Good morning. I hope you're all well caffeinated. I think the topic of CBDCs can seem a bit daunting at first, a bit dusty almost, but actually, if you take a look around the world right now, I mean, there's news coming from Russia that they're actually going to roll out a CBDC, the digital ruble, buy next year by the political pressure that is put on them. So I personally don't think that CBDC deserves let's say dusty stereotype that it can sometimes be adhered to. And this is what we're here to discuss today amongst other things. But just because we were already on the topic of the topic being quite international, just by show of hands, how many of you are actually outside or came in from outside of the Eurozone, just for this event right here? Oh, brilliant. Wow, that's very good. I'm glad we did this. Wow, that's impressive. I mean, for many of you, this must be the first time back in Europe as well after covid. So the world certainly has changed. And as we know, central banks have changed their attitudes towards CBDCs as well in the last couple of years. And this is exactly what we're going to be discussing today. And we have financial leaders from financial institutions, from different European countries in this case right here. But we'll make sure to obviously touch on to the developments worldwide as well to get the first hand experience on the research that was being done in France on a CBDC for interbank settlement, but then also touch on the infrastructure that is used in different countries around the world other than the Eurozone itself. So as I've said before, the keynote panel will bring together those those unique perspectives from our leaders that are sitting right here next to me. May Santa Maria, great, great that you are here with us. I wouldn't call myself a leader, but thank you. That's quite, I just happened to have been looking at a blog change for over five years in way of intro. I joined the Department of Finance, as I said, exactly five years ago. I started looking at Bitcoin at the time towards Christmas when it was looking at $20,000. Those are the days and it all felt really strange. I just felt that clearly blogging technology was something that the Ministry of Finance in Ireland had to look at. I thought it was going to be transformative. And as I said, we've been looking at it and trying to support the departments and the development internally here in Ireland, but also at a European level. And I'm also a member of the OCDCMF meeting where we obviously also look at digital finance. And I was very, very fortunate to work with the World Economic Forum during COVID actually, when we spent the guts of 14, 16 months looking at stable coins, in particular for cross-border payments. So that was very, very good. I hear someone nodding. So a very long report, but definitely incredible experience, particularly for a dusty, dust person like me. So, yeah, that's my interest in it and who I'm sitting here with you today. Thank you, May. And we'll touch on the work that you're currently doing and you'll come as well in your position later on, I'm sure. And for now, Nicolas Doulabard, please also present yourself and your work. So I'm coming from the centralized world. So as mentioned before, curiosity and challenge drove me to work on Blockchain. Years ago, when we built the Eurozone, we had to build market infrastructures and payment system, which should be resilient, strong, so centralized. Then comes the Blockchain and we started experimenting Blockchain five years ago. And I'm going to tell about these experiences. Perfect, right before we get started, I'll use the opportunity to also introduce myself. My name is Farah Polarevic and I'm from the Digital Euro Association. I'm an executive director there. And the DEA in short is basically picking up on all the developments that the two next to me are working on on a daily basis. The papers that are coming out and seeing where different countries stand, for example, with the CVDC tracker. So we keep a close eye on those developments as well. Now to get everyone leveled, first of all, let's dive into the attitude of Banque de France and possibly also the Bank of Ireland. If you can comment on that, may that be great. What general attitude does your financial institution have toward a Eurozone wide CVDC, so one issued by the central bank and then attitude towards individual research done by individual countries in the Eurozone? So let's start, so we have basically two use cases, one for the banks and one for the customers. Maybe we can start with the customers. We see that coins and notes are less used, especially by young people. So we know that we have to move to something new. So we've been working on a digital Euro for all the citizens of Europe. We've been doing it with the ECB because we are part of a single entity, which is the Euro system. So we are really keen to provide central bank money under the form of tokens that anyone can use in its wallet. So we think there is a big interest for the Eurozone to do this move so that we can still use central bank money and the stability of central bank money. Let's start with the retail industry, or you want me to touch upon the interbank as well. Let's touch on the retail first. For the digital Euro, that's fine. On the retail, go ahead. I think we're on that path now. No, for the retail, I just, so you know that we started an investigation phase. So it's one year that we are being working daily, as you mentioned, on the digital Euro. We know that, so what we want to bring is tokens so that we can still have central bank money in our pocket. But we know that the payment system is today mainly managed by commercial money. So we want to find the right balance between central bank money and commercial money. And there are some intensive discussions currently today on this, how we can have a system that is co-managed by us and by the commercial banks. This is the key discussion that we have today. And we are still discussing on this, so the updates will come soon on this. Very good. Just on that topic, what's really interesting to see here is obviously the central bank of France stands towards CBDCs. We see very different approaches here. Obviously the central bank of Ukraine, for example, they're very inclined to actually use blockchain as an infrastructure, whereas the Eurozone, they actually just recently announced that Web 3 and anything other than person-to-person transactions are off the table for now, at least very likely to be, it's yet to be decided finally. But we kind of see very different likelihoods of there actually being blockchain as the foundation for the infrastructure. May, if you could give us an update on kind of the worldwide developments here, what different approaches do countries in general have towards CBDC? What's happening worldwide is easy to spot. Anyone can clearly go to the CBDC tracker, go online, and you can check that out for yourselves. I'm sure you're all more intelligent than I am, particularly when it comes to blockchain, so I will certainly not try to be able to add value to that that you can check yourselves. The value maybe that we try to bring in in financial advisory when it comes to developments really is, where's the focus is, where's the risk might be, but where's the value at? There's 90% of the central banks in the world now looking at CBDCs. Most of it, maybe 70% of the people here put their hands up to say you've come from outside the Euro area. The Fed just announced in August that they're definitely issuing a CBDC of sorts, and I'm not talking about a digital dollar foundation, but something doing, I think they're going to call it the Fed now, which effectively is your infrastructure, so there's a lot of developments out there. And yet, from a citizen's perspective, and that's me, the normal person, not my work persona looking at this, I'm wondering why would I want this? What's the CBDC going to change in my life? And how could blockchain actually change my life? And why would I want the central bank change that for me? And I think that's for me when it gets interesting. Sometimes it feels the discussion that we're having, and there is development, and we're all looking at it, is we're applying blockchain and the application of that ability to pay to a paper-based process. But we're not using that technology to consider, what can we do? Not just digitalizing that paper exchange, but what else could we potentially do that right now we're not even considering. And I think that's where the discussion is missed. We can all obviously go in, and eventually the technology will allow us to just digitalize that payment between you and me, or between banks, or between even central banks, which is something I'd love to explore in a wider setting perhaps. But are the other uses we could do with that CBDC that just not just the payment? It just feels we're not giving credit to what the technology can do. And I'm looking at you, because you guys are the experts, particularly knowing what hyperlegia can do. So could we use a retail CBDC for lifting the hardship of having to pay taxes? What if taxes could actually be deducted through programmability at the point of payment? As an example, that to me is where we're missing the point. We have incredible opportunity to reconsider clearly how we digitalize that as I said, this payment, this paper trail that we're doing, but we're just too focused on that. I think it'd be great to do. A bit more sky, blue sky thinking in terms of what the technology and the opportunities will bring to us. There's many of them. I mean, I know you guys coming in from a hyperlegia form perspective, in the CBDC discussions and the pilots that Nicolas had mentioned. For example, in bringing in the work that we do at the WF, the Sustainable Development Goal number 10 is about reducing, effectively reducing the inequality in humankind. And specifically, there is a goal there to decrease transaction costs, like remittance costs to 3% for immigrants and effectively erode all corridors or old remittance corridors that charge more than 5%. During COVID time in European countries, some European countries transaction costs, this is payment like all of these countries, all you guys here here.  But in a lot of countries in the world during COVID, remittance costs and transaction costs actually went up as digital payments went up. So could CBDC address that? And at the same time, address the SDG goal number 10 and at the same time, address that inequality. Those are the questions that I think were missing sometimes just looking at retail CBDC. Just one more. I fully agree that we define some priorities, but I fully agree that we might still be open to many many use cases. So we didn't decide yet which would be the first use cases. So there would be surprises. Which will be the first use cases in terms of the goals for CBDC, especially I mean now you've talked about the retail one and then there's also the inter-bank settlement. And could you just briefly take us through the objectives for both of these for the Bank de France? So inter-bank was mainly driven by our customers, meaning that we have customers with other banks which are now paying in central bank money. They see a use case to issue tokens, security tokens. And so they want to have central bank money for paying this security token. So this is the first use case. They think that it would be much easier to issue tokens with DLT to sell it around the world. It would be much quicker than today. So they see a real use cases and we have been issuing some security tokens together with them. And we had central bank money to pay this security token. So this is the first use case. Then we have the second use case which is close to what you mentioned which is the cross-border payments. The industry here is not efficient. The issue is that we need to all build this new system around the world. I don't know whether we will have only one unique cross-border payment versus payment use case or whether we will have a network of regional networks. But we will do something and we are experimenting with Singapore, with other central banks in the world, Switzerland as well. So these are the two use cases which are driven by your customers and we want to provide cash on the ledger to these use cases. I think it's great to hear. I think use cases are there. Technology is there to be used and to be applied. And we obviously want to use that experience and that brain and that innovation to apply to things. Again, from the angle that we look at in terms of looking at possibilities for risks, technology implementation, all technology implementation is going to fail unless there is uptake and acceptance by the you and me. Who remembers mini-discs, right? We just went straight from CDs to even shuffles. Although it did bring up a need for shopping songs and then to a Spotify. But the point is with that acceptance, it's the best, I think, structured, defined, designed, so you can see where it is in the world. It's not going to work. And at the same time, with that trust, it's not going to work. And unfortunately, we didn't have a chance to have a representative here from the central bank of Nigeria. But it would be great to actually hear how that worked. But what's the acceptance of the usage? Because in some of those pilots for central banks, outside of Europe, the citizens have not been that willing to accept it because they don't trust their central bank. This is something that us in Europe just take for granted. We tend to trust our central bank. But what happens in a particular country where that trust is not there? Because at the end of the day, you're just digitalising. It's such a difficult word. But you know what I mean. What we're doing is with the paper, what we're doing is with the digital currency. So without that trust, it's not going to work. And likewise, in terms of that design, it needs to be easy to work. We just take it for granted again. We have smartphones.  But you need access to the internet. We talked about, do we need a QR code? Do we need to have a digital user that's online? The reality in terms of how citizens would accept that and then use it because it needs to be easy.  So there's not a lot of elements out there that I think that are really important to be mindful of. And sometimes, again, we tend to forget because we just see it from our perspective. And I guess this is something I wanted to share with you from a hyperledger perspective because you obviously have a global view. So with that specific country experience and knowing or understanding what the citizens want, what's going to work for them, what the central bank is in relation to that particular country citizenship, if you were to actually offer that hyperledger solution in terms of technology, what's the angle that you need to play? That's probably what I think it would be of interest to you. So to reiterate, you're talking about user experience on the one hand needing to be easy, which is also very much in line with what we think at the Digital Bureau Association. And then secondly, what we're touching on as well is basically the acceptance. There needs to be a clear advantage in using the CBDC as opposed to different types of money. We see it in Sweden with Swish. We see it in Germany with PayPal. I can't speak to other European countries what it's like there. But that needs to be clear. And I think one of the ways in which this can be achieved is blockchain as a foundation, like you were saying, micropayments enabling, or right now we have the money that you get once off for the rising energy prices, which is a political measure to help people that need the money to actually pay for gas becoming more expensive, for example. So this is, for example, something that could come in handy because right now more is spent in bureaucracy around those payments than is being paid out to the citizens to name one real-life example. And this is just one example of kind of what you can learn along the way, I guess, what we will learn along the way. And, Nikolas, what's your stance on this? Is there anything that you've learned in the last couple of years when it comes to your CBDC use cases that you can already derive from? You're saying you're doing things differently. This is how will impact the future research and roadmap rollout? I would like to come back to the challenges you mentioned because one you didn't mention was confidentiality. That was the first goal we had to check whether we could manage confidentiality within this blockchain application. Yeah, because people don't want to know how they are using their money. We already saw it for the COVID. They didn't want to be tracked and so on. But for sure, if we want to manage the system, we need to supervise them in some way, but we need to manage confidentiality. That was one of the key elements we discovered was doable with the Hyperledger Fabric. Previously, we mentioned some challenges on interoperability and as was said, the system will not be independent from all the other systems, so we need to be interoperable for sure. The ecological footprint, of course, is something important for us. We've been working intensively as well on these things. We need to work as well on performance for sure. This is maybe for all the use cases, but for the retail, we will need to work on this. Someone spoke about the US project. This was clearly one of the targets they had, so we need to work on performance. You mentioned briefly the offline, which was clear for Nigeria to be put in place. Here, the work we've been doing shows that it's not fully reliable today. For sure, the digital euro needs to be reliable, so the offline needs to be secure and not double spent and so on. These are the challenges we still need to face. We've learned part of these things, but we still need to achieve. Maybe just on conscience of the red light flashing there as well. Sarah, you mentioned that somehow the digital euro would have to be a benefit to using that. I'm specifically talking about digital euro here. I'm not talking about potentially what would be another city in another country. But I would challenge that and I would say, why do we have to have a preference or why would it have to be above anybody else? The reason I'm saying that is because when we approach payments, the way I'd like to approach it is a little bit like modes of transport, right? For long distances, you use planes. Just to go down the road, you might use a skateboard, now an electric one. You might go to the bicycle, you might use the bus. There are different choices depending on where you can afford, because of the distance and so forth. Why can't we have different ways of payments irrespective? No, irrespective. Why don't we have different payments actually respective as in depending on the transaction, the cost, the medium. And that, I think, weighs the value of a city. It might actually allow for the government to diverse and literally pay out certain things. It doesn't mean that maybe the citizens will want to use that for our day-to-day payments. So that's where I think there's a lot of scope and room for us to be a lot more groundbreaking and innovative and actually really consider how we could use this literacy. Because there's a lot more we can do. We're just limiting ourselves with just the data and data payout. That's what I think. One element you didn't mention is that we have a certain stability in Europe since a long time. Maybe people do not see the risk in using such a mean to pay. We want to bring stability to this world. So you have to take as well into consideration things that are not so clear in some of the means you are using. That's why we're doing this project to keep this stability that we have in Europe. Another one of your goals basically and the approach that you're taking right now. Just in terms of being wary of time, we will just do one round of closing statements here on what you think the ecosystem needs in terms of government, technology providers, policy right now. Let's focus on the Eurozone for this question. I don't know what to start. For policy, we will have a pilot regime in the next years. So we will experiment different policies. So we know that it will evolve. Technology, I mentioned offline because we need to... I mean, you may have to pay without your phone in your hands. In terms of government, I would say all the things we have said about confidentiality and so on to work on this so that the people can really trust the digital Euro. Maybe you have more elements on this, on the policy side. On the policy side, I think it's great that we're even looking at civil disease. We wouldn't be looking at them if it hadn't been, I think, because of Libra in June 2019 and that's the reality of it. And this means you can walk into a room, a policymaker or a minister or even the central bank here in Ireland and we're talking about blockchain, which was impossible three years ago. And that's the reality of it. So I think the more of that, I think it's great. This means we're understanding, not just fearing it, and that takes with a lot of meetings and explanations and presentations and that's the work that unfortunately people like we have to do, but it has to be done because if you don't understand something, you can't possibly bring into it a day-to-day job. I mean, how can you possibly end up with the right policy if you don't understand or at least comprehend what a technology can do and cannot do. So I think that to me it's going to be key. Personally, again, from a policymaker perspective, I think understanding the risks or where the focus is is key because otherwise you have to end up with the wrong regulation or the not fit for purpose regulation or the wrong policy. And again, that comes with understanding and asking questions. So if there's anyone here that wants to meet up after and just give me an update on civil disease and hyperledger, I'm always willing to learn because that's really where I get my understanding from. I think you're speaking for all of us heroes. Just going to mention that as well. Please do keep the conversation going. I'm happy to meet all of those that are interested that have updates that want to learn more about hyperledger as an infrastructure, for example, and then keep the discussion going. As you said, keep educating and holding presentations one-on-one in this case. Hope you have a good rest of the summit of today's day and looking forward to the discussions.


Emmy here again, and welcome to another episode of Cobb U. Today's topic is a cool one indeed. Now our primary objective with tuning is to make our engine run as efficient as possible. In our previous episode, we discussed that the more air you can cram in and evacuate in a timely manner, the more power you can make. Now we have our turbo to thank for compressing the air, but with the added pressure comes heat. Hot air is less dense, which is not what we want when we're trying to make more power. An intercooler is the best way to reduce that increased intake air temperature, which is a natural byproduct of turbo charging, which is why almost all the cars we support here feature an intercooler of some type. Most stock intercoolers are capable of sustaining stock power levels for your daily driving, but not much more. You may find that as you add more power or take your car to the track, that the factory intercooler system isn't up to the task. Case in point, let's take a look at a stock intercooler from a Ford Mustang EcoBoost and an upgraded Cobb intercooler. One of the first things that you'll notice is the difference in size. Our intercooler fits into the same location as the stock one, but it's much deeper, allowing the air that much more room to get cool. At both sides of our intercooler are our end tanks. The stock intercooler has plastic tanks that could fail under heavy load. The common issue is the tanks separate from the core. Best case scenario, the car makes less boost. Worst case scenario, you're on the side of the road waiting for AAA. The upgraded intercooler, on the other hand, has beefy cast aluminum end tanks that are welded to the core and can take whatever you can throw at it. Now that you have a better understanding of some of the differences between stock and upgraded intercoolers, let's go over some of the basics, like what makes up an intercooler system or how you benefit from it, or even why you should consider upgrading. There are a few styles and choices of intercoolers out there, but for the sake of today's demonstration, we'll be using air-to-air intercoolers made up of bar and plate construction. If you wanna learn more about other types of intercoolers, you can visit our extra credit below. Also, we're using parts from a Subaru WRX STI, so your setup might look different. Your basic intercooler system is going to be comprised of a core with end tanks and the necessary couplers, clamps, and piping. We'll also be discussing the bypass valve, but we'll get to that in a little bit. The aluminum core is made up of layered internal and external air passages that lay perpendicular to each other. The internal ones, where our charged air will travel, run from one side to the other. The external ones, which have outside air passing through them, run front to back. Then we have aluminum piping that has a larger diameter than the stock pipes to reduce airflow restriction, and various multi-layer silicone couplers with high-strength clamps designed to hold increased pressure. Now that we know what our components are, how do they all work? As our hot, charged air leaves the compressor of our turbo, it travels through this series of tubes and couplers, referred to as the hot pipes, and enters the intercooler core. As the air moves through the internal passages of the core, its temperature decreases because the heat transfers from the air to the metal core. Cooler air from the outside passes through the external fins on the core in an effort to reduce the temperature of the core itself. Finally, the cooled air makes its way out of the intercooler and up through this series of tubes and couplers, referred to as the cold pipes, as it makes its way to the throttle body. While there are quite a few different setups, the most common you'll see are top mount intercoolers or top mounts like this car, and front mount intercoolers or front mounts like this car. Like the name suggests, top mounts reside on top of the engine, and front mounts are placed low and in front of the car, typically within the bumper opening. Now top mounts and front mounts both have their own sets of pros and cons. One of the pros to top mounts is reduced plumbing, which increases throttle response. This is because the air has less distance to travel. It comes out of the turbo here, into the top mount, and right into the throttle body. One of the drawbacks to this is it sits right on top of the engine, making it prone to heat soak. This is a common problem in stopping ghost city driving. When stationary or moving slow, heat rises from the engine, soaking the intercooler in heat. As you get moving at a high rate of speed, air comes through the hood scoop, down to the intercooler, cooling it. Now due to the under the hood packaging constraints, top mounts are usually smaller, which limits the amount of air it can cool, and the amount of charged air that fits inside, putting a cap on the potential power you can make. Front mount intercoolers sit low and in the front, so they aren't affected by under hood temps like top mounts are. The catch is that the charged air has a much further distance to travel, coming out of the turbo, going all the way around into the throttle body. This causes a delayed response in some conditions. The primary thing to consider is that what's right for someone else's setup might not necessarily be right for yours. Depending on your car's needs and goals, your stock intercooler might be sufficient or completely inadequate. At the end of the day, it's putting your car's needs over aesthetics or anything else. Now earlier we mentioned the bypass valve. The bypass valve, sometimes referred to as the diverter valve, is located somewhere between the outlet of the compressor side of the turbo and the throttle body. In this case, it sits right here, just before the throttle body. Now when you let off the accelerator, the throttle blade slams shut, and all this excess boost pressure needs somewhere to go. If you allow it to bounce off the closed throttle, it'll attempt to make its way back through the system, slamming into the compressor wheel, attempting to spin it backwards. This causes a symptom called compressor surge. It makes an awesome chirping sound on race cars. ["Turbo Race Car"] Which is really cool, but terrible for your turbo. And most pro racing teams have the budget to replace their turbo and engine after every race, which most of us don't. Now to avoid this, the bypass valve directs air through hose into the turbo inlet, keeping the system flowing smoothly. It does this by routing air much like a wastegate. Both are air actuated, both have a spring to help them stay shut when at rest, and they're both valves that will allow air to flow when they open. There are a few differences though. The wastegate has exhaust flowing through it while the bypass valve has charged intake air. Also, the wastegate is opened by pressure and the bypass valve is opened by vacuum, so it's being pulled open rather than being pushed open. In order to actuate a bypass valve, the body on top of the piston connects via this hose to the intake manifold, which experiences both positive pressure and vacuum. In our previous episode, we discussed barometric pressure and how boost was a positive pressure on top of barometric. Vacuum is often referred to as a negative pressure because it's lower than barometric.  Since the bypass valve is connected to the manifold, the piston gets pulled up, exposing the air passage at the bottom and diverting air back to the inlet. When you're in boost, the butterfly valve is open and vacuum changes to positive pressure as air is forced through the manifold into the engine. The boost pressure from the manifold plus the bypass valve's internal spring pressure keep the bypass valve shut and air continues into the engine. Now it's important to note that a blow off valve is not the same thing as a bypass or diverter valve. While similar in construction, a blow off valve vents air directly into the atmosphere instead of recirculating it. Many people will install a blow off valve solely for the sound that it makes. Yeah, it sounds cool, bro, but it does absolutely nothing to help your car run any faster. The ECU calculates the amount of fuel needed based on the amount of air it's expecting from the map sensor reading. Now when air leaves the system through a blow off valve, it creates a rich fuel mixture. Rich meaning there's more fuel to air because some of it's gone missing. On this case, a blow off valve is less of a performance mod and more of a make your car run worse mod. Lastly, when doing this type of part install, you will generally use these kinds of tools. Ratchets and sockets, screwdrivers. And now it's time for the pro tip of the day. Inner cooler kits have many points of connection. Each connection point is a potential boost leak. If you aren't hitting your target boost for the calibration you're running on your ECU, here's where you'll begin your search. Starting with the couplers and clamps, make sure that you have a solid connection all the way around the piping. It might look like your coupler is making good contact, but think about what's behind, what you can't see. Once you know your couplers are safely seated around your piping, tightly secure your clamps. Another part you'll wanna check is the bypass valve gasket. If you're unable to perform a smoke test to confirm any leaks, the gasket is an inexpensive part to replace, so it's cheap insurance. If you wanna learn more about smoke tests, you can visit our extra credit link below. As usual, to get the most out of the parts that we change, we need to make sure that we flash the proper calibration to our ECU. If you're unsure about what calibration you should be running, you can check the map notes included in our off-the-shelf maps or contact your local Cobb ProTuner. Truth be told, it's not the end of the world if you don't retune for an upgraded intercooler. However, it doesn't make sense to spend all that money on an upgrade and not get the most potential out of it. That's gonna do it for this episode. In our next video, we'll explore the fuel system and the various components needed to deliver the right amount of fuel when you need it. Thanks for joining us, and be sure to subscribe to our YouTube channel so you can check out future episodes. I'm Emmy, your host for Cobb U. Remember, check out cobbtuning.com for all your parts and tuning needs. Do you like the storage solutions featured in our studio? Then visit sonictoolsusa.com to get more detailed product information.


Whenever people have acidity, they take a medicine which is commonly referred to as antacid, which is basically a base, and suddenly they get relief. Now when you get stung by a bee, people will suggest you to apply toothpaste to it, which is also a base, and then you suddenly get relief. So see, something common is happening here. See, when you have acidity, there is excess of acid being built up in your stomach. And when you take an antacid or a base, the acid and the base, they cancel each other's effect out, and that's why you get relief.  And when you apply toothpaste or baking soda, these both of things have a base in them, and the base and the acid, they cancel each other's effect out, and that's why you get relief over here. So we can see that a common pattern is that acid and base, they cancel each other's effect out. Now let's see how this happens. So for this, I'm going to take an example. I have an acid, HCl, and I'm going to react this with a base NaOH. Now see, when I mix HCl in water, this is going to dissociate into its ions. I will get H plus ion and chlorine minus ion. Similarly, when I mix NaOH in water, this will also dissociate into its ions. I will get Na plus ion and OH minus ion. Now see, when I mix these two together, there will be double displacement reactions happening over here. Ions will exchange position. So let's see what we get here. Here sodium will now get attracted to chlorine minus ion, and finally we'll get NaCl, which is a salt by the way, the common salt that we eat. And similarly, H plus ion will now get attracted to OH minus ion, and finally we'll get water, H2O. Okay. So here acid and a base, they both are reacting to give us a salt and water. And you know the fun thing is that both of these are neutral in nature, meaning they are neither acidic nor basic. Now you might be wondering, Ram, how am I sure that NaCl is not acidic or basic? See, I know what water, that water is neutral. But how am I sure about NaCl? So see, we define acids as compounds that increase the amount of H plus in an aqua solution. So here when we mix NaCl in water, it gives out more H plus. Therefore, it increases the amount of H plus. Similarly, we define bases as compounds that increase the amount of OH minus when mixed in aqua solution. So when we mix any OH in water, it gives out more OH minus. And therefore it increases the amount of OH minus. Whereas when you mix NaCl in water, it will either increase the amount of H plus, nor will it increase the amount of OH minus. And that's why NaCl is going to be neutral. So we can see that acid and a base, when they react, they cancel out each other's effect, and they form neutral compounds, a salt and a water. Okay, now just to be sure, let's look at one more example. So this time I have, again, HCl acid, which in water will dissociate to give me H plus and chlorine minus ion. And this time I'm going to take another base, calcium hydroxide, CaOH whole twice. And in water, this is going to dissociate to give me calcium ion, Ca plus 2, and OH minus 1 ion. Okay? And since it is giving me OH ion, then I can be sure that this is a base. Now, if I react them, again, double displacement reaction is going to happen, the ions are going to exchange position. So calcium ion will now get attracted to chlorine minus. And we will get calcium chloride, CaCl2. And H plus will get attracted to OH minus ion. And we'll get water, H2O. Let me quickly balance this equation. So here I see two chlorine on the product side. So here I will write two. Now I have two hydrogen, two more hydrogen, meaning four hydrogen. So here I will write two. So I get four hydrogen. Two oxygen, two oxygen, and one calcium. Okay, this is now a balanced chemical reaction. So here also I see that an acid reacts with a base to give me salt and water, both of which are neutral, meaning the acid and the base, they are cancelling out each other's effect to give us neutral products. And yes, this is a salt, calcium chloride is a salt. See, salts are basically compounds that are made up of ions. Here calcium chloride is made up of CaCl2 and chlorine minus one ion. Here sodium chloride is made up of sodium plus one and chlorine minus one ion. And salts can be formed when acids and bases react with each other. Okay, so the conclusion is that an acid reacts with a base to give us salt and water, both of which are neutral products. Okay, so technically speaking, acid and base, they are cancelling out each other's effect and giving us neutral products. And that's why we call this type of reaction as neutralization reaction. By the way, later you will study that some salts can also be acidic or basic. They need not be neutral, but don't worry about this right now. Okay, with this, I have a question for you. You have been given that a compound X reacts with NaOH to give us a salt and water, can you comment anything about X? Pause the video and try this by yourself first. Now, if you have tried it, let's see. See, here we are given that NaOH is one of the reactants. And we know that NaOH is a base and it is giving us salt and water. Then I know for sure that this something can only be an acid. It could be any acid, I don't know what acid it is, but it has to be an acid. Okay, with this another problem. Similarly, we see that H2O4 is reacting with some Y compound. And it is giving us salt and water. So I can be sure that since H2O4 is an acid, it can only react with a base to give me salt and water, okay? So this can be used to define acids and bases. Something that reacts with an acid to give salt and water is a base. And something that reacts with a base to give salt and water is an acid. Okay, now with this, let's look at an experiment of the same thing. So here I have taken a base NaOH into this container. And the reason it looks pink because I've added phenophthalene indicated to it. See, we have seen in an earlier video that when we add phenophthalene indicated to a base, the color changes to pink. And when we add phenophthalene indicated to an acid or a neutral solution, the color remains colorless, okay? So here in this container, I'm going to add HCl acid drop by drop. And you can imagine what's gonna happen. Each drop of HCl will neutralize a drop of NaOH. But see, we had taken a lot of NaOH to begin with, right? So that's why it will take some time for all the NaOH to neutralize and vanish. Let's mix more HCl. And yes, the color vanished. Now it's no longer pink. So at this point, I can say that there is no more base present in the solution. The acid and the base, they are in equal quantity and they have neutralized each other. And we have neutral products in this container. So hopefully this satisfies you that an acid and a base, they neutralize each other. Now let's summarize the video. In this video, we saw when an acid and a base react, what are the products that get formed? And in general, what do we call these kind of reactions?


So I'm from Saipan. My name is Jay Ridet. I work for CUC, a utilities company. I got a call from one of my my boss and when they told me that uh you know I was chosen to come here I I felt proud that I was you know I'm gonna come and help our people here in Guam because we're neighbors you know our brothers here sisters. The last that I chose is an interior electrician told Romeo. Joining the Guard is a big step it's it's about serving the people it's about giving back and it's something similar to what I do you know yes it's it's it's it's a different job itself but the whole purpose is it's kind of similar you know you're gonna give back you're gonna help you're gonna make people's life change. I took up on myself that I'm gonna come out here because they did the same to us they came out there to help us and you know your need we're always there.


From my perspective, it's a great way to make connections with people, and you never know what's going to happen when you come to a Web Summit. You have a schedule, you might have some things you think you're going to do, and then you'll meet someone during the day that can change completely the course of what you wear your head at. It really has been that way for me. So I think the most valuable thing is just the people you get to meet here, engage with, the friendships you develop. It's a great place to make those relationships. What I learned at NASA was that the success is the success of the team and not the success of the individual. We found things that we might not have been good at, hopefully it was someone else on the team that was good at that, and it could be anything from figuring out navigation to working a robot arm to flying an airplane to some of our training exercises, whatever it is, some people generally better at other things than everybody can be good at everything. And it's very complex what you do. It's not any one thing is that hard, but the whole situation, putting everything together becomes complex. So the only way that you're going to be successful is if everyone works together. But it's a sort of mindset change where you want to contribute to the success of the team because you don't want to let down your teammates, but the way you measure success is what you accomplish together. So it's a team success or it's a team failure. As astronauts we like to do things, right, but whenever you can get help from a computer or if a robot could do it, you know, that's usually a better option. It's always going to be something for people to do. So I think it's more a question of how people can work and use the automation and if artificial intelligence continues to go and we can hand more and more things over to automatic systems, that's great. It's always going to be something for people to do. The space shuttle is very intensive for people to be involved with is on board. All the maneuvers, all the systems had to be turned on and off by an astronaut. Now on the space station, most of those things can be done automatically or from the ground. So you can offload that from the astronauts and they can do other things. They can do experiments and do the things that you need people there. So I think it's important to embrace the technology as it comes along. Have a person do what they're best at, what you don't have technology for, but try to rely as much as you can on technology to help you.


Aloha, my name is Annabelle Lijun and this is a Think Tech Speakers Corner Commentary. I'm a student reporter for the Conservation Impacts through Multimedia Storytelling course at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. This is a specialty multidisciplinary course designed by two amazing UH journalism professors, Patricia Buzzkirk and Misa Marayama, who both have extensive experience in media storytelling through film and journalism. This course focuses around the International Union for Conservation of Nature, World Conservation Congress, which is considered the world's most diverse environmental network event. Since its beginning in 1948, the IUCN is happening for the first time in the United States and it's happening right here in Hawaii. The greatest part about this course is the dynamic of each student and the professors. We are all of differing disciplines and backgrounds with a common passion to preserve and protect the world so that we all may be able to experience the aloha of nature. We have decided to brand ourselves aloha nature in an effort to reach a global audience. While the term aloha is worldwide, it has been abused and commercialized. Aloha nature attempts to redefine aloha by helping others to love nature, by understanding that we are loved by nature and to feel responsible for caring for nature because we are part of nature. We aim to appeal to the millennials who are now the largest living generation. Aloha nature is teaming with the IUCN's motive to connect the disconnection that millennials aspire to go green and to actually acting green. As an English and journalism student, this course caters directly to my interest in combining both journalism and world conservation. So far, I have had the opportunity to meet and interview cinematographer Paul Atkins, who's work inspired President Bush to turn part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands into the world's largest marine national monument. I have had the pleasure of interviewing Erin Lowe, who is Oahu's trail specialist as well. We have been filming and doing a lot of pre-production work, setting up for the IUCN itself with the intention to create a multimedia platform in which we can combine text, videos, audio, photography, and social media to share our work. Aloha nature supports the hashtag nature for all campaign in asking their interviewees to answer with one word. Nature for you is, and my answer is biofilia, which is the instinctive bond that humans feel to nature. It's a term I learned during my biology course as a sophomore in college and it stuck with me because I understand that bond and I want others to experience that bond as well. Aloha nature has a social media campaign question for its audience, in which we ask, if you could ask everyone in the world to do one thing for nature, what would that be? I would ask everyone in the world to spend at least five undisrupted minutes in nature every day, whatever or wherever it may be, just five minutes. I believe that if everyone spends time in nature, they will feel that instinctive bond to nature, therefore slowly changing their lifestyle habits to better improve the health of our earth. I'm Elama Aina and Mahalo for listening. I look forward to hearing about your Aloha nature experiences.


Meet the Oromo people. The most populous ethnic group in Ethiopia with a population of 40 million. The Oromo people of Ethiopia have a fascinating and complex history that spans centuries. With a population of over 40 million, they are the largest ethnic group in the country, residing primarily in the Oromia region. Historical linguistics and comparative ethnology studies suggest that the Oromo people probably originated around the lakes Lake Chuba here and Lake Chamo. They are a Kushitic people who have inhabited the east and northeast Africa since at least the early 1st millennium. The Oromo language, known as Afeyan Oromo, is an integral part of their identity. It belongs to the Kushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family and is spoken by millions of Oromo individuals. Afeyan Oromo serves as a means of communication, a vessel for preserving their history and cultural heritage. One of the remarkable aspects of Oromo society is the Gadiah system. It is a unique form of democratic governance and social organization that has been practiced for generations. The Gadiah system is based on a rotational leadership structure where leaders are elected based on age sets and serve for a fixed term. The system regulates political, economic, social and religious activities of the community dealing with issues such as conflict resolution, reparation and protecting women's rights. It serves as a mechanism for enforcing moral conduct, building social cohesion and expressing forms of community culture. Oromos respect their elders and value social responsibility, helping others, bravery and hard work. Knowledge of history and culture is admired. Oromos can count their family trees through 10 generations or more. These values are expressed in Girarsa or Marisa, singing, storytelling, poems and proverbs. Traditional Oromo songs, accompanied by various musical instruments, celebrate their history, values and daily lives. There have been positive strides towards acknowledging and valuing Oromo culture and language. With a fey in Oromo gaining official recognition as one of Ethiopia's federal working languages, today the Oromo people actively participate in various sectors, including education, politics, arts and sports, contributing to the diverse fabric of Ethiopian society. Recognizing and appreciating the Oromo people's rich heritage and contributions is vital for fostering understanding and unity within Ethiopia. Recognizing their language, traditions and democratic values can lead to a stronger and more harmonious society where all ethnic groups thrive together.