Hello everybody, welcome back to another Adobe Premiere Pro tutorial. In this one, I'm going to show you how to add subtitles or captions to your videos, particularly gaming videos in just a few minutes. And not only are we going to add the subtitles, we're going to go ahead and we're going to modify the font. We're going to change the size, the look, the position, everything you could ever want in a subtitle or caption video. It's all here. Let's get going. First step, I've got some basic video footage of me playing New World, a new game out by Amazon. I'm going to drag and drop it from my project panel into my timeline, just like this. I'll hit spacebar so you can hear what I say a little bit. Hey, what's up guys? This is Chris Blake. So there I am talking and I'm just teaching people how to look around and use some quick tips. No big deal. The point is let's get into the captions and the subtitles. The next step is I'm going to go up to the top to the workspace and there is a captions workspace. Left click on that. When you do this, you're going to get a captions and a transcript box here on the top left. And if you don't see it, you can always just go down and make sure that you have captions and text as one of your windows. That's open. The next step and this is the important one is you want to click on transcribe sequence. Left click on this. When you do this, you're going to get some options. In 99% of the times, you're just going to want to go ahead and left click on transcribe. You don't need to worry about any of this other stuff. The only time you would want to look at that is if you only want to transcribe a very small part of the video, which we don't want to do in this case. So I'm going to left click on transcribe. And now you're going to see on the left side it says creating auto transcription transcribing sequence, but it's uploading to a server. Here's what's happening. This footage is going into the Adobe cloud servers and it's being transcribed way up there in space or wherever it's getting done. So joking aside, it's being done on the Adobe servers. So it takes a few minutes and it might have a little bit of a gap in it if you don't have a fast connection. But here it goes. It's transcribing the sequence. Once this is done, it's going to have everything you say in your video. In this case, your gaming video inside this transcript box. And let's just see how long that's going to take. It's going to take a few more seconds. Okay, good. So I'm just checking on it. There we go. That was pretty quick, actually. So let's take the playhead back to the beginning. And then you're going to see here that it says, hey, from 0013 frames to 13 seconds. Hey, what's up, guys? My friend's calling Bigsy. That's me talking. And that's the transcription right there. So it's not perfect because my name is Curtis Pike. So I'm going to double click on it like I just did there. I double clicked. And I'm going to go from Chris to Curtis. And I'm just going to change the P-Y-P-I-K-E to P-Y-K-E. That's how they spell my last name. And the last one I will do is Bigsy. Even though it transcribed it correctly, I call myself Bigsy. So why I'm showing this to you, very simple. You can just double click on any part and you can go in and change it. So if the transcription is only 95% correct, great. You can just go in and make those little changes. I'm back in action. We're in New World again. And I got some more hot tips for you or some quick tips. So the transcription is really, really good. And it's also done the whole video. So this is done here. And one more thing. As I scan my playhead over top of the video, you're going to see here that what the part of the transcript that the playhead is over, it's highlighting the word. So if I'm hovering like this and I'm like, hey, that word doesn't sound right. I know exactly where I am. And I can just go in there, double click and change it just like that. Okay.  The next step is once you're pretty confident about your captions or your subtitles part of me, left click on create captions. This now creates a new sequence of captions and it will create a new actual track, captions track, but we'll get into that in a second. And then you can go ahead and make some changes in here. But for me, I just go with what it is. Left click on create. We're now creating the captions and they've been applied to the video. You could see it because when we go to the regular panel here or the program panel, you'll see here that it is now at the bottom. So as I scroll through, the captions are now burnt into the video. That might be just enough. All you need to do if you want to adjust it a little bit. And let's say you want to change the text style. Normally it starts as Myriad Pro, I believe is Adobe's default. But if I got Minion Pro set right now and I want to go say to something more manly-ish, like, I don't know, what's the best weapon of war, a siege weapon? There's a really good siege weapon. I can't remember the name, but what is it? Trebuchet, just kidding, I knew it all along. Let's say I want to go with Trebuchet as my font. Bang, I've changed the font from the default to Trebuchet. You can also change the position of where the captions and subtitles go, although I like to keep it at the bottom. But you can go ahead and adjust that. The biggest ones are adjusting the font like I just did. You can adjust the size, so I'm just going to increase the size a little to, like, I don't know, let's say, what do you think, 57? Sure, if you want it to be a little bit bigger. You can adjust the color of the font, so right now it's white, which is probably the one you'd want to keep. But if you wanted blue font or light blue for whatever reason, hey man, whatever color works for you works fine. So I'm just going to go ahead and cancel out of that. And also you have the option to use the Essential Graphics panel when you hover over these to go ahead and make adjustments to things like stroke and shadow and background, which I won't bore you with. But bottom line, once this is all done, you can now go to File, Export, and you're done, guys. This will produce a awesome video with all of the stuff you say during it. I hope this helped. Come more stuff coming up. Stay tuned.


You know we're trying to build off what we did last year. I think we surprised a lot of people at the conference meet last year I don't think we surprised ourselves. We had a game plan. We You know laid stuff out and we had our goals set and we actually met all of our goals Which was a great thing this year not to say we have a target on our back but people kind of know what we're going to do and you know our goals are set pretty high and We're going to try to accomplish those goals again and guess what maybe surprise some people again Who knows? I think we're looking to win several events this year We're looking to win both medley relays We're looking to get some B cuts for for nationals and maybe even send a relay or two nationals I mean on the girls side. That's a legitimate goal Top three would be great overall Although that will be a struggle but but that again, that's one of our goals to get top three in the conference and Try to get multiple B cuts And win a relay or two on the guy side We have a smaller squad so and very inexperienced so my senior Zach He you know He's going to lead the way and and we're looking for him to get top three in two events and and possibly even win an event So which will be the first time we've ever done that on the men's side. I we teach them how to Swim properly swim the right way how to take a race out how to break out past a flag in a stream line Small little details that when you become an elite swimmer, you know, you need to to drop time You need to do things better than other people and and that's what we're trying to do teach them how to swim better than other kids I think that the main key to our success is hard work. I ask a lot of our kids I really do I get it. I understand it. I still ask it So they're gonna work harder this year than they did last year, which might scare them But if they want to see the success that they've had in the past, that's that's exactly what we're gonna have to do It's it's I always say it's not rocket science. It's literally hard work dedication And holding your kids accountable for what they do and how they do it And if we can do that then I think again, we're gonna set ourselves up for a phenomenal February


China has accused a group of seven of political manipulation after it criticised Beijing over a range of issues. In a joint statement at the end of a three-day summit, leaders of the G7 countries urged China to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms. They also highlighted issues including abuses against Uyghur Muslim minority group and the crackdown on Hong Kong pro-democracy activists. But China's embassy in the UK set the G7 accusations were baseless. It also demanded a stop to the reporter slander of China, a stop to interference in China's internal affairs and a stop to harming China's interest.


always plays with that little chip on his shoulder you know he wants the big assignments and he was miffed that he wasn't part of that all defensive team last season. Yeah and don't think for a second Nancy that that's not on his mind it's kind of like a revenge tour year for him because he is one of the better defenders in the NBA you look at two and a half blocks per game that is an impact that cannot go unnoticed because he does it night in and night out he defends players best players best bigs on the other and he does it at a high level and he's playing with this type of intensity that this team really needs and this is a team full of mainly wing players a lot of guard oriented players and Claxton offers size and length and he does it on both ends of the floor so a key cog to their puzzle moving forward


It's not hard to, well you can, in the FM broadcast span spectrum, you can transmit a low power station if you aren't interfering. Also, there's a... Skyler. St. Ledger. Ledger. Ledger. Ledger. Yeah. The last thing I want to do in introducing you is say wrong. Oh. If you did then I could correct you in it. Hello. Test. Can you hear me? Raspberry Pi? Raspberry Pi? Well actually, if you really want to launder money, I recommend you open a fake laundromat. No one would suspect the laundromat for laundering money. A hackaday keeps the malware away. Their shirts are... What if it's free stuff? What if I throw a MacBook Pro at you? You might end up with a broken arm. Or better yet, if I throw a $2,600 like 50 pound Linux workstation at you. I think then I'd be more amazed that I could actually throw that. But... Oh, the black badge. However, I do think there is a fairly good arbitrage opportunity in get up really early, buy a bunch of passes, and then sell them to people stuck at the back of the line.  Because like they need to... Because it's... Yeah. Then, yeah. However, there is... I don't think so. Well, there are other reasons. It's not really hard to tell there's that person in a full suit and tie and everyone else is wearing a t-shirt. Previously, then... Before Snowden. It has a built-in microphone, right? We can neither confirm nor deny the existence of such information. And hypothetically, if such information were to exist, it would be classified. Who says they even work for Apple? Yeah. Okay. I might... I have my watch. I can do that. Yeah. I'm good. Okay. Mm-hmm. Yes. You could... Yeah. Or maybe not. Is that a good thing? The thing they can take from this picture is that you like red shirts maybe? Like Tom Scott? Yeah. I know I realize... I wear a lot of other t-shirts, but I've noticed I've worn this shirt at least. I think one other talk I gave... Yeah. Okay. This is... they knew she was pregnant, saying? Yeah. Or I thought, no, it was... She did, but her father did it and got upset when they sent her... when he saw that she was getting coupons for, like... Sure. Yeah. Period... there's a period of space, but... Due to the registration thing, it didn't allow it. My dad put a...  Doesn't everyone want their... Well, he was a martyr. He kind of can't use the money from becoming a martyr since you're usually dead. I'm gonna plug in now. All right, everyone. How are we doing today? You ready for the talk? Because if you're not, you should be. It's gonna be amazing. So this is Skyler St. Leger. If you've never met him, you certainly will for the next hour. Skyler, what are you talking about today? I'm talking about software to find radio and what you can do with it and why you care about it. So if you are not here for that talk, you should say... Stay here anyways? Exactly. It's gonna be the best talk. Absolutely. All right. Should we switch on over? There is... right there. Yes. Here. It should go through here. This work. So how's everyone's scale going so far though? Did you guys see the keynote today? What'd you think of it? Okay. I don't know what he needs to do. You guys go to the Expo Hall yet? You gotta go to the Expo Hall. I went around yesterday. My t-shirt count is up to 23. I'm pretty excited about that. That's more than CES. Okay. Ta-da. Here we go. All right. Let's give it up for Skyler here. So as you already heard, I'm Skyler St. Ledger, and today I'm gonna talk to you about softer-defined radio and open source and why you care about it.  So you probably might be thinking none of them, but you actually, just in your phone, have four or more radios. You have cellular radio, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS. When you go home and you click your garage or opener, that's another radio. You sit down on the couch, turn on your ceiling fan. That's another radio. Radio transmitters and receivers are all around you. You just don't notice them. But there's one thing that these all have in common that differentiates them from softer-defined radio. They're all very specific. The radio in your phone has one radio or one subsection of a radio IC that just does Wi-Fi. Another thing for just Bluetooth or just GPS. Your garage or opener, it just opens your garage. You couldn't use it to make a phone call or do something like that. Softer-defined radio just goes and it says instead of having hardware that can only do one thing, it then says let's move that into software. It makes it where your hardware can do almost anything and the limiting factor is the software that you write. Now you're probably wondering what are good uses for softer-defined radio. So commercially there aren't that many big applications because softer-defined radios tend to be expensive and they tend to be fairly power-intensive since what you could optimize in hardware you now are all doing in software. But they're useful for military applications where you have to have a very, a wide variety of different radio protocols that you're using. And for researching cellular 5G and beyond specifications because you want to be able to very easily change the way you're transmitting or receiving a signal to research that. So with SDR you still need some amount of hardware like this, but it's very minimal. The hardware is just the RF front end which you're receiving is a low-noise amplifier and some filters and a mixer and then that goes into an analog to digital converter to send it to your computer. To transmit you have pretty much your verse, a digital to analog converter which goes through some filters and whatever and then out in an amplifier out to your computer or your antenna. So this is a traditional radio receiver for in this case it'd be AM radio. And you have your antenna in here a amplifier, a mixer that shifts the frequency down to something that's easier to work with. Then it goes through some more filtering and amplifying and is demodulated. In this case this would be AM radio so it takes the amplitude of it and then puts it out to a speaker. This is pretty much what an AM radio receiver would look like with software-defined radio. The difference is that right about here you then end up, this is all done in software, the demodulation and the audio part. You still have some of the hardware to receive it because you need hardware but there's a lot less of the hardware and you can change it much more easily because you're doing everything in software. As far as hardware goes there's a whole bunch of hardware to choose from. This is by no means a complete list. These are just some hardware that I know of and either think is cool or is cheap. The cheapest one is the Realtek RTL-SDR dongle. This runs you about $10 to $20, $30 on the high end. What it started out is actually a TV tuner dongle and someone found out that you can get it to dump the raw data to it. Now you do get what you pay for in that this has a higher noise floor which is what is the quietest signal you can receive and how much effectively static you have in the background. Also, it only adds about a 2 MHz bandwidth which means you can only look at a fairly narrow portion of the spectrum at any one time. There are other things like the Funcube dongle Pro Plus which is a higher quality one. These two are both received only. Everything else here can receive and transmit. The HackRF1 and the BladeRF are probably the two most popular ones. These software defined radio hardware transceivers are both open source. The software defined radio has about a 20 MHz bandwidth. The BladeRF goes up to, I think, 40 MHz. And then there's the USRP which is made by Edis Research. These are the commercial really nice ones and these are open source as well. The UMTRX is cool because it uses the same hardware transmit receive stuff as the BladeRF but it adds two of them so you can be transmitting on one frequency and a different frequency and then receiving on those. There's also, the important part of software defined radio is the software. So if you're stuck on Windows, I feel bad for you. You can use SDR-Sharp and HDSDR. SDR-Sharp is closed source freeware. I believe there are older versions that were open source. It's written in C-Sharp and you can use it because it's nice because it installs all the drivers for you. If you're on Unix, Unix, Mac, Linux, one of those BSD, GNU, Flash, Linux, whatever you want to call it operating systems, you'll usually end up using GNU Radio which is a framework for taking samples and data from your radio then passing it to different modules to do processing on that and it takes care of all the timing and making sure that the data gets where it needs to go. GROSMO-SDR provides hardware, drivers and interfaces to GNU Radio so it makes it really easy to connect this radio to GNU Radio or any other radio. And then on Mac and Linux there's TQRX which is a nice piece of software just for browsing the spectrum. There's also software for Android which lets you either connect a either HackRF or real-tech dongle to your phone using a USB on-the-go adapter and you can view the spectrum that way. And there's also an ADSB receiver which I'll talk about more. So now we're going to get into some demos. You're all supposed to be excited now. Yeah, hopefully they don't break. If they do, it's your fault. Change my display. The nice thing about running on Mac is you don't have the display issues that you normally have with Linux. Okay, so this is GNU Radio Companion. And this makes it easy to prototype and do SDR software. And what it will let you do is it effectively lets you make a flow graph type thing. So what you have here is a flow graph that's fairly simple. And what it does is it takes the radio in. It will then take, it will then show you an FFT of it which takes the radio signal which samples it over time and it will then convert it to frequency. And it then multiplies it by a sine wave to shift the frequency down so it's centered. It then filters it and will put it out over audio. So this we can use to listen to an FM radio station. Now one thing you need to do for this is you need to find the radio station. So to do that, there's this nice piece of software called Osmo-com FFT. And if you have a GPU in your computer that's supported, you can use this thing called Phosphor. And what Phosphor will let you do is, so this is loading the software on my radio, and it will work. And what Phosphor will let you do is it will use your GPU to accelerate the processing of the FFT. So you get a really nice looking waterfall spectrum view which will open. So this is it. So first we want to turn up the sample rate, 20 mega samples per second should be good, and turn up the gain and make this bigger there. So what we're looking at now is the FM broadcast band and I should turn up the gain a bit more, longer antenna. It helps if your antenna is tuned for the wave length that you're receiving. So FM is, or at least in this it's fairly low frequency. So you'll want a longer antenna. Frequency tends to be very relative. For some stuff a few hundred megahertz can be high frequency. For other stuff a few hundred megahertz is very low frequency. So what we're looking at here is we're seeing, actually I need to set it to the right antenna port. One other thing is some software fine radios have multiple places you can connect an antenna. Make sure you choose the right one, or else you'll wonder why things aren't working. And anyways with this you can look at the FM radio spectrum. And this should work. There. So now this should work better. So a few things here are there's your sample rate, which is how many samples does it take a second? In this case it's 20 million. And a sample is actually a pair of numbers. It samples it as a complex number. So you have the real and the imaginary portion. So this is much better. So if we look at this here, what we'll see is there are, so each of these peaks here is where there's a RF energy present in the spectrum. In this case we're looking at the spectrum from 90 megahertz to 110 megahertz. So this is the FM broadcast band. And if we look here we'll see here's a station, here's a station, here's another station. And because of the GPU acceleration you can actually see the colors, the coloring here is telling you effectively where the signal spends the most time. And then down here you can actually see the audio data as it's being modulated. So it's FM radio, it's frequency modulated, so the frequency will vary. If we zoom in on a station, what you can do by tuning to, let's see, which should be good. And let's go to 6 megahertz bandwidth or sample rate. So if we look in here we can see some of the stations more clearly. And let's see, this 97.7 should be good. One other important thing to note is that you'll typically get what's called a DC offset, which is where due to the way the sampling on here on the radio is done, you'll end up with the, there will be a peak at zero depending, because it shifts the frequency down and there's usually some offset there. So just make sure that if you're trying to see something you ignore that effectively. So if we look here you can see here is a radio station. And you can see the voice data that's being modulated, here's another one. FM radio stations are nice because they are really high power, so you can receive them pretty much anywhere. Some radio stations will have what's called HD radio, which I don't see any here that have it. But if they do have HD radio what you'll see is that you'll have the voice data in the middle and then you'll see these two effectively square peaks around the edge. And those are digitally modulated audio data. If you have an HD radio receiver it can demodulate that and give you voice from that. So it'll get like HD1, HD2 or whatever. And the cool thing is the way it's modulated, if you have an old radio, as you tune across it it just sounds like static, but if you have a radio that can actually pick it up and receive it you'll hear the voice data. So now if we say, let's say you want to listen to the station at 97.9 MHz, we can go over here and say that our station is at 97.9 MHz. And now this should work. We need to close this and run. So GNU Radio Companion will take your code and decide it doesn't like it. So yes, much like other GNU software. So what it does when it works, which I think it will work, courts and stuff on a Mac can be pain. Can we hear this? Okay, so if this works, I might need to turn up the gain. And this is why software defined radio usually isn't used in commercial applications. It doesn't work. Also like my fan on my computer is going, okay, here, let's see. Is the audio on the VGA cable connected to the sound? So no, so I'll just have you listen. Junior, that's a Spanish radio station. So you can do that. Right now it's using much of CPU because that's a lot of work across all this. Another thing you can do is you can actually demodulate what's called RDF, or Radio Data System Data. And that is in FM radio, you'll have data that's, once you demodulate the data, you'll get, or the modulated signal, you'll get audio data. Except there's actually a lot more, so human hearing goes from about 0 to 20 kHz. They transmit about up to 15 kHz of audio frequency.  So in that is the lowest part, 0 to 15 kHz, is the left plus right audio. So that's mono. And above that you'll have the left channel minus the right channel. The reason they do that is for your radio to receive stereo, it adds them and subtracts them to get the left and right channels. And by using that you can then get stereo. But if you have a really old radio it just picks up the mono audio. There's also some stuff that will give you information on what the radio station is. And this is called RDS or Radio Data System. And this is how on your radio in your car it says, this is whatever radio station and you're listening to whatever song. This runs, and it will. We tune it to that same station and turn up the gain. And so what you see here is that there's actually a slight offset, so we do 0.8. Let's try and find another station that might come in better. So when this works, okay, that was a comma. I'm guessing probably to turn up the gain more. It should be, actually, that's what it is, the antenna. So the problem actually is the same thing I had earlier, that the antenna is set to the wrong thing. I don't usually listen to the radio and I usually really don't do this for reasons like this. No, it was using the, so that's actually how strong FM radio is. Instead of using this antenna it was using the other port. So you're getting nothing now. So there now I can turn up the gain and this should come in better. So this station doesn't broadcast RDS. And also you, let's see, there's a way to see that. This is a great position.  So you'll end up with like, it's off the bottom and you can't see that part. Which is always fine. And this doesn't like, does that work? Now, so let's see. So if I can get this to show it off to the, where you can see it. You can see there at the bottom it shows the, like what station is. Like that's what I want. I can't remember it, let's see. So if you can move that down now this should work. And of course the configuration is like here for numbers that you know what all the docs are, right? Okay, this is not helping. Move that down, the other one just needs to be moved up here. GNU radio flow graphs can get quite large. Ah, so let's see. Put this one down. Now the thing about GNU radio companion is it will tell you if there's an error before like everything breaks and it'll usually be fairly helpful. And also you don't need to, it takes care of a bunch of the stuff for you. The interesting thing about GNU radio is it actually, while it generates, so here you can see this now. So that worked. This station doesn't broadcast it. You said 103.104.3. I can type. I do not want gigahertz. So if I can find, okay so here it is. So what you're seeing is this is the data coming in from the station. And RDS is a fairly low bit data rate system. I think it only is a few thousand symbols per second or something. So if we look we can actually view the constellation. And the constellation is effectively saying like on the X and Y axes or sometimes it'll just be one axis, this is how the data is being sent. And every sample is plotted as a dot. So like if it's AM radio you'll see one line and you'll have dots everywhere it's sampled. In that line we'll present amplitudes. In the case of frequency modulated radio this would be frequency. I don't remember exactly what RDS uses. But when this is nice you'll have two clusters of points. In this case it's not receiving the signal really great. So you're getting kind of this all over. But the idea is you'll get it. And then you can look at the other things. This is the audio goes about 15 kilohertz of left plus right. And there's this pilot tone which tells your radio receiver that it's doing stereo. And then further up on the, and this is an audio frequency now. You'll have other things like there's some other data. This is RDS. And then your left minus right audio. And it's done as a double side band audio thing. And then here's your RDS data which works decently well-ish. So that is one use of software to find radio. Another use for it is you can actually see what's called ADS-B. And ADS-B stands for Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast. And this is used on airplanes too. So it's part of the FAA Next Gen program. And it's designed so that instead of just having the airport's radar reflection off the metal body of the plane, and then ask the plane's transponder what are you. The plane will continually broadcast its location, altitude, and airspeed. So you can receive this very easily. You can actually receive it using the, this is an RTLSDR dongle. And these things are actually quite amazing in what you can receive with them considering how low cost their construction is. One other nice thing is if you buy one and have a soldering iron, it can be helpful to shorten the antenna lead just so it's not as unruly as it is otherwise. But there's some software called Dump 1090. And that will allow you to do, it's called Dump 1090 because the signal is transmitted on 1090 megahertz. And this will allow you to receive it. And if you do dash dash net, it will allow you to do it over network interface which you can view when this loads. So this is receiving the data. And if once, and it sets up a server, so you should be able to receive signals once this loads. Actually, oh, that's what it is. Right, dash net. It should be, this was working earlier, connecting. So this should work. So when this works, you can see airplanes and where they are. So if you wait, so anyways, what this does when it does work is you'll see actually airplanes on a map if they broadcast their GPS coordinates. And you'll then see that you can actually look at where they are, how fast they're going, their airspeed. And the cool thing is that you don't need to transmit, which is good because you don't need a license or anything. And also if you can't transmit, it's much harder to get in trouble. There isn't, except for a few things like pagers, there isn't really, you can't really get in trouble for receiving a signal. Radio, you always should make sure that if you're transmitting, you are licensed to transmit. And you're transmitting on the right frequency and you aren't doing anything illegal. At scale, there's a ham radio licensing thing, which if you want to get into this, I would advise that you do.  Using something like a new radio, you can actually do a lot of the stuff all in software and not need to go into hardware unless you actually want to transmit. So some other things you can do with, I'll leave this running and see if this comes up with anything. So there's, so the new radio and a lot of such refined radio, we use what's called complex numbers to sample it, which it's done because it makes the math a lot easier. So for AM radio, what you'll have, you'll have a waveform and its amplitude will change based on how the signal is modulating. So a very easy way of receiving it is just kind of average over that signal and do what's called an envelope detector where you say, what is the amplitude? The problem with that is though that when you're doing that, you then need to be able to, the frequency of your signal needs to be high enough that when you average it, you can still hear what you're doing. If you use complex numbers, which it effectively is, you have a pair of numbers, you can then you do, where is it? So you can actually, so if you use complex numbers, what it ends up doing is in the radio when it samples it, it mixes the signal by and shifts it down with two sine waves that are out of phase, so one sine wave will have its peak here, the next sine wave will be over 90 degrees. And what it will do is you'll get two different signals from that. So one is called I, which is the in phase or real signal, and the other is called Q, which is the imaginary or quadrature signal. It's wonderful that they chose I and Q and I is the real one, when in math, I is the imaginary constant. But it is capital I because that is totally an easy to discern difference. So with complex numbers, what you'll end up happening is when you look at just the real or complex portion of it, it's effectively looking at the side. So this here is showing what's called phase shift keyed signal, which is where you have a sine wave, and the amplitude doesn't change, the frequency doesn't change, but what happens is the phase change, so it's actually like it's going up and down and it shifts over when that happens. So you can look at it here and you can receive it fairly easily, but if you effectively change where your real plane is, then it can go away. So if you look at it from this plane, you don't see that phase change at all. But using math, which is fairly complicated and a pain to understand, and Wikipedia is horrible at explaining complex mathematical ideas, you can turn it into a complex number in which the amplitude is actually the distance from the center of the circle. So if this was voice or AM modulated data, you'd look at the distance from the center here and you would see that you'd have this wobbling around here showing when it's closer in its lower amplitude, when it's further out its higher amplitude. The frequency is represented by how fast the signal goes around the circle. So the faster it is, the higher frequency. So for FM radio, you could then look at how quickly does it rotate around the circle. For phase shift keying, you can look at which direction does it go and when there's a phase shift, that direction changes. So complex numbers make this math a whole lot easier because you aren't dealing with, okay, so if I average out this for AM radio or trying to measure the distance between peaks and FM radio or trying to keep track of the phase as much in phase shift keying, you can just look at it as a complex number. So there are many, many, many other radio modulation systems. AM, FM, and phase shift keying are probably the most common ones, but there are many other ones. A common other one you'll see is Gaussian frequency shift keying, so frequency shift keying is where you change the frequency of your wire transmitting. So you'll transmit usually a single tone and you'll just vary its frequency really quickly. The Gaussian part is just it does some shaping of the signal to give it better transmission characteristics. When you're transmitting a signal on the RF spectrum, there tends to be a lot of noise and interference in other stuff.  Those can what? Yes. And they'll also interfere with each other. So they'll end up, see is this, okay there. So what you'll end up wanting to do is design a modulation that's really robust. What is the... So this isn't picking up any planes still. If you have multiple devices connected at once, it can be kind of finicky to get them to all work. The easiest solution is just unplug it. But if you're... So there are all sorts of modulations and another really, really busy portion of the spectrum is 900 megahertz which it's also in what's called an ISM band or industrial, scientific and medical. And what an ISM band is effectively a... Anyone can use this band provided you follow some rules.  There's some limitation on how much of the spectrum you can use it once and whatever. But if we go to the 900 megahertz band, you sample rate and up the gain. And I need to set that to the other port. O-T-X-R-X. So if we go up to 900 megahertz, so we'll see a whole bunch of stuff. This is actually fairly interesting. So if you see... So what we can see here is there's a whole bunch of stuff. What... So if you look... There's usually digital packet radio stuff in here. This stuff here I'm guessing is probably interference from something. One thing that's interesting is your display and your computer because there's often a digital interface. In digital you have a square wave and the square edge of that wave it effectively goes up to an infinite frequency because when you have... Any signal can be a periodic repeating signal. Except if you just send that period out to infinity then you can make it any signal. It can be represented by summing a bunch of sine waves at different frequencies and different amplitudes. And a square wave, because it goes up really quickly, how quickly that edge rises determines the maximum frequency of that. So in the interface between your laptop and its display you'll usually get a bunch of... Or a signal generated that if you're careful you can kind of receive and see what's on your display. It's hard to do and I know someone tried it and they were mediumly successful. They're interesting. So this is probably some noise like that. But if you look here, so up here at around 930, 929 MHz, these are pagers. Down here this is probably some... A lot of the stuff at 900 MHz is digital modulation so this is something actually... For this shortening the antenna helps higher frequencies so you'll end up with shorter wavelengths and you'll want your antenna matched to your wavelengths. So if we look here, this very quick bursty stuff is a digital modulation. It's using what's... It's probably using a technique called spreader. It's a wide band modulation and that it goes from... It's about 5 MHz wide. It does that so if there's a signal in the middle that interferes with it, it's more robust against it. And if you look how it's some very short, quick bursts that tells you it's probably a digital thing. You'll see there are some... The lighting's not the greatest here but there are some other bursts here. And that's all using this fairly limited of about 20 to 30 MHz portion of the 930 MHz spectrum. You have a question? I think so. I'm not entirely familiar with all the spread spectrum stuff. It could be. Direct sequence spread spectrum is a fairly common one, I believe. If we go down to about 800 MHz, what we'll see here is more stuff. This is probably a cell tower. Or is that... Yeah, we're around 800. I'm guessing this is a cell tower. They tend to have around... You see cell towers around 700, 800 MHz. I think, then, like 1,800-ish MHz. 1.9. If we go further down, we can actually see a TV station. TV stations in North America use a modulation scheme called ATSC which stands for... I don't remember what it stands for. But what it does is it takes an MPEG transport stream, then modulates it and transits it out RF, and then it puts a pilot tone that is fairly easy to see. So if we look here, this is also 6 MHz wide, which makes it fairly easy to identify. So if we look here, this is probably... See, this is probably a little bit longer. So over here, this is probably a TV station. If we look here, let's turn it up again. So we'll see that here's the pilot tone at 648 MHz, then at 6... Wait, 654, which is about here, actually, wait, that's actually probably not 1. Let's see. Or is it 4 MHz? I can't remember. There's a whole bunch you can see. On the FCC website, you can actually view the licenses for TV stations. One cool thing about ATSC is that the channel number does not correlate to the... California... does not correlate to the... Yeah, so there's a virtual channel number, which is what you see. And then there's a channel it transmits on. So you could have something that's like channel number 2, but it's actually transmitting on what would be the channel number 38 or whatever. This is done to make licensing and sharing the spectrum easier. See that. Should work. I was? Okay. No results.  This loads. I'm surprised it doesn't have more. Okay. So you can see that this is on channel 5, which is... Wikipedia has a nice list. North American television frequencies. If we go down to channel 5, that is on 76-ish megahertz. So due to the way the FM... or the broadcast bands have gotten divided up, you have the low channel, which is between zero and 14... or channel number zero to 14, which is everything that... which is VHF, or very high frequency. Then you have much higher channels, I think started around 500 megahertz. That is UHF, or ultra-high frequency. And that's the rest of it. Let's see. Let's see. 12 is... So in this case, it's channel number 12, and their virtual channel isn't filled in. So here you can actually see there's the... Yeah. So here... I'm going to guess this is probably a station at 200 megahertz. Let's see. So it can be sometimes hard to tell. ATSC is a very... you can find a station... Do you have a strong station near here? Okay. Okay, so here... that should be the pilot signal. So what you're seeing here is the... here's the pilot signal which is offset slightly to 210.31 megahertz. And then up around here, you're actually... this portion here, you're seeing the... you're seeing the actually actual data that's being transmitted. And ATSC... you'll actually see that it's fairly finicky that if I... how wide is it? It's six megahertz across the whole thing. It's from 210 to 216 except you're getting a bunch of other stuff. So this here actually... what I think... so what this here is... this is the... wait, where is it? You can't see that. Or you can see that these... well, so this is probably the wireless microphone I'm wearing. And it's actually... okay, maybe not. So this is some wireless... okay, I think it's wireless microphone. The funny thing is this isn't what the signal is transmitting on. What you're getting is out-of-band transmissions and that you either have a... this is either getting interference from it because it's really close so it's interfering. Or what you're seeing is that the microphone has some spurs or harmonics which is... in fact, it's trying to transmit at whatever frequency it's transmitting at 500 megahertz. Yeah, you're getting a harmonic so you try and filter it out but some stuff leaks through. So if you're over there, you won't receive it. But really close, you're receiving it and that's what this probably is. You'll also see there's a bunch of digital bursty packet stuff here that isn't part of ATSC and that's something else. So effectively, RF is a very... it's like being in a bar where everyone's shouting except and you're trying to have a conversation with someone. This is why you have organizations like the SEC who license it and try and help with this. Don't get them mad at you. If you're transmitting, know where you're transmitting on. Listen first. Make sure there's nothing there. Make sure there's nothing there. And then when you're transmitting use the lowest power necessary because that... the person two miles away doesn't need to hear you if you're transmitting in your own house. And that's about all. Does anyone have any questions? So right... Okay. How large is the slice that we're looking at? So the RF spectrum goes from... depending on how you define RF, a few hundred kilohertz up to hundreds of gigahertz. What we're looking at is I think 10 megahertz wide. 208 to... yeah, 10 megahertz wide. This radio, the USRP, can go up to, I think, 60 megahertz wide. Let's see. Yeah, it can do up to 60 megahertz or 54. And that... So right now we're viewing a fairly large portion of the spectrum. These O's here are actually saying there's a buffer overrun in that there was... we're getting more data than we can process. But you were looking from 186 megahertz to 240 megahertz. Depending on what you want, so like FM radio has about, I think like half, or no, 500 kilohertz is about as wide as it goes. You know, wide band signals like Wi-Fi that's either 20 or 40 megahertz wide. Does anyone have any additional questions? This is the B200. Full disclosure, I visited them and they gave it to me. I also have a Blade RF as well. If you want to see it later, you can come look at it. The USRP B200 slash B210, the only difference between those is the B200 can receive and transmit on one... as one receive and transmit port or can receive on one frequency and trans on the other. The B210 has twice, so it can receive on two different frequencies and transmit on two different ones. The Blade RF can receive on one and transmit on another one at the same time. These are what's called full duplex. The Hack RF is half duplex. You can only transmit or receive on one frequency at a time. Is there any other questions anyone might have? Just raise up your hand. I can hand it to the mic. Are you licensed? I have a ham radio license, yes. In addition, I'd like to remind everyone, don't sue me. I have kind of a non-technical amateur question, but when I move around the house at various times, it interferes with just my FM home radio. Also, I notice that occasionally, it seems like at certain points in my room, the hair will stand up on my arm. I swear it happens. I don't know if that makes sense, but can you explain what's actually happening in the house when you're getting that type of... I don't know what's actually happening. I'm guessing hair standing up sounds more like static electricity than anything. I'm losing reception. Buildings, which are made of concrete and metal usually, or commercial ones, tend to absorb RF fairly well. Humans are bags of water pretty much, which tends to absorb RF well, for gigahertz. There's also something called multi-path, which is especially common in urban canyons, where you have skyscrapers, and you're down here, a transmitter is wherever, in that the signal will reflect off, so you might get one signal directly from the transmitter. Another signal that bounces off something to you, and then a bunch of reflections are multiple paths, multi-paths, and this can cause problems in that you'll end up with multiple versions of the signal that you'll receive and they can interfere. That's what could be happening. I don't really know, though. It's probably one of those. Also, you could just have something in the way.  This is 2.4 gigahertz. You're looking at Wi-Fi. So this here is a one Wi-Fi channel. It is 20 megahertz wide. Here's another one. This is probably some proprietary thing. If you look in the... So Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are very interesting. Wi-Fi, it says, I'm on this channel, I'm using it, and it'll then say, hang in there, send something, everyone else be quiet. It sends stuff and it's done. Bluetooth frequency hops around and it's designed to give interference that goes right through it. Wi-Fi's approach to interference is it resends. Bluetooth just hops away from that fast Bluetooth and Wi-Fi can cause problems that Bluetooth will transmit where Wi-Fi is and they don't really talk to each other at all. You can end up with some interference between them. Yeah, 2.4 gigahertz can be a very crowded portion of the spectrum as well. Any other questions? The project you talked about for monitoring planes, would you call it 1090? Dump 1090. In addition to that, is there anything else that's comparable to monitoring anything else? Will it be satellites? For satellites, the FunCubeDongo Pro Plus is a single series design for the downlink from the CubeSat thing. Ballant Sieber, if you look him up, he's done some work on receiving signals from satellites. For satellites, effectively what you want to do is either find a signal or find a satellite. Usually you'll want to get a dish to get better signal quality, point it up there, and then you want to, for that you'll probably want to buy some filters and a low noise amplifier to put right on the dish to help filter out the signal, because the satellite is way, way, way up there and the signal can be fairly weak when it gets to you. As far as I know, there's not, there's not like, with satellites there's not like, hey, this is software you can use to find all of them. One of the problems with satellites is they don't always have, they aren't always like a, here's everything, all the modulation data for our satellite. So a lot of it can be reverse engineering stuff yourself. All right, do we have any other questions? All right, let me get them out of here. Hold up. Are the tools that you used in this presentation linked from the slides? Um, no. But Google or whatever your preferred source search engine is will fix that. Yes. I also have a page of, lastly, I would like to, so these are, this is the radio data system software that I used. If you just search Google for, let's see, if you search software, software, I don't want to move those slides. So the, really the software you care about is probably the new radio in GR Osmo SDR and then GQRX. If you're on OSX you can use Mac ports to install it all for you except for GQRX which you can just download from, build from source or download. I didn't show that, but you can use it. Then GR, but this is really all you need. I'd also like to thank these people. Jared Boone, he did the complex number visualizer thing, Russ Handorf, and actually all these people have helped teach me about software to find radio. Michael Osmond and Dominic Spill have done the, they do the hackrf and then scale for letting me speak here. Any other questions? What are you doing? Give them a round of applause, I guess. There we go. Excellent. Thank you again, Skyler. Welcome. I guess we have a little bit of a gap here. I don't know. You guys do whatever it is you want to do. You can come talk to me or avoid me. The choice is yours. So now you'll see this is here. Now you see this peak here. This is this microphone. Turn on. Wide band of thumb. Hello, hello. Hello, hello. You can kind of hear. And it crashes. Hello, hello, hello. So you can hear this here. If you notice, there is...


And God said, Behold, I've given you every herb-bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree in the witch is the fruit of a tree-yielding seed. To you, it shall be for meat." Yeah, now, we've got to say something great. You've been getting some crown of inspiration. Oh, I know. We're just, we're just, you know, everything's kind of under our control. I guess. Oh, dominion. I mean, like, dominion. Yeah, that's the word. Do you think dominion we have over children too, like? Well, no, you're not allowed to kill children. But do you think dominion means automatically to kill it and slaughter it? No, no, dominion means to protect and to take care of, like, look for trees down and grow a crop, you know? Like, um, like, take care, like, be the guardians and take care of... Yeah, that's it. Yeah, take care of the planet, that's it, of its creation.  Yeah, yeah. Slaughter them, torture them, put them in slaughterhouses. We do have to eat, but that's... Do you think we could eat an option like a fruit or a vegetable? Well, the body needs protein, but you can get protein in a certain range. What if you can get protein from a plant source that doesn't... you don't have to have a slaughterhouse or a gas chamber? Yeah, no, I see what you're saying, though. Like, with God, right? Yeah. Because I believe in the Creator too. Yeah, yeah. And do you think that He would think that slaughterhouses are okay? Jesus was God in the flesh, right?  He's talking about the fish? He didn't eat meat. He ate fish. Do you think Jesus would agree with the slaughterhouse? You're okay with fish? You're okay with fish? No, no, no, no. No. Fish fill pain and they suffer. They want to live. Like, they escape pain. They don't want to fish hook in the mouth. They suffocate. Yeah, we've got nervous system. That's it. Yeah, yeah. So, in our hearts, we see the animal suffering and we think, like, why would we put an animal through suffering when we can choose bread or fruit? As you see, you're pushing something. You don't understand this, but I'm looking more at eternal matters, you know? I'm more worried about where our spirit ends up. We have spirit. Wow. You believe in the same thing, essentially, right? Me too. You probably are on the same page. I believe in the Creator too. I don't think a big bang... I think big bang's a joke. So, have a look at this, you know? We exploded from... It's all put together, isn't it? It's all put together.  He does say, I'll kill, but that is related to murder. But who told you that? Because God in the flesh, you know, Jesus, who died for our sins, he ate me. Now, if God was against eating me, he wouldn't have ate me, you know? But you know, in the Garden of Eden, God gave his plant-baring seed. He had a calf when his prodigal son came home. They killed the calf. What about the youth familiar with that seed-baring plant in the Garden of Eden? God gave his seed-baring plant. That shall be our meat. Yeah, everything, yeah, true. Before sin entered the world, everything was laid off, that's true. Okay, so why should we continue sinning? Why not go back to the Garden of Eden? Oh, I can't answer everything. No, no, no. I can't tell you. No, no, no. What does your heart say? He gave you the God-given gift of wrong and right. What does your heart say? About animal, about eating animals. About why don't we eat plants that he gave us too, and that don't suffer? What would your heart say? Well, a gut's kind of made to eat both, isn't it? It'll handle that kind of thing. Okay, if you look at that and your conscience says that's not good, what's God telling you? Yeah, I don't have a problem with eating. I don't eat pigs. I think pigs are a dirty animal in here. They kind of got it. I'm a farmer by trade. I don't care a bit about animals, but pigs don't sweat, or they can pull their toxins in.  Yeah, yeah. The thing that the body couldn't get rid of. So yeah. Well, pigs eat everything.  They'll eat everything. If you want to get rid of someone who feeds them to the pigs, you know? Oh, he'll do that. Because there's like nothing left here. I like it. We're not talking about it from our point of view. We're talking about it from the victim's perspective. I don't like it. The pig doesn't want to be eaten. I don't like killing animals, either. You know, I don't like it. Why not? If we're meant to eat them, if God said eat animals, he shouldn't have made them so they suffer and so that we feel weird about it. Exactly. Why would he do that?  Yeah, I know. But when he himself is eating meat, I believe that endorses it. But he calls the seed-bearing plant meat as well. In the garden, yeah, yeah. That is the thing you can't answer, right? No, I can't. You don't really have a... No, I don't have an answer. I'm not going to act like an old because God knows everything. I don't. But that's why he gave you the gift of knowing wrong and knowing right, so you can navigate yourself through these issues. God might contradict himself. He's God in the flesh, ate fish, made with Jesus, feed the five thousand... There was something called fishweed back in those days. Fishweed. It was seaweed, bread and fishweed. I've heard that, too. There has been translation issues with the Bible. I remember he fed five thousand people with the... Fishweed and bread. ...with the little boy who brought the fish and the fish along and fed everybody. He's a supernatural modifier. God does that. So from your perspective, right? Yeah. Do you think that God would be okay with slaughterhouses in destroying a planet, destroying all his creations? Let me put it to you this way. The world is busy at the moment redefining right and wrong. I just yelled it out there a minute ago. Abortion is a far bigger problem than this. Killing people, you know. How many babies get aborted each year? How many animals are getting killed every second? How much more precious is a person, too? The crown of God's grace. God said he gave man a spirit, but he didn't give the animals a spirit. But all of his creations... I'm not debating just because he says that. But all of his creations would be deed to his heart.  Well, you know, as you said about the garden, the original intention of God was for no one to suffer. And that's where suffering comes from. We should go back to the garden where there was no sin. We can do that in our lives now. In the Christian tradition, what we have is a Jesus who is the Prince of Peace. And it's important to remember where that comes from. It comes from the prophet Isaiah. And the Prince of Peace in Isaiah 11 is ushering in God's new age of non-violence. If we read Isaiah 11, the holy mountain is filled with the knowledge of the Lord, where even the lion lies down with the lamb and there is no bloodshed whatsoever. We can't because we're in a fallen body. The world isn't... Well, we can do our best. You do believe we can do our best if we don't have to eat cruelty and suffering and violence? What I would recommend to you, and what happened to me 20 years ago, get a relationship with God. I have been developing my relationship with God. And he's given me strength to come back to him broken and scream out to him, you know, because that's what he does. It's not church. He saved me, took me straight out of church. Because church is a lie.  I'm a farmer by trade. But it's a lie. Oh, because it tastes nice? No, that's a shallow answer. No, no, that is... You know, I was talking to a religious guy last week and he said the same thing. He said, I said there's a lamb in the middle of the room. Jesus on one side, the devil on the other. There's a dagger in your hand.  Other instances are Christ's condemnation of animal sacrifice at the temple in Jerusalem. No, no, no. Why not? There's always good and evil. There's the devil. And there's God. Spiritual force.  Yeah. Well, Jesus... No, no, no.  The lamb is, like, not there in my eyes. Like, I don't... So what do you care about in terms of women being or do you care about humans? I care about people's internal besties. We are eternal. Oh, yeah, I do. I care more about the babies that have been murdered. I care more about that. Right.  You don't really care about humans. Well, I care about... Well, God gives me the guidelines here. He ate fish, he ate meat. What about dogs? Oh, here's a good one. What about dogs?  Have you got pets? I have shot a dog before. I didn't like it. No, I had to. It didn't feel good. No, the dogs attacking the sheep. Yeah. So you had to. Well, that's not murder. To stop the cruelty to the sheep, you know what I'm saying.  Oh, no. So what is that? You're going against your natural instinct. They're ripping the throats here, you know. But when we...  There is... That is not God-loving. I know, but there is... But is that God's work? Oh, no.  So that's not even... But do you think that... Do we pig something? No, no, no. Oh, yeah, yeah. But do you think you can still believe in the Word of God and be a Christian? Yeah. But still straight, like, make your own decisions on things that you don't have to do anything? This is not a salvation issue, as such, you know. Okay. It's just like a... It's a conscious thing before God, I believe. Wow. When he said don't kill, He ate fish, he ate meat, but I do believe in humanely killing. I treat my animals as humanly as I can.  God forbid. We were discussing that before. It's not really humanly. Quickly. You know, that doesn't want to die. Yeah, it doesn't really want to die. We've said that before.   Did you do it on purpose, though? Yeah, we don't believe in it. Yeah, probably. We probably do that, too. But you're just going to get panicked. Okay, but if you're defending yourself, if you're defending...  Well, if you were under attack... But what if they were... No, but what if they were... If you're under attack, then you can defend yourself. That's what we're saying.  But are the chickens... Oh, yeah, I'm just trying to... But are the chickens... I'm being facetious. I'm trying to say, there is a time that we need to kill something, you know. But not like this. No, but when I spot a fly, I don't pluck one wing off and then the other. No. I just go... There's no need for that. No, there's no need for that. I agree with that. I'm going to leave him with Joey now. Pleasure, mate. All the best. Nice to talk to you about it. Joey knows that. Thank you. I'll get him back to the boys anyway. No worries. But yeah, he gave us conscience. As conscience, he did. Wrong or right? If you look at that and that goes, that's not good, then who's... I agree. I think that he's talking to us, telling us. I've seen farmers, you know, starve. The killing them to me is kind of... That's quick and...  But that's quick and clean, it doesn't harm an animal, you know. It doesn't let it have a drink of water. That's worse. All these animals are treated unfairly. Farmers can be cruel as well as meatworks, you know what I mean? Farmers send all their animals to the same slaughterhouse. Yeah, okay. Is this Australian footage? Or obviously... This is Australian footage. Is this TFI? Or who are these people? Which slaughterhouse, you know? This is Australia-wide. Some of them are out of late here. Some of the pigarees are here in South Australia. Yeah. Yeah, no, that's it. There's no loophole around whether it's going to be humane or not. I just don't think... This is your passion. And this kind of matters, but in eternity, eternal destiny is so much bigger deal, you know? Heaven, hell, we're playing for keeps here. Yeah, maybe this is something to do with it. Maybe this means something. By being good, you don't get this. Just by being forgiven. But once you become his child, he guides you in a long discussion. That doesn't give us the right to go out and just slaughter. No, it doesn't. No, no, that's it. You know what I mean? There's still wrong and right. Well, I agree, you know. Morality, there's...  Yeah, because it's not natural. God didn't make us like that. No, that's it.  You haven't killed anything, that's it. Yeah, but you put children in this slaughterhouse and say, watch this. Yeah, oh yeah. They're not going to want to eat it. Yeah, no. And God created these children. You have a point. There is a point there. Yeah, there is a point. God created us like that. Yeah, yeah, we're the... We're the conscience, and that makes us sick. Why would that make us sick if it was natural? He also gave us conscience for this reason. I was just preaching about so that we know we fall short of his standard. Yeah. And then we come back to him. That's what repentance is. It's not church attendance. It's not the sinner's prayers. It's coming back to God broken. People won't do it. They get all religious, you know. It's not it. I think religion's given God a bad name. It has. You look at it with the devil. The devil runs religion. He does. There's a tip for you. He runs out too, mate. He runs out too. Peter makes the argument that Jesus, like many religious leaders throughout history, was an advocate of kindness and mercy. And that this outlook was in no way meant to be limited exclusively to human beings. Brass tax, though. Even if Jesus wasn't a vegetarian, Christians have to ask ourselves, what does it mean that animals are treated as so many inanimate objects today? What does it mean that chickens are given less space per bird to live their lives than an eight and a half by 11 sheet of paper? That they're crammed by the tens of thousands into these sheds, cooped in their own pieces. That their beaks are seared off without any kind of anesthetics seared off with a hot iron so that many of them starve to death because eating becomes so painful that they're crammed under the back of these transport trucks by the thousands off to the slaughterhouse they go through whatever weather extremes many of them dying and they're hung upside down and that they have no legal protection whatsoever. Now again, if we did this to dogs or cats, Christians would be horrified. If a kid hurts an animal, parents will say that's not nice. Stop that. Even that's not Christian. We all understand that it's un-Christian to hurt an animal. But we suspend reality. When we sit down to eat, we want some chicken nuggets. You know, and it's killing us and it's destroying the environment and it's patently immoral. Whatever your faith background. The notion that Jesus was a vegetarian may set an example not only for Christians but for anyone who sees him or herself as a kind and merciful person. Leonardo da Vinci said, I have no doubt that one day all human beings will look back on the murder of animals in the same way we presently look at the murder of human beings. So it's inevitable. And the question is, what can we do to make it come about more quickly?