And the questions, remember what we were doing yesterday? I actually did a report, I posted it but I forgot to go check it later on. You know what, we're sort of like the end value is the elasticity of the elasticity. How do you know which material to put on the top versus the bottom versus the bottom of the progression? It doesn't matter which you put on the top or the bottom, as long as you apply, as you apply that in the right direction. The deal was, and it's true, no matter what the shape, the deal was we have two different materials and our regular method for solving for the stresses does not apply for two different materials. We set all that up assuming that the cross sections were prismatic and isotropic. In other words, all one material. I don't remember if I actually stated that, it's just all we had. I did state that about the prismatic nature of the beams, the symmetry about the y-axis. But I don't think I stated specifically that it's all one material because we didn't have anything else but all one material. So now that we're talking about the possibility of a second material, that means in one of them's a tougher material, if you will, one of them's a softer material. And it doesn't matter really which is which, as long as you understand that if we're going to take, let's say this is the tougher one, the one with the higher modulus, the stronger modulus, this one with the weaker modulus, for example, steel and wood. They look very, very different in terms of their elastic moduli. You can transform that in either way, and it doesn't matter what n is. It doesn't matter whether n is greater than one or less than one, as long as you do it properly in the right way. And you might do better with a picture and then you just know what to do with n. You can transform it either by taking out this stronger material and you're going to have to put in a lot more of the weaker material so that they can do the same thing. So you would then leave the lower material the same because we're not replacing that. We're going to take out that with a much weaker material so we're going to need a whole bunch more of it. So clearly you need to increase the dimension there be by some factor. And the only factor we have is n, so here n must be greater than one or it's not going to work in any way. You could also transform the beam by taking out the weaker material, putting in the much stronger, but since it's much stronger we don't need very much of it. So in that case we'd leave the original, stronger material the same and replace it with very little of the weaker material. Sorry, very little of the stronger material to replace that because we don't need as much of it. And so here now if this same dimension there is b, this is now got to be either b over n if n is greater than one or if you had n flip then that would be n beat as well. So it doesn't matter as long as what you do with it results in the same replacement. And we're only changing the width, are we not changing the length? No. And that's the nature of our prismatic beams, the symmetry about the y-axis but not the symmetry about the other axes. It might be symmetric about the other axes, but there's no need for it to be here. Alright, so we're going to take up with that, continue that in a very specific application, one you've all heard of and that's the use of reinforced concrete. Now the basic setup here is given any kind of prismatic beam and the easiest one to draw of course is just the rectangular one like that so we'll use that. So there's a rectangular beam drawn with the techniques we get from technical freehand sketching so it's got that beautiful perspective to it. So it's, you know, I know you guys won't go to a movie now but it's not a 3D movie so I'm making classes 3D so that it leaps out of the page anyway. But let's view it in terms of our standard type of bending where we have bending in the z direction only. Remember that's a right hand rule application. And we'll look at it in terms of our typical type of bending expected for a load bearing beam which is where reinforced concrete is used. So that's the type of bending that would be what we call positive bending whether it's actually by applied moments there or whether there's load across this beam that causes it to bend like that, it doesn't matter it's the same thing either way for our purposes because our concern here is that once we look at the stresses on this now kind of blowing it up in much larger cross-section or much larger side view we know that somewhere there's a neutral axis that depends upon the cross-sectional shape there in this case it happens to be right down the center so that's convenient but it doesn't need to be and across the top we have tension and across the top we have compression across the bottom we have tension so that's nothing new there that's just a review from when we started looking at this design of prismatic beams the trouble comes with concrete well the reason concrete is very useful to use as a building material is you can make it on site you can transport it in those big cement trucks and then when you get to the site pour it into the girder shape you don't have to carry it in the girder shapes down the highways trying to make those sharp bends through New York City and the like with these huge long beams on the trucks that's not true with steel it has to be done it has to be fabricated elsewhere then transported to the site as is also concrete's not terribly expensive for the most part it's made out of crushed sand and stone and limestone and other things like that so it's also steel that stuff we dig out of the earth as well there's a whole other very energy intensive step in steel fabrication that's not there with concrete it's also true that concrete can be poured into shapes that might be aesthetically pleasing as well if we have the bottom of these beams exposed if they were here we can make interesting shapes out of them that might be more pleasing so maybe we make the beam like that just so as we see the room as users there's a softer edge to it all kinds of options like that are possible with concrete that aren't as easily done with steel so that's why concrete can be a very attractive beam material however, as I've mentioned before concrete's terrible intention it's very good in compression so it's excellent up here it's terrible down here where there's tension so what we do with these type of beams is the top being in compression is very good so we leave that as concrete and then as we pour these beams of concrete we insert at the bottom where all the tension is some steel reinforcing bars what you know as rebar and you've seen those those are those big long bars actually if you ever see a building that's been torn down or if you look at any of those pictures from Tokyo this last week of the buildings that collapsed you'll see these spaghetti-like strands all over the place that's rebar that has blown out of the concrete girders that they were in then got all tangled as everything collapsed so we let the rebar take all of the tension that's down here because steel is very good in tension there's still tension in this concrete but most of the tension is absorbed by the rebar so we need to then model that in terms of our composite beam technique that we started with yesterday because once again to figure out what the stresses are we need an isotropic cross-section a single material cross-section and we don't have that anymore now with the rebar in there so we're going to do the same type of thing we did yesterday by transforming that cross-section into a slightly different shape we'll leave the... I don't want to come down to this neutral axis because it might not be that same place as we'll see if you remember when we transformed the cross-sections yesterday we had a new neutral axis because we had a new cross-sectional shape so we'll leave concrete up here because that's so good in compression and that's where the compression is and down here we'll replace this rebar that's so strong in tension with a whole bunch of concrete like we were doing yesterday we took out the tough material put in a whole bunch of the weaker material to compensate for it and remember this is just our modeling that we're doing this we don't actually do this so we're going to put in a whole bunch of concrete right there where the rebar was and in fact the area will be if we have that much area of the steel rebar and that's just the cross-sectional area the little rebars if you cut through them and expose that area that's the amount of area of the steel that's holding that steel holding that tension and then we'll put in an equivalent area of concrete but end times more of it because we need so much more of the concrete to take the same tension as just this little bit of rebar was taking and this is our artificial beam then for our design purposes just for our analysis purposes the rest of the concrete all that concrete we completely take out of the model it's so weak in tension that we don't even count it as contributing anything to the strength of the beam even this little bit up here where it's just a tiny bit in tension we take it completely out to and just say the whole thing is the whole thing is as if it wasn't even there because concrete is so bad in tension we just take it down to the neutral axis notice that the neutral axis of the rectangular section is right here but the neutral axis doesn't account in any way for the fact that we have different materials once we put in different materials for all kinds of purposes shifts the neutral axis so we have a new neutral axis a new place of zero the transition from compression above to tension below because we have dissimilar materials so the neutral axis geometrically was here but remember we only figure that location of the neutral axis based on areas not on what the materials themselves are so when we do put in this different material it does shift the neutral axis so I guess our tension model would be something like this then our stress model would be something like this this is for isotropic beam we put in the rebar that shifts the stress profile shifts the neutral axis to a place where we don't know where it is now we have to figure out what that is but we completely replace the steel with a whole bunch of concrete and then completely eliminate the rest of the concrete just assuming that it'll be in tension and it'll fail and we won't even count it it's a factor of safety measure if you will who needs that hand up? do we do what the NAS is the width and then the height of it is the same as the diameter? the width we don't care about we're just taking into account the total area the area of the rebar is replaced by n times that area of concrete at the same level we're not concerned with what that thickness is that's I guess more detail than we want to go into as we do it but we do need to locate this new neutral axis so I'll call that distance x and the easiest way to do this now is to simply sum up y bar a for anything above the neutral axis and it must equal the y bar a for anything below the neutral axis that's actually what we were doing with our other calculations when we're using that table it just we didn't do it like that but the geometry, the algebra is all exactly the same so we'll walk through it with an example then so here's a concrete beam 5.5 inches, 4 inches down we put rebar that is excuse me that is 6 inches on center 4 inches down and that's not where I'm putting my dimension figures the rebar is 4 inches down from the top so there's another inch and a half of concrete below that 6 inch on center with this rebar and the rebar is 5 eighths in diameter picture you're okay, everybody see what we've got there 5.5 inches tall 4 inches down from the top we placed some rebar that's 6 inches on center so our cross section we can actually save ourselves a little bit of trouble here we don't need to do the entire width of the beam since it just repeats as it goes along for example an entire floor you don't have to cast it as just a single beam and then lay floor on top of that you can do rebar reinforced concrete entire floors so what we'll do is take just a section midway between two rebar and then just do that much of the model so all we really need to look at since it repeats, actually let me draw more to scale we'll take a piece that's 12 inches across the top because that's the distance between adjacent rebar to the other but still includes at least two pieces of the rebar within so now we have 3 inches in from the side we have rebar 6 inches to the next rebar and then another 3 inches there that way we don't have to do the entire width of the thing we can use it it's sort of like a unit cell then this analysis doesn't need to be changed for however why we want to do it because it's all just the same thing repeating itself over and over so we'll just do this one little section and it'll be sufficient to represent as much width of this as we want to do that fair enough picture then so we've got 4 inches down here and then there's another inch and a half below that analyze a subset of the entire beam because it just keeps repeating itself so we'll be fine with that so we apply our magic arrow of transformation where we take out this rebar and replace it with a whole bunch more concrete so we'll leave that as concrete because that's the top where the compression is and we'll replace the rebar with a whole bunch more concrete of area n times the area of the steel that was there let's see put in some numbers for n here what do I have the way we're doing it will keep n as greater than 1 so it gives us a whole bunch more of the concrete so I'll put the steel on top 29 times 10 to the sixth for the steel 0.6 times 10 to the sixth for the concrete so you can see the concrete is an awful lot lower in the modulus of elasticity what's that 8.06 so we've taken out this little tiny bit of area of the rebar and put in 8 times more of that same area of the concrete to be able to absorb that much so let's see I have that area the area of the that's two bars in my analysis cell times the area of a 5.8 inch diameter so that total area of rebar you know that's just a pi r squared but then times two because I have two of them so the equivalent area of the concrete I don't know if I even have that number on hand here in the little picture no not quite but it's 8.06 times that number that's the area of this replacement concrete okay so far the next thing we need to do of course is find out just how thick that piece is we need to locate that neutral axis because we're assuming that takes all of the compression above and then all of the tension below is in the neutral axis alright so we'll use this this tends to be a little bit simpler I think for these kind of shapes so let's see why bar above we know where the centroid of that is so that's pretty easy to do so that's a distance x over 2 down we'll take the top as the reference y bar above x over 2 that's where the centroid of the upper piece is by above I mean above the neutral axis which we're trying to locate with that value x and it's area it was 12 inches so it's 12 by 6 sorry x 12 by x so that's y bar a above and the summation means just in case we had other shapes here we might have had a T shape here or something in fact we'll do that kind of example in a second we just add them up take the total area total of y bar a product above and that's got to equal the same y bar a below now let's see a is easy that's NAS yes we already got that number where it's located though it's located a distance let's see this is 4 inches down we're 4 inches down to that rebar and so the distance is 4 inches minus x below the x axis oh I'm sorry this we're not really doing this with reference we're referring to things from the neutral axis is that 4 inches so it's 4 inches from the top is where the rebar is you're right to the middle of the rebar so this distance then what do you mean to the middle of the beam because that 4 and the other drawing is from the top from the top down to the rebar that's what I drew here from the top down to the rebar it's in the middle of the rebar however don't worry again about the thickness of that piece we already know what its area is we don't care what its width is or its thickness we care what its area is and that's what we got and so we're essentially assuming it's very very thin so this the distance below the neutral axis is then 4 minus x and so y bar a below the neutral axis y bar is 4 minus x and a is n as alright so that's with reference to this neutral axis we're trying to locate not from the top like I think I said like I know I said alright that's an equation with a single unknown x we know what n is that's the ratio of the moduli we know what a s is that's the original area of the rebar and so we can then determine that x is less than so x equals 1.45 inches that's the distance down from the that's the thickness of this upper part of concrete that's taking all of the compression and that's our new neutral axis and then now we can finish the rest of the calculation to find these stresses the next part we need if we're looking for the maximum stress of the sea the next part we need is that moment of inertia moment of area second moment of area of the transformed cross section that's this piece here of the cross section we'll assume m is given in fact I'll just give it to you in a second when we need it it's just one of those plug-in numbers that we've got alright this is a little bit trickier than well it's not trickier it's actually easier except that the little bit of step we might miss is is an easy one to forget remember we have to do this using the parallel axis theorem for each of the parts of our cross section in this case it's just the concrete above the neutral axis and the replaced steel below the neutral axis I see remember is there a centroidal moment of inertia so that's if you remember for rectangular pieces this is one-twelfth b h cubed where in this case h for the upper part is x so it's one-twelfth b which is our twelve inch width times x cubed and that we have we just found the x plus the parallel axis theorem part which is b times x and then d is the location of the centroid from the neutral axis which is one-half x in this case because x is the width of that upper part and then that's squared because that's a d squared that's for just this upper part b is the width twelve x is the thickness remember we just located the neutral axis by saying however much above and however much below the sums of those area moments so that's just the piece above we need to do the same thing with the part below for its centroidal moment of inertia is and I'm going to put that just as I see for right now I'm not going to do one-twelfth b h cubed because we don't know how wide this is we don't know how thick it is I told you to ignore that we do know its area it's n as and then d squared is the four minus x that we had before and then that's squared so that's a d squared right there four minus x is the d squared there's a d squared right there so that's the contribution below the neutral axis which remember is located distance x from the top above neutral axis below neutral axis alright here comes the thing that actually makes things much easier well not much it's just some easier but it's also easy to forget this moment of inertia of the concrete replacement of the steel we're going to take as so thin we don't even care what its thinness is we're going to take it as so thin that its moment of inertia is zero and we won't even count it we won't even bother calculating it it just makes things a little bit easier since we don't know what its thickness is anyway we don't know what its width is we could I guess pick values but that's as artificial as any we're doing anyway so all these numbers we have b is twelve x is the one point four five n is eight point oh six area is the point six one four we've got all those numbers so we can just plug everything in and calculate those numbers should come out to forty four point four inches to the fourth remember that's the moment of inertia of the transformed cross section and so then now we can the maximum stresses each of the pieces the top is in compression the bottom is in tension so we're doing that in the concrete remember that's what we left there so we just do this straight MCI where c is actually x the distance to the top of the concrete from the neutral axis we're looking at just the concrete in compression above and I'll give you a moment now to just hang all this on forty inches and so we've got all these numbers now forty is the moment c for the upper part of the concrete here in compression for the distance the farthest distance of the material from the neutral axis to remember the farther away we are from the neutral axis the distance grows so that c is the same as x in this case 1.45 so that's part of the ease of calculating x from the top is we're going to need that number several times and then I is what we just calculated the 44.4 inches to the fourth so we'll get kips per square inch the compressive stress of the concrete per square inch 1.31 in compression now for the steel in tension below the we're going to assume the steel takes all of that tension remember that was our transformation we assume that none of the concrete below can absorb any of the tension even though it can that's going to be n times the very same numbers except that we have a different c this is the concrete c, this is the steel c because they're different distances from the neutral axis the steel can hold a lot more stress so you know we have to multiply by n and we already have all the units worked out from the same number above this steel distance from the neutral axis is the 4 minus x which is what 2 point and so that comes out to be 18.5 much much more than the sorry the concrete could stand earlier sneeze can't get more than one bless you a day because the steel can hold a lot more stress than the concrete can so you know it must be bigger that's why we put the steel down there because it can hold so much more stress if you divide by 8.06 or have the n upside down then this is going to be a very very small number and your calculation is going to be that there's no stress anticipated down here you might as well put in Kleenex which is not well known as a structural material you know from the direction these things should be this has got to be a lot bigger because that's the steel the steel can hold a lot more stress so now that the stress profile looks something like a maximum of 1.3 sorry the tension in the concrete 18.5 that's the tension is our profile look like that now remember we're assuming that this concrete that's down here takes actually since we're assuming that this concrete takes none of it our stress profile is actually like this sorry the let me try to make it a little bit more accurate here's the bottom of the beam here's the steel it's the steel that can take this 18.5 the steel itself is really only that thick that's the part that's in tension because remember we're assuming that the rest of that concrete can't hold any of the tension we've taken it completely out of the calculation that's our true stress profile for our design purposes because we're assuming that the rest of this concrete can't absorb any of that tension anyway certainly not this much so we just take it out of the calculation entirely man a lot went by there yeah no no because the width it just repeats itself you know there's more load as it gets wider but we have more material holding the load by the same amount so this is the cross section the depth we assume to be the same all the way along in real design you're going to have to take into account that things change at the sides because there's different supports here loads expected there this is adequate for the center of the beam we don't need to change any of the numbers for the increasing width because it just it just repeats itself over and over okay see we got ah we got 10 minutes for you to do your own problem back on the boat concrete TV which is here on those width of the flanges 18 inches top to bottom 6 inch thickness down there which is up from the bottom we have 2 3 bar this is a typical floor beam that bottom part is going to be in tension top part is going to be in compression so the concrete is going to be in compression so maximum allowable stress is 3 ksi first that will be the top part in compression and for the rebar assume a tension maximum allowable stress of 40 ksi nowhere near what the concrete can handle alone so that's the purpose of the rebar so the rebar diameter 1 inch so find the maximum allowable moment then so the type of thing where you've got these beams available they're right out of the catalog easily manufactured so you want to find out what the maximum moment oh sorry oh no we've got this 22 inches across the top but that's the 8 plus the 8 plus the 6 sorry no yeah same no I've got slightly different numbers for some reason 29 times 10 to the 6 psi over 3.8 times 10 to the 6 psi so for whatever reason slightly different ones there'll be a factor of safety in all of these calculations anyway I can speed you up with some of the numbers the area of the rebar those 2 1 inch diameter rebar we'll have an area of 1.571 times AS which will be the area of the concrete you replace 11 point we're going to leave the concrete alone up top above the neutral axis and we don't know where that is remember because that's the neutral axis of the transform section figure it's going to be somewhere in there and then we take out all the bottom concrete the rebar and replace it with a big long fat strip of concrete to absorb the stress so we need to figure out where that neutral axis is and remember that's by balancing Y bar A above which is now a composite shape but it's 2 simple rectangles and that's got to be equal to Y bar A below which will allow you to place the neutral axis in fact of all the calculations that's probably the toughest one so let's do that for now I happen to do it like this we already know that thickness here is 4 inches so what we really need is fat distance there as the only unknown so if you do it that same way then we can prepare numbers easily of course makes that distance 16 minus X because that's where the rebar is 16 inches down from the bottom of the flange it's 2 inches of concrete below the rebar we're throwing out of the calculation in fact if you want to see this business in action it's very easy in New York State because all of our bridges are crumbling if you drive under the bridges you'll see a lot of this concrete cracked and breaking away and even rust colored because now the rebar is getting exposed to water and salt and so underneath all the bridges you'll see the big chunks of this concrete is popping off and just the rebar is left so if you might want to become religious as you go over in New York State Bridges you can get for X that seems to be the the trickiest part of the calculation I is a little bit tricky you remember I is for the transformed cross-section and that D is measured from this this neutral axis there's a transform cross-section there's some fast on this stuff you must remember that X as I calculated is from the bottom of that T so if you do that same thing we can compare numbers get confused I'm finding a Y bar without doing a little chart thing if that's easier for you to do it that way do it that way so Y bar at the top will be 4 plus X for the top Y bar A will break it into two pieces that piece and that piece and so above we know that Y bar for piece 1 is going to be X plus half of that which is 2 2 plus X and then the whole area of that piece 1 is 22 by 4 Y bar is X over 2 we don't know that's what we're looking for and its area is 6 by X that's piece 2 do you think that makes sense so it's once you write out it's not really worth the table but you can certainly do it that way if you'd like and then for the bottom piece its Y bar is 16 minus X and its area is NAS and then that'll give you an equation for X because if you don't draw it like that what else would you draw just like the straight theme across you have to keep some of that C in there well I guess it's possible the neutral axis could be actually up here but if you do that I guess the X is now negative you sort of visually are balancing these things if you cut these out of cardboard then they balance at some place about where X is and remember this is under drawn by quite a bit that's actually almost 12 square inches that Y bar piece 1 is 2 plus X that's a piece 1 that's Y bar it's the distance of the centroid of section 1 from the neutral axis which is X plus 2 because that's 4 so it's halfway across that piece so it's 2 plus X down to the neutral axis so we don't have to reference this yeah we don't have to reference this from the top or the bottom neutral axis yeah I think I misplayed that on the very first part when I was introducing this and then piece 2 is the same alright we're at the end of time I gotta run to the other class so let me give you these numbers as I have you can double check them X drawn from the bottom of the flange there is 0.1573 inches and then I remember the centroidal moment of inertia of this strip you take as 0 so you'll have pieces 1, 2 and then that bottom piece to contribute to the moment of inertia 35, 35, 7 so see if you get those same numbers inches to the fourth and then you have to calculate maximum moment for each of these because one of them is going to fail before the other and then you have to take whichever one is lowest so the maximum moment for the concrete is 2551 based on the concrete limit 5 inches then you have to redo that calculation for the steel remember n will be in there and there will be a different c distance and then it relaxes that that you get 1170 so that will be the controlling one because it's smaller if you put a moment of 2551 the concrete will be okay but the steel will fail means this class will be 4 hours on 3


Well, in the last 10 meetings on the gridiron, Bemidji and Brainerd have written the perfect script of what a true rivalry looks like. A 5-5 split right down the middle with games coming down to the wire in the fourth quarter. Did you expect anything different from the meeting Saturday? Pivotal matchup for both teams. He's sitting at two and two on the season. And let's fast forward to the second quarter. Game tied at seven. Max Zimmerman is going to take it into the house from 12 yards out, four years up by a touchdown early. The Jacks, though, respond in suing drive. Jake B. Berg fakes it to Caleb Grant instead. Kelvin fouls with the ball, 19 yards for the score. And we're all tied at 21. Then back to Brainerd, Sam Miller time. Finds Max Bowen across the middle of the field. He tumbles in for six more, for his retake the lead by a score. Again, the homecoming crowd, they were loving it, but the Jacks kept responding. Have we seen this play before? If it's not broke, don't fix it. Mr. Foss again, this time from 52 yards, and it's 21 all. The legend Ron Stolzke thinking, how do we stop these guys from scoring? Well, after trailing the entire game, Bemidji finally takes the lead with less than six minutes left. Alec White is in, and the visitors are up by three, but Stolzke and Brainerd write the perfect end of the homecoming script. Charlie Geertz, come on down. You get to play here, a one-yard score. That ended up being your game winner and what a game it was back and forth, but the Warriors grind it out 47-43 and moved to three and two on the season. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


In this demonstration we're looking at Newton's first law. Newton's first law states that an object continues in its state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted on by net external force. Now this may seem counterintuitive to you. If I take a brick I have to push on it to get it moving in the first place so it would seem like its natural state of motion is to be a rest. Or once I get it started moving it very quickly comes to a stop. So again it seems like it's trying to remain a rest rather than in a state of constant velocity. But what we want to do today is look at this in terms of forces which are acting on it to either resist an increase in its velocity or to cause it to decrease in velocity. And that force of course we're talking about is friction. This brick has a lot of friction acting on it. Friction acts opposite the direction of motion. So if I push the brick and it moves this way the friction of the table on the brick will act this way on it. And it actually serves as an unbalanced force which causes it to decrease velocity and eventually come to a stop. Let's do that one more time. So to show that friction really is the culprit in this case what we need to do is reduce the friction and see what the results are. I can do that by using a cart with wheels on it and put the brick on the cart. Now when I give it a push first of all it was easier to get it started in the first place but it also went further. Now it did slow down. Take another look at that. But not nearly as much or as quickly as it did when the brick was directly on the table. Now I can reduce the friction even more by using a cart that has special low friction wheels. Now I'll put the brick on it. I'll have to put it sideways on this small cart. Give it a push. It doesn't take much of one. And it just seems to keep going with the velocity that I originally gave it. So here friction is almost zero and the object continues. Once I push the object and it reaches a particular velocity then it remains at that velocity very nearly so. Because I have removed the friction which would be an unbalanced force acting on it this way. Let's extend our argument further as far as we can go. In front of me is an air track. It has a row of holes, actually four rows of holes along the track. And when I turn on the air supply it will force the air out. And so this glider will ride on a cushion of air much as a puck would ride on an air hockey table. Now without the air coming out you can see that there's a lot of friction. If I give the glider a push it very quickly comes to a stop. Now I'm going to turn the air on and we'll see what happens. So you can see that the glider traveled a lot further and in fact didn't come to a stop until I actually brought it to a stop. Now there is a little bit of friction even with the air coming out. And if the track is tilted slightly that would also either accelerate or decelerate the cart. But I think you can see that without by reducing the friction as much as possible the cart continues its motion.


Hi and welcome to Neighborhood Watch. Neighborhood Watch brings communities together to share safety information, reports suspicious activity and to fight crime. The new Neighborhood Watch online community enables you to get involved in Neighborhood Watch wherever you are, whenever you want to. You could be in a park and get involved by using your smartphone or even while you're out walking the dog. You could even get involved in it from the kitchen. It's that easy. Be active in your local community, engage with your neighbors and together we can build a safer community for all Queenslanders. Become your neighborhood crime fighter and sign up for more information at nhwq.org Authorised by the Queensland Government, Brisbane.


So hello and thank you for joining us today for today's public good app house demo event So joining me today. We have Tina row coo and co-founder at every dot org a nonprofit for nonprofits building an accessible giving infrastructure to help every person in organization use technology for good Tina is going to teach us how to generate a free donate button or link for your organization and receive cash to avoid Additional accounting or legal hassles Hello, everyone. My name is Tina row co-founder and COO of every dot org Today, I want to talk to you about an easy and free way to accept crypto donations for your nonprofit Traditionally only a small number of nonprofits accept crypto because there's a lot of barriers It's been technical or costly to set up. It's time-consuming to understand a new concept like cryptocurrency There's the risk of a new volatile asset There's the additional operational burden that the team has to take on such as filing IRS forms 80 to 82 there's tricky accounting guidelines and Regulations are super in flux right now However, crypto is becoming more and more prevalent today In fact, 21 million or 14% of adults in the US own crypto and 66% of remaining are crypto curious meaning they're thinking about purchasing crypto within the next 12 months and Fidelity Charitable found that crypto holders are super charitable nearly half of donated $1,000 or more to charity in 2020 compared to one-third of all investors and Right now donating crypto is highly tax advantage It is a non taxable event So donors may be able to get a huge tax deduction as well as save on the capital gains tax So it's becoming more important now than ever for nonprofits to understand this new way that donors want to give Every dot org we believe that nonprofits should not have to be technical to benefit from crypto In fact over 1 million us 501d3 public charities can already accept crypto support with every dot org As a 501d3 charity every dot org's mission is to build an accessible giving Infrastructure to help every person and organization use technology for good including crypto for us This means reducing the barriers to adopt to all of the new ways that people are giving today including cryptocurrency We wanted something to work out of the box We want it to be easy and free for all nonprofits small and large technical or not to benefit from the solution Through every dot org's unique solution nonprofits can receive cash and never touch crypto Therefore your organization doesn't have to take on any additional risk Similar to a donor advice fund or death crypto donations are made out to every dot org Converted to cash then granted out to your organization in cash This simplifies the legal accounting and operational burdens for your organization So those considerations that I covered volatility Receipts regulations accounting reporting every dot org handles all of those by auto converting to cash Write the moment that the crypto donation is made Automating the tax deductible receipts doing the accounting and reporting and irs form filing and handling compliance And getting started is super easy nonprofits can generate a button for their nonprofit in seconds at every dot org slash crypto So they could enter their name or EIN And then they'll be sent to a page where they could copy and paste the code for a crypto button for their website right there or They'll be provided with a link that they can send out in emails or in their social media or Nonprofits can also opt in for the free all-in-one donate button that also helps nonprofits accept stocks mutual funds Apple pay Google pay Paypal and more we basically want to make it super easy for nonprofits to navigate the all of the different ways that people are giving today So here's how it works on the back end and how the money gets to your organization when someone uses the donate crypto button We use Coinbase as our exchange on the back end and Coinbase allows us to automatically convert the cryptocurrency into US dollars Coinbase charges us a fee of 1% for a good fee that will be taken out of the donation however, there are no fees from every dot org and Depending on the way that your nonprofit is connected So if you add a bank account to every dot org then we do direct deposits on a weekly basis or upon request And it's completely free forever Otherwise, if you never interact with every dot org, that's also okay So we send our money to network for good who is our disbursement partner who also partners with Facebook fundraisers and Amazon Smile and other third-party donation platforms They charge us a fee of 2.25 percent for the disbursement However, that is being completely covered by every dot org right now for this crypto donation flow So there is no reason for your nonprofit to reject your next crypto donor And you can get started today Nonprofits you can get your free crypto donate button or link in seconds at every dot org slash crypto or schedule a free demo with us We could just talk about crypto whether it's a fit and Donors you can support your favorite nonprofit today at every dot org slash donate crypto. That's it. Thank you so much


Good afternoon everyone. My name is Sam Chadwick and I am in the innovation team at Thompson Reuters and I am accompanied by Tim Nugent who is in our research and development team. And we thought we'd spend today talking about some of the things that Thompson Reuters has been doing over the last two years in the Ethereum space. But we thought we'd start because over the last couple of days, I've realized that not a lot of you know who Thompson Reuters are. We are famous for our Reuters news agency that delivers news to over a billion people around the planet every day. But what you may not be aware of is that the majority of our business comes from three business units where we are a trusted information provider for professional services across financial and risk, tax and accounting and legal. So our journey here started a couple of years ago because I'm based in Zug, which as you Port mentioned has been coined as Crypto Valley now. And I'd gone back to study a degree at Oxford and was hunting for a dissertation topic. And Vitalik's paper came out and a lot of the people or media were picking it up saying, well, this is going to disrupt the financial services tremendously. And given that a large proportion of our revenue comes from the financial services business, the question was, well, how's that going to impact us? So of course, not knowing where Ethereum was based, I reached out to Vitalik. These were the days before he was famous, so he was very happy to answer my email, fortunately, and we met up for a coffee in Zug. I had no idea that he lived two kilometres down the road from me. He more or less said very quickly, you guys need to be an oracle. The financial services industry trusts you, you're an information provider, and we need to bring those capabilities to Ethereum. So the journey really started there. And as I was looking at the space, the question became, so what part of financial services is likely to get impacted first? So we put together a model that we call the three V's model, volume, value and venue. You can't see the venue axis that's going in and out of the page, but it's essentially the difference between centralized and decentralized venues. But on the axis that I've decided to talk about today, you've got value on the y-axis and volume of transactions on the x-axis. So if you look at the top right corner, so this is the global capital segment, foreign exchange, public equity exchanges, government bonds. These are incredibly sophisticated markets today, decades worth of improvements. Yes, people point at them and say they work inefficiently, but actually the time and effort it's going to take to migrate those industries and those markets is quite considerable. So we're not saying it won't happen, we're just saying that probably that won't be the place where it starts first. So if you go to the opposite end, this is the retail space, peer-to-peer lending, music royalties, gambling. You've seen a lot of startups starting to attack this space, it's really interesting, there's a lot of activity here. It's not really a space for Thompson Reuters, it's not one that we play in today. So in the bottom right, you've got the machine age, and this I think will be a huge opportunity for blockchain technologies. Internet of Things, we were already seeing companies like Gollum with distributed computation and IXX downstairs. So for us, we felt this was a bit early, we started doing this analysis as I mentioned almost two years ago. So the question we came, what about this last segment? These are the big ticket items, high value, low volume transactions, venture capital, private equity, over the counter derivatives, syndicated loans. This is where we decided to focus our effort. These are the markets that we believe were going to move first. So having sat down with Vitalik and him having told me, well, we really need an oracle, I thought that rather than just believe him outright, let's have a think about what data would be needed from an off-chain provider like us. So looking at the conditional transaction dependencies, you can obviously create lots of smart contract opportunities using on-chain data. It doesn't really need an oracle, the data is already there that you can reference. But as we looked more and more, we realized that he was indeed right, which you probably shouldn't have doubted him. And the majority of opportunities are actually those that require off-chain data. And I think in the last two years since we did this, that hypothesis has been validated over and over. So we looked at all of these and thought, you know, the probably the space to start is benchmarked and values for derivatives, given that that fell squarely into that top left quadrant from the previous slide. So we created a capability that we've called block one IQ. Block one IQ is an oracle. It's in beta, but it's live and it works and it's compatible with both quarter and Ethereum. We've been talking with the JP Morgan guys about making extending compatibility to quorum as well, but that shouldn't be very much effort at all. And the data sets we've started with are share prices. So exchange, public exchange equity data, foreign exchange data, corporate actions, which are things like mergers, buybacks, stock splits, dividends, coupons, anything where there's a change. Cryptocurrency rates from our partner company, Crypto Compare. Financial benchmarks. So these are things like LIBOR rates that a lot of the derivatives around the world today reference. And then the knowledge graph, which I might discuss now, but I'll come back to you later. So the problem facing us was slightly different to some of the other oracle players that are following us later today, in that they needed to create trust first, but customers already trust us. We're the trusted information provider for the majority of the financial services industry. So our problem was slightly different. It's been around enabling the Ethereum community with high quality trusted data. So this is the place we've chosen to start. We can only support today non-production POCs run on private ledgers. I know this is a limitation. We're working on this. But a majority of the problems for us reside around content licensing barriers. So when you look at Block One IQ, we ask for you to think about creating a consortium, a group of organizations that are going to use this as opposed to just reaching out to try and kick the tires. And I should add that it's free. We're not charging anything for this. We want to enable you guys to see what you can do with it. So with that, I'm going to hand over to Tim, who's going to show you a bit more about the capabilities. Thank you, Sam. So this is essentially the landing page for Block One IQ at the moment. So if you visit this site, you can download some architectural schemes, APIs, documentation and some other downloads. And actually, and so this is the Thompson Reuters developer community website. And if you click around, actually, there's some links to some other APIs that we offer. So last year I demonstrated another offering, something called Block One ID, which is essentially an identity resolution system which connects Ethereum addresses with OAuth 2 credentials. So if you click around, you can also find that. So have a look around this website. When you're ready to sign up, you'll be faced with this page. We ask that you sign up to certain terms and conditions. Most of the data that you will have access to is proprietary. And in many cases, we license it from third parties. So fill in all the details. Tell us a little bit about your project and your plans. And when you click submit, I think Sam will get a notification. There will be some legal documentation that may need to be attended to. If everything goes through, you will receive access and a login to our self-serve system. So this is our self-serve system. It's very much a work in progress. But this allows us to do some sort of onboarding and whitelisting of your contracts. So very simply, just to add a few users, you can do that here by adding names, emails and setting whether they are a user or an admin, for example. Do that and then you click through, you get to this bit where you can configure your deployment. So I think as Sam mentioned, this service is only available for private change at the moment. So put in your deployment name, other details, for example, RPC host, RPC port, a default account. Click through and you can see what the configuration looks like. Now, from this page, it gets a bit more interesting. If you hit the orange button, this allows you to add a contract. So say you have a trade contract, you can click on that button, put in the address of that contract. And what essentially happens here is that address is being whitelisted with our service. So our Oracle contract will see that the request for data has come from a whitelisted contract. And as long as it's on that whitelist, we will be able to send data back to you. You can also click on the contracts button and you can see the list of the contracts you've added. And you can edit that. Once you've set that up, the Oracle contract address will also be visible. So you will know the address to hit with your requests. There's also a little test interface, so you can test requesting and receiving data. So we've got a very small sample of the different requests you can make. So end of day prices, intraday, interest rates, cryptocurrency rates. So select your symbol from the drop-down, hit submit, and a block later, the data will come back. And here it's simply represented as a JSON object. If you go and look at our API, you can be quite selective with exactly what you request and exactly what is returned. And you can tailor that to the needs of your smart contract. So that's pretty much the self-service, quite straightforward. On our roadmap is to provide an API which will expose most of this functionality such that registering smart contracts with our Oracle can all be done quickly off-chain. So just to make this a little bit more tangible, a couple of examples of some assets that we've modeled to demonstrate interactivity with our Oracle. So this is an equity swap contract. It essentially has two legs, an interest rate leg and an equity leg. So there are two sort of streams of payment here. One is based on the performance of an equity, so here the S&P 500 or an equity index as the case may be. And on the other leg, it's typically based on an interest rate, which in this case is libel. So when the contract is instantiated by either party A or party B, at the moment the request to the Oracle was made on-chain. But we're adapting our functionality so that could be made via a signed message off-chain. But at the point of instantiation, a request is sent to our Oracle and in this case it will request two symbols, the S&P 500, SPX and also libel. And you can configure how regularly you want the response data to come back. It could be an end of day or it could be a single point in the future. So when the stature is delivered by our Oracle, the two values, the SPX and libel are updated. And these values are used to calculate the value of the two legs. So with the equity leg, this will be based on the notional, which is a trade parameter you can see in the bottom left-hand corner. And it will be the notional multiplied by the percentage change in the S&P 500. For the interest rate leg, that is essentially libel plus basis points, which is another one of these trade parameters. And the tenor here is essentially the duration of the trade. So using the values from our Oracle, the value of these two legs can be calculated. And here we have a very simple ERC-20 settlement. So you can see how the prices that arrive from our Oracle further down the line drive the movement of these tokens to settle these two legs. Slightly more elaborate one here. So this is an ERC-20 token basket. So this might be an actively managed contract or basket of ERC-20 tokens. So at the bottom left you have a manager. The manager will assign weights to the tokens held within the basket. At the point of assigning these weights, this request is sent on-chain or off-chain to our Oracle saying, essentially this contract requests the price, the values of these specific tokens. So these tokens and other cryptocurrency values come from CryptoCompare, as Sam mentioned. When those values arrive, those values are used in combination with the allocations that are currently held to call this evaluation function. And using this evaluation function we can come up with a, we can calculate a value for the overall token basket. Depending on performance, whether things go well or go badly, investors who are these parties, ABC, down at the bottom can either invest or withdraw. Ether, and depending on that investment, using a hook out to your favourite decentralized exchange protocol, tokens can either be purchased or sold to keep the allocation in check. Right, so that's it from me. I will pass back to Sam who will talk about some of our learnings from these experiences and also a little bit about our future roadmap. Great, thanks Tim. So as he mentioned, I think going through this over the last couple of years, Tim was here this time last year or in Shanghai rather, talking about Block1ID. And this was one of the biggest learning points as we set forward into looking at how we make our content available. And for those of you that weren't here last year, this is Block1ID. It was a capability that we had to create in order to honour the content licensing and permissioning arrangements that we're responsible for as we distribute content that we aggregate through to the ultimate consumer. Block1ID is essentially an address mapping service. So slightly different to some of the other identity capabilities that you've heard from. But it means that we can take an OAuth address like Google, Twitter, LinkedIn and map it to an Ethereum address. And therefore we know and DAP developers know when a user is returning that they are through a pop-up asked to authenticate themselves and then you know that that's the same user coming back even if they have different Ethereum addresses that they're using. So this was the first step. It was around identity of users in order to honour content licensing. The second learning point was around identifiers. So if I asked you what the ticker symbol C stands for today, then you would be right if you answered city group. But if I had asked you that same question in 1998, the answer would have been Chrysler. And the problem is that these tickers across the financial services industry get recycled.  So we created an open capability. It's called a perm ID and you can all access it today at permid.org. It essentially creates permanent identifiers for entities, which means you can always reference that number and always have confidence that it's going to return the information that you require even if the industry symbols are recycled. So take a look at permid.org. It doesn't have to be blockchain related. This is open and works for everything and it's available under a Creative Commons license. So I'll finish in the last minute with what's next. So firstly, we're looking to expand data coverage. I mentioned a few earlier, but we're already having organizations come to us now and saying can you please add electricity prices, natural gas prices, other commodities information. We've had interest in supply chain in general. And so is my request out to you or my first request out to you is if you have needs for other content sets, then do come and talk to us. It's not limited to what we've shown in this first beta. That was just a place to start. And secondly, we have a capability called KYC as a service. We do this for all the banks already. And one of our hypotheses is can we be a KYC service for investors, for initial coin offerings, for advisors, for law firms? Can you take advantage of the capabilities that we have that we would traditionally use in banks and use those same capabilities and data and information in your identity activities? So if you think that's appealing, please come and talk to me because that's something that we're thinking about working on right now.