Welcome everybody, welcome to Friday Night Bingo and I guess I need to say Bingo is back. Are you guys happy Bingo is back? I know I am and I'm thrilled because I have a new host. I have a co-host of David, David Randall with the Notables Project and the new Global Project on my dad and some of you might have worked on the U.S. Governor's Project. David is responsible for that and I will tell you the way that I first met David was the Disney Project. So that seems like forever in a day. Which has been very quiet for a while but it's still up and running. Well welcome everybody, thank you guys so much for joining us and David and I are going to focus on historical Notables. So the first Friday of every month this year, there's one or two exceptions around Wiki Tree Day so make sure to look at the Bingo Page Calendar and the GGG. But basically first Friday at 6 p.m. Eastern Time we will be here and we are only going to focus on historical Notables, historical events that those Notables might have been involved in. And David started off with Amelia Earhart. Why did you pick Amelia? Well, we were trying to figure out a notable event that happened at this time of year. So we went on to Google and I guess a Wiki Tree and I mean Wikipedia. And it turns out that today is the anniversary. There's a little bit of a stretch here but today is the anniversary of Amelia Earhart being declared deceased following her disappearance in the Atlantic. Back in, I believe that was 19, tell me the date. 1939. 1939. 1939. 1939. So she actually disappeared back in 1937. But in 1939 her husband was ready to remarry. So he went to court and had her declared deceased on January 5th, 1939. And we'll look at her person to start off our new revamp Bingo with then Amelia Earhart. And what we're going to do is we're going to show you a Notable and we're also going to show you more Notables. So we're going to focus on Amelia Earhart. But then for the second Bingo card, we are going to focus on women aviators that are on WikiTree and that they are notable. And I want to point out before we get started too far into here. If you have a notable profile that is really fantastic and spectacular and you would like it to be considered for one of our bingos, then just reach out to us and let us know. And we'll take a look at it and we'll see if we can match it to an historical event, historical time. And what we're doing is every month we're picking a notable based on something that happened that month. And as David said, she's declared dead in January 1939. If you have kiddos, this is a great thing to do is to have them come to Bingo because we're going to do just very, very short history lesson as we go through it. I love this quote from Amelia. Adventure is work wild in itself. And I mean, yes, there's just only one thing. Yes, the little picture down below the red plane. That's actually a replica of the plane that she was flying. She took her first solo flight in 1932 and in 1937, of course, is when she disappeared as she was attempting to fly around the world. And she was the first female solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Just a little bit of a timeline. All this information is on her profile. And we're going to share that with you in just a moment. She was born in 1897. I don't know why, but that number just sounded so strange to me. I just feel like the 1900s is when she should have been born. For all of you from Kansas, she was born there in Kansas. And in 1928, she became the first woman to actually fly across the Atlantic Ocean. And two years later, flew solo across the Atlantic. And remember some of these facts, because when we talk about the women aviators and their profiles on WikiTree, you'll see some similarities there. And of course, as we know, she disappeared. I don't know how you guys felt and let us know in the chat. But I remember this always being something to me as a child. I was like, oh, no, all this mystery. We've got to figure out where she is. And I don't think we have yet. Oh, there's a lot of theories. Yeah, and something I'd like to add to that, too, that intrigued me as I was reading up on her biography. If you ask somebody today who was Amelia Earhart, they'd say she was the woman that disappeared over the Atlantic back in 1939. But if you were alive back in 1938, and somebody asked you who Amelia Earhart was, you'd probably have an equally clear answer. She was extremely famous when she disappeared. She wasn't just a person who disappeared, but she was a celebrity by the time she disappeared. She had a number of flying records. I wrote a couple of them down here, but in 1928, which was 11 years earlier, she was the first passenger to fly across the Atlantic. She flew with another pilot, but she was the first passenger. In 1932, she made the first nonstop solo transatlantic light. That's a little difficult to say. Hi. That was back in 1932. And in 1935, she became a visiting professor at Purdue University, and she taught aeronautical engineering, which is pretty amazing for a woman back in 1935, and also did career counseling for young women. And then she married George Putnam, who is, if you've ever heard of Putnam Publishing Company. He was one of the family member founders of that company. He was a publicist. He was a marketer, and he basically became her agent. He got her all kinds of promotional deals. She worked with Beechnut Gum and other common products, as well as some of the emerging airlines as commercial traffic, was just beginning to become a thing of commercial air travel. And she made her money basically promoting products. And with that money, she was able to fund her venture around the world, which never actually came to fruition, because she and her co-pilot or her navigator, rather, disappeared somewhere. But she had quite a story long before she ever disappeared, and was very well known, not only in the United States, but around the world. And I think it's a good point that when we think of a notable for just one event, then we're missing the whole story. And you all know one of my favorite phrases, and I use it all the time, when I'm doing a live cast with WikiTree is the power of WikiTree. So last year, we focused on projects, and I would always talk about the power of WikiTree was projects and project members working together. Well, with the historical notables, I think the power of WikiTree here is collaboration on the biography and making the biography everything that it can be. Because if you just went with what you knew and said, oh, she disappeared. She tried and she disappeared. We don't know anything. That's not much to read. But as you see through this particular biography, it's extremely rich. It's extremely detailed. I love this one. I want to say that your co-leader, Scott, worked a lot on this, too, from Notables. He may have. He's worked on a great many notable projects. And I just want to point out that the sources, the rich, rich detail, the biography, but also the sources in the details. So if you find something and you want to read more about her, you can. There is a website that she has in her name. So somebody is continuing this legacy and legend for her. But this, you know, we get to the faithful flight. But as David said, there's so much more to her, just so, so much more. And I encourage everybody to take a few moments after Bingo and go, just hang out with her for a little bit and read her profile and enjoy it. And one of the challenges we often have with some of our, particularly our newer contributors to Notables profiles, is keeping them from not simply cutting and pasting from Wikipedia. That's real easy to do. And beyond just the copyright issues and those matters, we really want to get into, we really want to be something different than just another Wikipedia. Wikipedia is going to focus on the main events of a person's life, much more than they are on the intricate details. We want to get into, you know, what was their childhood bike? Excuse me. Did they marry? Did they have children? Who were their children? Who were their grandparents? All the extended relatives. And then after they had their moment of fame, what did they do later in life? What was their retirement like? All those kinds of aspects that you don't really hear about when you're hearing the main story of the person. Most people, you know, one of the first Notables that I contributed to was one of the voice actors from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. And he, I forget which one of the Dwarfs he performed, but he spent a total of about five hours recording that voice role. That's out of his entire lifetime, and that's what he's known for. So when you get into the entire life, he was a silent film star. He did all kinds of other things. He had his childhood. He had his retirement. He had his marriage and family, all that stuff.  And Amelia Earhart's disappearance was really one moment in an entire lifetime, an unfortunate moment, but an important moment. But important more for its, probably for its mysteriousness than anything else. Than the person himself. Probably not the most important thing she ever did in her life. Also, you mentioned something that is really kind of the difference that we make between other sites, and I won't call them out, but we do the genealogy. We do, that's what Wikitree is. So we are the genealogists here, and then we create these rich profiles and add the sources to it, to make a whole life in a whole family. And that's how we can do things like this. Our 11th cousin, twice removed. So this is kind of the fun part also with Wikitree is finding out how we're related to people and their connections. I just want to give a quick little mention. You know, I like to give tips when I'm on a live cast, and this is kind of unplanned. Hang with me here for a second, David. So as you know, that if you have the Wikitree browser extension, you're going to have the little circles for degrees in this. Did you know that for notables, the connections, the CC7 is right here? And the reason why notables have that, just so you know, is because there is a notable sticker. So a notables project box or a notable sticker, that's why notables have it. And people like myself do not have it for everybody to see. Everybody can see the CC7 for notables. Unfortunately, our servers cannot handle doing that for everybody, as we would like to put that on everybody's profile. But they're just not powerful enough. So we do it on the notables only, but as long as you have a notable sticker or a notables project box, the CC7 will show up. They do have to have at least one connection, whether it's a spouse, a parent, a child. There has to be at least one other person attached for it to show up. But otherwise, every notable will have their CC7 listed there. And for those of you that want to know what the random person from 1800 that's not a notable what their CC7 is, come hang out with David and I at the Hangout at the Thon, where we have a couple of Hangouts together and we'll show you how to do that as well. Does everybody have their bingo cards ready? We're going to go ahead and do the Amelia bingo card first. And we're going to go through this fairly quickly, guys, because we want to showcase a lot more notables on WikiTree. And let me go ahead and get the bingo rolls up. Because if you've been hanging with me for a while, you know that the last bingo that I did outside of WikiTree day was actually in September with a couple of the tech people. And I kept stumbling my words on how to get bingo and how to say you won. So I fixed that problem. I have a graphic. So just to let you know, these are the rules for bingo. While you get your bingo card up and ready, these are the rules for bingo. One person can win every six months. Now on a pause because we had WikiTree day was a little different and September came around. We're just going to start fresh right now. So one prize every six months, one prize per household every six months. So your dog cannot win. And if you're cat already won. So it's about a t-shirt or mug, you know, up to $30 value on the store. I will drop the link to the store a little bit later on. It's open everybody. You don't have to be a WikiTree or so. Bring your friends, bring your neighbors, anybody can play. And there are going to be two bingo games per time slot for this historical Notables. How do I get bingo? There you go. So the biggest thing that I need to let everybody know, and those of you that have been hanging with me know this, please feel free to shout bingo, bingo, bingo in the chat. The first person who gets bingo in one of these three ways and is quick typist and types bingo, that's the person who wins. So five of you might win at the same time, but whoever types it first. That's the one. And something that I neglected to mention last year. If you win, please provide us with your WikiTree ID. If you're a WikiTree or if you're not a WikiTree or then just your first name and last initial. Because that helps us make sure that we get everything straight and all set up. Okay, David, you ready for bingo? I'm ready. Let's see. I know this is going to be something that we've talked about notables. Who does it like? I was telling Sandy though, you got me right at sunset so my light is changing so much. I know. I can't keep myself from disappearing here. Well, you've got that Hollywood lighting going on. Oh, okay. Okay. If everybody's ready, here we go. Here's bingo. And again, we're just going to go through this one really quick because we want to spend more time on the other female aviators on WikiTree as well as the other card.  Patchy, with patchy fog, patchy clouds. She did have a little bit of problems with that. A legend. She pretty much is a legend. And as David said, she's a legend for her disappearance. Yeah, but again, because she was famous already, which we often, I think, forget. Yeah, it wasn't the, it wasn't the disappearance that made her famous, but it is what made her a legend in my estimation. I agree. Doubted. She's pretty much doubted all throughout her life. This could actually be used a couple different things. There's doubted. There's doubted that some of the remains, I think they've tried several different types of testing for remains left on several different islands and all doubted. Inflated. This is kind of a conspiracy theory as well. Did they survive the plane crash? Did they get into inflated raft? And did they live on the island the rest of their life? Her and her navigator. Which would be really amazing if they could do that, but. Occurred. So this was the occurrence that occurred, again, that kind of made her you know, I'm going to use the word famous instead of kind of legend here. I'm going to use the word famous because it was plastered all over the newspapers, all over radios at that time that she disappeared. Haunts. No, she does not haunt the islands. That's another conspiracy theory that's out there. And I will say that there, if you go do a quick little web search, I wouldn't spend too much time. There is somebody who says that she did come through the radio. And that's been proven false. Launched. Pretty easy. She launched her trip. Many trips, actually, as David pointed out. Theories. You can just kind of write the word conspiracy right while that there are so many theories. And I think that's what got me as a child is like there's so many ideas. There's so many possibilities. And as a child, I was like, can't we figure it out? We get all this technology and fast forward to today. We have so much more technology. And yeah, and we should probably just elaborate a little bit that the Amelia Earhart and her navigator were planning the land on an island known as Howard Island in in the Atlantic. It's about halfway between Hawaii. And the mainland Asia. And the consensus generally is that they just miss the island and didn't have enough fuel to get wherever they needed to go next and the crash into the water. That's that's the general consensus. Most of the theory, but that can't be proved. So that's what leaves it open for conspiracy theories or theories in general. Most other theories have been proven either false or lacking in evidence. But the general consensus is that she simply missed the island that she was supposed to land on. There are tiny islands out there. And then many, many tiny islands here. And either wasted fuel trying to find it circling around or headed to the next island and didn't make it. So that's that's generally what most people believe happened. And we have a bingo winner. So congratulations. And I love it. Thank you so much for yelling at me bingo bingo bingo. That always makes me laugh when you guys do that. And I just want to let you know to claim your prize, you are going to email a one and let her know that you won the first bingo prize tonight. She will get you the information that you need to get your gift. Basically, I will tell you her price. I should say instead of gift and I will bring up the store. Here we go. If you're interested in the store, here is the link. If I can get it there. Tons new stuff. If you have not been to the store since last bingo, you're missing out. There is so much new stuff. And I especially like the mutt mugs that they have. You guys will see what I mean. So pretty cool. Pretty cool stuff. And congratulations on the bingo. That's, I see a lot of people were close too as we go through. You got another, you got another chance. I did. You got another chance. Now I think that it would be best to talk about the other female aviators that are on Wiggy Tree. And David has curated this list and came up with this list. And I have to tell you, I have been spending today in a little bit of yesterday just reading their profiles. I've been fascinated about who they are. But their timeframe is what really, I think, stood out to me. So let me give you guys the link for that. And I promise I'll give you the link also for the bingo card that's coming up next. Oops, my apologies. That link did not work. There you go. And it's also in the description down below. So if you don't have the link and you come back to this YouTube, you'll be able to find it in the description down below. So how many women aviators did you put? Well, we have 25 right now. And I want to say this is a project I'm going to post this on G2G. But like a lot of our other Notables challenges, I guess, as you call them. This will be up there if people want to work on these profiles. It is not a connectors challenge. And that's something I emphasize again with most of my Notables projects is that some of these profiles are very well completed. There's not a lot of work that needs to be done. Others may be bare bones. My desire is to have them all reach what I call top or shining star status, where there are profiles that we can just be proud of outsiders coming in and looking at and say, wow, WikiTrees really got something special going on here. Again, some of them are connected. Some of them are not. Some of them have great profiles. Some of them have almost no profile. One of the things with those that are connected, WikiTrees have a habit of connecting people and then moving on and not going back and writing bios or adding the other branches and the parents and the siblings and the children. So that can always be done. So if you're interested in any of these profiles, just jump in wherever you like. Again, I'll post it on G2G and do what you can. There's no contributions are too small, I always say. One of the things I wanted to mention too about what I love about doing the Notables is kind of twofold. One is I really enjoy reading the bios and creating the bios of these people who are they're notable, but they're not well known. I don't know if I knew any of these individuals other than Amelia Earhart prior to putting this together, but these are some pretty amazing women. Now, if you're into aviation or women's history, you may know some of these people, but I'm guessing for the general population, there are going to be a lot of names up there that you've never heard of. They are somewhat international. I try to reach out to some of the other countries. We've gone back and forth with this. The problem when you start putting up Russian and Romanian profiles is that nobody knows how to do Russian and Romanian research, so they just kind of sit there. But if we focus too much on US, England, Australia, it leaves a lot of people out as well. So we try to balance that to some degree. The other thing is I get comments periodically from people saying, why does WikiTree put so much emphasis on notables? Shouldn't it be focusing on everyday people? Well, there's two pieces to that. One, notables attract attention.  If I say help me research my great-grandmother's family tree, not so many responses. So we use the notables somewhat as a marketing tool. But beyond that, all you have to do is move one person away from that notable and you're now into just an ordinary family tree. So notable family trees are just like anybody else's family trees. And they help us add branches and potentially connect to the rest of our family trees. So there is a real value in putting that focus on the notables. Let's talk about two of them real quick. And I see a lot of people as well saying, I don't like bios. I don't like doing bios. That's okay. Do some of these just need connected? That's something. And then somebody can come back in and work on the bios. And somebody can come back in and work on more sources and more connecting. So basically what we're asking you to do is take a look. See if there's something you can work on and see if there's something that you're interested in. And you do you. You do what you feel comfortable with and help us out. Now, a few of you have mentioned this lady. So we've got two profiles to show you real quick before the second bingo card, Bessie. So Elizabeth Baldwin is known as Bessie. And she's a good example. She's connected. But just because she's connected doesn't mean there isn't still more we can have. But she's got a very well done profile here. So Bessie is the world's first black aviatrix. Not necessarily African American, but black around the world. And she is the first person of color to hold an international pilot's license and the first woman of Native American descent for a pilot's license. Now, she was born the 10th of 13 children to a basically a poor farm laborer. She had had a, I don't know if I'd say a rough childhood, but growing up African American in Texas at the turn of the century was probably not an easy life and particularly growing up poor on top of that. Her father at one point left the family to find work in another state because he couldn't find work in Texas. She was raised by grandparents or she had kind of a tumultuous childhood there. She was, she at one point got a job working at a barber shop during World War One. And as the soldiers would come home and come in to get their hair cut, she heard all kinds of amazing stories about what it was like to fly over in Europe. At the time, it was illegal for African Americans to get or prohibited from African Americans from getting a pilot's license in the United States. So she had no option for doing that here. So her friends raised a fund and sent her over to France. And in France, she was able to get her pilot's license and therefore became the first black person of the black woman in the world to earn her pilot's license. And I want you guys to think about this for a quick second, because this, this is today that this happened. This was, you know, a little bit late. This was, you know, what year was it? It was back. 19, 20.  She wanted to fly and she found a way to get to France to be able to do this. Have you had such a strong passion in yourself that you wanted to do something? It could be just like, hey, I want to take down my holiday decorations. That was my passion today. But, you know, just seriously, I know I'm making a joke, but if you ever had a strong, strong passion, like she did in against all odds where she was located, she found a way to do this and to fly. I think that's just super cool. And the analogy is just really cool. She found a way for her passion to fly. And who was the second one that you wanted to talk about? And then to kind of do a flip set, if we go to Beryl Markham. And let me pause for a second. Now, for those of you that don't know Beryl, I bet a lot of you do. So I'm going to just mention a movie real quick. And I want you guys to think about it, is David, it takes us on a little tour of her profile on Wiki Tree. The movie is out of Africa. Okay, David. So, and you are correct. Beryl Markham, who was originally Beryl Clutterbuck, which I love that name, she was, she was a, she was British born, but she lived in Kenya, grew up in Kenya. And she used to be, she was from a prominent family. Kind of, I guess you'd say the aristocracy there. And she was a racehorse trainer. She was an author. She did some other things. She was also a bit of an adventurer. And she was the first woman to fly solo from East to West across the Atlantic. So where Amelia Earhart and Charles Lindberg is on, and those went from the United States over to Europe, she went from Europe over to America. First woman to do that nonstop. And she wasn't well known for that though at the time. And this is where the movie comes into play. After she died, her, her memoirs were found and were published into a book. And from the book was called West with the Night. And from that, the movie came about. But she was not necessarily well recognized in her time for her, for her accomplishments. And particularly for her, where people might have known that she'd made the accomplishment, they really didn't know the extent of her adventures until they got a hold of her memoirs and read about all the, the amazing things that she had done. And then, and now this is an example though of a profile that is, we've got a brief profile here, but there's a lot that can be contributed here. She's not connected, number one. Oh, she is connected. I had read it as not connected earlier. Okay, my apologies. So she is connected, but she's got a brief profile here. But there's a lot to her life that isn't talked about yet. I mean, that's it. That's all she has for a profile. And I will tell you, I promise you, if you dig into this profile, she has such a... I mean, they made a movie about her.  It's rich. It's colorful. So I agree. Yeah, her bio here says she was, she flew across the Atlantic, married three times and was buried. And I mean, well, look at it. Her ashes were scattered over the Nairobi race track. Does that not tell you that there is more to the story that we don't know? And it's just a little bit of information. So again, this is part of the reason that David and I kind of brainstormed about throwing notables, an historical notables bingo this year is how much fun can we have and how much help can you bring to WikiTree to help us make these profiles come alive? And if your skill is just researching and connecting, great. If it's writing bios, come on in. And if you can add a paragraph or a sentence, the statement here that they were scattered over the Nairobi race track, why? Maybe just add a little statement there as to tell us what that's about. You don't have to write the bio from start to finish. Or if there's some other tidbit that you come across that you think would be interesting, just insert it where you think it should go. And people can clean it up later if it's not perfect. But you don't have to write all of it. You just said though, we look really good looking and great procos, but we're all human. So not everything might not be perfect. But if you feel a strong need to contribute to this, or just maybe one topic, maybe you just want to contribute on the race track or one of the three husbands that's fine. You don't have to do the whole thing, as David said. And David and I were talking before we went live. Somebody came to me and said, well, I really don't know how to do notable profiles. And I go, I bet you do. They're like every other profile on WikiTree. They just have a little bit of extras to them, but they still need a rich biography of detail one. They still need detailed sources and they still need connected. And for 836, I think it was CC7. That's really low for this woman. She had three husbands. She should be way up there. And I enjoy writing the bios. What we talk about writing the bios for these notables, but that applies to every person on WikiTree. I like going in and writing the bios of the parents and the siblings. Some of the times they have just as fascinating of a life. They just never got the fame for it. So, you know, her father was some sort of aristocrat that was, you know, sent from England to Kenya. What was that all about?  Because if you've seen the movie, then you kind of know. And I know that Carol is asking how she related to the movie. If you want to find out, you got to go to the WikiTree profile. Love her. And I will tell you scroll down to the bottom where it says scandalous. That'll give you a good start. But I promise you, if you saw the movie, you will understand her life. As David had just mentioned, there is a aristocrat community there. And she's known. And I will just say I'll mention Robert Edward, you know. I'll mention that you probably saw maybe her character like talking to Robert in the movie. This is the cool thing. This is where this one biography David said he wanted to showcase. He said, oh, I know who that is. And he said, how? And he go out of Africa. And he said, what? And now you guys are like, well, I know the movie. I've never seen a movie. Yeah. And they're like, well, I've seen a movie. I don't understand. I don't understand. And that's why I'm like, go to the profile. I guarantee that you'll see it. And does everybody have, they're being go-kart up. Let me switch over real quick, too. I did get a request to drop this link. My apologies for not dropping this particular link for Bessie. There's Bessie as well.  Again, for those of you that maybe came in a little bit late, really, really quick. These are the roles. Just remember one bingo prize every six months. One per household up to a $30 value. Open to everybody. And this is what a bingo card looks like if you win. If you notice, there is a graphic in the middle of this one. And it's a different looking graphic. And it's called the 99s. And what I will let you guys know is that the 99s Amelia Earhart was the first president of it. They had 99 charter members of an international women's ear group. And that's where the 99 started from. And if you guys are ready, then we're ready to go. And I have my notes. David, you have your notes, too. And we'll try and go through this. This one, we're going to take a little bit more time so we can explain a little bit about the women you saw on the page of women aviators that are on WikiTree. Sally Ride. I think everybody knows Sally Ride, a teacher. And also the first American woman in space. And I just, you know, I feel like I'm pausing here, too. Because I get all kinds of feelings. I just remember that day clearly. And I remember them showing her class in the auditorium watching it. And I can't imagine. No, you're confusing. Sorry, you're confusing with Crystal McCall. That's right. I am. I am. I'm sorry. I am. Yeah. We talked. I talked. Did I talk to you about adding that? But yeah, Sally Ride first. That's right. First American. And then Crystal McCall was. How many friends, WikiTrees, do we have in here that could help me correct my saying of the same? So Therese, Therese, I think. Therese. Therese. Therese. Therese. Therese. Therese. I don't speak French at all, but Therese. And she's our eldest, I guess you'd say, A.B.A., she was the first female passenger in an airplane. And some believe she was the first woman to pilot an aircraft. But that is not set in stone. But she was the first woman to fly in an airplane. And she is French. Ruth Elder. Just going down my list here to make sure I get all these correct. Oh, she was the first woman to attempt to cross the Atlantic. You asked Europe only five months after Charles Lambert. And she was silent movie actors. Yeah, she was an actor. She was known as the Miss America of aviation. And so she was a bit of a sex symbol over time. And but also just a general adventurer, stunt pilot, etc. Very attractive woman if you see her pictures. And Bessie. She was, I think, the first woman to fly solo in the United States. First American to fly solo. First American woman to fly solo. And we'll just, if everybody could help us out. Patty just joined as well. And I know we had Sally Ride, who I totally misunderstood, confused with somebody else. And Ruth Elder in Bessie. Poncho Barnes is one of my favorites. Not only for her name, but Poncho Barnes was, she founded the first stunt pilots, movie stunt pilots union. She's not the pioneer. Yeah, as she came right after Melia Hart, she broke a couple of Melia Hart's records. So we're talking like 1930s or so. But she was just a generally fun-loving, adventure-loving individual. She later, after she retired, she opened up a bar in, I believe in Death Valley, California, or out that way. Which, if you're from California, you know that that's the middle of nowhere, kind of like no man's land. But it's also where a lot of aviators go because there's open land to test your planes and stuff like that. So she opened up a bar out there hosting aviators on their time off of that. So she just was a real fun-loving person. And I enjoyed reading her profile. Now I'm thinking of the movie The Right Stuff. This is really kind. Yeah, and you're going to pronounce her name for me? Yeah, Jacqueline. Why are you doing the Jacqueline part? Okay, let's look up Jacqueline here. I'm trying to switch the glasses back and forth here. Where's Jacqueline's name going? Brief pause here. Oh, there he is. Oh, okay. Yeah, so Jacqueline was a bit of a socialite as well. She's a little bit more modern. She's French. She lived from 1917 to 2000. So we're talking mid-century here, but she was a socialite who was also an accomplished stunt pilot and a test pilot. She, I believe, I believe she may have been one of the first women to break the sound barrier as a woman. I think that might have been the other. And I just want to point out again that all these women that we're talking about are on the women's aviators page, and David will open up the privacy on that page after Bingo. Yeah, and I wasn't sure if you wanted to put a link up now or before we close the people. Okay, yeah, I can get that open. And Blanche Scott. Blanche Scott. Sorry, I just... But she was a professional stunt pilot, I believe. Yes, Blanche Scott. Blanche Stewart Scott, she was basically a daredevil pilot. And we're talking early 1900s. We're talking biplanes and doing loop-to-loops and that kind of thing. So she was, again, Sandy keeps mentioning, you got to put this back in its timeframe. For a woman in 1910, 1920 to choose a career as a stunt pilot and to be successful, that was a pretty amazing thing back then. Let's see, we've got Harriet Quimby. Harriet Quimby. She was the first American woman to get her pilot's license. And she was the first to fly across the English Channel. Now, to put that in perspective, Amelia Earhart was the 16th woman to get her pilot's license. Wow. So there were very few women pilots back then, but Harriet was the very first in the United States. And we have a bingo. And I want to let you know that I know that we've had a couple that we've said, the first in U.S., first American. David has curated that list that I put up there and we showed. There are global women all over the globe that are listed on that list that are aviators. And they are notable for their aviation as well as other things, but they are very special women. So definitely check them out. Do not think that that list is just solely a U.S. list. And I got to give a shout out to Augusta. D, from Augusta, you won bingo. Congratulations, D. Let me tell you how to get your prize. Again, same thing. You're going to email A1 right after this and tell you won the second bingo game tonight. And she will get you all the information you need to claim your prize. I had dropped the link to the store. Basically, you're going to pick from this store. D and I kind of book into each other. Sort of. I'm kind of more in the middle, though, I guess. But we kind of book into each other. We're the Georgia girls that are there. So congratulations, D, on that. And thank you all for joining us as well for bingo. Give me a little bit of time to say how much I appreciate the time off that I took. But I also appreciate coming back with this great concept. Then, David, I appreciate you joining us as hosts. This has been a lot of fun. It is now nighttime here. It is now nighttime there. Now, if you have a really, really good notable profile that you either have worked on or one that you particularly love or one that you'd like to recommend to us, reach out. And we'll take a look at it because what we're going to do is for the first Friday of every month with one or two exceptions, we are going to be here at 6 p.m. to do historical notables bingo. And we'd love to see what you all have. What do you have for notable profiles on Wickey Tree? We'd like to see them. And thanks, everybody, for joining us. You've got ideas for topics. Let us know. We've got many months ahead of us. That's true.  Maybe we'll do something with that, but you never know. If you have something, then we're open to it. We're open to seeing what type of ideas that you guys have. So maybe we'll walk through what everybody else is doing. We'll pick something that you've been in the thought of. And what I'm going to do is leave the bingo page up. It only shows this month. David and I are literally working on this every single day. And I'm grabbing him from the global project as much as I can. So you'll start to see a little bit more information up on that bingo page. But let us know if you've got a notable thought. We're going to pick it. And it's going to be a fun surprise. So, everybody, enjoy your weekend. If you're in the snowy parts of the world, stay in. Have hot chocolate. If you're not, then have fun this weekend. And we will see you guys next month. And the aviators page is now open. Oh, good. That's great. Okay, bye-bye. Okay, guys. Bye.


Welcome to the video course on Watershed Management. In module number 3, in lecture number 9 today we will discuss about conjunctive use of water resources. So, some of the topics covered in this lecture include introduction to conjunctive use, groundwater, surface water, conjunctive use, necessity of conjunctive use, advantages and limitations of conjunctive use, then conjunctive management, conjunctive schemes and mechanisms and modeling and finally, we will discuss a case study. Some of the important keywords in this lecture include surface water, groundwater, conjunctive use, stream aquifer interactions. So, as we discussed in the last few lectures, so watershed based water plants and water management is very complex. So, we have to deal with the various hydrological processes, various other processes taking place within the watershed. So, as far as water availability is concerned, we can classify mainly into surface water and groundwater. So, some places say people use more surface water and some places depending upon the availability people use more groundwater. So, in today's lecture we want to discuss say how we can optimally use this surface water and groundwater so called in a conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater. So, that we can have optimal utilization and better watershed management. So, as we discussed the water management is a big problem, either say watershed based or river basin scale. So, due to the various reasons like a growing population, growing economy and various ecological and other needs and then of course, as we discussed in the previous lectures, there is the water is concerned it is availability is almost constant constant about of water in the water cycle. So, to meet this increasing demands for water due to the growing population developmental activities, growing economy and other things. So, there is increasing competition for the case water which is available. So, say you can see that as we discussed there is a nuclear distribution in time and space. So, as far as rainfall is concerned say generally rain will be available about 4 to 5 months and then space is concerned it is say from one location to another location drastic variation is there. So, due to all this reason there will be always conflicts as far as the water use is concerned within a watershed or within a river basin scale. So, we have to see that the water available water is allocated in an appropriate scale. So, that there is not many conflicts and then if any conflicts are there we have to resolve this conflicts in an amicable way. So, as far as water availability or water resource is concerned we can classify the water availability into surface water and ground water. So, always a question comes say depending upon the availability say whether we want to use only surface water or only ground water. So, but in today's topic we want to see that how it we can utilize both in a better way. So, as far as and the water utilizations are concerned either surface water or ground water the main issues are. So, as we discussed the precipitation and peak runoff the rivers only few months of the year say actually during those time when rainfall is there then water utilization is very small. So, when demand is small then the availability is plenty and then water development problem say like a transferring water from high supply season to high demand season. So, you can see that in say summer season the there will be high demand, but then availability is less. So, we want to transfer the available water from high supply season to high demand season and then solution to the problem like a surface water storage. So, whether we need to go for small reservoirs or large reservoirs or a ground water storage whether we can go for aquifer recharge and then how we can utilize this ground water and then say like this there are number of issues as far as whether when we discuss whether we have to utilize the surface water or ground water. So, now let us consider the surface water availability say surface water in rivers, lakes or reservoirs. So, there are number of drawbacks say as far as surface water is concerned like huge evaporation losses will be there as far as surface water is concerned. So, approximately say about 20 percent of the average annual runoff say we lose by in terms of evaporation. So, more losses with a large open water area. So, when the reservoir is a huge area then we can see that there will be more evaporation. Then as far as surface water resource is concerned like lakes or reservoirs sedimentation is a major problem. So, as we discussed in one of the lecture soil erosion results always same due to heavy rainfall or various other reasons soil erosion takes place and then these sediments will be carried by the flowing water to the lakes or reservoirs or to the river. So, this soil erosion results in silitation in the surface reservoir and then finally, there will be reduction in the storage capacity. So, that is another major issue as far as the surface water is concerned. And then like say number of environmental problems will be there like if you are going to construct a large dam and then say the large area we have to utilize for reservoirs. So, then there will be we have to displace the people then lot of land will be flooded. So, these kinds of environmental impacts like undesirable for human health flooding of inhabited or a good agricultural land. So, this can be another major issue as far as surface water is concerned. And then as far as distribution is concerned with the from the surface water sources like say reservoir. So, we have to construct say canal system say for say a kilometers of length. So, generally the construction of these canals and then its maintenance is a very costly affair. So, distribution of water as far as surface water is concerned say these are some of the issues say like evaporation sedimentation environmental problems and distribution of water. And now if you consider the groundwater then of course, say generally we utilize the groundwater wherever it is available in that on a local scale or on a particular watershed scale or say where we consider. But of course, most of the time we need to pump the water available from the aquifer. So, generally we should have a power for that and then also when the water aquifer level or water table goes say drastically down then we need to use more power and then there is the other issues. Then also say if you want to recharge the aquifer then we have to construct say if you are going for artificial recharge we have to construct some artificial recharge structures or we have to go for rain water harvesting type of structures. So, these are some of the important issues when we discuss whether we have to go for surface water or groundwater. So, now say as far as surface water or groundwater questions comes let us look into what are the advantages, what are the limitations and what are the key issues as discussed by Keller and others in a report of international water management institutes. So, if you consider the groundwater storage then the advantages will be little evaporation loss then ubiquitous distribution. So, wherever we want we can get then operational efficiency available on demand and we will have better quality water. So, these are some of the advantages as far as groundwater is concerned. Then if you store surface water in small reservoirs then ease of operation response due to rainfall. So, even small rainfall will have sufficient water in the small reservoirs then multiple uses say like irrigation or water supply or other multiple uses then this also serves groundwater recharge. And then if you consider large dam reservoirs then the advantages are there say we have large storage there will be reliable yields then we can carry over whatever the available to the scarce months or the other seasons. Then low cost per meter cube water stored then of course, multipurpose we can go for it is not only source for water but hydroelectric power say production and other multipurpose. Then flood control and then hydro power then groundwater recharge. So, these are some of the advantages by considering either groundwater or small surface water sources or larger dam reservoirs. Now some of the limitations say if you consider the groundwater storage like a slower recharge rate then groundwater contamination problem cost of extraction recoverable fraction. So, like say for example, if you recharge the same say say x quantity then we may be able to say recover may be 20 percent of 30 percent of that. Then say as far as small surface water source are concerned limitations include high operation rates then relatively high unit cost then absence of over a year storage. So, we cannot store a so much of water for say for the use of summer season. Then larger dam some of the limitations include complexity of operations then where it is to be located we have to relocate the people and then you say the area we have to find out. Then high initial investments and a time needed to plan and construct. So, these are some of the limitations as far as groundwater or small surface source or large surface source is concerned. So, some of the key issues like groundwater is concerned say it is declining water levels due to our use rising water level in some regions like management of say access and use as far as the groundwater usage is concerned. Then some places the groundwater salinization type space the say the coastal aquifers especially there will be salt water intrusion problems. Then many locations groundwater pollution problems and then small sources are concerned like sedimentation then adequate design dam safety environmental impacts. So, these are some of the key issues as far as small surface water sources. Then large surface water sources like the social and environmental impacts say like say large area to be flooded and then here say we have to resettle the people living in that area. Then sedimentation issues then dam safety. So, these are some of the key issues when we consider the groundwater storage or small surface storage or large dam reservoirs. So, now say let us come back to say whether to utilize surface water groundwater. So, we have already seen the advantages of each say surface water groundwater then limitations and then what are the key issues as far as the say use of surface water groundwater. So, now earlier times say before 1950s say there were not much understanding as far as the whether there is say interaction is taking place between surface water and groundwater. So, before 1950s actually the surface water source and groundwater sources were dealt separately. So, since this understanding of the interactions and related issues were very rare. So, that way then say lot of research studies showed that there is constant interaction between surface water and groundwater say for example, if this is a river then say nearby aquifers will be recharged by the river when say especially in monsoon season when say good quantity of water will be flowing through the river. And similarly when this in summer season when the say the water in the river will be gone level will be going down then what happens the the from the nearby aquifer systems what will be coming from the aquifer system to the to the river. So, there is constant interaction between surface water and groundwater. So, we cannot separate surface water and groundwater and then do a study, but we have to see its interactions. So, the hydraulic connection between the aquifer systems and surface water sources are very important we have to consider say when we assess the the available source of water and then when we use the either surface water groundwater we have to see what will be the effect say if we are using the surface water only then what will be the effect on groundwater and when we are using only groundwater what will be the effect on the surface water sources. So, in this figure you can see that say if this is a channel river channel then here there is a this aquifer system then there is a well here. So, you can see that if we are say keep on pumping in this well then say the water available not only in this aquifer, but then you can see that say the water will be say recharging through this river channel and then say this water will be coming to the production well. So, similarly as I mentioned say if we are not utilizing the aquifer say water then say and if the river level is going down then there will be reverse flow taking place from the aquifer system to the river channel. So, that way a lot of interaction takes place between the stream and aquifer and that way we have to plan as far as the surface water and a groundwater utilization is concerned. So, now let us come back to the topic on conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater. So, last few decades in most of the water source plans the say water source planners always mention about the use of surface water and groundwater together and then the term called conjunctive use came and so we can define the conjunctive uses combined use of surface water resources and groundwater resources in a unified way to optimize the resource use that means water use and minimize the adverse effect of using a single source. So, like say we are optimizing the both use of surface water and groundwater so that it minimize the adverse effects of either using surface water or groundwater. So, that way the conjunctive use say what we are doing is actively managing the aquifer system as an underground reservoir. So, the say aquifer system is acting as an underground reservoir. So, during wet years when more surface water is available then what happens surface water is stored underground say there will be good recharge to the aquifer system. So, by recharge in the aquifers the surplus surface water and during dry years say or in summer season. So, the stored water what is available in aquifer system we can supplement or replace the diminished surface water supplies. So, as we have seen in the previous slide. So, that way we can define the conjunctive uses judicious use of surface and groundwater. So, that all the the needs will be met in an in an optimal way. So, that without affecting the either the surface water source or without affecting the groundwater source or say without any adverse effects of either by use of one of the source. So, that is the way we can define the conjunctive use of surface water and the groundwater. So, now as far as conjunctive use is concerned say you may ask why we have to go for conjunctive use. So, here some of the things are listed here. So, say for example, so it is conjunctive use means conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater. So, surface water is concerned say we can easily get it. So, lower delivery we can have it and low extraction cost. So, we can easily either pump or under gravity we can get then variability in supply. So, there will be say variability as we discussed say sometimes supply will be there surface water. So, sometimes it may not be there and then what can happen water logging. So, lot of say if the water is not utilized in an appropriate way then water logging the area will be say flooded with water and then it is related issues as far as the agriculture is concerned and then groundwater is concerned say why we are going for groundwater say always it is a reliable supply, but only problem is it is expensive to pump and in many locations there are the groundwater tables is going down. So, decline in groundwater table and then as far as conjunctive use what is conjunctive use as I mentioned it is operation of a groundwater basin in coordination with a surface water reservoir system. So, that way say we are operating surface water and groundwater and then groundwater is concerned we artificially recharge the basin during the years of above average precipitation when sufficient surface water is there we go for more artificial recharge. So, that we can use it later then water can be withdrawn during the years of below average precipitation when surface water supplies are below normal. So, that is the answer why we are going for conjunctive use and what is conjunctive use. So, now within this perspective say what are the necessities of conjunctive use. So, we are looking for say use of surface water and the groundwater. So, what are the necessities? So, these issues are listed here. So, like as we discussed there is constant interaction between surface water and groundwater like aquifer and say stream interaction as shown here. So, groundwater and surface water are closely linked. So, we have to see in a conjunctive way of use then groundwater main is the base flow of rivers and the water in rivers can infiltrate into the ground. So, that way we cannot separate and abstraction of surface water and groundwater cannot be planned in isolation. So, as we discussed there is interaction between aquifer and stream so or river. So, once say when we are in say extracting water from aquifer the other source will be affected or when we are over extracting surface water there will be affect on the groundwater. So, one will affect the other say example abstraction of groundwater can reduce base flow contribution to rivers while lowering the water table. So, this that is why we have to go for conjunctive use. Then if carefully planned however the conjunctive use of rivers and groundwater can even out the seasonal variations in river flow. So, as I mentioned whenever say more water surface water is available we can go for say surface water and then also we can go for the recharging of the aquifer system. And in the summer when the river flow is low water moves from the aquifer into the river. So, that more water can be drawn from the rivers especially in the downstream side say say on the upstream side if the aquifer is recharging then downstream side the river will be getting more water. And then rainy season water flows from river to aquifer. So, when the head is rising say water goes from river to aquifer. And then pumping from wells also intercepts some of the natural base flow to the river. So, due to all these issues say we have to go for conjunctive use. So, that is say the best way of utilization of the available water resource. Now, say we can say even though say most of time say we have we say either we go for surface water ground water conjunctive use. So, why we are advocating the conjunctive use? So, there are number of advantages limitations are very very few, but advantages are many. So, some of the advantages I have listed here in the slides. So, the conjunctive use say through conjunctive use we can exploit storage capacity of an aquifer and there is ease of transport of water by a river or channel. So, especially in summer season when the say upstream locations say if the aquifer is really giving water to the river. So, that to water will be available on the downstream side. Then aquifer is used to store surface water when there is an excess of it and it will otherwise be wasted say in the winter or during the monsoon season. So, that is another advantage. Then a river is used to transport water from the aquifer to where it is needed when river discharge is too low on its on its own as often happens in summer. So, summer season say the water from the aquifers will be going to the river system and especially on downstream side this water will be available as far as the river is concerned. Then conjunctive use can reduce abstraction from rivers when discharge is low by using the ground water instead. So, there we can see that the from the rivers when they say we can reduce the abstraction. So, by using the ground water then problems of water logging ground water overuse we can reduce. So, in an optimal way when we plan a surface water and ground water water logging can be drastically reduced then salinization can be reduced then say the salinity introduction can be reduced. So, and also the ground water overuse can be reduced. So, that way finally, the advantage of finally, what I can say is that say this is the conjunctive use is the best way of sustainable water management as far as any watershed or a river basin is concerned. So, these are some of the advantages as far as conjunctive use is concerned. So, now as I mentioned only few limitations are there. So, some of the limitations I have listed here. So, there is increased energy consumption for pumping from wells say for example, if surface water is available in plenty and still if you are going for ground water then we have to use energy for pumping. So, that can be say mentioned as one of the limitation. So, depending upon say if there is reduction in pumping efficiency then large fluctuation of water levels all this can happen. Then appropriate manage plans to be developed. So, for the given watershed or given river basin we have to appropriate plan whether we use this much percentage of surface water or this much percentage of ground water. So, that optimal use will be there. Then construction of appropriate ground water recharge structures. So, as we discussed so, during monsoon season say we have to increase the recharge through activation recharge structures. So, that way we have to construct appropriate ground water recharge structures its cost is to be covered. Then administrative difficulties in defining acceptable and equitable ground water rates when surface water is available. So, if you are going for conjunctive use for a on a watershed scale on a river basin scale. So, we have to define this much percentage should be from surface water this much percentage should be from the ground water.  So, due to that there can be some administrative difficulties. And then say one of the major problem in say in advocating the conjunctive use is people apathy. So, especially farmers if surface water is available they will never bother to go for ground water since of course, pumping is required and then say they will prefer to use the surface water. So, we have to educate the people we have to inform give a sufficient information that why we have to go for conjunctive use what are the advantages conjunctive use. So, that way we say none of this conjunctive use projects will not be successful without appropriate people participation. So, people participation is very essential as far as the development of conjunctive use plan for a watershed or for a river basin scale. So, now based upon this discussion let us see what are the important challenges as far as conjunctive use is concerned. So, some of these issues are listed here. So, like isolated use of surface water ignoring optimal ground water use in irrigation command may result into various environmental problems. So, we have to go for an appropriate plan as far as conjunctive use is concerned. Then storage of excess surface water underground in an aquifer say called manager aquifer recharge. So, this makes most of the excess water by directing it into the ground water. So, we have to develop appropriate system as far as the recharge is concerned. So, this manager aquifer recharge is not a simple process. So, it is very difficult to do on a useful scale since artificial recharge depends upon many factors like type of soil, type of aquifer system, type of say artificial structures which we develop. Then also this involves transferring water from surface to underground. So, by dispersing it over the surface to increase infiltration or through aquifer injection wells. So, we need to develop appropriate system for this. Then surface dispersal involves diverting water into an unlined canal or shallow lagoon impermeable sediments or rocks. So, that water can percolate downward into the aquifer system. So, we need to have a say appropriate system say like unlined canal or an say basin or lagoon where through which we can say go for artificial recharge. So, that more water will be recharge to the aquifer system and then that will be available for further use. So, it was best in areas with highly permeable soils. So, as I mentioned geology is one of the important factor as far as the artificial recharge is concerned. So, wherever highly permeable soil is there, then it is easy to recharge the water. So, especially in unconfined aquifers, but say confined aquifer again recharge is not so easy. We have to identify where is the recharge area for the confined aquifer system and or we have to go for through infiltration same deep wells for recharging of the confined aquifer system. So, these are some of the important challenges as far as the conjunctive use of surface water and ground water is concerned. So, now say with respect to this conjunctive use, so we can now say define what is conjunctive management. So, conjunctive management say as we discussed the conjunctive management is coordinated use of available surface water and ground water supplies to meet water demands and increase water supply reliability. So, this is actually when we are say we are developing some management plan. So, that water availability will be same there throughout the time and then there will be optimal say use and optimal demand management. Then say the conjunctive management is a concept of conjunctive water management it consists of conjunctive water management consists of maximizing the use of surface water during the time supply is plentiful and saving ground water for the periods when surface water supplies are short. So, this is the essence of conjunctive management. So, in this we have to develop conjunctive management plans. So, as I mentioned depending upon the watershed or depending upon the river basin, we have to consider various issues and then develop appropriate conjunctive management plan. So, the conjunctive management plan develops development include consideration of surface water and ground water hydrology. So, we have to see the rainfall pattern, we have to see the geological characteristics, hydro geological pattern. Then water demand characteristics, so how much water is needed for what purpose water is needed and when it is needed whether say what season farmers need more water then water quality. So, water quality is very important. So, if the polluted water is reached out to the aquifer system then the aquifer system will be contaminated. So, we have to be very careful in the artificial recharge and then surface and underground storage capacities we have to see. Then conveyance capacity as far as either through the river or channel is concerned or canal system is concerned we have to see. Then how much capital is available to invest as far as the conjunctive management for a either on a watershed basis or a or on a say river basin scale. And then of course, say once the plan is developed how we can implement it and then how we can say operate it and then how we can maintain it. So, all this include say the cost or very important how much we can invest and then how we can say retrieve some of the cost and then how we can effectively operate it and manage it or maintain it. So, now in any of this conjunctive management say we set the objectives according to the necessity of the particular watershed or particular say river basin which we consider. So, some of the important objectives as far as conjunctive management are listed here say like evaluation of water resources. So, we have to evaluate we have to quantify the surface underground water in space and time. That means, variation with the location and then variation with the time to determine the water balance. So, we can first determine the water balance and then develop an appropriate conjunctive management plan. Then identification of critical areas of water logging and soil salinity. So, if already a watershed or a river basin is already affected by water logging then we have to assess that area and then we have to say go for management plans for that. Then matching the demands of areas sectors with available water resources and evolve strategy to meet demand of the future. So, we have to make appropriate plans so that the present demand and then future demands can be matched using the conjunctive management plans. Then most of the time say as far as even the surface water is concerned we can estimate the availability, but ground water is concerned it is very very difficult to estimate how much water is available. So, that way we have to go for mathematical modeling. So, the mathematical through mathematical modeling we can simulate the various situations, various scenarios. So, mathematical modeling to simulate hydrogeological situations, generation of various scenarios and then we can go for optimum development plans. So, mathematical model has an important role in conjunctive management plans. Then devolve plan for controlling problems of rising water levels by adopting technique of conjunctive use and drainage. So, wherever the water logging problem is there we have to develop appropriate drainage system so that water logging can be reduced. Then to prepare sector or block wise plans for development of ground water resource in conjunction with surface water based on mathematical model results. So, that can be another objective. Then to test sustainability of presently reaction pattern. So, what is existing reaction pattern? So, whether it is sustainable and then whether if you go for conjunctive use say that will improve the situation and so based upon all these we can say whether we can improve the future water availability. Then to evaluate the economic aspect of ground water development plans say when we develop the plans for the conjunctive use. So, we have to see the economical aspects. So, whatever we are investing whether we will get it back through the benefits. So, most of the time we can conduct a cost benefit analysis and then say when the benefit is more than the cost. So, that way we can see that whether the project will be viable even though it may be taking many years for that, but we have to assess. We have to do an economic analysis to see whether the conjunctive management plans are giving say appropriate results. So, then say as far as conjunctive use is concerned we can go for different schemes. So, it can be so it is optimal use of surface water and ground water. So, as far as surface water it is concerned. So, we can directly use from the river lakes or the reservoirs then ground water is concerned we can we have to pump from the appropriate using dug wells or the tubers depending upon the location and availability. So, as far as when we develop plans or schemes for conjunctive use say our main aim is say whenever more water is available we have want to recharge that surplus into the underground to the aquifer system. So, when most of the conjunctive use plans the thrust is for artificial or a aquifer recharge. So, how much we can recharge? So, that we can utilize whenever scarcity is there. So, that is the basic principle as far as the conjunctive use is concerned. So, that way the say any of the bottom schemes of conjunctive use the major thrust will be on aquifer recharge. So, like basin recharge injection wells. So, we use these for no suitable land for a recharge basin or with confined aquifer system. So, we can go for basin recharge or injection wells. Then aquifer storage and recovery schemes. So, say whether we can use the same bore holes to inject and require water. So, just like we can use a term called water banging. So, through a same well say when surplus water is available we inject to the aquifer systems and then when scarcity is there during summer season we can pump back the water in that aquifer system through the same bore holes. So, that is so called a water banging. Then say especially in most of the watershed say the storm runoff whether we can effectively utilize it for recharging aquifer systems. So, through natural recharge improve the natural recharge or we can go for the artificial recharge structures. So, then also depending upon the area whether we can use the sewage effluent say especially the effluent is good quality after the various treatment processes. If it can be used for recharge then many locations we use especially in semi-rid and arid regions we can utilize the sewage effluent for recharging and while recharging this when this say treated water goes through the aquifer system. Then also lot of water quality will be improved through various processes like in biological activities and then filtration etcetera. And then another type of conjunctive use is the use of groundwater to increase the flow of a river so called river augmentation. So, as I mentioned so if the aquifer is recharging back to the river on upstream side so that more water will be available on the downstream side of the river. So, that is so called river augmentation. The advantage is that river can be used to convey groundwater to its destination like on the lower regions. Then say the effect is similar to what river regulation except what water stored in underground instead of the surface reservoir. So, surface reservoir directly we utilize for say either through canal system or pipes system and so, but in say wherever we say called river augmentation we directly through gravity the water will be coming back to the river from the upstream sides from the aquifer system to the downstream of the river system. So, these are some of the schemes as far as conjunctive use plants are consensed. So, now as I already mentioned that say recharging is one of the important aspect as far as the conjunctive use is consensed. So, other than improving the natural recharge which is possible when rainfall or when the precipitation takes place. So, we can also go for artificial recharge structures. So, number of techniques are there as far as recharge is consensed. So, like some of the bottom techniques are listed here. So, like direct surface techniques like flooding basins or percolation tanks, stream augmentation pitch and furrow system over irrigation. Then direct subsurface techniques like injection wells or recharge wells, recharge pits and shafts, dug well recharge, borehole flooding, natural opening cavity fillings etcetera. And combination of surface and subsurface techniques like basins or percolation tanks with the pitch shafts or wells. Then indirect techniques like induced recharge from surface water source then aquifer modification. So, these are some of the artificial recharge techniques which we can utilize to improve the percolation or to the recharge to the aquifer system. So, that we can utilize when surface work is there. So, that can be recharge to the aquifer system and that can be used later when scarcity is there. So, this we will be discussing more about this artificial recharge techniques in later say later lectures. So, we will be having detailed discussion about artificial recharge techniques later. So, now as far as say as we discussed earlier the say the water use is mainly in the irrigation sector. So, most of the time if we can utilize the conjunctives as far as the irrigation is concerned that is our main thrust. So, how we can use the conjunctives as far as irrigation development is concerned? So, some of the important issues are listed here as far as irrigation development is concerned. So, conjunctives of say surface and water and ground water say we can use in irrigation development. So, that use of ground water helps cope with the peak demands for irrigation and hence reduce size of canals and consequently construction cost as far as surface water utilization is concerned. Then we can go for supplemental supplies from ground water to ensure proper irrigation scheduling. So, even if rainfall fails or it is delayed. So, especially in rainfall agricultural area we can go for say the ground water supply compared to small check dams or reservoirs. So, that way we can improve the or we can go for proper irrigation schedule by conjunctives. Then ground water withdrawals lower the water table thus reduce the risk of water logging. Soil serenity session and the consequent wastage of water for leaching the soils. So, say we can see that lot of agricultural land become wastelands due to the water logging and serenity problem. So, if you say use the ground water on an appropriate way then say as far as water use is concerned then we can recover this waterlogger wastelands through appropriate management measures including the say using more ground water and then developing appropriate drainage patterns. Then surface and subsurface outflows are minimized causing reduction in peak runoff. So, we can use say we can reduce the peak flow as far as surface flow is concerned. So, that the flooding problems can be reduced then say like that we can improve the total water utilization. Then when conjunctives is integrated with artificial recharge needed for lining of canals can be reduced. So, say depending upon the area we say we can say if the whatever water is seeped through the canal system that can be considered as say it will be going through the aquifer system. So, that is recharge in the system. So, that way the lining goes can be reduced. Then conjunctives allows utilization of saline or brackish ground or surface water resources. So, by mixing with the fresh water or by alternative resources for irrigation. So, sometimes if the saline water is there or brackish water is there from ground water surface water we can mix it and utilize in an appropriate way in a for irrigation development. So, that way conjunctives will be more appropriate as far as irrigation development is concerned. So, now we can say while developing a conjunctives plan. So, we have to see various issues we have to develop a management plan as far as the particular watershed or particular overwaves is concerned. So, what are the important issues? So, we have to see the various issues what are listed here. So, like we have to develop local partnership. So, as far as the people on that village or watershed we have to come say we say you take their help and through them only these various schemes to be developed. So, we have to develop local partnership. Then we have to assess the basin. So, we have to see what say surface water availability, ground water availability and then how much is the demand. Then we have to collect various data like hydro geological aspects, then how the soil related aspects, then hydrological say data. So, all those things we have to collect. And then say we have to develop appropriate models as I mentioned say modeling analysis to be done to develop appropriate plans. And then depending upon the plans whatever we have developed we have to evaluate each of these plans and then see which gives the most optimal benefit cost ratio. So, that we can take care of the best plan. Then say we can develop pilot project. So, that the other people in that area will be attracted to that. So, pilot project can be done say either say district level or state level. So, that say other people will be attracted to these kinds of projects. And then we have to develop a say detailed feasibility plan or feasibility study for the area to develop appropriate conjunctive use plan. And then next stage is we have to implement the best plan, best developed plan and then we have to constantly monitor whether that is working perfectly fine and then whether it is giving the optimal outputs. So, that way say most of time we need to go for modeling. So, like ground water hydraulic management models management models which incorporates say hydraulic model and ground water simulation models and various constraints in the management model can be efficiently used in the planning of the conjunctive use of water. So, we have to go for mathematical modeling and development of especially simulation and optimization models for appropriate say development plans for conjunctive use as far as the areas constraints. So, now say let us see what are the important mechanism through which we can adopt conjunctive water use. So, some of the mechanisms I have listed here like we can develop mathematical models for conjunctive use by considering the simulation as far as the hydrological aspects ground water aspects. Then we can go for optimizations so that we can meet the demand and supply and so that there will be optimum use. So, we can develop an appropriate mechanism through mathematical model as far as the conjunctive use is concerned. Then we have to we can tackle problem of rising water level so that water logging problem can be reduced. So, this will be through use of ground water or development of appropriate drainage plans. Then we can tackle the salinity problems say depending upon the area then reschedule the operation of canals so that appropriate mechanism can be developed. Then manage crop water requirement proposed surface and ground water use pattern in say depending upon the location I mean in space and in time. So, we can develop appropriate management plans. So, finally say in all this what we can do conjunctive use is demand and supply management so that sustainable development or sustainable management is possible. So, so that development of suitable surface storage schemes either small scale or large scale then development of suitable ground water recharge schemes. So, that surplus water available in the monsoon season rainy season can be utilized for artificial recharge. Now, let us see as far as conjunctive use is concerned what are the major concerns when we implement when we go for conjunctive use and then what are its solutions say for example, say as far as say surface water ground water is concerned there will heightened competition for withdrawals depending upon the area watershed say between these stakeholders. So, so that the solution will be we can formulate a permitting programs and establish appropriate regulatory agencies and water user groups and say that kind of mechanism so that the problems can be reduced. Then increasing in stream flow regulations say we can go for formulate the overall goal of permitting systems we can develop. Then a compelling ground water quality issues so ground water quality we have to keep. So, that we can go for protection of surface and ground water bodies. Then environmental concerns so we can say develop various plans and then say assess those plans through mathematical techniques we can find out appropriate plans and then implement it and then find the appropriate measures. Then say as we discussed always modeling helps in conjunctive management. So, if you consider surface water is concerned we have to we can go for surface water simulation using hydrological modeling. Then simulation of interrelationships among various hydrological processes and we can go for distributed or lumbered models in space and time. So, say for example, available models like machine or other models we can utilize. Then ground water is concerned we can assess we have to assess the ground water availability quantity and then also the quality issues also we had to deal. So, ground water flow stream aquifer interactions though we can go for distributed models in space and time say like model like mode flow will be very useful. So, even mode flow can take care with respect to the interaction of surface water and ground water also. Then say as far as optimal use is concerned optimization model like optimal surface and ground water allocation. Then simulation optimization models say like optimization model like linear programming dynamic programming then evolutionary algorithms like genetic algorithm particle sum optimization. Like that we can utilize the air techniques also as far as optimization is concerned. So, then we can integrate both the simulation and optimization model. So, that we can have better modeling tools as far as the conjunctive management is concerned. So, now say as far as India is concerned conjunctive water use say there are number of projects have been implemented at various locations and central ground water board and central water commission monitoring these projects and lot of funding were also given for this type of projects. So, some of the important projects I have listed here. So, these projects details are available in the central ground water board websites. So, like Indira Gandhi, Nakhara Pariyojana project, then Sardasa Hai irrigation projects in UP, Tungabhadra canal command area, then Gadaprabha canal command area, Hirakut canal command area. So, like that number of projects are listed under the conjunctive water use plans and these details are available in the central ground water board websites. So, before closing today's lecture, so let us briefly look into one case study as reported in the website of central ground water board and reported by Raul and others in their paper. So, the case study on conjunctive use is the Hirakut canal command area in Orissa covering an area of approximately 2540 square kilometer. So, you can see that this is Orissa state and this is the catchment area and the total length of canal network is about 3500 kilometer. So, this area is concerned average slope is 1 to 6 percent and surface drainage say mainly the Mahanadiya and its tributaries the river network. Then mean annual rainfall in the area is approximately in 1245 millimeter and most of these rainfalls are obtained during June to October monsoon season. Then say the depth to water level is concerned in most of this area the during pre monsoon the water below ground water say is pre monsoon varies from location to location 0.82 and 0.7 meter, post monsoon it varies from 0.3 to 4.03 meter and during monsoon the water level rises. So, below ground level it is varying from 0 to 2 meter during monsoon season. So, that way say larger area is waterlogged especially in monsoon season. So, as far as availability and demand is concerned, utilizable groundwater resource is about 508 million cubic meter in Karib season. I mean during say the rainy season then 764 million cubic meter in Rabi season I mean in say after the rainfall the during the summer season. So, availability of surface water is 1360 million cubic meter and 1495 million cubic meter during Rabi season and annual water demand is same about say 2025. So, and then other demands like say 40 50 million cubic meter for domestic then 261 million cubic meter for industrial. So, by 2025 this will say the demand increases. So, some of the problems in this study area is waterlogging as per 1994 statistics post monsoon about say 1400 or 1500 square kilometer say waterlogging problems are reported and pre monsoon 174 square kilometer reported. Some of the causes include topography setup say less slope in the area, unlined canal systems over irrigation then predominantly paddy cultivation in this area. So, these are the some of the causes as far as problems in this area is concerned like waterlogging and salinization. Then conjunctive use detail plans were made. So, various possible conjunctive use strategies have been tested with groundwater simulation model in the area a model has been developed by the authorities. Then demand for irrigation and Rabi can be made from surface water about 90 percent of the demand can be made from the surface water and groundwater about 10 percent. So, this is one of the optimal plan. Then surface water irrigation cheaper in this say this is water is readily available. Maximum use of available surface water in conjunction with groundwater to get maximum return. So, that is some of these plans were developed and development of groundwater as say as the development a large number of dug wells were proposed say more than 17500 dug wells were proposed. And then the study showed that waterlogging reduced with the increase in use of groundwater. So, for this huge capital investment is needed. So, about 950 million rupees required for this additional investment as far as conjunctive use plan is concerned. And but of course, the once this is invested then within few years time the benefit cost ratio say worked out to be more than 1.6. Some of the important lessons learned from this case study include say during monsoon majority of the command remains waterlogged and it is required that groundwater would do during the monsoon period be increased. So, that groundwater slower will have sufficient capacity to accommodate the monsoon reachers. So, whatever the water is available say more water available during monsoon season. So, that we want to recharge. So, that when recharge plants were made for this case study then during non monsoon period there is a no danger of waterlogging, but still there is lot of scope for groundwater developments. So, as I mentioned say as per the optimal plants 90 percent should be utilized from the surface water and 10 percent from the groundwater. So, lot of scope is there to say for groundwater development. Then increasing storage through combination of groundwater and large and small surface water facilities. So, that is say more say recharging for the aquifer system and judicious allocation of the water. So, that is one of the plan which we have seen 90 percent say from the surface water and 10 percent from the groundwater and then area wise also we have to see judicious allocation. Then vigilant monitoring to avoid over irrigation then creating public awareness that is very important in this kinds of conjunctives project and necessity of public participation. So, the farmers should participate in the say the project. So, otherwise we cannot achieve the optimal plants as far as the conjunctive use is concerned. So, some of the important references used in today's lecture are listed here related to the conjunctive use. Then say before closing say some tutorial questions assignment and self evaluation questions are here. So, the tutorial question illustrate the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater with a case study. So, as I mentioned this website of central groundwater boards number of case studies are listed. So, you can go through it and develop a case study for conjunctive use. So, in the case study you can identify the problems of using surface water only or groundwater only. Then study the demands for the area which is we are looking as a case study. Then illustrate how conjunctive use can be used to solve the problems for the area. Then say you can discuss what are the lessons learned as far as that area is concerned. Then few self evaluation questions discuss the issues related to overuse of surface water and groundwater. What is the necessity of conjunctive use? Discuss advantages and limitations of conjunctive water use. Then illustrate groundwater recharge techniques within the perspective of conjunctive water management. So, most of these issues related issues we have discussed in today's lecture. Then a few assignment questions discuss tree market for interactions and importance in conjunctive use. Describe conjunctive management of surface water and groundwater with various challenges. Discuss conjunctive use plan and mechanisms. How to develop conjunctive management model for a watershed? So, related topics also we have discussed in today's lecture. So, finally just like an unsolved problem. So, for your watershed area say you can prepare a master plan for conjunctive use by considering the surface water and groundwater. So, you can assess for that particular area by considering the reaction demand and then other demand say what is the how much is what is demand is there and how much is the supply from various sources like surface water sources or groundwater sources. And then say we can develop an appropriate model say by considering the groundwater and say surface water. So, you can conduct detailed studies and develop an appropriate plan and indicated approach for surface and groundwater by using the mathematical modeling. Then say we can look into the various options for groundwater recharge for the particular areas concerns. So, say this you can try for your watershed area. So, now with this today's lecture is over. So, further we will discuss the rainwater harvesting and rooftop harvesting in the coming lectures in this module. Thank you.


Alright so maybe Teru isn't the main character he once thought he was. Ladies and gentlemen welcome back to this channel, my name is Jack the Buster, I am Shinobi. We have episode 6 of our Mob Psycho 100 watch today called Discord to become one. Halfway through the first season and last episode really really did make an insane impact in this show. At least from what I can tell with everything surrounding Mob and this sort of beast inside of him. And kind of teaching Teru a lesson. Maybe setting him on a good path. We're gonna hop right into this one if you need a channel drop us up and hit that big boy bell and let's get started. Awww. Aw but he was never able to. This seems like a recurring theme this whole thing with his brother and him not having powers. He can't do it. The grass is always greener too. Ha! It's bothering him a lot more than I anticipated originally from what we saw about him at least. Oh look at- He's so traumatic! No dude! No dude! No this is wrong! This is just wrong! I'm not getting a good signal. Oh my gosh, it's just like a phone call to the spirit realm. No way, he's gonna use this information in the next one. New Jersey. We'll be auto-translated! Oh my gosh. Wow that seems just right. An additional fee? Oh my gosh. I mean I guess he's making this guy feel better.  Oh no. Is it a dance move? He straight up guessed. That was bold. The main cheeseburger tornado! Jung food fighter Michael. Oh. Oh! Oh my gosh! No dude! Brother! He's just gonna say random numbers. Oh never mind. Cheeseburger tornado! Whole body like a spring? It's just an uppercut. I love how Reagan's moves are just regular things. And Mob is just that reception. Did Mob not tell Reagan about what happened? Destroy their pride. That's true. Oh he's telling him! I'm shocked actually. Yeah. Saying he helps more than he hurts. Yeah but it's more than Reagan realizes. I mean he told him but you really have to see that. It's nothing regular inside of Mob. Like I said it's like a demon shadow leader system. Ain't no way this dude is back at it. Our shadow leader! Like a ghost rider? Oh she got to him. So people have like a general idea about psychics. Not exactly. Oh my gosh. Yes. I was just about to say is he not including Reagan? Oh so he doesn't sense anything.  She's like that doesn't make much sense. She's just using him. Yeah he's in the body improvement club. That guy had some nice muscles. A gentleman. Mob is a gentleman. Yeah stand up for him. Thank you. Hell yeah. Oh no. You leave him alone. Oh. Respect.  President Camero. Student council. The more impact. Oh this guy seems like a villain. Smartest in the nation? God dang. Does the student council have power to reprimand? Should they have power to reprimand? Who reprimands the student council? The teachers? Aww. Some sketchy stuff going on. Awakening lab. Oh it's another scam for sure. Scam for sure. But he's gonna go in Mob's place. Oh no. How are you supposed to tell who's psychic and who isn't? He couldn't even just tell off terror at first. Oh yeah he could actually never mind. Like how serious all these middle scores are. That's pretty true. Does he mean like the stuff bothering him? He does seem like the type yeah. He's like insanely smart but very humble. Oh. Don't act like your brother. Can't tell if that made him angry or... Oh. Aww. We're at 4% okay not too bad. I mean he just had that insane explosion. There's a lot of developments with his brother right now. Oh no. I'm scared.  Dude this is how kidnappings happen brother. Oh my gosh. Remodeled is an understatement. The Esper kids. How many? Oh. Evil aura. Why is she? Brother he just told you he saw one. Oh my gosh. Broly like Elvis. To the crimson chin. Okay maybe these kids aren't Esper. Oh he is. He's just very weak. Either that or these kids are plants and they just like readied all the stuff beforehand. 62%. Asahi. Goku. I'm waiting. Oh my this is very low level. Daiichi and Kaito. Why he look like Minecraft Steve? Oh that was kind of cool. There's potential in this group.  Son of a wealthy family. Oh. He wants to figure out how.  Hi Keith. A pipe dream. Yeah he's always wanted that. Oh he look creepy. Shinji. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh no wonder Shinji look perma just exhausted. Is that just all trash in his room? What? What? Oh he's not meeting too. This is so sad and Ritsu is like ah dude I want to be different. It's like he fits in too much. It's really interesting. Fits in too much while also being impressive. But it's like not good enough for him. Like they both want what the other has kind of. Okay. Drugs paraphernalia. Oh. He's scheming man. He said reprimand.  And they're planting, he's planting it. These are some corrupt middle schoolers. Oh my gosh. But we saw exactly like his home life and what's pushing him. He doesn't want to stray from. Oh but it's like that perfect path. He's like too perfect to himself. Wow. Mob is his older brother. They're everywhere. I'm proud of him. He's trying to improve himself. But right now he's being framed for something. Heck yeah dude. Well he's going down the right path but again. And he's the one leading the entire like press conference.  And he's late too. He was leaving Mob alone. That's such an obvious plan too. And now he just goes full in on him. Lick them when no one was looking. Dang dude this isn't reprimanding. This is just straight up social destruction. Holy. That's what I'm saying. Yeah it's like too obvious. Uh huh. Oh man. Yeah dude I was going to say he's really selling this. Dang dude. Oh my gosh. Hang of the recorder liquor. They've ruined this man. Dude the arts they was just straight up just like pencil on paper. Oh this is actually kind of sad. Oh no. Two years of building his rep. And his perfect attendant. You just saw this man's social life just obliterated. Is this guy going to be kind of like his role model? Not a role model but I guess. Friend. Damn. Yeah he couldn't fight his way out of it. Couldn't solve it physically. He's going down a bad path. I didn't think he'd admitted that that soon. I thought it'd be a longer lasting thing. Oh listen is Reagan just going for a stroll? Yeah was he waiting for him? Oh. Did Reagan just assume he did? Oh yeah he did. I figured he would know. His smile. Uh oh. The creepy music is playing. Oh shoot did he actually awaken something? Is that Dimple? It looks like Dimple. And he can see him too. Oh my gosh. But he actually awakened something in him. So Ritsu is the younger of the two. I don't know why I assumed Mob was the younger one. I think just because he looks smaller and he's also shy. Like it's usually the older sibling that's more outgoing and more popular and all that. But I have to remember he's the younger one. He always thought he would just take after Mob. But it seems like he has to an extent. I think once he has a conversation with Dimple and finds out what's going on, he's going to be like oh my gosh. At the same time that that guy saw the spoon, but the spoon looks like mangled. Which is kind of a worrying trend. Like all the science have been pointing to Ritsu becoming like more evil and what not. I hope that's not the case because he seems very pure-hearted. Like he wants to do the right thing. I say that and then this episode happened. I don't know man. That's been it for episode 6 of our Mob Cycle 100. Watch for some very interesting developments. If you're new to the channel drop a sub and hit that big boy bell. I'll catch you in the next one. Peace.