Welcome, ladies and gentlemen, in the room and on live stream to the re-skilling the workforce for a digital future. On this very sunny day in Davos at the 48th annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, I'm joined today by Chuck Robbins, Chairman and CEO of Cisco, Cheryl Martin, Managing Director and Head of Industries at the World Economic Forum, Mike Grégoire, CEO of CA Technologies, and last but not least, Bill McDermott, CEO of SAP. Thank you for all for being here. So today we're launching a new initiative and Chuck, I would like you to know, let me know how this initiative got started and also why this focus on re-skilling. Well, first of all, thanks to everyone for being here and thanks to everybody who's watching online. This is something we're incredibly excited about. We've been working very hard for the last two years, lots of folks and I just do want to, although I can't call them all out, I would like to just recognize the team members that actually put this all together because we get to sit up here and take a lot of credit for it. I can assure you most of the work was done by somebody else, so thanks to all the team members who have done that. When we got together two years ago and I was asked if I would lead the IT Governors Council, it was just a moment where I said, you know, if we actually commit to doing something tangible, then I'm quite happy to do it. And so I think there was a lot of energy around trying to decide what we wanted to actually go after and what we wanted to do. And we all agreed that day and Mike and Bill were there that, you know, obviously we all know that technology is going to permeate every job on the planet in the future as well as technology will dislocate some jobs. And we feel like that not only do we have a responsibility but we have an opportunity to actually come together as a technology industry and create a platform where people can go and do a couple of things. Number one, they can actually assess themselves on the platform and determine where we think their capabilities lie. But perhaps the most impressive thing I believe is that all of the technology companies involved, some of us are competitors. And we all agreed that this was important enough that we would come, we would move above the competitive nature of our businesses. And we put a lot of our educational content together in one place. And for the technology companies, you have to understand, we view our content as really creating brand preference out in the marketplace. And when we go out and we educate students, we do it because it's the right thing to do, but we also know that they'll have a long-term loyalty to us. So for the technology industry to come together and actually decide that it was more important for us to create this platform and provide this opportunity, for me, was the most impressive part of what we've done. Now, this is just the beginning, and we have lots of great new ideas that Mike will talk about as I'm going to pass the reins to him tomorrow morning, but we're very excited about actually launching this and look forward to all the great things we're able to do on this platform in the future. Thanks, Chuck.  What role do you see the forum playing in this new initiative? Thanks so much. You know, I think there's a number of aspects for the forum that are very, very exciting. I think the first one relates to the theme of the meeting, creating a shared future in a fractured world. Part of that is actually addressing how and why do different parts of the population feel empowered or disempowered by the fourth industrial revolution as one aspect of what helps creating, is helping to create a fractured world. And so to see an initiative arising from one of our industry communities, which is the grounding of much of our public-private cooperation upon which the forum believes we can commit it to changing the world, to see that come about is really heartening for us. I think, again, alluding back to last year's theme, responsive and responsible leadership, to see an industry that has faced a lot of opportunity by bringing technology forward, to create a lot of opportunity, but also have to grapple with some of the threats of that technology to see it come together, as Chuck said, in a very non-competitive way and say, this is about enabling people to really get their arms around how do they take action themselves, empowering people, empowering future employees. Because I think we all see that there's a lot of positiveness in this if we can do reskilling right. And I think thirdly, the forums had a long-term commitment to education, gender, and work. We have a whole system initiative and conversations around this. And just yesterday, actually published a whole report looking at a thousand different job types and how and why they can be changed and adapted based on reskilling. And so this skillset portal and its rollout today is simply what we see as the first step of a real escalation and onboarding of not just this industry, but many others and many other activities that we have happening across the forum to really enable people, companies, society to make a big difference. And so we are really, really excited to support this.  And then handing off successfully tomorrow with the baton to carry this important race forward. So, Mike, you're the IT governor's chairman. Usually when people speak about reskilling, it's about learning code. This isn't what it's about. What advice do you have for someone who's interested in developing or refocusing their skill?  So if you take a look at the way the team built the portal under Chuck's leadership, it was never meant to be a point in time. You can start with a very simple skills assessment, try to get an understanding for what is your technical literacy. But right now we have eight different subject matters on the portal, but there's going to be literally hundreds over time. You can move away from coding altogether and really try to understand what are your business skills. Just because you have business skills, you're going to need those business skills in a technical environment. There's a session in there on sales. How would you try to engage with customers? What are the best practices for engaging with customers? How do you move and nurture a lead? These are all skills that I think an entry level person into tech that wanted to be a sales professional are going to get an opportunity to play with. Now once again, the way that the portal was built, it's a modern portal. It has a consumer look and feel. It's easy to navigate. You don't have to go through and understand a complicated manual and it's really been extensible. So as we get more content and we bring more companies that are working to solve this problem, I think you're going to see this as a great place for content. Coupled with that, we plan to post all of our jobs. Once again, you know, there's a lot of open jobs at Cisco right now. I'm sure there's a lot of open jobs at SAP, but when you look at the CAA, putting one out to that portal could become the hub for technical job creation. Wonderful. So Bill, you're known as the internal optimist. But this isn't really an optimistic situation. Do you still maintain that optimism given the upcoming challenges and the issues that are faced by many in today's workplace? Well, you know, optimism is one of the only free stimulus left in the world. And I don't see any reason not to take it and run with it. So I'm sticking to that optimistic view. And there are some reasons where we really should be very optimistic. If you think about this economy right now, we're in the midst of a customer driven growth revolution. I mean, there's never been opportunities in the entire world like there are today. The consumers on the move, they're in multiple channels. Data has become the new steel by which you can build new business models on the fly. And you can reach customers in all parts of the world, even if you're a small business without a lot of funding. So if we use digital and we embrace this change and this automation, it can be a real help to job creation. As an example, Gartner said there would be 2.9 trillion U.S. dollars in economic value created in AI alone by 2021. So this is a big, big market. Now I want to thank Chuck for his leadership. I knew how much it meant to him to get behind this cause. And that's why we took our head of corporate social responsibility and basically dedicated her to the world economic forum and Chuck's cause because we knew it was that important. And he's been a role model CEO. I think this year he'll train a couple of million people with online computer courses and other methodologies. We'll do the same. And I know Mike extremely well as a very, very fine CEO and a passionate leader. And you know Chuck couldn't be passing the baton on to a better guy and a better leader. So we're proud to do our part. You know, one of the things I really wanted to mention about this idea of collaboration in a fractured world, here you are seeing this collaboration and this trust.  And we know we cannot do everything for everybody. So to have one reskilling portal where millions and millions of people that we would have never reached on our own can be reached is pretty profound. So I think this idea of teamwork and trust is really at a new level here. And I'm very proud to have been a small part of it. And I know my dear colleagues at SAP feel the same way. I do want to make a little bit of a commercial announcement to the young people. You know, if you take a country like India, for example, you know, there's 800 million people between the ages of 18 and 36. So you have these young people all over the world that are looking for opportunities.  And I think you bring up great points on the curriculum. You know, not everyone is going to code software. Not everyone is going to be a software, a sales representative. You know, some people are going to be managers and educators and thinkers. And some people are going to be retooled and get entirely new careers. Well, the curriculum allows for that.  And I think we're, you know, trying to role model the importance of each individual and their skill set having a place in the new economy. On those passionate words, I'm going to open up the floor for a few questions. The gentleman in the front, please state your name and the organization you're from. Hey, Steve Clemens with The Atlantic. After President Trump was elected, Klaus Schwab said that one of the things he wanted to do was take business leaders who are involved in the World Economic Forum and try and look at things like job creation, look at what could be done to sort of respond to President Trump's claim that, you know, America was doing poorly, badly, wasn't doing this. And, you know, I had written kind of a tongue in cheek piece that industrial policy was coming to America through the World Economic Forum. So I'm interested in whether the meetings that Schwab had talked about ever happened and whether your project was linked to those at all because he did have a big reaction to it at that time. Yeah, I've never had a conversation about it, so it wasn't linked to it at all. I personally think that, you know, I said this in the panel I was on this morning. I think that in this world and in this fractured world we live in, that the business community, and even particularly the tech community, maybe that's just because that's where I live, has an opportunity and a responsibility to actually work on some of these more important issues. And I think they extend beyond issues that are directly connected to technology. I think the skills initiative that we're driving here, and I appreciate the kind words, but I'm going to tell you it was a big effort across a whole bunch of companies. So there are three of us up here who are fortunate enough to represent it, but there were a lot of companies involved. I think we have 10 that are part of the initial, and I guarantee it's going to grow quickly. But I think we have to come together and also leverage our ability to innovate, to attack other problems in the world, in the U.S. and Silicon Valley, things like homelessness and affordable housing and hunger, and there's a whole lot of issues out there that not only do we need to care about, I think we have the ability to leverage the innovation that we actually deliver on a day-to-day basis and actually go attack some of these issues. So that's unrelated to this, but it's sort of in the same vein with us, and I think that more of my colleagues, more of us feel that way than not, to be honest with you. And so I'm really honored to be up here today. To pile onto that, the thing we do have in tech is we're great at content and delivering content economically. And when you think about this particular problem, pretty much every country is trying to digitize their citizens, and this platform is not tied to any borders. You can log onto this platform, whether you're in India, you can be in Luxembourg, you can be in Kansas, and you're going to have access to this content. The other thing, we're seeing a lot of governments, and this is also something that I think we do very well with the tech community and the WEF is the public-private partnership. You know, the Department of Labor in the U.S. has labor centers all across the country. You know, getting this portal into the hands of people that are looking for jobs in these regional centers, there's almost $30 billion being applied with the E.U. on reskilling across all of its countries. There's a whole bunch of programs. I think this portal can be leading and showing people how they can quickly and easily start getting into the game of digital transformation. The portal is going up today, right? I think that's right. Yeah. Just wanted to ask if the portal is up. Yeah. I just want to give you one example of this is something that Cisco's learned from in the past is we have a program called Network Academies, which a lot of that content is being put into this program, and we're currently training to build point 2.1 million students around the world. Just to give you an example of what we think is possible, we took that program into prisons in Italy a couple of years ago. We had one really amazing graduate who took a tremendous number of cybersecurity courses, and I believe he was incarcerated for six or eight years, and he's now a cybersecurity specialist working for a company out of prison in Italy. I think that if we can accomplish that, then there's a tremendous amount of progress that we can make around the world. Anyone would like to ask another question? Yes? Please, the woman in the front. Just a simple question. How is the portal called? What's it called? Yeah, it's called. That's a good question. It's called skill net. Skill set. Thank you. I leave the marketing to other people. She has one more. She has another. How many people do you expect to attract? Could you come back a bit more on the genesis of the idea, specifically how you met, give us a timeline of when you decided to come up with this idea first? Yeah, so it started in Davos two years ago, and it was basically when I became the chairman, which Mike is going to become tomorrow, that's a two-year commitment. When we had our meeting in Davos, we just had a roundtable discussion amongst the members and said we all agreed we wanted to do something that resulted in taking action, and then we went through a list of probably five or six different things that we could go after, and we all agreed that this was the one that we could come together as an industry and probably have the most impact. And then we all took some of our most aggressive execution resources in our companies, and they're pretty relentless, and then they worked with some great partners at WEF, and just, you know, once we told them what we wanted to do and we had periodic check-ins with them, they just made it happen, and it's pretty impressive. So just for the audience that's online, how many people do you intend to attract? Mike, since this is your goal, I'll let you answer the question. Well, if Chuck can do two million and Bill can do two million, and we have the whole world to go after, I gotta think it's a bigger number than that, so we're gonna do our best to educate as many as we possibly can. Second row? Yeah, this is Lee Wei from Saishin from Beijing. In the tech world, it's actually not a very fractious world. It's actually a same monopolistic or oligopolistic world. Given the huge automation, especially in China, but also these tech giants, huge investment in intangible assets, do you think these kind of voluntary kind of effort by your companies will be enough to tackle this challenge posed by technology as well as these big techs? Does regulation have to come in to help your effort at a certain stage, and what would that be? Yeah, I'd just give you my thoughts on it. This is one of those really virtuous endeavors where you have powerful companies volunteering to help the world run better and to improve people's lives. You remember one thing about this world we're in right now? Machines can't dream, but people do. And there's a lot of people that are uninitiated in this modern economy, in this digital economy. And now's a chance to initiate them in this economy. And I don't think you need a regulatory environment to help us reach people who are uninitiated because free will is not an illusion. It's a human right. And everybody can get on this skill set now and really focus on their commitment to getting better and improving their skills and going to the next level. I would like to also say I think we're in an era where it's not just about augmented reality and artificial intelligence. It's really about augmented humanity. And I would like to think about this much more as a human exercise than an IT exercise or a motive to gain competitive advantage. On the contrary, this is about sharing and exposing all of our best practices so everyone can benefit from them. From the forum's perspective, I think this bigger, broader look at education gender, the future of work, allows us to be very helpful to these efforts as well. And certainly some of the coalition building in different countries around the world, some of the efforts that we already have significant engagement in countries can be really helpful in either translating for local groups into how they might choose to use things like the portals, increasing awareness, right? Because there's obviously social media. There's a lot of different ways we could reach out. But in some places, the way we should reach out most closely is into the very local community through the way that they're choosing to leverage their own resources, educate people, build their cities and other pieces. And so from our part, and I think the forum as a platform, sees that it's this broad public-private partnership taking place in many different ways, leveraging both the macro of this type of platform and some of the micro-efforts and really, really being able to reach very huge numbers of people and hopefully very quickly as this revolution continues to take hold and make people's lives better. Sure. Steve Clemens again. I loved your story of the convict and hiring them. Jim McKelvie of LaunchCode, who has worked a lot, one of the co-founders of Square and others has worked a lot in taking people who've been trained but not trained well enough in coding perhaps and turning them out. And he found he was having problems getting them hired because these were people that had had some sort of speed bump or problem in their profile. He actually called Cisco and I remember telling the story about John Chambers and saying, you know, your HR department is just too risk-averse. And then John turned around and began hiring. So you may know this story. And I'm interested in, to what degree, you may skill people, you may find that portal, but you have rigidities in large companies in HR departments that may not be where, you know, in the same wave. You, you are all expressing. So I'm interesting to what degree you're setting patterns, frames, benchmarks for HR departments that have been avoiding the kind of people that Chuck just talked about. I think it's a good point that we have one thing working in our favor. We have 500,000 open jobs in the US. We have 600,000 open IT jobs in Europe. We don't have good data on Latin America or Asia, but I would imagine that the openings compared to the qualified people has got to be, have great disparity. So a free market is going to push these people into those opportunities. Secondly, if you're going to get certified in some of the technologies that we have, these are the technologies that the biggest companies in the world are looking for. These are the kinds of skills that we need. We put this in place for our own companies and we've opened it up to the whole world. So these are skills that we know we need. These are skills that we know we would hire for.  Yeah, we're actually, this is Cisco, but it'll extend into this program. We're in refugee camps. I mean, we're extending this kind of capability. So I think that the more this becomes a public, publicly known. And I think to Mike's point, the supply and demand issue on the talent side is going to actually make, you know, take a lot of that stuff off the table. So on that note, is there any addition? I was just going to say, you know, I keep going back to the young people because if you look at youth unemployment, whether it's in the Middle East, Europe, North America, even in Asia, I mean, it's unbelievable how many people are uninitiated in the workplace. Countries now are changing their business model based on their natural resource and they're actually partnering with private companies like ours and others to basically mentor, train and get young people ready for the workforce. So I think if you look at something like this and we were to initiate, let's say millions of young people into this program and they were to be certified if you want to put some rules on this and you were to align that certification with the HR systems or the HR people of our companies which we're certainly willing and of course able to do, I think you bring up a great point, Steve, like how many more people could we feed into the pipeline, whether they're reformed because they serve their time or they're uninitiated because they haven't had a skill match with a job opportunity or they just don't know where the jobs are. You know, one of the big things in this workforce, the fastest growing employment opportunity in the world is temporary labor. It's really interesting. Last year we put three million people in temporary jobs through a business network called FieldGlass and I had mentioned that obviously to Chuck and Mike and members of the WEF as a way to essentially have a rules-based network where people could come in and not only get full-time jobs if that's what's available but get contract jobs maybe six month or 12 month contract jobs because those jobs are growing at nearly 60% on a year-over-year basis in almost every geography around the world. So I think we need to just initiate people not only in the portal but initiate them into the process of either a contingent job where it's based on temporary contracts or full-time and that's something that you bring up a good point. We should, you know, align it with the HR systems and make sure we're going out of our way to get new people in the system. Thank you. First, before I close this press conference, I'd like to encourage you and invite you to check out thisskillset.org webpage. My colleague in the back of the room will be there also and be able to show you how the portal works if you have any questions about that. And then I would like to thank my panelists for a very interesting and dynamic conversation about reskilling and the potential future that we have in front of us. And then I would like to thank all of you in the room and online for joining us. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you.


Let's try this determining the molar mass of the gas problem This one says the oil produced from eucalyptus leaves contains the volatile organic compound eucalyptol at 190 degrees Celsius and 60 pour a sample of eucalyptol vapor at a density of 0.320 grams per liter Calculate the molar mass of eucalyptol. Okay, so We should be able to do this using that Molar mass equation that was derived from the ideal gas law. Okay, so Why don't you guys help me out with that molar mass equation first? So if you guys remember it the molar mass equals what? density times r T yeah divided by Yeah, so remember molar mass density r. That's the gas constant. So that's got to be given to you t and p So let's write down the gas constant And I'm gonna write in fact, why don't I? Yeah, I'll just write it like this So we can remember what units we need to cancel out. Okay, so hopefully this gives us a clue to say well Or that's in the wrong units. We need atm Kelvin that's in the wrong unit. We need To change degrees Celsius to Kelvin. Okay, so Let's convert those Okay, so Kelvin ATM Leaders and we want molar mass to be in Grams per mole. So we've got grams and moles left. So this should work out So let's just plug everything into this and see if our values are units don't actually So density R 821 leader ATM or one mole Kelvin Calving by all that by the pressure 0.789 Okay? So let's see. So liters, cancels with liters, ATM, cancels with ATM, Kelvin, cancels with Kelvin, grams per mole. Grams per mole is good units for molar mass. So, of course. So to three sig figs, I get a molar mass of 154 grams per unit total. Okay? So that's how you do a problem like this. Are there any questions on something like that? Okay. I think the most important thing to do is remember your unit so you can cancel them out when you get the right answer. Okay? Good luck. All right. Good job.


USS Curtis Wilbur officers learn about a different side of surface warfare as they visit mine countermeasureship USS Patriot. It was completely different the size and you know not having as many missiles and weapons that we have the same weapons system so it was a completely different change. And nearly half the size and a third of the crew of Curtis Wilbur touring Patriot showed the officers what it was like to be a part of a small command. I hope that they were able to gain a better appreciation of another war area of surface warfare another class of ship and another way another smaller ships are organized and are run. With only 84 sailors on board the ship the crew works tightly with each other to accomplish their missions. After touring USS Patriot the Curtis Wilbur officers now know the benefits of serving in a small command. Petty officer Chris Henry he goes to Naval Base, Japan.


US CIA warns of a risk of war between Iran and Israel. The destruction of the Iranian consulate in Syria, which resulted in the deaths of dozens of senior Iranian officials and generals, risks escalating into a major war in the region. American intelligence CIA warned that within 48 hours Iran could launch a military operation against Israel, reports Vox News. Earlier, senior officials in Iran reacted to the attack by stating that their country already has every right to respond to Israel's attack on their consulate, a Middle Eastern media outlet reported. Lebanese Pan-Arab satellite news channel Al-Mayadeen has stated that Tehran plans a combined drone and missile attack dubbed a rainstorm, launched from its bases targeting strategic sites within Israel. Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini published threats in Hebrew. With God's help, we will make the Zionists repent for the crime of attacking the Iranian consulate in Damascus, he wrote. On April 1st, Israel launched a missile strike on the Syrian capital Damascus. As a result of the attack, the Iranian consulate building was destroyed. One of the casualties in the attack was a senior commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Mohammed Reza Zahedi. His name was included in the so-called blacklist of the United Nations, which consists of 15 high-ranking military and political figures of Iran suspected of involvement in Tehran's nuclear and missile programs and who are banned from leaving Iran. His death was arguably the most significant blow to Quds. Since its then commander, Qassem Soleimani was killed in a U.S. targeted assassination in January 2020 in Baghdad. After the incident, the Israel Defense Forces announced a call-up of reservists to strengthen its air defense system. This is not the first time that the Israel Defense Forces has struck Syria. In December, the Israeli army eliminated the senior advisor to the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Saed Razimusavi. Ukrainian troops have prevented another attack by the invading Russian army near Terny village in the direction of Lyman City in eastern Donetsk region. Artillery strikes were launched against the invaders who sought to advance with a convoy of tanks and other armored combat vehicles. As a result, the vehicles and manpower in the column were destroyed. A few surviving infantrymen tried to escape. It should be noted that Russian troops have stepped up attacks in Donetsk region in recent days. A convoy of 36 tanks and 12 infantry fighting vehicles of the Russian army advancing in the direction of Toninkoy village near Avdiivka city was destroyed by Ukrainian fighters. In addition, Russian troops launched an attack with armored vehicles near the village of Novo Mikhailovka. As a result, the vehicles and the convoy were destroyed, and the attack was prevented.


Sam here with late in sports cards. We are ripping 23. Top's Archive Signature Series Baseball. Full 20 box case break number 14, random team stuff. There's a look at your random results again. As always, you can find those on the website under the results tab, as well as a link that's in chat. So good luck here, guys, let's do it. Can't really see much with the, how big the case is. And that's got a smaller table too. So it makes it tougher. I should try to do like eminence or transcendent in here, dude, it'd be impossible. Legitimately impossible. Awesome, great, isn't it? Some great cardboard, nice screen you guys got there. It's a nice brown, brown screen. Joshua said we could make the OBS cry. Move the set up to the other room. Oh, no. Hold on. You're like, sorry guys, gotta transfer everything now. That would take like a couple hours. Oh yeah, minimum. All right. Not the camera. All right, box one. This is gonna be tough with no thing next to me. Starting off with the A's. 45, a 47, Marcus Simeon. Nice one there, Oakland, Simeon. Ranger legend now, Marcus Simeon, that is. Hey, Glee, you get that for 130. I think that's probably a good, good snack. Box two is gonna be, again, for the A's. This time, Mark Canna, three of 28. Mark Canna on a 21 Gypsy Queen, or Allen and Ginzer, not Gypsy Queen, that's Allen and Ginzer. Nice one there. Yeah, I'm not gonna do that. I wanna get in trouble for no reason. That hold me too. Yeah. He told me to. We don't do that, we do. Next up, Austin Meadows, 29 of 55 for the A's on a 22 Tox. Here you go, Tampa, the case. I mean, like in this, I don't know, actually. Ryan Reynolds, four of 99 for the Pirates, trade candidate there. Imagine PSA just puts a drain on just the cardboard box. This is not even open, it's just created. That's a close case. This knife stinks. This knife actually stinks. Well, you got two other ones. You might be switching them out. Going back to Tampa again, 11 of 12. Randy Arrozarena on a 22 Tox heritage. Delivered by Forklift. Switched them out. I think this one's actually pretty solid, I think. Yeah, there we go. Yeah, there's always some pretty interesting players in this for sure. Telling Matt I'm complaining. Dylan Cease, 21 of 69, nice. For the White Sox on a 22 Tox heritage.  He could just deal with it. It's like, he'll be like, I do it every day, I don't hear me complaining. Guy comes in one, starts complaining. But you know me, Matt. Ooh, nice. Lucas Geolito, one of one for the Nationals. On a, it's 2015 Bowman Chrome. There you go, Washington. One of one, Lucas Geolito. And his contract here, where's he gonna end up? It's gonna be back with the White Sox. We've got Alejandro Kirk, autograph signer. I think he's only been on the Blue Jays. So that probably will just, by default, go to the Blue Jays. Kirk, baseball reference. Yep, just for the Blue Jays. So that'll go to the Blue Jays by default. He's gonna say I'm pretty sure he was only up Blue Jays. So that'll go to the Blue Jays. Hey, man, I'm pretty sure Forrest Blue's kind of far away from me. So I'm probably, what did you want to say there?  I don't know, how long, how far is he in for me? I don't know, good question. Tristan Costas, 84 of 99 for the Red Sox. On a 2019 Bowman. I've been to a fair before. None of it's great in my opinion, it's kinda like mid- It's the fair, I mean it's cool, but it's like a run in the mill fair. It's like, I just go for the food. It's very expensive too, I will say that. Kyle Tucker, that is one of 37 for the Astros on a, is that 2020? Heritage? Hickley, I think that's the problem that you worry about me every day. It's kind of like, why? I'm a grown adult. I worry about that. Some days. There's Mike Yastremsky, one of one. Nice one there for the Giants. Congrats on that, Giants. What's up, Jonathan? That's a 2020 Tops Heritage, or no, Tops Archives. Nice one there. No, just 2020 Tops. I just worry about Connie for different reasons. Many different reasons. I worry about everybody here. There's Matt Manning, 29 of 30 on a Bowman 1st paper. Florida Tigers. Hickley, we've never met before. How can we, how can we almost be proud of you? Santa Card booth with AC, there we go. Zach Gallin, three of six. He's having a great year so far. There you go, Arizona. On a 21 Allen and Ginzer. Zach Gallin, next one. Gonna be a six of six. Shane Boz, as a Bowling Green hot rod. That'll go to the Braze. Bowling Green, like Bowling Green hot? Yep, that's cool. That'll go to the Braze. There's the Gallin hat, and Gallin hat. What year is that really quick? I think that's 21, right? Yeah, 21 he would have been on the Rays. Here plays Mahais, probably.  Jazz Chisholm, 17 of 99, the Boz. Yeah. Jazz Chisholm, future stars. Yeah, because technically he was technically on Pirate, like that's where his first is, but that was a while ago. Way before that, 2021. Next one here, Elliot Ramos, 16 of 38 for the Giants on a Bowman paper. I feel like a J-Rod to come out of this or something. I ended up buying this because I didn't know Jazz. Yeah, Jazz, you'll see one Jazz a case generally, I would say. I mean, obviously not that, but usually about one Jazz a case. D.O. Hall, 29 of 99 for the Orioles. Nice one there, Baltimore. Geez, thank you, Jeff, taking a bunch of teams in 50, 51 and 52. Appreciate you, buddy. Very nice. See, King's gone in 51, thank you, Anthony. Yeah, J-Rod would not surprise me the way today's been going too, Zythron. Got a Chris Taylor, 52 out of 94 for the Dodgers, on a 2018 heritage. I love archives, dude.  Justin taking a division in Obsidian. I think that's down to like two now would be my guess. So that's almost sold out. Obsidian full case random division style, that's a deep one. Yeah, it's nine of 58, Brandon Crawford for the Giants. Nice one there, San Fran. Giants shortstop, Brandon Crawford. Last box is Adam Frazier. Going to the Padres, 26 of 65, on a 22 opening day. Grads on that, San Diego. That is gonna do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for getting this filled up. I do appreciate it. Up next, we've got case number 15.


Today I will discuss a unit that is rules of inference and unit number 7. In this unit we will discuss only two basic points. First one is rules of inference and the second one is some sole examples of rules of inference. Now this unit not only introduces to you the rules of inference but also the uses of the rules in case of formal proof of validity. It also provides us to go through some sole examples of the rules of inference in order to know how the rules of inference are applied to stage the validity of arguments. Now dear learners you will see that what is rules of inference. In the preceding chapter you have already come to know the formal proof of validity which discusses the concepts like strategy for deduction. Rules of inference rules of refreshment differences between rules of inference and the rules of refreshment. Then test of formal proof, general suggestion for formal deduction, etc. Therefore this unit emphasizes only on the application of the rules of inference. Now dear learners you will see there are nine rules of inference. These rules are considered self-evident and are therefore valid without any proof. On the basis of these rules we can determine the test of validity or invalidity of arguments. As we can derive a conclusion on the basis of self-evident rules, so the method of deriving a conclusion from the rules is called deductive method. Now dear learners you will see what are the rules of inference. You see dear learners first one is modus ponens that is P implies Q P therefore Q. This is the rules of modus ponens. So what it means? This rule means affirmation of the antecedent and on the basis consequences affirm. We can take an example of valid argument by applying these rules. Now dear learners you see we can take an example. You see dear learners if modu is intelligent he will be able to pass in the examination and modu is intelligent therefore he will be able to pass in the examination. And this argument can be symbolized as valid argument form of the rule of modus ponens. So you see dear learners how can we symbolize this type of argument. You see we can symbolize this example. So in this way P implies Q P implies Q means if modu is intelligent then he will be able to pass in the examination. And you see P means modu is intelligent and therefore Q indicates that he will be able to pass in the examination. Now dear learners you see there are also other valid argument forms of modus ponens. Now dear learners you will see there are also other valid argument forms of modus ponens. There negation P implies negation Q negation P therefore negation Q. You see the second rules of inference that is modus ponens. Now dear learners you see in the blackboard P implies Q negation Q therefore negation P. Now dear learners you see this argument means the denial of the consequence and on that basis the antecedent is denied. Means P implies Q negation Q therefore negation P. So dear learners we can take an example of valid argument form by applying this rule and this the argument is you see if he wins in the match he will give us a party. He will not give us a party therefore he does not win the match. So this is the example of modus ponens. But how can we symbolize this type of argument dear learners you see that the symbolic form of this argument is P implies Q P implies Q negation Q therefore negation P. This is the symbolic form of modus ponens. So this symbolic form is considered valid argument form of modus ponens. Now dear learners you see the third rule of inference is rules of inference is disjunctive syllogism. So you see dear learners P val Q negation P therefore Q. So this is the rule of disjunctive syllogism. This argument holds that if one of the options or disjunct is denied in the minor premise the other option or disjunct is accepted in the conclusion. So we can take real example of disjunctive syllogism dear learners you see in the blackboard. Either he will win or defeat in the match he will not win in the match. Therefore he will defeat in the match. So this is the real example of disjunctive syllogism. But how can we symbolize this real example you see dear learners how can you symbolize. So P val Q means either he will win or defeat in the match. Either he will win or defeat in the match if we if we take P and we take Q here. Then it means P val Q P means he will win or Q means defeat in the match. Then you see this means he will not win in the match. We means negation P. So and the last one that is conclusion he will defeat in the match means Q. So this is in this way we can symbolize the example P val Q negation P therefore negation Q. Now dear learners you see the fifth rule of inferences that is hypothetical syllogism. So how can you write this type of rule of hypothetical syllogism P implies Q Q implies R therefore P implies R. Dear learners you see this rule means that both the premises are conditional statements and they have one common statement. The common statement is known as antecedent in one premise and the other is consequent in another premise. Now we can take real example of hypothetical syllogism in order to better understand its logical form. Now you see dear learners we can take a real example of hypothetical syllogism if modu is intelligent he will be able to pass in the examination. If he passes in the examination he will be able to get a job therefore if modu is intelligent then he will be able to get a job. So this real example we can symbolize dear learners. So you see how can we symbolize this real example of hypothetical syllogism P implies Q Q implies R therefore P implies R. So this is a valid form of hypothetical syllogism dear learners. You see the next rule of inference that is conjunction that is you see dear learners P and Q therefore P and Q. You see dear learners P Q and therefore P dot Q. This rule means that the first two premises are joined together by the word AND. Next one you see simplification rules. So P dot Q therefore only P so this is the rule of simplification. This rule states that if the two premises are joined by the word AND or by the symbol dot the first variable or conjunct can be inferred as the conclusion P dot Q therefore P. So this is the rule of simplification. Now dear learners you see the seventh rule that is addition. So P so you see P therefore P fell Q. So this rule is known as addition. So this rule means that we can add variable or variables to the premises by the symbol fell. Now the next rule is absorption P implies Q therefore P implies back at begin P dot Q back at close. So according to this rule consequent carries antecedent consequent carries antecedent in the conclusion. So this is the rule of absorption dear learners. Now you see constructive dilemma this is another rule of rules of inference. How can we write the learners you see P implies Q R implies S P fell R therefore Q fell R. So what this rule means that this rule indicates that or this rule states that there are two conditional propositions and a major premise possesses two different antecedents. You see major premise indicates or major premise possesses two different antecedents here it is P or here it is R. So you see therefore both denotes different consequent we can take a concrete example to understand if a man is honest he must be respected and if he is a social worker he must get reward. So a man is either an honest man or a social worker therefore the conclusion is either he must be respected or he must get reward. So how can we symbolize this type of concrete example dear learners you see P implies Q dot R implies S and P fell R therefore Q fell S. So this is a valid form of constructive dilemma dear learners. Now you see another rule of rules of inference is that is destructive dilemma dear learners you see.  So that is destructive dilemma in the previous one you have you have already the idea of constructive dilemma here the next one the opposite one that is destructive dilemma. Now dear learners you take a concrete example then you will be able to know. So we can take a concrete example in order to understand its logical form if a man is honest he must be respected and if he is a social worker he must get reward. A man is either not respected or does not get reward therefore the conclusion is either he is not honest or not a social worker. So this is all about a concrete example of destructive dilemma dear learners. So now the next step is how can we symbolize this type of concrete example now dear learners you see how can we symbolize so in this way we can symbolize P implies Q dot R implies S dot negation Q fell negation S. Therefore negation P fell negation R. So this is a valid form of destructive dilemma. So dear learners this is all about the rules of inference. So how can we symbolize the concrete example the idea is given to you in the previous slide. Now you see how can we determine the validity of arguments applying the rules of inference. So you see dear learners therefore it is given the sole example of sole examples of rules of inference. Now you see dear learners there are some sole examples of formal proof of validity given in this section in order to understand how the rules of inference are applied to test the validity of arguments. Now dear learners you see this is an example so we have to apply the rules in order to find out the conclusion. Now dear learners you see first step is P implies Q second one is Q implies S third one is P and the conclusion is S. Now you see how can we find out the conclusion S applying the rules of inference. Now dear learners you see first and second by hypothetical syllogism first and second if we use the rules of hypothetical syllogism then we find out the conclusion that is S. So you see first we have to apply first and second by hypothetical syllogism first and second we apply a hypothetical syllogism then we find P implies S. Then fourth and third this is fourth and third we have to apply by modus ponens then we find the conclusion S. So in this way we have to find out the conclusion or we can test the validity of arguments by applying the rules of inference. So this is an solved this is a solved example of rules of inference dear learners. Now you see another one that is first one is P value Q P value Q implies R second one is S value P third step is negation S and conclusion R. So here also we have to see what are the rules we have to apply here in order to deduce the conclusion R. So dear learners you see so the first step we find P how can we find P we have to apply second and third by this junctive syllogism here you see second and third we have to apply this junctive syllogism then we have to find P. Next you see how can we find P value Q here also you see four addition this is four P value Q. So this is the we apply addition rules now you see the next step are the conclusion are how can you find out how can you deduce one and five modus ponens one that is one and another five. So that is R we apply here modus ponens rules one and five then we find out the conclusion R. So this is another solved examples of rules of inference dear learners.  Now you see how can we find out or how can you deduce the conclusion T out of these four steps now you see one and two that is constructive dilemma. So we have to apply this then we have to find Q L S next one four and five we apply modus ponens rules then we find out the conclusion T. So this is another example of rules of inference dear learners. Now you see first we have to another way another way of deducing conclusion out of the premises means there are some real examples given to you. You have to symbolize the argument after that you have to prove how can we deduce the conclusion out of the premises. So you see out of the premises so you see there is a real example given to you that is if rain comes in time farmers will be happy. So how can we symbolize that is R or F R means rain or F means farmer here. So R implies F we can symbolize this example if rain comes in time farmers will be happy so we can symbolize R implies F. Next one if farmers are happy there will be good crops how can you symbolize the again farmers F and that is C. So F implies C the rain comes in time so we can symbolize here giving R rains come in time so the conclusion will be there will be good crops so that it will be good crops that is conclusion C. So how can we deduce the learners the conclusion C out of these three steps. Now the learners you see we apply here one two hypothetical syllogism by applying one two hypothetical syllogism we find R implies C. Now you see how can we deduce the conclusion then C we apply four and three rules modus ponens rules here four and three means that is we find out the conclusion C applying modus ponens rules in four and three steps. So this is the sole example of rules of inference the learners. So this is all about the rules of inference how can we apply the rules of inference in order to deduce the conclusion the learners. Now you see what are the basic points in this unit rules of inference. Now the learners you see in the blackboard rules of inference are considered self-evident and are therefore valid without any proof. On a basis of these rules we can determine or test the validity or invalidity of arguments that is why these rules are known as deductive method. Second one modus ponens means what affirmation of the antecedent and on that basis consequent is affirm. Modus ponens means the denial of the consequent and on that basis the antecedent is denied. Another one another basic point is this argument holds that if one of the options or disjunctions denied in the minor premise the other option or disjunction accepted in the conclusion. Now you see the learners another basic point that is hypothetical syllogism means that both the premises are conditional statements and they have one common statement. The common statement is known as antecedent in one premise and other is consequent in another premise. The learners this one is disjunctive syllogism this one is disjunctive syllogism so the learners so this is all about the basic points of rules of inference. Now the learners you see what are the books you have to consult or you have to read in order to know the unit in a very comprehensive way. So the learners you can take the book that is sanda sakravarti logic informal symbolic and inductive. So this book you can take another one are being copied that is book is symbolic logic and copy copy that is introduction to logic and RC Munshi handbook of logic and Samki Sourcing book modern logic. And you can also took another very important book that is krishna join it takes book of logic. I think the learners you have understood by going through this unit and for understanding in order to know more you have to consult with this book what are the books I have already given to you. So the learners thank you.


Do you know how the videos start? Uh, how your videos start? Yeah, yes. Good morning, John. Good job. Vlogbrothers! What are you, how do your videos start? Wheezy Waiter! Bumpt! Cat! Cat! Why don't I have theme music? I'll make one for you. Vlogbrothers! The great thing is that I'm gonna put that in as the intro and then we're gonna have that conversation. That sounds good. I love it. So, people have suggested things that we should do together and questions we should ask each other. Okay. Let's start with this question.  Wait, so if I have a face for a butt, does that mean I have a butt for a... No, no, no. I just would have two faces. You have two faces. Two faces?  Well, obviously I would... Hey, hey, hey, two faces. Two faces. Because I need to eat.  But the butt wouldn't have any teeth. Or would it? Would the butt have teeth? And I think it'd just be smoothies.  So no one has to know. But you would have to sit on it. Let's do a suggestion for an activity. Okay. Um, zero efficiency says hide. It's not easy to hide from a camera. Jessica wants us to play one word story. Do you know what that is? Yes, we just, we make a story with one word at a time. Yeah. The big giant tag. Money. So he decided to make more dogs. Lacksy-daisy-kly. Put monkeys in the cupboards. Auntie says, Igale punch competition. I think probably means eagle. Do you have an eagle in here? Oh, there's all over the place. Oh, there's one. Oh, come on. Come on. Ask now. Wait, who's the competition? Gotta get a lot. I don't know who won, but I'll find out when I'm editing. Okay, all right. Joseph says high five using feet. Oh, almost kicked you. Almost kicked you. Level high five. Well, that was satisfying. We're 36-year-old men, aren't we? Sweet Chuck says we should clone ourselves. I've always wanted to get punched by a Weezy clone. I'll go get a Weezy clone for you. Okay. Okay. Hello, I'm a clone of Weezy Waiter. You reckon this edit really easy for me? I don't know what you mean. You ready to be punched? I think I'm ready. Okay. My dreams are coming true. That was good. Phoenix wants us to scream for four minutes, which is the thing that I feel like doing anyway. After this week. Okay. All right. Three, two, one. Michael wants us to kiss. We did it. We did it. Lucy says make old man noises. I think that this is the main old man noise. I knew that. Well, it's time to go. I don't know why you feel the need to tighten up when you're standing up. Because I can talk normal while standing up or sitting down. But sometimes I will actually go like this. It's like, I gotta concentrate on not pooping right now. Suni says pillow fight. Michael Aranda suggests a day in the life of Oran Green starring Hank Green as dad and Craig Benzine as baby. Craig, thanks for joining me on this exceptionally weird episode of Vlogbrothers in which I distract myself from the current state of the world. You're welcome. I'm here for you, Hank. And thanks for letting me be here instead of, you know, probably in a gutter somewhere. That's where I'd be. He might be in a hotel room changing pants. Are you saying my pants are dirty? Well, thanks for joining us. What do we say at the end of the videos? John, I'll see you on Tuesday. Did you wink? I did. Yeah. And there's a longer version of this video also on Hank's channel.


Hello and welcome to the OIST podcast, bringing you the latest in science and tech from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University. Today we speak with Sir Jim Smith. Sir Jim is head of the Welcome Science Review and group leader at the Francis Crick Institute's Developmental Biology Laboratory. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Society and was knighted in 2017 for services to medical research and science education. He came to OIST to deliver a lecture entitled Making a Human, Lessons from the First 10 Hours in the Life of a Frog. In his talk, Sir Jim brought to life how one fertilized cell manages to turn into, in humans at least, 40 trillion cells, all in the right place, at the right time, and working correctly. It was a fascinating lecture, bringing together some of Sir Jim's well-known research findings. In this talk, we move beyond Sir Jim's research to talk about the future of research in his area, including new stem cell therapies for humans. We also talk about how he decides who gets funding, how to make science more collaborative, and how to bring a diverse community of people together for the best results. It's a fascinating glimpse into the mind of a distinguished scientist and great leader. We hope that you enjoy. Sir Jim Smith, thank you so much for joining us today. It's a great pleasure. You currently have roles at both the Crick and the Welcome. I'd like to ask how you think about what it is that you do. My main work is with the Welcome Trust. Until recently, with the Welcome Trust, I was head of science and responsible for ensuring that we funded the best science. Whether by response-mode funding or through the institutes and centres that we support. More recently, I've put that role to one side, and I've become the head of the Welcome Science Review. The work in the Science Review is really to take a good look at what Welcome funds through science, to make sure that we are funding the right things, to make sure that we're taking advantage of our independence, to make sure that we respond to changes in science as they happen through the world, and to respond to changes in the world.  We're asking how should the Welcome Trust respond to those existential things that are happening to the world. That's my welcome job. At the same time, when I moved into the Welcome Trust, I had previously held a senior position at the Crick, and I was very loath when I moved into the Welcome Trust to leave behind my research, so I agreed when I moved into Welcome that I would run my lab, and so that's what I do. It's tough on the people in my lab because I don't see enough of them. I probably spend about half a day, maybe a whole day a week in the institutes and the rest of the time in Welcome, but mostly I feel guilty all the time. I feel guilty when I'm not in the Welcome Trust because I should be in the Welcome Trust, and I feel guilty when I'm not with my lab because I feel I should be with my lab. And then add the family into the mix as well. I'm sure it's just... Add the family into the mix and it gets even worse.  But you'll hear in Japan to give a talk, making a human, lessons from the first 10 hours in the life of a frog. So I guess the general direction that people tend to head in in their careers is sort of more into that managerial and away from the thing. It is that once got them into it in the first place. But I do just want to ask you, how did you find yourself in the world of frogs? Well, I'm not going to answer that question immediately because I want to pick up something you just said if I may, which is the one about taking on managerial roles, which I think is quite interesting. And if I don't answer it now, I probably won't. So one of the things that happens to scientists, if they've been successful, which I was, you know, by any objective criterion, you get moved by people, you get asked by people if you want to run stuff. And it's very easy to say yes. And the challenge with that frequently is that, first of all, you're taken away from the thing that you are good at and put into something you may not necessarily be very good at. So I claim that I, you know, the managerial stuff I've managed reasonably well. But I think it's something that we as a scientific community have to bear in mind that just because you happen to be a good scientist, it doesn't mean you're necessarily going to be a good leader. And I think leadership in science is incredibly important. And I think that appropriate training in leadership for people who eventually take on these roles is really important. So I just wanted to say that. Now, how did I get into frogs? I'll give you a longish answer actually, because it's sort of interesting when I was at school. So I'm going back to school. I did math, physics, chemistry. I didn't do any biology at all. Because I went through a fast stream at school. And it went so fast, you didn't have time to do biology, you did math, physics, chemistry. And then when I went to university, I was intending to do math, physics and chemistry. But my tutor, my director of studies said, try doing biology. And I thought he was bonkers actually, because I'd never done it. But he persuaded me to take a course. I took it and I loved it. So there's this sort of road to Damascus moment when I'd been a physical scientist up until my late teens. And then suddenly, there's this wonderful course on cell biology, and it changed my life. So I think that was an interesting thing. How did I become interested in frogs? Well, I had these very interesting lectures as an undergraduate from John Gerdin and Peter Lawrence. And they introduced me to the work of Lewis Walpert, who had come up with a model he called the French flag model, which was effectively how do the right cell types form in the right place in an embryo. And it was a rather intellectual approach, if I can put it that way, to embryology. And I loved it. So I went and I did a PhD with Lewis working on the chicken limb. And then after I moved to Boston, Massachusetts for two years, where I worked on PDGF, a particular growth factor, I came back to London to work with a guy called Jonathan Slack and he worked on frogs. And I just realized at that point that frogs are an incredibly powerful model organism for understanding early vertebrate development. At the moment, and in my view, they are underused in that area, but they're incredibly powerful. And I've seen some of the videos that you've put together of those initial cell divisions that take place. And it's really quite captivating. It's really quite magical. It's really quite beautiful. For you as a scientist, when you're looking at those processes taking place, what kind of feelings in you does that evoke? Watching an embryo develop is a beautiful thing, actually doesn't have to be a frog, it can be a chicken, it can be a can be a zebrafish or whatever the process of watching cells divide and move to become from the fertilized egg to become a vertebrate embryo is a remarkable thing. And I love it. And I think, you know, you can see things every time you watch a movie like that, you can see things coming along that you may not have spotted before. Perhaps not so much in the early cleavages of the frog egg that I showed you yesterday, but certainly in the more complicated processes, later stages, perhaps in the fish and the mouse. But it is beautiful. And I love watching it. And there's an element of that. If the word is beauty, that I really do like when I watch embryos develop. And I'd love to understand it.  And it's that quest, you know, to understand that that really, you know, keeps me up at night and gets me into the lab in the morning. That quest for basic science is a very powerful driver. I suppose that exists in a tension with perhaps what is expected of the scientific community. So part of your talks title was making a human. And we're talking about frogs. I just wonder if you could comment on the feasibility of transferring that information into realistic therapeutics for humans. Well, I think it's it is real. I think that when I began the work that I began, so I began working on frogs in about 1981. And when we were doing that, initially with Jonathan Slack, and then on my own, I think we paid lip service to the idea that the results we got could be important for human embryology and human health. But I don't honestly know how seriously we took it. But then as time went by, and as we began to understand the molecular basis of how frogs develop, fish develop, chicks develop, and we began to realize that perhaps the most powerful message from the early 1990s is that developmental mechanisms are enormously highly conserved. And in particular, the molecules that drive early development, they're the same. And as we began to realize that, we began to realize that surely the same is is exactly the case in human beings as well. And then when along came embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells became clear that those molecules that we identified in early embryos, would surely be able to drive the differentiation of those embryonic stem cells. And that is entirely true. It's not just the molecules that I found other people, of course, worked on other ones. And cocktails of those molecules applied in different concentrations at different times to embryonic stem cells, it proves you can drive those stem cells down particular pathways. Had I anticipated that 20 or 30 years ago, not really. But when I was doing the work, I really care about that. I was just interested in the problem. I wanted to solve the problem. And I think that was the thing that drove me then and probably still drives me now. I'm delighted that what we've done may lead to helping people. But really, what I care about is just, you know, to share, share, comprehend or whatever it was, you know, I just want to understand. I heard you previously spoken about some of the low hanging fruit as it were being hoovered up in developmental biology. I wonder, from this point forward, what you perceive as being the next steps and what we can realistically expect to see coming out from that space in the near future? That's a really good question. So that hoovering up remark was an interview I did in the journal Development, I think. And there was undoubtedly a period in the early to mid 1990s, maybe towards the end of the 90s as well. When I was doing this work, Peter Gruess was doing this work. And it was an amazing time when it seemed that we were uncovering new principles and new molecules in early development all the time. And when I say hoovering up the low hanging fruit, which is a rather awkward mixed metaphor, but nevertheless, you know, like a management consultant, there are experiments that we could do that we did. And we reached a stage, I think, where we began to have to look a bit harder to find what are the right experiments to do because the easy ones have been done. And I think at the moment, we've reached a stage in developmental biology, this might be an unpopular view with some of my colleagues, but we've reached a stage where we have to take stock and redefine some of the questions we're looking at, use the new technologies that are coming along. And in many cases, sort of circle around the problem, looking for the right way in to solve it. So yesterday, I was talking about one of the challenges I think is growth. And I was referring to the fact that one's left arm is the same length as one's right arm, even though they develop completely independently in the embryo. So that growth is really well controlled. And whilst we know, for example, a certain amount about the interactions that define cell type, so in a leg, it might be muscle, cartilage, bone, tendon, skin and so on. We don't know what defines in the embryo the amount they grow. And I think, to my mind, that's one of the things that I would really like to understand. And at the moment, it's hard to define the question, let alone come up with the right answers. So I see myself certainly, you know, circling around the problem, looking for a way in, finding that it's the wrong way in, perhaps, and then coming out again, looking for another way in. It's an exciting time of biology, but it's a harder one, because there are frequently more failures than success. But those failures shouldn't necessarily be viewed as rank failures. It's part of the process in trying to understand. And I think people need to understand that that's the way science works. It's not simply a question of, and I've heard somebody say this before, not just a question of having a jigsaw puzzle and filling in the pieces. You don't have the photograph on the front of the jigsaw puzzle that you put on the table and put the pieces in. You don't have a picture. You might have the lower half of the picture, but you don't know what the upper half is. And that's the challenging and exciting part. But it will take time. And those people who support science need to understand that it will take time. And the landscape moving a bit more broadly now, at least at the moment, seems to be more competitive than collaborative. And I know you've also spoken about the need for transparency between different lab groups and fostering more collaborations between institutions in the pursuit of knowledge, as opposed to the current incentive structure that seems to almost pit different people against one another. I wonder if you could comment on how the landscape may help or hinder that quest for knowledge? That's a good question. I mean, I've been very fortunate, I'll just say at the outset, when so my career, there was a period where I was trying to purify a factor that was involved in making particular cells in the embryo become mesoderm. And when you do something interesting, and you know, I claim important at that time, there'll be other people working on it as well. And I was unbelievably fortunate that the community of scientists around us then, the international community, were fantastic. So there was someone called Mark Kirschner, who is supportive and friendly. And it was a wonderful environment. We would tell each other what we're doing, support each other. There was a guy called Igor David as well. It was exactly the same. And it was a very supportive environment. And I just loved it. We would go to meetings and we'd tell each other about our progress. These days, so of course, I sound like an old man, as soon as I use the word these days, there is a great deal of anxiety these days about reproducibility, about the competitive nature of science, about the struggles to get your papers into the high impact journals. And I think there are problems along those lines. I do think we need to address those issues. I don't think it's quite what it was. But I do think the concerns are somewhat overstated, actually. And I think that it behoves people like me to lead from the front to say, in fact, as I think I said in that interview that you've just cited, I think that what people need to understand is that if you're supportive, if you share data, if you share reagents, if you tell people what you're doing, there might be a risk of being scooped or whatever. But actually, that risk of being scooped is far smaller than the positive aspects that will emerge from it, which will be the feeling of community, the feeling of working together to solve a problem. And furthermore, as I think I also said, you will make friends. And I think one of the pleasures I've had in my scientific career is that I've made a whole load of friends through science. And you don't make friends by competing with each other and stabbing each other in the back. You make friends by working with each other. So whenever I have the opportunity, this is the message that I will try and send out. And this is the message I will send to my PhD students and postdocs, that, you know, you may be worried about being scooped, but don't be. Because in the end, the truth will out. And that's the important thing. How do you go about funding the best science? So the welcome trust, we are very keen that we do fund the best science done by the best people. And I think there are two elements to it, in fact. One is that we know that the best people will do the best science. So for those scientists who have been around, who have achieved things in the past, who we know have produced good results, we can be confident that they will probably do so in the future. So when we look at those individuals, we fund predominantly the person rather than the project. So this is an expression you will have heard before, probably. It's one that Howard Hughes Medical Institute use quite frequently. And I think it's right. So for those people, we're not going to be concerned about whether they're using the right restriction enzyme in their experiments or whatever. We just need to know, what are they going to do? Because we know from history that they have done well. And I'm generally speaking, as long as they're putting forward sensible proposals, then I would be comfortable supporting those people based on their history. It's harder for younger people, because younger people, of course, first of all, it's very important to support them. And secondly, they don't have the history that I've just referred to for the more senior ones. So for the younger people, we have to be more careful. And I think the processes that we go through, as well as looking at their applications, interviewing them and finding out whether they have good ideas, whether they can respond to changes in circumstances, think on their feet. But most importantly, ask the big questions. So don't just fill in gaps. You need to have a vision, a recognition that you're working on a really important problem. So an example I would give, so earlier on, I was speaking about, for example, the importance of growth in the early embryo. Another one, again, in my own field, would be the question of something like limber generation. So if I took one of your arms and took an ax to it, you know, chopped it off at the elbow, you wouldn't have an arm anymore. But if I did it in a newt, then that limb would regrow. So it's an interesting question to know why does it work in a newt and not in a human being? And I think that, you know, somebody asking the big sorts of question like that, I would be keen on supporting them. But in the end, you have to take a punt. It's always, you know, taking a risk. You never know what's going to happen. And that's the thing with basic science. You never know. And in addition to never knowing, it can take a long time until you find out. If I award you a grant for, say, seven years, and we think it's important to fund people for a long time, then the papers that derive from that grant won't all be published for, say, nine or ten years.  So if I were to award you a grant today, I wouldn't know the outcome for 12 years. I think we just have to live with that, actually. I don't think we have much choice. There are other parties involved, however, who may be driven by more shorter term arrangements. So 12 years in the pursuit of a big question may not entirely align with, say, the industry funder who is involved in that work. So when it comes to the academy, industry and government, how do you set up a healthy relationship between those different groups with different priorities? Yeah. So the first thing is, let me say that I'm speaking now on behalf of the Welcome Trust. Thing about the Welcome Trust is that we're a completely independent foundation. And we're not answerable to the government in any way. We're not answerable to people who shake cans in the road for supporting money for cancer, for example. So we're completely independent. And that independence gives us great freedom, but with great freedom comes great responsibility. And one responsibility I think we have as the Welcome Trust is to do things that other funders are not in a position to do. Other funders, I'm talking about funders whose agenda is driven by the government. Those whose agenda might be driven by those raising money for diseases. They may well have shorter term objectives that will lead to specific outcomes more quickly. From the point of view of Welcome Trust, one thing we can think about is we aren't subject in any way to those sorts of restrictions. So we can take that long view. And I personally regard that long view as being very important. Selfishly coming back to my own research again, I began that work to identify the molecules that pass between cells in an embryo. That work began in 1987, 88, I think.  And I think there needs to be a funder that has the ability to take that long view. So that's the first thing. As the Welcome Trust, though, we do have other other responsibilities. We can say to ourselves, are there any other areas that are important that other funders are not funding? And in particular, are there any areas of the major health challenges that are important that we think are not being supported properly?  So at the moment, not very many people are funding research into climate change, or doing the policy work properly. And that's somewhere where we can really make a difference so we can invest there. Science is ultimately a human endeavor. It's a process performed by people. Building on what you were just talking about with respect to the people asking the big questions and attracting the best people. How do you ensure that you get a good mix of people? I think first thing to say is that a good mix of people is really important. The evidence for this in science is lacking, but evidence from other areas has shown clearly that a diverse workforce will lead to better outcomes than a narrowly based workforce. And I'm inclined to think that the same is true for science, that we'll get better outcomes from a more diverse workforce. Secondly, I think it's really important for humankind that everybody has access to both a career in science and is able to be able to benefit from the work that is done in science. So what are we doing about it? So I've been involved in the establishment of an organization called Edis, which stands for equality, diversity and inclusion in science and health. And we began this a couple of years ago, really, it started when I was just wearing both a Crick hat and the welcome hat. And so it began with my Crick hat and the welcome hat. And what we had there was a research institute and the research funder. And we very quickly got GSK involved, pharmaceutical company. And I want to pay tribute to Patrick Valance from GSK who was involved early on in that. And there's now the UK's chief science advisor. So it was initially those three organizations. And I was pleased that we had a funder, an institute and a pharma company. And we built on that as quickly as we could. And we've got a terrific person with us called Lillian Hunt working on this who's been terrific. And what Lily has been able to do is to get other funders and other scientific organizations of various sorts on board with us. I think we've got about 16 organizations now. We've got universities, we've got funders, we've got charities and so on. So it's really, really working quite well. And what we're trying to do with Edis is those things that I just outlined. So make sure that a career in science is open to everybody and that everybody will be able to benefit from a career in science. We've had one symposium and another one coming up that is about making sure that research is as inclusive as we can make it. So many experiments are done with just mail mice, for example. Many experiments are done with mail cell lines. Many cohorts are just middle-aged old white males like me. And it's very important that the research we do is as broad as we can get it. So these are the sorts of things that Edis is trying to promote. I think we're doing a good job. I also think if I can make an advertisement, we need more people to work with us on this. I think it's the first group that has taken across, and I hate the word sector, but I'm going to use it across sector approach because different organisations can learn from each other. And I think that's really important. It's a bit like what I was saying earlier about the way scientists should be working together. I think in something that is as important as this, we need to work together. And for people that are perhaps in more junior positions in their career, people who tend to come from those groups, they're quite well represented in science. Someone like myself, what can we do? I think you have to bang the drama along with the rest of us. In the end, I think everybody has to take part. So you're young, you're white. I imagine you're fairly middle class. I don't know. Sounds like it. Yeah. It's a very good looking guy. So I think you just have to join us. You know, I think the leadership in this is really important, but leadership isn't only the older people. It's not just all grey people like me. It's, you know, joining us and banging the drum. I think I think actually that one of the important things is that I think if I've been able to do anything, it's that I've been able to say the things I say and support the things I believe in and to do so from the perspective of being old, white, male, heterosexual and Cambridge educated and all those other things that I am. For me to do that, I think carry is a certain amount of weight because I don't have an obvious vested interest. In fact, on the contrary. So I think to do it from my perspective and for you to do it from your perspective, I think that's the important thing. So it really involves those people who at the moment are in a privileged position in a way saying, look, I know I'm privileged, but there's loads of people out there who aren't. So we need to make sure that they can be helped as well. So we're here on a beautiful island somewhere in the middle of the Pacific Ocean in this. Institute called the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. What do you make of OIST? I think OIST is a really interesting and fun place. I think that the thing that I really appreciated on that, you know, the 24 hours that I've been here speaking to people is the breadth of the research and the willingness to engage in multidisciplinary research to have no departments and to make it possible for somebody working on microfluidics to engage with somebody working on imaging to work with somebody working on cells and cellular behavior. And I think that by placing those people next to each other to encourage interactions between them, that is where OIST has a unique selling point, if you like. And I think it needs to make the most of that. I think it's challenging because scientists sometimes can disappear into their own fields and you have to work hard to make scientists broad enough to appreciate things outside their areas. So, you know, it's working well now, I think, but I think if I were to advise Peter Gruess, you know, hardly for me to do. But I think, you know, you have to keep working at it. You can't just throw things together and expect it to work. You have to keep working at it. But I know Peter can do it because I know Peter. So I love it. I think it's really exciting. And since you're giving advice to President Peter Gruess, I'm sure you can provide some advice to this other group I'm going to ask you about now. If you had a single piece of advice for young scientists today, what would that be? It's hard to come up with a single piece of advice because there are so many things that I think are important. But I would say two things. One is what I've already said, actually. And that is that by collaborating, by being open about what you're doing, by sharing data early, that will do you good. Do you good because your experiments will benefit? It will do you good because you'll make friends. And in the end, you know, the thing that I've enjoyed in my scientific career is making friends. So that's the first thing. The second thing is to take your career into your own hands. So. I'm sure that there's great support and mentorship at OIST.  But in the end, it's your career and you have to look after yourself. So don't wait for stuff to happen. Take your career into your own hands. And then putting on my science communication hat. What would your advice be for people communicating about science in a professional capacity? Be honest. Don't try and oversell your data. Tell people why you're doing the work. I'm a huge believer in knowledge for knowledge's sake. I think it's one of the things that makes us human is the fact that we get pleasure from understanding things. And I don't think that's anything to be ashamed of. You know, I know that stuff that we do today that's aimed at understanding life may not have an immediate outcome for humankind. Except that we understand. And I think accumulation of knowledge and understanding, whether it's through science, literature or art is what makes us human. So, Jim, thank you so much for your time today. Thank you very much. Thank you for listening to the OIST podcast. If you enjoyed this episode, please remember to subscribe, leave a review and share it with others who you think will enjoy it. You can also get in touch with us on Facebook and Twitter or by sending an email to media at OIST.jp. Thanks again for listening. We'll see you next time.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com with a mini box of 2021 Bowman Sterling Baseball Ram Team Break number five with six finest double header spots being given away. Big thanks to this group for making it happen. All 30 baseball teams are in. Let's roll it. Let's randomize names and teams four and one five times different dice for the giveaway part as always four and one five times one two three four and oh one fifth and final time they gather everyone's names here different cells four and one five times for the teams one two three four and oh one fifth and final time five teams right here there's the first half of the list right here and the second half list right over there pretty nice boxer I think each mini box has an autograph in it so so we might see something cool here so no trade windows let's print let's rip fresh box as well alright so you can see I marked those boxes one two three four and five select a die right there and we'll we'll roll and it'll be one two three four or five and if I roll a six we'll just roll again climbing up on top of the box right there box five alright there's the final print out right there hot off presses thank you thank you thank you save those other mini boxes for some other time let's see what we got in here you have to mute that for a second while I adjusted the microphone position there's the autograph right there so we got Riley green Bobby Whit jr. we got a rookie Joe Adele Garrett crochet a shirt and a parcel of the 50 and a Carson Tucker and that's for Cleveland Lucas Cleveland this is for you there you go not bad let's flip back over here let's gather everybody's names from Michael down a berry you dice new lists and it'll be the top six after top six after four for the hard way we'll get spots in that finest double header which is coming up in a separate video a little bit later tonight one two three and fourth and final time hard for so from seven on down sorry Travis sad times from seven through 30 but I appreciate everybody giving this a go happy times though for the top six Carl is happy Carl again Carl Carl Steve Locke and Carl wow five Carl's and a Steve Locke happy times for you after four we'll see you in that finest break a little bit later tonight jaspyscasebreak.com