Now, Judges 19, 20, and 21 is probably the most messed up story in the Bible. And I'm also going to explain to you by the end of the sermon why that story is in the Bible. And explain that a little bit to you as well, give you some closure there. So this morning, first of all, if we're going to figure out how the universe works, we have to give you a quick lesson in thermodynamics, okay? So thermodynamics is basically the study, I'm going to give you the technical definition of thermodynamics. And then I'm just going to explain it to you in layman's terms. So basically thermodynamics is the study of energy and work and basically the transfer of heat throughout the universe, okay? Now there's some laws in thermodynamics. There's three main laws of thermodynamics. Today we're going to focus on the second law of thermodynamics. I'm going to use that to explain to you how the universe works. Basically the three laws of thermodynamics are basically centered around the second law. So we're just going to focus on the second law for sake of time. And the second law of thermodynamics basically states this, is that the entropy of a closed system always increases. So you say what in the world is entropy, okay? The scientific definition of entropy is this. Entropy is the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. Because work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, the amount of entropy is also a measure of the molecular disorder or randomness of a system. Simply put in layman's terms entropy is the disorder of a system. It's a measure of disorder. It's a measure of disorder in anything, okay? So I'm going to demonstrate for you, I thought I hit a glass under here, here it is. So we need our handy glass of water, because I like to use a glass of water in just about every explanation it seems. But basically the laws of thermodynamics, especially the second law of thermodynamics, it's not a philosophy, okay? It's a law. It's the way things work. And people have discovered this law. They put mathematical equations to it. Scientists use it. Engineers use it to design machines, to build buildings, all these different things. But it's something that's there. It's happening to us. It's how the universe literally works around us, okay? So in order to design systems and machines and all these things inside this universe, you must understand these laws and how they work, okay? That's why, in my opinion, some of the best engineers and scientists and inventors were people that actually recognized God, like Michael Faraday for example. And they understood that the machines that they had to build had to operate within the limits that God had put forth to us on this earth. Gravity is a perfect example. When you build a building, you have to make it strong enough to withstand gravity, right? Otherwise it's not going to work out so well. So entropy is this measure of disorder, okay? And it doesn't just govern heat transfer. It governs the whole universe. So the second law of thermodynamics says that every system in the universe is always heading towards disorder, not the other way around, okay? Some examples. I'm going to give you an example at a molecular level. I'll start at the molecular level and then we'll move up from there. So I have some blue ice cubes and a glass of water and what I'm going to do is we're going to have a little object lesson here. So here I have some blue molecules in this ice cube. These are very stable molecules. They're not moving. They're formed in a certain way. There's no way I can move them, okay? So I have this, now I have this glass of water, which is also the same substance, but the molecules are in a different form. It's very unstable. I can move it around. So what happens is if I put these two things together, if I put this blue, stable ice cube into this water, the system of this glass is going to start heading into disorder, okay? It's not going to get more ordered. It's going to head into disorder. So we're going to leave that there for the sermon. But basically the water molecules have much more disorder than the ice cube, okay? So we're going to watch that system as the sermon continues. Another example on a bigger scale, we're sitting in a church this morning. If this church, so we had a New Year's Eve party, right? And we destroyed this place. I mean, we wrecked the whole place. But if this church never got cleaned, the system of this church building, this church would head towards disorder. So as the closed system of this building, if there was never anything applied to make the entropy decrease, it would just get, the entropy of this building would just be more, and it wouldn't matter how careful we were. The things would wear out, things would break down, the floor would get dirty, things would get dropped, it would just get more and more dirty. So in order to decrease the disorder of a system, energy must be applied, okay? So I created that ice cube because I applied energy to create that ice cube, okay? So in order to have a clean church building, there's no magical button that I pushed on the wall. Somebody has to actually come in here and apply energy to clean the church building, okay? Everything works this way. Everything in the entire universe. We could get bigger and bigger and bigger on the systems, and this is the physical world that we live in and how it actually works. So on a side note, the sermon is not about evolution, but basically evolution goes against the second law of thermodynamics, okay? Because what evolutionists will claim is that there's this spontaneous order that comes from nothing, and it goes against the second law of thermodynamics. You can say, oh, there's energy applied and things like that, but they have, the evolutionists has no explanation for where the spontaneous order of organisms come from and how it gets more and more and more ordered as a small organism or a simple organism evolves into a more complex organism. There's no explanation for it, and it goes against the second law of thermodynamics. So engineers should not be evolutionists if they're thinking people. It doesn't work. You know, microevolution is a completely different thing, okay? I used to selectively, we raised sheep and we raised registered sheep, okay? And we selectively bred animals for certain traits, all right? So we would selectively breed our animals for a trait like growth. We wanted the lambs to put on a lot of weight every single day. So we would, that's a trait that we would look for and we would breed. But here's the thing, if you selectively breed animals, you lose other traits. So the entropy still increases. The disorder always increases, even in selectively breeding animals. There was always this argument between the show sheep people who like to go and show sheep at the fair and the production sheep people. Because you would have these show sheep people who bred this entire breed of sheep to have a straight back and have certain legs a certain way. But the sheep became almost infertile. They lost all the other traits. So as far as production and making lambs that would grow for meat and things like that, this breed was completely worthless. So you still, even with selective breeding and nature choosing certain traits, the species is still heading towards disorder. So it still disproves evolution, all right? So we see that it's all heading towards disorder in the universe. Another thing, evolution, last thing in evolution has no explanation for. Turn to Genesis chapter 3. Turn to Genesis chapter 3. Genesis chapter 3, this spark of life, they have no explanation for this mysterious spark of life that as soon as you as a person, as a human being, as an alive organism lose this spark of life, look down at verse number 13. Genesis 3 verse 13, the Bible says, in the sweat of thy face shall thou eat bread till thou return unto the ground. For out of it was thou taken, for dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return." So there's this mysterious spark of life that they just can't explain where it came from, okay? And as soon as you lose it, you begin to turn into dust again. That process begins, okay? So we see that everything is headed towards disorder. Let's get back to the second law of thermodynamics. Your body exhibits it.  How is that possible? Your body is actually heading towards the temperature of this room, did you know that?  And the work inside your body to keep your body at 98 degrees is going to continue. And there's a waste product called heat. Did you know that your body puts out about 400 BTUs an hour? That's why at the Red Hot Preaching Conference, we have an extra 100 people in the room, we have to get a bunch of air conditioners. Because we've got 400 times 100 people's 40,000 BTUs that we need to replace. We need to remove from the building. Because your body is a system and it wants to, just like the ice cube, it wants to head to equilibrium. I see that the water is getting a little blue. So we need energy to reduce entropy, to reduce disorder. You eat food and your body, that's the energy that your body uses. And it's a basic law that governs the entire world around us. So today I want to show you how it not only governs the physical world, but the spiritual as well. Okay? Because look, who invented this law? Did some scientist or inventor or engineer from the 1500s or 1600s invent the second law of thermodynamics or the first, second and third law of thermodynamics? No, they just figured out how to work around it and to model it and to build things within it. It was invented by God and it matches perfectly with what we see in the Bible. Turn to 1 Corinthians chapter 14. So everything from the molecular level all the way up to the system levels like your body, this room, the entire universe is increasing in disorder all the time. And the only way to slow it or reverse it is to apply energy. Is everybody with me so far? That's the whole idea that we're going to head into right now, okay? Doesn't it make sense that since God designed the physical world, the way he designed the spiritual world would match what we see in the physical world? It's the same inventor. Look at 1 Corinthians chapter 14 and verse number 40. It's our verse of the week. The Bible says, let all things be done decently and in order. That's the opposite of increasing entropy. Turn to Proverbs chapter 29. I first want to start at the level of the individual today when we talk about increasing or decreasing disorder and see what the Bible says. We talked about turn to Proverbs 29, center your Bible, you'll find the book of Psalms and then one book over is the book of Proverbs. So we talked about raising small children several weeks ago. Okay? And if you look at Proverbs 29 and verse number 15, look at what the Bible says. The Bible says, the rod and reproof give wisdom, but a child left to himself bringeth his mother to shame. So the Bible here is teaching, and we talked about this when we were talking about raising small children, is that your children, if left alone, they will default too bad. Okay? Isn't that interesting? Children will default, if you do nothing to intervene, they will default to disorder, okay? It takes energy to correct it, okay? It takes, I mean, and it takes literal energy to spank, to correct, to raise children properly. It takes energy from somewhere, from their parents, the Bible says. So why does a child default to bad? Why do individuals default to bad, especially children, as this verse is telling us? And I'm going to explain to you that because number one, it's two reasons, and the first one is turned to Romans chapter 7. They're being influenced by two things, and the Bible tells us what those two things are. Turn to Romans chapter 7, Romans chapter 7. So if left alone, it will go bad, it will go into disorder, the Bible says. Look at Romans chapter 7 in verse number 23. The Bible says, but I see another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin, which is in my members. O wretched man that I am, who shall deliver me from the body of this death? I thank God through Jesus Christ our Lord. So then with the mind, I myself serve the law of God, but with the flesh, the law of sin. Now we could study this for a long time, but we went over this in Romans 7. Even if you're saved today, you're sealed by the Holy Spirit, there's nothing you could ever do to lose your salvation, but as long as you're alive on this earth, the Bible teaches as Paul says here, that you're going to be warring against the flesh, your whole life. You always have the flesh with you. So that is one of the reasons that children will default to bad, because they have the sin nature of the flesh with them. The second reason turned to 2 Corinthians chapter 6. The second reason that children will default to bad is because they're being influenced by the world around them. It's not really a closed system if they're being influenced by the world around them that has defaulted to bad, and we'll get to that later. Look at 2 Corinthians chapter 6 and verse number 17, wherefore come out from among them and be ye separate, sayeth the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing, and I will receive you. This is why the Bible teaches separation for the Christian, because that negative influence of the world will change you, and it will default you to bad. It will melt your ice tube, so to speak.  It's not a closed system, but you want the influence coming into their life from the right sources. Turn to Isaiah 53. So the point I'm trying to get you and I understand is that the Bible teaches that left to ourselves we will go astray. Isaiah 53, look at verse number 6. The Bible says in Isaiah 53 and verse number 6, all we like sheep have gone astray. We have turned everyone to his own way. The Bible says, and the Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. That's the second law of thermodynamics in the Bible right there. People turning to their own way. Look, the Bible uses this example of sheep a lot. Sheep going astray. Sheep being scattered. To organize sheep takes an incredible amount of energy. I know. You have to build fences, or they would scatter. You have to provide them shelter, or they would just die.  That takes energy. So children need their parents to keep them in order, to turn the tide of the sin nature in them, and to isolate those negative sources that are trying to get into their life. Like the public school system. So we have this flesh, we have this sin nature, and also this world that's trying to default us to bad, you see. What energy source do we use? That's the question. We're talking about this from a perspective of thermodynamics, right? What energy source do we apply, turn to Galatians chapter 5, to stop the disorder from taking over our lives. Turn to Galatians chapter 5. Galatians chapter 5. Give you some time to turn there. New Testament. Galatians chapter 5, look down at verse number 17, where the Bible reads, for the flesh lusteth against the spirit, and the spirit against the flesh, and these are contrary the one to the other, so that you cannot do the things that you would. But if you be led of the spirit, you are not under the law. Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these, adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, envies, murders, drunkenness, revelings, and such like. Of the which I tell you before, as I've also told you in time past, that they would do such things from not inherit the kingdom of God. But the fruit of the spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance, against such there is no law. And they that are Christ have crucified the flesh with the affections and lusts. If we live in the spirit, let us also walk in the spirit. So the first thing that you have, turn to Ephesians chapter 1. The first thing that you have to help you fight against this disorder is the Holy Spirit. That's the first thing that you have. In Ephesians chapter 1, look at verse number 13. The Bible says this, in whom ye also trusted after that ye heard the word of truth. What's the word of truth? The gospel of your salvation, in whom also after that ye believed, ye were sealed with that Holy Spirit of promise, which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession unto the praise of his glory. So if you are saved today, the Bible says that you have this Holy Spirit in you. You have this weapon already. It's what seals you.  And the Bible says that you have this spirit that's warring against the flesh. The spirit against the flesh is what the Bible just said. The Holy Spirit is fighting a war for you. Will you help him? That's what's going on. The Holy Spirit is inside you, warring against the flesh. The Bible says that you can grieve the Holy Spirit. The Bible says that you can walk in the flesh and you can grieve the Holy Spirit that's in you, that's not going anywhere. But you can grieve him. So you have this tool to stop the disorder in your life. And the first tool is the Holy Spirit. And he's with you if you're saved. Because the Bible says that after ye believe the word of truth, the gospel, it's your seal with that Holy Spirit of promise. Okay? Second, turn to Proverbs chapter one. There's more. You have more than this. Proverbs chapter one. Another thing that you have to help you fight the disorder in your life is you have wisdom and instruction. Look at Proverbs chapter one in verse number five. The Bible reads, A wise man will hear and will increase learning and a man of understanding shall attain unto wise counsels. To understand a proverb and the interpretation, the words of the wise and their dark sayings, the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, but fools despise wisdom and instruction.  Okay? So the Bible is telling us here that our personal sources of energy are number one, the Holy Spirit and number two, the word of God. And we have them both and they are unlimited. They are unlimited. So when it comes to your children, think of the ice cube. How's the ice cube doing? Not good. Think of the ice cube. Look, here's the thing. Once you've lost that ice cube to entropy of that system, there's no putting that ice cube back together. I can make another ice cube and apply, but it's very difficult to get that ice cube, get all those molecules back into that ice cube. And the same applies. It could be very difficult. If you lose your children to this world, it could be very difficult to pull them back. And it could mean that they never get saved if the wrong people get a hold of them in this world. So remember the ice cube when you think about your children. So that's the individual level. We see the second law of thermodynamics on the individual level spiritually. It applies. It's God's law in the physical world and it works for the spiritual world as well. It's what the Bible says. Let's look at the systems of a nation. The systems of a nation. Let's pull it back. Let's pull it out. The physical nation and the second law of thermodynamics.  Do you ever wonder why there's always road construction?  It's because things wear out. Because things break. Because infrastructure is not forever. Because as soon as you build something, it starts degrading. It starts cracking up. Concrete cracks. Asphalt cracks. Because things don't get better over time. It's the second law of thermodynamics. That's what it is. Energy must always be added to put order back into those systems. Because everything tends towards disorder. Roads, bridges, power lines, equipment. It wears out. Your car. It wears out. That's why if you have a, you know, I love having a paid off car, but you know what? Things break. And you have to put energy into those things and fix them. Think if you parked your car in a field for 50 years. Would it get shinier every year? Of course not. Especially not here. Turn to Matthew chapter 9. Now let's look at the spiritual aspect of a nation. Turn to Matthew chapter 9. Look, Jesus knew this. Jesus knew this. Matthew chapter 9. Matthew chapter 9, verse number 35, the Bible says, Jesus went about all the cities and villages teaching in their synagogues and preaching the gospel of the kingdom and healing every sickness, every disease among the people. But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them because they had fainted and were scattered abroad as sheep having no shepherd. Then he said unto his disciples, the harvest is plenious, but the laborers are few. Pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest that he will send forth laborers into his harvest. Back to sheep. They need a shepherd. Left to themselves they will go astray. Now let's think about our reading this morning. Judges chapter 19, chapter 20 and chapter 21, one of those horrible stories in the whole Bible. You have a man whose concubine ran away, he went and got her back and he stayed overnight in this city called Gibeah. And all these sodomites and perverts tried to beat down the house and to like molest the men.  Then he takes and he, I mean it's a terrible story. He takes and he sends her body parts to the tribes of Israel and all of Israel comes together to war against Benjamin which is the tribe of where this town was. And they say give us the men, they want, give us those sodomites so we can put them to death, they said. And they wouldn't do it. But what did they do? What did they do? They went to war against the entire nation.  Look, you'll see at the end, look at the end of Judges chapter 21. And if you wonder why these stories are in the Bible, it's to demonstrate to you, look, here's another thing. When you're reading the Bible, this is a story. Even the men that were in the city that were saying, take our daughters and all this kind, they didn't do the right thing either. Here you have a mob of sadistic unnatural perverts trying to murder people and molest people and they didn't do the right thing either. Somebody comes to my house like that and I'm going out first. That's the way it should be. That's what the Bible actually teaches. This is a story in the Bible. God didn't chime in until chapter number 20 where they said, should we go up? And God said, yes, go up and take care of it. That's when God chimed in in chapter number 20. But look, the point I'm trying to make is this. Any serious historian, look at the end of Judges chapter 21. In those days, there was no king in Israel. Every man did that was what?  They had just forsaken the law. So it gets even worse.  So they're like, well, these men are going to need their wives. So they go and they find the tribe that didn't go to war with them.  It's a terrible story. Nobody's doing right here. And then there's 200 women that they need. They're like, hey, just go kidnap them from these people. But at the end, at least the Bible explains to us that every man that did that was right in his own eyes. That's what happens when every man does what is right in his own eyes. You get a nation like this. Every serious historian knows this, that moral decline precedes the fall of an empire, of a nation. Anyone who has seriously studied history knows this. Even the intellectual people out there. Let me read you, especially studies of the Roman empire, by the way, which is crazy how well it mirrors what's happening in the United States. Let me read you a quote from Jim Nelson Black's book when nations die. The Bible, or not the Bible. Jim Nelson's book says this. In Rome, entertainment grew bodyer and more bizarre. Homosexuality and bestiality were openly practiced. Similar patterns can be found in other civilizations. In Greece, the music of the young people became wild in course. Popular entertainment was brutal and vulgar. Promiscuity, homosexuality, drunkenness became daily, normal parts of life. And social restraints were lost, leading to even greater decadence. This is what a nation left to themselves will come to. Look at the Bible in Judges 19, 20, and 21. It's the same thing.  That's the second law of thermodynamics in the Old Testament, is what that is. Maximum disorder. And that's why we read Judges 21 today. It's a story of how bad things can get and will get without a shepherd. Without the law. Without that external energy required to stop the disorder. Things in a nation will head towards maximum chaos, basically. Now look, the energy to change it, to inject into the system, is God's law. It's the Bible. That's what the energy is. I mean, we just studied Romans 13. Are we following the Bible today? What is the purpose of government in Romans 13? It's to be a terror to the evil, it says in Romans 13. That is what the government's job is. It's the government following God's law today. I mean, it's a goofy thought to even say that with what's going on in our country. Look, God injected himself into the story in chapter 20, and I'm going to read it for you in Judges 20, verse 18. And the children of Israel arose and went up to the house of God and asked counsel of God and said, which of us shall go up first to the battle against the children of Benjamin? And the Lord said, Judah shall go up first. The Lord is telling them to go and take care of this. God ordered the destruction of Benjamin. God ordered, it's similar to Sodom and Gomorrah. God just took care of it. He just wiped it out. So nation's default to disorder, the second law of thermodynamics is happening to us in this nation today. It's happening. And look, God will only put up with it for so long. How many examples in the Bible do you need? God will only put up with it for so long. So let's look at the physical world now. Now that we see how nations will default to disorder. Let's look at the physical world. Turn to Luke, chapter 21. Luke, chapter 21. Look, the second law of thermodynamics tells us that this physical world is dying that we live in. Luke, chapter 21. I mean, environmentalists today will teach it's because we're destroying the earth. But the second law states that it's just happening. It's just heading towards disorder. Jesus said the same thing. He knew it too. Look at Luke 21 in verse number 7. And the Bible says, and they asked him, saying, Master, but when shall all these things be? Jesus, of course, is going to talk about end times things now. And what sign will there be when these things shall come to pass? And he said, take heed that ye be not deceived. For many shall come in my name saying, I am Christ. The time draweth near. Go ye not therefore after them. But when ye shall hear of wars and commotions, be not terrified. For these things must first come to pass, but the end is not by and by. Then he said unto them, nations shall rise against nation and kingdom against kingdom. And great earthquakes shall be in diverse places. And famines and pestilences, and fearful sights and great signs shall there be from heaven. I'm going to read you a quote from the World Health Organization. Infectious diseases are spreading around the world faster than ever, says the World Health Organization. And new diseases are emerging at unprecedented rates. This isn't the Bible. This is the worldly World Health Organization. Several factors, and then, of course, they give us the answer. Several factors have accelerated the spread of disease around the world, increasing ease of international trade, each year people travel more, population growth, resistance to drugs, under-resourced health care systems, intensive farming practice, and degradation of the environment. Basically, for the environmentalists or the liberal today, population control and communism will fix everything. So it's just one more thing. But look, it's just increasing entropy on a global scale is what it is. It's the second law of thermodynamics. It's increasing disorder. And guess what? As people get worse, and here's a problem if you don't understand the spiritual along with the physical.  Well, here's the thing. As the entropy of the world spiritually gets worse, and people in general gets worse, like in Judges 19, 20, and 21, guess what there's going to be more of? Wars, people doing immoral things at a national scale. There's going to be more and more of that because there's no morality bounding anybody. So you have to understand the spiritual to get the whole picture here. So luckily, let's get back to the physical system. So the physical world is dying, but guess what? Luckily, we have this massive source of energy that's constantly injecting energy to the earth that God provided for us. You ever heard of this thing called the sun? Scientists today will teach that this second law of thermodynamics is going to end eventually with the heat death of the universe, which means that, I mean, theoretically, I agree with it. The theoretical idea of it is that pretty soon there's going to be, not pretty soon, it's like 10 to the 26 years. It's like forever out there, right? But the idea is that as soon as there's no more useful energy anymore, we can't apply energy to stop the entropy anymore, and everything will just stop, basically. As soon as the sun burns out and all this stuff. But guess what? That's never going to happen. Your bodies, basically, it's saying that you need all this energy to keep. Look at how many temperature differentials there are in this room right now. We have the room at 70 degrees. We have outside at 50 degrees or whatever it is. We have the refrigerator at 36 degrees. That all takes energy. As soon as there's no more energy, everything's just going to settle out at the same temperature. That's the heat death of the universe, right? Theoretically, if there was not this whole thing called God that's controlling everything, I'd get the point of that. But without the sun, everything dies, basically.  Now without the sun, nothing grows. Everything dies. So luckily, God's provided this sun. Turn to Matthew chapter 24. Matthew chapter 24. Matthew chapter 24 and verse number 29. The Bible talks a lot about the sun. Matthew chapter 24 and verse number 29. And Jesus says immediately after the tribulation of those days, shall the sun be darkened and the moon shall not give her light and the stars shall fall from heaven and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken. The sun will be darkened. I mean, I don't believe it will go out. Otherwise, there would be no life left on earth. But there are things to come still after that happens. Talking about right before the rapture. Because that basically killed the whole earth, according to the second law of thermodynamics. So there will be no heat death. Not that I don't agree with the theoretical possibility of it. But the point is that God will control the ending of this world. In Genesis chapter 822, the Bible says, while the earth remaineth, seed time and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night shall not cease.  Okay? Now, turn to Psalm 84. Here's where it gets really interesting. So we see the sun, God's provided the sun to give us the ultimate injection of energy into this earth that we're living on. Look at Psalm 84. And we see that in the spiritual world, it's the word of God and it's the Holy Spirit that's keeping us from disorder, right? So we see in the physical world, we have the sun giving energy to the earth. And we see in the spiritual world that we have basically God giving us our strength through the Holy Spirit and through his word that he has perfectly pure words that he's preserved for us on earth. Look at Psalm 84 in verse number 11. And look what the Bible says. This is interesting. For the Lord God is a sun and shield. The Lord will give grace and glory. No good thing will he withhold from them that walk uprightly. Turn to Revelation chapter 21. So we see that the Bible compares God symbolically to a sun that gives us energy. And we see that it's through the Holy Spirit and the word of God in us. Turn to Revelation chapter 21. And we see at the end times when there's a new heaven and a new earth, we won't need a sun, the Bible says. We won't need a sun. Look at verse number one. Revelation 21, verse number one. And I saw a new heaven and a new earth. For the first heaven and the first earth were passed away and there was no more sea. And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon to shine in it. For the glory of God did lighten it. And the lamb is the light thereof.  No, the Bible makes the connection. It's right there. It directly compares God, our Savior, our life giver, to the sun. And it says that in the new heaven, in the new earth, in the new Jerusalem, we will not even need a sun because the glory of God will shine. Isn't that wonderful? The object that he created to keep us physically alive on this planet until the time he chooses is the sun. You know, look, nothing in the Bible is an accident. Nothing in the Bible, when you read Psalm 84 and you read that, you know, that he is a sun to us. Nothing in the Bible is an accident. That's why we're King James only because the actual literal words, individual words of the Bible matter. So when you start changing them, it makes mistakes and it changes the meaning. So look, how's our ice cube doing? Not too good. So you see the physical world is heading towards disorder. Now it's all disorderly. There's not even any of it that's orderly anymore. It's all disorderly. Whether you like it or not, that's the way this physical world is heading. Whether you like it or not. You know, thankfully we have energy, you know, this massive injection of energy to the earth. We have the sun, we can, you know, grow food. It cleans water for us. It keeps the water cycle that we talked about going. The sun with no sun, there's no water cycle. There's no evaporation. There's no condensation. The spiritual world operates under the same rules. And that's what the Bible shows us. We're being pulled into entropy. As a Christian today, as you're living in the world, as you're raising your kids in this world, you're being pulled into disorder. And you have the Holy Spirit fighting for you. Like I said earlier, will you give them a hand? Help out a little bit. You better recognize the danger of the world out there pulling on your children, because it will get them. If you put them in public school and you put them in daycare and they never see you, the world's gonna get them. That's why we push homeschooling here. That's why we push biblical education here.  And the worldview of the world is the opposite of the worldview of this book. It's not a little bit different. It's the opposite. And they're being pulled into chaos. So you have to, you must intervene. If I wanna make another ice cube, I have to intervene. I can't just say, we please turn into an ice cube again. I have to inject energy to create that ice cube. And then I have to keep, we had to bring the thing up with this ice pack and this whole thing, because as soon as we took it out of the freezer, it started melting. You have to constantly be injecting energy. Or the entropy of the world will drag you down.  It's a constant battle. It's a constant battle. So as we fall away from our energy sources, you can't fall away from the Holy Spirit, but you can grieve the Holy Spirit. If you never read your Bible, you, adult, you will slip into disorder.  Do you ever read it? Or you'll slip into disorder. We need the injection of God's word in our lives, you know? Or the sin nature in the world around us will take us into disorder. It's the second law of thermodynamics. It applies to the Bible. It applies to your spiritual life. But guess what? God invented both. So it makes perfect sense.  Or God just destroys them. We see that. It's the second law of thermodynamics. It's God's law for our physical world. It makes perfect sense that the spiritual world would operate the exact same way. And that, folks, is how the universe works in 43 minutes.


So, in this session we spoke about science of breast milk, breastfeeding, we also spoke about golden hour, why it is important to breastfeed right away as soon as baby is born. Now in coming up in part 3, we are going to talk about importance of breastfeeding. Importance of breast milk, breastfeeding, remember the direct breastfeeding is very important because nowadays many mothers are buying pumps and you know using pumps to give milk to the baby, it will change the gut microbiome ok. I already spoke about importance of gut microbiome, so direct latching is extremely important. Also in the same part, we will also talk about complications of breastfeeding. We have tutorial on both importance of breastfeeding as well as complication of formulas and you know on cow's milk. So, please watch it carefully and understand that you know and pass it on to mothers that information is very important. Those are all evidence based. We have citation of each and every you know sentence that we speak. So, do watch it and let me know how do you like it. Thank you. Welcome to the spoken tutorial about the importance of breastfeeding. In this tutorial, we will learn about importance of breastfeeding, benefits of breastfeeding for the babies and the mothers. Breastfeeding is a vital process. It starts from the birth of a child to its second birthday or beyond. Breastfeeding gives a healthy start of life to the infant. It decides the immediate and future health of a child and the mother. The benefits of it lasts a lifetime for both of them. Even malnourished mothers can breastfeed their baby. During pregnancy, breast size increases. This is due to an increase in the number of milk-producing tissues. However, the final size of the breasts do not affect the milk production amount. Breastfeeding should be initiated within one hour of birth. This increases the supply of breast milk. Therefore, exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months also increases. It further helps in extending breastfeeding beyond two years. The risk of neonatal deaths is low in babies who are breastfed within one hour. Delayed breastfeeding can increase the risk of diseases in newborn babies. For example, diabetes, obesity and high blood pressure. Early initiation of breastfeeding also ensures that the baby receives colostrum. Colostrum is the first milk secreted by the mother after giving birth. For babies, it is a primary source of energy and nutrients. It is important for them, especially in the initial days of their lives. It has a large number of infection fighting elements, vitamin A and good fat. Numerous growth and protective factors are also there in colostrum. Colostrum has a property which helps to remove the old feces faster. Detailed benefits of colostrum are discussed in another tutorial. Please check the website for more details. Remember that exclusive breastfeeding should be done for the first six months. Breast milk is a unique natural food which cannot be duplicated. When the baby completes six months, complimentary food should be started. It should be given along with breastfeeding. Breastfeeding should be continued until two years or beyond. There are many benefits of breastfeeding for the babies. Nutrients and composition of breast milk are ideal for digestion by babies. Through breast milk, babies get antibodies. Antibodies strengthen the immunity of the baby and reduces the risk of infections. Additionally, it prevents allergic reactions in babies. Breast milk also contains growth factors. They help in the development of the lining of the baby's intestine. It promotes the growth of good bacteria in the baby's intestine. Thus, it protects the babies against intestinal inflammation and infection. Similarly, it helps in the development of all other organs of the body. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of diarrhea. Other benefits are prevention of ear infections and tooth decay. Development of jaws and proper alignment of teeth are some other examples. Risk of developing some diseases later in life also gets reduced. For example, diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure and blood cancer. The risk of respiratory diseases like asthma and pneumonia also gets reduced. Breastfeeding reduces the chances of sudden death in babies below one year of age. The risk of developing atopic eczema is also less in breastfed babies. Eczema is a condition in which skin develops red, itchy and rough patches. Breastfed babies are also less likely to be hospitalised for illness and infections. Breastfed babies have better control over their appetite. Breast milk contains appetite-controlling hormones. Such hormones help the babies listen to their body's hunger and satiety signals. This self-regulation is disturbed in babies who are not breastfed. Eventually, this can lead to overeating, obesity and later diabetes. Breastfeeding also has an effect on the brain. The breast milk has components which help in brain development and maturation. Breastfed children have a higher IQ and other skills. Breast milk benefits premature babies even more. Suckling at the breast improves the breathing in such babies. These babies are at a risk of developing intestinal infection. For example, diarrhea and necrotizing enterocolitis which is known as NEC. NEC is a serious condition caused due to infection and damage to the intestine. Breast milk protects premature babies from this infection. Milk from mothers of premature babies is rich in infection-fighting proteins. It also contains intestinal protective growth-promoting factors. High concentration of specific amino acids and good bacteria is also present. These amino acids are essential for growth in premature infants. Thus, breast milk helps in preventing infections and gaining weight. Breastfeeding reduces long-term problems caused due to premature birth. For example, problems of the lungs and eyes. Thus, premature babies should get a maximum amount of breast milk. Even kangaroo mother care also known as KMC is useful for premature babies. It improves the frequency and duration of breastfeeding in them. Skin-to-skin contact during KMC helps maintain the baby's body temperature. It also helps in stabilizing the baby's heartbeat and oxygen levels in blood. The procedure for kangaroo mother care has been explained in another tutorial. Apart from babies, breastfeeding is beneficial for mothers as well. The benefits are immediate and long-term. Immediate breastfeeding after childbirth helps reduce vaginal bleeding. It increases the level of oxytocin hormone in the body. This helps in expelling the placenta out of the body. As a result, uterus contractions are improved and vaginal bleeding reduces. Thus, anemia can be prevented in mothers. There are psychological advantages of breastfeeding for mothers. Frequent skin-to-skin contact develops bonding between the mother and her baby. This bonding makes the mother ready to breastfeed. Ultimately, it reduces the postpartum stress and depression in mothers. Breastfeeding also has long-term benefits for mothers. It prevents weakening of the bones in the later age. The risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer also gets reduced.  This fat is hidden in the belly or abdominal region. Excess of this fat can result in insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity.  It minimizes the risk of obesity, hypertension and heart diseases. Exclusive breastfeeding can act as a natural birth control. However, couples should use contraception after 6 weeks of delivery. This helps in keeping space between two pregnancies. There are some economical benefits of breastfeeding. Breast milk is available free of cost and is best for the baby. It does not involve money spent on formula milk, bottles and plastic nipples. Extra time is also not spent in preparing breast milk. Hot water, utensils and heating fuel is not required for preparing breast milk. Dirty water or dirty feeding bottles can make the baby sick. Thus, health care costs for the mother and baby is low in the future years. There are several environmental benefits of breastfeeding too. Firstly, breastfeeding does not involve any packaging or transportation. It does not produce any waste, smoke or noise. It reduces pollution by saving global resources and energy. Therefore, breastfeeding is the best option. Mothers should ensure to breastfeed the baby from birth until 2 years of age. This is for the good health of the baby and the mother as well. Breastfeeding requires an understanding of the correct breastfeeding technique. Along with that, adequate support and guidance from the family is necessary too. All of this has been explained in another tutorial of the same series. This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Welcome to the spoken tutorial on comparison of mother's milk with other substitutes. In this tutorial, we will learn about advantages of mother's milk, harmful effects of formula feed and animal milk. Breast milk is a liquid source of complete nutrition. It contains water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Various vitamins, minerals, hormones and enzymes are also present in it. This milk provides growth factors and immune protective factors to the infant. Components of mother's milk are discussed in detail in another tutorial. Please visit our website for more details. Let us look at some interesting facts about mother's milk. A mother's milk is specially suited for her own infant. Its composition does not remain constant. It varies as per the changing needs of the growing infant. It changes from feed to feed day to day and month to month. The composition changes even during a single feed. Let us understand this with the help of an example. Mother's milk at the beginning of a feed has protein, sugar and is watery. This helps to quench the infant's thirst. Towards the end of the feed, the milk becomes thick and creamier. It is rich in good fats which helps to keep the infant full and satisfied. The volume of mother's milk also changes depending on the age of the infant. Many mothers choose some alternatives of their milk to feed the infant. For example, formula feed or animal milk. In this tutorial, we will be comparing them with mother's breast milk. First, let us understand what is formula feed. Formula feed is an industrially prepared food product for infants. It is usually in powder or liquid form. They are fed to the infants through bottles, cups or spoons. Formula feeds consist of dehydrated animal milk, soya milk and vegetable oils. Emulsifiers, artificial sugars and preservatives are also added to it. All formula feeds are very expensive. Unlike mother's milk, its composition is not unique for each infant. It is a standard product with the same composition for all the infants. Formula feeds do not have antibodies, living cells and good bacteria. Many of the enzymes get destroyed in processing of formula feeds. Hence, there is a poor absorption of nutrients from them. Formula fed infants have different gut composition than those who are breast fed. This may have a long-term consequence on the infant's health. Formula feeding reduces the growth of good bacteria in the intestine. It promotes the growth of disease-causing bacteria. It also increases the risk of intestinal complications in premature infants. This can lead to the damage and death of intestinal tissue in those infants. Such babies are critical because their intestinal tissue dies. Formula fed infants often have a stomach upset. They may face issues like abdominal gas, bloating and diarrhea. Infants who are formula fed are more likely to get problems of obesity. The risk of developing diabetes and hypertension later in life is also high. The chances of sudden death in formula fed infants below one year of age is high. Bottle feeding also causes breathing through the mouth instead of the nose. All these reasons may increase the risk of sleep apnea. It is a condition in which breathing is interrupted while sleeping. Bottle feeding can result in dental caries and protrusion of the front teeth. The risk of infections is higher in formula fed infants. For example, pneumonia, diarrhea and ear infections. They are more likely to have asthma and wheezing as well. Formula feeding may increase the risk of skin allergies in infants. Negligence in preparing the formula feed correctly can cause more harm. Let's understand this with an example. If too much powder is added to water, it results in dehydration in infants. It can also cause a rise in the body's sodium levels. As a result, the infant can show signs like irritability, lethargy and seizures. High sodium levels also put a load on the immature kidneys of the infant. As mentioned earlier, formula feeds are expensive. To use it economically, mothers may add less powder in excess water. If less powder is used, infants can remain hungry and lead to poor weight gain. Hygiene needs to be maintained while preparing and storing formula feeds. Formula feed has to be prepared in hot and clean water. If prepared in cold and dirty water, it can cause infection in infants. The feeding bottles have to be cleaned and sterilized frequently. If it is poorly cleaned or cleaned with dirty water, it can cause infection. So far we discussed formula feed. Let's now talk about animal milk. Milk from cows, buffaloes, goats, etc. is called as animal milk. Many people think that animal milk can be a substitute for breast milk. However, this is not true. Let me explain to you the reason. The nutrient composition of mother's milk and animal milk differs. Animal's milk has a high amount of a type of protein called casein. It is 6 to 7 times higher as compared to mother's milk. This high casein content of animal milk forms a tough, hard curd. It is difficult for young infants to digest casein. Whereas mother's milk has a high amount of whey protein. It is easier for infants to digest whey protein as compared to casein. Feeding cow's milk to infants increases the risk of an allergy to milk proteins. It may also lead to iron deficiency anemia in infants. Iron deficiency in infants can impair cognitive and physical development. Iron in both animal milk and mother's milk is low. But iron in mother's milk is more easily absorbed than from animal milk. 50% of the iron from mother's milk gets absorbed. Whereas only 10% of the iron gets absorbed from cow's milk. Sometimes allergy to animal milk proteins can cause blood in stools. This may worsen the iron levels in the infant. Animal's milk has low contents of zinc, neacin, vitamin A, C and E. Good fats which are required for brain development are also low in animal milk.  Animal milk contains a high amount of protein, sodium and potassium. It also has high levels of chloride and phosphorus. This may put a load on the immature kidneys of the infants. As a result they may suffer from dehydration. The high phosphate load can lead to calcium deficiency in infants. Animal milk has other disadvantages similar to formula milk. For example, lack of antibodies and good bacteria in them. Hence it is best to avoid animal's milk until the infant is one year old. Compared to animal and formula milk mother's milk has environmental benefits. Animal and formula milk involves processing, packaging and transportation. This can increase the expenses and waste production. A lot of resources and time is also required in its preparation. Whereas mother's milk does not involve packaging or transportation. It does not produce any waste, smoke or noise. There is a risk of spoilage too in animal milk and formula milk. They can get spoiled due to bacterial contamination. Whereas mother's milk is always fresh at a warm temperature. Substituting mother's milk with other milks has adverse effects on her health. Women who do not breastfeed have a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. The risk of developing other diseases is also high. For example, diabetes, hypertension and heart diseases. Mother's who have breastfed have better cognition at their later age. Mother's who feed formula milk are more likely to retain their pregnancy weight. Hence the risk of obesity is high in them. They are also at a risk of developing bone diseases later in life. This may result in pain and fracture in hip or knees. Postpartum depression can also be seen in them. Note that exclusive breastfeeding can act as a natural birth control. This birth control is ineffective if the mother doesn't breastfeed exclusively. Thus the mother should not substitute her milk with other milks. This increases the chances of less space between two pregnancies. As a result the mother and her infant are at an increased risk of malnutrition. To conclude there is no perfect substitute for mother's milk. Excessive marketing and promotion of mother's milk substitutes are done. As a result there is a decrease in exclusive breastfeeding. However mother's milk is the only best source of nutrition for the infants. It is safe to consume and suited for the infant's changing developmental needs. Breastfeeding has numerous benefits for both infant and the mother. Thus exclusive breastfeeding should be done up to six months. After six months complimentary food should be started along with breastfeeding. Breastfeeding should be continued at least until two years. Correct breastfeeding techniques are explained in other tutorials. Please watch them for effective breastfeeding. This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Thank you for joining.


I'm not a very shy person. I usually don't like going in front of people to do the senior project, even presenting. And because of that, we had to practice a lot of presenting. And it actually helped me a little bit overcome the fear of presenting. And right now, I didn't know I could do that.


Mary M says, question, how to spot a playboy in long-term distance? Ah, how do you spot a player, a playboy? The answer is you can't. There's no way. The beauty of distance is you can pretend to be whatever you want. In fact, ladies, sadly, people could be using old pictures of them now unless you get onto Skype or something. It's going to be very difficult. But the reality is to be able to tell a person who was a player, I could say to you, well, if he doesn't return a phone call or doesn't return a text or something like that, that could be. But that's not legitimate because there's always a variety of reasons. The reality is this. The really more important question is not to how to spot a player. Is if you're choosing a long-distance relationship, what is your plan to get 100 hours of face-to-face time to build the first layer of trust, and then what is your plan to ship from long distance to short distance? That's the main two questions you should be thinking about, not whether or not they're a player or not. Because here's the sad part. Ladies, many of you get sucked into these conversations, these incessant conversations, with lonely men. Lonely men. By the way, I think it takes a desperate, lonely person to engage in incessant communication long distance. And then you get sucked in thinking you have a real relationship. And ladies, men don't bond over the telephone. Let me repeat that. Men don't bond over the telephone or text message.  That's how we bond with you. We don't bond through these devices. So all of you guys that get sucked, by the way, and again, you could have a long distance at one hour drive away.  But it doesn't necessarily mean that they're capable of being in a relationship.  If you want a face-to-face relationship. Do you know what? Virtual relationships probably, I will tell you, there is probably, I'm gonna say 10% of the women who follow my channel are probably in virtual relationships, and they've been in these for a long, long, long time. I'm talking about incessant communication with men that they'll never meet. Now, sometimes they end up being scam artists, but they try to get your money very quickly. But there are men that will spend years, by the way, if a man spends years talking to a woman he never plans on meeting, the woman has to take ownership for her part. Ladies, if you want a real relationship, don't spend more than three weeks of communication and then plan on meeting. But Jonathan, we're long distance.  What it's going to do, it's gonna break your heart. And for that woman who asked the question about how to protect yourself, you know how you protect yourself? Is you don't begin these incessant communication conversations with guys hoping that magic fairy dust will make this work. That's my invitation for you anyway. I hope that helped. All right.


I always knew I wanted to be a physician. I come from a family of physicians. Medicine was a household conversation for us. Pursuing a career as a cardiothoracic surgeon was all I could think of as early as I remember. I was fortunate enough to train at some of the world's best institutions with some of the world's best surgeons. Those operations sparked my interest in taking care of patients with the most complex of problems of the lung and trachea. In addition to lung cancer, there are a significant number of patients who have significant narrowing or blockages of the central airway and the air passages. My lab is particularly focused in trying to solve this problem. We have built a world-class airway institute and airway program and hope to be the regional referral center for the most complex patients with narrowing of the trachea and the bronchi. The operations that we perform are truly one of a kind. We have patients who visit us from the region and in fact nationally and internationally. We're able to offer operations and treatments that are in most cases non-available in most major medical institutions. It is an unbelievably gratifying feeling for me as a surgeon to be able to affect care that has an almost immediate impact on patient quality and the life of the patient.


So good afternoon, everyone. I would like to start by saying thank you to the organizers and also to the sponsors for making this event possible. It's a pleasure for us to be here with you today to talk about business and to talk about how we can make business decisions based on the usage of mobile data and also mobility data. So let me introduce myself first. I'm Darifio Reglesias. I'm the big data analytics tech lead for Vodafone business. And here with me today is Javier. Yeah, hello, everyone. I'm Javier Perez, and the head of data at Carto. I think before jumping on the specifics of what Vodafone and Carto are building together, I think it's best to introduce also what brought us here. And we can start by the fact that we still see a lot of institutions and a lot of companies that base their decisions using census data, which is by no doubt a very important source of information. But as we know, the census only gets updated every so often. So what you do if you want to use census data today is that you take the latest publication, then you project it to the present, and then you use it. And with the past of the years, these projections start to become less and less accurate. If we look at some of the major economies in the world, we see that, in average, and also weighted by the population, census data is seven years old. So the last publication in the US was nine years ago. In UK, Spain, Germany, and Italy, it was eight years ago. So at the moment, it's quite old. At the same time, and I think we can all relate to this fact, 90% of the people have their mobile phone within one meter reach during the 24 hours of the day. So it's with us when we work. It's with us when we are watching the TV and we are looking at two screens at the same time. It's with us when we run. And it's next to us almost when we sleep. So it's basically becoming an extension of our bodies. And this is not going to change. This, in fact, is booming. So if we look right now, there's more than 5 billion people that is using mobile phones to tweet, call, text, navigate. This means that all the traffic that has been generated with these devices has grown 18-fold in the last five years. And if we look at the near future in 2021, it's expected that it's going to be 11.6 billion devices generating mobile traffic. So not only mobile phones, but also IoT devices. But this is by several billions more than the people that is estimated to be on the planet by 2021. But in order to make sense of all this data, so the data coming from the mobile phones, the data coming from connected cars, sensors, machine devices, we need to put them into context. And one of the key core components of all this data is location. Because at the end, as we like to say a lot in Cato, everything happens somewhere. So imagine that now all these institutions, all these companies, instead of using data that is seven years old, start to use and base their decisions with data that is updated on a monthly, weekly, daily, or even on real-time basis. With this ambition, it's why Vodafone and Carto entered into a partnership in 2017 to put into the market Vodafone Analytics. There is a data product and a suite of interactive web applications that allow public institutions and private companies to generate insights to take decisions using human mobility data. In this video, we're having, as an introduction, you can see the city of Madrid that has been gridified in cells of 250 by 250 meters with data aggregated over a month. And the user can filter by day of the week, or week, so weekday or weekend, time of the day, also filter by demographic profile of the visitors, look also aggregated the origins of these visitors. So this is just one example. And today and in the rest of the session, we're going to enter in details of how we have built this. So with the ambition of creating something differential that we can offer to our clients, one of the very first things that came into our mind was to create a global product. And being Vodafone a global brand and a global telco allow us to create these kind of products and services that we can offer to our customers and to our clients at scale. And in fact, the product Vodafone is already available in four different countries. And we are working on increasing the number of countries in the search. We need to consider that we have more than 100 millions of mobile devices connected to our network. And also, it's important to know that in most of the countries where we are present, we have a very good market share, allowing us to create these kind of products. But it's not just important to be a global telco, but we also within Vodafone, we have some of the main ingredients that allow us to create this product. And it's not just having a very good network, the best network as we do, but also having the skills and the tools to store all this data from the network and to process it at scale. And it's also important, one of the other ingredients is to have the ability to work in a multi-cloud environment. Later, we will talk about how we are using multiple clouds because business requirements and also, in some cases, legal requirements. And probably the most important thing is to have people with the right skills, like our data science teams, that are working to generate or to extract the max out of this data. We are working with global and local data science teams. And we are using one or some of the best tools out in the market to process all this information, like Carto. So Carto, we are leading the world of location intelligence, thanks to a team of more than 130 geospatial experts, engineers, and data scientists. Everything, in fact, started here in Madrid in 2008 as a data visualization boutique that then, in 2012, was turned into a product company. Now, we are headquartered in New York and we have major offices in Madrid, Seville, and Washington, DC. We are backed by investors like Axel Partners and Salesforce Ventures. And we have a customer base in the order of the thousands of proving this growing trend in the market on location intelligence. So our goal with our technology is to allow companies to generate business outcomes, business insights with the use of location data and following five key steps. So the first of all is how our technology integrates with the databases, the data infrastructures of our customers. Second is then how our customers can enrich their own data, so the data that they generate on their business, with data coming from third-party partners like Vodafone or OpenData sources. Third, how you can run geospatial analysis on top of the platform using the combination of all these multiple data sets. Then, build interactive web applications, dashboards, and visualizations, normally on maps, using the results of those analysis. And finally, how this integrates with other tools or as an enterprise software solution in the day-to-day operations of our customers. Carto, as a technology, can be seen as a full stack for location intelligence. So it can run on the cloud or installed on premise in your customers. And then everything starts on a database that is geospatial by design that is connected to third-party data and third-party services like the calculation of routes, geocodes, and isochrons. Then a set of APIs that allow you to query and run analysis on top of the database, an organization of libraries to build the visualization that then end up being one of our solutions or one custom application for one customer, or, for example, the Vodafone Analytics app that you just saw. So if we start talking about actually about the product, one of the main things that we needed to take care was about privacy. So one of the first things that we did when starting thinking about creating Vodafone Analytics was to start engaging with the privacy and security teams, both globally and locally within Vodafone, to ensure that we are taking care of the privacy of our customers by design since the very beginning. It was quite easy because protecting the privacy of our customers is on our NDA. So with their help, we defined a set of mechanisms or procedures that we apply in order to ensure that we are keeping this privacy under control. The first one is anonymize all the data we use, all the data that is extracted from the network and it's ingested in the platforms we use to analyze and to extract patterns and to extract business insight out of there. It's anonymize, meaning that there's no customer identifier within the data. Second thing is about offering the right to our customers to opt out from this analysis. And we do it in a very simple way by allowing our customers to configure their preferences on my Vodafone app. So it's an easy step. And the third thing is to ensure that all the insights are generated from aggregated and extrapolated data, meaning that we are not analyzing individual behaviors. We are not analyzing individual patterns. We are always analyzing aggregated behaviors. And one of the important things about that is that, in fact, we were awarded because of this privacy approach. We were awarded by the International Association of Privacy Professionals, which is an honor for us. So now, if we start talking about the data we use to create this product, Vodafone Analytics, how big is the data we use? So these are just numbers from Spain. We are working in this product globally. But we have more than 30 million mobile devices connected to our network, which is around 20% of the total population here in Spain, generating more than 10 billions of geolocated events every day. Those devices are connected to more than 200,000 network cells. And all this information is projected to more than 8 million locations, 8 million locations like municipalities, provinces, or grids. So to give you an idea of the size of the volume of the data we use for an average project, it usually requires us to process more than 300 billions of geolocated events, more than 300 billions for a single report. And from where are these geolocated events coming? They are coming from for different data sources. CDRs and XDRs are probably the most well-known in the industry and the most common ones. That's what we usually call active events, because they require the user or the customer to generate some actions, like, for example, sending an smh, starting a voice call, or starting a data session. We also have a different data source like NetPerform. NetPerform is an app tracker that allows us to get more granular information in terms of location, but with a lower sample of the population. And the last one, and probably the most important one, is network groups. They are generating most of the billions of events that we collect, and that's what we usually call passive events, are passively collected out of the network and stored into our platforms. So how we process this incredible amount of information? As I said at the beginning, we are working on a multi-cloud environment. And this is not just because it's fancy, but also because it's a business requirement in some countries that are different business needs. So as we are treating Vodafone as a global product, since the very beginning, the product was designed to work on a multi-cloud environment. We are using Vodafone Private Cloud, and also two of the main public clouds out in the market. And within that clouds, we have developed our own execution framework. That allows us to perform all these geospatial aggregations and transformation at scale. It's called Falcon, and it allows our data science team to develop code on PySpark and also on Scala. It's really good for them because all the data access layer is encapsulated, so they don't need to take care about how to read data out in a particular platform. They don't need to take care of these kind of things. And also, it's really good for us because it allows us to incorporate new features in a really easy way, and at the same time, it's easy to debug and to test. And this is a really super simplified architecture that we are using. Starting from the left, all the data coming from the network is flowing into the different platforms in real time by using Kafka. Kafka because the network tools has the connectors to extract the data to Kafka topics. Within each platform, we use a set of, let's say, simple or well-known applications or services, like EMR, Dataproc, or even within both of them private cloud data cluster. And every time we receive a request from a customer, we execute a set of batch processes to transform, aggregate all this data and to extract them into the BodaFone Analytics visualization layer that is powered by Cartoon. So once BodaFone had the data anonymized, aggregate it in a space because all the data comes from some sort of polygon. It can be a grid or it can be like a postcode. And extrapolated not to represent the BodaFone sample but the overall population, it arrived to Cartoon. And one of the first things that we did back in 2017 with the team, between the team of Data from Cartoon and the big data team at BodaFone was to design the data structure, so the data model for us then to build the applications on top with the fact that we wanted these applications to be able to answer some of these key questions. So for example, the who. So being able to look into a postcode and try to understand the patterns from a demographic profile of the visitors. Also the when, so allowing the user to be able to understand the differences in patterns between weekdays and weekends, between winter and summer. Then also the where. So being able to cross reference the data that BodaFone provides with the location of specific points of interest like a concert venue or some place with touristic attractiveness. Also then the how, being able to understand in general what's the common travel mode between one origin and one destination. And then also the why, so looking in historical time and trying to see in this postal code. So in average how many people come here to for example commute to work or just to spend one day or to be there, normally they just pass by and some others tend to stay for three, four hours. So trying to give answers to all of those questions. So when we had the data model is when we started designing web applications on top of that with four key verticals in mind. One is retail. So allowing retailers to correlate and analyze the performance of the stores with what BodaFone provides on the data. So are the volume of visitors over time correlate with the sales that I have in this point. Trying to compare the behavior that we see in the visitors in my stores with the locations where I know a competitor has a store. Also then trying to infer from that what is the trade area, the catchment area looking at where most of the visitors come from when they go around your store. And then also trying to look for similar patterns in areas where you don't have a store and you are considering to open one to say, okay, so my top performance stores behave from the point of view of BodaFone Analytics on this way. Tell me in this other city in which areas I can find this type of patterns. Another vertical then is tourism. So in tourism is more for public institutions and regional governments that want to understand the patterns of tourism in the different parts of the region of their city and how it changes over time and how it changed if they did a specific event. Something like that. Then we also have outdoor, out-of-home, outdoor media to help marketers to be more efficient in the way they plan marketing campaigns with billboards, understanding the mobility patterns in the different areas of a city. And then mobility, also to help urban planners and cities to understand the impact that certain events have on how people move around the city. For example, if you put, you organize a big conference like this of how this has affected mobility in Madrid compared to last week or the week after. In this video here, what we have is one of these interfaces. This one is very much focused to retail.  Click on those, look for an address and geocode that address into a point and then create an isochron or a driving distance or walking distance buffer around it and then start to look what the data says. And we have integrated here data from Vodafone but also data from other sources like the sensors, financial data, points of interest and so on. And yeah, so you can then generate reports that characterize the surroundings of that location and also compare with another location. Compare with a location of a competitor or just click in an agency. Okay, so if I move the store from this number to 100 numbers going up, what changes I can see and also what changes I can see contextualized with the average of that municipality, which is always very important. So this is another example and this is the product for tourists in which we can see Andalusia region divided in municipalities and we are comparing the number of visitors against two different months, September and August, I think. We can see in this case a decrease in September compared with August near the coast. It is also possible and this is really powerful to focus or to analyze a concrete type of visitor. In this case, I think we are filtering just to analyze and to extract information out of the sporadic visitors, both international and national ones. And we can check the number of visitors on all the municipalities. It is also possible to select one of the municipalities, in this case Seville, and analyze the origin of the visitors to that particular place. Are they coming from another municipality? Are they coming from a different region? Even are they coming from different countries like Portugal or Morocco? And at the left, it's always possible to check the demographics of those visitors. It is also possible to analyze and this is really powerful to analyze the evolution of all of these metrics over the time by checking this historical series. So, as I said at the beginning, we have this product available in four different countries, Spain, Portugal, UK and Italy. And there we have a couple of the most important clients for us, for example, Junta and Dalucia is using this to analyze the tourists they are residing, like in the previous example. OBS is a really high retailer, a really big retailer in Italy. They are using this solution to analyze the visitors and the visits to their stores and also to their competitors. We have been working also with other public administrations like Transfer for London. JLL is an interesting one. JLL is a real estate consulting company and they are using Vodafone Analytics combined with older data sources and also combined with their business knowledge to offer their clients better results compared with older competitors. And also an interesting one is MTV. MTV used this solution to analyze the event they organized last year in Bilbao, the MTV Europe Music Award. So it's possible to analyze the effect of an international event like this one in a particular city. Also the collaboration between Vodafone and Carto, what allows our customers is to not only visualize data on maps, but also to move, to go one step ahead and start analyzing data using maps because it's not the same to answer the where. So in this city where tourists tend to go more versus trying to understand the why. So trying to uncover the patterns that explain why a group of tourists tend to behave in a certain way and try to be more efficient with that information. And this is very much related to the fact that it's not the same to analyze this type of data using BI tools, business intelligence tools like Power BI, Tableau, these type of things to a pure location intelligence platform like Carto. Related to this, very recently we announced the launch of Carto Frames and our new data observatory. So Carto Frames is a Python package to use Carto from Jupyter notebooks or from Python notebooks. So this allows you to explore the data that you have on Carto, explore also our data observatories, explore also all the catalog of third-party data that we can offer and request a subscription. Then it allows you to enrich your data with these other datasets that we can offer, run geospatial analysis and then create interactive maps without leaving the Python environment. So using these tools, and I'm going to explain a couple of stories now, one of the projects that we have done has been to try to model and try to look for similarities between different cities. So what we did was to gridify the cities like the grid that you saw before on Madrid and enrich each of the cells with variables, with features coming from different data sources. Then with that, we modeled a similarity score, a similarity index, trying then to understand which areas are more similar between the different territories and also taking into account different cavities that the fact of using data from multiple sources generates. So we have one example here. So we started with a location to a cell in the Goya Street in Madrid, which is an area that is characterized for being quite residential, but especially with a high household income, but then also with very high density of visitors, as we see from both of our analytics, and also a lot of commercial activity, so having a number of transactions quite high. So we started from here, and we wanted to then look for similar areas in Barcelona, adding sequentially more and more data sets into the equation. So when we start on the first one, using the maps, the brighter the color, the higher the similarity score. So we started by only looking into demographics. So when you look only in demographics, you see that the twin areas are more spread on the city, so you have the center, you have the area of diagonal, but also you have neighborhoods on the north, like Sarbia, that I mean, due to the high household income that we see as well in Goya. So then we start adding variables for both of our analytics, road traffic, financial data, points of interest, and you see how the similarity score and the high values tend to cluster around the shambles carras or where like Balmes Street, Montaneribao, that if you know the two cities, it does make sense. Another project that we did using cartoframes and data from Vodafone Analytics was to use this mobile data to compute, to calculate catchment areas, so trade areas. This is very important for retail and real estate, because basically it says how big is the area around that location, around those stores that generates most of the business or that captures most of the visitors. There are many different ways to calculate them. I mean, if you have your business data, that's the idea. And they ask your postal code when you purchase. I mean, they can then compute the trade areas, the catchment areas of their stores. Other more basic methods are just to compute a fixed distance buffer like a circle around the location. Another one is to use walk-in or driving distances, so what we call isochromes. But in this case, we wanted to use Vodafone Analytics data. We created a function, we created an index that tried to reflect the attraction power between an origin to a destination that depends mainly on the amount of visitors that we see from Vodafone and the distance. So then, so we start from there. Also, what's important, there was one caveat, one characteristic of the data from Vodafone that is that the origin of the people aggregates in bigger areas when you go further away from the destination. So if you are in the same municipality, you have cells. If you have municipalities on the same province, you have municipalities and then provinces outside there and then countries. So we had to find a way to cut that data at municipality level and bring it also to a cell that is all explained in one of our blog posts. But then, and then sequentially we started to first create an isochrome to capture the 80% of the visitors and then using that index, we started reducing it until we got the 70% of the visitors to that location using the data from Vodafone. And what is very, very powerful from this is a sense to the human mobility data we can create tailored isochrones because now we can see the difference in visitors between a weekday and a weekend. And then we can try to understand the catchment area of allocation on the weekdays and on the weekend. We can see here in this example that is for allocation in CV how people on the weekends tend to travel longer distances. You see the one in the middle that is only for weekdays. It doesn't capture the Dos Hermanas municipality but when we look into the weekend it does. And we can do this also looking at other characteristics that are provided with Vodafone analytics so we can create catchment areas for a specific demographic profile as well. So very interesting area of research for us right now. So before finalizing I would like to also add some words about how we are evolving the product and the things that we are currently working on. And this is an example of how we by using aggregated data during a whole year we are able to analyze the speeds of the movement of people. Okay. Here we are filtering people moving to the north and the brighter the color means the more speed. Okay. So we in this particular map we are seeing a portion of Barrios Alamanka in which we can differentiate clearly Velazquez going to the north because you can drive to the north by Velazquez and also Castellana. But the other streets are not that bright because the average speed to the north is just people moving by walking not driving. Okay. And we are also working on another dimension that is just to focus on the direction of movement and how it evolves during the week during the day at certain periods because at the end what we want to do is to combine those two dimensions to offer a better product to our out of home clients. Okay. Combining those two we could analyze the average time that for example an app is shown to a particular target profile on a third time street. Okay. So that's all from our side. I think we have some minutes for questions in case you have some. And thank you for listening.


We got There's a numbering two out of ten Marcus that's orange. I think we have an Oscar piastri on the rookie auto two out of ten Boom, there we go the rookie for McLaren on the zipper relic


Everybody forced here being 22 23 mosaic basketball hobby six box half case over 28 pick your team style Brandon S with the wizards Cody and Hornets Corey S Hawks Dave E sixers and sons Fairy has the Mavericks Herald with the pelicans Henry has the magic Jason H Celtics and Rockets John W. Bucks Jordan C has the calves and the clips Ken W. Pacers Mason B Kings Muhammad has the thunder Oriole C Jazz Paul B nets Robert P blazers Rudy G with the Grizzlies Ryan E has the bowls and the Knicks Sammy S Lakers Wolves Sean H Spurs Steven W Raptors Thomas C Warriors Tom B Nuggets and Pistons and Yen has the heats. Good luck everybody. Let's go ahead and get started No spectra is not that much Spectra is 870 870 for a hobby box But I don't know if we have anymore. I know we have some for group breaks listen, but I don't know if we have any more After that, I just flip over the other game then the kneeling down here Right now here like damn the NFL is tough. So she wanted on the Carolina Panthers Silver Garland for the Cavs. You got Red Mosaic Wiseman for the Pistons And an overdrive of so Hans Burs rookie Jeremy Sohan Mosaic is Jalen Smith for the Pacers red Anthony Simons for Portland Come on cards. Don't you go sticking together on me? Mosaic plumly for the Clippers red Yaka Pertle going to the Raptors Johnny Davis wizards on the rookie autograph here Go whiz silver Alcongo for Atlanta blue mosaic rookie Usman Jang the 199 okc and notoriety mosaic IV for the Pistons Silver a city bay for the Hawks Got pink mosaic the 149 Nets Cameron Thomas Mirky mosaic Christy Lakers with a blue mosaic on a nobody to 199 for Toronto That is Edwards T Wolves They must be recapping the game right now Silver Josh Hart for the Knicks followed by red Scotty Barnes Raptors and a razzle-dazzle of Steph Curry for the Warriors Personals are after group breaks night. They'll probably start around 1230 if I had to guess most likely Got silver rookie Chad Holmgren for the Thunder pink mosaic Cameron Payne for the Suns to 149 and Levine on the breakaway for the Bulls now whenever we finish group breaks They're probably after midnight I guess that depends on how the breaks fill though because we still have seven to go on I'm at collegiate divisions and tend to go on NT football Mosaic is Kevin Porter Jr. Rockets red Colin Sexton for the Utah Jazz And purple Steph Curry to 99 Steph the 99 for the Warriors Got silver porzingis for the Wizards red mosaic Pertle for the Raptors and a J. Dub straight fire for OKC Silver Alvarado for the Pelicans red LeBron James Lakers Got swagger mosaic Keegan Murray for the Kings Mosaic IQ for the Knicks red mosaic Wesley rookie for the Spurs Silver is a Barsmith jr. Rockets rookie followed by pink mosaic Tyus Jones to 149 Grizzlies Mathurin and mosaic montage rookie mosaic chamber for the third pelicans red Jordan Clarkson for the Jazz Ricky mosaic is Simone Fontechio for the Jazz blue mosaic to 199 Jarrett Allen Cavs And a Tatum thank you Viviana grabbing two spots halfway full on the NT case now Come on now. Come on cards on stick together for me, please Got silver coming up for the Warriors Storm chasers got red Jeff green for the nugs nuggets legends and storm chasers Keegan Murray nice rookie insert there for the Kings Cuell card. Yeah, I agree How much money would it take you to go vegan for one week that was egg all in it for the Jazz Red SGA for the Thunder everyone's got a price, right? Silver is knurkage for the Blazers purple rookie is McGowan's for the Hornets out of 99 Mavs stairmasters Kyrie I still should be a little bit of space left for personals if somebody wants to order something get a rip tonight Start after group breaks We are down to seven and eight on these On these last couple here again gold packs with the I'm at collegiate to not eat eggs I feel like there's some days that I'm just vegan I'm just having I hate like an apple and I don't eat anything else except like a Been uncrossable for like 12 hours. I just go to bed. I was egg-telling Johnson spurs got a red Purtle for the Raptors. I don't think I just don't I don't know how sustainable that is Then I get a day off and I eat everything in sight How much would you call how much would you charge watch the entire season of the bachelor? I'm gonna set that down we have a silver Michael Porter gold. Come on big gold gold. Nice. It's rookie David Roddy. We go Grizz 410 and Breakthrough mosaic Trey young for Atlanta redemption Patrick Baldwin jr. Go into the dubs rookie auto mosaic Zalen Brown Celtics red chamber for the third pelicans 50 grand come on Dave 50 grand. Okay.  Got silver wise men for the pistons. It's only like I don't know how many how many how many episodes of that be I don't even know how many episodes they do I would assume like a regular TV show like Bagley to 149 pistons someone's got to know got you send rookie introductions mosaic for the Rockets That's right. It's gonna be triple. So Is that your own Ford? Yeah, let's go Ford No, he's running out. Oh, you made it put the man ends up give it to him. Oh, sir Tired. That's what he is. He's tired and you just fell on his leg shoulder Yeah, selection. Hopefully. Hopefully it was like a big party in there was egg melt in for the Sixers red Joe Harris for the Nets For your piggy-picker looking all right now What James caro there we got Ricky mosaic Christian Brown nugs Blue mosaic to 199 on a nobie Raptors straight fire mosaic is Marant Grizzly's and a J-Dub mosaic montage Silver Josh Hart for the Knicks red mosaic tremor for the third for the pelicans. Oh, he's got stood up at the goal on someone did Yeah, Dave, you don't want to watch that you got mosaic Cole Anthony for the magic red THT for the jazz Pay you double to not watch any football Fishing yeah, that's not so bad. Well, that's not good Silver rookie Dylan Terry for the Bulls got a purple mosaic to 99 Simons for the Blazers You can marry rookie breakaway mosaic pure strong junior Patriots legend with the touchdown Mosaic Clippers Kawhi Leonard red is Chet Holmgren rookie for okc Because we should have mosaic football Friday release day So two awesome releases week for football But wait off laws for a while man That is that that sounds like the problem of fishing is he'd rather be fishing instead of watching it the abate rookie auto for the Clippers Silver dana green calves white mosaic the 25 bag leap pistons And storm chasers rookie Benedict Matherin good stuff good stuff there is a Matherin mosaic notoriety as well Silver poor zingus wizards got red mosaic Jeff green for the nugs nuggets legend Seven to go on I'm at collegiate guys. It's on sale And there's gold packs in it Gold packs four of them Four gold packs ran to everybody in the break. That's 50 chance per spot to get one About 50 60 bucks per pack normally and then eight to go on nt now I think I'll put that on facebook really quick guys and we'll keep going. Let me just a moment here Okay, three more boxes over some chuck barkley Dude if I live next to any dolphins fans, I'll be so mad They don't know Next would there's so there's a few more group breaks after this next is obsidian basketball Then there's immaculate luminance of elite patches. Then there's iMac collegiate football and then there's nt football And then we start personal so we start personals after midnight eastern We finish on schedule. It'll be like 1215 Mosaic you honest with the bucks red lamello for the hornets Other there it is. I don't even know what that is Did the guy wait they're older You are crazy Trash Trash got silver sga thunder shrews to 199 for the heat and kairi mosaic okohi for the suns got ready honest with the bucks Yeah, you get out of box. That's fine Yeah, it'll be a little bit before we get to it I don't know exactly when if we have to wait to fill breaks we can rip some So there's not it's tough to get exactly when but And guys there is some room for personals later on So tom has six boxes of cosmic trenton has a breakers of light and james has a couple selects right now So nothing like crazy working mosaic is jabari walker for the blazers pink mosaic buddy healed the 149 pacers And a bradley biel breakaway mosaic This game turned out to be pretty decent actually Still forever to go in it too dude. We're watching this game for another three hours. It seems like silver josh green for the mavs with a red Chandler rookie grizzlies and clay thompson straight fire mosaic mosaic din witty for the nets red mosaic is marking in for the jazz Silver is yobu tricky for miami blue mosaic is harrison barns to 199 kings uh, john marant, notoriety mosaic for the grizzlies Almost passed out first time. Yeah, this is good now We just got records that picket They just got someone in the back feel bad Since I was running back her picket though. I looked up at the very last minute Uh mosaic deer and fox kings red iq for the nicks and purple stare masters kairi going to dalis to 99 Did you really did you did you really shame talking about the game right now? Did you really? Palo ben caro to 49 blue mosaic autograph for the magic One of 49 love that pictographs blue The orlando great card silver donovan mitchell for the calves to 149 lewdort for okc And mosaic montage is sga for okc as well Well, the good news about that shame is there's only 18 teams in moona's league So it probably didn't take you that long that storm chasers or that black mozanne Silver lewdort thunder red pj tucker for the sixers And a storm chasers is jdub very nice for okc Yeah That was good apparently it's based off of some book that was based off of some like actual true story And it's pretty pretty insane really i'm dumb. Yeah, one of the first like big fbi investigations, I think Or what became the fbi something something like that Mosaic dante mary hawks red dany green for the calves You should read the book first yawn Oh Man i'll have donny root you that's not gonna happen either is that worse i would be asleep in seconds Silver levert for the calves Uh to 149 kelly olinik for the jazz And jdub on the uh introductions Oh, yeah, I hear you shane Seen two brand and dang that's crazy. It's a great car with a color match mosaic is jeremy grants red voosevich for chicago What did i just see adrian peterson for Is this dancing with the stars just a bunch of random people got rookie mosaic is mobily calves blue mosaic to 199 Murray for the nuggets they always get a They always get an athlete right look at donches swagger mosaic. They try to get different subreddities. I thought John ran again I don't have any smith did it one time Silver robber Williams third celtics red bam out of bio for the heat. I would see it only sports center. They'd be like oh look Athlete on this as far as they're really good at it. Yeah, they're an athlete Of course, they're good at it. They're already athletic mosaic lebron for the lakers Red trade jones for these spurs Oh, the reds obviously beat the rangers, huh? I know a rangers fan around here the tap dance Silver rookie is ivy for the pistons purple chris paul suns color match That's his new nickname is capper Uh, breakaway mosaic jailing green rockets.  There he is bull bull. That's what I'm bad. That was that's strange. That was very strange Got any caution or something? It's a 49 nuggets on the fat lever auto I did get that guy to the side.  It's kind of just kind of gray. It's dyson daniels pelicans. There we go Next is obsidian basketball overdrive bulls Is levine and grizzly's stair masters john rand james. There's a schedule right there. Click on it We'll let you know where we're at silver traymon for the warriors red tray man for okc and last box of mosaic here Thanks for the fill everybody And we got mosaic next then we got the six box anothel mixer And we've got two breaks with spots left nt football tiered has eight to go iMac collegiate divisions on sale with gold packs Big time incentive on that one Thanks james grabbing a spot john t grabbing a personal for later james got a spot and nt bringing it down to seven Thanks everybody for getting spots tonight so far much appreciated mosaic chris paul red abdia for the wizards silver middleton bucks blue mosaic is alanda's williams rookie for the nets to 199 mosaic al-horfer for the seas red marquel faults magic rookie mosaic christie for the lakers purple okogi for the suns out of 99 introductions rookie mosaic is j dub okc silver eighton suns red palaban carol magic rookie And overdrive insert luka donchich for the mavericks mosaic conneton for the bucks red coal anthony magic Silver rookie is loften for the gris blue mosaic to 199 allen for milwaukie And notoriety mosaic lebron james mosaic plumly clips red mosaic van vleet for the raptors And a purple stair masters for the heat is jimmy butler to 99 13 of 99 It's a 49 jaden hardy mavericks rookie auto blue good stuff nice card maves silver sabonis kings pink to 149 rw3 silks and lebron dropped an easy one oh my god silver lamello for the hornets red max truce for the heat And a razzle dazzle benedict matheran rookie for the pacers nice razzle dazzle there Oh, dude. He was a receiver on this play.  Yeah, I don't know where he's at guys All right to 199 allen Alana's williams jamal murray harrison barrence max truce on an obi jared allen on an obi Usman yang to 149 rw3 olynick lew dort healed bagley tyesh jones to 99 step curry to 149 campaign cameron thomas to 99 jimmy butler o kogi chris paul kairi erving anthony simons brice mcgowan's gold to 10 was david roddy white to 25 dyson daniels and marvin bagley a patrick bowen jr. Redemption for the warriors ricky auto mosaic hardy to 49 for the maves bat lever to 49 nugs the abate johnny davis and blue mosaic auto to 49 for the magic palo ben carol And we go one of 49 for lando. Thanks again everybody on to obsidian now


Meet fireman Edwin DeRosa. His main priority on board USS Curtis Wilbur is keeping the ship running.  There's no such thing as getting off at 1500. And on top of that, we got VBSS. The Navy's visit board search and seizure teams are designed to combat piracy, illegal narcotics, and arms trafficking throughout the world. DeRosa is trained to become a member of one of these elite boarding teams. Today is a prerequisite for the latter climate event, which is part of the VBSS visit board search and seizure school. It's one of the highest failure rates, so therefore they require to do a pre-screening where they have to climb 30 feet in less than two minutes with their full gear on. Passing this test by nearly half the time allowed, fireman DeRosa has reserved his seat at the VBSS training course in Hawaii. How are you feeling? Pretty good. Cut it off some Marvin Thompson. There you go.