Okay a very good morning to everyone Monday 29th of July. I hope you all had a fantastic weekend Definitely as per usual we're going to run through everything to look out for for this week So as you can see from the calendar to the side of me at the moment If this is a bit small it is something that I tweet from my own personal account which you can see Got my hand all that beneath my my image So you can access that if you want to see it And we'll print it out to have it on your desk But I'm going to run through here some of the main highlights But before I do a quick look at the general setup for the morning Things relative to be quiet as you would expect a very big week coming up We have the main event which undoubtedly is the commencement of the Fed rate cutting cycle Very much anticipating a rate cut of 25 basis points But importantly then communication around where do we go from here will be will be very important for financial markets across assets We've also got the Bank of England Bank of Japan. They both have their rate decisions this week Which we'll have a look at in a second Then you've got starting on Tuesday the Recommencement after a three-month hiatus in face-to-face talks between the US and China So I'll give you some thoughts and what I think of that We've also got more economic data significance both on manufacturing non manufacturing coming from China, and then we've got the sum of 168 S&P 500 companies reporting this week So probably the most busiest week in that respect seven of the Dow 30 coming out So with that in mind today's calendar From a Monday perspective is particularly light. We've had a couple of European earnings out UK as well So centric up about 3.6 percent Sanoffi on the biggest French companies up about 2.3 Heineken they're down about 4% on the back of earnings But otherwise a fair reflection I think of the lack of real big news developments over the weekend very much So it's more about looking ahead towards the main events for this week And in particular that Federal Reserve announcement and not forgetting of course got non farm payrolls on Friday as well So rather than me look at these charts. I mean one of the ones That does stand out I was going to say I'll leave the charts to Sam, but one is with Sterling Want to make a quick comment on this just from a top-level view over the medium term You can see on the daily continuation. We've broken quite a key area Which was that low that we printed only around two weeks ago and Now technically I think that just given my baseline belief that Boris Johnson's plan is to line up a general election I do think that the narrative. He's trying to build is going to be one of very much Again, let's take back control and let's get our confidence back And it's kind of very much emotive response rather than the details in order to conjure people around this national sentiment of Getting a strongest position possible for for a general election and as such The more he talks up the prospects and real credible threats of a no deal and we've seen over the weekend in this morning He's kind of given the very much So the the green light to cabinet officials to go ahead and start prudently planning for a no deal So gee Javid the new chancellor saying he's opened up another billion pounds worth in order to explore those options Michael Gove saying similar at the weekend So I do think that there's more downside here for cable over the coming weeks I think technically now we're through that level. I personally don't see any reason why we don't continue to move down towards the 121 handle and Which puts us of course in close proximity to the post e referendum low that we printed Back in Q3 in a retest in Q1 2016 2017 That's not to say that I think that will break that level because Then we start going down this General election route, which I do think is very much being as part of her the Boris plan penciled in for Autumn albeit this all speculative at this point that isn't the baseline case for the moment at least but yeah, just wanted to quickly comment on the pound because I do think that Combination of the economic data deteriorating as we've seen with the PMIs in particular recently But I also think that given the political strategy of now the conservative government I think that they will be talking up no deal the prospects of that then needs to be priced in More than already has been the case which has seen cable come off a good what eight points now since we knew really Boris Was going to be a clear winner in that race and I do see further downside materializing over the coming weeks For the moment This of course come in context of the Fed of which I think the Fed have got a lot to do in order to add a Dovish surprise to the dollar so that dynamic fundamentally I think that the sterling currency will out weaken the green backing in that respect But let's go straight into a couple of news headlines As I said Sam's going to do the the technical look around and we'll start with the Fed This is a graphic looking at the futures implied odds of the Action to be taken by the Federal Reserve this Wednesday evening just to reiterate right now Both Sam and I will be here to cover the full FMC event live on our YouTube channel Sam's going to publish a Kind of a live holding page where you can just click on that and add the notification bell And you'll be alerted as soon as that session becomes look becomes live. So again, we will be doing that live Absolutely free on YouTube. So do check that out Looking at this graphic though. What we can see here is there's been a distinct shift Towards really the market pricing in the prospects of a 25 basis point rate cut not 50 now 50 Still could happen. There's about 18% of the market which is pricing in that for a potential outcome but what's happened is a combination of a little a few signs of some more positive economic data on perhaps what was a more of a Negative developing thing that we had seen and importantly we saw Comments being rolled back. I think it was feds Williams at the time the New York Fed spokeswoman came out to correct saying he Wasn't explicitly talking about the July meeting he was talking about the bigger picture and in the most dovish member of the voting FMC members James Bullard came out Basically said 50 basis points would be too much So I find it incredibly hard to see the Fed doing 50 given those two mentioned events so The question mark of course is going to be how do they follow this up? Because of course every now Federal Reserve meeting has a press conference And so we'll be looking for your own power to add clarity about the future direction of policy Is what we're going to be anticipating and which will be key The other thing that I did see and and really you can you can just make whatever you will of statistics But I thought this was quite an interesting one. This is a chap. I believe the firm is LPL financial But this guy's quite closely followed on Twitter He's definitely the stats man and he was looking back at a collection of numbers Looking likely that we'll see the S&P 500 within 2% of all-time highs, which we are at the moment And he was looking at the last time we had a rate cut with equities at around these levels and it's happened 17 times before since 1980 and Every single time that's happened i.e. the S&P 500 has been within 2% of an all-time high when the Fed have begun cutting Then every time at a 17 previous occasions Dating back about 40 years the S&P is 500 is finished higher every single time To give you an idea about the numbers on average the S&P's finished higher by 15% So a sizeable gain now, of course Context has to be applied and just because this pattern is very clear that doesn't necessarily mean it will repeat itself But nonetheless, I thought it was quite a compelling Set of numbers suggestive that you know from here even though we're trading north of 3000 and the S&P and 27,000 and now this would suggest that there's still plenty of appetite For upside when this type of thing has happened before we shall see Elsewhere the other big thing that people are looking at of course the trade secretary Robert Lighthizer and The treasury secretary Steve Mnuchin they head to Shanghai And they're going to be there from Tuesday and Wednesday with a two-day talks face to face now As I've said, this is the first time they're meeting face to face in about three months. This comes after that G20 temporary freeze if you like that they had on the US imparting further tariffs on the remaining of goods on China Now the key thing that you're really looking out for here is China essentially has three main demands in order to progress and move things forward on this agreement number one is the immediate removal of all existing tariffs one of which you can imagine were a main as severe sticking point because I really find it hard to believe that the Americans will agree to that number two is the Chinese want a balanced agreement Now the Chinese have very much Said before that really this is a one-sided relationship where the US is getting a lot. They're demanding a lot and if anything Given the cultural differences as well This is very unpalatable for the Chinese officials to bring back domestically So point number two is they the Chinese want a balanced agreement and then point three the Chinese also want realistic targets for additional purchases of American goods now you remember Part of the G20 agreement from the US side was they demanded that China commit to upfront a specified amount of purchasing of of agricultural goods And that's been particularly onerous on the amount and volume of which China has to buy So they're really three things I'd say you want to look out for over the Tuesday and Wednesday talks the immediate removal of all existing tariffs a balanced agreement and realistic targets to be set forth from the US on the basis of Purchasing of American products now all three of those I think the US will not budge on them and quite interesting comments out of trump at the weekend And I do think that it's in trump's own Um Favor if he is to delay this as long as the market isn't in a state of negative shock and selling off Which it isn't at the moment I think trump will want to prolong this as much as possible in order that he can then come in as the white knight and cut a deal closer towards more like 12 months time Possibly six months time where he gets the maximum impact then for right in the heat of the political campaigning period going into the 2020 election So my overall Outlook for this meeting is that they will continue to continue to talk I really don't think anything of real concrete nature is going to materialize could that be destabilizing I think net net will end up pretty similar to where we are at the moment on this trade issue alone In terms of market reaction is my overall view Um One important thing that china said at the weekend in state media Was that no achievements would be made if the us sticks to existing stance during the shanghai talks And as I said, I don't expect the us to change that stance at this point Um, one thing that people have been looking at is the state of the chinese economy Um, it continues to weaken further in july Early indicators show so growth remaining tepid weak demand, of course As this uncertainty of the trade cloud Remains this is something that bloomberg Often put together which is basically like an activity measure looking at several different components in order to ascertain overall forward-looking Expectations over chinese activity and as you can see it's tipping in the weaker direction Even no stronger in major onshore stocks and key property stocks and iron ore prices small business confidence Sales manager sentiment factory inflation tracker These are all things that should be indicative of still The prospects of continuation of contraction of like we've seen in various different things like manufacturing and the pmi data of late From china pmis which will be looking to get confirmed on wednesday night going to thursday morning from china Which is signed to look out for On the energy front quite interestingly if people are still a little bit Worried about the precarious nature of the overall global growth situation Well, you've kind of got a two-part thing So that may be potentially a question mark on the demand side But on the supply shock front obviously the Tensions in the persian gulf have been Absolutely at the forefront of energy traders minds. However over the weekend you had pretty constructive talks Amongst a lot of western nations In regards to Meeting face-to-face with iranian officials for talks called in response to the escalation intentions between the iran and the west So present in these talks that the weekend to try and find Some sort of way of working around this in 2015 agreement they had in place before the u.s. Kind of blew things up britain germany france plus russia and china were all there trying to have constructive dialogue with iran Which i think is very important for peace in that particular region and so therefore as a by-product of this I do think that potential flare-ups or headline risk surrounding the strait of hummus has decreased slightly um This of course didn't involve the u.s. The u.s. Who's really stoked that issue with that recent cancellation of the exemptions to the terrorists a few months ago So oil prices a little lower this morning not by a great deal But down around the 56 handle trading negative about 19 cents Other things you've got this week. I mentioned you got the bank of england Markets now expect a quarter point cut in interest rates this year At the time of the may mpc meeting and the reason why this graphic is the may The blue line is because this thursday bank of england We're not expecting any rate cut in this meeting But importantly we get the latest quarterly inflation report And so any changes to growth and inflation outlook is going to change then the perception of the interest rate policy over the medium term horizon typically over two years and what we've got here is the The overnight index swaps would imply then a rate decrease happening by the end of the year Remember rates in the uk commonly reside at 0.75 percent if we're to go to Essentially the end to the beginning Kind of q1 of 2020 markets are priced for rates to be at 0.5 percent. So 25 basis point decrease How much clarity are we going to get in the qir? I would say Probably not too much but overall it might sound a little bit more dovish given the comments that we heard from Michael saunders last week the outlying hawkish member turning much more dovish Given the threats politically Certainly under the cloud of the The threat of a growing risk of a no deal under some of the rhetoric coming out of boris johnson and the administration at the moment One interesting thing I did see at the weekend was a number of the latest polls And this was one there was several actually by delta poll and it had the conservatives This was for west minster ahead by 10 a pickup of 10 points And opening up a lead of five points over the labor party. So a dramatic turn as Boris johnson effect. They're calling it in the press the boris bounce He really has captured or struck the right note to really resonate with those who are slightly disenfranchised by the kind of stuck in the mud situation of Theresa May and even though boris is in exactly the same situation That's not the point. It's this kind of trumpism approach to politics, which is talking up a really You know mighty return of of britain to the fold, which is really played out in the polls and and certainly Uh, that has reflected quite well One thing that was quite interesting though I did see as a side point that That as a secondary number if labor were to drop Jeremy Corbyn as their leader The same poll would suggest that labor would shoot into the lead at 34 with the Tories at 28 So quite interested to see if if Corbyn remains under pressure as well at the moment Even just to lead his own political party would be particularly interesting Um a few other things this um, I won't go into this in in great detail You've seen these before this is kind of the where do we go from here next decision tree? And here obviously the pursuit at the moment as far as the government rhetoric would have you believe is No new deal That would then lead us all the way shooting down to it. Can the MPs block a no deal? If they can the UK and EU agree a delay Europe, I would say most likely would say yes If there is a delay, then where does that lead down? And if we do go down this general election route, remember that will more than likely entail given The the legal process of inactioning a general election will mean that october will get delayed, but obviously Boris could probably survive that if it was under the remit of holding then a general election So that's that's the baseline I'm going for at the moment But obviously if that did go through that's that risk of no deal But I don't really see that as possible at this point I think the gusto is to set up the sentiment for the general election rather than anything else And then the other options here again if you want to look at these graphics in more detail I did tweet them at the weekend Moving on different subject matter We've had 44 percent of the S&P 500 report so far For this Q2 2019 earnings season In terms of the earnings the percentage of companies reporting actual earnings per share above street estimates is at 77 percent above the five-year average so Certainly on that metric a fairly decent performance overall for the moment This week we've got 168 companies reporting Just to give you a bit of a flavor of some of the bigger ones not really too much going on on monday But tuesday you see the likes of proctor and gamble merc fizer So certainly some of the larger pharmaceutical names in american reporting And aftermarket on tuesday you get the biggest company And the tech giant apple reporting Wednesday general electric probably one of the highlights alongside qualcomm And then on thursday verizon general motors And then on friday you get the energy majors exon mobile and chevron So I will share in the chat the full kind of breakdown of that so you guys know exactly what's coming out And when so yeah, that's That's pretty much it so again just a very quick level summary The major event will be the the fomc rate decision The cut outside calls for 50 baseline is for 25, but then where do we go from here? Don't forget market pricing is for about 100 basis points worth of cuts into year end Is the market too dovishly priced even though the fed cut do we get this this kind of more? um Almost like a hawkish cut scenario if you like where markets by function of its pricing even though the fed are cutting and sounding quite Dovish, it's just not dovish enough for how the markets are set up and we get a bit of a hawkish reaction We'll go into that of course more on wednesday You've also got some important u.s data with non-farm parallels being on friday You get the adp employment change coming on wednesday you get ism manufacturing and you get the whole build up coming throughout the week Then you've got the trade talks so tuesday and wednesday bank in japan interest rate decision will know overnight With the bank of england to follow on thursday, and then you've got littered in throughout the week all of those corporate earnings So plenty to get your teeth stuck into So we'll be here of course to guide you through all these different events And and hopefully we'll be able to join us live on on wednesday night. All right. That's it from me Let me hand you over to sam And i'll uh, i'll catch you in the chat room. Thanks guys All right guys. Good morning. Have we all had a uh a good weekend? I guess no better place to start than uh the pound here, which is Just spiked again through the s1 and i'm in a bit of a relief rally if you like from That area of support. I just posted this in the chat got uh You know trying to pick support on this market is going to be relatively tricky But we're just coming up to a point here where This trend line would come into play and a couple people were looking at this as well You can see the low from the the 18th Uh 17th and then just hitting this now If you look for a further move that's going to have to go and looking longer term Now on onto the weekly chart It doesn't look too good for for the pound here and and bringing in this this trend line that's been well respected For well since it started here 2017 and we've got a really nice test of it back in the last year and coming in closer to A few weeks ago. What an area of support bounce through closed below and yeah, it's not looking too good So opportunity wise i know you've got the fed and obviously that could could see us back at you know 125 very quickly Come wednesday and depending on on how that comes out But certainly from a technical point of view just for the the pound against the us dollar a retest of this trend line Could be a decent opportunity Levels below and and here we're we're looking really going back to I guess you could say one Well, almost where we're trading now 120 What's the low that we 123 65 on the futures and if we get below there, then you're probably looking more towards 123 and the next real key Support point 121 31 on the the futures not looking good for the pound is the summary of that and not just against the dollar But against many other pairs as well looking Intraday at the pound as mentioned if we can get a retest of that trend line The the weekly one that's coming in around 124 12 You know, I'd like a bit of that as well and you can see on friday We had a decent break of a trend line not going to say we're going to get up to 124 80 But something to keep an eye on later in the week as well should we we come in so already a decent move lower Pricing in of the no deal. I think it's going to be the main reason behind this So we're keeping an eye first and foremost around 124 11 as it comes in obviously s1 will be an area people would look at Just bear in mind that if we do get you know further push from here, you know, it was a really strong level support So whether you'd want to get short so aggressively On s1 remains to be seen but some decent levels to look to to get in again Euro I mean listen today is going to be a quiet one. I don't imagine there's going to be too much going on But you know, just having a quick flip back to that calendar. You can see of all the days It's the quiet. So I'm not expecting too much From that back to the chart for the euro if we're looking for a more range bound trade You could argue the r1 with fridays highs looks quite nice the the lows Around s1 as well. Maybe a new range has come into play From there that should confine price pivot That means an area isn't it? I don't necessarily think it'd be that good I'm not going to say the only trades are going to be r1 and the s1 But certainly from a range bound Monday morning might be the favorite option to to wait for one of those to really come Into play elsewhere. We'll have a quick look over the other currencies the ozzy, which Just continued it. It's pushed lower. We were talking about this trend line for what seemed like that every Brief and we did finally get there the break of of that the other day And any retest of that in the coming days and weeks will be worth keeping an eye on This market just continuing to push lower. So any of these Levels that do come back into play Yeah, it would be obviously nice points to get in you can see Every time we get a break of these previous lows, we just get a further follow through So well, maybe not today just considering the low volume But we can see we're starting to find this area support 69.13 a break of that You might get that that follow through to the downside one to to have marked up as well the yen against the dollar slightly Well, you can see it's still directionally over the last week or so to the downside but slightly More Choppy I would say over the last couple you can see the area support We had on friday completely makes sense because of the the reaction we had back on the 10th I would really like to see this market give back up to this previous area of support that we did break through on Thursday Can we get to that? You can see the lows the 16th the 23rd and the 24th Any retest of that would be nice enough to to get in We had to push higher in the morning back down to where we started and we're already up Free ticks or so. So again, relatively range bound And with the the monday morning trade probably best just to hold off before getting too aggressive gold You can see almost getting up to the the r1 and yesterday's high and and yesterday's low is on s1 So very similar to the euro in in that respect that we have got this little range in play With help of the pivots that might be worth just holding off on that You know the way gold can move so it might be worth just having a few of these Trend lines on just to see if we can get those third tests at any point That leads to that final push down or push higher either way But for now, you've already got the two tests on those As mentioned by by and we'll get the the weekly strategy out where we look at these levels in a bit more longer term But for gold here if you just we make this a bit more Well, you know longer term, you know, still a 50 minute chart But going back here for the whole of the month you can see it's relatively sideways anyway And that longer term trend line for Gold if I just move everything off that we've talked about in recent Time let me just bring that in here You can see we actually didn't get a retest of it But still holding well and I know a few people are still short on on that So at any point may well be worth keeping an eye on that trend line And of course up to the higher point you can see just how well On the futures on the 240 1432 1430 is as active as a level of resistance Just cannot get above that area Quick look at gold oil Sorry to to wrap things up when we look at the the decks on the the open Just have a look at the last half hour You can see oil quiet as expected and that's probably a summary of how this morning is going to be You've got your range in with the s1 and the r1 friday is high and low Similar to the euro and gold and other markets as well and oil pretty sideways as well I mean worth having on this trend line from the low that we had if I just move this away from the camera Of the 18th just to see how price can squeeze in and then from the upside Well, it's slightly steeper, but really well respected a lot more respected Should we say than the downward one so worth having those on and probably waiting for a break either way And just wondering whether the volume is actually going to be there for that to happen today Or not and look over the decks just trying to creep creep higher Not the most clean open shall we say S&P obviously near those all-time highs as well. We'll have a quick look over the the charts Longer term and get those sent out in the The strategy report and but of course before that any questions that you do have Please do let us know just a quick one on that calendar quiet today picking up Obviously got the fed wednesday, which will be the main thing and then non-famperos friday as well with the bank of england The day before that on thursday So any questions as usual, please do let us know if we don't speak to you I hope you'll have a great trading day and great week ahead


N ස්ිව�频ු෋ වවවහිවො Nathan�ෂතු ඔබක්්ස් 1 ජි� gasal වළට්ටුල්ාකශ් එෙසභාන? වවක්නයෙප කයා පාද්සේසන් එකත් Allāhියටත් ඲හුනීභ දැ ම ඝැ ධාගාභස්න 3ITE ఫిమిచ్తాని సమిప్తారంది. పయ్తారాని సిమిక్ర, ఫారిక్ట్యన రంపుత్యులెంనిక్ట్త్యరి. the first part we will discuss about the finance and the second part we will discuss about the finance manager and the third part we will discuss about financial management so we will proceed to our part 1 first of all we have to know what is finance everybody knows as you know finance is the lifeblood of any business activities finance is defined by various experts in different ways finance is the activity of managing money finance represents money management and process of acquiring needed funds some experts define finance as an art and science of managing fund these term finance include financial services and financial management finance is defined by various experts finance is called as a big gun it is a big gun it is a big gun Now we have to know about the finance function. बिट्टटे नु की करे हे भिख्या में जानिबो लगी वो. Finance function basically includes three activities. Raising funds, investing them in the assets and distributing the returns and from the assets to be to the shareholders. बिट्टटे प्रदनोत तीनी धहनर काम करे तीनी धहनर कर्जा हमरिले, हमरिले प्रदनोते हो चे पूजे आहरन करा, अदिट्टिया तो है आहरन करा पूजिखिनी बिविन न धहन्पःदर बिन्योग करा, और तीट्टिया तो हो से, हैं हमपः बिन्योग कर ड़ा जी तो लाप परजन होल, हैं लाप खिनी, शेर्हुल्डर्स, विवलेश्चिन of the prospective profitability of new investments and the measurement of cut of rent against that prospective return of new investment could be compared. आख, तीट्टिया तो तीटिया थीटिटिया, एक स्भी बिन्योग करा, अखतर गेटिन the investment decision, after having the investment decision, अखतर तीटिया तो विन्योग करा, is to decide when, from where, and how those needed funds will be acquired for investment. Ditya hiddantata bittya prabandhaka jane, dinita katha hiddantala anibolagi bo, ketya, korpora, al kene kei hei biniu koribolagiya pujhekhini ahoran koribol. And it will also determine the appropriate proportion of equity and debt. The mix of debt and equity is known as the capital structure. And the finance manager will have to go for optimum capital structure. Ehi bittya jitu hiddhanta hei hiddhanta toth, dhuta input thake atahol equity aru atha debt. Equity aru debt jitu capital hua hei debt tur proper mixon koribolagi bittya prabandhaka jane siasta koribolagiya bo. The third decision is the dividend decision. The finance manager must decide whether the firm should distribute all the profits or retain them or distribute a portion of the profit and return the balance. Eht ditya jitu hiddhanta labhankara hiddhanta omuhori bittya jijon prabandhaka take bo. Bitta prabandhaka jane taw decide koribolagi bo. Hei omusthanta upara jikhini munafa arjan hol, hei munafa khini taw, gutte tawankha shareholder hakala maja bitran koribolagiya bo. Ne hei khini nijor hatha trakhitha bo, organisational unusthanar hatha trakhitha bo, ne etangha distributed bitran koribolagiya bo, aru etangha trakhitha bo. Hei jitu bitta prabandhaka jane hiddhanta labhankara hiddhanta labhankara. Jitu dividend policy. The dividend policy should be determined in terms of its impact on the shareholder's value. The proportion of profits distributed as dividend is called dividend payout ratio and the retention proportion of the profits is known as the retention ratio. Jitu labhankha bitran korahai hei labhankha bitran korah anupat tokohai labhankha prabandh anupat aru bitya tawise retention anupat. Now the fourth decision is liquidity decision. It is an important decision for the finance minister. The liquidity is come from the word liquid. The normal meaning of liquid is the things which have no share. But in the case of in-commerce, liquidity means the assets which can be converted into cash easily. So the finance manager will have to try to maintain liquidity. This liquidity is related to the profitability. More liquidity, less profitability. Less liquidity, may be result more profitability. Hence the proper balance must be achieved by the finance manager between profitability and liquidity. Tarolla jitu hiddhanta, jitu hitti gurittapana hiddhanta bitya prabandhaksana tarolla niti tu mani solato uttanta proyejunya. Karam tarolla aru munafa. Munafa arjun dhuta mazhat garaham par koase. Joti tarolla besi hoy munafa komizabapare tarolla komole munafa besi warakum vidhatakay. He he bitya prabandhaksana usit paraham mo rakhakara usit liquidity aru tarolla to aru munafa khetra. Lack of liquidity in extreme situations can leads to the funds insolvency. Karam should be managed efficiently first safeguarding the firm against the risk of illiquidity. Tarolla to ke te ba ke te ba munata protestanak, vi patat pelabapare tarolla to joti khotik dhawana rakhana jai ata protestan devliya hubapare. Gotike bitya prabandhaksana he unustanta tarolla to jitu hiddhanta khotik bebe loato usit. Learners, the first part ends here and I will discuss in the second part about finance manager. Hello learners, we will discuss about the part two. In this part two, we will discuss about finance manager. Finance manager is the key person in every business entity. Pratitu babahik protestanak bitya prabandhaksana as unustanta gurut tapurnabakti because finance manager is responsible to carry out the finance functions. He is also responsible for shipping the fortune of an organization. He is the part of the top management top management team and he must have clear understanding and strong hold of the nature and scope of the finance function. The finance manager also must ensure that the funds of an organization are utilized in the most efficient manner. Bitya prabandhaksana aya tar protestanak uttar tar unnutir khetrat aya bhihe khumi ke palankare he he bitya jitjan prabandhaksana taro uttanta daitahil wa to proezhanya karan taro uparte he unustantar jitu hubisat taro hall hubisat drasta the fortune of the organization jitu taro hubisadaar jitu aha hai to taro uparte nirbharkare taro hubisadaar jitu taro hubisadaar jitu ahaha hai tihar and he must have taro ter al githa kibala and understanding is also the nature and scope of financial functions. in terms of understanding and understanding and gain now we will discuss the role of finance manager in a business entity in an organization the finance manager plays a vital role. First of all, he formulate the objectives of the monetary objectives, the financial objectives of the organizations. The first role the finance manager will have to play regarding formulation of objective. The first role the finance manager will have to play regarding formulation of objective. The first role the finance manager will have to play regarding formulation of objective. The second role of the finance manager is to forecasting and aesthetic capital requirements. It is an important role of the finance manager. The second role of the finance manager is to warn about the prescribe the overall portion of the government. The first role the finance manager will have to play regarding formulation of objective. Because our estimation of capital requirements and underestimation of capital is both are dangerous. minimum叫-me neither these wanna design the capital structure after estimation the capital requirements the finance manager will have to decide the capital structure how that capital will be invested what would be the capital structure then in the in an organization it may be they dive capital or equity capital carrying capital or fix capital and likewise. So he will have to No, he will have to design the capital structure of the organization. The next role, the next important role of the finance manager is to determine the suitable source of finance. The next important role of the organization is to determine the suitable source of finance. There may be so many sources of finance. The next important role of the organization is to determine the suitable source of finance. The next important role of the organization is to determine the suitable source of finance. The next role of the finance manager is to procure funds. After getting the source of finance, he will have to procure real step forward for procuring the funds. After getting the source of finance, he will have to procure real step forward for procuring the funds. The next role of the finance manager is to invest the funds that have been procured, that have been collected. After getting the source of finance, he will have to procure real step forward for procuring the funds. The next role of the finance manager is to dispersal of profits. After investing the funds in the organization, it will earn profit, it will get profit, it will earn returns. The next role of the finance manager is to dispersal the profits and profits. After investing the funds in the organization, it will get profit, it will get returns. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain the proper liquidity. The important role of the finance manager is to maintain liquidity in the organization. Because liquidity may leads into improper liquidity may leads into insolvency of the institution. The next important role of the finance manager is to understand about the capital markets of the nation. The next important role of the finance manager is to understand about the capital markets of the nation. The last but not least role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization. The next role of the finance manager is to maintain relations with the outside agencies of the organization.


Okay, well, hi everyone. I know most everyone's interested in assignment too. In the future, if you have any questions about anything to dealing with course content, or also midterm questions, of course, we'll cover these in these recitation sessions. I'm assuming like this one, most of these will focus on the assignments. Just real quick, we have, of course, if everyone's seen the announcement on Piazza, we have undergrad hosted TA assignments help sessions, some today, Friday, starting at 6, 6, 7 p.m. And of course, the TAs have office hours. So again, there's plenty of help available both today and Friday, and on Monday. If you have any other specific questions, please feel free to contact us. Preferably by Piazza, either a private question if you have something specific to ask about your particular assignment, or again, public questions when possible. I checked earlier today, and roughly 242 students have yet to submit anything to Gradescope. Roughly about 100 students are done with the assignment, and about 30 or 40 are still failing some test cases. So if you, again, haven't started, I'd recommend at least getting started on this assignment as soon as possible. It's very easy to get stuck on some of these test cases, and you don't want to have to rush the last minute. This is the third time we have a presentation on this assignment. I'm not going to really cover the specifications today. I'm more or less just going to discuss a couple hints. One quick comment about Bandit version two. Again, most common problem people have is still just make sure they put the readme file along caps, and make sure you upload a plain text file, no unicorn characters, no unusual characters, so we can extract your name out of the readme file and give you credit. If you're not getting credit, again, just try cutting and pasting into notepad, check the formatting of your document, or of course, then there's a question about it. 204 secures this house. The one thing I found valuable was one of the comments a student made. He said, basically all the test cases, I recommend thinking about it like it's real life. And this does solve most of your problems. For example, like when you're turning the key, what should people be allowed to do? What should people not be allowed to do? As mentioned many times, command line input sets the owner of the house and all the initial keys, and then you should use something like get line or in Python input command to take standard input to receive commands and send responses out. Most people are not having too much trouble with make files. This is the purpose of the first assignment. C C plus plus make file support is very easy. Python, your make file should be pretty much identical to what you did in assignment one. Java, make sure you see the piazza posts that references. If you use the Java file names, again, make sure you always submit run.sh with your assignment. If you include the commands, again, changing the word commands to secure house, you generally shouldn't have any trouble. Informally, about two thirds of the class is doing this in C C plus plus. Most everyone else is using a mix of either Python or Java. Also another common problem is make sure you have an exit condition. Again, there's a blank line at the end of all the test cases. They should finish the program or should close it down. Again, if you're just doing this in C plus plus, just make a if case where if input is empty, program quits or program exits. Looking at the test debug script is very useful. By looking at this code, you can really see how the auto grader is going to work. You can also put your sample input into a text file and use redirection like secure house piping in test case to test your code. Another good recommendation I have is to have look at the actual specifications seen here. Take these specifications, copy them into a document, make sure you implement every single statement here. Some of those common problems students are having is some minor aspect or some requirement of the specifications that have not been fully implemented. There are a couple things beyond what the specification states, and these problems can be solved again by thinking about the problem or implementing what you think makes sense. Or again, obviously checking piazza. Most of these type of problems have been discussed already. Most people will get the test scripts working. But again, as I mentioned earlier, 38 students or so are still running into subtle problems with some of the complicated scripts. Also, double check spelling, spelling mistakes, check for syntax errors. Slightly different spelling mistakes or even debug code, printing the bug errors obviously will cause your cases to fail. The core of most problems is on the insert key, turn lock, enter house steps. Does the lock actually test a person? Does it test a key? Again, keep in mind that the house is simulating a smart lock. If you have someone inserting a key and then you have another person come by and they're inserting a key, obviously the first person took the key out. There's only one lock. Forget about keeping track of multiple individuals inserting keys. You also need to make sure you can account for other situations occurring between these steps. It is entirely possible for a person to come and insert a key, and then someone else to check and see who's inside the house, and then that same person to turn the lock. Again, keep in mind this is a smart lock. If person A turns key A, person B comes up and tries to turn the lock. The smart lock says, hey, you're not person A. You're not the person who inserted this key. He's going to be denied access. Again, make sure when someone else tests the lock, if that person didn't insert a key, they don't get access. One user can't insert a key, have another user turn the key, and yet a third user entered the house. Only the same person can do each of these steps. And what happens when that does happen? If someone does insert a key and someone else tries to turn the key, whatever, what key are they turning? Are they turning the key that's currently in the lock or the key that's in their possession? Buggling state is also important. If you're running some sort of command, an earlier case shouldn't mess up a later case. This example, let's say if you run who's inside. If you run a couple steps after that and try who's inside again, make sure your earlier code does not set any variables, change anything that messes up later cases when you run it. I don't believe Gradescope has any tests that really test bad syntax or completely invalid syntax. Most of the checks in Gradescope are checking for situation errors, logic issues. So again, focus on spelling mistakes, focus on logical issues, try creating test cases that you think should fail, should succeed, and see what happens to your code. As always, Piazza is very valuable. Make sure you keyword search Piazza. Feel free to ask questions of any of us if you have any situations. If you're completely stuck, again, please just shoot us a private message. We should be able to give you a hint or something. And again, just think about the situation logically. Again, you can't put multiple keys in a door. Earlier keys are removed before new keys inserted. If you change locks, make sure you invalidate prior locks, and so forth. It's pretty much all the hints I have for this assignment. Does anyone have any questions? Again, please use the group chat or post any questions here.


Good morning, I'm Tom Oberg. I'm an oculofacial plastic surgeon in Salt Lake City, Utah, and today we're going to cover the basics of an orbital exam. All right, I'm Megan, Tom. Hi. Nice to meet you. All right, so we're going to start just like any regular ophthalmology exam with our Core 5 vision pressure, pupils, motility, and visual fields. Okay, so do me a favor, cover your left eye with your left hand, and I'm just making sure that she isn't cheating and that her hands totally covering her eye. If you have an occluder available, that's also an easy way to do it. Okay, so just with your right eye, tell me what the smallest line is that you can see on the chart. Very good. Okay, and now switch, and now same thing with the left eye. Good. Okay, so if a patient is able to see 2040 or better, we kind of let it go with that. If they're seeing less than 2040, excuse me, I'll use the pinhole occluder to see if there's a refractive error involved. Next thing I'm going to do is check your pupils, okay? So I have a very bright light, I apologize. So I'm going to have the patient focus at distance so that we're not inducing an accommodative reflex and creating pupillary constriction. So the gray light switch, do your best to just stay focused on the gray light switch, try not to switch to me and focus on the light. Okay, so just kind of try to focus on staring off into the distance. And like with any pupil exam, I'm looking at the eye that I'm shining the light in, but as importantly, I'm looking at the eye that I'm not shining the light in, making sure there's symmetry, no affiring pupillary defects or problems with constriction or dilation, normal pupil exam, you're doing great. All right, so now we're going to check your visual fields. So do me a favor, cover your left eye with your left hand. Same thing, I'm going to make sure that her hand is completely occluding the eye we're not testing.  And then I'm going to close the eye that is the mirror image of her occluded eye. Okay, Meg, now look right here at my nose. And I'm going to hold my hands up. And you're going to notice I always hold up two hands. A patient's natural tendencies, if you put up one hand, they're going to move their eye to look at that hand. And that can give you a false reading because that's sort of a way for them to cheat because they see the quick movement and they focus and then you can they see what fingers you're holding. So by holding up two hands, it kind of forces them to stay straight ahead and focused. So you're doing great.  Perfect. Okay, switch eyes for me. Okay, and same thing. Look right here at my nose. I usually give them a second to adjust to the light because that eye's been closed for a minute. Okay, keep looking right at my nose. You're doing great. How many fingers? One, two, one, two, two. Perfect. All right, very, very good. All right, next we're going to check for motility. I like to use a muscle light with my finger on it. It's just an easy target for both adults and children to follow.  Okay, so we're checking all positions of gaze and it's okay. I'm just going to gently lift your eyelids up and so what I'm going to do here is just to make sure that they can move their eyes all the way down. I'm going to hold the upper eyelids up just so I can get a really good view. You're doing fantastic. Next thing we're going to do is is check the intraocular pressure. So whatever device you have available to you, use it. There's another good video that will be published using the Goldman Applination. If I have one available, I like to use a tonal pen, especially because as part of an orbital exam, I like to check the intraocular pressure in different positions of gaze. That's very important with things like thyroid eye disease and fractures because if an orbit's very congested or there's an entrapped muscle, the pressure will oftentimes rise in the eye when they go off of central gaze. So for example with thyroid eye disease, I always check with a patient in primary gaze and then with up gaze. And if there's a significant difference between those two, that makes me more worried about a congested orbit. Okay, so obviously put numbing drops in. We're not actually going to check Meg's pressure, but I have her look straight ahead. And then the other reason I like to use the tonal pen is because you can sneak it in between the eyelids. So even if they're coming in with a swollen eyelid because they've had a trauma, you can oftentimes still check the pressure on the cornea without having to open the eyelids up. The reason I worry about that is if they have a lot of edema in their eyelids and you open it up to check the pressure, you're going to artificially increase the orbital pressure while you're checking it. So just try that sometimes. If you have a tonal pen, you're doing a trauma eval on a swollen lid, check it with the eyes open and then check it with trying to just get into the palpial aperture. And you might be surprised at what a big jump occurs when you are mechanically elevating the eyelids. Okay. All right. The other things we're going to check with an orbital exam. I want to check to make sure that the optic nerve is functioning well. So this test is called red desaturation. Pick up the brightest, reddest object you can find. Often the tip of a phenylaphrine or a tropicomide cap, one of the red dilating caps is what works really well for me. Okay. So what color is the cap on that pen? Right. Okay. And what color is the cap on that pen? Right. Is that the same color red between both eyes? Yes. Okay. And I want you to look straight ahead at that light switch again. I'm going to bring this pen in from the side. Tell me if that pen looks any brighter or darker on one side versus the other. Okay. Good. So that's checking for red desaturation. I'm also going to check for brightness desaturation. So again, I'm going to have the patient focus ahead. So look at that light switch again for me. I'm going to shine that bright light in your eyes again. I apologize. And now I want you to tell me if is that as bright as that? Yes. Okay. If the patient's to say no, it's dim in one eye versus the other. There's a couple ways to kind of try to figure out how much loss there is. It's this objective test, but I like to say things like, okay, if her right eye is the one where she says it was dim in that eye, say, okay, if that's 100% brightness, what percentage of brightness is that? And I'll give you a number like 75% or 50%. And that's just a way subjectively to check it over time. Okay. All right. So moving on to an orbital exam, I want to check your eyes to see if one eye is farther forward than the other. Okay. So we're going to use an X-up thermometer so that we can measure for relative proptosis or enophthalmos. Okay. This works very well. If a patient has normal bony structure, this can be sort of a confusing test if they have fractures or facial deformities. But essentially what you're going to do is the curves of the X-up thermometer. I want these curves to rest right inside the lateral orbital rim. And I try to use a target of the lateral canthal angle where that comes together, where that hooks into the lateral orbital rim. That's going to be the points that I'm shooting for. Okay. This can cause a little bit of a pressure sensation for a patient. It shouldn't be sharp, but especially if they have fractures or they're swollen, it can be, it can be a challenging exam. But do your best to try to get bony contact with the X-up thermometer so that you have accurate readings. Okay. So look straight ahead for me again, Meg. I'm going to bring these guys in. Be as gentle as I can. Perfect. So you can see I'm right at those lateral canthal angles. I'm parallel to the floor. Okay. And then open up really wide for me. And then what I'm doing is lining up the two red lines that you see in there. You want to move your head into those two lines that are sitting on top of each other. That's your 18 millimeter mark. And then you're looking at where the cornea sits on the scale that you see in the prism. And as long as your red marks are aligned, you're square. Okay. So the red line doesn't mean anything except that that's what they happen to place at 18 millimeters. And you're worried about where the pupil is then sitting on that millimeter scale. If you have them available, I like to use loops because I feel I can get half millimeter increment readings from the X-up thermometer when I'm wearing my loops. Okay. And then really what's important with an X-up thermometer is that the same person is measuring it to get the same results. Okay. So I might get a different base than another doctor, but it's more important for me and my records that I keep my base the same. And then I can kind of track changes that way. Okay. All right. The next thing I want to do is gently press on your eyes. Okay. So the other in an orbital exam, you also want to check for retropulsion. Now that's really important. If you have a trauma patient, you're worried about a retro bulb or hemorrhage. You have a thyroid patient, you're worried about a congested orbit or you have any sort of an orbit of tumor. And you want to make sure that there is in congestion in the orbit. Okay. So gently close your eyes for me. And then just with my thumbs, I'm just going to gently press on the eyes. You'll be surprised at how sensitive your thumbs will be in picking up differences in pressure. And if there's a retro bulb or hemorrhage, it'll be as firm as a rock. If there's a tumor, it should be harder to press in the same thing with thyroid eye disease. It's a good base measurement and it's also a good way to track changes over time. So you didn't have any difficulties with retropulsion. So so far right now your orbital exam is perfect. All right. So moving on to sort of a fracture exam or a trauma patient, we're going to check to make sure that the bony rims are intact. Okay. So again, with my thumbs, I'm going to start at the superior orbital rims feeling for crepitus over the nasal bridge. And then I'm going to go from here to the superior orbital rims. I'm just going to move my thumbs out. I like to do it at the same time on both sides so that I can appreciate if there is a difference. A lot of times you can feel a super orbital notch or somebody will have a unique frontal zygomatic sutures that are easier to palpate. But if it's the same between both, obviously it's less concerning. I do pay special attention to the frontal zygomatic suture region because that's a weak point. And oftentimes with a ZMC or tripod type fractures, you'll feel displacement in that area. And I work around to the lateral canthus. And then I come down across the medial rim and you can just palpating and feeling for any step offs or irregularities in the contour. Okay. So that's great. I don't feel any problems there. Next thing we're going to do is check your facial sensation. Okay. So we want to look for V1, V2, V3. Make sure that those are all intact and symmetric. So I'm just going to lightly touch your skin. I want you to tell me if that feels the same on both sides. Okay. It feels the same. Good. Yes. Okay. So here I check the V1 distribution, V2, and then V3. Does that feel the same? Perfect. Okay. So far everything's looking really good. Now I want to check for facial strength to see if there was any facial nerve injuries. So lift your eyebrows as big as you can for me. Scrunch those down. Good. And now squeeze your eyes as tight as you possibly can and don't let me open them. Okay. Good. She has good healthy strength. So that's important for traumas, for strokes, and also very important when you're doing an eyelid surgery evaluation. A lot of people have had Bell's palsy and it's resolved over time by appearances. But when you check the ribicular strength, you might find that it's decreased significantly compared to the unaffected side. And that's something good to know before you do a blepharoplasty surgery to make sure you're not going to induce any leg of Bell's postoperatively. Okay.  Clench your teeth like that. Does your jaw feel aligned? Okay. And you pain when you bite down on your jaw. Okay. All right. And so when I'm doing a facial fracture exam, I'm also going to check for instability or movement in the mexilla. So excuse me one second while I put on a glove. Okay.  And I'm going to go on either side of your upper teeth. And I want to see if there's any mobility in your mid-face region. Okay. Okay. So I'm going to gently put my glove to hand inside of a patient's mouth. I'm going to go on either side of the upper teeth. And I'm just basically gently, gently wiggling the mexilla back and forth. If there's a lot of instability, you'll feel it and that will help guide your surgical decision making and also be a reminder for you to make sure that the patient follows a soft diet so that they don't induce further instability until we have a chance for the fractures to heal. Okay. So then so far everything's looking good. The one other test that we want to really do with an orbital patient, especially if there's concern for an orbital tumor and you want to see if it's vascular or not, there are two things you want to do. One, we want to listen for a brewery. So we're going to auscultate with a stethoscope. Two, we want to check for increased proptosis with valsalva type maneuvers as that will push the eye forward with the valsalva, which will help sort of lead you down one differential diagnosis path. So with the stethoscope, you're actually going to put the stethoscope over a closed eyelid and then listen. And if you hear a brewery, it's a very concerning finding and you want to get imaging as soon as possible. Okay. You can gently close your eyes for me. Perfect. And now we want to check the x-ophthalmeter post valsalva. So you want to set your base back to where it was. Here's the 101. Okay, make. Here's what I want you to do.   So that will mean that we're building up a lot of vascular pressure in your face. Okay. So lean over and then blow out and really bear down.  That's perfect. If they'll tolerate, I'll have them do it for up to 20 seconds. I have my x-ophthalmeter ready to go and have them look straight ahead. I'm going to put it right back and I'm going to look at the eye that I'm worried about first. Okay. And look straight ahead. I want the center of that cornea right on the line, making sure I'm parallel to the floor. Good. Okay. There's no increase in proptosis or anything or change in the measurement. So you're doing great. Thank you for watching. Once again, this is Tom Oberg, ocular facial plastic surgeon in Salt Lake City. I hope you found this video helpful. All the best.


So I've been following Jonathan Hyde's work for a while and he had a really good episode on the Joe Rogan experience. Last year I believe, maybe it was in January, don't quote me on this, but roughly last year. And it's been really important to me as of late because I'm a new father and I do have a daughter. And his research and his work is quite relevant for me. And even before it became I was looking into this research.  And what I'm talking about is the effects of social media. Not the internet, but social media. And primarily since 2010 when Facebook and Instagram well I'll say primarily Facebook when Facebook started really taking off until we see today. So since 2001 to 2010 suicide rates for males have been up 25%. Since 2001 to 2010 70% from females. So this is from the CDC fatal injury reports. Jonathan's research has and I'll dive into the data a little bit and I'm not a statistician per se but I just do want to start a conversation about this but Jonathan's work has been trying to link the fact of social media exposure at a very very young age is quite detrimental to the psyche and detrimental to the development of an individual. His data primarily is focusing on the fact that social media is way more detrimental to young girls than it is to boys because he states in his data boys will gravitate towards porn and video games girls as you understand evolutionary psychology and biology girls gravitate into group thinking. So what are the major reasons when it comes to negative effects of social media for girls? Well you have bullying, rumor spreading. So remember boys can duke it out.  I was the last generation before social media thank god. Thanks for girls. So we have bullying and rumor spreading because girls they don't physically fight so it's gossiping. We have relationship issues so girls are always wondering of like the relationship within the tribe relationship among themselves and how they are viewed within their in-group and unrealistic views of other people's lives because with social media looking at all these other fake living fake lives unrealistic and so at a very very young age these girls are highly manipulated and they don't have the necessary mental capacity both physically remember the prefrontal lobe doesn't it takes until young adulthood to grow into into maturity but so these young girls are having detrimental effects and here is another study from Jonathan Hyde is hospital admissions for non-fatal self-harm once again age 15 to 19 since 2009 until 2015 up 62 percent and then from the age of 20 to 24 17 percent age 10 to 14 189 percent once again he states is not more it's not so much the millennials which i would say i was i think the last generation for i was the i was on the cutting block of just making the millennial camp so people who are exposed to social media after a certain age doesn't seem so much of this harm what he's saying is at a very young age so girls who are in you know when they're hitting the preteens to the teens that is a worst time possible to have your psyche bombarded 24 7 with fake artificial reality at the end of the day that's what it is it's fake artificial reality and this is a it's it that's what it is that it's fake artificial reality that manipulates on how they should think and how they should behave which creates a very very bad cognitive dissidence to how real reality is and this is why we're seeing a massive increase in issues around the world when it comes to young girls and social media i just want to pull up this twitter thread over here where he goes through a bunch of stuff and there's one thing in specific i want to pull up over here where we talk about with the gen z so they did a huge survey from 2012 remember what i said facebook was 2010 and the social medias with the 3g's 3g network really started propagating after 2012 because it took a while for it to get network effect and mass velocity so this is a very simple study that did they asked do you have a psychological disorder depression etc percentage of students indicating yes so women to men all gen z so younger demographics and you can see this chart over here of how much women to men and you can read his book coddling of the american mind but what i wanted to make this video about is we should really have an on an honest conversation of what we should be doing with social media and young girls now it's not realistic to say hey stop social media because at the end of day we know human psychology you can tell your young daughter oh well you can stop social media but if she goes to public school or her friends have it she's not going to stop it and even if you don't give her a phone her friends have phones they have tablets or computers and so we need to start thinking second order thinking third order thinking of how we can really create proper in group so having like-minded parents and like-minded family and community around us that actually respects the data and understands i would say this is common sense at least to me maybe i'm in the minority but it to me it's common sense that you have at the touch of a fingertip every known dopamine addiction serotonin addiction possible at a very young age of course that is going to skew and manipulate your psyche and manipulate the reality you're living in and we really need to figure out and come together as a community to talk about this how can we start creating like-minded individuals like-minded communities it's almost like the Amish had it right at the beginning you know i'm not in favor of them saying no technology i'm a firm believer in hybridization and having the best of best of everything right there's a there's a time and place for everything but they have something right where it's like they believe in and not just the Amish's other groups as well but they they believe most not all they they're not anti they're not 100 anti technology but most technologies are detrimental to the psyche detrimental to living proper as a human whatever you want to define as a human and so i want to quickly make this video about like we are in serious situations right now this is a massive massive problem that's been going on since 2012 and i think it's going to propagate even worse with stuff like augmented reality coming out google glasses which is augmented reality and social media becoming more main i would say mainstream social media becoming more interwoven within every facet of society like for example just with the the elections lately and just with everything that we're doing and especially with covid people are living 24 seven on social media and i would bet even if we would fast forward 10 years from now we even see more data that not just gen z's i know he wasn't focusing really on millennials but i would say even millennials are affected in fact i would say every age group is affected the less time do we spend on social media the better remember this is a tool social media is innate it's not a living sentient being and it's a double-edged sword so it's it depends on how you use it and just like just like smoking for the longest time to say you can smoke in hospitals and doctors for promoting it we look back you know like this is the worst stupidest thing we ever said and there's many things that we can look back and realize this was probably the dumbest suggestion of promoting anything that we could ever do what the fuck we were thinking and we would look back eventually and say social media is like the new sugar or social media is like the new smoking and hopefully this video can spark and start a conversation around this anyways i want to make this video it's a big concern for me i'm gonna be thinking about what i'm gonna do with my daughter i have some thoughts on it and leave a comment below this video i'd like to know your thoughts and like always if you haven't already subscribed to this channel and i will see you guys later peace out


just gave you. So we're now going to only concentrate on the hypothesis testing when the population standard deviation is known. And when it's known, we know that we're using a Z-Cas and our test statistics is our sample mean minus our population mean divided by the standard error, which is the population standard deviation divided by the square root of n. Refresh, we need to state our null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. State what we are given in terms of the level of significance, our sample size, determine what type of test statistics we do. I know in this instance we're doing a Z test. Find the critical value. So depending on the type of a question that we'll get, I should know when I state my null hypothesis and my alternative, whether I am going to do a two-tail test or a one-tail test in order for me to know which area of rejection will I create in terms of the critical value. Then I will calculate my test statistic. Once I have my test statistic, I will make a decision and then conclude. Let's look at that example. Tests that claim that the manufacturer involved mean that any tower of a manufacturer is state. In this instance, they don't tell me that it's bigger than or it's less than or greater than, so they just say it's state. So therefore it means it is equal. Assume that the population standard deviation is 0.8. Now they told me they have given me population standard deviation. So therefore it is known. My alpha is 0.05. Therefore my level of significance is 0.05. My n is 100. Step number one, state null hypothesis and alternative. My mean is equal to 30. My mean in my alternative, my mean is not equal to 30. Immediately, a light bulb moment. This is a two-tail test. It makes it easy to identify that because then I know that I will have to find my critical value by dividing alpha by 2 and I will have two regions of rejection. Step number two, specify what you are given. Alpha is 0.05 and is 100. Determine the appropriate technique. I am doing a Z test because my population standard deviation is null. Determine the critical values. Now with the critical value, remember I'm giving alpha 0.05. Like we did yesterday, if it's alpha 0.05 to find the critical value, it's Z alpha divided by 2 and then it will be Z 0.05 divided by 2 which then gives Z of 0.0250 and we go to the table and when we get to the table, we look for 0.0250 in the table. We go out and out from the table and on this side we will see 1.9 and at the top we'll see 0.06 and that will be our critical wave. I'm going to go to the table just showing you. Remember that and that will be our critical wave which is 1.96. Step number five, calculate the test statistic. I know I'm giving n, I'm giving standard deviation. I'm told what the population standard deviation is. Substitute into the formula. My sample mean is 29.84 minus 30. 30 is always in the hypothesis testing. In your null hypothesis, that's the way they have given that. Remember the mean bold is 30. That's our population mean. So divide by the standard error of 0.8 divided by the square root of 100 which gives us minus 0.0 and that's my test statistic. Now I need to make a decision based on my critical value. Remember now I know that I'm doing a two-tail test so it means I have two regions of rejection. I have minus 1.96 and I have on this side we have 1.96. So I'm going to take this veil and see where does it fall between those regions of rejection or it falls inside the white area. For me it is easy to use the graph than to use the weights because the weights like if my test statistic and that is what the weight states in your decision. My z state if it's greater than my positive z state then we reject a null hypothesis. Or if my z state if it's less than my negative z state then I reject my null hypothesis. Alternatively, I do not reject the null hypothesis. Remembering all this is a nightmare. Creating a table that looks like this just a graph that looks like this and putting your critical values there and identifying them and shading the other side but where the critical values are makes it easy and say this side is my reject area. This is my do not reject area. Then I go and find the value because that's what the decision states. Then I go and locate my minus 2.0 and I find that my minus 2.0 falls on the reject area. Since it falls in the rejection area we can conclude by saying since the z state of minus 2 is less than minus 1.96 we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is sufficient evidence that the mean diameter of the manufactured bolt is not equal. Any questions? No questions? Okay let's do another example. If in a sample of n equals to 30 or n equals to 20 selected from a normal population the sample mean of 58 the population standard deviation of 12 and there is my key population standard deviation of 0.1 of 12 then it means my population standard deviation is given. Suppose that the e2tta wants to test the following hypothesis. The mean is equals to 55 the alternative the mean is not equals to 55. So in this instance they have given me the null hypothesis and my alternative hypothesis. So they give my step number one for me. At the 5% level of significance which one of the following statement is incorrect. Before I look at which statement is incorrect on this I can start by going through all the steps that I know. So I know that my step one is done. Step number one is done and by looking at my alternative this is a true tail test. Step number two state what I am given. I am given alpha of 0 comma 05. I am also given n and my n is equals to 20. Then I know my population standard deviation is known therefore I am doing a test statistic. I am doing a Z test. Step number four I must find the critical value Z. It's a two tail test so it's alpha divided by two. I don't have to go and go find it because I know if it's alpha divided by two and that means 0 comma 0 2 5 0 therefore it's 1 comma 9 6. By now I should know it by 100. When it's 5% the level of significance then it's 1 comma 9 6. Step number five of 8. Your Z which is sample me minus population mean divided by my standard error which is the standard deviation over the square root of n. Substituting to the formula our mean our mean they told us it was sample mean is 58 and that is 58 that is our X bar and this is our n and this is our sigma. Our population mean it's always in the hypothesis testing in your null hypothesis so ultimately it doesn't make a way you take me from it's 55 divided by my standard error which is standard deviation which is 12 divided by the square root of n. So I can go outside and calculate my 12 divided by my square root of n which is my standard error by standard error which is square the standard deviation over the square root of n which is 12 divided by n and if I calculate that I decided today I'm going to have a calculator open okay so our our n is 20 I should have replaced n with 20 so we can do that my calculator is very clever I can do fractions so that I don't have to suffer divide by 20 my substituting right no I'm not it's 12 divided by divided by square root of 20 equals I need to write it down somewhere it's correct ma'am it's correct it's 2.6832 I am going to to do the home calculation for z our z is 58 minus 55 divided by 12 divided by the square root of 20 equals 1 comma 118033 so okay so I know what my standard error is for some reason I cannot change square root of 20 and that gave me 2 comma 6 8 32 8 sorry it gave 6 2 comma 6 8 32 8 correct okay which yeah I just need to change this to 20 okay and we calculated this and we found that it is 1 comma 11833 now I can come and answer the question or I can make a decision but I can see step number six make a decision this is a two-tane so it means I have two areas of rejection which is my z I don't even have to write the z because I know my critical value is minus 1 comma 96 on this side and on this side is positive 1 comma 96 and look at my test statistics is 1 point 1.11 where does it fall so 1.11 falls somewhere I'm just going to assume that it falls there this is 1 comma 1180 so therefore it means it falls and they do not reject so my result will be we do not do not reject okay so now let's go to our question is the incorrect one two-tail test is used yes it is a two-tail test the standard error is 2 comma 6 8 3 6 8 because if I round this one it will be 6 8 3 3 yes that's correct the test statistics is 1 comma 1180 yes it's correct my critical value was 1 comma 96 yes it's correct do I reject the null hypothesis I do not reject that is incorrect as you can see all six steps are covered in one question and that's what you will get even when you write the exams with that here is your exercise and you are more than welcome between now and 1 o'clock to do this one exercise and take a a break and then we will see each other at one o'clock exactly one o'clock to bring oh gosh come on sorry sorry about that okay I guess back do we have an answer do we have the answer let's see one by one we go through the statement one by one okay so in the statement they say botalis a practising statistician is tasked with the investigating whether the population mean of a random variable x is different from hundred since they're not saying it is bigger than or it is less than we can assume that that is equals she has the following additional information to help her with the investigation alpha which is the level of significance is 0 comma 0 1 your population standard deviation is 3 your sample mean is 99 and your sample size is 100 consider the statement a until e below and then state which one of the statement is correct so let me hear from you a is it is a correct how they stated it the null hypothesis should be equal to 100 against the not the alternative that is not equal is this correct policy is correct yes this is correct number two the statement correct based on the information that we just read is be correct no b is not correct because of that less than sign we know that the statement said it is not different so it means it should be equal the level of significance is 0 comma 0 1 is this correct yes is correct because alpha is 0 comma 0 1 a test a z statistic is applicable in this is this a z test or is it a t test exercise statistics z is is is d correct is g is correct because a population standard deviation is given therefore e will not be correct so you should be able to choose which one is the correct statement on this so which one will be correct is only a c and b that was an easy exercise to do okay so um when we do the z test we can also use the p-value to do the test that is to make conclusion okay to make the conclusion so we can use the p-value remember the previous session that we use we use the critical values so we use the critical value to make a decision now i'm saying you can also use a p-value to make the decision so when you make a decision with the p-value it will state that if the p-value is less than alpha you reject the null hypothesis otherwise if it's more than that if it's greater than or equals to the p-value you do not reject the null hypothesis so if p is smaller you reject the null hypothesis the p-value is smaller you reject the null hypothesis it is very very important to know how to find the p-value based on your null hypothesis and your alternative based on the alternative if it's a two-tail test your p-value will be the value you go find on the table by using your z statistic value so we take the z-stat we go look for the probability on the table the same way as we have been doing in the normal distribution and also in the sampling distribution it's the same concept so you will have calculated your z statistic using that formula then you will go into the z cumulative standardized normal distribution table and use the z values and go find the probability inside the table here is the tricky part now when it's a two-tail area the z value that you're going to get you are going to get it if it's less than from here so the p-value if the z let's put it this way if the z value is positive you are going to say one minus the value you find on the table if it's negative you are going to use the value on the table this is only applicable for a two-tail test I hope you you are hearing me and understanding me very well yeah if your z-stat is positive you're going to use one minus the value you find on the table which is your p-value value on the table if the z is minus or it's negative then your p-value will be the value you find on the table maybe probably I should not say p-value will be the value you find on the table let's say you will find the value of on the table let's put it this way so that you don't get confused then what you for you to get the p-value you have to multiply that value by two so you will have to say whatever value you find on the table you have to multiply it by two whether you say one minus the table value that table that value you answer you get from there you will have to multiply it by two I hope I make myself clear when it's one sided test whether it's less than or whether it's greater than the z-value that you will find on the table will be given by if it's greater than the same way if it's greater than we go and find one minus the table value your z is less than that will be the value on the table and that will be your p-value and that will be your p-value I hope I make myself clear this is a two tail area to find the p-value you're going to look at the sign you get on the z test value if it is positive oh maybe I should I should not say if it is positive like like what I'm when yes if your z statistic is positive on the I'm only on the two tail on the two tail on the two tail hypothesis if your answer is positive you are going to have to say one minus the value you find on the table like if it's negative your z value is negative you're going to use that value you find on the table but that value you will have to multiply it by two so that you get the two p-values because it's a two sided area and then the p-value will then say the value after it's multiplied by two you'll say your p-value if it's less than alpha you reject but if it's one sided test the value you find on the table for a greater than you have to subtract it from one the same way as we have been doing with the normal standard normal distribution and also with the sampling distribution if it's less than then the p-value will be the that value you find on the table so let's look at an example I'm not going to repeat all the steps because we know the steps so I'm just showing you that also when we do the hypothesis testing and we make a conclusion with the p-value the same steps will apply you will need to know the online hypothesis and alternative if you state what you are given your alpha is very important in this instance you need to know that which test you're doing and this is only applicable for only the z test if it's a test that will never ask you to calculate the p-value or make a decision using the p-value then you need to calculate your z statistic once you have calculated whether you do for the proportional you do for the mean once we have calculated your test statistic then you can use the test statistic as your z score and go find the probability on the table and then you make your decision let's look at an example same example that we had we stated the null hypothesis and the alternative we stated what we are given we know that we did the z test and this is what we got we calculated our z test you remember that just repeating what we just did since this test is a two-tailed test and we have a negative z of negative 2 comma 0 we need to go to the table on the z table let's go there we'll go find the minus 2 comma oh come on i cannot uh and no okay let's go there remember we're looking for uh 2 comma minus 2.0 so on this on the z table the cumulative you can see i'm on the cumulative standardized normal distribution table 2.2.0 it will be there because at the top it's also zero zero zero so the p-value i find is zero comma zero two two eight then you will notice so if i take i think my pc is low it's not responding paper i'm just going to go back there remember i said if the value of a two-tailed if it is negative so we have two comma zero zero because it's negative the value we find on the table which is zero comma zero zero two eight we just multiply that by two all is the same as zero comma zero two eight plus zero comma zero two eight it's one and the same thing we will get the same answer that's what um it refers to so now when we go to the table we go find that value it was zero comma zero two eight but we need to find the p-value so we add together or we can say zero comma oh i i wrote that one wrong there it's zero comma zero two two eight so we multiply that zero comma zero two two eight by two or we can add both of them and the answer we get is zero comma zero four five six and with that we can conclude that that is less than alpha therefore we reject the null hypothesis and that's how you use your alpha values your p-value suppose that the p-value in a one-tailed test is zero comma zero nine two based on the same population the sample and the null hypothesis the p-value for the corresponding two-tailed will be so if they give us that value and they tell us that is a one-tailed for a two-tailed test the p-value will be equals to zero comma zero nine two multiplied by two which will give us point zero zero nine two times two equals zero comma zero one eight four and that would have been the correct answer I don't expect you to do the the exercise we need to go and do the other the other patch so for example like on this one they will ask you so this is different questions so they give you the statement they ask you to calculate the test statistic and the next question they ask you what is the p-value so once you calculate the test statistic then you can go and find the p-value because the answer you get for the test statistic will give you the value for your p-value you can do that on your own I just need to move to the next segment where we look at