Yes, thanks. So as the introduction said in this talk is about ski comp dot alto dot fee and how it's built with Spinks and some of the history and like background book that you might need to modify it and where we will go in the future So as before I share a vertical screen here So half your screen is for me and half is for you to follow along or do what you'd like So my talk is actually Self-hosting so my talk is contained within ski comp dot alto dot fee itself and I will present it using this thing called Mini pres which converts a spink site to something that's somewhat like a presentation so let's get started so the basics and So as before questions are here, please write your questions Any time and I'll answer either live or at the end depending on what's most appropriate Sco, so ski comp dot alto dot fee is the home of alto scientific computing's documentation So before 2017 it was Triton's documentation using alto's confluence wiki Now it has information on many different topics about scientific computing So it's not just Triton, but some of the Introduction to alto resources training data management research software engineers and other things It's ranked somewhat highly in search engines as in it's not too hard to Find it and Occasionally as we're searching for problems we end up back at our own documentation Which always shows that we're in sort of deep and if anyone's interested the scripts to convert the site to Restructure text from confluence can be found here So maybe before we go too far we can talk about what are the properties of good documentation Well, there's obviously organized and easy to use Um There's versions so you can tell what the former versions are It would be nice if anyone can contribute and it's not locked behind a few people You'd want it to be shareable reusable licensed so that Well anything you do can be used by others and well we care about open science. So that means it's not just The science that comes out but our processes No lock-in is quite important. You don't want some Proprietary system which will take a huge amount of work to transfer anywhere else plain text is always good so that 50 years of Unix test text processing tools Can all work and do things? Here's countless times I grep for the through the documentation to find one thing that needs to be updated everywhere like some slurm option or something Ideally it shouldn't be standalone so we can directly pull in other materials Like you have the script and you can include it with literal include and the script is also usable otherwise and well To combine all of the above together something like it is natural and that's what we've got So our basic documentation stack is we have a git repository for the docs It's hosted on github The documentation is written in restructured text or markdown. So really it's mostly restructured text and Then it's built with sphinx with various extensions and then the web server is hosted on Free service called read the docs so maybe to go through I can demonstrate making a change the docs and Get right to it. So there's this Checklist here that I want to add to this So this page here is the research software engineer page on ski comp.alta.fi and I want to add Another link right below here So let's see how this would work. So okay, here's my terminal Let me know if this is not readable So I've already cloned the git repository. So I won't go through anything new So the URL I want to add it to is RSE so let's see what files we have here Well, we have a directory called RSE So let's use emacs to open RSE. So what's in here? Well, there's a bunch of stuff but index looks like the right thing so index Okay Let's scroll down And we see under the Thing there is checklist So now we see the first Main point about the docs. So this is not just a bullet list like you see here But within sphinx, there's this semantic structure of the table of contents tree which is used to Like build the tree structure, which is what you see on the documentation sidebar So how can we add a external link to this? So I'll copy it Let's come back here. So So it looks like a checklist here and if I zoom out that the sidebar appears and you see how There's these things of the sidebar and it maps to the different sections you see here Like about research software engineers talk three Community become an RSE like community become an RSE So under checklist So I will use a little trick here and I will say I Will add it like this So I know So within these table of contents trees, you can also have external links like this This is a little known feature, but let's do it So I will save the file go back to the shell and since this is about Sphinx and not about git I will quickly use my git PR utility to make this Get PR new JOSS checklist I will add the file I will commit so I add link to the JOSS checklist Save and now I use There's some option I actually have a shell alias that I use for this Okay, so there it goes to pull request So let's see what happens if we go to github we see Under pool requests, there's several open, but I see it's open here and if I click You can see Well, there's no description the title is good enough Files changed. I see what's added and now here there is a check that's in progress So this is checking for any warnings that sphinx may have so I have this configured where some things will be Completely will have be fit failures and stop the build and Some are just warnings if I click on details I See, okay, so it's building And this is github actions here, which is a quite nice surface for testing things Maybe well, this is running. I can show how you would test it locally if you do make check. Oh Actually, I usually do a clean check then it will do the checks and Surprisingly it doesn't fail. I thought I would have to activate the virtual environment But anyway make check uses the same settings that the Github actions uses to test but github actions is Set to ignore different warnings like here. We see we saw a bunch of warnings about things that are not in the So this is because the virtual environment isn't activated some of these other ones are Documents are not included in the table of contents tree, which will we just don't have everything there because some is included But at the end we see okay, no error. So that means there's no fatal errors If we come back here, we see finished. I'll check successful So I can now merge the pool request If you would like to preview this locally first you can do make actually make clean html is done as part of the Make clean check process anyway builds and Well now I have to wait for it to build again, which will take a little while but The outputs get put in the underscore build html directory where it can be viewed with a browser and There you go. So you can open this and check it out so that's the basic summary of The process let's see Did I merge it already? So I'll click merge confirm Delete the branch and I'm all done Okay, so I think this is basically in everything So it'll take a few more minutes for read the ducks to build it so that way we can see it At the end. I see no question so far Please comment there Okay So now we get to the details and this is basically what I've already shown Let's see the extra notes here. Are there's a requirement dot txt file that includes all the Python dependencies to build it But it's also buildable with stock Debian and Ubuntu packages So you don't have to do this extra installation in order to run things The comp.py file contains all of these spinks configuration The index.rst is the root of all docs So this has the root table of contents tree directive and make file is used to build it So this is basically a wrapper to the spinks build command Make clean search check whatever Spinks auto build is a nice utility so it starts a web server and Rebuilds it when any file is files changed and you can build the results and build And yeah, so there's this question coming up about the search working on local preview So this is a static search. So if we look in the preview Build HTML, let's see maybe under static Anyway, it compiles all of the search terms into some sort of JavaScript file Which is then usable to do the search Well, someone can find this and put it in the Hack-n-D. I don't need to answer this myself necessarily But yeah, so search is client-side in the browser by loading a JSON file that contains all of the terms in the whole site So it doesn't require any server-side support to build Okay One could also edit the docs on the web So if you come to any particular page Let's see. Hmm. Let's come back to the code Let's say I want to edit that same page. I can navigate to RSE and Then index I Can click edit can add something new and if I scroll down then you can give the message and either commit directly to the main branch or Make a pull request on a default branch So this doesn't require using the command line to edit So it actually is somewhat accessible to everyone Could we recommend using this more so that more people can contribute to our docs? Okay, one of the key points here is the sphinx table of contents tree Which is how all of the material is organized? so within the Well, we saw the example here There's a table of contents tree and you can give these directives different options like here It will go only to a certain depth in showing the subsections And then you include the different pages in it. You can use wildcards and so on and Then each of these pages is scanned for its own table of contents tree To be to have the sub pages inserted and so on and so on Sphinx internally goes and builds this structure and then uses it to write things out So I won't do this myself But as an example you can follow the talk three directives from index to alto index to alto Jupiter hub to Alto Jupiter hub instructors index and so on So it makes sense you can basically add things for complicated cases like the difference between having talk trees in sections or Talk trees not in sections on pages. Well, just give it a try and find out and I don't think and ask someone if there's help I don't think there's much more to be said there So arrangement of the site so skicom.alto dot fee started from the Triton wiki it then grew these other top-level sections for other things and basically more and more got added there and Really, it's about time to rethink how it's organized. So is there a better way to do things? Is there too much here? Should something be hidden? Should the main page be more or less verbose Yeah, but this is something we could discuss after the talk But most of the sections are sort of historical things that I added because I thought they were useful and made sense and It hasn't really been masterplanned beyond what you see here right now other details about the site So sphinx is a full-fledged extendable documentation generator So it has many extensions like there's sphinx skits tab which provides modification times for pages and visually I Read the ducks thing these things. There's basically so many different extensions that we can use for different things And I've invented invested a lot of time in Digging into this quite deeply Mmm, and I quite like it. It's written Python and a quite good tool. So restructure restructure text Why restructure text instead of markdown markdown was basically made as a thin wrapping over HTML but to make high-quality docs like this some sort of some more structure is needed Like these table of contents tree and other directives So Now there is a parser called my structure text or Maybe it's called markedly structure text. Yeah markedly structure text Which is a reasonable alternative to restructure text, but really it's more like a different restructure text syntax than markdown But it's sort of Forced into the markdown limitations Um markdown also, I like to say markdown is dead So of course it's being used everywhere But the original creator of markdown says I don't want anything else being called markdown This specification should never evolve So basically there's something called common mark where people try to standardize things But all the different syntaxes are so different. There's no real portability between different things beyond simple things like sections and bold and links Which is a bit of a problem in Portability Let's see like you can read about restructure text and I'll hear more if you would like Let's see. Oh There's a good question Sphinx versus LaTeX can we contrast them? So yeah, I'd like to say that markdown is like HTML and restructure text is like LaTeX So really restructure text is different from Sphinx It's maintained in a different project which Sphinx uses which occasionally every so often when The restructure text project which is called docutils changes Sphinx will have some sort of errors or problems in it Mmm, but those are usually pretty quickly discovered and fixed. So I would say Sphinx and restructure text is like Like LaTeX But a more readable LaTeX so something that's reasonable to read in the plain text format Mmm Yeah, so some of the most surprising restructure text points. So the literals have double quotes Like this. So why is that? Well, it's because The single quotes are used for other links and references. So There for example, there's more internal references within a document than external references usually and the internal References is what single quotes is used for but this is configurable. You can make single quotes quote take on any role you wanted Links are scoped. So here we see examples of the single quotes being used to refer to another document or to a reference And there's lots of other things you can use for Sphinx here Like for example, you can use this to refer directly to a Python Python object which can link to the upstream Python docs This is called interspinx and underscores or links have two underscores after them like this one underscore actually works But then this text gets taken as a reference target and can be used in this kind of reference I think and if there's ever two links with one underscore in the same text then weird things happen Okay The github actions check provide warnings on errors. So we can in fact See that here, let's look at an example I hope it appears. Oh, here we go. So we see a warning within Here there's a Matcher which matches the problems to the locations This was actually not caused by this pull request, but a long running problem, which is still in here And here we see the errors and why things fail and Here we see a link that doesn't have underscores after it Okay, the actions view I already showed in a previous demo and I have these Checks as relatively strict And I've disabled some options that make more flexible Restructure text with the idea that explicit is better than implicit So if we want our docs to be reusable in other projects, we should be the explicit ones and strict ones Okay, before we get to little-known features, there was a comment on the licensing model Yes, creative comments by was used Okay, so little-known features we could use markdown or jupyter notebooks for pages if we wanted and it all works basically together But restructure text really is nicer for this kind of documentations than trying to shove directives into common mark It's compatible with many other projects. So Spinks is used for documentation of many Python and other projects It's used in recent code refinery lessons for examples code refinery manuals Many things so stuff can be copied around easily Comment of the previous thing here Why is it CC by and not share like well, we sort of discussed among ourselves and Did things and yet the authors are not visible Yeah, the authors are not visible other than the get history. I guess we could do something about that if someone's Interested Yeah, perhaps we should look into that Okay, mini-press. So this um, this thing I built Uses some client-side JavaScript to turn any page into a presentation format and well I've been giving you a demo of it right now So I don't really know JavaScript or these things. So if someone could help do it more properly that would be really interesting Redirect to HTTPS. So read the docs doesn't natively do this for external domains So it's done with JavaScript. Maybe someone could improve this Other output format Spinks can output to other formats such as PDF single page HTML EPUB manual pages and so on Perhaps there would be a use for this somehow somewhere There's this extension substitution, which is more powerful than a Simple Like replacement substitution which could be used for Making the site more general maybe as a demonstration Like I have some images in here now Yeah, so here we have a demo. So there's a replacement and there's a substitution which is the ID Substitution and then the original text So when it's built You can see the substitution inserted in like this You can build it showing the originals or you can build it showing both the original ID and substitution And the point of this is that it's easy to keep all of these substitutions in sync So if it's just a plain substitution You have to basically look through all the documentation to see what all the substitutions aren't anytime something changes Then it has to be updated Yeah, and they can also produce a list of all the IDs all the original text and all of the replacement text This could perhaps be useful for other sites to Like make their own custom version of this Okay, this thing skit stamp puts a timestamp on the bottom of every page You can scroll down and see it yourself So there's some open questions here Should we use pull request or not When do we push directly and I think in practice both are fine It's up to you to decide and if you're the main maintainer of something and you don't expect anyone to give useful Contributions then well just push directly. Why not sharing with other sites? We had a long-term plan to share ski comp that also fought that fee with other sites so they could customize it for their own tutorials This hasn't really been done yet and by now the docs are so complex I'm not even sure if it's a reasonable thing to do or maybe in order to do this We need to split it up into several different Subprojects and then we could Share it a little bit more easily Because everything is plain text you can import one Spinks projects into another using git sub modules And then to talk three to refer to the other things inside of it um other others that ski comp Alto feet can use the Docs is their place like for example Alto Linux people could be invited to use it Maybe there's some other Department ITs that's tired of using the other options and we could combine things together There's a lot of possibilities here. Can we make the docs more testable? So one dream we've had is to Make our examples testable Where you can basically clone it onto triton and then Run pie test or something on it and it would tell you if all the docs are still up to date and they still work um, for example this what we see here Includes everything that's needed. There's a restructure of text file that includes python openmp And it also includes the slurpscript And if we go back we see well the raw openmp file And the raw slurpscript Could we somehow link these together so everything can be automatically tested? So in practice we're not too far from that, but how do we do that without making another layer of writing to connect things together And defining this I think it might not be too difficult with Making some sphinx directives or tags which can say This directive indicates what the slurpscript is. This indicates what the Other scripts are or something like that Integrated hpc examples So we have an examples tree here Which has a bunch of examples and a separate repository which hpc examples Can these be unified and the second included as a sub module? in there Could we stop using read the docs now? So by now we have github pages that could also host this um Just as well. Yeah, that's a good question How can we keep things up to date so it requires continuous work just like any documentation What should the threshold be for removing old material? There's this extension that you can use to put a Date into pages and it will warn you when a page hasn't been Looked at or as the metaphor goes dusted off recently This is something we clearly need to think more about So visitor stats so read the docs provide limited visitor stats based on web server logs um I'm sort of opposed to using detailed Individual web tracking, but is there some way to Get detailed more detailed stats without tracking people individually Hmm I guess if we hosted this on our own web server We could have the full web server logs and Do anything we wanted And finally for Building a community Is there any way to get more people to contribute to this? Hmm Yeah So where's it hosted right now? It's hosted on read the docs.org which I can come and demonstrate here So Logged in we're at projects alto ski cop. There's an admin area which includes Well, the main things which someone might use are Actually, we can look here traffic analytics So we see over the past 30 page the View statistics so We can see where people end up, but this is basically the extent of it Oh, and if I turned on javascript we can probably see Something more. Yes, there we go Daily page view totals Hmm Oh, it also shows some search statistics what people search for So we pay five Euros or dollars per month for Read the docs gold which removes the advertisements from open source projects Let's see. I mean if someone needs to they can come through and search through this If you look at versions you can see the latest version You can edit and sometimes you would wipe and rebuild it if things go wrong So the next question is there a way to make part of the documentation private So since everything is in one git repository that's sort of difficult, but well This is text files in a git repository So we can easily have two git repositories one that's public and one that's private And you host them separately and the web server provides access control however you might want Or you could have them as sub modules of each other or you know Um as sub projects in the web server tree and then um Limit access however you would like with normal web auth So Yeah So if there's no more questions, I will stop the Well, I'll give another few minutes for presentation for questions Which should be on video and then I will stop the recording And we can see What is um What discussion there's have via zoom Okay, well, there's nothing more. So thanks for listening and I hope this has been a useful tour of What we do I guess as a summary There is really a great value to having Documentation version controlled in plain text format and there's many different tools for this and of them Sphinx is a pretty good tool to build on So I guess thanks a lot


Hello and welcome back to the craft box. My name is Brent and today we're in episode 218 of the was 101 death walkthrough last time if you haven't checked it out already we freed on ton We raised the penguin flag up there And that was about it. It was a long episode But yeah today we are entering the imperial palace And doing a whole bunch of stuff there. So let us Hit on in we've got this rockin jam and music in the background Polaris music is fantastic. I think it's amazing um, so hopefully today we'll be hitting into or Ending on the forlorn tyke um, hopefully Oh, hello there You caught up with Ivan quickly comrade or maybe defeating these guardsmen took longer than expected Yes, perhaps Ivan needs moment to catch his breath you'll lead and Ivan will support Okay, um, so he gives us 15 percent damage. I believe Yep, 15 damage. Um, it's great. So let us continue And we will see What trouble we can cause there you are the chief advisor warned us you might come And so we prepare this is where your little revolution comes to an end Okay, so these guys are just mobs. I'll be back in just a bit once I've defeated them. Okay. I am back. Hopefully we are killing um Should be at least this is lulu. So should do a lot um They in feeble as with all the other mobs that the storm that we've Um counted so far Which is kind of annoying. Uh, luckily I only lost one blade this time. I'm like, he's better than feeble He's going on feeble and then he did and I'm like, well, just as well. I bladed again. Uh, so yeah, that was good Just make for them to die That makes nine for day or is it 19? Yes, let's say 19 Okay, uh Um, sure Ivan, whatever you say my dude. Let us continue a And we will see what mr. If we can cause now Why do you fight on behalf of pink weens? You owe them nothing. You especially Ivan. You should be with us Surprise that I know your name. Of course. I remember your act and I remember how it ended Yes, you are a strong man no more a weak man might be a better term Come prove me wrong. I dare you Ivan will not fly into blind rage Ivan will not fly into blind rage. Ivan will not fly into blind rage All right, Ivan better now Let's go. Okay, so myth storm storm doesn't cheat so that's good Um, hopefully we can do this quite quickly. Uh, 13 13 000. Oh my gosh, that's easy peasy Uh, they're gonna be able I know but we're just gonna play We don't need too many blades as long as we have like a couple feints. We should be good Um All we really need is a couple feints and a couple blades and we good Um, so yeah, if we can get a couple blades up though, that would be great because that helps kill the minions Because they're quite good for it. Okay Okay, chill. I think this is the highest level or highest pip spell that I've seen in news, which is kind of ridiculous Um, yeah, okay, and didn't do much. Okay. We're just too good. Uh Wow right off the bat. Okay. I see how it is That was some feeble as well. Okay Uh, TC faint. I still wouldn't carry TC feints anymore, but it's just so handy when you don't pull anything that you want to use at the moment um So yeah, TC faint. Hopefully we can get another faint. We have a potent I believe in hand so we can just boom boom slap that baby on and then we can do a couple of uh blades and Lulu is the plan And if not, we might need a couple more blades and deny Hopefully we can Lulu because then I don't have to use a potion Um, yeah That's the best thing about Lulu getting all of that health back Hello, this is Katelyn. They use Katelyn so much. It's really annoying because it takes forever And it gives a mantle which is just annoying um, okay We will go for a We may fizzle anyway.  That's a bit ridiculous, right? So whatever a whatever game whatever Um, okay, they do shield still your job Okay, a couple blades. Hopefully we can get another faint. That would be great Um, and even another blade would be good as well I think the storm minions are the worst because they can actually infeble Because he's just apparently refusing to earthquake. I don't want to say that but He he'll probably earthquake next to him I like and all of the round just before I heard like the round that I heard that would be ridiculous Imagine that I would okay lord. That's fine Just to cheeky with stun Not much Stun is fine Stunnage is fine. Do we go first or second? First okay, I thought we went second for a sec. So I was slightly confused there. We're stunned. So we're just gonna pass I mean sometimes I like to do something just in case we're not actually stunned even though it says we're stunned Because you just can't trust. Oh, he might um, what can you do? Um, he can probably mystic Huh Mystic next okay, that'll do a bit. That would actually be good That'd be good. I think the first person that we faced did a um Uh ffa So, I mean they can do those dark more spells And I wouldn't be surprised if this was one of them because they seem to no, okay Why that just changes the bubble what the hell? Why would you do that? These mobs think they're cool, but they're not They're bad Really bad Shad thank you Um, that means next round we can go for a Lulu or do you want to do it now? I mean Let's do it now get that health back then we can deonite next and it'll be gg If it's not this round because we may even prove that would be good. We only have like 25 chance of something but whatever who knows One two three, okay This I don't think I'll be boosted as well.  Um, hopefully we're full health. I think we are Yes, we are okay They're here. All right. Just as you said chief advisor Now what do you want us to do with them? Have I not made myself clear? Are you daft? Security was your responsibility captain winters. This is your problem Not mine as a point of fact be changing political climate It's convinced me of something I already suspected time for me to move on indeed But you're my chief advisor, please. I will do as you say Rasputin Rasputin If you go, where shall I go? What shall I do?  Goodbye so long. See you later. Yes. Good luck to you all Why does he not have a name? I mean we can see what his name is and he's been mentioned There's an awkward silence after Rasputin leaves the room I'm waiting for your orders your majesty. What would you have us do? Must you pastor me right now captain? Can't you see I'm depressed? First, bearish Nicole. No, Rasputin Soon I shall be all If we can't throw them in the bustier then it's off with their heads, of course Okay, so Just remembering that We're gonna refill teasers that I think I said last time that The best deal was bugged, but it's actually there was actually this fight. They kept in winter's fight. That was bugged on release um, and you Yeah, this whole dungeon was just bugged. It was weird I can't remember exactly what happened, but I know it was bugged and people were furious about it because They're like where is all this qa time going if there's still game baking bugs like this? And I mean it's a very fair point to have but um, luckily it got fixed pretty quickly Not quick enough, but pretty quickly. I don't know how that slipped through though because it's I don't think they they were able to do this um Fight with other people. I think is what the issue was you had to um Yeah, I think that's the issue Um, that was the issue at least you couldn't do it with other people. Um, like the other fights. It was kind of weird Um, I don't know. I wasn't I wasn't anywhere near so I didn't really pay attention It's kind of like the um bug in imperial test drum. At least that one I think That one got fixed before the test drum was released um, but this one was Not fixed until a live I believe from memory. I'm not a hundred percent sure Don't quote me because I don't actually remember much of this. Oh, he's dead shizzle. I forgot to put Prisms or something in dammit Um, we've got an extra faint. We'll just faint him. It's fine Oh, that is already a Okay faint, please faint Nope later. Okay. Luckily they cannot take away blades. They can do a e-free Um tower shields He's bad. He can heal probably so nothing too Major e-free just fine. We've got cleansism. I'm just carrying two cleansers. I don't know what now just in case um Because I just don't like forgetting to not have cleansism for uh The fire mobs or fire falses or firing things so If I remember I put more and when I'm fighting fire, but I may not so I just carry them anyway Pew! Unicorn! Good job That's a very rare occurrence. I think I say that but it happens once an episode It just feels so rare because it never happens because I do a lot of off-camera stuff um And it might be a never-heels crit. I'll go shallow. It'll do much. Okay Speaking of off-camera work, um today they released a new kind of benefit for like a month I think it is which is kind of ridiculous. Um, but it's the members get double Reward or not double extra rewards from daily assignments And I'll just looking at it and you can actually get a lot of crowns by doing that Which is pretty cool. Um, it goes on for a long time as well. It goes on until the 18th of March and it's currently when I'm recording this uh Secret of my time so it will go on till the 19th of my time which is um Just currently it's the first in America and um it will go on till the 18th there and I think there's 15 days so you can get Extra crowns for a long time. So if you want to do that, I think it's every one to fourth Um, like every fourth day in like the box grid. There's the crowns thing in this. Yeah, it's cool. It's a cool thing um We've got a blade. We've got a faint. We will get to this bad boy.  It's fine Um, so yes, that's another blade. Hopefully I'll get a faint next and we can faint for Death and then we should be good To kill Iceberg. Oh, hello. Nice to be played for you. That's cute Okay, that's interesting whatever Just gonna hear like it, but that's fine. Um Yeah, you have two different. Yeah, cool. Uh, we're not getting like many blade blades That doesn't really make sense. What do they use here? We'll just cut that one Um, we'll draw for a faint if we don't get a faint. We'll just hit we did though. So that's good. We'll faint you Um, then we'll hit with lulu next should hopefully kill um, mostly worried about the death But hopefully the plus 70 will just kind of come and clutch And help us a lot also for if free a free crit If we crit we should be good as well Um, what's this? Okay, that's cool. You like those sort of spells I really love to use their shadow pips as soon as they can it's ridiculous Like if they have a shadow pip they use it as soon as they can They got Five pips in the shed. Oh, they're doing their five pip shed spell If they've got two shed.  We got to use it Like I don't care if it's bad, but we got to use it Um, but whatever it's fine I don't really care because it just wastes a turn to be honest in my opinion, especially with the those Shadowy shadow ones which like hang behind you. They I don't know. They just don't really I mean, it's just a wasted turn of life. I mean you get a lot of damage at the end, but Did everyone die? Nope, the boss is still alive. Okay. That's fine. I didn't okay. At least the death died. That's good. Um That's really good. In fact, so we can probably go for a Derenite if we get one We will 2000 Let's go for this Actually, no, that's whatever whatever. I'm like, that's gonna just use a pip and I'll save in pips. Whatever. That's fine Uh, we will see what this is. This is nothing probably. Yep. Like I thought nothing Okay, two blades. Okay. Chill chill This could do a lot actually 900. Yep, that's a lot nearly a thousand. Okay Do And we're just Just backlash, but you got 10. Oh That's a bit unlucky. What what thing is that it is I don't know what that one is. I honestly don't know I don't really use those sort of Spells, so I don't know what they are I don't even use the one that I've used. I think I've put in my dick once and that was for a pvp battle And I don't know why I did that, but whatever I just I don't know. It's kind of useless Okay, he's going to take so much backlash. It's ridiculous Okay, cool. That didn't do much Look at that backlash 809 Geez fed lots of health that were done way more because it's like a percentage of your health Um, but he's dead now. Anyway, that 800 is gonna come in handy That's kind of I think that's a non enchanted first hit of a dead knight. So I'm not Enchanted non bladed. So this is gonna do a lot. This is gonna kill There we go. Look at that pull back. It's time for a tactical withdrawal What now? My seals abandoned me too. How am I supposed to rule under these conditions? God God The imperial guard has been relieved of duty your highness and in the name of the bingwins of bingwinolia I am placing you under arrest You stand accused of tyranny gluttony unfair monopolization of the fish trade and poor taste. How do you plead? Me I'm innocent of course I don't know anything about what you're talking about In fact, I can't even hear you Clearly this will take some time But have faith for those evils of justice may turn slowly. They will also turn truly and Yes, yes, all right a great speech don't own Wither on behalf of myself don't own and all the patriots. Thank you and you too, Ivan Without you, I'm not certain this could have been accomplished There is much left to do here, but your part is done I know you both have other responsibilities if we can help with those let us know until then I wish you happy travels and great fortune all in this work great comrade Now Ivan can finally eat. Oh and discuss your business. Meet me at the end of midnight sun Okay, so quick keynote the polar rose not the polar rose the vanilla ice I get those too confused is right there. Why can't we not? Okay, we can't go into the corner to get it which is kind of weird, but um, it's right there. We can okay It's just these things have a humongous hitbox. Okay. That's cool. Um, so yeah Hello And tusk it so yeah, that's this dungeon. Um all done. Let us go and find the Um Go and find the Ivan go and find Ivan and see What we gotta do next I think next we just go on to the fall on tag Which I will definitely Start next episode because I love just splitting them up The patriots drove out the remaining imperial guards the city is liberated the pin queens are finally free Yay Look at that. I don't know where we're going. There's a whole bunch of lag. That's cool Um, so yeah, that's great. Look at that. We've freed Polaris or the first bit of Polaris Basically the first subplot of Polaris we've done, which is great. Um Oh, let's get on in here Into the tavern How much of this is copied from pirate 101 marley bone taverns? I wonder.  Look at this copypasta work. Nice job That was delicious. This place has best stroganoff in all polaris I've never finished dinner of our night now. He has full belly much better Now what is it you wanted from Ivan? Oh, you seek old witch baba yaga. This is not so simple She lives deep in for long time Ivan does odd jobs for baba yaga, but he has never even been to baba yaga's house Which does not like visitors. She's very private person. They're all you've done. No, Ivan will help you It will be hazardous journey, but we get help from frostbite rangers Rangers have camp in blicks just outside city. You can go on. Ivan will meet you outside city gate Okay, let us go and talk to Ivan just because we want to go and see the tag before we finish the episode Obviously, so we'll go and do that real quick and then we will end off the episode Um, so yeah next area already Which is cool. Um So yeah, I'm actually really excited This is this world is probably gonna fly by and I'm happy about that We're currently already what level 107 106 so we're probably gonna be fairly high up before hand Um, we also cannot get our 108 spell until later until we've actually been through half of the world So it'll be much later on that we get that Um, unfortunately, but it's not Actually, there's a good spell, but it's not too difficult Not too upsetting. It's not like it's an airway. Here we are Trans Polarian highway. It runs to Tandaria and beyond to very end of Polaris very Not safe road. Fortunately frostbite rangers patrol highway and help travelers when they can Rangers can't be just down road. There is hunter there named Maria We should speak to her before going on Okay, so this is the following tag next time we will be talking to Maria Um, so yeah, thank you for watching. I mean to leave a like and subscribe And if you've already subscribed press the little bell so you know exactly when I post another video and remember craft outside the box


Today's speaker in our brown bag series is Dr. Professor Bruce Owen from Sonoma State Department of Anthropology where I believe he's been since 1996, if I remember his CV correctly. He hails from Palo Alto, but he was an undergrad at Yale University and I've seen that he was doing historical archaeology in central Connecticut, I guess, about the same time as I was as an undergrad at Westland a couple years later. But then he came back to California for graduate school where he got his MA and PhD in anthropology at UCLA. He is an andinist with special research interests in complex societies, the collapse thereof, computer methods in archaeology. And let's see if I can consult my notes. Yes, I guess he works on Tiwanaku and Wadi in the Andean context. Also interested in pre-Columbian metals, radio carbon dating, all kinds of things. Today he's going to talk to us about a super interesting mortuary ritual space of roughly contact period and the central highlands of Peru that was excavated as part of the Upper Montara Archaeological Research Project which I understand Christine also is associated with or maybe directs or something. I'm not sure what that is. I'm not an andinist. But he's going to tell us about the new facts and I assume it's interpretations of this interesting cluster feature. So without further ado, I'll turn things over to Bruce Ahn. Well, thank you all for coming and you've had this to look at for a while. So let me just give you a little warning here. There are going to be pictures of human remains and some discussion of fairly nasty violence and I'm not a bloodthirsty person but if that bothers anyone you might just think about it. In addition, I'm going to be giving you what's really a progress report on an ongoing project. So there are lots of loose ends remaining to be tied up. There's a lot of further analysis to be done. There's a lot of things that still need to be interpreted. So any ideas from some of the illustrious faces that I see in this crowd and those who I don't know yet, I would love to hear. All right, so there's South America. We are going to be going to the central highlands of Peru near a place called Haucha where the Alpermontaro Archaeological Research Project was done near Haucha, Peru. Mostly the part that I'm going to be talking about between 1977 and 1983, in particular 1982 and 1983 plus the field season in 1986 which was the last one because terrorism got out of hand and we had to leave the region. Some of us had to do our dissertations in other places and have subsequently started working on other things. However, Christine Hastorf is directing an archiving project to consolidate the material, the paper records, the film, all the computer records especially and have them permanently archived here for future people to study, future students to study. And this also involves new analyses of the old material. And I'll explain to you why that's still useful. There's a lot still to be done with this material. So we're going to have a look at that. So first of all, let me give you an idea of what time period we're talking about here. This is, all right. So I'm going to begin with the Wonka 1 period which I'm going to tell you nothing about up to about 1350. Then the first period that we're going to be interested in, theoretically, well, that we were interested in in the Alpermontaro Archaeological Research Project was Wonka 2, which is the later part of the late intermediate period. Up to about 1460, this is a time when the region was occupied by a number of apparently relatively complex chieftains that were in competition with each other. They were located in fortified hilltop settlements. And we thought at the time and probably still reasonably fair that this is a representation of indigenous chieftain level social and political complexity. Then the Inca came in and stomped all over them, threatened them with a giant army and subjugated the people who sometimes are called Wonka more correctly. They're called Sousa, but we were using Wonka when we named the periods. We've changed the spelling as well. So after the Inca came in with their army, they incorporated the region into their empire, into their complex state. And we have the Wonka 3 period, the late horizon, the Inca empire. And so in this period, those same political units became subjects of the Inca and had to respond to their demands in one way or another. That was terminated by the Spanish coming in and stomping all over everyone with their weapons. And we're going to be hearing a little bit more about that, which leads into Wonka 4, which is the early Spanish colonial period with a somewhat arbitrary stopping date. It's a historical basis, but not really relevant to us. At this time, the Spanish occupied the town of Halcha, which is in our study area and right adjacent to the site that I'm going to be talking about. And then time goes on. So what were we up to with Umar? Our main interest was in the craft economy, subsistence economy, and political economy, maybe especially political economy, and how it changed, how it was constituted indigenously before the Inca, and how it changed under external imperial rule. So we were interested in what the Inca were up to, and we were interested in how what we could learn about chieftains before that by contrast. How are we going to do that? Well, the idea was to look at two time periods, the one immediately before Inca conquest and the one immediately after Inca conquest, and how we were going to address the political and economic organization was by in part, at least by contrasting what we identified in advance as commoner households and elite households. So we had basically a research design that involved a four way partition of our evidence that we were going to collect and did collect. So we had two periods, Wonka II and Wonka III with households from various different sites and we had classified them before excavating. So we weren't biasing our data and the excavations bore out our classifications as elite or commoner. So finally, when we did our analysis, a lot of it was comparing elites and commoners, what relationship was between them in Wonka II and what the relationship was between them in Wonka III. They were represented by economic units which are households or what we call patio groups which were a number of circular structures, occasionally a rectangular structure in Wonka III facing into an enclosed space. Sometimes with walls, sometimes just enclosed by other structures or changes in the topography like a steep drop. So each one of these households is represented by one or several structures and some patio areas which we had placed excavations in to collect material that would reflect what was going on in the household which meant that our basic research design was based on characterizing households as units and comparing them. What we didn't do very much of is look at patterning within households or specific households and how they differed from other ones and so on. What we were looking for was large-scale social averages. What we're doing now with this re-analysis project is focusing at a smaller scale looking for patterning within the households or things that make particular households unusual and contrasting to other ones rather than just sort of general representatives of their group in this four-way partition. That means the original design led to a lot of publications but what this means is that there's still a lot of interesting juice to be gotten out of this data that really hasn't been addressed much yet. So when I say we classified by common or elite we did that various different ways. That happened actually before I joined the project in 1983 but you can see the masonry differs. Nice big stones with chinking versus smaller sort of irregular stones with less coursing and no chinking. Surprisingly often you can really make a call on that and the artifacts tended to bear it out. We also looked at the size of the patio's bigger units of more structures probably more elite. The ones located closer to the top of the hill in the center of the site probably more elite and so on. This is what these structures look like. This is actually a really very small one but nevertheless when they were intact they were cylindrical with one door. Usually no windows, almost never any windows and probably had a peaked conical thatched roof. The region we are working in this is the upper Montarro. I hope you can make it out. Anyway, this is the upper part of the Montarro Valley and the Yonah-Marca Valley which is sort of like a lobe off of it a slightly higher lobe off of it. There's a city of Hawcha and there's J54 or Marca which is the site that I'm going to be focusing us in on rather than looking at the region and the comparisons that UMARC was originally designed to do. So here is the site of Marca mapped in purple and superimposed on an elevation map made from old-air photos. It's a little bumpy yet. That's the technical issues I need to work out but you get a general idea of the setting of this site. It's elevated, it's defensible but not as defensible as many of the other sites that we worked at. It's a Wonka III site, an Inca site. The Inca tended to move people out of their most defensible locations down closer to the fields where they were easier to control less able to defend themselves and could better produce for the Inca state. They remained at Marca because perhaps it was close enough and not too defensible. So here you have a view from the side. These horizontal lines here, those are walls and ditches. Now we're looking straight down on it. Some parts of it have been farmed and somewhat disturbed and so some of the late material that we're going to see might come from later farming or other later uses considerably after the conquest. That's something we tried to avoid but impossible to totally roll out. We're going to be looking at J54 equals 7 which is a particular patio where we found some things that were odd. Here we're zooming in again. There's 54 equals 7. And here are excavations going on at 54 equals 7. You get an idea of the setting. This is the valley bottoms and the slopes are a major bread basket for Peru today and were extremely productive in the past. Supported large fairly dense populations. And in fact the first capital of Peru was at Halcha for a few years when the Spanish, the first Spanish capital Peru was at Halcha for a few years when they first took over the area. You can see this is open patio space which has been farmed with the corners and little spaces that were sort of between buildings and so on appeared to be relatively undisturbed. Some were and some weren't. And this structure... Yeah, you can see that. This structure here is what I'm particularly going to talk about. And if you looked closely at the publicity picture for this talk you will have noticed it's a structure that has... Well, you can see some of the interesting things in that structure which we'll get to shortly. So Wonka III and IV and it was originally classified as an elite patio which is probably correct. It's a little small for an elite patio. It was right next to another elite patio. So these may have been subsidiaries or associates of the elite in some way. Not too important for my talk today. Yeah. So one of the things that makes going back to old data interesting is that we can do things today that we couldn't even dream about doing in 1983. So here are all these hand-drawn field notes all geo-referenced and combined in a GIS so that I can start to put together what was happening in a way that we could in our minds perhaps imagine in 1983 but we could never be as literal and complete about it as we are now. We have all sorts of tools now for improving our photos for doing statistical analyses easily and in sort of an exploratory way presenting them very nicely and so on which means that we collected data that was really good now we can make much better use of it than we could at the time. And I look back at our early publications which are literally in typing. They're typed. They're not even in modern fonts. The graphics are all drawn by hand anyway. We can do a lot fancier stuff now and although I think we got a lot of really useful data out of it there's still a lot left to be gained. Right. So taking away all the other stuff just sort of simplifying it down this is the patio that we're talking about or that I'm going to be talking about a 54 equals 7. The patio unit is a household that had one structure definitely part of it. Another structure which this door is a little hypothetical we're not quite sure and we didn't excavate in this one and then this is the patio area. This other structure opens into another space and it's not part of it the one up there. There's another patio household unit located above over here. Another one located below down here. It's sort of the land drops off here to some other ones further down. So this is where presumably one household would have lived. The blue outlines excavation areas which are called ASDs archaeological architectural subdivisions where an ASD could be a structure or it could be an area in a patio. They were further broken down into excavation units which I'm not showing you that level of detail and of course all the straighter within them and the features and so on. Right. For a lot of our analyses the only purpose of that was to pull out good occupation contexts and not include fill and not include later material and so on. I'm going to be talking about this feature here this structure here and here it is just before being excavated after the vegetation has been cleared off. You can see it's a circular structure with a little bit of wall fall inside but most of that's gone in this picture. And here it is after it's been a little bit excavated and right away it was clear that there's something really odd about this structure as you can see. It's got these flat stones ringing the outside. It's not so clear in this picture. They're best defined in this half which is opposite the doorway right here but there are some that continue around and it was probably a complete ring all the way around. Some of the stones may have been picked up with the wall fall before it became clear what was going on but these are not wall fall stones. They tend to be fairly large. They're relatively flat. They're lying horizontally on a surface and creating like a pavement around the outside edge of the structure. This from Umarp's original research design point of view was not good because it's not a typical household that's going to produce the kind of typical representative data that we wanted and so Elspietta Zakentur here who was in charge of the excavations was under a lot of pressure justifiably so to rip through there get our data out as fast as possible and not be slowed down by stuff that was irrelevant to the research design. Which is now of course what I'm most interested in and why I'm really I'm glad that she did the good field work that she did but I'm frustrated that she had to do it so fast with such quick casual sketches and so on we can recover a lot but it would be nice if we had been focusing on these kinds of things at the time on the other hand we wouldn't have gotten the data we needed for our basic research design so right you have to live with what you've got. So reconstructing from photos, various field drawings and the field notes I can give you a picture like this of this structure so outside we have standard PERCA limestone PERCA is a local word for this two-faced limestone rock construction this is just a schematic but the width is as shown in the field drawings. The stones most of them lying around the bottom are limestone the same common material that was used for building but a bunch of them are fillite which is a nice dense smooth fine grain stone which you could use for a working surface or grinding although they're not obviously grinding stones it's not entirely clear what the fillite slabs were for but they like them they put them in burials sometimes I'm guessing they were surfaces to do things prepare food on, do craft work on and so on. There are also a number of grinding stones that is large pieces of shaped grind equipment for grinding and the smaller pieces of the similar material that you use on top of them as monos or handstones among those rocks and there were a number of burning features located inside right next to the doorway which you might do if you just wanted to smoke to go out the door but on the other hand you might it's not obvious that that's there are various possible interpretations of why you would have fires right by the doorway I'm imagining walking in this doorway into a fairly dark room with a fire burning on either side of the entryway would have been kind of cool to put a positive spin on it respectful or inspiring or something perhaps now I want to show you a photo we don't have as many photos as I would like of this because unfortunately precisely this structure is the one that was documented with a roll of film that was destroyed in the field so I've got a few sort of casual photos that people took on their personal rolls some of the earliest photos in black and white and then the next roll but the really key stuff of all these complicated features all gone unfortunately but nevertheless I do have some views looking in the direction of that arrow there and here's what we found after a little bit of soil was removed around this ring of stones you've got a nice Inca Urpu or Reboloid rim there's a lot of Inca, local Inca and even some state Inca pottery in this structure so it was clearly occupied either in the late intermediate period under the Inca or shortly thereafter when they were still using the same stuff and unfortunately the way burials are often found is someone goes through the top of the cranium with their trowel or their pick so this is modern damage that's not going to be true for everything we see so our structure with the circle of stones with the ring of stones turned out to have a bunch of burials in it that's eight individuals one cluster of five with two adult males, two adult females and an adolescent of undetermined sex another adult male with an infant on his chest a neonate or a small infant on his chest and another adult male and although the way these are drawn it looks like they could be three separate burial events I think they were at most two and perhaps just one I'll show you some photos and try to convince you of that so Umarp excavated 43 primary burials by which I mean burial events some of which had multiple individuals in them 25 of them more than half have only one person another quarter more or less have two or three people big burials with more than three are rare so we only have one with four, one with five one with seven and if we count these all together one with eight none of them are in Wonka too these big burials the indigenous chieftain they all come in either under the Inca or under the Spanish at the very end of the Inca period if you think about that the Inca period is not very long the late horizon is not very long so people could have been living under the Inca the Spanish arrive things happen they bury their dead in what still looks like an Inca household so that's always been a little bit of a problem separating out that contact time we don't we can't recognize Wonka 4 until we actually people have been there long enough using European stuff to start leaving it in their deposits so it's possible that these large burials are are only after the Spanish arrived or they may have started doing them under the Inca either way foreign conquerors come in and you start seeing large burials it's not a good sign right there so here's the beginning of that larger cluster the same two rocks we saw before several three of the burials are outside that ring and two of them are underneath the rocks the rocks are clearly on top of part of this large cluster of burials and then the other burials are even further under the rocks so here's the rocks have all been removed it's all been cleaned off and you can see sort of schematic representations of the different burials these are so tightly packed together they're articulated they're complete but they must have been bundled really tightly which is fairly typical in Andean burials and packed together in a very small space they're not all oriented in the same direction but they're all parallel they're sort of partly on top of each other I think there's very little doubt that this is one event these people are all put in there at one time and the stones are put right on top of them a little bit of soil but basically right on top of them these appeared at the time at the time we treated them as a single burial it seems like the pit is continuous although the stratigraphy and cuts and so on are not clear in this environment well all right how are they treated a bunch of them had pot sherds on their head which is something that Wonka did even in earlier period so there's the adolescent has sherds on his head and the male and the infant on top of the male's chest have sherds on the head what does that mean I don't know there's also burial out in the patio separate from this structure but in the same patio unit that has sherds on its head I'll show you later another thing was buried with one of these individuals was there's another one of those fillite slabs just poking out and it turned out that that was on top of an intact vessel with these bodies were a number of metal objects which I will show you here a bronze pin very typical late horizon Inka a more local style of pin that's the head of the pin it's silver it would have had a long shaft which we didn't find and a fragment of a cutting tool to me this is pretty typical excuse me pretty typical Wonka III stuff it's nice but it's nothing spectacular in addition across the building from the burials just in that area of stones were found a bunch of fragments of silver discs not these but that's what they would have looked like so here's those other three burials the ones that are apart from an angle you can see how they're really basically in contact here their tail end to tail end partly on top of each other the feet of the lower one are articulated it's hard to imagine that happening by sheer chance that they weren't put in there at the same time it's remotely possible but I think these two adults and the infant on the chest of the one probably went in there as a unit so it's at least as a burial of three I suspect it's a burial of eight all at once with the rocks put on top but that's a little bit less solid so who were these people? we have a few very limited clues more physical analysis would be great if we ever had the chance so two individuals have cranial deformation unfortunately this one you can see is not in very good shape I don't have a photo of it but according to the notes that were taken at the time by Marilyn Norconk who did the biological the physical anthropological analysis the cranial deformation is similar and there's the one that's intact you can see how it's been sort of squashed and pushed back this is something that is found in about half of wonka adults actually there are two varieties of cranial deformation the other half don't have any the fact that we have a slightly older female who has the same deformation as an adult but younger male suggests maybe offspring treated in the same way I don't, I don't want to push that one but they're similar in that way then there are wormyan bones used to be called inka bones because they're so, they're originally recognized among Andean populations so we have a number of individuals with wormyan bones the two adults over there one of the adults in the bulk burial or the larger burial and the individual was buried out in the patio so there are wormyan bones there are extra bones around in the back of the cranium you can see between the parietals and occipital temperals right, anyway need to go back and check that I'm not a biological anthropologist anyway about 16% of wonka adults have these bones of the examples that we have four of the nine are from this one patio we don't know that they're genetic but it's kind of tempting to think that this suggests that these are relatives so now here the potchards have been removed from the head of this adult and I want to show you some interesting things about this cranium remember it was under, it was well protected under solid pottery here's a side view there's a top view if we have anyone who's ever taken a forensic anthro class you will shiver at what you're looking at there those are not wounds, those are not injuries from someone probing with a probe it was under sherds this is pre-burial damage and you see a bunch of sort of almost round oval but almost round holes one that's sort of more elongated and if we look from the inside there they are if we zoom in these are classic entry wounds on green bone so what could make wounds like that? a bunch of them from different directions on the same person that can make that kind of wound that's a halberd, a 16th century weapon and here are Pizarro and his men in early 20th century representation and they've all got halberds and in fact there's lots of other evidence that they used halberds including even Juan Manpoma who was an eye witness to the early Spanish occupation and he routinely showed Spaniards in this case, Almagro and Pizarro with halberds these ones are shown a little bit wider and a little bit shorter some halberds have sort of a point some are a little bit more like a dagger on top a long wide dagger I'm not sure which to take more literally anyway something with a rounder point or perhaps the very tip of one of those could have made the more round holes the elongated hole could have been made in various ways with similar instruments so I'm going to say going this oh yes before I get to this that person was undoubtedly killed with a Spanish weapon there's no indigenous weapon that would be that small and make puncture marks like that and cause of death right don't have to defend that there's another burial out in the patio another male 20 to 35 years old sort of young prime age there he is with two large pot bases over his head and here you can see one of those there are two fillite slabs here and you can see it's a nice fine grained stone sometimes put in burials and I'd like you to focus on that area right there because these this picture in the next one line up and those are pre deposition as well there's no way those holes got there before after those pot sherds are put on and the pot sherds are in situ this was not recognized in the physical anthropological analysis that was done at the time because in battle days the person who is looking at the bones didn't have easy access to field photos and stuff which hadn't been developed yet wasn't perhaps looking very closely at the field notes so we don't have an explanation of this other than the photos but those those holes are there pre burial there's a view of them they're not as obvious as the other ones as the other individual there's a view from the inside looking through the foramen magnum and this is not a classic these are not classic puncture wounds on the other hand I'm not sure they're not and I'm not sure how that sort of damage would have gotten there between the person's death and their burial it's a little hard to interpret so we don't I don't know exactly whether this is the cause of death and whether it was similar or not so now what about all the artifacts that tell us what was going on at the time I could subject you to lots and lots of these pretty pictures with pie charts that would take me hours to explain so I won't instead I'm just going to give you sort of this the boiled down interpretations first of all we can do some dating with the artifacts that we found there's a lot of European animal bone in the in this this patio unit and especially in the structure so one of the highest densities of horse in any of the ASD's was excavated or the highest excuse me as as a percentage of all the bone high density of pig pretty high density of sheep so this is clearly occupied well into the or used for something well into the Spanish colonial period there are also some artifacts a horseshoe in good occupation otherwise good occupation context and in a poor context sort of above a glass marble and then some colonial seren or a colonial ceramic sherd or perhaps somewhat later than colonial ceramic sherd and some beer bottle glass not so good in disturbed deposits out in the patio so definitely goes into the historic period which is not surprising given that we know that at least one of the people was killed after the Spanish arrived so what don't we have very much of we don't have a high density of sherds relatively speaking this is it's not extreme it's at the very low end of the distribution of how much pottery we would find in such a place by density that's kind of odd we've got a low density of lithic blades long skinny flakes and a low density of flakes that are not blades which would have been both made and made there for use and used for a whole variety of cutting cutting purposes and the lithic analyst Glenn Russell who looked at the stuff didn't particularly remark on the overall densities in this way but he used a ubiquity measure and he pointed out that the kinds of tools that you make out of flakes knives, scrapers, drills and so on were extremely rare in this particular patio it was an outlier in that respect so a lot of the things you'd expect in a normal occupation are scarce there they're not absent but there's not so much of them so what is there instead among the botanical remains in my very quick analysis I'm sorry Christine I haven't done as much as I should with this yet a lot of the stuff looks pretty typical but there's a lot of burned wood in this one exterior patio unit and in fact there's a lot of other burned plant material I need to lump that together but it looks like there's a big fire somewhere and a bunch of stuff got dumped in that area not totally unusual or not unprecedented but not common what else do we find if we look at the lithics and some of these things were not noticed before because no one was looking for or variation at this small scale but in four of these units including the or four of these ASTs including the structure there's an unusual amount of hematite hematite is an iron mineral it's dense, heavy and sometimes occurs in little balls and in fact in Elgbietta's field notes she describes finding a funny round rock which was apparently one of these hematite balls that caught the attention of an excavator certainly would have caught the attention of people who lived this site what they did with them or why they cared about them I don't know but they were weird little things and there were a lot of them in this patio even more interesting quartz crystals they're a very high density quartz crystals in three of the ASTs, three separate units this one, this one and the structure in this site and in this patio more so than we found anywhere else in fact I think if I look only at the ring of stones here if I exclude the central area which I can because Elgbietta wisely excavated them separately I believe, I haven't done this yet but I believe we'll find that the density in the ring of stones is by far the highest anywhere but at the moment it's diluted a little bit by including the occupation deposits in the middle so lots of quartz crystals what do people think about quartz crystals? we'll just ask someone who lives in Marin, right? they surely meant something exactly what I... yeah there's going to be a lot of that I'm afraid that's the thing about Ritual so wait a minute, did I have something else there? no alright so what else do we find in their ceramics? even more interesting first of all there's a relatively large number of bowl fragments in these two patio ASTs not outlandishly only 20% only the top 20% so maybe that means something maybe it doesn't but it kind of goes with some of the other things I'm going to be pointing out there's a high density of lids lids are not common ceramic pot lids are not common in this assemblage but we have a number of them from this site and given the volumes that we excavated the density is high so something that was lided or something that was in lided vessels was important here a number of miniatures as well miniatures are also uncommon miniatures, ceramic vessels what do they mean? I don't know but they're odd and we've got a bunch of them well, two of them but that's given them out we excavated that's a high density for these small samples a number of figurines also unusual and an overwhelming density of ceramic spoon fragments from not inside this structure here but from out here in the unit that had the the one buried guy with the pots on his head this is this greater than by far than any other unit in the project spoon fragments spoon fragments are rare enough that they're not even mentioned in the ceramic well well they're mentioned but they're never discussed or illustrated in this dissertation that resulted from the ceramics from this this project so they're unusual the best I can show you is a warpa style spoon this is from not too far away and a little bit earlier but well a lot earlier but it's just the similar kind of thing I never even saw a Wonka ceramic spoon so I'm assuming that they look about the same but these are found they're found in many places in the Andes often associated with the the Middle Horizon earlier time period they're uncommon they're not extremely rare but they're not common so they're probably not for an ordinary use these are not soup spoons they're chunky things they're solid they're not light and delicate long skinny handles they're chunky but you almost always see them broken I personally don't believe I've ever seen an intact example of a ceramic spoon I've seen a bunch of fragments but how did I mean they shouldn't break so what on earth are they doing with these things having been inspired by a talk that Kathy Costin just gave at the the Phoebe Hearst Museum about drug use early in an earlier time period I'm going to go way out on a limb and make an analogy between these and the muscle shells in an ethnographic film where a modern curandero pours a potion something like ayahuasca into this little muscle shell and tips it into his nose I'm not going to make say that it's necessarily exactly that but I would not be surprised if these spoons were used for some sort of potion taking activity and then perhaps they were they're richly broken swig your wine and you throw glasses into the fireplace maybe something similar this notice wild speculation but I don't think it's totally out of the question especially when they're found in weird context like a whole bunch of them with the burial so what if we got here we have at least one adult male who's killed with a Spanish weapon buried with an infant on his chest sherds on both of their heads probably about the same time another adult male was buried two other men two other women or two women and adolescent all probably buried I would argue at the same time another adult male who knows when buried out in the patio with cranial damage and pots on his head as well maybe some hints that their relatives or connected to each other in some way through the wormy and bones and the cranial deformation maybe this practice of large multiple burials is something that appeared either with the Inca or certainly it was happening by the time the Spanish were there maybe it has to do with external domination maybe specifically the Spanish or maybe both the once the burials were in there they put this ring of stones down on top of them the stratigraphy is not extremely clear but it doesn't look to me like they're intrusive it looks like the stones are put on top of the burials unfortunately what I can't tell you is whether they're intrusive into the occupation deposits in the household or whether those occupation deposits continued to accumulate after the ring was there I'd love to be able to pull that apart but it looks like it's not going to be possible with the data some sort of activities were going on that may or may not have been associated with this small fires inside the doorway quartz crystals and hematite chunks and balls inside and outside two little ceramic vessels figurine and one definite one and possibly two other ones some bowls maybe more than usual something that came in a vessels with lids maybe something that you put in a spoon lots of ceramic spoons in that one burial these things all have to do with one pattern of activity or several different ones multiple events unfortunately I don't think I'm going to be able to tell you that but some something or some number of odd things were happening there is relatively little residential activity there maybe because they were doing these other things maybe because that truncated the occupation or because people did different things there or this was a space that had acquired some other meanings like something like that perhaps and there's a lot of historical material there which suggests either that that these events happened well after the Spanish had arrived in a lot of stuff a lot of European stuff have been accumulating or it happened shortly after the Spanish arrived in the area continued to be used afterwards either one is intriguing and either one has slightly different interpretations of what the events were that led to all these people dying and being buried all at once but it's not very flattering to the Spanish in any case so to leave on a sort of a final note I would suggest to what we're looking at here is the development of some new ways of grieving in the face of a new kind of really awful violence and abuse so that's where I'd like to leave you and I'd like to give thanks to the members of the you mark original you mark project and those are continuing to do work with the material and even the students who worked in Christine's analysis class and started working with a lot of the state at a fine level so thank you any questions thoughts yeah great talk so you're talking about the archive now the materials themselves where are they actually house some samples were exported and are here and will be stored here but the bulk of the material remained in Halcha some of it went to Lima where God knows what's happened to it um yeah it was kind of spotting in terms of material and what you got is a lot of the good archival the field notes and the area of account right what you what you want to do right yeah all the surroundings all the Olympics yeah right a bunch of the human bone yeah all the figurines all that's in Halcha yeah yeah okay yes make up you say how was it that structure where the common we classify as as elite and based on the stuff that was found in there that's that's reasonable although because it's aberrant um just to those really apply as I don't know was it no actually the structure is relatively typical I mean I was looking at that and thinking man it's that's a big space but actually I went and measured a bunch of the other ones and it's it's in the normal ballpark it could very well have been built as a regular residence and then repurposed at some point that's an interesting question I don't know that would be a lot of shots to hit one person and they didn't have shotguns I don't believe or they didn't use fine shot that's an interesting question I hadn't considered that no don't know who else yeah mostly more than during that process the that would have to that would make some sense in that we have some burials that are mostly primary and have one or two clearly secondary bunches of bones of another individual in there um none of these fit that category all of these individuals are well articulated I mean the excavations were very rushed the soil is hard and so on so they're not beautiful pictures but the bodies were all quite articulated and complete so if they did that if they reburied someone he was still so complete that his job was enclosed right and his head was attached to his cervical vertebrae and so on so it would have had to have been a fairly hasty reburial that's not impossible because we know the Inca like to parade their mummies around and they had beliefs about the the bodies of the dead but there's no evidence to suggest that it's a secondary burial and it's otherwise the same as as other burials the position is similar the goods are similar and so on so I think that's it's possible but doesn't strike me as really likely yeah right it's not that it's so cold but it's also damp and the soil is dense and so those bodies fairly quickly but how quickly I can tell you but fairly quickly would have been well stuck into the ground so you wouldn't it wouldn't be like they were in sand or loose in a cave where you could sort of push them around so I wouldn't say that's impossible but actually if we go back and I should find that slide but if we go back and look at the the feet actually looked quite good and they were under the the pelvis of the other individual so that's not a problem with the feet actually the fact that the the foot bones are all articulated suggests that there wasn't a lot of disturbance although you're right if someone dug in there six months or a year later it may have been possible to do that without disturbing the other body I doubt that it would have been pushed much so again I can't I can't rule that out but I would suspect probably not this yeah we could look I'd like to be able to look in detail where the stones are to see what would have had to be lifted and put it down and see if we could see any difference but unfortunately we don't have the photos and so doing something that refined is going to be tough that's one problem with going back to old data especially data that wasn't collected for this kind of purpose someone else here yes except exactly so they're the burials themselves are pretty typical the potchards on the head the fillite slabs the occasional vessel the occasional metal object the positions that's all pretty normal what's not normal is having a whole bunch of them together like that by far as I showed you by far the most common is one less common is two once in a while you find one with three so I think those probably reflect sort of normal patterns of people dying or the people got sick in the household or there was an accident or something but eight all at once is that's that's what's unusual the treatment of the burials themselves is not so unusual what also what's unusual is putting the stones on top and all this other stuff with spoons and crystals and hematite and that's not usual on the other hand we were never looking for it before so now I need to go back and look at other burials especially other large ones and see if there's some parallels but at least the ring of stones is unique both are found and the inside is usually in that area close to the wall maybe because that's where there's less traffic and you're less likely to damage the bodies or to walk on your ancestors or also perhaps because that's often where the bedrock is lower on one side of the other so that's the place where it's easier to dig down and and make a cavity big enough to put bodies in yeah they're not associated with the burial obviously maybe they are in some way but they they're sort of scattered bones that you might get from the occasional chunk of meat rather than you know sacrificing animal or something like that they're from occupation deposits so it's not they're not all just lying on top although there's always some mixing and it's possible if stuff was left there's got there somehow after the fact it could have gotten mixed in but it's a fair amount it's unusually large amount so it's hard to say exactly what that means but I would guess it probably means people somewhere in the media vicinity we're eating European animals actually let me ask a question does anyone have any thoughts about what this might all mean I mean what sort of rituals one would do with these things or I've been a little reluctant to go too far out on a limb yeah that would be yeah the the stones the fillite slabs or even the ring of stones would be a great place to put things we did think about that I can easily imagine something like that but much more than something like that I it's hard to say yeah I think we were trying to avoid historical context in this project nevertheless we kept hitting them and and we are learning something about historical periods in spite of ourselves because of this it would be another project to go back and look at the early archaeology the early colonial period might be kind of a depressing one if you're excavating an indigenous context anyone else thank you


guys subscribe and turn notifications on leave a like and drop a comment down below get here first and win giveaway calls i will pin as first comment on some of my videos be fast and good luck what is going on guys welcome back to the channel and i appreciate you being here now damn i have been for ha mean this i am ban now which is the second time it's arrived since season four and today we're going to burst open all of these banners to try and get that epic loot and also cash in those iron banner tokens too but before we go any further guys if you do enjoy the video leave a like really does help me out and if you are new around here and enjoy daily destiny to videos be sure to subscribe mario is a couple of things most definitely wanting the main thing is the claws of the wolf push rifle i believe it is with a decent roll with stability now probably ain't going to get it because my luck is pretty damn bad but we will see people we will see but let's get into it anyway and it's all powerful gear as well by the way so that's pretty cool too so talons of the eagle and 25 togs we will check out the rolls when we are done breath of the dragon really game bite of the fox and then with like a few other things there i remember it's casket which is the helmet and i remember it's grips dam this form of the raven and their clock of remembrance so i've got basically full gear armor wise but no no weapons but seeing to be honest i've already got i've had this armor for a while it's a little special in my vault but it's nowhere near 600 so we'll keep these and maybe depends on the roles that you have but we will see people we will see let's quickly check out the rolls on these weapons so here we have zen moment hit fire grip not that decent at all but it still is infusion material actually you know what scatter off has got buffs didn't they so that could be quite good although i know i've got this in my vault i'm not sure on the roll on it but we will see either way i ain't going to get rid of nothing at the minute and we've got the bite of the fox sniper with hit fire grip and ambitious assassin actually let's go get check out the rolls for about that we haven't arranged so that's probably gonna have a lot of max range jesus we've got tactical mag and we've got any polygonal rifling so uh not the best not the best um let's quickly check out the sniper rifle we've got on it steady runs um and polygonal rifling and we've also got handling as they master work but hey i'll never even use this sniper is it any good i'm not even sure you guys tell me down below but obviously we've got we've got this right here the breath as a dragon with kill clip and grave rubber kill clips okay i'm not sure about uh grave rubber uh don't we can't switch off even we've got any range as well that could be quite cool and that's still we want to start dropping down to 36 and then we've got full ball which increases range quite a lot but this is one of them ones that shoots so so quick i'm not too keen on this archetypal of smg is to be honest it needs to be the same archetype as the anteo that's a base people that's a base then we've got the swarm of the raven we've snapped shut sights and quick draw honestly not a fan of grenade launchers this will be infusion material we want to get that one thing i want to oh probably my black my whispered a worm that'll probably get infused with this you never know people yeah never know what we will see okay so now i have a lot of what's that i'm not sure you know i don't even know what that was i don't even know what that was okay so we've got 278 to open so let's see let's see what we're gonna is it gonna give me a close of the wolf by the fox come on game so if you can hear me spamming my button i just want to get through these as quick as puzzle of why it's going to be here all day come on come on give me one give me one decent version of it yeah you're gonna do yeah you're gonna give me the weapon people yeah you're gonna give me the weapon people my luck is that bad i mean i can buy this one here but i've already got one that's better rolled in my vaults already so there's no points i just need one for stability masterwork i mean that's what this weapon really does come on saladin you are don't be like this don't be like this wow wow close of the wolf we've got one and we've got it i remember it's grips and we're gonna get another i don't think i will i don't think i will people buy the fox again we've got the last package right here right now and i've got the talons that'd be easier now these have all gone to my uh pulse master so we were gonna check them out it's gonna check them out people it's going to come out it's going to come out i hope that's a decent close of the wolf it probably ain't gonna be it probably gonna be okay so these are just oh no no range is that not that i know it could be good jesus it could be good i don't know i'm a piercing rounds max range a lot of range i could put on it a counterbalance stuck oh you know what it's better than what i've got i'm gonna lock you i'm gonna lock it's definitely better than what i've got let's have a look at that talons the eagle first before we check out anything else but all of these armors i will look at because you never know what i might meet well what goes good with what i'm well the set up i'm using outlaw an ambitious assassin hey hey hey we're handling um we're probably gonna rifle him again and we've got on it fred magra could be quite old flaws and everything based on the number of rapid kills before reloading i mean how many rapid kills are you gonna get with a scout rifle 30 in the mag i'm not sure that may just get dismantled don't need that definitely don't need that one of our masterwork out of it ain't gonna complain i prefer the masterwork okay so what else did we get flash up here we've got firmly planted and moving target no thanks get out of here outlaw moving target now now we're now we're cooking we're handling that's pretty cool um polygonal rifle and alloy magazine which drops the mag or reloads faster when magazine empty but drops the magazine's eyes down so it seems um but hey that's actually cool that's probably the best one i've had i'm gonna lock you and compare what i've got in my route then we've got this rapid hit and explosive payload and that could be quite cool with range more stability in handling there and we've got any alloy magazine so that's probably the best one i've got that as well so we're gonna keep you too it's definitely better you know i'm gonna refuse the 600 into that one that makes the most sense to me so that's what we're gonna do now you are locked okay so what else we've got okay we're three of these grave rubber rampage threat this extra amount of pressure and zen moment and rampage now zen moment and rampage could be cool with handling not bad with more stability and reload there a bit more range there you know that could be quite good that's definitely the best one that i got as well so i'm gonna lock you but the others can get this mantle because i put up a minute which one was it no that one was 600 so i'm gonna refuse you into that one that's what we're gonna do people that is what we are going to do that's what we should be doing okay so let me just infuse this because otherwise i will forget and i'm infusing this i'm asking for my new blood debt so i'm just gonna quickly check out the helmet light reactor and what the hell is the light reactor gain bonus super energy and fusion of kills okay like oh that's actually not a bad rule gain bonus super energy on melee kills increase the amount of shotgun ammo you can carry or linear fusion that's actually not bad definitely getting locked okay quickly check out the linear fusion with a loader and rocket launcher scavenger and fastball and we're comparing more we're comparing more i've got so much shit people it's unbelievable unflinching hand cannon air that's pretty cool and scatter rifle reserves what's it got there a sider down that's not gonna be used it's not gonna be used at all and oh oh we've got a weapon here a radar tuner don't need you and i'd prefer that mud that is for sure okay so yes people that is it i believe i mean i've got you know what i've got crucible um tokens to cash in a mess while i do it while you're here watching see if i get anything good i mean can't exhaust extra from these i mean i've been sending videos from my top fives seeing them drop but we never once have i had any never once have i had any but we'll see people fake fries foul it's supposed to be a real good sniper that is hard truth wing contender fake fries foul again play the game anonymous autumn hard truth came and boom that's it that is it people so we're gonna go back off to my postmaster and have a look at quality because you never know be quite good we will see we will see okay so let's go okay so the only thing that coming here was this which is my wing contender cloak which no thank you so what else we've got what else we get we've got the hard truth 750 rounds per minute that could be quite good but the rolls on that are pretty bad what about here yeah it's probably better than these two yeah so get rid of you two get rid of you what else we've got hit five group and ambitious assessing we've got uh genesis and rampage and we've got upload and kill group on you damn with range damn we could be quite a b so you are getting locked for sure but these two actually you could be quite good just i'm not sure and you guys don't know show your hands with stability i'm noticing snappy and light i know i've got one in my walk too but you know i'll lock you anyway just in case and get rid of that rubbish and i think that i'll gotta play the game no got a better version of you already you got legs which we have on it purple to wear wear whatever that says and also rifle scavenger i mean that's all right but yeah i've got that i've got more than enough of that so yeah good back is that it was that it was that it was it i think that was people that was it indeed so yes we have come to the end of the video i've got a decent close of the wolf i would have preferred it with stability over the range it's crazy that sounds i mean it just recalls so much for me but it's still the best one i've got so far but yes guys thanks as always stopping by hope you enjoyed the video let me know what close of the wolf role you got down below in that comment section if you've got one better than me you better delete it but guys thanks as always stopping by and hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully i will see you on that next one