Okay, so we're moving into the deep past now and we're starting with Stephanie Mawson from Cambridge who has recently completed a PhD on the early Philippines and who is now a postdoctoral researcher at St. John's College in Cambridge and who is developing from her original PhD into a new project. Right, how are we doing? I tried to get them all to come in but there's a slight yes, I think Christine has gone to shepherd all the renders, rainy people in but let's make a start then if you'd like to go 20 minutes. So thanks everyone for being here so bright and early and it's a real honor to be here and I'm really looking forward to our conversation. So I guess we probably all know that the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines is marked by conflict between the Spanish and the Polities in the south part of the Alcalácao and this was famously dubbed the Morro Wars and this paper revisits this conflict to look at the alliances that were built between different Southeast Asian groups at the end of the 16th century so I wanted to first just begin with a brief overview of the conflict between Spain and the Morro communities of Mindanao and Holo during the 17th century before moving on to look in detail at the alliance that was built between the Mindanaos and Tanate. So and one really important aspect of this story is that the Morros were not one polity, Mindanao itself hosted many different communities but alliances offered these groups the opportunity to build on each other's strengths including gathering intelligence that they had on their opponents as well as combining their military capabilities and in the late 16th century Tanate was actually both the most militarily powerful and the best at forging alliances with surrounding populations in this region and their alliance with the Mindanaos posed a sincere threat to European colonial ambitions in the region. So the first conflicts between the Spanish colonizers and the Morro communities in Mindanao and Holo began only a few years after the Spanish founded the city of Manila in 1570 and established a galleon trade with Mexico. The origins of these conflicts can be traced back to the Spanish ambitions to expand their control and influence over a large part of Southeast Asia. At least in the early days the Philippines was seen as a stepping stone to a much greater prize which was the Melucas where the lucrative trade in spices such as cloves, nutmeg and maize were centered. The Portuguese had maintained an outpost in the Melucas since the 1520s and dominated this trade but the Spanish had ambitions for resting control over this trade away from the Portuguese and so consequently Spanish ambitions they had ambitions to expand southwards from the Philippines and they proposed to do this very early on after the founding of Manila and these ambitions were most clearly articulated by Governor Francisco de Sander who was the third governor of the Philippines. Sander argued that if reinforcements were sent from Spain they would not only very quickly conquer Borneo, Mindanao and Holo but also extend Spanish domination over the spy silence in Java and he also believed that China itself could be conquered just much in the same way that the Spanish conquered Mexico sorry the Aztecs in Mexico with just a handful of valiant conquistadors so a few other royal officials really shared this optimism but they did agree that it was a good idea to conquer the neighboring Muslim polities on the islands of Mindanao and Holo where they believed that they would find gold, cinnamon and other riches and so at the end of the 16th century the conquest of Mindanao and Holo was seen as essential to expanding Spanish power across maritime southeast Asia beginning in 1578 the Spanish began a wave of aggressive military incursions into the territories of Borneo, Mindanao and Holo and although they expected these conquests to be easy they in fact initiated a pattern of conflict that would continue for most of the 17th century. The polities in the southern archipelago responded with force to the aggressive territorial ambitions of Spain and slave raiding was the cornerstone of their military response. Raiding parties from Mindanao, Holo, Carago, Borneo and the Camucones attacked coastal villages in the Spanish controlled part of the Philippines seizing thousands as captives as slaves basically and these raids not only thwarted Spanish expansionary ambitions but actively destabilized new Spanish settlements in the Visayas and the Camarines. Virtually no community south of Mindanao was exempt from the yearly assault but the Visayan territories were the most frequently impacted. For example over just three years between 1599 and 1602 Maguindanao raiders seized 2,300 slaves from Visayan territories while in 1635 Governor Utaro de Corcuero estimated that raiders from Borneo and the Camucones had collectively captured around 25 to 30,000 vassals of the king of Spain. On occasion raiders would venture very close to Minile as a way of demonstrating the weaknesses of Spanish defenses and raiders also used other tactics to disrupt the Spanish occupation of the Philippines. The Maguindanaos in particular tried to convince certain communities in the Visayas to break their connections with Spain and to become tributaries of the Maguindanaos instead and the Sulus of Hollow attacked infrastructure such as shipyards as a way of damaging Spanish economic power in the region. On the whole the Spanish struggled to respond to all of these raiding activities. Initially they tried raising defensive amadas to protect the sign communities before shifting to diplomacy and then finally to aggressive military incursions. But most of this is actually quite ineffective and the pattern of raiding continued throughout the century up until 1663 when the Spanish were forced to withdraw all of their military personnel from Mindanao to Nata and the Colomianes. Alliances between different polities in the Salamanca Pellego were a really important part of this conflict and I'm just I'm going to focus here on one particular alliance that emerged between the Maguindanaos and Tanata. So who were the Tanatans? Tanata and Brunei were two major poles of commercial and political influence in this region at the end of the 16th century. Both were trading hubs with extensive connections throughout the Malay world as well as established trading relationships with China, Siam, the Arabian Peninsula and more recently with the Portuguese. As the only clove producing islands in the world the Malucas had attracted traders to their ports for centuries. But Tanata's rise to prominence as a regional power in the late 16th century was in fact linked to this relationship with the Portuguese. Since 1522 the Portuguese had occupied fortified positions in Tanata and Tidore and had established a unique trading partnership with these islands and this relationship was never particularly peaceful. But a series of events in the 1570s led the Tanatans to break their alliance with the Portuguese allowing them to rapidly expand their regional influence. In 1570 the Sultan of Tanata, Jairun, was assassinated by the Portuguese initiating a period of anti-colonial rebellion leading to the eventual expulsion of the Portuguese from the island in 1575. And over the course of the next several decades the Tanatans set about establishing an extensive tributary network which extended across the majority of island polities throughout the Bandas, Leves and Malucas seeds. By these means Tanata consolidated their power in the region seized greater control over the Spice trade from neighbouring rivals in Tidore and ensured that any uninvited future European interventions would be met with considerable resistance and the Spice trade continued to thrive without a European monopoly. And by these means Tanata was able to strengthen not only, sorry, skipped ahead, a 1603 description of Tanata noted the island regularly received traders from Java and elsewhere in the Malay archipelago as well as Turks who traveled via Java and Arche. Now this interaction with lucrative global trading markets meant that Tanata had accessed a sophisticated weaponry including artillery. The king of Tanata ordered that no merchant would be allowed to trade with his vessel states unless they brought artillery with them. And by these means Tanata was able to strengthen not only the forts on their own islands but also to fortify a large part of the Malucan archipelago. It was said that the main fort in Tanata alone was defended by 300 cannons and other types of artillery as well as a thousand Malucan soldiers who were equipped with coats of male doublets and helmets that they had taken from the Portuguese. Additionally they were backed by a thousand Javins, Chinese, Archeanese and Turks, the latter of whom were experts in fire bombs and other explosive weapons. And so very quickly Tanata became an extremely powerful and heavily militarized center at the heart of an expanding tribute network that encompassed a large part of eastern Indonesia. In 1580 the Portuguese and Spanish crowns unified ending their long-standing rivalry in the region and finally opening the Malucas up to Spanish ambitions. Beginning in the 1580s the Spanish led several expeditions to try and re-impose European control over the Malucas. However they found that by this stage the Tanatans had grown into formidable opponents thanks to their increasing militarization and regional alliance building. So it was within this context that an alliance between Tanata and the Big Indenals emerged and we can easily understand that this alliance was mutually beneficial. While Tanata saw Mindanao as a convenient block to Spanish expansion in the region, the Big Indenals benefited from the military strength of the Tanatans encountering Spanish territorial incursions. So how did this alliance work in practice? Towards the close of the 16th century Tanata was reported to have sent considerable aid to Mindanao in the form of shipbuilders, armorers, gunpowder manufacturers, artillery and manpower to help the Big Indenals resist Spanish invasion into their islands. The Spanish blamed the support offered by the Tanatans for their military failures against the Big Indenals in the 1590s. Realizing the power of this alliance the Spanish began to incorporate a clause into their peace agreement which stipulated that the Big Indenals had to end their alliance with the Tanatans if they ever wanted to achieve peace with Spain.  So all of this reached a climax in 1597 when the Spanish organized an invasion of Big Indenal territories led by Captain Juan Vronquillo. Vronquillo sailed an army of 230 Spanish and 1500 indigenous soldiers up the Polangu River to wage an assault on the Big Indenal Fort of Boyan. When they arrived they found that the Big Indenals occupied a well-defended fort garrisoned with many soldiers and artillery. And although Vronquillo set up a siege of this fort he was aware that defeating the Big Indenals presented a considerable challenge. Writing back to Manila he reported that after several skirmishes with the Big Indenals on his way back to the fort he was actually running low in ammunition. They'd run down to just 3,000 bullets which was enough for about two hours of firepower and the soldiers were tired and hungry and many had fallen sick or were injured. At the same time he knew that the Big Indenals were willing to fight to their death but also that they could easily flee by ship without being pursued. So it was at this point that 800 Tanatans sailed up the Polangu River coming in aid of the Big Indenals who hoped that this powerful force would crush Vronquillo's armada. The Spanish land afterwards that just before their arrival the Big Indenals had sent one of their nobles called Buissan to Tanate to ask for their aid in fighting the war. While in Tanate Buissan arranged the marriage of the daughter of the king of Tanate to another Big Indenal ruler Rajemura thus solidifying the alliance between the two polities. The king of Tanate then sent these 800 soldiers to intercept the Spanish on the Polangu River. So Vronquillo met the Tanatans by land and by water and in a major battle ensued in which the Tanatans were soundly defeated and their general Kachil bubble was killed. This victory was significant up to that point the Tanatans were widely believed to be undefeatable and in shock the Big Indenals agreed to sign Vronquillo's treaty and he returned to Manila in triumph. But despite this the Spanish never actually consolidated their victory. The following year they withdrew all of their forces from Big Indenal seeding all of the gains that they had made against the Big Indenals and the Tanatans. And nominally this was because of reports that English ships had entered Indonesian waters and they were worried that they might sail upon Manila. But the reality was that despite having won the battle the Spanish lacked the capacity to genuinely occupy the territory of Big Indenal. Vronquillo's victorious expedition was in reality a costly reprisal mission that failed to achieve any conquest. The big treaty with the Big Indenals was dead almost as soon as it was signed and Big Indenal raiding resumed and steadily increased in the years to come. The following these events in Big Indenal the Spanish began to focus their efforts on conquering the Maluccas and this move was definitely motivated by a desire to control the spice trade but it was also clearly a response to the increasing influence of Tanate on Mindanao. An initial attempt in 1603 resulted in a humiliating defeat for the Spanish with the Tanatans outsmarting them militarily. However in 1606 bolstered by considerable reinforcements from Mexico and Spain the Spanish finally succeeded in invading Tanate, seizing their fort and capturing their king. The king of Tanate, Cachalcide Bure, along with two dozen other Tanatan rulers were captured and brought to Manila where they were kept as hostages by hostages of the Spanish crown for the next several decades and in fact Cachalcide Bure never returned to his homeland. He died in Manila at the end of the 1620s. So the Spanish hoped that by conquering Tanate they could cut off the supply of military aid to the Big Indenals. The Big Indenals in turn responded to the Spanish invasion of Tanate through increased raiding. In 1608 the audience here reported that in April the Big Indenals had sailed with 77 caracolers and attacked the islands of Leyte and Ibebel. They had robbed and burnt churches taking many captives. The Spanish ambassador to Mindanao frame Malchor Otaro laid the blame for this situation squarely on Spanish involvement in Tanate. He noted that the Big Indenals were united with Tanate in religion, friendship and trade and recognised Tanate as superior. By that time Tanate had also forged an alliance with the Dutch who by then had established their own fortifications in that island just a league away from the Spanish fort. Malchor Otaro also reported that letters had been sent in secret from Mindanao to the imprisoned king of Tanate in Manila and some Big Indenals had travelled there with the aim of rescuing him and restoring him to his throne. Malchor Otaro warned that it was possible that the Big Indenals would ally themselves with the Dutch and gather together a great armada to sail on Manila to achieve their plan of liberating the Tanat and king and restoring him to his throne. And he believed that this place was the Spanish and the greatest danger that they had ever been in since arriving in the Philippines. So while the 1606 conquest of Tanate was successful in that the Spanish succeeded in reclaiming possession of the Portuguese fort in Tanate, the Spanish never overcame Tanate's power. The arrival of the Dutch in the Malucas and their alliance with Tanate locked the Spanish into a costly war of attrition that lasted until their withdrawal from the Malucas in 1663. At the same time bereft of their long-standing ally, the Big Indenals sought to forge a new alliance through marriage with the Sulus of Hollow. This alliance was to prove as devastating as the last and raiding continued for the next half a century. During this period raiding parties from Big Indenal, Hollow, Caraga, the Kamakones and Borneo continued to threaten the Spanish presence in the region by attacking Spanish vessels, seizing indigenous Filipinos and Spanish missionaries as captives, eroding Spanish authority in the Visayas and attacking key Spanish shipyards. Alliances between all of these oppositional polities were an integral part in ensuring that this resistance to Spanish domination was as effective as it was. So just to conclude, alliances were always an important part of intergroup warfare in the Philippine archipelago. During the cloning period, the alliances that we most often hear about are the ones forged between the Spanish and indigenous communities which allowed the Spanish to gain a foothold in the archipelago and extend their authority. Yet we need to also consider that these alliances could become powerful tools used by communities against European ambitions in this region. And this is certainly the case with the alliance built by the Big Indenals and Tanatans at the end of the 16th century. Thanks. Thank you very much in particular for keeping your time. We'll go straight on to Miguel Lorenzo with a very closely allied paper shifting from the Spaniards to the Portuguese. So whilst you're gathering up your maybe one question for Stephanie. A quick question whilst we're changing speakers. Ah yes, Hannibal. The Tanata was the more superior power because they had, I mean the Big Indenals also had access to artillery and they were like quite a heavily fortified and more like society but the Tanatans just had much more of that and they had built this basically empire in maritime southeast Asia at the end of the 16th century and so I guess the alliance was kind of backing on to that.


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Okay. Okay. So we have just started the recording of our second hour. Are there any questions from the first hour discussion and interaction? I know it's a difficult topic as we address which we have addressed in the earlier lecture on failures that we face or challenges we face there, exercising faith in God. Any follow-up questions? All right. So let's move forward now to our next chapter 18. I think it is on talking about collective faith, the power of collective faith. So till now in this course we have been focusing on individual faith. That means you having faith in God personally for various things. But now we want to spend a little time talking on collective faith and we find this in many places in scripture where two or more of us can agree together. And the most well-known verses of scripture of course are Matthew chapter 18 verses 18 and 19. Could somebody read that out for us please? Matthew 18 18 to 19. Matthew 18 18 to 19 verse 18. I'm sure when I say to you whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven. Whatever you lose on earth will be loose in heaven. Number 19. Again I say to you that if two of you agree on earth concerning anything that they ask it will be done for them by my father in heaven. Amen. Thank you. So these these two verses are very very well known where Jesus says if two of you agree on earth, two of you agree on earth and then you ask for something it'll be done for my father by my father who is in heaven right. So this is where we're talking about collective faith. Two or more of us coming into agreement. Now that word agree there just to just as an interesting fact is it's the word that means harmonious or to be in a chord or symphonize something like a symphony or a harmony right. So that means we are together yeah we are in harmony or in symphony just together agreeing on earth on on a certain matter right concerning anything that that we are praying about asking about right. So there is this place of agreement in prayer agreement in faith that we as believers can come into whether it's just two people or whether it's a you know a prayer group or whether it's a local church of several you know maybe tens of people hundreds of people all coming into agreement. Jesus taught us that it's a place of power it's a place where we could see things happen and God will respond to that collective faith of those people who are in agreement and asking about something. Now we know that there is power when we are together the Old Testament Ecclesiastes tells us you're two are better than one they have a good reward for the labor that means they can achieve things together and they can make things happen. There's this tremendous reward when they are working together in agreement. So we know that and this is also true spiritually. So in the Bible we see several examples of collective faith in action that means you know we can see examples where two or more people came together they prayed together they believed God together and then they saw the result and I've just put down a few from the New Testament you see this in both Old and New Testaments. So there is the time when the Apostles this is an Acts chapter 4 they were you know facing difficulty they were being persecuted in Acts chapter 4 and they were being told not to preach they were being threatened they would be told not to preach in the name of Jesus so they were being threatened for that and so after they were you know they received all the threats from people they went back to their companions that means to their own group of people and they shared with them look this is what the chief priests and elders have said you know they have threatened us they have told us not to preach in the name of Jesus and all of that. So what did they do when they heard this they raised their voice to God with one accord so that means they were in agreement and so you know we don't know how many of them were there they're probably could be maybe whether this companions are referring to just the 12 apostles or whether it's referring to 100 or 200 300 people but it seems like there was this big group of people who lifted up their voice to God with one accord that means they joined the hearts in faith and they said God you know they acknowledge the greatness of God and they said Lord you know look at their threats but they prayed together that they with all boldness they will speak the word and that God would heal and do signs and wonders in the name of Jesus so they prayed together like this they have an agreement that regardless of the threats of the people they were going to go ahead and preach the word and they were going to believe God for miracles and it says when they when they had prayed there was a place was shaken so there was like God giving them assurance yeah I've heard your prayer and they spoke the word of God boldness and eventually you know you in chapter 4 and chapter 5 we see mighty things happening in response to the prayer they prayed you know there was great power with which the apostles gave witness there was a couple and an eyes and so far their sin was exposed and many signs and wonders were done and the sick were healed by Peter's shadow great numbers of people came from other cities bringing sick people and an angel of the Lord also brought Peter out of prison many many things happened when they prayed and said Lord we want to see signs and wonders in the name of your son Jesus so we see an example collective faith another interesting example is when Peter was in prison this was Herod he you know this was another time and King Herod put Peter into prison but it says here constant prayer was offered by God for him offered to God for him by the church that means there were these the group of believers got together they prayed together for Peter's release and supernaturally an angel goes in and brings Peter out of prison and Peter shows up out of the house at the house of Mary with the mother of John Mark and you know that's that was where these people were gathered together pray and many of them so we don't know how many but there was must have been a good group of people praying for Peter and you see the result you know how God intervened as they collectively believed God for Peter's deliverance and protection so this again and another example of collective faith collective prayer people agreeing together another example we see is that of Paul how he was supernaturally healed this is very interesting I mean when Paul had come to Lister so this was on his first missionary journey Paul and Barnabas they were traveling through which today would be modern day Turkey they went through Antioch and Iconium and they came to Derby and sorry they came to Iconium and there from my career they came to Lister actually this happened at Lister and but there were people from Antioch and Iconium Jews who came over to Lister and they stoned Paul they stoned him they dragged him out of the city leaving him for dead you know so you can imagine how that must be meaning they stoned him dragged him out of the city leaving him outside the city as supposing him to be dead but see what happens the disciples gathered around him so it means this group of disciples we don't know how many but just imagine maybe 15 people gathering around Paul's body that had been stoned and left for dead the disciples gathered around him what happened says he rose up and went into the city and that's a miracle a man who had been stoned his body must have been terribly bleeding wounded it's left for dead but something powerful happened then the disciples gathered around him they must have obviously prayed asked God to heal when you see the result he rose up went into the city and the next day he went on his journey now that's impossible for a man who's been stoned right if a man had been stoned he probably spent the next six months maybe even eight months in the hospital bed recovering but here Paul gets up he walks into the city and the next day he continues on his journey to preach the gospel you know so this was a miracle but what do we see it says the disciples gathered so that means these people must have collectively joined together and prayed and God did some a powerful miracle that a man who was stoned and left for dead got up and walked to the city and the next day he goes on his journey to go preach and that's amazing but that shows us the power of collective faith when people join together and pray so like this we see many examples and we've only shared three examples from scripture we see many examples both in the old and new testament of believers collectively having faith and then seeing God do some amazing things another interesting thing is this that our collective faith presents a solid front it's like a wall of defense could somebody read collusion chapter two was four and five for us please collusion chapter two was four and five now this I say lest anyone should deceive you with persuasive words for though I am absent in the flesh yet I am with you in spirit rejoicing to see your good order and the steadfastness of your faith in Christ thank you so I just want to highlight something here Paul is writing to the Colossians the believers at Colosse and you know they are faced with a lot of attacks or intrusions from people who are trying to deceive them and say all the wrong things you know and so there's this there's a lot of things try to come in to this group of this church this church of belief family group of believers but then he says I'm seeing something I'm seeing your good order and steadfastness of your faith your faith in Christ now it's very interesting when you look at the Greek that word good order and steadfastness the word order good order really is a picture of um the military both are military words it's a picture of people who are in line they are in unbroken line good order so you can imagine a line of soldiers everybody in place in position unbroken line and then the word steadfastness is talking about firmness it's like a an impregnable wall of defense that's being put up by this unbroken line of soldiers so what he's telling us is that your faith is like this impregnable wall of defense a solid front this unbroken line of defense that is protecting the community it's a beautiful picture actually when you when you when you think of it so here's a group of believers and there are a lot of you know things that are trying to improve deceive deception and people that are do these different things but these believers in their faith they have put up an impregnable solid wall and line of defense and nobody can penetrate that community because of their collective faith so this is not one person's faith this is all of them together their collective faith is a wall of defense and it's uh it's wonderful to you know to just kind of read this on the amplified he says though i'm away from you and body you're with you in spirit delighted at the sight of your standing shoulder to shoulder in such an orderly array so it's like this military they're all in order and the firmness of the solid front instead fastness of your faith in christ so he says you know you're standing shoulder to shoulder and it's he's describing that their faith their collective faith in christ is like that it's that solid front defense so here's another thing we see that when we have collective faith we can actually together protect the church community or the community of believers against demonic intrusion against intrusion from deception wrong things evil things you know that through collective faith we protect the community of believers from such things so that's another way we can exercise collective faith so we see collective faith being exercised for miracles we see collective faith being exercised for deliverance we see collective faith being exercised for resurrection healing and resurrection that was of paul being raised from the dead now we are seeing collective faith being used for divine protection for the community protecting the whole community and this collective faith and the the faith of the community can keep growing right so we have referenced this worse before where paul says you know he's writing to the believers and he says your faith grows exceedingly and your love for each other increases so through that group of believers he's saying look your faith is growing your faith is growing so of course that implies that every individual is growing in faith but that results in the collective faith of people as a community they are growing and they are walking in love towards each other so we need to encourage that in our communities in our churches that as a community as a group of people we will grow in faith whether it's a small prayer group or whether it's a church community this can happen people can grow in faith but at the same time we got to be careful about things that destroy collective faith you know because many times while we know that collective faith can produce wonderful results wonderful results sadly when people come together there are problems that happen and then that actually destroys or ruins and the collective faith that we could have and do wonderful things and so we need to guard against those things some of the things that we can think about you know are murmuring and complaining when we start murmuring and talking about each other and complaining about each other then we're actually weakening ourselves we're actually destroying collective faith when we get into competition and strife with each other you know we're trying to outdo each other we're trying to you know be better than each other then we're actually giving room for the enemy to come and do evil work and then it will just dissipate any effort or collective faith you know and what's interesting is even among the 12 disciples of Jesus there was a point when there was competition you know and you saw if you may remember this in Matthew 20 where the mother of James and John she came to Jesus and said I have a request can you make sure that when you become king my two sons James and John will sit one on either side now she's immediately trying to book the spot and for her sons and of course that caused a lot of problems there among the rest of the disciples and Jesus had to teach them about being servants and just serving people without desiring a place of recognition and honor so the strife competition can destroy collective faith and like that you know there are other things we need to be careful of self pride jealousy at least things disturb the dynamic within the community within the group of believers with its murmuring complaining competitions drive jealousy pride self selfish interests I mean it disturbs the dynamic then it's difficult to get them to agree together and have collective faith and we lose out on the power of collective faith so we need to guard the group and guard the people on that now of course when we as a group or as a community as a team we have collective faith you know we can go out and minister as a team and that's exactly what Jesus did when he sent his 12 disciples out he sent them out two by two in teams of two and so they as the minister in teams of two they saw the mighty works of God and we see this in Mark chapter six uh verse seven twelve and thirteen he got the 12 disciples and he sent them out two by two so there was there were teams of two and they went out and they preached and they saw mighty things these demons were cast out people the sick were healed as they went out two by two and again looked and the energy is called another 70 people he did the same thing with them he sent them out two by two and they returned and said even the demons are subject to us in your name so you can imagine these were two people at a time and remember what the verse we began with in Matthew 18 Jesus said if two of you shall agree if two of you shall agree so here you can see Jesus intensely sending them two by two both of you go but then each group of two or each team of two the people had to be in agreement they had to float together they had to be in symphony they had to be together as they ministered and then they would see all these wonderful results people were healed demons were cast out and wonderful things took place and so it's a good thing to practice this you know that you could have people who will float together and minister together whether in groups of two or or more right so i just want to all kind of speed up that okay all right okay so let me just go back here so in where we are in our you know where we are in our church in our prayer groups in our communities it's it's good for us to try and practice this where you know we could minister as teams whether it's teams or two or more you know you could have three people four people it doesn't matter but two or more people are like how Jesus sent his disciples out and you could you know you could try to develop that team ministry that whole concept of team ministry because you and we understand the power of collective faith two or more so it doesn't have to be a huge group two or more if you have collective faith you can see things right but then to we need to nurture this whole sense of team ministry people are very comfortable ministering individually but how about ministering as a team two or more right and when even as a team we must learn to be in agreement perfect agreement and harmony that's important avoid any kind of competition strife or pride which we had mentioned earlier and when one person is ministering the other person must back up back up the one who is ministering so hundred percent support them spiritually like yeah yeah be in agreement so even if one person is doing the ministry doing the praying you know whatever they're in as the administering the other person stands you know in agreement with them so that you know we can have faith and have a collective faith right now sometimes sometimes you know I just I'm just making this comment because I've observed some of this and that's why I'm I'm intentionally making this comment where what I've seen is sometimes there is you know some people feel superior to the others when it comes to doing ministry and they leave other believers out saying oh oh their unbelief is going to affect our faith and so I just wanted to address that you know will be an unbelief of so let's say you have a group of eight people or ten people let's say two are very strong believers and you've got six of them who are maybe not very strong the question I want to address is will the lesser faith of six people hinder the strong faith of two people because you know what sometimes we see happen is these two people will just go off so okay let's leave the six out but they don't have that great faith we will go administer otherwise their unbelief will hinder our faith but you know that is not true no that's not true yeah look at some biblical examples examples in the New Testament you know think about Jesus in the and his 12 disciples in the boat so you had 12 people who didn't believe 12 people were so fearful and there was one person in faith what happened well the boat didn't sink the one person who was in faith Jesus calm the storm the unbelief of the 12 the fear and unbelief of the 12 didn't hinder the faith of one think about when there was this this this boy who was lunatic brought to Jesus disciples the and you know so you can imagine there are nine disciples who have just failed they couldn't help the boy then and Jesus pointed out was because of their unbelief here comes Jesus with the other three so even if he said nine were an unbelief nine were an unbelief could not hinder the faith of Jesus in delivering the boy right so this theory or this idea that oh the unbelief of others will hinder my faith doesn't seem to hold when you look at these examples um there are many other times you find Jesus uh moving out in faith when he's right somebody okay all right um okay there were times when when Jesus and uh his disciples uh were ministering uh uh yeah so uh yeah I see Elisha's comment where he talks about Josh when Caleb you know they went forward even though others uh were in unbelief uh now in that case God had to leave the people and believe out and let the people had faith enter in you know so uh so I what I just want to say is yeah we see other examples where where uh Jesus moved in faith and uh you know there were the unbelief of his disciples didn't hold him back case of Peter Peter walked on the water to go to Jesus and uh you know the rest of the disciples were in the boat they were fearful but Peter still walked on the water the final example that many or the example that many people quote is when Jesus went into the house of Jairus he only took in three Peter James and John he told all the others to stay out now you know stay away and so people said look Jesus only took Peter James and John with him into the house he didn't take the others uh that's a example where you know you don't want the faith the unbelief of others to enter your faith but that's not stated in scripture that's an assumption that's made but then you can also look at the whole picture you know there was a big crowd of people or following Jesus and if Jesus told nine people to stay out it's possible that he told them to stay and minister to the crowd while he went and attended to the request from Jairus so uh just as people can assume try and assume that he told disciples stay out to because of the he didn't want their unbelief that's not stated but what is more likely is he probably told them to stay and minister to the crowd which they always did well he went out to uh went to meet Jairus and go into south so he just took three of them three closest disciples Peter James and John and he went in and then of course maybe there wasn't enough room in the house so he got rid of all the others and he went in with Peter James and John to minister right and uh we don't see that Jesus was afraid of uh that uh you know his team members would uh weaken his faith right so I'm just putting that out there just to look at it from a different perspective let's not operate from an air of superiority or I've got greater faith than you so you don't come close to me because your unbelief might hinder my faith I think that's just a wrong notion you have faith in God and you lift others up rather than putting them down right um now another thing I've faced as a leader is that there are times when we exercise collective faith but then you know we don't see it happen and then people are looking at you as a leader saying hey what do you have to say and this has happened at times you know when we've had faith I've led groups of people here when we had to pray for resurrection and believe you know God to raise someone from the dead and uh so you know we've been in faith we've been praying together collectively for for that and uh it didn't happen and so obviously people are going to ask you you're the leader hey what happened why didn't our collective faith produce a result and uh here's you know so I've been through that and this is how I've tried to handle that situation those situations when there's a failure in collective faith now it is a lot of pressure you know because you're the leader you're the one who led the group into trying to extend collective faith in God uh for a particular situation it didn't happen so everybody's looking to you for an answer and it's not a nice not a nice place to be what do you do well here's what I've tried to do one is I've tried to be dead to self-reputation that is look it's not about my reputation as a pastor or as a spiritual leader you know we are dead to it we are beyond that we're not here to protect our name or our reputation or our faith none of that secondly we're not here to defend God God doesn't need any defense in fact God is our defender we are not his defenders so we just say God I know you are God and you don't need any man to defend you so I'm not going to try and defend God and try to give an explanation for God or you know why this didn't happen no God doesn't need a defense thirdly what I've tried to do is never fault others you know never do that and don't try to give an explanation saying oh you know in our group there were three people who didn't have faith or four people who were living in sin or that's why it didn't happen don't never do that never fault others you know because we don't know who are we to you know point fingers at others yeah so never do that instead you know what we do is encourage say hey it's going back to what we said earlier in the previous lecture encourage people to keep their eyes on God and his word say look I know what we prayed didn't happen but God hasn't changed his word hasn't changed and we know any failure would be on our side not not on God's side but we are not here to fault any person or anything we are going to continue to encourage ourselves in God and we're going to continue to press on we're going to continue to believe God and should another occasion arise like this of course we're going to step in faith and walk believe God for it we're not going to you know we're not going to quit so this is kind of what I've tried to do you know when when we've faced failure collectively which we have on more than one occasion and you know just okay look this is not about me and this about the kingdom of God and we are learning how collectively to exercise faith to see miracles or to see something happen I don't know how to defend God God is big enough to take care of himself I don't I'm not going to fault any person that's just plain wrong to do and going to encourage people and we are going to continue press on to believe God for what's in his word right so this lesson is simply a lesson on collective faith to to let us know that you know there is there is power in collective faith which we must tap into we must learn to engage in us and try to journey into it and and I'm saying that you know we can learn to minister in collective faith okay let's take some questions on this um so now Elisha mentions numbers 13 Joshua and Caleb Elisha you want to say something on that yes that's that um what you are serving on the collective faith and how um sometimes we we seem to think that the majority's unbelief is likely to affect our the minority's faith and that will cause God not to work miracles among us I want to share a practical experience in a prayer meeting in my local church sometime ago the prayer leader had a had a call to suck some people from the prayer meeting because in his assumption he thought they didn't have faith and one of those that he sat and had fallen into sin and he said that he was not he was not a good member to be in the team at that moment so he sat the person and this one brings to my what we just said about the collective faith house sometimes we wrongly assume that when there's a majority of the people not in agreement with us God cannot work anything among his children I think we should learn that the minority's faith the minority plus God the minority's faith is always dominant and that is uh rarely what played out in the case of Joshua and Caleb two against the the others and the others successfully had even all the Israelites behind them so it was God Joshua and Caleb and few others against the the the many people that went to spy with the Israelites who have come to join them but God was able to do what he had promised to do for the people of Israel so I want to thank you for sharing this with us God bless you very much thank you thank you for sharing nice thank you um I see another comment there from Divya but why then did he not perform many miracles in this hometown yeah Matthew 13 58 that's true so in in the case here in his own hometown it was the unbelief of the people who were being ministered to right so that means they were reluctant even to receive from him so their unbelief kept them from even coming to receive so that's a different scenario from what what we are talking about we're talking about our team right so let's say like you said suppose we have a team of 10 believers uh who are praying now maybe you know three or four are pretty strong in faith uh the remaining six or seven may not be a strong in faith maybe they are young etc so amongst us we shouldn't feel that just because we've got you know just because there are three or four who are strong they should go out separately and minister now we can minister together so that's the scenario we're addressing but uh Matthew 13 is a different scenario where it's the crowd who are unwilling to come and receive from Jesus because uh you know they they're looking at Jesus saying hey he he grew up here this is our hometown he was a carpenter's boy and how can he be the Messiah how can he be the anointed one we're not going to go listen to him and receive from him and so Jesus didn't do many miracles there because of their unbelief their unbelief kept them from coming to receive Christ the scenario is uh uh a little different okay thank you thank you minister i have one more question can i ask yeah go ahead go ahead yeah this is uh a little different uh like suppose we are in a group where you know uh like our faith is being challenged even within the group or is it it is um threat to our own faith uh in such cases uh you know what is the right course of action thank you okay so here okay so if that means these people are not in agreement right so so from what you've said let's say there's a group of 10 people three people want to believe God and believe his word and his miracles and and then there are seven who say no no no we don't want to we don't want to believe God that's not the way to you know so that means there is no agreement then what but you know then you have to make a choice where the three who are in agreement go and believe God and make their journey with God you know and the seven may not come along on that spiritual journey but the three will have to move forward in faith okay okay thank you thank you buster yeah okay uh let's take the last two questions here there's one from elijah uh what is the effect of reason in common sense on faith that's a good question and i think uh one of our last chapters deals with this faith and reason so this is also an area where many feel or find it very difficult so let me just give you a gist right now and we will then have go into the chapter there is faith there is reason and then there is presumption and we need to understand the difference reason is see God created our mind so God gave us the ability to reason our mind is not evil by itself our mind was designed by God and we need our mind to engage with the natural world and most of the time we are using our mind our common sense you know when you this when we go about our everyday life we're using our mind and we have to because we're living in a natural world so we must use our mind and let me put it like this don't use your faith to do the things you have to do as a natural person that means oh let me put it like this everything we do we do by faith in God but what you have to do in the natural you have to do in the natural so example if you're crossing the street it is my responsibility to look left and right make sure there's no child car vehicles going and cross the road now i have faith that i am divinely protected by God he has given his angels charge over me to keep me in all my ways so that's my faith all the time every time but when i'm crossing the road i have to look left and right and then cross the street but it's safe i can't close my eyes and say i walk by faith and not by sight and God will give his angels charge over me i don't care if any car comes or any vehicle comes they will stop angels are there they can't get past the angel and i can't close my eyes and go no that that's that is presumption or literally that's foolishness that's not even common sense it's presumption foolishness so i have faith that God protects me all the time but in what i have to do naturally i have to use my reason meaning what God has given me right i can't put faith here and say i will walk by faith and all the cars will stop i can't do that and that's wrong and God is not obligated to fulfill his word in that kind of a situation but i am not walking according to like common sense or reason that God has given right so we have to balance we have to understand there is faith but God has given me a response but he's given me a mind to use to take care of this day to day things of life right so faith does not do away with playing common sense or good reason and we have to be careful of presumption or foolishness which we will talk about okay we'll get into details on that a little later last one maybe the people but to come with Jesus and missed on many works of God yeah Ruslan yeah so these people they looked at Jesus as like yeah we know him you know he grew up here how can he be anointed by God and so they missed out on what God wanted to do okay it's time for us to wrap up today so we covered two chapters one is failure how we handle it because we all would have faced it and we must learn how to handle it correctly we talked about collective faith and we also talked about some of the wrong ideas people have you know how to handle that and how to handle even if we face failures collectively you know the point is we must keep going forward God is good God is for us we are the ones who are learning right we are the ones who are learning to grow our faith it's going to take time it's not a thing that we all grow into overnight and so we need to make the journey we need to get up that's the dirt of our knees and keep going and zen in with God and at the same time I just want to leave with us leave us with this thought that in this course we're dealing with faith but there are many other ways that God works the supernatural which we are going to learn in another course there is the aspect of the anointing there's the aspect of the presence of God the glory of God the gifts of the spirit all of those things so a miracle can come into our lives through more than one way and what we are learning now is faith in God something that we can have all of us can have in our journey at the same time we must be open to God working through other ways causing his supernatural things to take place okay so let's pause here I'd like somebody to pray with us as a class and dismiss us we'll continue this next week can somebody just pray and dismiss us please we are praying please go ahead we come before you and we thank you for this morning and the lessons that we have shared on faith we thank you for the beautiful inspiration is that you are going to our heart stone pastaches father we pray in the name of Jesus if you know enough if you know enough of us is having issues with this faith father we pray and we come before your we come before you that Lord help our unbelief in the name of Jesus father we pray Lord God that you will cause us at any time that we need to exercise faith in you father of course i have to exercise faith in you in the name so at any time we continue to be with us and guide our steps be the light on our path and shine on our way in Jesus mighty name we pray amen amen thank you everyone uh and so the rest of the day have a nice weekend enjoy your time of worship God bless you see you on again


Hello, welcome to SSUniTek Social Decide and this is part 3 of Power BI Tutorial. So today we are going to discuss workflow of Power BI Desktop. So in the last video we have seen basic introduction of the Power BI and how we can download and install the Power BI. So here let's closer look about Power BI Desktop for the workflow. So let's move to next slide to understand about workflow. So here as we can see this is the workflow of Power BI Desktop. First we have data preparation, then we have data modeling, then we have data visualization. So what it means? So first we want to prepare the data. So we may have any source. So first we need to go on a query editor and inside the query editor we can get the data from different different sources. After that we can load that data from query editor to data modeling ribbon. So in data modeling we have two types. First is relationship view, second is data view. So in the relationship view we may have more than one tables. So we can build the relationship between those tables and in the data view we can check the data of the tables. After that we have data visualization that is the final step. So in the data visualization here we will create the report in the report view. So here we can select any visualization and we can create according to our requirement. So the main thing we need to take care is data preparation and data modeling because data preparation is a big thing and data modeling is a big thing. Data visualization is not a big deal. We can directly use drag and drop and we can create the data visualization. So we need to take care about the data preparation. In the upcoming videos we will start from the data preparation that is query editor. So that's it in this video and thank you so much for watching this video. If you don't subscribe my youtube channel yet, so please subscribe and share to others and don't forget to press the bell icon to get the notification of our newly uploaded videos. Thank you so much guys.


Doctors say Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton's prostate cancer is treatable and curable and shouldn't interfere with his duties. The Democratic governor revealed his recent diagnosis last week after he collapsed during his state of the state address. In an episode, his doctors say he was not linked to the cancer. After a round of tests this week, a Mayo Clinic spokesman said Thursday that Dayton's cancer has not spread beyond his prostate. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.