In the previous lecture, we made two important observations. One was that the characteristics of turbulent flow are significantly different from those of laminar flow and secondly, turbulence once generated say inside a pipe somehow sustains itself right through the length of the pipe. It does not die away which means there must be some pumping action which feeds turbulence continuously to sustain itself while viscosity is trying to kill it. This lecture is the first of the two lectures which will try and explain how turbulence sustains itself. We will do this firstly by some orders of magnitude analysis by looking at and deriving actually the turbulent kinetic energy equation. Then, we will do scale analysis in which we will introduce the idea of length and time scales of turbulent eddies through spatial and auto correlation coefficients. The first question that arises is that turbulent fluctuations are extremely random and sharp as I showed you in the previous slide. Could it be so that these fluctuations actually split the fluid? For example, if I had a paper in my hand and if I stretch it and subject to very random motion, it is quite likely that the paper will actually split. Will the fluid split? That is the question because of stretching and torturing by the by the vortices. Can the fluid actually split? The question can be answered by considering orders of magnitude. So, the first of all in turbulent flows scales of velocity fluctuations vary from as high as that of the mean flow say in air it could be anywhere up to 1 meter per second to very low scales that are governed by the presence of this molecular viscosity. The associated length scales would vary from as high as the mean flow dimension say boundary layer thickness or radius of a pipe to a very small fraction of these quantities. These scales are associated with the turbulent fluid. Let us ask ourselves what happens at the molecular level. So, for example, molecular velocity in air would be of 50 meters per second much greater than 1 meter per second and the mean free path length would be of the order of 10 raise to minus 4 millimeters of delta and r and delta and r would be of the order of 1 millimeter to let us say 1 centimeter onwards. So, the velocity scales of molecules is much much greater than the mean flow velocity scales whereas, the length scales are much much smaller than the mean flow scales. Similarly, turbulence frequencies of fluctuations are of the order of 10 raise to 4 whereas, the molecular frequencies are of the order of 5 billion thus there is a vast difference between what happens at the molecular level and what happens in practical turbulence. You can see what this vast difference implies is that the two must be completely uncorrelated. Turbulence behaves in its own way, molecules continue to behave in their own way and therefore, we could safely assume that turbulence does not in any way destroy the basic characteristic of a fluid that the fluid will always remain as a continuum because of the presence of viscosity and no splits at the molecular level would occur. This is a very important observation about turbulence to make progress with theory of turbulence. So, the numbers of the previous slides suggest that the fluid viscosity will continue to influence events in turbulent flow in two ways. Firstly, by causing diffusion of the transported property, it can be momentum, it can be temperature or mass fraction or anything. Turbulence will cause because of viscosity causing diffusion and secondly, through dissipation of energy of the fluctuations to heat. Since, turbulent fluctuations are indeed killed by the action of viscosity and therefore, the continuum fluid continuum is maintained. In other words fluctuations are no longer allowed by viscosity to sustain themselves and they are simply killed by viscosity and therefore, the molecular behavior remains completely unaffected by turbulence. Having made this observation that the continuum is maintained, we now turn to the main point that the mechanism must therefore, exist that feeds energy from the main motion to sustain turbulence while viscosity kills turbulence. Study of this mechanism reveals that in vigorously turbulent flow, the diffusive role of viscosity is marginal that is the first one, but the viscosity plays its principal role through energy dissipation that the motions are killed and therefore, the kinetic energy dissipated. Now, this is in contrast to what occurs in laminar flow where the diffusive influence dominates over the dissipative one unless the fluid viscosity was very high as in oil flows that is something we have already studied while considering laminar flows. So, in order to explain whatever I have said in words through equations the Navier-Stokes equations, the first thing to appreciate that is that the Navier-Stokes equations written for an instantaneous velocity u cap are valid descriptions of turbulent flow that is the first thing because the continuum prevails all derivatives can be resolved for the instantaneous velocities and therefore, the equations are valid. So, that is the fundamental assumption on which we will proceed. So, for example, I can develop therefore, an equation for instantaneous kinetic energy this is the equation for u cap, u cap I square yes which essentially means u 1 square plus u 2 square plus u 3 square divided by 2 is the instantaneous kinetic energy is the instantaneous kinetic energy and how do I derive that? Well, recall that the instantaneous momentum equation is du cap I by dt equal to minus dp cap by dx I plus d tau ji cap dx j.  Essentially what the equation says is the rate of change of instantaneous kinetic energy is the net rate of work done by pressure forces plus the net rate of work done by the stresses tau I j mu s I j s I j is the strain rate d u I dx j plus d u I j d x I minus viscous dissipation. So, turbulent energy increases because of these terms which are which can be positive or negative does not matter but when they are positive it increases but mu phi v by definition would being positive would always decrease instantaneous kinetic energy. So, viscosity plays the role of destroying instantaneous kinetic energy I do the same thing now to derive mean kinetic energy equation but in this case what I will do is I will begin by writing the Rans equations the Rans equations were d u I by dt equal to minus d p by dx I plus d by dx j of tau j I minus rho u I prime u j prime dx j plus the body forces which I am present in ignoring and these were the turbulent stresses. So, if I multiply this equation by u I throughout if I multiply this equation throughout by u I I would get again an equation for u I square by 2 which is the mean kinetic energy equation. So, here is that equation this looks very similar in many terms this is the pressure work term this is the work done by laminar stress this is the work done by turbulent stress and this would be the viscous dissipation due to mean velocity gradients and minus minus turbulent stress multiplied by d u I by dx j the mean velocity gradient. The equation essentially says that the rate of change of mean kinetic energy E is equal to the rate of work done by pressure forces rate of work done by viscous stresses rate of work done by turbulent stresses that is termed a minus the rate of energy dissipated by viscous action and minus this is the most important term F the rate of energy transfer to turbulence by mean motion d u I dx j. Now, why do I say rate of energy transfer to turbulence that you will appreciate from the next slide.  So, from this equation which is time average form of the instantaneous kinetic energy equation I now subtract the mean kinetic energy equation which I derived on the previous slide I subtract this equation from our this equation then you will see that I would get an equation for rho d E by d t equal to minus d by d x j u I j j dash p dash plus this plus minus rho u I j prime u j prime d y d x j and then this term and this term. Notice that the C term here in the turbulent kinetic energy equation has exactly the opposite sign of the f term they are both identical terms, but in one case you have a negative sign here and this is the positive sign here you have the positive sign. In other what is loss of kinetic energy turns out to be gain of turbulent kinetic energy and what do these terms represent well that is what is shown on the left on the next slide rate of change of turbulent kinetic energy a which is the left hand side equals the rate of convective diffusion of total fluctuating pressure by velocity fluctuations to go back this is the term p dash plus rho u I square by 2 is the total fluctuating pressure this is the static pressure this is the dynamic pressure and therefore, the total term represents total fluctuating pressure and its diffusion due to velocity u dash j plus the rate of energy transferred from mean motion to turbulence by turbulent stresses which is the term C plus by the turbulent stresses it is the energy transferred to turbulence plus the rate of work done by viscous turbulent stresses this is the u j dash tau dash I j and I explain what the definition of tau dash I j is. So, that is the diffusion again of the stress itself or the stress work due to turbulent stress and finally, minus the rate of dissipation of energy by turbulent motion and that is the term e here is a product of fluctuating stress multiplied by fluctuating velocity gradient and therefore, this would be very much like the mu phi v term in which the phi v would now be formed from fluctuating velocity gradients equation for mean kinetic energy shows that e is lost in two ways firstly by viscous dissipation term e the mean energy is lost by viscous dissipation and secondly by work done by stresses on mean velocity gradients and e is lost in two ways firstly by viscous dissipation term e and secondly by term f which appears as a positive contributor to turbulent kinetic energy C term C. Hence, term C is called the production or generation term because it makes a positive contribution to rate of change of e. In laminar flow the mean energy is directly dissipated to heat in turbulent flow we can say that mean energy is first transferred to sustained turbulence before it is finally dissipated to heat through term e. So, the first mean kinetic energy goes to turbulence through some C which increases that but kinetic energy turbulent kinetic energy also decreases due to dissipation to heat before finally. So, this first and before seems to be there is a time lag or a space lag in a fluid flow whichever way we used to look at it. So, it is not an instant process it happens perhaps in stages now to do explain that we will have to make some further explorations into turbulence which I will take up in the slides to follow as well as the next lecture. So, remember mean energy is lost in two ways first by viscous dissipation and secondly by transfer to turbulence turbulent kinetic energy on the other hand is sustained because of this transfer from mean energy from the mean energy and secondly it is destroyed by the fluctuating counterpart of mu phi v which we call dissipation turbulent dissipation. So, beside dissipation and transfer mean kinetic energy and turbulent kinetic energy experience convective diffusion of energy through terms b c d b and these terms simply redistribute energy specially but make no contribution or zero contribution to integral energy balance as we would see now. So, for example, consider let us say flow between two parallel plates with an axis of symmetry and I shall now integrate I will now consider the kinetic energy equation. So, it will look like rho d e by d t equal to an assuming that the gradients of all terms are much bigger in y direction than they are in any other direction.  So, now if I integrate this from 0 to y that is over the volume of the channel then you will notice that this term will have v dash at the wall and v dash at the axis of symmetry and therefore, both of them would simply vanish.  So, by wall and symmetry plane is considered to if the turbulent energy is bounded by wall where the velocity fluctuations are 0 because of no slip or by wall and symmetry plane tau i j tau dash i j is 0 is considered and equation for turbulent kinetic energy is integrated over the cross section then we would have d by d t e d v equal to net production minus net dissipation. What this tells us is following is that the net change in kinetic energy over a cross section would be positive when net production exceeds net dissipation. On the other hand if the net dissipation exceeded net production then e will simply die out the kinetic energy will simply vanish when there is near equilibrium that is production is very close to dissipation we would have transition. The equation then sets the conditions for sustainance of turbo that the net production over a cross section must exceed the net dissipation then you will the turbulent turbulence would be sustained at every cross section downstream there are situations in fact where even in a channel flow turbulence when generated can be made to made to relaminarize. One such possibility is to have a tube which is coiling around a steam with very high turbulent velocity fluctuations so that the dissipation term begins to dominate over the production term and the turbulent could then relaminarize inside a pipe but it is a coiled pipe very very special case not routine encounter in practical engineering when the production and dissipation are near balance you would expect a kind of flow in which for a while the flow is laminar when dissipation overtakes production and then the laminar flow will become unstable to produce in which production term to will take over from dissipation and little patches of turbulence and little patches of laminar fluid would appear in a flow and that is precisely what we call the transitional regime. Thus the turbulence derives its sustainance by drawing energy from the mean motion now how does this transfer actually take place that is what we want to ask how does this transfer take place now to understand that we must introduce the ideas of scale so in a laminar boundary layer for example is characterized by two length scales one is delta which is much much smaller the transverse dimension is much much smaller than the stream wise distance x and that gives us delta by x as being proportional to Reynolds x to the minus 0.5 and this is usually much much smaller than 1 so the relevant time scale however is t equal to x divided by u infinity and therefore if I substitute that in here I would say delta is proportional to nu t raised to minus 0.5 where nu is a small number therefore delta would be a very very small quantity again as shown earlier more importantly if you remember delta could be discovered only because of the inclusion of the transverse diffusion term mu d 2 u dy square in the laminar boundary layer equation. One way to interpret this fact is to say the smaller length scale delta is associated with the effect of viscosity with the effect of viscosity as shown here what about turbulent flow now in a turbulent flow turbulent boundary layer very close to the wall of course you have viscosity dominates viscosity affected region but the outer parts are certainly almost independent of viscosity independent of the effects of viscosity the laminar fluid viscosity. So, in this region if I were to say what brings about transfer of momentum well let us say it is a representative velocity fluctuation v dash mean let us say I call it v dash mean as the representative fluctuation which brings about a transverse momentum. Then you will see in turbulent boundary layer motions of several scales occur simultaneously and we are going to choose v dash mean as the representative velocity fluctuation in the direction of y away from the wall. Then the transverse momentum is carried out by minus rho u dash v dash time average which would be much much greater than mu d u by dy and d delta by d t that is the rate of growth of turbulent boundary thickness would be proportional to v dash mean essentially and therefore, delta would be proportional to v dash mean by t multiplied by t. But t as we observed would be x divided by u infinity even in a turbulent flow and therefore, v dash x by u infinity this would be v dash mean into x multiplied by mu. Thus the diffusion time scale delta by v dash mean would be approximately equal to mean time scale x by u infinity this is very interesting. The delta is a small length scale v dash mean is the representative fluctuating velocity in the turbulent core or the fully turbulent part of the boundary layer and the time scale associated with it is exactly same as the mean time scale and therefore, we shall regard v dash mean as a representative of the large scale motion. This is a very important idea that v dash mean would be taken as the representative of the large scale motion. Recall that the dissipation process mu tau dash d u dash i by d x j this was the dissipation process this I will represent as rho times epsilon where epsilon is called the dissipation rate of kinetic energy. Now, this actually kills turbulence rho into epsilon actually kills turbulence and smooths out velocity fluctuations due to action of viscosity and therefore, the length scales associated with it would be much smaller than the mean length scales and the time scales associated with it will also be much smaller than the mean time scale. At such very small scales of motion turbulent fluctuations in all three dimensions directions can be taken to be essentially statistically equal that is u prime square is equal to v prime square is equal to w. As well as the gradients will be 0 in other words the special variations will also be very small. When special variations of fluctuating time average quantities are 0 or this when the special gradients of the fluctuating quantities time average fluctuating quantities are 0 we say the structure is homogeneous and when the components of the velocity fluctuations are equal we say it is isotropic and then therefore, we would essentially have where the viscosity plays its dominant role we would have essentially a homogeneous and isotropic turbulent structure. It is characterized in association with epsilon by what are called Kolmogorov scales. So, Kolmogorov used the idea that very small scale motions are essentially characterized by the effect of viscosity and by the effect of turbulent dissipation and he brought in the quantity epsilon to represent the velocity scales of the associated with dissipation process as nu epsilon raised to 0.25 this is dimensionally correct. Similarly, the time scale T epsilon was taken as nu by epsilon raised to 0.5 and L by L sub epsilon was taken as nu cube by epsilon raised to 0.25 as the length scale. So, if I form Reynolds number based on length scale velocity scale I will get L v dash epsilon divided by nu and let us say it is of the order of 1 then it follows that it would be much much smaller than L v dash mean by nu which is the large scale motion and large scale length scale and that would be of the order of 100 or even more. Reynolds number associated with dissipative length scales and velocity fluctuation scale is much much smaller than the mean Reynolds number form from mean length scale and fluctuating velocity scales which would be of the order of 100 or more. Thus, we have provided relative estimates of the largest and the smallest scales. The largest scales belong to the mean dimensions, mean motion where at the smallest one belong to the dissipation scales. The most important to cut the story short the most important aspect of it is that whenever large scale fluctuations are present small scale motions are automatically created so that viscosity can play its major role via energy dissipation. The creation of this small scale motions is believed to be caused by the non-linear convective terms in the Navier-Stokes equations that this creation of smaller and smaller scales motion is not a one step process but takes place in a large number of continuous steps will be demonstrated shortly. It can be done in more than one ways and I will try to do it in as simple manner as possible. The large scale fluctuations thus create small scale fluctuations which in turn transfer their energy to produce even smaller scale fluctuations and so on till the scales are so small that non-linear terms become unimportant and viscosity takes over to produce an isotropic structure of turbulence.  Now in order to explain these ideas little further it is customary to introduce the idea of a turbulence eddy. Now you can imagine that let us say I have two points in the flow and I consider let us say u dash here and v dash here at the same time t or let us say to begin with u dash and u dash itself. I consider the fluctuation in the x direction at the same time instant at two different points separated by a distance. Now we all know that if a fluctuation at this point will influence this point if they were close to each other. So, the fluctuation here would be influenced by fluctuation here. However, if this point was sufficiently far away say here then the u dash here will not be not influenced by u dash at x equal to 0. Let us say this is at x equal to 0 and this is the separation distance x 1 and this is the separation distance x 2 let us say. So at this point it is unlikely that u dash will sense what u dash at x equal to 0 is doing. In effect if I were to look at them in time at x equal to 0 then the fluctuation u dash would at x equal to 0 will look like that. At x equal to x 2 let us say they would look absolutely different and you can say that this form of u dash at x equal to 0 is completely uncorrelated with what is happening at large distance. What about intermediate distances? Here we can expect supposing x 1 which is very close to x equal to 0 I can expect something like that marginally good correlation. At least it will look somewhat similar but at very large distance it could be absolutely very very different. I can say therefore and of course if I took this second point to merge with this of course I will reproduce the same pattern which means a complete correlation exists between the two points when they collapse on one another. A complete disc correlation exists when they are very very far but a moderate correlation can exist for in between distances and of course we do not know what that distance x 2 will be in real turbulent flow and that is what we wish to find out. This is spatial influence but now if I take for example u dash at time t and u dash at time t and u dash at say another time t equal to t plus delta t separated by distance delta t time distance delta t then a similar situation would arise. If delta t was small I would expect reasonably good correlation between the two but if it was very very large then of course they would be completely uncorrelated. These ideas are expressed here in this figure where I show two points u dash 1 and u dash 1 at two points separated in x 1 direction and is define a spatial correlation coefficient as b i j under root b i i under root b i b j j where b i j is the u i prime u j prime at two different points but at the same time instant I do the same thing here for u 2 dash and u 2 dash separated in x 1 direction and then if I plot r i j from measurements of these quantities then it would be it would look like perfect correlation of 1 at separation distance equal to 0 and correlation would die out to 0 that means there is no correlation beyond some in a long distance. Similar thing would happen with respect to u 2 dash at the same time although it will go through a negative before going to 0 at infinity. This is called the longitudinal time scale correlation, this is called the transverse correlation and for example, if I were to integrate this over a over a long time of infinity then this would give me a a a length dimension a length dimension which would be representative the average dimension over which a fluctuation at a point is going to influence events that I would call as the integral length scale of the fluctuation or the spatial size of the eddy spatial size of the eddy in longitudinal direction. I can do the same thing for with respect to u 2 velocity and I would get a similar dimension in the transverse direction. I can say so I have estimated the size of the eddy physical size of the zone over which zone over which turbulence is going to influence events. Spatial correlation has 9 components R i j as defined there has 9 components in general and being a coefficient it would vary between minus 1 and plus 1 at these 2 extremes we say the correlation is perfect absolutely perfect because its magnitude is 1. When R i j is equal to 0 of course, no correlation exists between u i dash and u j dash which would understand the case when the separation distance r tends to infinity between 0 and 1 we say the correlation is moderate. It is tedious to measure R i j in a real non-homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow because 9 components must be measured in all directions for different values of separation distance r and the direction r 1, r 2 and r 3 and therefore usually only in the direction r 1 or x 1 is the only direction which is taken to measure whenever measured by and large correlation coefficients are extremely difficult to measure the spatial correlations are extremely difficult. I will stop here and continue with this lecture.


Golden Temple, a Sikh Guru Dwarah, located in Amritsar, Punjab. Guru Arjan, the 5th Nanak, built the Harmandir Sahib Temple in between 1585-1604. He came up with the idea to create a central place of worship for Sikh community. Guru Arjan himself did the design of Sri Harmandir Sahib. Guru Arjan Sahib got its foundation laid by a Muslim saint, Hazrat Miyaan Mirji of Lahore in 1645. Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the 19th century protected Punjab from exterior attack and coated the upper floors of Guru Dwarah with pure gold. Since then it is known for its unique appearance and achieved its English name, Golden Temple. The Golden Temple is not only a central religious place of the Sikhs but also a symbol of human brotherhood and equality. Everybody irrespective of caste, creed or race can seek spiritual solace and religious fulfilment without any hindrance. It also represents the distinct identity, glory and heritage of the Sikh. The Golden Temple has a unique Sikh architecture built at a level lower than the surrounding land level. The Guru Dwarah teaches the lesson of egalitarianism and humanity. Sri Harmandir Sahib is built on a 67 feet square platform in the centre of Sarovar. The temple itself is a 40.5 square feet. It has a door each on the east, west, north and south. The four entrances of this holy shrine from all four directions signify that people belonging to every walk of life are equally welcome. The Darshani Deori, an arch, stands at the shore end of the causeway. The door frame of the arch is about 10 feet in height and 8 feet 6 inches in breadth. The doorpans are decorated with artistic style. It opens onto the causeway or bridge that leads to the main building of Sri Harmandir Sahib. The main structure of Sri Harmandir Sahib functionally as well as technically is a three-storied one. The front which faces the bridge is decorated with repeated casped arches and the roof of the first floor is at the height of 26 feet and 9 inches. Its architecture represents a unique harmony between the Muslims and the Hindus way of construction work and this is considered the best architectural specimens of the world. It is often quoted that this architecture has created an independent Sikh school of architecture in the history of art in India. The golden temple located in the city of Amritsar in the state of Punjab is a place of great beauty and sublime peacefulness. Thus, it is included in the Seven Wonders of India. Stay tuned to know more about the Seven Wonders of India. I will see you all in the next video. Till then, it's a bye from Design History team.


A couple of years ago the British government produced a white paper on confronting so-called online harms. Now it has been updated and reviewed in December just gone and they intend to bring it to Parliament as soon as the parliamentary diary allows. It's very relevant at the moment given the censorship that is happening on the internet where the President of the United States has had his access to social media removed for something he hasn't done. Now reading the white paper you only need to read the first few lines and read between the lines to know exactly what this is about. The word hate appears very quickly that always rings alarm bells for me we know what that means we know whose opinions will constitute hate and whose won't. An example of what hate online can lead to the example given is the mosque attack in New Zealand a few years ago. That doesn't mention all the attacks in Britain or in France or in Germany or anywhere else in Europe just the one in New Zealand so you know again where they're going with this. They have pretended and they are pretending that this is about confronting child abuse the grooming and exploitation of children online and terrorism but this rings very hollow and it rings very hollow for a couple of reasons. If the government is serious about stopping the sexual exploitation of children then why aren't they serious about doing it offline?  It's a cover-up pure and simple they're doing nothing at all about sexual exploitation of children in the real world but they're using it as an excuse to restrict our freedom on the internet. They also talk about terrorism and confronting terrorism they use these two examples because who can object who can say no you mustn't stop the sexual exploitation of children or cut off a route for terrorists to communicate with each other no one will object to that but again it's all completely hollow and it's all completely hollow because most of the terror attacks that have happened in this country and across Europe were carried out by so-called asylum seekers and refugees. Every single day asylum seekers and refugees by the way they are neither continue to enter this country illegally nothing is done about it so if the government is serious about confronting terrorism then why don't they close the borders to the very same countries the very same ideology the very same people that have been responsible for carrying out terror attacks in this country they don't they won't it will continue because they don't give a damn about stopping terrorism this is all a sham it's all a lie what they are really going to do is restrict us ever further and stop us speaking our minds online that's the real intention here and as I said you only have to read the first paragraph of this white paper to know that that's the real intention here people with the wrong opinions will be cut out of public discussion online that's the aim and that's where this is going and if you want to know how serious this gets I'll remind you the president of the United States the elected president of the United States has been silenced by a group of billionaires in California and the hypocritical lying left wing is cheering this on our hypocritical lying politicians are cheering this on all the while talking about the sanctity of democracy it's enough to make you want to throw up these are lies our freedoms are being taken away every single day we lose more and more of our ability to speak to speak our minds and to take an alternative view than the one sanctioned by the British government Poland on the other hand has done something very interesting Poland has threatened to issue fines against big tech companies who close people's accounts who shut people off who shut people out of the conversation because they don't have woke so-called progressive views this is a much more powerful way to do this if you really want to protect people from harm online then protect them from it offline as well if you're serious about protecting people from harm at all can you do it offline as well harm online is not what this is about they consider alternative views non-woke views to be harm and that is what is being targeted so we should take a leaf out of Poland's book and introduce protections for freedom of speech make sure that people are able to speak online and Poland's approach is if it's not a crime in Poland it shouldn't get people thrown off social media they're absolutely right and this is the way to tackle it Trump missed an opportunity to deal with this to make sure we have free speech on social media Poland isn't going to miss such an opportunity and it is to their great credit that they understand how to approach this to hit big tech where it hurts in their pockets the only thing they really care about it is a matter of emergency now we are in an emergency situation with regard to our freedoms and social media is just too big and too powerful now not to warrant serious regulation we have got to start regulating social media and it begins with punishing them for closing off millions of people from public conversation we've got to get our freedom back online and off and if we want to protect people let's start in the real world and not the virtual one otherwise it's all just lies hollow excuses to take away our ability to oppose government policy we need to understand this we need to understand it now and we need to read between the lines and understand thoroughly what is happening here fight back for your freedoms the way to do that is to remove this lot from parliament because you know there'll be no opposition from the Labour Party to this they'll all agree wholeheartedly because they all want the same thing they want to close ranks against the people stop us even discussing things with each other and stop any attempt at any uprising against this censorship and tyranny don't let them go to alternative social media let's build that up let's stop stop bowing down to these censors and fight for our freedom before it really is too late


We're courted by outside publishers all the time, right? And they want to publish our journals. And they want to make money off of publishing our journals. And so it's tempting to not only enjoy the revenue that we already are making off of our journal, but to enhance it. But it's a balancing act. And in the end, we have rejected those overtures from other publishers who could enhance our bottom line. Because we were concerned about the very issues you raised earlier about access and about equity and wanting to have a balance between affordability and what we have relied on historically to subsidize our operations.


مده ونستعينه ونستوفره ونعود بالله من شرور أنفسنا ومن سيئات أعماننا من يهده الله فلا مدلله ومن يدلل فلا هادي الله وأشهر أن لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له وأشهر أن محمدا عبده ورسوده والله عليه وعلى آله وأسحابه أجمعين وسلم قال الله في كتابه العزيز بعد أعود بالله من الشيطان أرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم يا أيها الناس اتقوا ربكم الذي خلقكم الذي خلقكم من نفس واحده وخلق منها زوجها وبث منهما رجانا كثين ونساء واتقوا الله الذي تساءلون به والأرحام إن الله كان عليكم رقيب وفي مكان آخر يا أيها الذين آمنوا اتقوا الله يا أيها الذين آمنوا اتقوا الله حق قاته ولا تموتن إلا وأنهم مسلمون الحمد لله كل محاولة هو لدي الله نحاوله نحاوله أساعده ونحاوله أسفه نحاول محاولة في الله من نفسنا من نفسنا ونفهم that whoever Allah chooses to guide there will be none to misguide that person and whoever Allah lets go misguided there will be none to guide that person and we testify that there is no god no deity worthy of worship except Allah alone he has no partner and that Muhammad peace and prayers of Allah be upon him upon his companions and his family and all those who choose to follow him until the last day is the prophet, the messenger and the servant of Allah الله says in the beautiful Quran translation of which is Oh you people fear your Lord who created you from one soul and from that soul it's mate and from these two sent forth many men and many women and fear and have consciousness of Allah through whom you ask of all your various needs and the wombs that bore you truly Allah is always ever watchful over you and in another place he says Oh you who believe fear and have consciousness of Allah as is his right as we ought to as you ought to oh you who believe and do not die except in a state of complete submission to him and so it's of this last verse that we often here recited said in خطبه that I want to base the خطبه of today التقوى الله حق تقاته ولا تموتن إلا وانتو مسلمون have takwa of Allah have fear of Allah have consciousness of Allah as is his ought fear Allah see Allah be with Allah as you ought to and do not die except as Muslims except in a state of Islam except in submission complete submission to Allah and so one of the questions we must ask ourselves when we come across an ayah like this is how how do we develop takwa of Allah how do we understand it how do we reach that how do we make sure to fulfill this exhortation that is in the Quran and comes across in many other places in other ways as well what is takwa and how do we approach it first of all the ayah says التقوى الله حق تقاته have consciousness of Allah as as is his right حق تقاته and we realize that as created beings as limited men and women with limited potential we need to ask ourselves how could we ever really understand what that means understand what takwa means so when I say I want takwa in my life what does that mean many of us these days we go throughout our week and we come to our five daily prayers or to anything else that's supposed to remind us of Allah supposed to build takwa in us and it's not happening we're feeling where is Allah where is my relationship with Allah where, how do I improve because these things that I'm doing they're not bringing me to that place they're not creating this thing that I want to feel this takwa this consciousness this witnessing that I say on my tongue with the shahada I say that in every prayer I make and every time I want to make zikr too sometimes I say that اشهروا على إله إلا الله that's how I began my life as a Muslim and insha'Allah that's how I will end my life in this world too may Allah grant us the tawfeeq to be able to exit from this world with إله إلا الله being the last word upon our tongues often we're in this position thinking I'm doing all the right things aren't I why can I not find Allah in the Quran why can I not find Allah in Salah how can I not develop takwa in all these things that he's saying will help develop takwa in me Allah also says in Surat Al-Baqara that fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed as it was written for those who came before in order that you may achieve takwa so some of us may be fasting in order to achieve that in order to get to consciousness of Allah but sometimes it doesn't happen and so one of the first things we have to realize is who is putting the takwa in our lives is it us who are doing these various activities that are going to bring us closer to Allah no no Allah puts the takwa in our lives and Allah brings us close to him Allah is close to us and our job is to turn ourselves to Allah in such a way that we start to realize how close we are to Allah we start to realize that Allah is with us in every single moment and not just when we feel like having him with us and so sometimes when we think I'm doing this thing why am I not achieving this result from it for one who is the slave and who is the Lord are we telling Allah when we want him in our lives yeah Allah please come to me in my Salah but the rest of the time when I'm at work when I'm driving on the freeway when I'm with my family I prefer you to take kind of a back seat there but when I'm in my Salah I want you to be there I need you to be there so that I can feel like I'm gaining something from Salah and surely if you've written Salah upon me five times a day surely you want me to receive the benefit of that so why am I not feeling you in the Salah does that sound like the talk of a slave or does that sound like the talk of a Lord who is the Lord and who is the slave SubhanAllah if we're going to be truly ready to see Allah in the places where we want to see him we have to be ready to see Allah in the places where we don't want to see him if we're going to see Allah when we come to the Masjid if we're going to feel the brotherhood and the sisterhood that Allah's Dean should bring us then we need to be prepared to see the changes that being true witnesses for Allah will bring in us when we're with other people and outside of the Masjid oftentimes when we're with other people we're not thinking of how to see Allah in that moment we're not thinking of how to see Allah through other people often what we're thinking is how can I see myself in that person because if I can see myself in other people then I can deal with it but Allah I don't know that's something that I really understand I understand Allah when he comes to me in Salah I understand Taqwa when I feel something and I feel close to Allah in Salah but oftentimes we can find Allah in the most remarkable of places that when we truly understand that Allah is the Creator of everything in this world every person in this world every action in this world everything that could come about he is the Lord he is the Creator he is the originator he is the overseer of every single thing once we start to understand that reality we start to see that we can have the vision to start feeling Allah's presence in every part of our lives but often when we're interacting with other people we think that Allah is with us before we think that Allah is with other people that if I see a brother who I've seen from the Master and I see him in another context not doing exactly the same thing that I do in the exact same way that I do it not making zikr when I make zikr not making his prayer the way I make my prayer I start assuming that Allah is with me and not with that brother or sister that if only I could convince that brother to be with me that's how I could convince that brother to be with Allah that's not how it works often often our own selves are the veils between us and Allah such that if we could start seeing how other people are close to Allah and how other situations involve closeness to Allah in them then that would be truly a profound effect that we could have on society the Prophet عليه الصلاة و السلام was who he was and was able to develop the community that he developed not because not because he was the only one who saw Allah but that he understood that he could bring other people to that station as well he could see that in every person their Creator is Allah and therefore he could bring every person in his community رضي الله عنهم may Allah be pleased with them to some kind of consciousness in themselves that would bring them to see Allah in their own way because every person has their particular way that they find Allah that doesn't mean to say that there aren't certain certain specific ways in which in which the path to Allah has been defined no, we understand that Islam sets out a plan for us sets out certain guidelines we can't just go on our whims and think we can approach Allah by doing whatever we want to do and we can't let other people fall into that fallacy as well but still the specific way in which I find Allah and I find closeness to Allah is not the specific way in which another person will one example there are many movies that come out in the summer summer blockbusters and now we're heading towards that time when the summer blockbusters start coming out and many of us as Muslims we wonder how could we how could we really see Allah in a place like that see Allah in a movie which has this big industry often has things that we don't want to be looking at bodies that we don't want to be looking at language we don't want to hear things we don't want to see but one of the things about summer blockbusters is that it gives people who have no other frame of reference in which to feel the greatness that they know is present somewhere in the world it allows them to feel that greatness when you see big explosions on the screen when you see these huge storylines that go from looking like everything is a failure at the beginning to everything working out at the end this is greatness that people can witness on the screen and what is it when people want to see that and find pleasure in that they're finding pleasure in remembering what it meant to experience greatness remembering that day that happened before we all came into this world when we witnessed Allah and Allah asked us بيربكم as we're told in the Quran Allah asked every soul am I not your lord and every soul all of us responded but yes you are our lord and so we can understand that when we begin to relate to others and see how they might be inclined to seeing manifestations of Allah in this world that's when we can start to connect to them and when we start feeling in ourselves how we can bring consciousness of Allah into our various parts of our lives outside of the parts where we normally think that we'll find Allah that will bring us into a closer relationship with Him in those times when we do actually want to see Allah as well so when we're on the freeway worrying about how to merge where we need to get to all of these things when we start saying and making ذكر saying and saying we start bringing consciousness of Allah into that moment when we look at the world around us as we're driving when we say what Allah has created we're bringing consciousness of Allah into that moment and the more we can do that in our lives and the more we push ourselves and allow ourselves to be changed by the ذكر of Allah by the remembrance both on the tongue and in seeing His signs in the world and reflecting on them throughout every moment of our lives the more we can start to being open to that and start to train ourselves and after that the more Allah will be present in all of those times especially the times when we want Him to be present so if we want خشور in صلاح if we want to understand the Quran if we want to feel ذكر and we want to achieve تكوة we have to be ready to take all of these other parts of our lives that happen outside of that and regarding all of them say Allah we give them up to Allah we understand that they want even hours in the first place everything is for Allah including ourselves إِنَّا دِلَّاهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ we belong to Allah and to Him we are returning if only we can wake up and understand what that means I'll call it قولي قولي هادة وأستغفر الله ولكم وليسائر المسلمين I say this my speech and I seek refuge and seek forgiveness from Allah for me, for you and for the rest of the Muslims see forgiveness from Him during this blessed time for barely He is most forgiving most merciful الحمد لله رب العالمين all praises due to Allah Lord of the worlds Allah also says in the Quran إعود بالله من الشيطان ورديم إن الله وملائكته يصلون على النبي يا أيها الذين آمنوا صلوا عليه وسنموا تسليما اللهم صلي على سيدنا محمد وعلى آل محمد كما صليت على إبراهيم وعلى آل إبراهيم وبارك على محمد وعلى آل محمد كما باركت على إبراهيم الله also says in the Quran that He and His angels send prayers upon the Prophet and peace upon Him Oh you who believe send prayers upon Him and peace upon Him and in this thing too we can understand too that when we read the Quran and come to things like this that when we are with the people of Allah and when we are with those who are with Allah that will facilitate our closeness to Allah as well so I exhort you to Taqwa of Allah I exhort you to good companionship because it is through being with the people of Allah that they will bring us close to Allah it is said that those who are making theka of Allah and praising Him when they do so those who are just around in the general area get the blessing too and they get those angels so a blessed thing it would be to be with the angels and be with Allah when we say peace and praise upon the Prophet الله هم صلي وسلم عليه وعلى آله وأصحابي أجمعين وعلى من تبيهو بإحسانين إذا يوم الدين الله great praise and peace upon the Prophet Muhammad upon his family his companions and all those who choose to follow him may he make us among them yeah Allah yeah Allah grant us Taqwa yeah Allah grant us good in this world good in the best world good in the next world and save us from the punishment of the fire yeah Allah help us to understand what good is in this world and what good is in the next world yeah Allah grant us that consciousness grant us that understanding help us live according to it yeah Allah show us the reality of this and how we can live according to it yeah Allah help us to show others the reality of this deen and live according to it yeah Allah yeah Allah return the Muslims to that deen with a beautiful returning yeah Allah yeah Allah grant us respite in this world save all those people under oppression especially those in this ummah of your beloved Prophet صلى الله عليه و آله و سلم and count us among them on the last day do not let us die except we are among them and our last word in this life إله إلا الله truly understanding its meanings and implementing it throughout our lives أمين أمين والصلاة والسلام على الرسول الله والحمد لله رب العالمين أقم الصلاة


First things first, I'm the realest Realest Drop this and let the whole world fill it Let them fill it And I'm still in the murder business I can hold you down Like I'm giving lessons in physics Right, right You should want a bad bitch like this Time Hi guys and welcome again backstage with myself, Keeba and Katie Anna Woo! And we're about to play the funniest game ever Which is actually funnier than the other space right now And it is called Broadcast Whispers So Katie Anna, let's explain to the viewers what it entails Well guys, what it entails is we have a list of sentences about the broadcast Or about random things that are happening in MPS or in the world in general And we are going to say these things to Heather But she will not be able to hear us very well Because she will have these very big headphones on with very loud music playing Heather then has to guess what it was and pass it on to the next person And so on and so forth until we hear what exactly the sentence turns out to be So it's kind of like Chinese Whispers but sort of a modern twist with the music So we're going to get started now So I'm going to say the first sentence to Heather and we'll see how it goes then Unreal Alright, ready? Are you ready? Yeah Okay The Broadcast team are loving eating bananas Can we go again? I was thinking like Okay, we'll go again Broadcast in our eyes is a party That was nice Actually, I thought you were going to say that Wait, no, did you get it? No, I was just saying a lot of words Exactly The bookcase was really heavy and there was cheese on it Well, I don't know The bunny was fudging his van and high-fived his hamster The original sentence was The Broadcast team are loving eating bananas I was the closest You're the closest Heather, so well done Okay, let's do it


What is Capitalism? The civilization of mankind can be traced to the establishment of property rights. With property rights, individuals could own land, capital, and goods, and then trade or sell them to others. This economic activity is referred to as the market. This doesn't mean it necessarily takes place in a physical market. It simply means that goods and services are voluntarily traded. For most of human history, property rights have been limited to those in power. For example, a king or lord had ultimate control over those who lived under their protection. If the king desired beets, farmers were to farm beets. If the lord needed horseshoes, blacksmiths forged horseshoes. Ordinary people had the ability to trade among themselves, but those in power could direct their production if they so desired, or punish those who resisted. The emergence of capitalism changed this. Capitalism is mass production of goods to satisfy the needs of the greatest number of people. Capitalism was revolutionary by recognizing property rights for all, regardless of background and social standing. Under capitalism, even the most vulnerable in society had an absolute claim to their own labor and property. It did not guarantee equality of property, but capitalism eliminated any right by anyone else to infringe upon it. In doing so, capitalism empowered consumers, rather than those in power, to influence what was produced in the economy. This happens via the profit mechanism. If enough people demand a good, and it can be sold for more than it costs to produce, that means the production of that good is profitable. Some of the richest people in the world today have made their money not by appealing to the rich, but by appealing to the masses. Walmart's business model, for example, is geared towards selling goods cheaply to as many people as possible. Critics of capitalism try to condemn it as greed. This is false. Greed and envy are human vices, and they exist in any economic system. What capitalism does is incentivize the production of goods and services that people desire on the market, rather than leaving those decisions to powerful individuals or governments. Throughout human history, we have seen property rights and markets lift billions of people out of poverty. Everywhere in the world, property and economic freedom are correlated with improved quality of life, health, and life expectancy. Capitalism is a peaceful system of collaboration between producers and consumers, and functions by the wants and needs of the greatest number of people. The government plays no role in a truly capitalist system. When the government interferes and forces regulations on producers and consumers, it ceases to be a capitalist system. Capitalism is freedom of consumer choice.


Algebrable is a book of algebra tasks that can be used with upper primary school pupils, 9 to 11 year old say, though many of the tasks will also challenge secondary school students. For such it could be said to overlap in scope with my earlier book Algebra Dabra also published by ATM. The book is written for teachers and others in the maths education community and I hope it will help us think afresh about what an algebra curriculum might look like. I hope also that teachers will enjoy working through the tasks and that as they do so they'll consider which of them to use in the classroom and how they might adapt them to suit their pupils. The tasks can readily form the basis of a lesson or sequence of lessons or a task can simply be used to prompt fresh thinking at some point in a lesson. The tasks in the book are grouped in 20 sets of 5 related tasks. Following the convention used in the companion book Algebra Dabra which originated as a blog we express this as 20 weekly sets of 5 daily tasks, though these terms should not be taken too literally. You don't have to use the tasks in weekly order and though the tasks are ordered within each weekly set you don't have to start with a so-called Monday task if you want to give pupils more of a challenge. In the book each weekly set begins with an overview page showing thumbnails of the 5 tasks. Each individual task is then shown on a separate page together with a commentary offering guidance on the task and how it might be used. Early algebra involves a shift from computational to structural thinking. Such a shift need not be intrinsically difficult though some aspects might be but if it's unfamiliar to pupils it may take time to develop this vital habit of mind. One way to look at structure is through representations. As occurs for example in week 13 where we use the Cartesian plane to analyse football scores. We can also engage with structure by analysing patterns. These can be specific patterns as here or there can be general patterns as here and then there is structural arithmetic where we are not interested merely in the value of an arithmetic expression but in seeing how we can derive the value from the expression's structure. Alongside the book with its commentary on each of the 100 tasks ATM provides a PDF file showing just the tasks themselves so that they can be projected on a screen in the classroom.


So we are triplet, and we do have different last names because we're adopted, but we grew up together, if that makes any sense. Our third partner is Kira, Kira Cobb, and so Kira and I were like the twins in the household, single mother household, and Kevin was like a single child in a household with a mother and father, so we had these big mixed families, so he was growing up on the farm, and we were growing up like in this little urban area adjacent to North Little Rock. It offered for a very diverse set of experiences. That was a part of our family culture too. Everybody had, everybody big mama or grandmother, had a garden in their backyard, I mean that was just, that was the North. Had fruit trees in the front, you know what I'm saying, in the yard you can go pick fruit, and it was just a part of us being outside, a part of nature, and with the onset of technology, we really fathomed away from it. We didn't have to buy greens, remember? Right, yeah. We never had to buy greens growing up. Mother always had greens. Yeah, greens. So also bringing me some greens. Everyone had greens. We didn't have to go to the store. I didn't even know they felt so green that the store was weird. Really, when we were little. Food was abundant then, and so I guess that's my segue into how I got started because food was not abundant. Here I am, a single mom. My son is almost an adult, and after being in Dallas for almost 20 years, I moved back home, and I remember today that I had to choose between a pack of hot dogs and some gas in the car to take him to school, and it was a rude awakening. I mean, I had been into gardening for a while, but I didn't take it serious like I can make money with this, I can feed myself and my family, it was just something to do. So I'm walking through the grocery store, and I see all these beautiful vegetables and fruits and greens, and I'm like, this should be free to me. It's growing out of the ground. So we just industrialized a human right to eat, and that's when I made the decision I'm gonna grow, cook, eat, and repeat my food from now on, and teach other low income single mothers or fathers, or just would be people who want to be more sustainable and independent how to do it as well. The Grow Operative is a co-op or a grow op, a grow operative, and it's a conglomerate of would-be or fellow gardeners and urban farmers, and after gardening for so long and then wanting to monetize what I was doing, and on a lot of other people who just garden and want to monetize what they're doing, I started the formal process of becoming an urban farmer where I was at my home, in my backyard, and studying value added products and things like that according to USDA, and then now just we evaluated what I needed and what we need as gardeners. It was hard to source wood for garden beds, soil, sometimes plants and seeds can get expensive. So as a grow op, we provide that to our members and friends. We have a portion of the grow op, a sacred grow, a sacred portion of what I do as well to help people get greenhouses. They don't have to be this big, they can be of any size. As long as you have an enclosed space where you can control those variables, we bring that to rural farmers and low income people to get them to see that it's not that hard. We're building greenhouses in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, which is, you know, the culture of gardening is very tranquil. So when people are exposed to it, it can actually change the culture of that entire area. When you get food from where you're from, we're tied to the land in a sense. So it's a better quality of food and if you pick it fresh, the potency of whatever is in that plant is there. It's not, you know, fading or half-lifing off. You know, especially herbs. If you think you can't grow anything, grow some herbs. Oh my God, lemon thyme. It comes back every year.  And like Sid said, it's a lot of stuff that is growing in your yard that people think are weeds like dandelion. Dead nettle.  And it's nutritious. Right. And it'll come back every year. So there's really no such thing as a brown thumb. There's, you can, you can grow something. Yeah. You can grow something. I mean, just try it. You know. Don't knock it until you try it. You know. You can't grow. It's going to grow itself. So you don't even have to worry about it. Oh yeah. Something for you. So you have to find a plant that fits your personality, you know what I'm saying. That's a good one, Sid. Right. That's a good one, Sid.


nice one that's a PR for sure that's a couple foot PR good work end of a long weekend Peyton Williams from St. George Utah he came to our pre-season camp within a few weeks of that he hit a 170 foot PR he had technically opened the season with like about 20 feet he's primarily a discus thrower he said he felt very uncomfortable with the spin and it was a really good examination into the throwing chain reaction system show me an easy throw like a wheel okay you've got your chest and we're gonna open the shoulder a little bit hips back so I want this hip on top of the knee stretch and hold and you're going to bring the shot into this arm go you feel that go feel a little different better different they look better I like that one we're gonna open the arm notice how your chest isn't moving so you'll feel your arm kind of going as you step wham then it stretches and holds and go ahead and go step stretch yeah so that's the next piece right so you got to open that was the right idea open the arm not the chest go yes now that was actually a lot better boom boom boom rip it around rip it around there feel that open around there we go that was a lot closer see how you're rotating faster now moving a lot better not too bad boy that was close ooh that was close that just came off the hand huh good sink and push so we're basically pre-turning the hips we're using the left side to wind the shot back to here there you go so you're pre-turning the hips so your hip is already into the throw so you're gonna bring it back and you're gonna come through you'll go back behind it yep now push with your hip and go that was much better alright so you'll turn and bring your upper body forward okay that was close wider base too narrow stretch and hold a little more sink oh just got the left floating around a little bit so now it's starting to move better okay so pull it behind there we go so see how it's still stopping remember I want the left to come all the way here to seven and the right to keep turning okay go there we go much better that's exactly what we want close not bad though oh that was pretty good oh close close that's good hey there we go one of the things we're gonna talk about again today is one of the simplest things about how to pivot and understanding the concept of pivoting and an axis if you're a brand new thrower and we're talking about rotational throws we're gonna have basically two rotational axis we're gonna have the road the axis out of the back of the ring and the axis in the middle of the circle so what we're gonna do is we break again the throw into the six pillars right so we're setting up everything here and we're getting this and now we have axis one okay so that's what we refer to as the entry that's your pillar two to three and so learning how to do this is actually a lot trickier so what we're gonna do is we're gonna talk about that so whether it's the shop or the discus we want you to understand exactly what goes on with that foot so here's what we're gonna do we're gonna make sure that you understand that rule number one is don't do this we've talked about this in some other videos that's a big mistake people try to turn because turning up here is actually easy to rotate on but you're flexed your planner flex so when the calf flexes and pushes it shortens the muscle contracts and now it's like trying to sprint off of high feet you're not gonna be able to generate much speed so you want to be able to understand that we stay with the foot low to the ground and we come around because there's what's called a rotational axis so this is our third grade science the earth rotates on an axis right the line from the poles and this earth spins around that axis so that line so we have a line here as well that's from the line from our hip to our ankle and so if we are turning with the foot up we have now tilted the axis and now the axis rotates like this so if I'm throwing the shot and I pick up my foot and I'm here right now some people say well why not just get over here because the hips are still falling and I'm still gonna fall in this way so it's very important to understand that vertical axis and this is things so if I'm a beginning thrower what is one of the simple things they can do well we teach 90 degrees okay so we move around in 90 and notice what I'm showing you I'm going to hinge it's gonna be we have a drill called a hinge drill and we shift and we're gonna go 90 and you're gonna feel how there's this little motion we always teach this kind of a motion so you feel this roll up in this kind of kicking motion that's our sweep leg kick that's another drill in our system what we're gonna do is we're gonna again make sure this stays low and this is a very simple way so you can go 90s you can go 180s and you can go 360s okay so watch I'll go back to my 360 and I'll be here okay now you're gonna notice my heel come up a tiny bit I'm gonna maintain that axis that's the key those are three simple drills and here's the thing that we always talk about throwing is unnatural this stuff takes time and if you're not doing these types of drills in the beginning especially you're short-changing your athletes now inside the throwing chain reaction system we talk about how pillar one influences two three four three four five six etc so that's the big thing that we want to be able to help you understand and work through but the first thing is understand that axis and understand how to rotate around it and that's gonna be one of the biggest things to teaching the first axis in the throw and that's gonna help our young throwers learning the rotational shot and the discus to hit big throws faster and throw farther faster


What's up everybody once again is Brandon man Sean in today. We're going over the rise of rust so many people have asked for this video I'm not even gonna call out anyone in particular. So thanks for asking I want to start off by saying that this is not a rust exposed video So if that's what you're looking for yeah, you might want to go ahead and go just for a little context Let's start off with my personal experience with rust cuz I think it makes sense in the terms of his rise Those of you guys who have followed and watched like every video I have you know that I did first meet rust and see rust back in 2014 Russ had a performance at one of my homeboys Well two of my homeboys event called bliss Elijah and your Brill and I think black was actually there that night Russ got up there.  I even my homeboy Brandon who was like so pro future a lot of times He'll be like and to anybody else, especially you talk about getting up there and having a guitar We're just talking some real stories and stuff He even had Brandon and Bob in his head like yo this dude is dope after the show I said, what's up the rest told him that I thought he was dope got his information because I thought I might be doing an interview With them for a project I was working on at the time in that conversation when he was telling me about himself and I was asking like Yo, how long have you been around town and all that kind of stuff? He was like, yeah, he's based in Atlanta But he mentioned that he was doing a show or something in Paris and it kind of glossed over my head at the time But I was thinking Paris like huh, but whatever I went on home Then I checked this information out just like I would check all these other artists out But it was different because a lot of the artists I would check out especially at the time They wouldn't have much up Russ had a lot of content and it was on YouTube That was where I looked at all his stuff Everything was on YouTube and there were a lot of videos like real music videos to all the stuff I'm like, who is this dude? So I've been a fan of his music since then I'm guessing that this was pre SoundCloud Russ said that he had about 800 to a thousand fans before he even got on SoundCloud And he also said in one of his songs I think it was talk up that he did a sold out tour in Belgium before he was even on SoundCloud Which reminds me I don't know exactly how he did it for complete sure because I haven't spoken to Russ But I did go through an example of with him just being on YouTube and how he probably did in my newsletter about two weeks ago So those of you guys who haven't checked that email check it out those you guys who aren't following a newsletter I guess you don't have it but follow my newsletter because those are the specific types of tactics and stuff I go through in my newsletter and of course once Russ was on SoundCloud A lot of people know that he was releasing a song a week for a long period of time I think he said at least 80 weeks Alright now that we got through that part because that's the part that everybody pretty much knows for the most part Let's fill in some blanks Russ is also on the record talking about the fact that he was a producer first He wasn't even rapping at first and he was producing for some homies Then he became a rapper as well and he had some homies working with him from the very beginning His homeboys are pretty much at the same level He was it's not like they were super plugged in or anything But as an artist especially an artist that's working by themselves It is a godsend to have at least one other person working with you in taking it seriously And then going back to the short conversation I had with Russ when I talked to him that night I thought it was crazy that he mentioned Paris I could have sworn he also mentioned something about an Asian and mentioned history with Eminem Those are the two things that I remembered that were kind of like interesting to me But I didn't really care about all that stuff I just thought he was dope fast forward to 2015 Russ signs with CAA Pretty much the dopest talent agency in the world and he thanks Cara Lewis I was like oh snap I think that's that name that he mentioned And I don't know the extent of their relationship at the time But if you guys do not know who Cara Lewis is Cara Lewis is a motherfucking goat Certified goat super successful one of the top women in music as far as my just general opinion is concerned But she's also legitimately being certified one of the top 14 most powerful women in the music industry Or maybe it was just hip hop by Billboard I mean she's been in the game for a long time I think she was like an agent for like new edition and shit like that I mean bruh consider the fact that Rock Kim was basically like Jay-Z in his time And a lot of older rappers including Jay-Z talk about how Rock Kim was the man And Rock Kim and Eric B actually shouted Cara Lewis out in Paid and Fool Which is basically their most classic song of all time But she's also given significant credit when it comes to people like Jay-Z People like Tupac people like Eminem like I already said like you gotta do your research If you don't know Cara Lewis, especially if you're like a woman in the music industry Cara Lewis is It's dope as a matter of fact I saw article one time to actually call Cara Lewis the most feared woman in music and by the way Cara Lewis left CAA and CAA is so boss when it comes to talent agency If you go to their actual home page in comparison to the other big talent agencies All they got is the cities that they're in they don't say anything else because you know who the fuck this is That's basically what they're saying. They don't need to give you an about page or anything like that because whoever needs to know about them They'll find out and then the next year after signing to CAA the most powerful talent agency If not in the world definitely in the US Russ partnered with Columbia Records and it's very important that you say partner because if you say sign It really undermines what Russ accomplished. It's not the same thing that most artists get anyway My point in this certain segment is not to discredit anything that Russ has done It's just the fact that everybody has a team of some sort even without Cara Like just to have his homeboys like I said to help move the ball forward one inch is super useful in my mind One of the most important parts of Russ's story is the fact that he did things independently and differently not alone because can't nobody do that There's too many other things to handle when it comes to making deals graphic design all those types of things So hopefully one day Russ can have a real interview where he's not asked these super general questions because he has such a unique story But no one ever goes into the details asking him stuff about how he met Cara Lewis How he made certain things happen with these tours and all that kind of stuff But for now, I guess we'll just have to wait and this video was actually a little bit longer But I decided to split it into two parts. So the second part will be dropping soon. That's it. You know what to do Hit that subscribe But


I'm very happy to be talking to Deborah Taylor-Tate. She is a former commissioner for the Federal Communications Commission and you are currently pushing a project, Girls and ICTs. Now there is a lot of resistance within education for girls to get into ICTs, either personally felt by girls or projected onto them. What are you doing with this project? So one of the things that we really need to do is focus on explaining to girls and women how ICTs make a difference. So it's not just about going in and programming something or coming up with a new app, but it's actually what the application of this technology is going to be. Saving unborn children's lives out in a village or at 10,000 feet in the Andes Mountains. So many incredible e-health applications that I think part of this is about explaining to girls and young women, if you stick with this education, then one, you will have a job because there are so many jobs available. And the other thing is that you can make a difference. You're not just in a cubicle inventing something, you will actually be changing the world. How much of it is girls believing that they themselves can't do this job? Because they see the geek model is normally this young guy, isn't it? Yes, unfortunately I think it is. And that goes back again to how do we get the media to partner with us on showing just how fun it can be. You know, I met one of the young astronauts from the U.S. not long ago. She is spending all of her free time going to middle schools to say, let me tell you how exciting this is. She's very attractive, she's very lovely, she's very fit. You know, and she wants to say, this is an incredible career for young women. So stick with science and math.  Are we just talking about protecting children from inappropriate content or is there much more? Well, I think that that's where the conversation originally started. And actually when we named the initiative Child Online Protection, that was really where we were because we were trying to protect children. I think that now it's become much broader than just trying to protect children or just trying to specifically protect them from predators. And so now we've gone into this entire realm of all the possibilities that ICT and the internet can provide and that we want them to certainly know how to navigate that so that they can attain all those fabulous opportunities. And one of the issues seems to be introducing young people to the concept of privacy when the default is shared. Yes, absolutely. And I think that one of the things that we've been seeing even with our very youngest children is that when they go online and they're asked to what's your name, they tell someone their name because they also have this very honest approach to life. You know, they want to be honest. And then suddenly they've told mommy's name and mommy's birthday and their own birthday. And so one of the things about kind of having a curriculum for good digital citizens is teaching them from the very beginning who to share information with and possibly who not to share information with. Deborah Taylor Tate, thank you very much.