Our rulers have all the power and none of the responsibility. As the world burns, as the ecosystems die off, as the insects vanish, as the forests disappear, as soil becomes rapidly less fertile, as extinction takes over, as the oceans gasp for air and become lifeless deserts while continents of plastic form in their waters. It is interesting how often you hear the sentiment that this is the result of some flaw in humanity for which we all share equal guilt. To hear people talk about it, you think we all had some say in the way our society is organized, the way food, goods, and energy are distributed, the kinds of vehicles which dominate our civilization, the way our planet is being stripped bare to turn millionaires into billionaires and billionaires into trillionaires. And of course we don't. We've never gotten to vote on how corporations behave in our world. We never got to vote on which technologies would be suppressed and which would be subsidized and backed by wars and military scams. We never got to vote on the US war machine becoming the worst polluter of any institution on earth. We never got to vote on whether a tree should be cut down for profit or left standing for the benefit it provides to our ecosystem. And the things we do get to vote on don't count because our dominant political systems are owned by corporate elites. And even if they weren't, it wouldn't matter because those elites use media propaganda to brainwash us at mass scale and manufacture our consent for the ecocidal paradigm that has turned them into modern-day kings. The kings of today do not live as the kings of old.  They hang out in the background behind the theatrical performance of the officially elected government, quietly funding think tanks and corporate lobbyists, buying up media, bribing politicians with campaign donations, rigging the system, amassing more and more wealth and power, and shaping the fate of our world. Yet if you ask the wealthy who was to blame for the death of our planet, they'll tell you it's the fault of the riff-raff for having too many babies. If you ask the billionaire-owned media who was to blame, they'll tell you it's your fault because you didn't go vegan and ride your bike to work. In our extinction existence of invisible kings and wall-to-wall lies. Those with all the wealth and power are completely free of responsibility, while their rank-and-file victims are made to justify their very existence to the system every day and pay through the nose for every misstep.   You can get a hefty fine for throwing a paper cup out a window, but corporations can fill the oceans with plastic without ever being told, this is your fault, fix it. You can go to jail for smoking a leaf, but corporations can blacken the air at immense profit without ever facing any consequences. They are living as kings on wealth they made by raping the planet we all live on, whose health we all depend on for survival, and because their mass media propaganda is so successful it hardly ever even occurs to anyone that they should have to pay for it. They take what they want and do as they please, at our expense, for free.  The people who are leading us to Armageddon are hailed as charitable and industrious job creators.   This cannot stand. The one area in which we do have power is the fact that there are a lot more of us than there are of them. A fact that secretly terrifies them, which they spend vast amounts of energy making sure we never notice ourselves. As folk singer Utah Phillips famously said, the earth is not dying, it is being killed, and those who are killing it have names and addresses. But this insight does us no good if only a few of us realize it, until a critical mass of the human collective rises up against these sociopathic, ecocidal tyrants, we won't be able to stop them. But stop them we must, which is why it's so important to spread awareness of what's going on and where the blame really lies. All positive changes in human behavior are always preceded by an increase in awareness, whether it be individually or collectively. And from there, perhaps we can create a healthy world, directed not for the greed of the few, but for the good of everybody. Where scientific endeavor is poured not into creating billionaires and finding new ways for the war machine to kill people, but into ways we can harmoniously collaborate with our ecosystem. If we can't find some way to pull this off, humanity's epitaph will read. In the end, it was easier to let them kill the ecosystem than to take away rich people's rocket money.


Now bring us some figgy pudding. Have you ever had figgy pudding? No, it sounds gross, doesn't it?  No. Why is it in the goddamn song? It used to be a thing People I guess like figgy pudding. I like Figs, but I wouldn't know if I'd like figgy pudding.  Now give me some diarrhea I'll give you awesome figgy pudding You can react to it, you can react to it, Corbin. He's on drugs and you've all done it. It's so cheesy. Pump that content, pump it out, let it fall, give it a shout And they were so sent to Patreon, follow us on Twitter, what's happening man? We were acting Who's that guy? That is um, you know But this is a video called Why Indians are Taking Over Hollywood I thought it was a very interesting title for a video. I hope this is coming from an Indian. I don't know That's a very interesting title because I mean, I guess there are a bunch more than there used to be That's for sure. Kayling is the first one that would come to mind. Well, yep And then Aziz Ansari, that's who that is from Parks and Rec And obviously Priyanka And I feel like if you're doing this about Hollywood, I feel like Priyanka would have to be the one that would have to And now she's helped bridge the gap. Vir Das has said so. He said the first time he ever went into an audition, he said They were like, you're Indian? Like Priyanka Chopra? And so it's like, it's Obviously she helped a lot, so I'd be very interested to see what this has to say Could we love to see more of our favorite actors in India? 100% In Hollywood, selfishly.  We won't be able to see them And yeah, we know they don't need it, they're making plenty of money They're getting enough notoriety, they're getting their artistic expression out the way they want it But we want people here to understand their stuff going on outside of Hollywood And to be introduced to this artistry Priyanka Chopra, Priyanka, Vir, like there's so many that So much good artistry There's just so many artists that would do so well But yeah, but here we go I think this is from another YouTuber I think he's Indian Cool, but let's just see Right now Indians are taking over Hollywood, filling lead roles and finding major success Dad, Patel? Oh yeah, we didn't mention that The Indian that I remember on TV was a poodle Today I am truly an American citizen And he wasn't even played by an Indian Welcome to the American Idol But in recent years there's been an explosion of Indians in Hollywood All the stereotypes are soul outdated There's more Indian dudes doing sitcoms than there are running 7-Eleven He's on Show on Netflix He's really popular Mindy Project, Liza Koshy is killing it He said, yeah? Priyanka Chopra is everywhere In 2018, Kunal Mayer was listed as the fifth highest paid actor on TV No, from Big Bang And now, Lilly Singh even has her own late night show Oh yes, yes I remember when that happened I remember when that happened I was going to say, how are you going to lead yourself out there? No, no, no, this is all about it So there's no doubt that there are talented people all over the world But Hollywood is a business And the one thing that matters most in that business is audience A lot of the decision making is super concentrated, not always still Certainly the consumption of Hollywood is around the world So really it's all I'm trying to figure out when we look at the viewing behaviors What's the size of the potential universe for this film? The third biggest immigrant population in the US outside of Mexican and Chinese immigrants is Indian This is from an article in Time Magazine from 2019 And the article also states that Indian immigrants in America have the highest median income of all immigrants in the US And 70% of Indian immigrants in America have a college degree So that's 2.5 times the national average The fact that they are pursuing higher education And come from homes with higher median incomes Means that the audience is desirable for advertisers Because they want to spur them in the space And that results in progress So as people of color move up economically at scale Studios and major companies have a financial incentive to serve those audiences It's like back in the 50s when they had soap operas That literally were meant to sell soap to housewives who were at home Comic, get things, and jobs, cleaner and whatever they're called soap operas Did you know that? Nor was that in the script That's literally why they're called soap operas Had no idea But the audience is now also there Indian based company Reliance launched GEO in 2015 With the goal of bringing a high speed 4G network and affordable data To all of the Indian population This market is huge It's considered the last major growth market economically in the world Analysts say that this is a market that's going to be worth 100 billion dollars by 2022 That's crazy As of May 2019, Reliance GEO has 322 million subscribers That's basically the population of the United States That is now connected to the internet in India The GEO2 phone is available for 3,000 rupees Which is basically the equivalent of 40 US dollars So it connects this massive Indian audience with content made in America And another reason why the Indian audience is so important Is because a lot of them are English speaking So if you invest in a new show with Indian talent They can just take the content as is And play it in India to grow a fan base You must stay in India to grow a really You can catch a little bit with Willy's thing on September 21st at 8pm On Star World and Star World HD I cannot wait You can't say the same for China Another massive market In China, you can't even get on YouTube True India is not only the biggest audience on YouTube But also the fastest growing When YouTube launched India There were less than 50 million internet users in the country And today, YouTube reaches over 265 active users each month Netflix doesn't put all of their shows in full on YouTube But Patriot Act episodes are available in full on YouTube And that's probably because Netflix wants to grow a fan base in India It's also because you can't really find anything on Netflix It's like the lost and found bin of entertainment It seems like priorities have shifted And now some of these major networks and studios Are focusing heavily on attracting this Indian audience Come on Disney And not focusing as much as the stars in the audience Come on Disney Used to try and capture You've always said that your Indianness is a big part of You know, your voice and what you put out there Do you think as you need to speak to people Perhaps in middle America Do you have to bump the edges? No, that's wasting, right? No And another reason we're starting to see more Indians in Hollywood Is because there just are more Indians in Hollywood And these Indians aren't playing a good role And how about they happen to be really talented people Maybe the way for other Indians They're not being hired because they're Indian They're not being hired because they're really talented History has shown There's Johnny Cuth Every single late night host was a white guy And now with Lilly Singh Even though I'm not always a fan of her content She is paving the path for the future of Indians Who want to pursue a creative career Regardless of what the outcome is If I'm being super candid with you It's kind of not going to matter Because it's going to help continue to pave that path And that's what my priority is Hollywood held the keys for so many years And kept opportunities from people But on YouTube, Lilly Singh could hone her craft And cultivate an audience that Did she start on the internet? She sure did Didn't get to be on YouTube Or was that her? And by the time this opportunity came She was ready and had a huge audience Hollywood in the old days It really represented studios And to some degree a couple of networks And now it's this vast group of Creative artists People, artists, creators That are looking to figure out how to Execute on their ideas And get to the biggest audience possible People like Hussett and Lilly And everyone else that we listed in this video Have made it even easier for me To view this as a tangible career path And for my parents to see it actually Happening now in Hollywood It seems more real and it's starting to become An acceptable decision to try and pursue Your creativity That's an interesting viewpoint So to answer the question Why are Indians taking over Hollywood? Talent aside, Indians have just become One of the largest and most valuable audiences In the world So thanks for watching to the end of this video It's one of the arguments we actually made For why Gully Boy Should be the nomination One, I think we said it If you watched that video Artistic merit aside If they want and Oscars need views And we just heard from the guy from Creative Artist From the head of Netflix We just heard what you're just The point you're making is Gully Boy is perfectly fit For the criteria of what they want Because you do have to have the balance Of the artistry Which is what the purists want But trust me What Netflix and Disney And everybody else in this industry Needs to have is what they said in this Eyeballs, audience, money And that's the kind of thing That will bring entry to Exactly, even though there are a bunch We're still not where we should be Because of all the talent That is in India Right now that everyone Just they have no idea No idea that it's there They have no idea about Nawaz And Sadiki Well and that's part of the I would like to know like Nawaz My suspicion Like we know Alia wants to Be a star here She really wants to She has made a concerted effort To break in in the way that Priyanka has That may be of no interest To Nawaz whatsoever He might be against it But as far as his attention And his time and his people He may be like I'm very happy with my career Yeah But I would love It's a selfish thing It's really a selfish thing And I would love for me I don't understand why Like for me it isn't just Priyanka Because who preceded Priyanka And paved the way for Priyanka Is Tabu and Irfan In terms of the consciousness Of Americans being aware of Indian actors And I would We're selfish We want to see these brilliant artists These directors and these actors Known And we want the people that are here We want to see them put The amazing artists in films here So people realize like How Aladdin should have been I mean I still haven't seen it But how Aladdin should have been done With Indian actors And a series like Sacred Games man That series could be If people were looking And aware That should be A talked about show here In the States As like wow You guys seen Sacred Games this week Everybody's talking about The shows that they should Here They're talking about Stranger Things They're talking about Better Call Saul They're talking about The Mandalorian But they're not talking about A show as brilliant as Sacred Games So it was actually a really good video Great video I liked it a lot And I particularly like it With his vantage point Him being Indian And talking about how this has Even for his own personal To tell his family I do what I do It's giving some more Which Just do it anyway But trust me I understand what he's talking about The cultural thing of Why are you going in that direction It's still ridiculously difficult For unknown actors In Hollywood Especially of That are a minority I mean it's hard for everyone It's hard for everybody But it's especially hard Because I mean If you're of Asian descent If you're of Indian descent I know India's in Asia But you know what I'm saying But if you're Of that You're still It's still at the lower level Still basically stereotypical roles You'll normally go out Sadly Because they're not being As diverse as Hollywood is becoming And still not anywhere Where it needs to be And I can't imagine how hard that is Because how hard it is That we know are experiencing We're freaking white guys in America And we see comments from you All the time on stuff Where we're acting in it Going why aren't you guys In more films Because it's Insanely hard To get a break And talent is not enough Talent is not enough Mostly luck Relationships is number one It's who you know And then making sure You don't use those relationships But you're just in the right place At the right time But also sometimes It doesn't even matter Because you've got somebody With the cloud of Priyanka That still can't Unless she makes something Oh, herself Can't get a role In something You hear it all the time You hear that about projects That somebody like a Steven Spielberg Or you name these A-list people Tom Cruise Tom Hanks Who took 10 years For someone to say Yeah, we'll back that We'll be a part of that for you With those kinds of names So yeah, this is a tough Finally, what they were saying Is people are realizing That one of the audience is there It's a huge audience That people want the eyeballs That's what drives everything In the industry They want eyeballs on it Because that's how they get money Correct And so We're getting there We're getting there And it was a great piece Yeah, I liked it By this guy, Colin Very informative And Samir I don't know their channel But it was a good piece I liked it a lot Me too


Hello and welcome to this session. In this session we will recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments and observational studies and we will explain how random observations relates to each. And now we will discuss three methods of data collection. First is sample survey, second is experiment and third is observational study. Wherever we want to draw a conclusion for a population, we use a sample from the population and investigate it according to our need. But sometimes sample is not an appropriate method of data collection and we have to use experiment or observational study to draw the conclusion. Now let us discuss all one by one and let us discuss sample survey. Now a sample survey is a study that obtains data of a population called sample, the results for population. For example you want a sample collection for the captain in your school, not go to each student and ask their opinion, rather you will collect a sample of students depending on size of population. The conclusion about the opinion of all the students in your school is the best method to know the result survey. Now the sample collected should be selected according to should be a true representative of the population. It should be selected randomly, it means the population being selected. The sample collected should be the size of population and it should be selected randomly. Now let us discuss the study. Now suppose a company wants to know does its smart tutorial software will improve the algebra skills of high school study. Now for this we create all students, rather the company will follow an experimental study to know its effect. The company will randomly choose students may be 120 students who were not using the software. Now the company will randomly select out of these 120 students and give them the software to use, a given software to use as 60 students are left as it is. Now after 6 months the algebra skills software will be compared to the algebra skills who did not use the software. In the two groups the company will draw a conclusion about its software. Now where will best the software on 60 students in order to observe their response? There is the group on which we impose the software is called, hence was typically compared to the 60 students who did not use software. So that group is called confirm group experiments deliberately impose some treatment on individuals in order to observe their response. This is probably compared to that of a control group is a group of individuals who are given no treatment. The individuals at random treatment that control group this randomization will produce groups of individuals that are theoretically similar in all ways before the treatment is applied. Now let us discuss observational study. Now in observational study are observed and no attempt is made to influence them. The researcher simply observes what the individuals do naturally.  Observational study because we cannot impose smoking observe the lung capacity we are smoking for 10 years to the equal number of man smokers. The sample chosen is the smokers and smokers should be the random samples can be selected for the groups being studied and surveys do not compare groups and so do not address and affect observational studies and experiments are designed to be comparative that is to compare data from two or more groups looking for a relationship between variables that only a well-designed experiment can determine an effect relationship. So in this session we have discussed three methods of data collection that are simple survey experiment and observational study and this completes our session hope you all have enjoyed the session.


From Hollywood it's time now for Johnny dollar. Oh hi Marty. How are you? Did you ever hear of the mailing Buddha? Nope, I'm afraid I never it's probably the most valuable piece of jade there is a little statue Not more than three three and a half inches high made during the mailing dynasty, and you've ensured it. Yes for how much What's happened to it? I don't know. I don't know if anything's happened to it But if nothing's happened to it, I'm not even sure of that. Huh, but nothing's happened to it Come on over here. Let's talk about it, huh? Yeah, I think I'd better In the exciting adventures of a man with the action-packed expense account America's fabulous freelance insurance Investigator yours truly Johnny dollar Expense account submitted by special investigator Johnny dollar to the worldwide mutual insurance company home office Hartford, Connecticut Following is an account of expenses incurred during my investigation of the mailing Buddha matter Expense account I don't want a dollar ten for a taxi from my little apartment to the office of worldwide mutual Or Marty wasted no time in getting to the point For sure if it went for that knuckle headed Ray Kerman who's a one of our accompan Got back from a European vacation just this morning for being so stupid. I ought to fire him He knew we didn't show that jade Buddha and when he saw it over there in Paris a couple of weeks ago He should have looked into it found out what it was doing there Doing just exactly where Marty hit a dingy little antique shop somewhere on the route allows something or other He didn't even have sense enough to get the address or the name of the place Oh, where was it supposed to be? Locked up in the home of the late Daryl Harcourt up in Boston and of course it isn't well That's the point. I don't know. There's been no report of a theft all of somebody's seen it in Paris Is that Buddha pretty well known among collectors and so on? I told you It's probably the most valuable piece of jade in the whole world and let me use your phone Sure here But if we don't even know what shop or where it is in all of Paris just leave it to me My phone call was to a slimy little character whose name is de Marseille But who calls himself the Chagri the gray cat who knows the Paris underworld like the back of his hand He'd been a lot of help to me some months before and locating a painting that was stolen from my good friend and the actor and art collector Vincent Price If you can dig up the information I want I'll mail you a check for a hundred bucks American immediately Okay 200 now listen there's a little idol the mailing Buddha Where And the price on it how much third that's around $80,000 so it must be the McCoy wait for you you mean steal it No, no, thanks. I'll send you check you're giving him 200 bucks just for that a lot cheaper than my flying over there Well, yes, so now I better check at the home of this What you saying the name is Daryl Harcourt in Boston. I'll put down the address for you died about two years ago Homes in charge of his old housekeeper and Mrs. Mary Haskell and I take it his property His final tapestries and furniture. Yes, we'll to various museums here Everything but the content of Mrs. Haskell's room and the study the ladder he will to a nephew Charles Curtis To be given to him the day he finishes at Harvard. Well, that's a funny sort of arrangement Harkot was a funny man The Buddha was the only thing of real value in that room and he figured it was enough for To get his nephew started in the business of some kind. I see this Curtis boy get the house, too No, no that goes to Mrs. Haskell after Curtis gets the contents of that one room. Well Looks as though I'd better hide myself at the Boston to make sure that Buddha's really gone I don't to the $200 check to my informant and parents who was sure he'd seen the mailing Buddha was sure it had only arrived there recently But if so, why hadn't it been reported missing from the home of the late Daryl Harcourt up in Boston? Item 350 bucks deposit on a rental car When I reached Boston, I headed west on Beacon Street a couple of miles beyond Kenmore Square And there on a little side street found the Harcourt home It wasn't much of a place anymore the lawn and garden had been neglected the building itself was in need of repair The doorbell was the old-fashioned kind Yes, Mrs. Haskell. I'm Johnny dollar insurance investigating. Oh, of course. Do come in Rather dismal that's what it is You live here all the time. I am responsible for this house until the terms of the will are fully met That's when Charles Curtis finishes school. Yes Of course my own quarters at the back are as tidy as they've always been and Mr. Harcourt studies exactly as it was when he passed away. I want to see that study, Mrs. Haskell. Oh No, Mr. Dollar To be left as it is until Master Charles opens it to claim his inheritance. You're talking about the mailing Buddha furniture and books and things How long since you've seen that little jade idol? Why not since Mr. Harcourt died I locked the door and it hasn't been open since Well, I'm sorry, but I have to look around in there, but Mr. Dollar. Do you have the key course? Keep it on this chain about my neck at all times. Let me have it, but Mr. Dollar I can get a court order if necessary, but it would only waste time How am I to know if you're even Well, that is here They're my credentials I'm a fully authorized agent of the company that insured that Buddha, but I I'm responsible as it occurred to you Mrs. Haskell that the mailing Buddha might possibly have been stolen. That's impossible. Is it? Okay, where's the study? I I'll go with you Wyoming's and I'll open the door This door looks a couple of inches thick Just Just like the one to the library Mr. Harcourt kept all his lovely Look at all that dust Dust is right. It was on every the accumulation of a couple of years on the desk that shares the open floor bookshelves and tables They're almost dark and gloomy Yes It looks just the same Except for all this horrible dust But as I told you Mr. Dollar This is the first time the door has been opened.  No, I just didn't see it He always insisted on keeping the electric fan on that little table next to the door. Yeah Now where's the Buddha? The little wooden casket on the desk. I must see I Was afraid of this afraid of what mr. Oh No, it's gone. The Buddha's gone. Oh, no, I Searched the room thoroughly and found no trace of the mailing Buddha Somehow someone had got in that locker room and stolen it. It must have happened recently a Piece as valuable as that wouldn't be allowed to lie around for long If our soccer told me it arrived in Paris only a few weeks ago, and I had no reason to doubt But how could anyone possibly have got in there without leaving marks in the dust that's world about our feet every time we move That showed a clear imprint of every step we made That left a mark on everything I touched.  Dollar. This is terrible. You're sure you have the only key to this room, Mrs. Haskell. Yes, it was implanted to me to prevent this very thing. Oh dear What about the nephew Charles Curtis? No, I'm sure he's never had one You think he got a gut hole of yours and had a copy made? No impossible, mr. Dollar. Oh dear Where is he at school at Harvard? I think I'd better see that boy.  Harcourt died You can tell by the dust over everything that no one has been in here Not for years. You're sure of that absolutely Well, except for the federal tax man, of course the appraiser for the estate. Oh When was that? A month or so after mr. Harcourt passed away And yet he showed up in Paris only a few I was with him mr. Dollar and so was the attorney Who is the attorney mr. Howard Bancroft in town? Do you have his address? His office is just off carply square Uh-huh Then I've got two people to see Charles Curtis and Howard Bancroft mr. Dollar about master Charles He's a good boy.  Please mr. Dollar about Charles listen to me. Maybe later. Mrs. Haskell later Yeah After I've talked to him One thing puzzled me If young Charles Curtis did steal the buddha, why did he do it? After a few months more at harvard he'd get it anyway And he'd be able to sell it on the legitimate market for a lot more than it would ever bring on the paris black market On the way in to look him up. I stopped at the office of the lawyer Howard Bancroft I can't believe it mr. Dollar. Well the fact remains mr. Bancroft that the buddha is not only missing from the harcourt home But has turned up in paris But the only person who had access to that room was mrs. Haskell in accordance with mr. Harcourt's wish That room hasn't been added for years until today And yet if the buddha has shown up only recently I'm afraid I don't follow you sir. Mr. Harcourt willed it to his nephew, didn't he? That's right. Charles Curtis when he finished his school and he willed the house to mrs. Haskell, didn't he? Yes And it will be little enough reward for her years of service to him. How do you mean? Mr.  He willed to various museums So I understood they were kept in an hermetically sealed room the library Hermetically sealed practically didn't you notice the tremendous doors on the study and library the sealed windows Then how could any dust? Hmm, what? Um about Charles Curtis mr. Van Krupp admirable young man in addition to the money his uncle always gave him Well, his own family is very wealthy, you know, no, I didn't yes They've given him everything he wants and it hasn't spoiled him a bit even during college He's an excellent hard-working student He's going to be a lawyer mr. Dollar and he'll be a good one And maybe my thinking about him has been wrong or definitely By mr. Dollar, he's planned to donate the mailing buddha to a museum when it comes into his possession So you see Ah, it's just that after handling more or less straight insurance cases for so many years I almost instinctively suspect anyone close to the All of the problem at hand in this case young Charles Curtis even mrs. Haskell Maybe even you I beg your pardon, but I guess I'd better just shake the dust out of my brain and tackle this as a plane ordinary Wait a minute Dust, hey It's a little manner of dust that really has me stopped. It makes it impossible for that rondo been added since Tapestries you said I mentioned them, of course how blind can I be?  Daryl Harcourt, but I'm going to play a hunch mr. Van Krupp. Maybe it's all wrong. Maybe it's crazy But I'm going to play it to the hilt The dollar you can't do this you have no right now we'll see about that These are my own personal things I don't believe you're an insurance investigator at all. Whatever you like Have you a warrant to search my room this way? No, no, you're just some thief some Oh, yeah This bank book in your name.  Oh, yes, you pointed it out to me half a dozen times I should have caught on then Come on. We're going into that study. Give me the key. No, I won't. I'll have to rip it off that chain around your neck. All right Here You saw for yourself. Yes, I saw it. All right, and I didn't have sense enough to realize what kind of dust that was Look at it Fuller's earth what are you talking about about the old-fashioned method of cleaning fine tapestries with fuller's earth That's the way mr. Hart court cleaned them, isn't it? What difference does that make and there's probably a supply of it down on the cellar somewhere that he always kept on hand What if there is that doesn't prove anything? Yeah, I was blind blind as a bat when I knocked over this electric fan that didn't have any dust on it Because it's what you use to spread the dust to find particles of fuller's earth all over this room A little sack full may be held in front of the fan and it left proof Apparently that nobody's been in here for a couple of years Yeah, it had me fooled but not anymore Better get your coat. This is how it's going. No No, sir I deserved far more from mr. Hart court for my years of service And of watching him squander his money on the idle And I've met nephew who had money of his own Now I have money plenty Plenty more than I need And I'm an old woman But you You're young Perhaps you could use some of it Perhaps 10 or 12 thousand dollars You will have to think of a better way out than that, mrs. Haskell And you know something I have a notion you're gonna have time to think about a lot of things Plenty of time The main link Buddha still has to be brought back from Paris Maybe I'll get the assignment Maybe it'll go to one of our regular foreign investigators As for mrs. Haskell Well, I'm sure mr. Bancroft will lose no time in taking whatever steps are necessary So Expense account total including mileage on my rental car and a few incidentals Well, call it 300 bucks even yours truly Johnny dollar Now here's our star to tell you about next week story next week Well far be it for me to get up on a soapbox, but I hope you'll make a point of listening to it It concerns a lot of money in the wrong hands and the hands of a bunch of kids too young to meet responsibility Too young to realize that cutting loose from family before they're ready can lead to trouble in this case murder Yeah, I think you'd better hear it. So join us. Won't you yours truly Johnny dollar Johnny dollar starring Bob Bailey Originates in Hollywood and is written produced and directed by jack johnstone Heard in our cast where virginia greg paul dupont will write and forest lewis Be sure to join us next week same time and station for another exciting story of yours truly johnny dollars


Hi everyone and welcome to this talk on large-scale, actively secure computation from LPN and FreeXR Carbon Circuits. It's during work with AnAirBeneframe, Canon-Con, Canon-Ri, Emmanuel Arsini and Nigel Smart. Multi-party computation or MPC for short protocols are interactive algorithms which allow parties to securely compute on their private data. Here in our example they want to know who is the richest among themselves. The main challenge in MPC is that there is an adversary which controls and coordinates several of the participants, rather than the adversary being an external entity. By securely computing we mean a series of properties. The two most important ones are correctness, which guarantees that parties obtain the correct result of the computation. In our example here Alice is the richest among the four parties. And the second one is privacy, which means that parties learn no more information than what they can infer from their respective input and output. There are two main approaches to MPC protocols, which are secret sharing and garbled circuits. Each of these has their own advantages and disadvantages. Secret sharing protocols are very good for arithmetic circuits and low latency networks. The latter is due to the fact that their round complexity is linear on the left of the circuit. On the other hand they have a small communication complexity and they are also very cheap in terms of computation in general. Protocols based on garbled circuits are the best option for Boolean circuits and high latency networks, since they have a constant number of rounds. On the other hand communication costs in the garbled phase are bigger, since the size of the garbled gate depends linearly in the number of parties. Computation-wise this is even worse, since the dependency in the number of parties is quadratic. In our work we set out to get rid of this dependency in the number of parties. This was previously done by a subset of the authors of this work together with Yehuda Lintel, but they were only secured against passive adversaries and they could not support the Friggs or Optimization. Given our improvements, the complexity of garbled circuits is now much more similar to that of secret sharing-based protocols and even asymptotically better for circuit evaluation. Let's make clarity setting and the goals of this work. We want a constant round multi-party computation protocol based on garbled circuits in which the size of the gates is independent of the number of parties and which is concretely efficient, so we also wanted to support the Friggs or Optimization. We will deal with static active adversaries and we will be in the dissonance majority setting with different thresholds within that range. We will have Boolean circuits to model our computation and we will work in the offline-online paradigm. Let us start with a recap on garbled circuits, both in the two-party setting, which is Jaws Protocol and in the multi-party setting, which was first considered by Beaver, Michali and Roly. The core steps behind the passive version of Jaws Protocol can be summarized as follows. First of all Alice produces an encrypted or garbled version of the target circuit, which is C tilde here on the slides. She sends this to Bob and then both parties engage in an input and coding phase from which Bob obtains a garbled version of these inputs. Once he has this, he can evaluate the garbled circuit on the garbled inputs and learn the actual output of the circuit and only that. Alice can get the output just by getting it from Bob, who will send it. One could believe to think that it is easy to achieve the goals of our paper just by taking Jaws Protocol and then using any NPC protocol to emulate all of these internals of it. But this wouldn't really mark all of our goals. First of all, yes, this will be a constant road protocol since the garbling step has a constant depth. The size of the garbled gates would be independent of the number of parties because that's how they are in Jaws Protocol. And if our gray box here, which denotes our NPC protocol, would be actively secure. So it will be the overall result bar some minor details. But the problem here is that this would be extremely inefficient since we would have to do obliviously all these garbling operations which involve using some PRFs. And these don't have a very friendly NPC circuit and they are not really efficient even for the other alternatives that have been proposed. The BMR protocol by Beaver Mikarian-Rowerway from 1990 does not differ too much from the previous idea and the same goes for its successors. So in this protocol, we have parties to emulate these garbling and input encoding steps using some generic NPC protocol. But the core detail here is that these PRFs that are used for encryption, they are not obliviously evaluated within the generic NPC, but they are rather provided as inputs by the parties. But the process is very similar to Jaws. Parties will produce this garbled circuit using NPC and the inputs they provide. They will encode their inputs and once they have all of these values, they can go to the online stage where they choose the evaluation procedure with the encoded circuit and encoded inputs to obtain the right output of the protocol. Those were the differences between Jaws and BMR at the protocol level, but we will need to look in more detail at the garbling step of these protocols. In Jaws protocol, a gate is garbled as follows. First, for each wire on the circuit, you sample a pair of keys corresponding to each possible value on these wires. Next, you are going to encrypt the truth table using these keys. So you will encrypt under the two corresponding input keys corresponding to the two input values of the gate, the key that corresponds to the output value that you would obtain if you were to evaluate this gate in the clear. Finally, you permute the rows so that the evaluator doesn't figure out the correspondence between the keys and the actual values from the row that he's evaluating. If we add the free XOR optimization, things look slightly different. Rather than sampling two keys per wire, now parties will sample a single key per wire and some global correlation delta. And they would define the remaining key as the sum of that key plus delta. Now this allows you to avoid garbling XOR gates. You can simply obtain the output key for any XOR gate by XORing the input keys. In the BMR protocol, more changes are needed to deal with multiple parties. Now each of these parties will sample a key and a free XOR correlation independently. If we put all of these together, we get a vector of keys and a vector of free XOR correlations that allows us to define the vector of keys that we're missing. Once we have this, we do the garbling similarly to how it was done in Gauss. We will encrypt the table and we will permute the rows. This time the permutation has to be done obliquely by all the parties. The problem is that these double encryptions using vectors of keys will require to encrypt each of the individual keys separately. So now the size of this garbling gate is linear in the number of parties. We are encrypting each of the individual keys under all the keys, under the two vectors of keys. So our goal in this work, I would remind, is to get rid of this linear dependence in the number of parties. We can now present our scalable garbling scheme, which is based on the learning parity with noise problem. First of all, let us recap the decisional variant of the learning parity with noise problem. During these following slides, I will use teal to denote public values and purple to denote secret ones. So it goes as follows. To sample a public matrix with entries in F2, a secret S, a secret vector, and furthermore sample some error according to a Bernoulli distribution. What the decisional LPM problem asks for is whether you're able to distinguish the public values big C and small C from uniformly random ones. So let's just move this under to remind what those values are. Assuming that the LPM is hard, it is very easy to build an encryption scheme. If you have a message, which is a vector of elements in F2, you just encode it according to some error correcting code. So for this, just take the generator matrix of the code and add this to this small value Z. The idea here is that you can remove the term C times S if you know S and the error will go away when you do the decoding in your error correcting code. Given the encryption scheme from the previous slide, it is easy to make a covering scheme if you don't have the freaks of property. So what changed from the previous construction is that since you have two keys to encrypt each entry of a garbled gate, you will go back to having a single key by summing them together and that will constitute the secret key of the previous encryption scheme. And the messages that you will be encrypting is the wire key corresponding to the truth table for that entry of the garbled gate. Now, if we have the freaks of property, the previous construction doesn't work. And the reason for this is that since the key for value zero and the key for value one are correlated by this value delta, we would have that the value S11 would be the same as the value S00 since you are adding delta twice and that cancels out because we are in a field of characteristic two. Same thing goes for S01 and S10, so we've lost all security in our garbling scheme. You learn two entries of the garbled gate every time you get the corresponding input keys rather than a single one. In our work, we solved the previous problem by using a permutation of the key bits of the key space. Now, rather than defining the secret key SAP as the sum of the keys, it will be defined as one of the keys, say the one for the left wire, plus a permutation of the bits of the second key. This way, the freaks or correlation will not cancel out. We could have thought for a different solution. We could have, for example, applied the standard DLP encryption we described earlier twice. But this will have a significantly higher computational cost. Almost the double one could say since you need to sample one more matrix and do one more matrix vector multiplication. In more details, the use of a permutation brings us to four possible keys which are for any AB, the key SAP, that plus delta, or that plus sigma delta, or that plus delta plus sigma delta. So once part is learning any pair of keys, KUA or KVB, they learn the value SAP and all the security of the covering relies on the remaining hidden secrets which are delta, sigma of delta, and delta plus sigma of delta. Hence, all of these encryptions rely on some related keys, which security we have to study. Furthermore, the values that are being encrypted also depend on delta, since they are also higher keys and they have the freaks or correlation. So there's also some notion of a key dependent message. In our work, we prove that our construction has some related key, key dependent message security, which is actually something stronger than the two notions separately. What we show is that these keys that we use now, this key SAP, only has to be as many bits longer as the number of cycles in our permutation sigma. And I invite you to check our paper for the details. Equipped with our LPN based coupling, we can now present our two protocols for cargo circuits based on that. The first one, which we denote as authenticated cargo circuits relies on the fact that LPN is an NPC friendly way of encrypting data. Since we have some public matrices and the errors and keys are secret vectors of elements in F2, encryption is just an F2 linear combination that comes from computing the matrix vector product. The problem with this solution, which is very easy to understand though, is that sampling the secret errors in NPC is not cheap, since they follow this Bernoulli distribution. So the problem is that the preprocessing will be slow in this case, and our next protocol will be better on that aspect. But it has the advantage that the error correction codes that we can use for this construction seem to be more efficient. Our second protocol is the unauthenticated cargo circuits one. In this case, we assume that some constant fraction of parties is open. Say, for example, that in percent, which would be something very reasonable, since we aim for a large-scale scenario with many, many parties. So in this protocol, what each party will do is sampling sharings of the LPN keys and of the noise locally, rather than together and obliviously, as in the previous protocol, and compute some local weak LPN encryption, which has the following properties. The sum of all the weak LPN ciphertexts that belong to the honest parties, so that's n divided by c, is a secure LPN ciphertext. And in order for parties to get the sum of all the honest LPN ciphertexts together with the ones from the malicious parties, because we don't know which ones are those, parties just add some random sharing of zero to their weak LPN ciphertext. Now when you add all of these together, the sharing of zero goes away and you get the secure LPN ciphertext together with the ciphertext of the malicious parties, which has to have some tolerable amount of noise. The good thing about this is that now we have the same number of oblivious operations as in the state-of-the-art protocols that are in the BMR setting with active security and the solar majority. The problem, though, is that since now we have a single pair of keys for every wire, rather than a vector of keys, where each of these keys belongs to a specific party, we have lost the error and detection capability that was in HSS 17. So there would be different ways to solve this problem, but the solution we take in our work is to introduce some output gates that bring back these error detection capabilities, which basically have, again, these kind of vectors of keys. And once again, the details are in the paper. I would like to conclude this talk by giving some details about our implementation and experimental validation of our results. We will only present the main takeaways of our work for the circuit evaluation phase, and for this we will compare with the previous work of PLO 17. It's first interesting to see how much slower is our work, which has active security and free XOR compared with PLO 17, which was only passively secure and couldn't support free XOR. For circuits consisting only of hand gates, we are around six times slower, whereas if we take more realistic circuits that include also other kinds of gates such as AS, it turns out that in this complete example, we're only around 15% slower than this passively secure protocol. Another interesting metric to look at is when does our work become more efficient for the circuit evaluation phase than the best works that precluded in this setting and have gates of size linear in the number of parties. In the passive security case for PLO 17, this was around 100 parties compared with PLO 16. In our work, it turns out that this crossover point is also around the same number of parties. Finally, it is important to note that our implementation is a proof of concept. We get some good performance due to our use of the two key LPM encryption that I presented with the permutation trick and by sampling the LPM matrices on the fly using the AS key derivation function. So this part of the implementation only takes between 15 and 20% of the time. On the other hand, the major challenge comes from the codes that are used. So in our examples, we use concatenated codes, which were easier to implement and to analyze their failure probability. This has some problems though. We spend around 80 to 85% of the time decoding these codes, so there's room for improvement. This could come from different sources. We could use the recent GFNI instructions from Intel to improve the efficiency of the outer code, which is a Ritz-LeMont code over the field with 2 to 8 elements. Or we could use a better decoding algorithm, such as generalizing minimum distance. Or in turn, we could turn to codes that would be more difficult to implement and analyze that would provide a better performance, such as LEPC codes. Thank you very much for your attention and see you at the live session.


It's time to get serious in Europe as the UEFA Champions League round of 16 begins. RB Leipzig will entertain 14-time champions Real Madrid Tuesday, February 13. This is one not to miss on your home of champions. Watch it live on Sports Max 2 and on the Sports Max app, 3pm, 4pm ECT with a pre-game show half an hour earlier.


Love is not a gift. Love is a baton. Love by its very nature is designed to be passed on. Love flourishes in motion. When we hold on to love, everybody suffers. In a relay team, if one of the runners decides to hold on to the baton and not pass it on, everybody is disqualified. That's what it's like with love in life. Pass love on today to someone. No matter how small or in what way you do that. Pass love on. Love flourishes in motion. Pass it on today. Love is not a gift. It's a baton. And I pass love to you beautiful people today. Thanks for being here. Cheers.


In a demo at the stage House of Assembly has received a list of 23 commission and nominees for confirmation. The list of the nominees were submitted to the Assembly by Governor Amado Finteri for consideration and confirmation. The list was read by the Speaker Honorable Bathir Wesley while presiding over the plenary session and said that the date for screening will be communicated. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news, please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hello everybody, I am Dr. Avneesh Kandil, Lead Consultant Radiologist at ASTEMM Scottical. I am also a faculty member of Indian Radiologist and I am very passionate about teaching and making things a bit more simpler. So in this current video I am going to be talking about Sonological Assessment of the Endometrium and the points that we need to be considering when we are evaluating the endometrium and how exactly do we approach it. So I hope this is useful for you. Thank you. This is Sonological Assessment of the Endometrium. Endometrium has a wide spectrum of appearance, it is a very dynamic structure and it is pretty variable during the various phases of the menstrual cycle and there is a lot of variations seen in the various age groups also. So knowing the difference in the different age groups and the difference in the appearance during the various phases of the menstrual cycle is important for us to know which is normal and identify which is abnormal. The optimal modality of choice for imaging the endometrium is a transvaginal scan. So when we are evaluating the endometrium like I mentioned before, there is a variation in the different age groups. So we have to know what is normal and what is not normal for the different age groups. During the neonatal period there is, there can be minimal residual hormonal influence because of which the endometrium may appear to be prominent or thickened though we expect it to be thin in the premenstrual phase or the premenarcal phase but still in neonates it can be prominent because of residual maternal hormonal influence. But further from this in any of the years prior to the pre-puberter age the hormonal influence from the maternal hormones has regressed and so we see an endometrium which is thin and uniform that's what the normal appearance will be. Then in the reproductive age group there is a lot of variation based on which phase of the menstrual cycle that the patient is in. So we will be dealing with it in detail further on. Then comes the postmenstrual or the postmenopausal age group during this period the estrogen hormone influence has regressed and so there is an atrophy of the functional layer. This leaves behind just the basal layer which is a thin and uniform layer and we expect it to be thin and uniform and anywhere less than 5 millimeters. This is accounting for the fact that the patient might be on a hormone replacement therapy also even then we expect that the endometrial canal or the endometrial thickness should be uniform and thin and measures less than 5 millimeters. So what is it that we are assessing in the endometrium? We look at the thickness of the endometrium. We correlate this thickness with the age of the patient that we mentioned the different age groups and the appearances during the different age groups. We correlate it with which phase of the menstrual cycle that the patient is in. Further from the thickness we look at the echogenicity of the endometrium. We look at the homogeneity of the endometrial texture if it is homogeneous or heterogeneous if we are seeing any focal echogenic or focal hypoechoic structures within. We look at the contour of the endometrium we look for any bulges in the endometrium or we look for any indentations or in growth center of the endometrium. We also have to look for any vascularity in areas of increased vascularity or any focal area of altered echotexture with any change in the vascularity. We have to assess all of these things when we look at the endometrium. So how do we measure the endometrium? The ideal technique would be to employ a transveginal scan but for the patients in whom we cannot do a transveginal scan we can go ahead with a transabdominal scan. Either ways the measurement of the endometrium is done in a metcichietal plane in the long axis and during this the entire endometrial lining needs to be visualized right up to the endocervical canal and we have to measure the thickest echogenic area of the endometrium for getting the right endometrial thickness. This means that from one basal interface to the other basal interface or from one echogenic end of the endometrium to the other echogenic end at the widest part is the endometrial thickness. So what are the things that we have to bear in mind when we do this? The part beyond the echogenic end of the endometrium or the basic layer of the endometrium is the hypoechoic myometrium or the inner myometrium or the junctional zone and this should not be included when we measure the endometrium. Very often we do see minimal fluid within the endometrial canal and when we are measuring the endometrial thickness this endometrial fluid should not be accounted for in the measurement. So what are the layers of the endometrium? On the left side of the screen we can see a transfer channel scan of the uterus which is showing us a trilaminar appearance of the endometrium and the outer echogenic area of the endometrium is the basal layer. The lining within it the hypoechoic area within this echogenic area is the functional layer and the central echogenic line that we are seeing is the endometrial canal. Now the thin hypoechoic area that we are seeing beyond the basal layer is the inner myometrium, the hypoechoic myometrium, inner myometrium or the junctional zone and we specifically make a note of this when we are looking for the adenomyces. So what are the layers of endometrium? The layers of the endometrium are the basal layer and the functional layer. The basal layer is the one which is adherent to the myometrium. It is the supporting layer and which helps it regenerate. The inner layer is the functional layer. It overlies the basal layer. This is the layer which responds to the hormonal stimulation. So this is the layer which undergoes changes during the various phases of the menstrual cycle. This is the layer which prepares for the implantation and the one which gets shredded during the menstrual phase. So what are the phases? We said there's a change in the endometrial lining during the various phases of the menstrual cycle. So what are the various phases? There's the menstrual phase which is the beginning of the cycle. Then we have the proliferative phase which has the early and the late proliferative phase and the secretory phase. So let's look at the different appearances during the various phases. The menstrual cycle which is beginning with menstrual phase, it lasts from the first of the fifth day and during this time the functional layer has shed. The endometrium is the thinnest during this menstrual phase and it appears like an echogenic thin line measuring from 1 to 4 millimeters. Then we have the early proliferative phase which lasts from 6 to 14 days. During this period there is an increase in the hormonal influence. As a result of which there's a proliferation of the basal layer. There's development of blood vessels and glandular tissue and so the endometrium appears more echogenic than it was in during the menstrual phase and it measures from between 5 to 7 millimeters. Then we have the late proliferative phase or the peri ovulatory phase which lasts from 15 to 17 days. During this phase we have the glands, the blood vessels and stroma increasing. There is a twilight appearance of the endometrium and it can measure up to 11 millimeters. Last part of the cycle is the secretory phase which is lasting from 18 to 28 days during a normal cycle. During this part the functional layer is the most edematous. There's stromal edema, there's a lot of mucus, a lot of glycogen because of all this the endometrium is very edematous so it appears thick and echogenic and has posterior acoustic enhancement and the thickness of the endometrium during this phase can go up to 16 millimeters. The thing that we have to bear in mind during this with all of this is that none of these numbers are hard and fast rules. You can have a thickness which might go beyond these set limits and yet be normal. So if the patient is asymptomatic we can follow up the patient in the next cycle to assert that it was just a change in the numbers. It can very well be a normal endometrium and still waver from the normal thickness that has been mentioned. So what are the various tips that we need to bear in mind other than what we have already mentioned? When we look at the endometrium I mentioned we measure the thickness of the endometrium in the mid-segital plane but that is not the only way to look at the endometrium that is the plane in which we measure the thickness of the endometrium but we have to look at the endometrium in its entirety. So the endometrium needs to be seen in the longitudinal and the transverse plane and from one corner to the other corner to ensure that there is no focal elation, no focal irregularity in the endometrium in any part of the endometrium along its entire length. Further from this we have to look at the endometrial texture. We have to be sure there is no focal lesion, echogenic or hypoechoic and because an endometrial carcinoma, polyps they all can present as they all normally present as focal lesions. When we have fluid within the canal I mentioned earlier also we should not measure it when we look at the endometrial thickness. So what do we do other than that? We have to measure each layer of the endometrium separately and then add it like supposing look at the picture on the right hand side of the screen. We see that there is minimal fluid in the canal so you look at the endometrial measurement of the anterior lining and the posterior lining and add on both of these supposing it is 2 millimeters and 2 millimeters the endometrial thickness becomes 4 millimeters. Many a times due to various reasons like presence of fibroids, obesity of the patient, position of the uterus we may not be able to look at the endometrium properly. If this happens we should mention that the endometrium is poorly seen because we saying giving a measurement of the endometrium and mentioning that it is normal might pass that patient off as a normal patient but that patient might be having a subtle abnormality or a subtle endometrial malignancy or a polyp which might go unseen. So what do we do for these patients in which we are not able to see the endometrium properly? The next thing that we look for in these patients is a sonosalpingogram which is instilling fluid into the endometrial canal which helps us delineate the endometrial cavity and the endometrial lining beautifully and very subtle lesions can also be delineated beautifully with a sonosalpingogram so for all the patients on whom we are not able to look at the endometrial lining well a sonosalpingogram is recommended and another thing that we need to bear in mind is long-term usage of OCP can cause thinning of endometrium so when we see the various things our appearance or the thickness of the endometrium we have to make sure we are keeping in mind the age the phase and the probability that the patient is under God is using is having some other medications which might be influencing the endometrial thickness so with this we understand that endometrium is influenced by a lot of factors and knowing these factors will help us determine whether the endometrium is normal and the ways that the endometrium is looked for is not just the thickness but also the ecotexture the ecogenicity ecotexture the contour the bulge indentation vascularity of the endometrium so always look at the entire picture and don't just stop with what you see so there's a lot of things that comes further in the endometrial pathology which will be taken up one by one as it comes


Lieutenant General Nadeem Ahmed, thank you very much for your time this morning. We might begin by having you explain a little bit about your very impressive background. You know, I started my career in the military in 1971, served in the military for 39 years. But more importantly, ever since 2005 when our country had the biggest earthquake, which kind of was spread over an area of 30,000 square kilometers, and we lost about 73,000 people, that I was pushed in by the military as the chief military coordinator to carry out a massive relief rescue operation. And once the first phase was over, then they asked me to be in charge of the reconstruction and rehabilitation effort that the government of Pakistan put in along with the close association of the humanitarian community and the donor community. Later on during 2009, as you would recall, we had a huge complex emergency in the area of Swat and the federally administered tribal areas. And as again luck would have it, there was a law enforcement operation being done by the military. But at the same time, it was thought appropriate that military should also initiate a kind of a winning of hearts and minds battle through another maneuver and they created special support group of which I had the privilege of being in charge. And we looked at this huge operation where we had a massive displacement of about 2.5 million people. And within three months, when the military operations were going on, I was responsible to take care of them outside the conflict zone in making sure that they are able to fed and provided for all the amenities. And once the law enforcement operation completed, then I was responsible to take them back. And probably that is one instance in the history where in within three months, normalcy was returned to Swat. And within four months, we were able to return about 2.4 million people back to their original abodes. Then later on as we proceeded, as I retired in 2010, soon after I was appointed as the chairman of the National Disaster Management Authority in Pakistan. And right from day one, we've been handling small little emergencies here and there.  And we went through the initial rescue relief operation and currently we are busy in the early recovery operations there. And hopefully we'll start with the reconstruction. So that's a little brief on how things have gone ever since I joined the military as well as the disaster management community. Are there some fundamental differences between the management of a civil disaster as opposed to a military disaster? I think the two are greatly different. In a natural disaster, the coping mechanisms that the government and the people have from within are much strong, much robust. And people tend to bounce back much earlier. Yes, actually when they see the disaster and they see their houses or the near and dear ones who have lost their lives and once they bury them and once they start clearing the debris of the house, the process of normalcy starts in their mind. They exactly know what has happened and what it takes to rebuild their lives. And there's a lot of assistance from the international humanitarian community, the government who will come forward with all kind of relief assistance. So they get busy right after the disaster which may happen for maybe a few minutes. It may extend for months. But in a complex emergency, there are too many variables which continue to traumatize the people. You exactly go through a very long gestation period in a complex emergency of being punished by the bad guys for no fault of yours. And whenever there's a law enforcement operation which is planned and starts to unfold in an area, you see large-scale displacement of the people. In our case, as I said, it was something like 2.5 million people who were displaced. Now when they're displaced, they exactly don't know what has happened to their homes, to their crops, to their animals. And in many cases, they have to leave back the elders of the family in the conflict area because they cannot undergo the hardships of traversing hundreds of kilometers. And once they are in camp, of course, camp is no substitute to a proper house. And therefore, hardships of the camps kind of bother them. Second, they don't know when, what time the peace will return, what time will they go back. It can extend for as long as maybe two decades or more. In our region, in Afghanistan, in Sri Lanka, you have seen displacement for more than two decades. So that continues to bother them. Then they are worried if at all they are able to go back, whether there will be peace and the control of the government or the bad guys will still be ruling the area. So during this stay in the camps, will they be looked after adequately or will they not be looked after adequately? I think all these pressures tend to create a very, very unhappy situation for the people who are displaced because of a conflict. And therefore, I personally feel the outfall or the humanitarian aspect of the complex emergency or a conflict is much more difficult, tedious as compared to a natural disaster. So then how do you adjust the way you handle a situation like that to deal with these frustrations? I think when I look back at my own experiences, again, it has to work very closely, not only with the military but the provincial governments, the humanitarian community and the donors and to understand the need of the people. Now, for example, in our case, we had a huge element of trauma management in our relief programs when the people were living in camps. We created children friendly spaces, we created women friendly spaces. Then also we utilized their time because if they're doing nothing at that time, you know, the pressure is more. So we created a lot of skill development programs for both men and women, boys and girls to make sure that they spend their time, you know, optimally rather than just wasting and brooding over the tragedy that has befallen. Third thing that we needed to create was to somehow establish a linkage with the people who are back home and have not been able to come out. So, you know, they're all the time worried what has happened to their elders. So we created a system along with the military where we could get the feedback on the well-being of the persons who stayed back. Fourthly, again, you know, not many humanitarian operators will work in the conflict zone. They will work in the relief zone but not in the conflict zone. So in the special support group, we created a mechanism where we had an extensive deployment of the humanitarian part of the army to look after those people who were like stuck into the conflict zone. Their medical needs, their food needs, their fuel needs at any time. They need to be evacuated. So there was a whole system which was taking care of the people in the conflict zone. And I think that was very, very critically important so that people get some kind of a kind of a comfort in knowing that they're near and dear ones, though they are stuck in conflict zone, but there is someone who's taking care of them. And then remaining constantly in touch with the military's operational arm to get to know what is the situation in different conflict areas and keep announcing it to them that things are all right, things are not bad, the bad people are losing. So and that's what they want to hear. And then giving them hope as to when they go back, probably they are going back to better future. And small little interjections like a cash grant program which can help them to do small little things here and there. So I think we've managed that pretty successfully. We were able to take these people back. And to be very honest, when these people go back, though fully traumatized, everyone was shouting long live Pakistan because I think the way we looked after them during this crisis when they were displaced was phenomenal. Are the funding requirements similar or are they vastly different? And are you able to even compare the two at the time? No, when you're going through a natural disaster, you exactly know what your funding requirements are because you know the disaster and you know how much it will take to reconstruct. In a complex emergency, everything is fluid. You don't know how long it will go. What has been the collateral damage that will happen? How much money you will take really to rehabilitate these families because you know there is a huge issue of de-radicalization and reintegration of the bad guys into the society finally. So that also has a cost. So I think when you're looking at or comparing the costs between a natural disaster and a complex emergency, then a complex emergency has, I think, you will have to spend much more. What we need to also understand is that in a natural disaster, you are privy to the entire caseload. Whereas in a complex emergency, this caseload gets divided into conflict zone and into relief zone. The requirement of providing assistance in relief zone is much more, by the way, as compared to the conflict zone because in the conflict zone, people are living in their own homes. They have a bit of coping mechanisms available to them, maybe some grain and some. In a relief zone, you are dependent on everything. So even for water, for washing, for everything. So probably when you look at the costs of both, complex emergency is more. Within the complex emergency, the cost of providing assistance to the people in the relief zone is much more than the people in the conflict zone. Now having said that, the kind of assistance that comes from the international humanitarian community, which is, I think, the most critical part, will depend upon the nature of complex emergency. As you know, Pakistan is fighting the global war on terrorism and therefore the support from the international humanitarian community has been immense, incredibly. The whole humanity stood by us during this crisis because everyone realized that probably this is the battle that will prove that the government forces can overcome the evil forces and that we, I think, very, very clearly prove to the people of Pakistan as well as international community that given the kind of commitment to make sure that you want to protect your land and protect your people, you can take that difficult step of going extra mile and use all the available means that is at your disposal to, one, crush this militancy and then start the rebuilding process. People and all the planners must know that there are two edges to it. The military can do only that much. It can crush the militancy thereby creating enabling environment for the development as well as the political authorities to take over the process from there for sustainable peace and this sustainable peace will come at a cost. If we don't address the underlying issues by virtue of which this emergency in the first place started then probably we will go back into the insurgency phase and that's what we don't want and therefore we need to plan this entire operation in its entirety both the military part and the humanitarian part the crushing part and the rebuilding part so you have to create a balance while retaining the damages to the minimum. What about the challenge of managing expectations not just of the so-called victims of a situation but also of your own people? It has to go side by side. You just cannot isolate one from the other. It has to be in sync, closely integrated and coordinated. The only thing that I wish to sensitize that when you are planning an operation like this you need to be prepared for a mission creep by the military if you are succeeding then they would like to go an extra mile and do things for which probably there were no initial plans. Second, the insurgents are not restricted to a certain terrain or certain borders or control lines. They will tend to fan out in those areas which may be peaceful just to draw the attention of the military forces away from the center of gravity and therefore there is every possibility of a geographical expansion of an insurgency. So you need to be prepared right from day one that this thing can go bad, this thing can expand the number of the affected population may go more and therefore if at that time you are not prepared then probably you will be beaten. So we need to be very sure how what will be the fallout of this operation will there be a geographical expansion will there be more IDPs what kind of support that this additional caseload will warrant and if we can do that right probably we will come out looking better. You just mentioned the term military creep how important is it in these scenarios to be on one hand I suppose flexible to the situation and yet on the other stay very much within the guidelines to ensure success. You know this situation is very dynamic and probably when you are going into a situation you have to look at different possibilities that this can happen, this can happen, this can happen and be prepared for it. Position adequate resources right from the word go while hoping for the best you should be prepared for the worst. So you can't really fix it geographically in terms of numbers in terms of resources deployed you will have to remain dynamic and adjust to the positions. When I talk of mission creep that comes in when the success comes easily you are expecting that you will be able to you know bring an area under control and peace let's say three months using so many forces and it just gets into peace in one month and you have then a tendency and let me go finish out this piece or pocket of insurgency as well let me go there as well that is a decision which every military commander will take probably at that particular time looking at its fallout looking at the resources that he has at his disposal and looking at the humanitarian impact somehow the humanitarian part tends to go away from the focus of a military commander but in our case what we did since the military was also responsible for winning the hearts and mind so we never left that area like out of focus that was always our focus that should it expand then it has a humanitarian cost are we ready for that and if we're ready for that let's go ahead do it if you're not ready for that then there's something wrong you need to then develop your capacity to provide the humanitarian assistance when there is an evolving situation whether it be a relief situation or a conflict who do you perceive that it is most important that you manage the expectations and the behaviour of is it the victims or is it your own forces your own people who are probably the most important I think when you are starting purely speaking from a military perspective you are looking at the goals that you are trying to achieve and that is the primary focus but at some point in time and every military commander realizes that into their calculus of planning this humanitarian aspect will start to come in and start to impinge on your liberty of action and what is the line where you can say I have stabilized the situation what is that cut-off line because it's not clear where you need to know that you are now winning and the bad guy is losing and running out and there are different ways of finding that out that's not an issue but I think that threshold understanding of threshold is critical from where for the bad guys it's law of diminishing return which has started to set in and you are on the up and if you think that it is reverse is true and you need to sit down look back and see what's going wrong with my way or scheme of things and maybe again make adjustments what is most important do you think in a disaster situation is it structure is it understanding what is the key it's delivery no matter what kind of a structure you have if that structure cannot deliver at the user then then it's of no use you have to ensure adequate service delivery in the right amount at the right time it's just planning if you can get your most of us get kind of stuck into like analysis looking at the damage and need assessment in a relief time or a period I have always said overdone is not overdone you just need to move forward and you will keep getting additional information and then keep expanding if there is one person and he is to get one loaf of bread if he gets three I have no issue but I should make sure that there is not a single person who deserved one and has not gotten one so my worry is go and overdose the whole relief effort in a zone you don't have to really become kind of go totally off-balance in doing so but overdone is not overdone and with the passage of time you start to adjust to the ground realities is there a particular pearl of wisdom which you have pulled upon? this is what I have observed and the three major disasters that I have handled I think it has stood the test of time and I think all both kinds of disasters I would call coordination is the king there is always this kind of reservation amongst the relief providers be it from the military or the civilian humanitarian agencies of somehow coordinating their effort into one synergistic whole and if we can do that right then we will come out as a winner because what I have seen is that most of the relief providers are comfortable in providing assistance in high visibility areas or high accessible areas the peripheral areas where it's difficult to reach are normally thrown into the lap of the military because of their capability to reach that area but we need to know that such and such area has been left out and someone needs to go and provide assistance there so the matrix that we develop in the humanitarian world of who is doing what and where is critically important because that helps us in getting to know that which are the areas which have fallen through the the net and I think in that in certain cases of disaster you can introduce technology to establish that for example in the recent floods we used a satellite imaging very very extensively to know the extent of flooding to know the communities which are which were marooned by the water and were not reached by the relief providers and there we pushed in the military because the military has the wherewithal of helicopters and boats as compared to the NGOs who do not have the kind of wherewithal to reach a certain peripheral area so if we can coordinate that such areas which are easily accessible could be given to the to the implementing partners or to the relief providers from the civil humanitarian world the difficult areas could be taken on by the the military themselves as we finish do you have any polls of wisdom that you would offer to personnel that are about to be deployed I think as far as natural disaster is concerned it's pretty much simple it's not a complex issue because everyone out there is doing the same thing providing relief to the affected population and you have your areas cut out like the more difficult areas will be taken on by the military the less will be with us by the civilian relief providers but in a complex emergency is totally different and the biggest pressure on the mind of a soldier is who is a friend who is a foe and the rules of engagement you know tie him down and at times he may have to lose his life because he was not able to discern the black from the white guy so I think if I am the commander in a situation like this I will have to come up with a strategy where I isolate the bad guys from the general public so that it gives me or my troops greater confidence to enforce the law using anything that he has available to him rather than remaining confused all the time and therefore because it's a very complex thing you are firing at your own people and it creates a kind of a mental pressure on the soldiers which is totally different than what you do in a conventional conflict where you have very clear black and white lines that he's a bad guy and you need to kill here you are more on decapacitating rather than killing and making sure that you pick up the bad guy amongst so many maybe good guys and then you just don't have an arrangement where you can find out you have to be literally mentally too sharp to pick up such signs where you can think yeah this is the person who is my enemy so you have to be very very careful with collateral damages in a complex emergency you have to protect yourself a lot I think protection will become a major issue in deployment of forces in complex emergencies then you have to deploy or protect the people who are white because lot of intelligence that you are drawing you are getting that intelligence from the local population and you need to know that they will only provide you information if they know that they are safe because tomorrow if there are reprisal attacks against them they will lose confidence in the government so I think when you move into a complex emergency the situation or the demand on the soldiers is extremely high and again there may be a split difference if the troops are deployed in a counterinsurgency operation outside their own country the pressure may not be as much but if the troops are deployed to do counterinsurgency in their own country then the pressure is just too much because they are just your brothers and your family members you belong to that area and that creates a lot of pressure on the troops you know it's going to be a decision of that particular soldier at that point in time under the environment and circumstances you can't be with him all the time but I have always said follow your instinct because about 70 to 75% your instinct will be right it's good advice my pleasure


Good morning, Hank. It's Tuesday. I really liked your video about shooting stars, and seeing streaks of light at nighttime reminded me that it is firefly season here in Indiana, and today I'd like to tell you about my complicated relationship with fireflies, or, as I called them as a child, lightning bugs. So I always thought of fireflies as a singular thing, but in fact, around the world, there are over 2,000 species of these soft-bodied luminescent beetles. Some glow with amber light, some with green, some with yellow. They can tell each other apart by the pattern and color of their flashes.  Some fireflies are predators. In fact, members of the Firefly family Fatoris will mimic the light patterns of other species of fireflies, so as to attract and eat them. Here in Indianapolis, there are dozens of species of fireflies. One, the Saze Firefly, became the State Insect of Indiana in 2018. Indiana's Department of Natural Resources released a statement pointing out that the Saze Firefly is a true Indiana native, whereas, and I'm quoting here, many other states have state insects that are not native to their areas, a disc presumably intended for our neighboring state of Ohio, which chose as their state insect the Seven-Spotted Ladybug, an invasive species introduced to the United States in 1973. But I'm not here to talk about Ohio's dubious selection of state symbols. I'm here to talk about fireflies, which are, of course, absurdly wonderful. The problem with fireflies, though, is that they are so obviously and ostentatiously beautiful that they can be like a little cheesy. I remember once in high school I was outside with a friend, and she commented on how the fireflies were really lovely, and I said, well, but they're a little lame, though. And she paused for a moment before saying, what is wrong with you? What was wrong with me was that I was afraid to experience unironized emotion, afraid that if I gave in to the phenomenal beauty of fireflies, I would seem childish or naive or worst of all that I would be seen as innocent and vulnerable. And I was right to worry about that. I knew by then that it is not only carnivorous fireflies that were in the innocent and vulnerable, only to hurt them. So when I was a kid, fireflies were an example to me of the world's strangeness and beauty, of the absolute astonishment that life exists at all, let alone in such bizarre abundance. And then in my teens and twenties, fireflies represented to me a beauty I needed to protect myself against feeling too much or too directly, lest I drown in either misguided nostalgia or the flood of emotion I was always trying to dam up within myself. But now, they mean something else to me. What gets me about fireflies these days is that they make their own light. I mean, they get their energy from the sun just like the rest of us do, and so in a way their light is sunlight, just like all earth light is. But still, fireflies make light where otherwise there wouldn't be any. Hank, you told me recently that there are planets in the universe that orbit no star, planets that are just hurtling through the vast and empty places between solar systems. And on those planets, you explained, everything is very dark all the time. And when I asked you if there might be life on those planets, you explained that, yeah, perhaps if there are geological temperature differentials or something, there might be energy that could be captured and used to fuel some kind of life. And then you said, but there wouldn't be any light, though, before pausing and adding, oh, unless they make it themselves. And I found that possibility, however distant, quite encouraging. So here's to celebrating light where we find it, and making light where we don't. Hank, I'll see you on Friday.