Hi, good afternoon everyone. I see that this is probably my best attended session ever Let's first prove that I'm not going to be bullshitting here and let's Well, I could but so for those of you who know this This is the output that you actually get when you're booting from our chemistry so This laptop is actually running our chemistry trees at this very moment and it has been since January of this year I've told this to a bunch of people and they were like yeah, you should tell people about how you did this because it's not trivial and I can tell you even after this it will still be tricky and I can give some pointers, but It's still a lot of custom stuff, but we'll get to that So first note, I've heard that marketing doesn't like it when you call it atomic because it's not for the red atomic host So officially, it's I can only use the name our pmo s3 because that's what I based on And I'm not using the official atomic place. That's just to keep the marketing people happy Yeah, like it the internal name if it's displayed here Not so it is Is paid right, please That's the name I gave it I'm not very imaginative with names in case you wonder So a Little bit of the background limitations of why you would want to use it and why not I would set it up which is going to be the most tricky part And then some of my experience up last month So why would you use it well? The entire root file system is read-only and the entire thing is signed Which means that even if a single thing has changed Underneath the read-only parts You will know you will see that because if you notice the output it actually says Good signature from my signing key to the entire tree is signed and I'm currently running raw hide on this and I updated this morning Which I dare to because if it failed which it did you can easily refer to the previous one like they finally fixed the case where Dr. Nessie limits don't communicate and now they broke wireless Yeah wireless, so oh nice. Yeah So also if you want to know more about row height, there's a talk about that just across this wall And the last reason for me is it's fun, I guess it's a challenge Why not I like challenging things like maintaining open stack stuff like that Okay Limitations So there's no workstation trees available as of yet. I know that Dave is working on that But that means that you will most likely need to build your own trees Because you will want custom packages and you cannot install that currently I Heard they're working on layering, but as far as I know, that's not working fully yet Another thing is like Which I really noticed is that atomic or arping West free. It's out there but it has a lot of bugs and the fixes come slowly if If at all like there's a few bugs that I've opened which they're saying like that's Because another dependency doesn't want to use a library they won't use it like for example combs groups are not supported in tree files so you will need to Specify every single package you want in your tree by hand Because it doesn't support combs trees because lip comps won't use g lipsy Ask Colin Walters for more Well, I will come to that later because I've got a workaround Right, but they don't want to do that because they're not in the business of combs groups There's a whole lot of people that say like yeah, it's not my it's theirs So since you can't add packages You would like to use either docker or virtual machines or perhaps flat pack when I can finally get that working to run actual applications Because I do want to get development done Yeah, I do because I'm a software engineer actually that's what I'm paid to do So I've actually decided to go mostly the docker route and That means you will need to lead to learn a bunch of that To get started and make it work That's just things you should take into account before Going this route because it in the end it might be good. It will cost you a lot of pain to set up So setting it up as I said you will want to start with creating a custom tree Then you will deploy the tree provision and tests and everything and then Finally, hopefully do some work if you ever get there So for creating a tree right from the start you get a bunch of decisions to make like which packages do you want Some people will want to know I'd have I3 for example some people will want Emacs I use Vim and No, I'm not getting into any wires here. There is no war. Okay You will also need to choose which OS version you want to use because not everyone want to use raw hide How you're going to deliver it because You would want to compose it somewhere You could theoretically do that on your machine, but I prefer not to So I have a separate Compose machine which just runs a crumb job to every I think it's five minutes currently Try to compose a new tree and then if it managed to compose it push it to s3 Where I can then download it from because it's Cheap easy storage that has an embedded web server So you would want to decide on these things before moving forward because they kind of decided the rest of the files So then you will create you should create an initial tree file. There is some documentation on it But I will also give you the link to my own tree files because all of my setup is public and You can just base it off on that You will probably want some scripts because you don't want to rerun RPM tree compose and push it every time manually and Generate a signing key which you will need to keep secure for which I would suggest to go back in time and visit Nathaniel's help As I said RPM OS 3 files do not support comps groups But what I've got a python script that just ingests a comp a tree file resolves the comps groups and Spits a complete a expanded tree file That's also my repository. So you can just grab it from there After that you run our plume s3 compose to actually compose the tree file into a tree and it Hope that it works because I Will promise you the first few times you will hit upon a few this package could not be found in the repo and stuff like that There's also a few packages, which you cannot install like Dracood Rescue because it will break the entire compose There's a bug over for that, but They're not willing to fix it last I've heard They publish it install it which we'll come to next Test it and Let her rinse repeat you will likely go through this cycle a lot of times I've lost count. I think that my very first definition came to about a hundred trees before I started using it for daily use It's getting better, but Well I Was using for 23 at the time to start with so That wasn't the main issue the main issue is like You will find out that there are packages which should be pulled in but aren't like for example IP tables is no longer pulled in if you install Docker you will need a hard manual require IP tables because That bug is still open in bugzilla somewhere Yes, like now did the number of hundred or something that is like when it was ready for me for daily use so When it included Docker and virtualization and everything that I wanted for daily use To get a first tree booting is a lot less hard. It's just a lot of cycles to find which packages you want Because Like Sorry say again Yes, you could do that But then you get a whole lot of packages which default installed drowson which you might not want But yes, you could totally start with that and then Remove from that I Am I do when I point them and it's not Docker Because I'm not sure how well the Docker people people like it when you touch it their package Yeah, yeah, it was a requires colon IP tables that they were missing But yeah, I've hit a lot of other bugs that where they are missing dependencies I've I think I found most Yeah, I saw that you finally close the bug No, you reassigned it and now it got fixed I think So for deploying a tree My the two methods I prefer to use are a net install image where you just Put the Kickstarter on the file itself or what I do at home is a pixie boot So the fully automated regular image re-image is something that I actually do because RQM Westry has some Garbage collection issues where it doesn't actually clean up everything from previous trees So what I do on my laptop I think every month is just hook it up to the network booted from pixie and the entire OS will get re-imaged But all of my data will still be there because that's on a separate Sorry So That is this month that is used in kick starts to actually kick off a OS tree deployment There my full kick starts also in the repose so you can also look at that But kicks are slightly personal because of Sorry Partitions, sorry So what I've got is I have a Volume group which has a of 250 gigs 30 gig So it's part of slash boot slash evi 30 gig home boot 50 or 80 gig home and rest is left free for docker So the docker story setup just sets that up as the use storage Right except that your slice should be big enough for at least two trees The trees are one tree in the differences their diffs, okay, mostly but as I said, they have some issues with the Garbage collection so it will grow slowly over time. I Hope they will fix that and do time No diff is within the trees The Actually, no, I was saying it's correct first time it will store two full trees Because the entire tree is signed the entire thing starts because Yeah, yeah, I like it I Think that things that are the same will not be duplicated because it's a git like ish method they use Like they're using the same object system that get is also using The tree objects and the Pointer that tells it which objects are for that tree So where's that? Yes, I Think you do like the metadata should support it I'm not sure the tooling that's yet, but the tooling does support signing separately. So I guess Because that's that stored in the metadata and that's the very first file it downloads And that contains the reference to the objects so it's Top-down it signs them. I think it signs the metadata and then that points all of the objects what I Believe they were doing But don't pin me on that detail because that's an implementation detail and not a hundred percent sure Yes, so part one you couldn't Because read only and part two. Yes, that would break Because you would need to modify the underlying objects So for myself because I reprevisioned automatically I built a tool secure provisioning which just Automatically decrypts passwords Upon reinstalling So that I don't actually have to be there when it's provisioning You could even do that for larger scales setups and If you want to you can ask me more about the details and it also does all public everything of this is public Sorry No, well the the file containing the passwords is kind of if you know the server stack of my machine you can get the file The passwords themselves are not They're encrypted with the TPM in here and a you be key No because you be key for certificates doesn't use the press to Like it's the x5-9 sir smart card that it's using So My experience is that it's I Like it personally As I said, it's not for faint of heart. It will take Quite a while for you to get used to if you decide to go to route It will take quite a while to get set up until we get a tree from Somewhere else like David and It is quite nice that you can roll back like as I said I upgraded this morning It didn't work. You just roll back and you're back to a known good system Which is also ideal for example in a managed environment for companies you might want to use this because employees can't meddle with the local system all too much and If an update fails You can just roll back to previous one So that should lessen support cost probably Yes a question. Have you tried using ns poem to put at the same time Another point of the tree or the same one where you're sorry say again, you know ns poem the System this stuff to run like another container. Oh, right, right? Do you think it will be possible or have you tried using that to put another instance? I have not tried that that would be interesting thing to do Actually Yeah, that That sounds like a very interesting idea. Thank you Yeah Please come back in tomorrow or something Sorry I'm trying to figure out 200 desktops, right? Right all identically installed all kick-started Every machine will pull updates and install them from a local repository. That's not right interconnected, right? so doesn't pull for food or it pulls from what I stage into the machines and separate comps file to To specify, you know groups of local packages Right trying to think of how that works into this means where I Compose trees and those are layers on the tree. No, you don't do they layer? They're working on that. Okay, so eventually. Yeah, the idea is base tree and layers on top of those for different I think Layers has been able to different layer of packages you saw locally. Oh, so which is sort of a more developer thing or more like Deploying rotation you have multiple trees that didn't score post or that share packages. So it's the You probably compose a tree for each other. Okay. Yeah Okay, so I mean, how many of your things are you getting via the custom tree and how many of your applications are running this like desktop containers? Sorry, are you running anything in containers or you just running the tree? I run my development stuff inside Docker The only thing I run on the host system itself is SSH and Gits because my keys are not shared to the containers, which is explicit I Might change that at some point, but at this point everything else basically happens inside a container Yes That is installed in a Docker which runs as HD with exporting But this time really Important to the concept of this, right?  Yeah That's just right now at least and so that's just for me because I still need to So yeah, the plan is as far as nation is that Right As soon as flatback work works out switch that I have not yet, I think somewhere not completely Right, that's the layered things Okay, you like to you modify Okay Right, it sounds interesting. I'll sure thank you for that Yeah, are you gonna talk more about specific? No, because most of them were either specific to packages like SSH Stuff or the trees that just people on top then I do have a specific questions If you are if you are successfully running most of your desktop apps and containers What what about the existing adora atomic? RPMOS tree Not sufficient for you earlier. We're talking for example of putting them or emacs in the tree Well, you're already running GNOME and the problem is GNOME or any kind of desktop environment like atomic hosts only contains bash and SSH and That like the main reason I'm not using that tree is just for Some graph going to face. Okay, so you need you do have the baby base Desktop interfaces in the tree. Yeah, and then you're running apps that point back. Yes, because You still need to run X server and stuff Sorry I tend to and unless I know that there's a specific bug that's blocking me Then I do it as soon as that bug gets fixed No, because it uses two trees and it always keeps the one that's currently booted So if you would update it always keeps the one that's currently booted So if you update once it will replace the non-active one if you update again, it will replace that one again It won't touch the active tree like I've done that a few times, but They are quite smart with that Well, I can show you It just settles like I keep trying it every now and then and then it just doesn't work Yeah, and this is a tree from 38 718 So Then you're missing a dependency in your package, here you go with the bug We're fighting back on during the talk Yes Right This was the latest tree that got composed and reason for that is that the current Arping Western is currently broken And I file it or I send a message to call and to ask like how do I debug this because the The failure is very annoying composing or committing at our no-search file or directory What father are you looking for? I have no idea because during Directly after this is doing so much in the code that you have no clue where is fail But that's why that's the latest tree for the moment. Let's see Well, this will only stage it like it will download it Okay, I guess S3 as an issue down. Oh, they kept the portal Right. Oh well I hate kept the portals, but So Etsy is outside Etsy is not covered under this Yeah Yeah, so what it does is it the Etsy is actually composed in the trees So it gets deployed and when you get a new tree it does a three-way merge between the previous tree the current tree and your changes How much what Quite a bit and you will see that during all of the install or during the Composers there's a lot of Postscripts that Provide warnings, and I've had I think just two packages that actually broke the rest is just all spitting warnings So yeah, so I've I've got two of them fixed and When I finally find out what the other messages are I'll probably get those fixed to but It just that's hidden Yeah, because it well it's in the anaconda logs somewhere, but that's by default hidden So one of the main things that you always see is things that talk to Etsy Linux because During the compose there's no as Linux enabled or there's a special kind of context, I think where it doesn't actually Where it can't talk to a lot of things so a bunch of resources these are URLs with my Tree files, that's the topmost one and that also contains my kickstart and build scripts Not my private key. I Think it does contain my public not my private key second one is the provisioning tool The next one is my set of Docker containers like the Docker files That I build everything from and then my website and how you can get in touch with me Pretty much, yeah Yep or find my pager email address good luck with that Yeah, it's not too hard to find but I hope not too many people Are there any further questions Yes, it is possible you can just run Arping OS 3 remote ad pool and then Deploy that tree and that will show up in grub so that should also work as a Quick way to get working true But for my Since that's explicitly not what I want. That's not what I did but yeah Right fair enough as A part of QE. I mean how you compose those trees to find out box very likely. Yes Yeah It's going to what the criteria are that would cause the problem you're saying but the what what? What would they definitely do if we are voting? Trees is nightly in the red as we can test those trees and that allows us to actually Test the same code that's going out to users. Yeah, you know, you can do a lot of tests right now You're testing something that's different from reading with you know with a DNF update Right those three then you actually test the exact tree that So that's for good doing three I Sorry using OS 3 on your It depends on what kind of For people who very often use yum installed with some graphical tool I'm not sure if you're mostly using text-based tools or like terminal or other Not changing your package chat all that often I think it's a pretty good way to make sure that you always have a stable system Right, but this is exporting over local You notice it somewhat but not too much Right, yeah, that's just how you decide to do that you could Just sure That depends on the project basically for some projects. I just have a generic Python and a generic I've got no jazz. I've got a couple of generic ones for back before stuff I don't touch all that often and then I just do yum install inside there every time again But for example for Ypsilon, I've got a static tree, which is exactly what we or I've got two sets of trees one One is just like what is on our website like this is what you need for development and the other tree is like This is what we install in production exactly So this is what we ship and this should work if this doesn't we are having an issue I'm using the second one mostly for testing releases and pushes first one for actual development Yes, and I actually even maintain up to the foot or ever base image, so yeah Is that wrong I think that's in 22 So yeah, it's definitely 23 and 24 It might be Yeah, yeah, I assume it installs faster too, right Yeah, well What it does is just it downloads all of the files and then run our chemistry deploy It downloads all well it gets the tree files from wherever you put the tree files I'm thinking This is exactly Over-recomplicated Maybe if you had a hundred thousand desktops, but I'll like 200 so you know As you can see for those You can look right now But after the initial one updates it just downloaded the diffs and that's so That should be they only have to completely reinstall a couple times for four doors Yeah I'm pulling it down from s3 in West Virginia, I think this region I It's it throw me in For deploying it's a lot quicker than normal anaconda, I think it takes about five minutes for a full deploy With a reasonably sized tree Of course, just wondering if it helps me Yeah, I mean obviously I know Right, but also I mean if I go from and oh, I mean you can do cross OS version updates with this, right? So you can yeah, so if I compose the food or 24 tree and push it and Yeah, yeah, I went from Years ago he actually was prospering between the door 20 and Ralph Yeah, I upgraded from Word 23 to raw height Without reinstalling because I'm trying to figure out does it make my deployment easier does it make the annoying updates easier? We're currently Hope the machine comes up and when it comes up it will install itself onto a new OS So I don't have to do it Easier if it was just a well, okay update yourself. Okay. Yeah, that's what you basically get here And then if I in that that's really screwed then it's like, okay, we move back. Yeah, yeah but also because I With a normal cluster of machines, you might get one that Might not get updated all the packages before someone hits reboot or stuff like that Whereas here, you know that every system has the exact same. Yes disc So you could just have one machine on your desk Test the new tree on there and if it works Deployed everywhere because that's exactly what I really want Accept if there's hardware problems. Well, of course, of course, but other than that if it works in one It should work on the others, too Well Yeah, any further questions


Did you guys have an office in San Francisco where you guys always remote or are you remote now? Yeah, so we had an office in San Francisco and you know, the team has grown from six to 13 people in a group from six to 13 people in 2020. And so we did make hires during COVID where I've never met the people in person. And so, yeah, we really had to think about culture and like how do we set up organic touch points. So like we have, it's kind of dorky, but it works. We have team meetings Monday, Wednesday, Friday that are purely just touch points for us to all come together. And Mondays we do gratitudes where people just go around and say something they're grateful for. And we do fabulous failures, which is an optional thing, but you can be like, here's something that went horribly wrong. And on Wednesdays, our VP of Ops is awesome, leaves us in a meditation. And then on Fridays, we call them fun Fridays, but it's like choose your own adventure. We've done everything from like, learn different TikTok dances to plays categories. It's like really, but it gets a laugh, you know, and it's a place where, you know, people can just, can just hang out. And I think that's been important. Yeah, no, those things are super important. I love the creativity of all those things. That's so great. Have you thought about, and I'm just saying, I have a lot of friends at San Francisco who have all like, they've all moved and two camps, right? There's one camp that says, I'm moving and I'll come back once my office is open again. And then there's another camp just saying I'm moving. And like some CEOs, I know have moved their entire companies to, to New York or just the other to Florida as an example. Have you thought about any of that? I know it's a hard decision, but have like, where is your mind at as, as the San Francisco Exodus kind of reaps into the headlines?  I think this city is beautiful and has so much to offer. So, you know, for the time being, this will, this will continue to be our home. The one thing and the very cool thing that I think COVID has allowed is we've just been more open to remote hiring, right? And so that used to just be from like a sales side, right? You'd be like, OK, we need sales reps in New York City. For very obvious reasons. But now it's really opened up, I think our ability to hire marketing and ops people around the country. And one, I think it makes us way more in touch with like our community as a whole. And we meet really cool people that way. So, you know, we just hired an awesome community manager who manages all of our social and she lives in Atlanta and probably will never move to the Bay Area. And that's been a great push for us. That's awesome. Yeah, we're kind of in the same boat. It's a COVID it's this opportunity to where there's so much tremendous amazing talent on the market. And so if you can hire, if you're in a position to hire, you can get some like really amazing people all across the country. And obviously, we're all learning how to work remote or some, you know, some of us probably have been doing it for a long time. But it's a good opportunity to to capture some amazing talent that's out there. Yeah, and it's like another touch point where you just it pushes you to question things you thought had to be true, right? Right. Like we, you know, it's like another example. We thought we wouldn't hire people remote or we thought we wouldn't do e-commerce in this capacity until like 2022.  My company, we went through the company I was with, we went through Y Combinator. And there's this big emphasis of like creating culture, right? And so they don't want you hanging out at the offices. They want you and your team of like usually at that point, it's like two to four people, sometimes more, but it's a small team. And so like we're all living together and they place a big emphasis on culture and like building the culture and getting to like, which naturally, as you, as you grow, you're thinking like, OK, I'm going to get to 20 employees. Everyone to your point can't be remote because how do I build culture if we're remote? And I never really agreed with it. I was like, this kind of becomes limiting at some point, especially because it's not like an office is free, right? It's like these things are very expensive. Having people come in can be kind of tough. And so it just get it becomes hard. And so I'm like, I'm kind of happy all of this happened because in some way it's like we can all work remote. And it's just we just need to do things a little bit differently to get there.


Hello friends, in my previous video of high yield topics in BCBR course, people have given immense response for that. I am very glad for all your response. Now I am making this second part, some of the topics in BCBR course which has been missed in the first part. First is about the dimensions of the research, so where we can see the different dimensions of health research, that is theoretical research and applied research, then preventive and therapeutic research, bench based research and bedside research, then exploratory and confirmatory research, implementation research and translation research. These dimensions has not been individually described in detail, but these dimensions can be asked in MCQs. Then we are moving to the pilot study. Pilot study, as we all know, it is a small scale preliminary research project, that is to test the large research project, we need to do the same study in a small scale, that is your pilot study. This is conducted to test and refine the study methodologies, data collection instruments or experimental procedures before conducting the full scale study. The main purpose is to calculate the time and do some modifications, whether it is ethical or not and sometimes to validate the questionnaire and sometimes to calculate the sample size, all are the additional uses of pilot study. But the main purpose is to identify any potential issues or limitations in the study tool, so that we can make necessary adjustments to ensure that limitations or issues are avoided when we are doing in the larger study. So this is about the pilot study, which is conducted in a small scale. The main purpose is to refine the methodology. Additionally, we can calculate the time, validate the questionnaire, calculate sample size also. We move on to the uses of cross-sectional surveys. Cross-sectional surveys are otherwise called as prevalence studies. So in uses of cross-sectional surveys, we calculate the prevalence of a particular disease or their risk factors. We can also calculate the distribution of the health problem in terms of time, place and person. We can plan health service delivery based on this cross-sectional surveys. We can set priorities for disease control. We can generate hypothesis. Descriptive studies and cross-sectional studies, we can generate hypothesis. But to test hypothesis, we need to move on to analytical study designs. So anything above this cross-sectional study design, that is case control, cohort, test the hypothesis. You can test any intervention, then you can go for RCT. That is basis about research. Then we can examine evolving trends. We can do before and after surveys for studying the effectiveness of interventions. Then we can do iterative cross-sectional surveys also. So the main purpose of cross-sectional surveys is to study the prevalence and plan for health care service delivery. Set priorities, generate hypothesis. Now what are all the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional survey? Advantages include, this is fairly quick and easy to perform. Most of the research which we conduct will be falling under this cross-sectional study design or descriptive study design. It is comparatively very less expensive. On the other hand, about the limitations, it is not useful to study the disease etiology. As when we are studying the disease etiology, we go for a causal association. That is, we can find only association in this type of cross-sectional studies. To make that as a causation, we need to have a higher order of study design. That is above cross-sectional study. Because we are not testing any hypothesis, we are generating hypothesis. Then these are all not suitable for study of rare diseases. Because when we are doing prevalence, these rare diseases may not appear in the population. Now we move on to types of cohort studies. In the first part, we have seen the difference between case control and cohort. Case control means we start from the outcome, look back the exposure, outcome or disease. On the other hand, for cohort studies, we start from exposure, look for the outcome. So when we look at the time here, time will be in this direction. But for case control study, time will be in the opposite direction. So that is the basic difference. If you start from outcome, that is the case control study. Or if you start from a case, that is the case control study. If you start from exposure, that is the cohort study. But when it comes to the types of cohort study, there are three types of cohort study based on the position where you stand. That is prospective, ambi-spective, retrospective. Prospective means this is the pure proper cohort study. That is, you start the study. By the time there is no exposure and the outcome or the disease has not happened. You measure the exposure followed by the disease. So the time will go like this. So this is called as a prospective cohort study. On the other hand, look at this retrospective study design where you start at this point of time where exposure and the disease has already occurred. Start collecting the exposure data from here and follow up for the disease. Then this study design is a retrospective cohort study. On the other hand, if you start in between somewhere, collect the exposure and later also you have a follow up. This is called bi-directional or ambi-spective cohort study. For example, if you are studying antenatal care and low birth weight, if you take low birth weight children and normal children and look for the antenatal care, then that is a case control study. If you take antenatal care, good antenatal care and poor antenatal care, look for the low birth weight children, then that is a cohort study. So that is the basic study design. If you conduct the study after the delivery, that is a retrospective cohort study. If you are starting the study during the registration of the pregnancy, then that will be the prospective cohort study. In between, if you are starting the second trimester, you collect the data of the antenatal care history previously and follow them up for the antenatal care. Then you look for the appearance of low birth weight babies. Then that is called as bi-directional or ambi-spective cohort studies. The basis remains the same. If you start from exposure, look for the outcome, then that is a cohort study. If you start from outcome, look for exposure, that is a case control study. Depending upon where you start the study with the timeframe, it is prospective ambi-spective or retrospective cohort study. Then why clinical trials are conducted? Clinical trials are usually conducted to evaluate the new form of therapy or prevention methods which may be either a new drug or a new form of treatment which may be surgical or any other intervention. We can evaluate new technology. We can evaluate new delivery system of healthcare. We can evaluate any other methods of primary prevention. We can evaluate programs of screening or early detection also. So we can evaluate these interventions in clinical trials. Advantages and disadvantages of RCTs or randomized controlled trials. We all know randomized controlled trial is a type of intervention study where the study and control group are randomly assigned. The advantages of these randomized controlled trials are their effective method to control the selection bias and the confounding will be taken care. It facilitates effective blending in some trials. The advantages of all with cohort studies will be carried over in randomized controlled trials. On the other hand, when it comes to the disadvantages, RCT study design is complex and also expensive. It lacks representativeness. When volunteers are presented for the study, their characteristics may differ from the population of interest and the ethical challenges are immense with these RCTs. So the disadvantages are it is complex, expensive, volunteer bias will be present, then ethical challenges are present. Then what is the difference between inclusion and exclusion criteria? Inclusion criteria represents the main characteristics of the target population that pertain to the research question. In other words, it is specifying the populations relevant to the research question and efficient for the study. So inclusion criteria is the characters of the population. You can get the best results. Exclusion criteria will be the subset of individuals that might interfere with the follow up efforts, quality of the data or acceptability of the randomized treatment or any other bias inducing characteristics will be excluded from the study. What are all the steps in organized research in literature review? So first we need to organize the information, that is we need to relate it to our research question. Then we need to synthesize the results out of the organized information. We need to get a summary of what is known and what is not known. Then we need to identify the lack on a are the gaps in the current knowledge as it appears in the literature. Then we develop the questions for the further research with an intention to fill the lack may or gap in the existing literature. So this is the organized search in literature review. So we need to follow these steps for a literature review. Then what are all the characteristics of good hypothesis? A good hypothesis should be simple, specific and it should be stated in advance. Simple means it should have one exposure and one outcome at the same time. So it is like stuff at the same time. So it should be specific that there should not be any ambiguity with reference to the study participants and variables and operational definitions also. It should be stated in advance, written at outset and it should be focused on the primary objective. What is information retrieval? It is identifying within a large document collection a subset of documents whose content is most relevant to the user's need. That is information retrieval. Then we move on to the incidents and prevalence. So in the previous presentation we have seen the tub story where the tub containing water is the prevalence, water inflowing is the incidence and this may be cure or death. So there may be migrants coming in and immigrants going out. So that was described in the earlier class. So the relationship between incidence and prevalence is, prevalence is equal to incidence into duration and also prevalence is an indicator used in chronic disease, incidence is an indicator used in acute disease. That's what we have seen in the first part. There are some additions now. So causes of increase and decrease of prevalence is increase in prevalence is due to the longer duration of the disease which may be due to the low cure rate and low case fatality rate. Increase in new cases, immigration of the patients, improved detention, immigration of healthy people. All these can cause increase in prevalence. On the other hand, decrease in prevalence may be due to the shorter duration of the disease which may be due to high cure rate or high case fatality rate. It is just the opposite of the increase in the prevalence. So decrease in new case here, immigration of patients, improved cure rate or immigration of healthy people. So all these causes increase and decrease of prevalence. Now they have added some more points with relation to prevalence that is period prevalence and point prevalence. Point prevalence is old cases divided by the population at risk for the particular year. So that was a formula given for the point prevalence. So period prevalence means we need to add the existing cases that is prevalent cases at the beginning of the time and incident cases. Suppose if we are doing it for the 2022. So 2022 January 1, how many cases were there? We need to add that plus in the full 2022 year how many cases appeared divided by population at risk. So this will give you the period prevalence. So that is the period prevalence. Now we have two different indicators for incidence that is cumulative incidence and incidence density. Cumulated incidence is the number of new cases divided by population at risk. It is otherwise called as attack rate. On the other hand incidence density means the denominator changes as instead of population at risk it is changed into total person time per observation. So which means if we are observing 100 person for 10 years it will yield 1000 person years. So we express this incidence density in terms of time person. So this is otherwise called as incidence rate. Then we move on to the publication ethics are being abstinent from research misconduct. So they have mainly focused on this six topics of publication ethics. So first is the ethical review that is the breach of confidentiality. In that publication ethic they have mentioned about for any research they should obtain institutional ethical committee approval, informed written consent from the patients. The study is about intervention then they should go with CTRI that is clinical trial registry of entry approval. Then the data confidentiality needs to be maintained. Falsification fabrication of data. Falsification means changing the data. Fabrication is data. New data has been made. So in that case that is called as fabrication. They have mentioned about the authorship criteria. In any research the author should do substantial contributions in majority of the stages of the research and drafting the research. Final approval then he should be held responsible for or accountable for the works that has been done. So all these comes under criteria for authorship under ICMJE that is International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. We have guest authorship or gift authorship where you invite somebody to be an author without being contributed for the research. On the other hand we have ghost authorship that is somebody who do substantial contribution for your research. They may not be included as the author in your research. Then the next research misconduct is about the plagiarism. The latin word plagiarism means kidnap which means you are taking away somebody's ideas, thoughts, language without their permission then that is called as plagiarism. And in the case of research we need to cite the ideas, thoughts and language. So plagiarism can be direct plagiarism that is cut copy paste from somebody's article or self-plagiarism that means we can take our own articles and we can cut copy paste into our new research and there is a salami or redundant publication that is instead of making a single publication you cut down into many pieces and publish it into many publications then that is called a salami or redundant publication. If study itself is big then you can do as many as publications you want. If we split up unnecessarily then it is called a salami or redundant publication. Ethics related to submission that is simultaneous submission to different journals is also not acceptable. Duplicate submission copying our own article is also unethical then self citation unnecessarily to increase our own citation score if we cite our own articles unnecessarily that is also unethical that is self citation then we should be careful about predatory journals these are the journals which display false credential in their website and also they don't conduct proper peer review but they claim that they are doing peer review so their acceptance rate will be very high and fast with high amount of publication charges. So the punishment and the consequences related to research misconduct has been given with committee of publication ethics that is scope and last among the publication ethics is about the conflict of interest that is here the conflict is between the researcher and the research objective this may be due to financial personal social and other interests so then that will be considered as a conflict of interest if at all you have a conflict of interest then you need to disclose it in the conflict of interest section if you are not disclosing it then later if the journal identifies it as serious misconduct then they may retract the journal article and sometimes you need to face legal battle also. Now the next most important topic is the confounders and the effect modifiers which is one of my favorite topics also when we are studying an exposure and outcome confounding factor is a third factor which is related to both exposure and outcome and it is unequally distributed among the exposed and a non-exposed group then we get false association that is called as confounding let me explain this about in detail when we are studying smoking and esophageal cancer there may be a third factor alcoholism which is directly related to esophageal cancer and smoking we all think smoking is directly an exposure factor risk factor for developing esophageal cancer but actually alcoholism can play a confounding factor that it may be unequally distributed among smokers and non- smokers and because of that the smoking can show an association which may be false but when we do this stratification in terms of alcoholism then this association will not be present in that case alcoholism will become a confounding factor let me explain with one more example for the confounding when we are studying alcohol use and bladder cancer smoking can be a confounding factor so there will be a significant association with univariate analysis when we are doing a stratified analysis that is among smokers and among non-smokers because smoking is playing a confounding role we are dividing or stratifying based on smokers and non-smokers then alcohol use will not cause will not give any association for bladder cancer same way among non-smokers also there will not be any association so in this case if we identify a factor like this it will be a confounding factor on the other hand what is the effect modifier is in the preliminary stage crude analysis that is univariate analysis you are studying the use of oral contraceptive and breast cancer you will get a significant association now you want to look for the confounding role of family history you go for stratified analysis like this based on the family history of breast cancer we stratify into two groups and we do the same association between use of oral contraceptive and breast cancers so this association will get stronger instead of disappearing in confounding if it gets stronger then this family history plays an effect modifier role so how can we address this confounding confounding at the design stage if we are doing restriction of the confounding variable or matching randomization can prevent on the other hand during the analysis stage stratification or multivariate analysis with adjusted odds ratio we can identify the confounding bias so to sum up confounding variable is a third variable which is associated with both the exposure and the outcome and it is unequally distributed among the exposed and unexposed causing or falsely displaying association between the exposure and outcome we move on to the sources of research question we can get sources of research question by mass published literature being alert to new ideas and techniques around our scientific community keeping the imagination roaming and choosing a guide or the mentor we can get the research question then in manuscript structure they have dealt about imrat structure of manuscript that is introduction methodology results and discussion why did you start what did you do what did you find what does it all mean it looks little complex i would suggest you to have why for introduction how for methods results what discussion so what so if you keep like this this is the structure of imrat structure so what it why you are doing the studies introduction how you have done the studies methodology what you have found is the results so what is discussion now we are expanding this imrat structure we have plenty of videos about this imrat structure in our channel knowing about this imrat structure not only helps in answering this bcb course but also helps when we are doing the real research when we are doing introduction we should zoom in the issue that is from broad to specific we should move then we should tell about the background information then we should address the current existing knowledge and the knowledge gaps then we explain the rationale for conducting the study then we end up in the objectives of the study then under methods sections we have different headings that is study settings study design operational definitions sampling strategy sample size study procedures data collection methods data analysis plan human participants protections all are included in the methods this is given in the manuscript writing chapter on the other hand this is given in the concept proposal and study protocol there are slight differences now in the results we should present the study findings in the form of tables and figures tables is for representation of the data we can visualize by figures and images also wherever we are making tables and figures titles footnotes abbreviations should be clear color resolution also should be clear and no need of interpretation of or giving commons in the results section because that you should reserve it for the discussion section in discussion section we will first summarize the findings I repeat it is summarize not the repetition of the findings then we will interpret the results find the reasons for differences and find the reasons for similarities then we obtain some inferences out of it then we compare it with other studies results then we ultimately fill in the gap so we try to fill in the gap so whatever we have mentioned here as the gap knowledge gap so we need to fill here then we need to mention about the strengths limitations recommendations possible bias all should be mentioned in discussion then we move on to the keywords the purpose of keywords is to help the indexing agencies and the search engines to find your own study so we need to use apt words preferably in the mesh terms that is medical subject headings so we need to use so that your articles will be read more and more cited also then abstract or summary is a miniature manuscript it may be structured or unstructured that is it also can follow imbride structure and sometimes you may not follow this imbride structure and it may be unstructured also so most commonly read part will be this abstract usually 100 to 350 words long there will be plain language summary in some journals then most important thing is the references so all the sources of information which you put up should be referred that is it should be cited then the references should be relevant and recent also then you should you can use this bibliography management that is reference manager software the most commonly used are sotiru and mainly we have lots of demonstrations in our channel for that the commonly used styles will be van kover harvard and chicago van kover is the most commonly used by the universities the most important parts of the grant rating is the budget and the justification so here they have mentioned about the budget and the justification so we need to divide it into recurring and non-recurring costs so equipment comes under a non-recurring cost and the recurring cost includes staff consumables and travel also this is more about skill we need to try repeat hopefully this presentation was useful to you if you like this video please share it to your friends all the very best for your examination thanks a lot for watching


The primary social evil of our time is lack of respect for self-ownership rights. It is what underlies both private crime and institutionalised crime perpetrated by the state. State laws, regulations and actions are objectionable just because the state is claiming the right to control how someone's body is to be used. When the state drafts a man or threatens him with imprisonment if he violates its narcotics laws, for example, it is assuming partial control of his body, contrary to his self-ownership rights. Moreover, laws such as tax laws or fines for failure to comply with arbitrary state decrees, e.g. economic regulations, anti-discrimination rules, also violate self-ownership rights by assuming ownership of property owned by individuals. After all, although self-ownership is more fundamental than rights in external resources, one must own oneself in order to own other things, self-ownership is rendered meaningless if the right to own private property is not also respected. This is why Murray Rothbard insisted that all human rights are property rights, ownership rights in scarce resources, whether self-ownership rights in one's body or property rights in external objects. Now as the example above shows, all political theories advocate some form of property rights since they specify certain owners of various types of resources. State policies that tax, conscript or imprison or fine individuals for failure to comply with various regulations, in effect assign partial ownership in the subject's bodies or property to the state. The state claims a partial ownership right in these resources. All political systems assign owners to resources according to some assignment rule. What sets libertarianism apart is its own unique property assignment rule, the rule that specifies that individuals, not the state, are owners of their own bodies and property. First use and homesteading of unowned resources. It is therefore crucial that libertarian theory have a sound basis for property rights and for its unique property assignment rules. Relying on some version of the Lockean notion of homesteading, an individual appropriating something unowned from the state of nature, thereby becoming the owner, libertarianism rightly focuses on the concept of first use of a previously unowned scarce resource as the key test for determining ownership of it. One's initial impression might be that first use is the bedrock principle of libertarian property assignment, that is that it decides questions of ownership of all scarce resources, both human bodies and external things. The owner of a plot of land is its first user, or his descendant in title, just as the first user of a body is its owner. This would mean that self-ownership rests on the first use principle. Parents as first owners. And what is wrong with relying on first use as the basis for self-ownership? To be sure with respect to most claimants to one's body, a robber or state trying to conscript say, one is indeed the first user, and thus has a better claim to the body than the outsider. But what about one's parents? Is one really the first user of one's body? Was one's body simply lying around, unowned, in state of nature, waiting for some occupant to swoop down and appropriate it? No, obviously not. It was, one was, in the care of, and produced by, one's parents. So if we maintain that first use always determines the answer to the question, who owns this resource, for any resource at all, then it would seem that parents do own their children. The mother owns the physical matter and bits of food and nourishment that assemble into the zygote, embryo, fetus, and then baby. So when does the child become a self-owner? Or does he? The libertarian seems to be faced with a dilemma. Possible solutions to the dilemma. Several possible arguments might be put forward to avoid the uncomfortable specter of children in bondage. First it could be noted that the main political issue in society concerns third parties who want to dominate and control others. Slave-owning parents do not seem to pose the most pressing danger. For the typical case of conflict, the first use principle suffices to prove self-ownership of one's body vis-a-vis the third party claimant. Still this leaves open the possibility of parents owning their kids. Second it could be argued that even if the parent does own the child, in most cases a decent parent would manumit the child at a suitable age. This is probably true, but the possibility of a brutal parent selling his son or daughter into slavery is still unsettling. Third perhaps one could try some kind of regression theorem based on this, back to Adam. But this seems unlikely to be fruitful. Fourth it is not difficult to envision a scenario in which most lines of descent at some point became permanently liberated or manumitted by the benevolent actions of a key ancestor. Great great great grandad manumits his child on the condition that he free his issue and so on. In this way eventually all or most lines of descent become freed by some distant act in the past of a benevolent ancestor. But still this leaves open the possibility that some might not and in any event it admits that at some points in time child slavery exists and is permissible. Finally and to me most decisive, the libertarian could argue that the parent has various positive obligations to his or her children such as the obligation to feed, shelter, educate etc. The idea here is that libertarianism does not oppose positive rights, it simply insists that they'd be voluntarily incurred. One way to do this is by contract, another is by trespassing against someone's property. Now if you pass by a drowning man in a lake you have no enforceable legal obligation to try to rescue him. But if you push someone in a lake you have a positive obligation to try to rescue him. If you don't you could be liable for homicide. Likewise if your voluntary actions bring into being an infant with natural needs for shelter, food, care it is akin to throwing someone into a lake. In both cases you create a situation where another human is in dire need of help and without which he will die. By creating this situation of need you incur an obligation to provide for those needs. And surely this set of positive obligations would encompass the obligation to manumit the child at a certain point. This last argument is to my mind the most attractive, but it is also probably the least likely to be accepted by most libertarians who generally seem opposed to positive obligations even if they are incurred as the result of one's actions. Rothbard for example puts forward several objections to such an approach. Objective link, the real touchstone. All this said it turns out that these Herculean efforts are unnecessary. The dilemma arises only if it is assumed that first use determines ownership not only for homesteaded resources but also for bodies. However the first use rule is merely the result of the application of the more general principle of objective link to the case of objects that may be homesteaded from an unowned state. Recall that the purpose of property rights is to permit conflicts over scarce rivalrous resources to be avoided. To fulfil this purpose property titles to particular resources are assigned to particular owners. The assignment must not however be random, arbitrary or biased if it is to actually be a property norm and possibly help conflict to be avoided. What this means is that title has to be assigned to one of the competing claimants based on the existence of an objective, intersubjectively ascertainable link between owner and the resource claimed. Thus it is the concept of objective link between claimants and a claimed resource that determines property ownership. First use is merely what constitutes the objective link in the case of previously unowned resources. In this case the only objective link to the thing is that between the first user, the appropriator and the thing. Any other supposed link is not objective and is merely based on verbal decree or on some type of formulation that violates the prior-later distinction. But the prior-later distinction is crucial if property rights are to actually establish rights and to make conflict avoidable. Moreover ownership claims cannot be based on mere verbal decree as this also would not help to reduce conflict since any number of people could simply decree their ownership of the thing. So for homesteaded things previously unowned resources the objective link is first use. It has to be by the nature of the situation. But for bodies things are not the same. As noted above one is not really the first user of one's body in the same sense as one is the first user of a previously unowned thing that one appropriates. It's not as if the body was just lying unoccupied and unused in the wild waiting for an occupant to homestead it. And moreover as noted above the occupant is not exactly the first user of his body with respect to his parents. Additionally to homestead an unowned resource presupposes one already has a body which one uses to act in the world and to homestead unowned things. But this is not the case for homesteading one's body. One has no body before one gains rights to it. If first use is not the ultimate test for the objective link in the case of body ownership what is? It is the unique relationship between a person and his body, his direct and immediate control over the body and the fact that at least in some sense a body is a given person and vice versa. This is what constitutes the objective link sufficient to give that person better title to his body than any third party claimant even his parents. An exception would be the victim of a crime committed by the body owner who might thereby acquire a superior link to or claim on the criminal's body. Moreover any outsider who claims another's body cannot deny this objective link and its special status since the outsider also necessarily presupposes this in his own case. This is so because in seeking dominion over the other in asserting ownership over the other's body he has to presuppose his own ownership of his body which demonstrates he does place a certain significance on this link at the same time that he disregards the significance of the other's link to his own body. Notice that if a victim seeks dominion over the body of his aggressor for purposes of proportional punishment his claim of ownership over the aggressor's body is not incompatible with a claim of self-ownership since the cases are different. It is not inconsistent to claim that the special link between an innocent person and his body gives him the best claim over that body and to also claim that this no longer holds for an aggressor because he has committed aggression. This distinction is neither arbitrary nor particularisable. It is grounded in the nature of things. The basic point about the primacy of the direct link over an indirect link Ceteris Paribus see the point above about punishment of criminals was first suggested to me by Hopper as might be apparent to those familiar with Hopper's argumentation ethics. The Hoppian theory implies the logical priority of direct versus indirect control over one's body. In fact the argument made above that any outsider who claims another's body cannot deny the objective link between person and body is merely an application of Hopper's argumentation ethics approach. In fact Hopper made a similar argument in a German publication in 1985. The answer to the question what makes my body mine lies in the obvious fact that this is not merely an assertion but that for everyone to see this is indeed the case. Why do we say this is my body? For this a two-fold requirement exists On the one hand it must be the case that the body called mine must indeed, in an intersubjectively ascertainable way, express or objectify my will. Proof of this as far as my body is concerned is easy enough to demonstrate. When I announce that I will now lift my arm, turn my head, relax in my chair or whatever else and these announcements then become true are fulfilled then this shows that the body which does this has been indeed appropriated by my will. If to the contrary my announcement showed no systematic relation to my body's actual behaviour then the proposition this is my body would have to be considered as an empty, objectively unfounded assertion. And likewise this proposition would be rejected as incorrect if following my announcement not my arm would rise but always that of Muller, Meyer or Schultz. In which case one would more likely be inclined to consider Muller's, Meyer's or Schultz's body, mine. On the other hand, apart from demonstrating that my will has been objectified in the body called mine it must be demonstrated that my appropriation has priority as compared to the possible appropriation of the same body by another person. As far as bodies are concerned it is also easy to prove this. We demonstrate it by showing that it is under my direct control while every other person can objectify, express itself in my body only indirectly i.e. by means of their own bodies and direct control must obviously have logical temporal priority, precedence as compared to any indirect control. The latter simply follows from the fact that any indirect control of a good by a person presupposes the direct control of this person regarding his own body. Thus in order for a scarce good to become justifiably appropriated the appropriation of one's directly controlled own body must already be presupposed as justified. It thus follows if the justice of an appropriation by means of direct control must be presupposed by any further reaching in direct appropriation and if only I have direct control of my body then no one except me can ever justifiably own my body or put differently then property in and of my body cannot be transferred onto another person and every attempt of an indirect control of my body by another person must unless I have explicitly agreed to it be regarded as unjustified. So who owns a child's body? Initially the parents own it as a sort of temporary trustee the parents as the producers of the child have an objective link to the child's body that defeats any claims of outsiders unless the parents sever this link by abusing their position that is parents have a better claim to the child than any outsiders because of their natural link to the child however when the child homesteads or appropriates his own body by establishing the requisite objective link sufficient to establish self-ownership the child becomes an adult so to speak and now has a better claim to his body than his parents Hopper recognised this basic conclusion in his 1989 treatise where he wrote it is worth mentioning that the ownership rights stemming from production finds its natural limitation only when as in the case of children the thing produced is itself another actor-producer according to the natural theory of property a child once born is just as much the owner of his own body as anyone else hence not only can a child expect not to be physically aggressed against but as the owner of his body a child has the right in particular to abandon his parents once he is physically able to run away from them and say no to their possible attempts to recapture him parents only have special rights regarding their child stemming from their unique status as the child's producers insofar as they and no one else can rightfully claim to be the child's trustee as long as the child is physically unable to run away and say no here Hopper adopts the Rothbardian approach which uses the child's capacity to run away and say no as a sort of rule of thumb for indicating when a child fully appropriates his body but a more general conception of body appropriation may be developed by considering the following first as Hopper emphasises to appropriate means to bring under control Hopper also argues that rights are held by rational agents those who are capable of communicating, discussing, arguing and in particular who are able to engage in an argumentation of normative problems this implies that a person reaches adulthood or appropriates his body and gains full ownership rights to it when he reaches the point where he is a rational agent in this sense the act of gaining full self-ownership rights may be regarded as a type of homesteading or appropriation of one's body, reaching adulthood so to speak so long as it is kept in mind that it is a special type of homesteading not homesteading by a body owner of an unowned non-agent resource but the establishment of an objective link constituted by direct and immediate control of the body by a rational agent obviously there are other issues that could be explored here when and exactly how does a child homestead himself or reach adulthood and exceptions to the prima facie case such as where a person commits a crime which in some sense severs his objective link or transfers it to his victim creating a superior link on behalf of the victim so that the victim has a right to retaliate but it should be clear that what distinguishes libertarianism from all competing political theories is its scrupulous adherence informed by sound i.e. Austrian economics to the idea that property rights and scarce resources must be assigned to the person with the best objective link to the resourcing question and that in the case of bodies the link is the natural connection to and relationship between the occupant and the body while for all other resources the objective link is first use


Mohamed Sanusi II, the former Army of Kanyu, has commanded President Ballotinibo on the removal of petrol subsidy and ending multiple exchange rate regimes. Sanusi, a former governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN spoke to journalists after meeting with the president. According to the economist, his meeting was to show solidarity with his friend, who he has confidence and was talking all the rights there as a Nigerian leader. The president and I are old friends. He's my brother. We've been friends since his first time as governor of Lagos State when I was a banker. And I have not seen him since the elections. I wanted to give him time to settle down. So the first reason was to come and congratulate him formally. But also I wear many caps. I wear the cap of an economist. So I came to thank him for the steps he has taken to put this economy on course. As you know, many of the issues that we have been talking about, the subsidy that has caused a haemorrhage on the fiscals, the multiple exchange rate regimes, and so on. These are issues that I have personally been talking about for a long time. And I'm happy that on his very first day, he has addressed these issues and the markets are happy. And it is important when the government does the right thing for us to give them feedback. There's not always when they do a wrong thing that you complain. So he has started on such a strong footing as far as the economy is concerned that we have to come and support and encourage that we continue along that path and be advocates for the policies he has pursued. Speaking further on the outcome of his meeting, Sanusi said, Chernobyl promised that the federal government would take a closer look at the air force rate that killed at least 37 headers in Nassar or a state earlier in 2023. The second cap I wear is that of the original Tabitha Pulaku. And I'm therefore concerned about the issue of herdsmen, farmer clashes, and he's also concerned. And we discussed steps that will need to be taken to begin to look at some of those issues. But in particular, I came to appeal to him on the case of the 37 herdsmen who were bombed by the air force in Nassar or a state a few months ago, which we wrote a letter to President Buhari on. And we have now written a reminder because it's a matter we do not want to be swept under the carpet. And the President has asked me again to send him that letter. And I'm sure that he will look into the matter.


Yn ymwneud, yn 2021, y Ffeddiol Gwfennidol yn ydy'r ffordd yn ddod o'r ffwyl drwsgwyddiol i'r cynhyrchu gyda'r 5,000-nyrhaf transbwynt ffwrdd o'r Llywodraeth Llywodraeth. Y Llywodraeth Llywodraeth Cymru yn ymdano'r ffwyl drwsgwyddiol yn ymdano'r ffwyl drwsgwyddiol yn ymdano'r ffwrdd yw 22 yma, ac mae'n ddod. Gweithio'r iddo yn cyfrifiadol yn gyfweld o'r hyffredig o'r cyfrifiadol yn gweithio'r ysgol iawn yn gweithio'r gweithio'r llwyth. Mae'r hyffredig yn gweithio'r gweithio'r llwyth gael gweithio'r llwyth, mae'r ffrifredig sydd yn ydyn nhw'n ysgrifes cyffredig. Mae hyffredig yn cyfrifiadol yn gweithio'r llwyth gan 65 niirau a 141 niirau. Mae'r hyffredig yn gweithio'r llwyth yn 2000 o'r cyfrifiadol, o'r Lwyaigon o'r Basaint-joe, that attempted to remove fuel subsidies, which he said cost the government $2 billion annually then. However, the fuel-pop price is currently at about 167 naira, which would be the new price. Is it the right move for your country at the point to go ahead with the fuel subsidy removal? Well, joining us at this class list is Ruchyt had i no yw h sniphenn yn oes and Andy at Portevee. Fodd y public affairs analyst. Thank you very much Richard for joining us. Richard, can you hear me? Great. Let's start by you know the situation, I mean we have laid a foundation for the fuel subsidy removal but then a lot of people like me are still stuck at the 5,000 naira monthly grant for poor people. How does this add up to the average Nigerian who's trying to understand what this means and why government has come up with this 5,000 naira grant? Well let me start by saying that the government seems not to care about economic arguments and that those of us who believe that the argument is not about voice subsidy, the argument is about refinery. Okay this is a country with over 70 billion barrier of crude oil beneath our soil and water and yet we don't want to have function as refineries and that is just quite sad okay. So the argument is not about voice subsidy, the argument for those of us on the other side is how well have we been able to develop our refinery and to ensure that they're efficient. So this whole idea of voice subsidy and the so-called grants for transportation for me is just a distraction okay. It's like someone having his roof leaking and then someone is saying that you have to blame the rain for falling. So I think the argument being made by the federal government is invalid and it's sad because if we pull the parts in which the federal government wants this country to tow, in a country where you don't have constant electricity, where you have to rely on voice to be able to power your commercial industrial and residential assets, that simply means that you have to rely on voice and if the price goes up people will not be able to drive the business objective and that will force them to leave. So if not for anything our focus should be how can we build our refineries and how can we build more refineries and not the whole idea of linking increase in price of voice to voice subsidy. So I think right now it looks to me that voice subsidy is not a metaphor to increase in the price of voice, not necessarily addressing the fundamental reason why there's a voice subsidy in the past instance. If we have refineries working we'll be discussing about voice subsidy. So for me the policy is just anti-Nigerian and it's raconal to the business environment and it's dangerous for the economy future of this great country. Now a lot of people are saying that this if the fuel price is raised to about 314 era which is somewhat the proposed price that it might worsen and shrink the GDP of the country. Can you say that to us in plain English? Well practically that is just the facts to be honest with you because one when you increase the price of voice what you're doing is that you're basically increasing the cost of doing business across the country especially where your energy proof as a portfolio is very very poor. Currently there's no as a state in Nigeria that can actually boast of generating sufficient energy to drive the economy within the state and that simply means by increasing the only one thing that everyone relies on to be able to drive industrial and commercial objective that simply means you're going to be increasing the cost of operation and people would want to leave the country to countries like Ghana where inflation raises around 10.6% and export where they can get cheaper as an energy for their industrial plants that's one too. By increasing the price of voice what you've done is to increase the cost of transportation and we all know that for you to move I could try to produce from let's say Kano to let's say a city like Calabao Lagos what's that when implies that you're going to increase the cost of transportation so people want all to do business so they'll be forced to leave the business environment and to stay idle so that in itself will impact negatively on the GDP of Nigeria. So the last thing we honestly want right now is to be talking about increasing the price of voice that's the truth about it okay and it's sad to know that we have a president that seems to think otherwise and seems to be determined to frustrate the entire economic sequence of this country so it's a big problem we have those of us who are saying no to voice they were saying that because we know that we don't have constant energy in Nigeria the electricity supply is still very in as an efficient non reliable and by targeting four and increasing the price that simply means that people run business will be able to produce and it costs that it's cheap and what else simply I think that we lost that connection we're quickly going to bring Richard back so we okay we lost you for a second Richard but I have a quick question because of time now economists have also warned the presidency can you hear me yes the economists have actually warned the presidency about the fact that we risk a social uprising of sorts but before we go into that before I let you go into that we have seen a lot of hardships lately the cost of living is continually skyrocketing I know many people who were unable to afford meals while we were celebrating the yield time we've seen a lot of economic migration from Nigeria to different parts of the world I've heard people say anywhere but Nigeria and the government is still saying you need to tighten your belts you need to you know brace yourself for what is to come but the question is where is the conversation on our refineries we we heard about the issue of modular refineries but all of that has gone cold what's happening to all these moribund refineries is what exactly is the issue why can't we all of these monies that we spend to exports the crude refineries and bring them back into the country which is making it a lot more expensive for us apart apart from the benchmark worldwide why are we not having these conversations well let me start by saying that we live in a country where accountability is a big issue and people those seems to think that for the fact that they're elected they're accountable to the people let me be frank with you I happens to be one of those who fought for the protocol to refinery to get a 1.5 billion dollars needed to revamp that refinery sadly a few days ago we heard that a section of that refinery went up in flames so the truth here is that it's clear that we are not even serious about revamping our existing refinery and building more so that in itself is a very big problem but in a second direction I used to think that it's very important for us to sustain the conversation around building more refineries sometime last year we had the vice president talking about modular refineries suggesting that by building similar refineries across as in the 90s region that we enable us to increase our supply and address the issue of voice subsidy and the rising cost of oil unfortunately what we've seen is just what I call betterics we've not been able to see practical commitments stores that ideology that ensures that we can actually kind of refine our oil locally without necessarily sending that road and then losing for an exchange ending so I think first accountability is the thing secondly I think the major problem here is that we don't seem to have a little shift that is committed to dressing some of this issue we are discussing currently until then I used to believe that Nigerians may just need to leave with this very sad situation of refineries where argument is shifted from building more refineries into discussion around voice subsidy transportation grants that basically will meet and finally I mean a lot of people had hope in the PIA which is now the PIB hoping that you know with the proposed regulation we now hear that of course the government is about to spend 900 million nair for subsidy in 2022 just as you have said there's a lot of window dressing in a time where the rest of the world is moving away from crude and going to renewable energy and green energy was still even finding it very hard to even produce you know and refine something that we have here free of charge it really bothers me what the future holds now don't forget the nlc is going to be protesting on February 1 this might cause a delay of sorts but how long can we hold this off if the government is saying they're being burdened they're spending too much money if we now decide that we're going to have to pay this much for our fuel what happens to the other things because don't forget I mentioned the cost of living is still pretty high transportation in this country is purely powered by these you know by fuel and crude energy so where do we go from here is life going to be worse and getting worse and worse for the average Nigerian well let me start by saying that uh I believe Nigerians would rise to pose it because the truth here is that what that simply means is if we all don't come together to pose this policy of governments what that simply means that you you're working for just the oil merchants and that simply means you've been taxed heavily to get uh the four you need to drive your vehicle or to power generator or to ensure that you keep as in yourself in business so I suspect that Nigerians will rise and I don't like to think that uh we get to the point where the government from listing and then our ship would increase okay so I would suggest that uh what the government needs to do right now is just to suspend our policy and I see Nigerians coming together this is not just about NLC or the the the other trade union denying to confront this policy and to defeat this policy it's about all Nigerians coming together to unite and oppose this policy because it is not in the best interests of Nigerians it's not in the best interests of economy it's not in the best interests for energy development and just like you rightly said the world is my great interim uh toxic energy which we refer to as positive energy is green alternated and yeah we can't even just address the issue of energy as a poverty so I'm of the view uh Nigerians will unite uh to defeat this policy and to force the government to keep up on this policy because the policy serves none well we have to go thank you so much Richard I know your is a financial analyst and of course he's been speaking to us about the fuel subsidy removal thank you so much for speaking with us Richard well that is where we say our goodbyes but before we do that we'd like to bring to you what Nigerians have to say about president Baharist's fight against corruption so far I will see you tomorrow I am Mary Anna Cohn have a good evening I would say in my own opinion he hasn't that is the truth because corruption is everywhere even before he came though there was corruption but even now you literally find it in places you can't even think of to tell you how bad it has become so to me I would say no he has not he has corruption well so far so good he had tried to some extent you know um he's just one person out of many or numerous people so he has actually tried his best and I believe um what we are experiencing is the best he could offer so far but in terms of all that hard sweat and other area he has done remarkably fine probably in terms of um projects and infrastructure I think he has been doing fine but when it comes to anti-corruption war I'm just going to score him like um on the skill of 10 I will score him like four basically and I believe it's um it's basically because of the um the group of people that has been working with him you know when you are the head you cannot come down and do everything yourself so you have the people you put in place determine your success the level of success you must have achieved at every point in time anti-corruption so what is not tackling anything we are facing challenges corruption what is corruption but you hear the language Osomole said it's a way you join apc all your sins are forgiven so what so what is it tackling I'm asking you is tackling but you had what when Osomole was a chairman what did he say it's a way you join apc your sins are forgiven