota who in response to the protests against the police killing of George Floyd are saying, oh yeah, we're context tracing all the protesters. We're gonna figure out where they're come from. We do it just like we're context tracing the coronavirus. And I mean, that encapsulates sort of exactly some of the historical fears and the present fears in well, this is why, you know, we don't know if we wanna be digitally enabling public response. So for our team being deeply concerned about that working with our race and ethnicity team and our disability justice team from the beginning, you know, even under tough circumstances, we knew that the risks around surveillance and around law enforcement or ICE access to this data were really high. With this kind of data, you know, you could recreate the social graph essentially. So where I've been and who I've seen, even if you're not using GPS data, even with Bluetooth, we pushed from very early on to go to a decentralized system. And so this is, you know, we're never federating all the codes that all the phones have seen at once. We're, you know, we're pulling things to our phone and we're matching there. And that meant a lot of things, technically and for public health. And so technically, you know, we were looking at the decentralized privacy preserving proximity tracing project, DB3T, which was a big open source collaborate out of Europe led by Dr. Carmela Troncoso. And that was really the first thing we'd seen that said, oh, this could work in a totally decentralized way. And the beauty of that is there isn't a centralized database to subpoena. If you're trying to arrest someone, it's not a centralized database to hack into in terms of a security risk.  And so that doesn't completely eliminate privacy risk, but that was the first hurdle for us in terms of even considering something. It just wasn't gonna, especially during the federal administration we had and everything that was going on, we had to have something that was safe for people. And the burden that then fell on us was to really argue for that in a powerful way to public health authorities who were the decision makers here. And so we're first arguing that there's not attention between privacy and public health because at the end of the day, these should be voluntary systems and it would be really hard to make them mandatory. And so the only way these can succeed is to make something worthy of trust because people are gonna have to want to download it. The only way to do that is to do this hyper privacy sensitive, anonymous, decentralized design. And so that sounds really good. But then you get into these conversations deep with public health officials. And rightly so, they're managing in a crisis and they're saying, we don't have eyes on the problem. We don't have the data we need. You're telling me we're gonna invest in an entire clinical system around public health data and we're not gonna be able to have a dashboard or useful metrics. And also there's not, you can't tell me if it's gonna work. And so there were real tensions there. And I don't mean to be dismissive of those. I think coming from the tech policy side, it was easy for us to say, yes, we want in the not in this decentralized system, of course. And then, but really having to argue that we do think that's best for public health because there's just no other way. And we understand that that's hard to invest in right now because your teams are scrambling for resources and it would be great to have more data. And a lot of folks come into this conversation thinking about South Korea system of public health which is extremely extensive developed during SARS and MERS. So tested for federating financial data, transportation data, all kinds of, they have a really comprehensive view of things. And so it was hard to walk into those conversations having that be people's point of reference sometimes in terms of what they hoped they were getting from these systems. Well, and I think it's a great example of how our broader systems of governance and particularly these histories of policing and surveillance really shape what we can and can't do when it comes to data collection. As someone who studies smart cities, there are so many cases where technology has been or data has been collected and it's supposed to curb congestion or improve public health and just the natural gravity where it gets pulled into being used to track protesters or investigate cases or all of that such that data that in a certain system could potentially be useful, the fears of it being used for racially unjust surveillance and enforcement mean that it's not worth the risk. So we can, it's an interesting case of how maybe in a different system we could collect some of this data in a different way but given the reality of our present city governments and local governments and how these data collection and sharing systems work, suddenly that becomes very difficult if not impossible to be worth it. And so you mentioned working on as one of your other major efforts than privacy legislation. So you had, you were having these conversations, you had a system in mind, how did you ultimately convince legislators about what they, about, you know this was the right way to go and what is, what is the process of drafting that legislation look like and where does that legislation stand? That legislation stands introduced and in committee and not passed but legislators were concerned early on about these systems. I mean, they're concerned about the public health crisis and a lot of our sort of privacy champions in Congress were also concerned about coronavirus privacy. And while I don't move sleep over the exposure notification systems that are popular now that state public health systems run, Apple and Google run, there's a proliferation of other systems, private systems, systems that universities are requiring, systems that workplaces are requiring that are extremely privacy invasive. And so the idea legislatively was to lay down a baseline under which to make all systems safe even if you were departing from our desired design. And so our congressional engagement like that sort of worked on two tracks. I mean, first we worked with a broad coalition of other civil rights and advocacy organizations to do in partnership with the leadership conference and others to draft a civil rights principles for coronavirus for the Senate letter. And so just laying down really the technology in use problems, the non-discrimination and public accommodation protections we wanted, the voluntariness and the purpose limitation especially. And so at that federal level, you're thinking about how do we restrict this purpose to public health? How far can we legally go to protect it from ever getting to ICE or law enforcement or intelligence communities in places where we don't want this data to go because we're collecting it for public health and we've got issues with sharing it. And so we put forward that letter and those coalition processes are tough and they're great because when you're able to synthesize all of these groups are behind these principles, that's good. And then there were two Senate teams who were working on different sort of scopes of coronavirus privacy legislation. If we had federal privacy legislation in the US, none of this would have been necessary. We would have had great baselines already. But instead, we were working with a lot of really smart Senate staffers from Senator Blumenthal's office or Cantwell's office or Markey's office just on trying to ensconce what is the right baseline? What are employers gonna try to do? What are the tough edge cases where there might be legitimate reasons you would need something to happen that broadly you're really worried about? And so really just pushing for purpose limitation, the voluntariness, non-discrimination so that even if somebody goes out and makes a horribly privacy invasive app, it can't be abused in the ways we're most worried about it being abused. Of course, that legislation doesn't move forward because we don't have the power in the Senate to move things forward right now. Mm-hmm. Okay. And so how does that seem to be? What's on the horizon then as we have a transition happening both at the presidential level, Congress changing potentially the state of Congress up for grabs next month. Where do you see that legislation or other efforts around exposure and notifications going politically as we move into a new administration? Yeah, I won't speculate what the new administration will do or what Congress will do, but I know what I hope will happen. And I think that's what many people hope will happen regardless of your party affiliation, which is just a coordinated serious federal response to the pandemic. As I said at the beginning, digital contact tracing is kind of the last thing on top of deep investment in our healthcare infrastructure and testing and tracing and the vaccine and financial supports that people can actually stay home safely and everything else. And then yes, we would love to see sort of federal support behind what has thus far been really scrappy state support to get these systems set up and working with Apple and Google giving things set up. We've seen a lot of success in other places that have federal support, say Germany. I think they've now reached 20 million or 18 and a half earlier this fall. So 20 million users, it's amazing. We've had over 5,000 people get notifications that they were exposed and get tested that they wouldn't have otherwise. So I think, you know, I'm just looking forward to an actual serious federal policy response from the administration and hopefully Congress will move on coronavirus relief as well because no state is gonna be able to spend any time on this even if the cost is negligible. If they don't have the bread and butter funding to federate their county level contact tracer databases, which is something they had to work on for months, a lot of states early this summer. So plenty to do. Yeah, very helpful for 2021 and understanding that that'll be a serious issue. Great, so we'll be jumping to audience questions soon. So just a reminder to put those into the chat and we'll try to get as many of those in. In just maybe about five minutes or so we'll make that transition. So Aaron, one thing you've mentioned a couple of times is the role of Apple and Google in all of this. So what did that look like? And, you know, how do you feel about the role that they've been playing in this whole process? Oh, it's so complicated. I mean, grateful that they made a responsible decision to really embrace privacy protections around this system and then make it available worldwide under what is basically as good as we could have hoped. This is, it's so rare that you put out a policy prescription and it actually comes to fruition exactly as you hoped but it was truly sort of one of the best systems we could have imagined from the open source work that was going on. And so credit where credit is due in terms of Teams at Apple and Google. Although the initial announcement was a bit of a surprise. Getting into the fray, taking a lot of feedback on the spec really quickly, being really communicative with different technologists teams who are working on this and with different states, making changes early on. You know, they've really evolved to make it super easy for state adoption. And so I credit them with all of that. Also, you know, I shouldn't have to feel grateful that they're making responsible privacy decisions there. You know, we should have public regulatory baselines that make sure that, you know, we don't have to hope that Apple and Google do the right thing that they can do it. And, you know, there wasn't a lot of public involvement. We have federal leadership was out to lunch. Obviously golfing, but they made the de facto international standard for contact tracing kind of immediately. And I'm glad that it's good. But I don't know what will happen next time. And it reflects poorly on our public infrastructure that we weren't out front and that we didn't have something ready. It's something that we were sort of leading with or engaging with as other nations were just sad. And so it's an interesting example of the power of that mobile operating system duopoly. It's a really pro-social use of it, I think. And I, you know, give this team so much credit. And it also, I think reflects in a kind of disturbing eerie way in the back of all of our heads in terms of just the immense power, even if used for good, that is held there. Right, right. How much we are left up to their decisions as these giant unelected companies to make really massive public health decisions in terms of privacy, health, all of that. So yeah, so turning to the future, right? We've been about maybe nine months in the real thick of it in the United States. As you think about the next nine to 12 months, we obviously have, we're in the middle of a really bad way if there's some promising news about vaccines, but it's gonna take a long time until things are back to normal. So, and now we actually have these exposure notification systems starting to really be rolled out, come online, we know a little bit more about them. So what do you see their role being over this next year? And what's maybe your greatest hope and your greatest fear about what will happen with these systems as we navigate really this next phase or two of the pandemic? Well, I think after all of the other public health interventions have listed off, I really do think at the back of the line, this is another tool to help protect people, protect themselves and protect their communities and add another layer of protection. People are talking about the Swiss cheese model in terms of the public health interventions we need. I think this is another slice of Swiss cheese that can also help maybe help with some of those speed gaps and those anonymity gaps that we talked about. Especially once we leave community spread, there's an opportunity theoretically to help us reopen more safely and to curb outbreaks more quickly because people are sort of reducing that time between getting infected and self-isolating. My greatest hope is that that happens. That would be my greatest hope. And my greatest fear, especially because legislation hasn't passed on this and I don't lose sleep over the main Apple Google exposure notification system, but I do others. My greatest fear is that civil liberties abuses come to fruition either from a surveillance perspective or a public accommodations perspective and history's full of those examples. So I think that's a justified fear. Absolutely. Okay, so let's jump into some of the questions from the audience. So to get started, you mentioned the absence of privacy legislation in the United States. How does the approach to digital contact tracing in the US contrast with countries covered by the general data protection regulation or GDPR in the European Union were digital contact tracing programs even possible there and what do they look like? Yeah, that's a great question. So we got to talk to Germany's team a couple of times over the summer and well, they were developing theirs and they described their challenge as 75% communication and 25% technical. And their communication was working a lot with their government privacy agency in addition to government health agencies, et cetera, because they had to get GDR approval off the bat. They had to make sure their design was in compliance and they did that in advance. And so they did advance and they set up validators within the government, outside of the government with some validators in the open source community and the privacy community. And they tried to get everyone on board beforehand because public trust is so fragile in these things that they didn't want it to be ruined. And so yes, systems possible under GDPR and even really successful. I think Germany's one of the most widely used at this point. And so, and they'll also be federating their privacy preserving exposure notification applications very soon across Europe. And so not a barrier. And indeed, I think probably an accelerant just because if you do have baseline privacy protections and that's something you're a cut to as a public right maybe have a little less trepidation about your privacy concerns like we do in the US where it's just normal corporate practice to have horrible. The bar is so low, like why would we trust anything after how we're treated every day? And so, yeah, that's a good question. If you find any issues, you should let me know. And on that theme, what were some of the, as you look across globally at other examples, what are some of the other types of systems that other countries are doing, whether in the EU or in Asia that maybe are quite different due to the nature of how their laws and institutions are set up? Yeah, a lot of, I should say first, a lot of countries are on the exposure notification system by Apple and Google now just because it's a, a near duopoly mobile operating systems globally. So that's become really easy to roll out. But before that, there were several countries that were real leaders around, okay, we're gonna use technology as a part of public health. I mentioned South Korea and sort of the really detailed system they had there in terms of, federating the financial records, transportation records, this, that and the other thing, they got a lot of attention for letting people know when there was an exposure near them, which I think striked a lot of people the wrong way here, but it's really hard to make comparisons. Obviously China had a very sophisticated system of tracking and monitoring and they had like the codes that you had to show to get into public buildings. So I think sketching out some of what, what we would perceive as public accommodations concerns. Singapore deserves a lot of credit for going out with Bluetooth early. So they were really trying to figure out whether the Bluetooth thing could work. And they actually had teams of professional contact tracers on the back end. So it wasn't this distributed automatic system where you had to upload things yourself. They were doing a lot of that and they were sharing their lessons, which I think was really appreciated. And there's a lot of countries that are exploring different systems. And at some point, all of these teams are really busy. So they're not doing a lot of publishing for the rest of the policy or academic community and how things are going, but I'm really looking forward to sort of seeing the deep dives in terms of what worked and what doesn't as well. Yeah, we'll have some really interesting retrospectives after the fact as we can analyze both the different types of systems and the different types of institutions and how they made these different systems possible or effective. And the app that might work in South Korea is very different than the app that might work in the United States. And there's really interesting comparisons to draw there. People were so concerned, I think, about rights or the privacy stuff, and that's true. But the most boring consideration, it's just, oh yeah, they are very effective and effective, federated, robust, centralized public health system. And we have county level public health administration and they're seeing more than 3,000 counties in the United States. So it's just technically not possible. Like the first concern I have is like, oh, it's mundane, but there's no way. We can't even get close. So yeah, it's gonna be, hopefully there's a lot we can learn going forward. Right, yeah, absolutely. So one of the questions is about how employers are maybe using digital contact tracing apps for their employees. So are there examples of cases where this is happening? Are employees forced to download these apps? And what kinds of civil liberties issue concerns arise? And how do these apps compare that employers are using for their workers when it comes to equity, privacy, security, and so on to the Google Apple system that you've been talking about? Yeah, it's a walking civil liberties disaster. I think it's pretty safe to say. There are, I mean, so just to sketch it out. I mean, to have your employer be able to, some of these apps are location-based.  There's not oversight on these applications. So one, we don't even know if they work. So they could be abused to discriminate in other ways. And two, they could be abused to discriminate on whether or not you have coronavirus or have been exposed to someone with coronavirus, et cetera. And so it's easy to imagine how challenging that could be and how that's disproportionately gonna be used against low-income workers and against people of color because that is how our system is set up when we do manipulative surveillance programs. And so, you know, our civil rights letter and our privacy legislation would have made it really clear that the systems have to be voluntary and that you can't abuse them in that way.  So it's, you know, it's an open issue now. We don't have eyes on a lot of examples. There are some great journalists who are looking into this and who are looking really closely, especially we're thinking about warehouse workers and the ways in which they're already surveilled and how this will be sort of a mesh into those systems. There's some troubling university examples in terms of universities mandating apps to be downloaded and then having those apps to be super privacy invasive or just not very, or not active. And so fully in the next kind of address those issues by putting down a baseline above which those systems have to meet technically and use wise and give them some real civil liberties oversight. And I think that'll probably be a priority given just sort of how the new administration is talking about the crisis of the pandemic and the crisis of racial justice. You know, this is a crisis in both senses. So I'm optimistic that that will be addressed. Right, because it's not just then this raises is it's not just 3,000 or more than 3,000 counties.  It's a bunch of universities, which are one of I think the main other types of institutions that are rolling out various types of systems. And right, I think you can imagine both which types of employers are more likely to have these systems and given the sort of racial differences in terms of which communities and how hard the pandemic is hitting black and brown communities. If it raises these rights, these sort of issues of public access and being able to go to work, what's going to happen and who's gonna be able to show up to work or who's gonna be fired or any of those sorts of questions are really severe. Yeah, yeah, the economic crisis as well. And just to say sort of like an interesting like policy note there, it's just like the strongest policy or just, you know, you can just ban straight prohibitions. And as soon as you start kind of tinkering around the edges or making exceptions, those can be exploited. And so the trick for us there is as we were talking about this rule legislatively, we're like, can we just ban it or do we have to make exceptions? You know, because you can think of like, okay, well, what's the edge case where an employer should be able to say, well, if you got a negative test, you have to, you know, you're not allowed to come into work or something, you know, is it medical workers or is there something there? And that can get really complicated because it's easy to raise those hypotheticals and sort of really quickly dilute like a good intention strong rule into something that's easily exploited. Right. And so a lot of this clearly then relies on, you know, it's voluntary use. Clearly there's a lot of reliance on trust here in a lot of directions, but particularly ultimately trust among people to download this app and have it on their phone. So one question would be then, do we know, you know, do we have any demographic information in terms of who's likely to download and use these apps and what the uptake is generally and how this might be, you know, ranging across populations, across any number of demographic categories? Well, our answer is we don't, we know we didn't system that would collect any of that information. You have to study that kind of information completely outside of the system you've built. So, you know, all people are getting is downloads, monthly active users, codes validated for positive tests and codes shared. That's pretty spartan. So the German team actually is doing like a public health study on top of it where they're just like at testing sites, like asking people if they got the notification and that's why they came in. So that's kind of the level we're at right now. They are going to be publishing some of those conclusions which we're looking forward to there. But that being said, you know, from the beginning, you know, this is 75% of communications challenge that people were thinking about, okay, well, who's least likely to trust us, the government, I'm thinking proactively about the disability concerns, the accessibility concerns within this, the multilingual concerns, concerns about people who, people, you know, say older adults a lot, maybe as not being as familiar with some of this technology. And so, you know, a lot of places did dedicated campaigns.  But they also like, you know, they talked a lot about a program reaching out to clergy and faith leaders and trying to reach older populations and populations of color might not be willingly ready to trust the public health system based on really reasonable examples to our history. And so I think people are being sensitive about it. Like they know this is a communications issue. They know they need multilingual communication anywhere where they think there's gonna be less use. That's where they have to be proactive. And so at least we've seen, I think a lot of thought go into that thus far. And how does this ultimately play out in terms of the efficacy of the system? I mean, certainly the more people you have who are using it or have it on their phones, you imagine the more helpful it'll actually be.  How do you think about what success would look like and how to make sure that we're able to hit those numbers given the voluntariness and the messaging and the trust challenges? Yes, well, as we argued, the only way you're gonna get to that road of trust is through privacy and making it voluntary, which is of course the paradox there because there is more to do and there is more to commit to. But there was an Oxford team that put out a study on 60% is what they thought you needed to be epidemiologically meaning curb and break as its own thing. And they're this summer to say, even if you get 15% of the population that you're gonna be starting to see meaningful public health reductions in spread, which would be incredible. So 15% is a much more achievable target, I think. And to be clear, any reduction in spread is totally worth it. And so when states are starting to publish numbers of how many testing codes have been claimed, it's only a couple hundred people. We don't know what happened, but even if it's only a couple hundred people, this is spreading exponentially. And so I think there is a lot of interest there. Early numbers from states that are releasing this fall have been great. So Colorado reached almost 17% of the population in the first week that was incredible. Germany almost said 20 million people now. So that's a significant part of the population that is over 18 and has a cell phone. And even if you're not participating, if we're able to reduce community spread in any way, that does benefit everyone. And so we're not worried that the benefits are only accrued to people who are participating. We do think benefits can accrue broadly. We're trying to spread less. But yeah, it's a lot to fit in to public health messaging, frankly, because the more important things are guidelines we've all been told in terms of social distancing and washing your hands, staying home. And those are being updated. So there's a lot to keep up with already the challenge for teams working on exposure notification has been to cut through. But even low numbers, I think we're excited about. Right, every case reduced helps both for yourself and for the people that you could be infecting down the line who may not have ever had the app or heard of it. Exactly. Right, so when we're talking about this conversation of trust and privacy, it sort of sounds a lot like how we think about privacy a lot in the digital world of you have to sign up, you click the box, you give consent for whatever the service or app might involve. But of course, true consent really requires knowledge of the full risks and benefits of consenting to the technology and in many ways, the benefits and harms in this case are unknown. It's hard to know what that will actually look like. And so do you think this is a flaw in these systems and how can we think about really making sure that the trust and the consent that people are giving when they sign up is robust and that they're really educated about what they're doing or do you think that's not even maybe the right framing for how we think about trust in this setting? No, I think that's a very astute question. Consent broadly in privacy legislation, consent-based models are really limited just in terms of the burden it puts on individuals and when really it's like a collective or it's a public burden that we should be taking on. In this instance, because we push for voluntary and decentralized, you're choosing to put a lot of onus on the user. And you heard my best attempt at the short version up top of what this does. And so trying to put that into as plain language as you can for people, I think there are some user experience content writers out there who've been doing an amazing job and a much better job than I had at giving it a shot. But in this case for these teams, like the best practices in the private sector are not enough here. And so a lot of these apps will have sort of extensive walk systems that try to give you the best shot. And yeah, this person raises great concerns. Like, do we really know the risks? Like, do we really know the efficacy? Like, no, there's some uncertainty here. But also we're not measuring those in a vacuum. We're measuring them against the risks and the uncertainty around the pandemic. And so even in my just tech policy brain was like, I'm not sure, that is a limitation. It's only with the broader context of saying, but we're doing this. We have tried to poke holes in these systems as much as we can. We push for the strongest possible stuff. We're hoping to get a regulatory baseline soon. We're pretty confident relative to the risk in the emergency here. So I don't know if we've got it right. I don't know if we'll ever know. Hopefully there'll be some great criticism in the coming year, as things have side. But yeah, it was an interesting example of just trying to make that calculation on limited information. Yeah. So there, as you're going through this process, one thing I'm curious about is what it looked like to have all of the different teams, both in your organization and beyond really working together. You mentioned a bunch of civil rights groups and racial justice groups. You have your technology and public health teams. What was it like trying in rapid pace to work across this incredible range of disciplines and organizations? And are there any particular conversations or insights that particularly surprised you where you said, wow, it's so important that we had not just the engineers in the room, but also this other group, because I never would have thought of this factor or this concern. So what was that actual working process like? Yeah, I think it really goes both ways. I remember first, we having come up with sort of the best possible system we could technically and then talking about governance wise and again, not us coming up with, but other teams coming with brilliant ideas than us trying to recommend those. Doing a meeting with civil rights lawyers and a labor policy analyst thing, what are the worker surveillance problems? How could this be abused? And just having people be able to come up with so many instances right off the bat. And even if you design a privacy perfect system, the cryptography is beautiful. There's no way anything could go wrong. It's zero trust. It can totally be abused as soon as it's out there. And there are so many disturbing ways that people brought up in which a lot of them with historical examples in terms of ways these could be abused in practice, even if what's on your phone is really, really strong. And then honestly, just that initial calculation with our health policy team and sort of having them sort of lay it out for us in terms of we might need this. This could get really, really bad. We're trying to get all options on the table. And having a lot, you know, your gut reaction, I think to the first idea of this, is though you're gonna make an app for coronavirus tracking, you're like, ah, check the solutionism, the surveillance. This is gonna be horrible. And I think we had to come to it a little bit reluctantly, honestly, just because we kept getting challenged to say, no, we're like, yeah, well, surveillance disproportionately affects black and brown communities we really care about. And having health and the pandemic is disproportionately affecting black and black communities. We really care about it. And so we need to really be real here about what we think the risks are. And trying to talk through uncertainty and risks that are that high stakes intention, it was great to be able to do that with an interdisciplinary perspective instead of just the tech policy perspective. Because were I working on just the tech policy team, I think it would have been easier to just continue putting out here all of my concerns. And instead I had to put out, here's how I think we can overcome these concerns based on the emergency that is presented to us. And that was a really interesting, I mean, it was a challenge. Yeah, it was a really, it was a challenging time. So what's interesting here is that it's almost the opposite of what you imagine, almost 99% of these types of situations going like because it's actually you as the tech team that's reluctant because you're thinking about a lot of the risks. Cause then it sounds like it's a lot of the public health and other groups who are recognizing the risks of not doing something. And a nice way where if you have everyone concerned about all of the types of risks, you might actually be able to do something effective rather than being very gung-ho and thinking that, well, this will be amazing. It's only by having everyone raise all the possible risks. But in this case, it was actually the tech folks who were the most reluctant to build something, which is really interesting. Well, it's great to work at a progressive technology policy team. It's a refreshing employment, yeah. So as these systems are rolled out, one question then is, how are they effective at different points in maybe a community spread or at different points in a wave? Or is it better when community transition transmission rates are high or is it more effective when things are more under control? Is it sort of differentiate across different sort of levels of spread in the pandemic? Yeah. In my humble public health understanding here, based on traditional contact tracing, there's a point in community spread at which there's just too much to trace. And it's too difficult and you're behind and it's a lot. And I think some of those problems hold with digital contact tracing as well. Not that you can't have really speedy notifications, but the other parts of the system are overburdened. So the testing is overburdened or the health system itself is overburdened. And so you're not able to actually follow through on getting tested and self-isolating. That's what makes it good. The knowledge is good in and of itself, but really you need to test and you need to stay home and you need to stay home. So my understanding is after community spread when we're out of community spread or when we're leaving that this could be of more use just because the systems, the public health systems are in place and they would be able to handle it. But also say once we're reopening, the hope is that this could help catch an outbreak earlier. If we're still thinking about a two week delay and I know we're thinking about it a little shorter now, but just thinking about how quickly an outbreak could spread just within those days is really scary. And so if we all are using exposure notification and participating in public health contact tracing, there's a chance that together, public health contact tracers can be strategic about finding the places that are really the super spreaders or where people are gathering and that the exposure notification systems kind of catch the long tail and encourage people to be staying home. Also, this doesn't really work for healthcare workers who are in contact. We should always be asterisking that that's one population which it's probably not great for. So as you think about the different dynamics for developing these systems and the rules, how do you think of the dynamics between different groups and which are the ones that you think are particularly powerful across the federal government, technology companies, advocacy groups, political parties, how are they all fitting together? And as the rest of us are thinking about ways to know what's going on or actually support and promote or advocate for better outcomes, who should we be looking to? Who should we be calling or talking to or putting pressure on across these groups to help us get to better outcomes? Well, in terms of the first question, I think having the administrative state fully activated to respond to the pandemic to have federal leadership I think a lot of states are ready for federal funding and federal leadership around these issues. So we know the coming administration is taking that seriously. And so looking to that, looking to effective public health messaging, the CDC has been doing public health modernization efforts for many years now, but those are still pretty divorced and separate from the kinds of systems we're talking about when it comes to exposure notification realistically. So it'll be really interesting to see how that conversation moves forward. In Michigan, as of last month, you have an exposure notification application. So I encourage you all to go ahead and stress test that and look under the hood and call the team and definitely point out, give them feedback. There's a really hard digital services team somewhere really working on this, but I have good hopes for that. In terms of people to follow and related work, you can volunteer with the US digital response if you're a technologist who public health person wants to lend their skills. The Linux foundation for public health has been doing incredible work on this. They absorbed the temporary contact number coalition, which a lot of the US groups leading work on this and they're great. Obviously a lot of this started on GitHub and it's still continuing there. So you can go look at VP3T and their initial ethics review and try to figure out how this developed for yourself. But really excited for policy leadership on this and obviously we're talking about continued CARES packages, continued coronavirus relief packages. And eventually I think we'd like to see this sort of acknowledged and supported on the federal level there. And so maybe just then one quick last question as you mentioned, support the CARES package. How can we ensure that these systems can ultimately be effective so that people can have the proper mechanisms to isolate to get tested all of that? I mean, that seems incredibly essential that people actually be able to do something when they get that notification that they may have been exposed. Yeah, people can actually stay home if they need money to pay rent to stay in their homes. And so the idea that we don't have financial support, I would rather have financial support and free testing and really affordable healthcare for people to be able to do that. And so we should be pushing all of those things. I would support a CARES package with all of those things with no technology support 100 times out of 100. And there are ways to upgrade the systems as well. So Colorado has a great thing where if you have an exposure notification alert that you may have been exposed, that is sufficient for you and your employer to receive benefits for you to get paid to stay home. And so programs like that that are integrating these into giving away social and financial support that's needed to actually have people stay home, which is the point, that's great. And that's really encouraging to see and I hope I see more of that because that's what people ultimately need. The app is useless without sort of the social and the money support to stay home. Wow, well, that brings us to time perfectly. Erin, thank you so much. You've given us a lot to think about, a lot to do and a lot to think about moving forward and these interesting intersections of technology and public policy. So I really wanna thank you for that. For everyone else, just two final reminders, as I said at the top, if you're interested in the Graduate Certificate Program for STPP, the next deadline is March 1st for the application and our next STPP webinar will be on Monday, February 8th at 4pm and information about both of those are in the chat. So thank you all, thank you again, Erin and everyone have a great afternoon. Thank you so much, thanks everyone and thanks to Molly, Sue, Jen, Amanda and of course, Shabita. Stay safe.


Hey guys All right, wish me luck. It is my first two-hour road trip with the baby by myself We are loaded up in the car. We're going to go see daddy for Christmas Cash is back there. I hung up two of his favorite toys so that he has something to look at while he's awake he's probably gonna pass out pretty soon, but Hopefully this goes well and he sleeps the whole way down That would be nice because if he started screaming I'm gonna be stressed But there are a couple places along the way that I can pull over that are really safe there's like a rest stop and then there's an outlet mall and So I should be okay.  Honestly, like let's see. It's 1228 now. We'll see how long it takes him to pass out He just ate too. So he's been fed he burped so he shouldn't spit up and He's been changed. So Fingers crossed his Pippi is not in his mouth, but it is right in front of him So if he really wanted it he could go and get it Because it's a webinar So wish us luck. We're gonna go see daddy and I'm so excited I think we're planning on going Christmas shopping because the gift that I ordered for his mom did not come in time for me to bring it with me So we're gonna get her something just smaller and then let her know that there's other gifts coming and Yeah, I'm not gonna vlog much on this drive because I want to be safe and Right now I'm just pulling out of the neighborhood. So we're perfectly fine, but I'm gonna go to Starbucks get me a large iced coffee and We will be on our way. Alright guys, it is 1249 and he is asleep. He did not want to take his Pippi, but he is asleep Thank goodness I got my Starbucks and I ended up getting a sandwich just because I had breakfast, but it was like nine and I'm probably gonna be hungry. It's two hour drive. So I didn't want to not eat anything, but I ended up getting a Venti vanilla iced coffee with nine pumps of vanilla and cream. So it's super sweet. I don't know why I just really wanted a sweet coffee Also, look how beautiful it is out here. Hopefully you guys are seeing that It's a beautiful mountains in the distance and the hills It's really green in here in the summertime, you know, obviously it's brown, but It is really beautiful here. So, yep, we're gonna go ahead and get going and I'll see you guys when we get to Phoenix So we went to Target earlier to get a couple of Christmas gifts And I decided to get Scott's Christmas gift early and give it to him early What'd you get?  So now he's playing Call of Duty World War two and Caches with Abulita. So we're just hanging out and This game is really cool actually He only has one controller. Otherwise, I'd play too, but I'm not very good at games like this Also, I got this cute sweater at Target. It's in the um, I forget which collection it is the eye I don't remember every This one a new day. Yes And it's kind of like cropped Really cute. Also when I was at Target, I ran into a subscriber So Grace if you're watching this hello, it was so nice to meet you and I forget your friend's name Was it Melanie Marissa? I feel like it started with an M but she mentioned that her and her friend watch my videos and So it was super nice of you to come up and introduce yourself and I was just as excited as she was so Grace hello, if you're watching this comment down below because I would like to um Connect with you or go to my Instagram and follow me and tag me in the picture You took of us because I would really love to see that and have that. So yeah, that was fun What else nothing? Exciting Morning guys. It is now December 21st and Kashi and I are on our way to lunch We're gonna go to the wildflower bread company for lunch and then we need to run a couple of errands We need to go back to Target and we need to buy toilet paper We also need to get my mother-in-law a little something because like I've said before her gift won't be here until after Christmas and then we also need to go to Sprouts and I need some prenatal vitamins and Then I'm gonna grab some groceries just so that I don't have to go out to eat for every meal while Scott is at work He's off tomorrow, and then he works Saturday Sunday and Monday So I need to get a few things just because While his family is at work all day every day I'm home alone, and I think it would be better to have some groceries then to go out to eat every meal so So that is the plan for today So hopefully I will remember to vlog today because yesterday I was terrible at vlogging But it's just so hard when you're running around and your hands are full I don't know how these like full-time mommy vloggers do it Well, I do they have a lot more time. I mean, I don't have a job right now But I can imagine when I'm working it would just be even harder. So props to you guys Yeah wildflower bread company is by far one of my favorite lunch spots I love getting their chicken Caesar salad and a baked potato soup.  I said do it again, and then he smiled again. So I think that it was intentional. So that's really really sweet I'm lushy lushy cushy I'm wearing the same sweater today that I wore yesterday or last night because I only wore it for like an hour And I really really like it. I'm also wearing my lululemon leggings and my red converse and I'm super cozy I'm nervous. I'm gonna be a little warm though because it's 55 out and Well, it says it's 55 out, but it feels way warmer than that and it's Phoenix. I mean This is like the only winter that They ever get There's no such thing as fall. There's no such thing as spring it's winter and Summer Hey guys, so I just got home from Sprouts and wildflower and I have my soup and bread here And then I have my salad and I got one of these Hubert's lemonade to drink Cash is still sleeping and I'm crossing my fingers that he'll stay asleep till I'm done eating I don't know. He might wake up earlier than that And want to eat so I'm gonna go ahead and enjoy my lunch and I'm watching Freeform I don't like calling it that I'd like calling it ABC family but I'm watching Holiday in Handcuffs with Melissa Joan Hart and Mario Lopez. It's one of my favorite movies and it's on right now So Cash is taking a little nap. I am watching Christmas with the cranks and we are just hanging out And I'm gonna go ahead and end the vlog here. I'm sorry for this terrible quality I'm filming on my computer camera because I can't move For various reasons so I hope you guys enjoyed I hope you guys don't mind I did upload a bunch of vlogs from The past week because I've been a little bit behind in editing and uploading so I'm gonna try my best to get better at that and I'm really bad at ending vlogs too. If you guys haven't noticed they're always like ending abruptly, but I apologize I just I just stopped filming and forget to film anything and I don't know. It's just weird So anyway, I'm ending the vlog and I hope you guys enjoyed. I'll see you in the next one. Bye Hi guys, it's Char, I just wanted to say thank you so much for watching my video today and for supporting my youtube channel by subscribing Don't forget to click the little bell next to the subscribe button so that you can see when I put up new videos I hope you have a magical day


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with a quick little mosaic football pack break and Giving away six NT football spots I think we just have one more filler left some handful of spots straight up and then we're in breaksville on that We can definitely make that happen tonight. So keep chipping away on the next one big. Thanks to These folks right here for getting into this one So we're gonna do the break itself first let's And then the giveaway will be a different dice roll. So for names and teams eight times two and a six one two three four six seven And eighth and final time eight times for the teams one two Seven and eighth and final time All right. So here's the first half of the list right here And the second half of the list right there no trade windows in these little filler packs. Let's just Get to it. I want to give away those spots at the end as I want to get to that part as quickly as possible now this actually comes from a fresh Hobby box right here. So let's see which No more paper Too many breaks So while that's printing out, let's see which let's use that die right there. So first of all, we're gonna pick a side All right left side right side. So one two three for the left side four five six for the right side It's one left side So on the left side right here, we're gonna go one two three four and five if I roll a six we'll roll again three one two and Three and there's the final print out right there. Thanks everybody and we'll re-randomize this list And let's we're gonna see who wins those NT spots. We've got a silver Michael Vic Emmett Smith red Manning T Higgins a Tua and a Jalen Rhaegor Nice NFL debut Tua rookie car to a Tunga Valoa going to Ruben and the Dolphins All right now. Let's see who's gonna win those NT spots. Let's flip back here Let's grab everyone's names from Chad down Chad. There's some new dice. There's a new list and Let's roll it and randomize that list eight times. It's gonna be top six After eight in that NT break good luck one two three And eighth and final time after eight top six so from seven on down Very close Chris. Thank you for trying though Thanks, everybody right here seven through thirty two sad times Happy times though for the top six. You're in that NT random team break Matthew Matthew Chad Chad and Chris and Chris Okay, I don't feel so bad about Chris being in that seventh spot. He's got a couple spots in there There you go better than zero. I'm Joe for Jasper's case breaks calm Let's get that NT done and we'll do that a little bit later tonight. Bye. Bye


Yeah So my name is Katja Hentonen and I work in a small open source project called style-based for Eclipse I also work for VTT Technical Research Center Finland. I'm a project manager in a research project on open source software So style-based for Eclipse is a knowledge management solution which concentrates on software architectural models actually Software architectural knowledge. It's more than only models The aim of the tool is to improve the sharing and reuse of architectural knowledge in development teams And it has been developed as an Eclipse extension about the history of the project it was first published in October 2006 there has been very Few small releases mostly bug fixes and small improvements. It's still quite small the code It's a little bit more than 8,000 thousand lines of source code The community is supported by my employer to a small extent for example They paid my flights here, but they do not finance our development. So they don't really help in the most important way so In this picture You can see the traditional way in how software architecture is always often documented in companies so people use all kind of whiteboard and Whiteboards and flashboards and the tropics just there and when the port is wiped then the Information is only in the heads of people and if these people get hit by a bus, then there's a big problem Open in open source community is actually a little bit better because there is a If Architectural decisions are discussed in the forums, then this design rationals are available later What we suggest is Over there, so we are trying to make a tool for sharing and Reusing architectural knowledge Architecture knowledge is essentially design decisions and design. So it's how and why How is can be represented in models like UML diagrams or something else and why is the ration how Why is the rational? Why was this done? And this is the bigger part of course and Yeah, so who needs architectural leads there are architects developers Intercreators also if you don't do like Mostly you need to know something about the internals of the component you are integrating Also testers normally need architectural knowledge to set an extent complete black box Testing is really efficient And of course newbies who want to get involved in the new open source project need to know Destruction of the program So there are some ideas on how to use architectural knowledge why it's useful Some of them are a bias Firstly you can improve skills of your own development team It's easier for new people to get into the project if Architecture is documented at some level at least and it also reduces the risk of depending on on one or two key people But also I think that Architectural knowledge could be served between different open source communities so that One come that communities could pick up like best practices from others and learn from good and bad Architectural decisions which were made in other projects One goal of Documenting architecture is to manifest this design decisions in an early phase So if you document them you manifest them then people get a chance to criticize you before you Implement everything and you might get good feedback And of course in the craters also benefit from architecture knowledge So a little bit about features of the tool style base for eclipse It's essentially a tool for maintaining knowledge base There is a remote database and a local database Which can store diverse architectural models This models can be architecture patterns design patterns reference architectures macromic across architecture for example If I'm not going into all these terms now if you're not familiar with them you can Google But the idea is to store the idea of the tool is not to store things like class diagrams, but rather to store solutions which are Reusable or which others can benefit from in in some way like rather conceptual level models and Then class diagrams So there's a person and a local repository. There are comments to Move data between two one can do searches and different kind of browsing and There is a bias linear search repository. There are logs to control concurrent updates and stuff Essentially three big blocks of information are stored into the knowledge base for its Knowledge base entry. There is a guide which is a text tool Representation this would mostly Required information on why the architecture was implemented in a certain way. There's a picture which shows high Like how the architecture has been implemented and there is also an XML format a Representation of the model so that it can be used in other tools. Actually, it is not limited to UML It can also be some other modeling in some other modeling language And it should be quite easy in Eclipse to integrate style base for Eclipse with HTML editor plugins Modeling tools like We mostly use it with top case, but it can be used with any other tool as well So a little bit about the problems the community has One thing is that the tool provides only there's only the tool and there's not really content in the knowledge base and It's the content that makes the tool useful So actually some people get very disappointed because when they download the software they Expect a knowledge base which is filled with a lot of information and we don't yet have really we only have some exemplary Information there and not really information and how to get this information is a little bit problematic because most architectural information is quite strictly copyrighted and Yeah, how to get information from the community Another problem is that Eclipse seems to be a too limited environment so ideally the knowledge base should be accessible from both web tools and Eclipse and I think Majority of small open source projects have some resource problems. So so to us so Permanent development team is myself and it's actually myself on my free time when I'm free from everything else We have several contributions from students But it's difficult to commit them to to stay with the community for a long time because they should just do some software projects and get study units and and then they go So Future plans that the dream would pull develop a tooling environment which makes architecture knowledge sharing painless so if it's a if The big the problem with documentation or normally of course, or it's also something extra so something you It's kind of supplementary to coding and secondary to coding So the knowledge creation process would integrate seamlessly into the development process so that it would be released painless to documents of to architecture and Yeah, I think ideal would be have a free website for sharing architecture knowledge I don't know if it's a good good idea yet. It's with a custom mark But if you if you like to know more Go to our website I was checking if you because there's still time. I just saw you at least one screen So here is the idea there's There's text. There's a picture and there's a knowledge base. There are a lot of attributes There's some attributes different type of attributes which can be configured and attached to the models and then Knowledge base can be searched by these attributes and so on But Anyway visit our websites. There are two minutes left if somebody has a question Yeah, yeah, exactly. It's supposed to be a knowledge base. So it's not just like Already now there is a tool like it for serving architecture knowledge There's a global database at my employer server which can be connected and one can put models there and take models out of there So essentially, yes, it's wants to be knowledge base at large. Yeah Would it be a separate project or? Yeah, that's the one idea. It would it would of course be a separate project. Yeah. Yeah, I There might be a chance is that my employees interested in financing that but I don't know about or nobody yet So that's what that's why the tree must be the question mark And No, not not with this tool to Lee Yeah, well at this point. This is specific to like architectural models and and reusable architectural models for example in the scope is rather Conceptual models. So the kind of models that are reusable for example If I have a model view controller, it's a common architectural pattern but if a developer gets the It can be developed Let's say it stops in the reference Architectures or I would implement a rough picture of model view controller This more or less very stops because glass diagrams are really usable. We may be in the form of design patterns So the idea is pick up models that are reusable So which documents some kind of pex best practice or known good solution? Yeah, it should be part of the picker Integrate into the yeah Let's let's still a little bit to be defined. You're more than welcome to my email address is over there So anyone is more than welcome to to send me suggestions. This project is in a very initial phase So we are very open to more ideas


Hi, my name is Aya Chikoryu. I'm a senior here at PCTI and I'm your November student of the month. My shop is criminal justice and I love my shop because of the teachers and the peers that make it great. So my plans for the future is to go to college and then go to law school and then become a constitutional lawyer and hopefully one day work with Congress or in the Supreme Court. A couple of fun facts about me is that I run a podcast called Bloomingdale Interview Podcast where I interview different officials of the town of Bloomingdale. Some of my extracurricular activities include captain and attorney of the mock child team, president of World Language Honor Society, account academy translator, and my nonprofit, Forge Stores, is in our profit where we provide childcare services such as tutoring and babysitting to local children of my town and then the money goes back to local schools. A few people I'd like to thank are my teachers who helped me get through high school and my guys counselor who always lend me an ear to listen.