I'm going to call the meeting for the medical advisory subcommittee meeting to order. I'll take role. Meg Velia is present. So is Jim Romanoff. James Pepper is also present. Jim, do we have anyone else in the room with you? Just working media is recording this for the public. Okay. And then we also have some guest map buyers and Shane Lynn today as well. Did everyone, Jim and Meg, did you have a chance to review the minutes yet? I thought you had those earlier. If not, we can work to approve the next meeting. I'm sorry? I did have a chance to review those. You did it or did not? I did. Okay. Jim, did you have a chance for a review? Yeah. Any questions or discussion? Okay. Can I just get a motion to approve those and then we'll move on to our presenters. Motion to approve minutes from the last meeting. Second. Okay. So moved. And Meg, if you want to provide an introduction for us. Tom, can I pause for just one second? Sorry. Meg, are you Dr. Levine's designee? That's correct. That's right. Okay. I just want to clarify that. I'm sorry. Okay. And so we met buyers as a designee for Dr. Levine. And then Meg, I'll let you move on to our presentation to end. Shane, one of the things we were, well, I mean, there's a number of issues we're discussing in the subcommittee meeting, but one of them was in the context of protecting the medical patients as the transition moves to adult use legalization. And what Jim and Meg had discussed was creating, helping create or develop a baseline of products that would be available for medical patients. And I'm sure a number of other questions that we've discussed in the issues might come up as well. But with that, Meg, I'll go ahead and let you introduce our presenters. Sure. So this is Shane Lin. He is the president of CeresMed. Shane. Hi, everybody. Thanks for having me here today. Appreciate it. I got into cannabis here in Vermont probably about a dozen years ago, started going to the state house and sitting and committing meetings. And that all came about because I had family and friends that were using cannabis, you know, mainly it was cancer and the other was Parkinson's. And so for me, it was very personal. I've been study talking to community leaders and trying to understand, hey, what is the status of cannabis? I've learned that people could be growing at home. And I also then heard some stories of doctors who tell people to go to church street and ask people on church street if they could buy cannabis basically on the street. And that seemed really bad. And just around that time, Colorado was going through their medical opening and that really gave me the impetus to really get involved in medical cannabis and back to, you know, wanting to understand the process and so going to the state house to really understand what a program would look like. And while, you know, attending these committee meetings, I got to hear a lot of other Vermonters that were utilizing cannabis for their symptom relief and really started to gain appreciation for how dramatic the changes were for people in utilizing cannabis for their symptom relief. With that, I, you know, started talking to the community people how I go about creating a business and start really getting involved in building a business to dispense cannabis. And we literally started off with one other employee, myself and one other person and we've continued to grow over the years. Over the past eight years, we're up to 60 employees at this point and we're really dedicated to making sure that our products are the highest quality to our patients and that we have a diversity of products as well. This was an industry when we first started, we had a phone tree where we would call in case, you know, the phone tree of lawyers to call in case we got raided by the DEA. There was real potential threat that we would potentially be raided. Those were headline stories happening in California when we opened our doors and so there was that concern and, you know, yet I had staff and myself included willing to take that risk because it was something that we believed in. And part of this bigger picture of, yes, the cannabis plant and its ability to provide symptom relief was the social change around that as well. And so we've all been very active in that conversation over all these years at this point. It has been a huge investment in money, you know, over time. Like I said, we started with one employee. We started with, you know, basically a 400-square-foot dispensary. I was there myself in the first year's dispensing cannabis. So, you know, we had one office and we would see one person at a time and really got to know the stories of reminders coming in and how they were utilizing cannabis and some of the struggles they were having as well, which were always financial. The cannabis is, you know, out of pocket. There's no insurance involved. In the original bill that we operated under, there was a mandatory sliding scale. That was something that we took very serious and went through a lot of different iterations of how to manage a sliding scale and to make sure that it was fair across the board. What we ended at at this point is to utilize the three-square program in Vermont if you have a three-square card, that will get you on to our discount program so that there's a sliding scale. And we allow people to stack their discounts as well. You know, if you're a veteran on the sliding scale, we also have sales throughout the week that we highlight to our patients to make sure that it's affordable because everything is out of pocket. And we understand the expense of that for people. And so we've made all the efforts we can in the size of the program that we're operating under. It's a small program and it has, you know, stalled over the past few years, I would say. And those are difficulties for business in trying to maintain our service, our level of service because we understand when people, you know, our average age is probably about 52 to, you know, 53 on the dispensary, the folks that we serve, the splits about 50% women, 50% men. It's trending women right now. A lot of these people are novice cannabis folks when they come in the door. And so we spend a lot of time teaching people about cannabis as well. We don't just think it's the product that we're offering, but it's also the service that we're offering. We really try to inform people. We have a permanent position of an outreach director that reaches out to the hospitals in town, out to doctors as well. There's a lot of the conversations I used to go on those tours as well around the state, drive to a hospital, drive to a doctor's office. We do a presentation, you know, for about an hour. Inform people about the program, how it worked, what it didn't do, what it could do. And trying to really teach people about the Vermont law and then about cannabis at the same time. And we continue to, you know, utilize age as services and outreach. A lot of people we talk to just don't even understand that we have a program. And some of that's because we're not allowed to advertise. And, you know, we took that very serious, we still take it seriously, but in the beginning we also kept our disability down because we were afraid of being arrested. And now that the world's kind of changed at this point, we're still not able to kind of broadcast what we do out to the larger demographics of the Vermont communities. And so a lot of people still don't know that there's a medical program here in Vermont. And so some of our mission has been back to that social change and updating people about this alternative treatment or, you know, for symptom relief. We take it really serious. You know, the pandemic was obviously been a struggle for everybody. We kept our doors open the entire time. We didn't close our doors. We were able to serve our patients day in and day out. We had to make adjustments. We had to work with the Department of Public Safety to come up with a curbside program that was safe not only for our staff, but for the patients as well.  I'm proud to say that my staff has remained COVID free as well. And so back to not only, you know, that balance over the years has been one of the harder challenges for us is how do we balance the patient care and understanding of the economic demands, you know, for being in the program that's put on the patient. And then how do we also face the challenges with our staff and understanding that they want benefits. They want a livable wage. They want to have a career path. And so those two things are tough to struggle in a small market. And so we've really tried to focus on both of those things over time because they both contribute to the success of the program in treating Vermonters. And back to being proud that we've done this over time. And, you know, back to, I think if you, you know, I know why staff takes pride in what they do in the conversations that they have with Vermonters every day. We also do a thing called meet your medicine maker. That's where we were precovent. We've been fight them into our facility and, you know, we roughly have anywhere from 50 to 60 patients come in. We teach them how to grow cannabis, how to dry it, how to cure it. We'd also teach them how to infuse edibles, you know, so back to people's budgets and understanding the constraints. We understand sometimes that the medicine is, yes, the cannabis plant, but also growing the plant itself can be very, very therapeutic for some people. So we've tried to educate them about that. And then for their budgets, like, hey, this is how you can make edibles at home. If this is your budget, here's a product you can buy. We offer a shake at a very reasonable price. It's lab tested. And then, hey, this is how you'd go home, make butter, and then make some medicines for yourself. And that will make your dollar go the longest. And so we really try to come at this from many different angles in serving the population here in Vermont. We also do guest lecture series. You know, we invite people to talk to patients and our staff, trying to constantly educate people. Obviously, the cannabis industry is fast-changing.  It's a lot of information. Everybody's trying to stay up with, you know, and that's where the program hasn't necessarily evolved as fast as the cannabis world is. And we're looking forward to that occurring in the coming years. Because I think that will be really influential in staying committed to the patients. And that is our goal in the future market, is that commitment. You know, we're willing to prioritize them when they come to the store. We're willing to have separate entrances for them as well to remain, you know, to give them privacy. If they want that privacy when they're coming to the dispensary, certain products for sure that we want to offer them. I know there's THC limits in the future market. You know, we do custom formulations for some people. I know there are a few, you know, children that are on our patient list that we make products specifically for where we will continue to do that as well. You know, the overall part of this is that we are committed to serving for monitors. I was born and raised here. I went to school here, elementary school, high school, college. This is my town. This is my state. And I understand the demands that are put on people. And to go full circle with that, you know, my original board, you know, there were patients on my original board. And they were driving our mission in the very beginning. They unfortunately passed away from their conditions, but they are still with us in spirit. And it's important that we are committed to that over the long haul here. So back to maybe taking a break. I don't know if there's questions for me here. I feel like, you know, I can probably talk for an hour about the program. I've been doing this for eight years. I'm passionate about it. I want to see it succeed. I want to make sure that we're investing money in it in the right places. I'm happy to designate a certain amount of inventory to the medical patients. I would suggest, though, if we do inventory that we go towards dried flower and biomass. And those are kind of the raw materials to say, all right, we'll set aside these raw materials. And from that, we can make the products that are in high demand. I'd be reluctant to potentially say, oh, here are these products. Make sure you have 10 of these and 20 of those. Well, you know, one thing we have learned in the cannabis market is there can be moments where there's high demand on certain products. And so just having some flexibility if we make those commitments would be important as a business operator. And I think that comes from, hey, make those commitments in the raw inventory. And then we can allocate that to our patients, you know, being able to judge the market and what's being demanded. So I don't know if there's some questions, you know. I certainly have a few to go ahead, Jim. Great earlier. This will just help me to understand, you know, people's expectations in terms of products that they might use now for treatment. And what their availability might be in the future. So, you know, THC limits, hopefully we'll be able to address that for the medical community if that won't be an issue. But what is the roughly the breakdown between people using flower and... A little more consistent at about 50%, 50-50. I'd say we're probably maybe into 55% flower right now.  But we're starting to see that shift a little the other way right now. And so, you know, that's something that we monitor, you know, tried flower is tried and true. It is, you know, patients want their tried flower. We understand diversity is really important for the patient on that level as well. And the continued access of that, that has been something that we have struggled with. You know, we have a favorite strain right now. It's sourcush, you know, and it's whatever percentage of our sales. And, you know, so we try to grow more of it and then we take one strain away and then someone's like, well, where'd that strain go? You know, we're like, well, we're trying to grow more sourcush and sort of find that balance. That's been tricky. And, you know, I went to the state house three or four years ago and suggested that we start working with craft growers. We would be very open to making purchases from craft growers. I think that's where the future rep market is a boom for hopefully for the medical market. We could buy from craft growers, bring that diversity to flower into the medical market and, you know, give patients a wider selection of drug flower. Thank you. I want to follow up on my concentrate question and I want to say thank you. I read the letter they passed on today and really appreciate the thoughts in there and appreciate you being here today and then giving us all this background. So my question about concentrates is if there are THC limits and let's say a bank cartridge is popular for use with medical patients and those are at a higher percentage THC percentage. Is it realistic production wise to think that if you don't have that kind of inventory available, you know, a certain amount of cartridges that that's the kind of thing that the capacity is there to turn around and say, yeah, we can bang out a bunch of, you know, this or that kind of cartridge at the size that's the most effective cost for the patient. Yeah. Yeah. And so my interpretation of the bill right now X164 is that yes, there's there is a limit on THC concentrates, you know, that 60% but it's for solid concentrates. So I don't think that applies to vape pens, you know, and so I don't think there's going to be an issue there in manufacturing of vape pens. You know, vape pens are one of our most popular items at the dispensary. Again, that diversity of product with the vape pen. Hey, what tribe flower are we extracting and putting in there is really important. And so I don't think we're going to have any issues with meeting that demand. We've been doing vape pens now for over six years. We've licensed that technology from open, you know, and well, and we understand the kind of the efficiencies.  Like you can get a higher yield with plant A versus B potentially, you know, and sometimes, you know, we we and as we hopefully scale a little bit here. Some of our priority for plant A because it gives a higher yield when we extract it and making sure that that fits with, you know, the patient's taste and effect for symptom relief. So one last question. So that being said, I appreciate the clarification, the answer that I understand that and understand your answer. So if on the list of products that patients are using now, if you were to identify and say, boy, this is the one area where this could be this is this could be tight. You know, we've got to wait and see how much demand there is. But it definitely is something we wouldn't make for the adult use market. I'm curious. I mean, is there any area that worries you? That's a good question. And I haven't necessarily thought about it in that way, you know, in the sense, oh, we won't make that on that side. I think the bigger question that we've been looking at the THC limits and recognizing, you know, we have some products that have 80 milligrams of THC in them. You know, we recognize that patients want that. And for us, that will potentially turn into, well, we're going to be making other addables over here that are under a certain amount of THC. And they were going to be at scale. You know, we're going to be able to make hundreds of those in a day. Whereas over here, we're going to make an 80 milligram cookie, but we're going to make 50 of those. And that's that's a different kind of scale. And that's the commitment, though, that we want to make to the program to say that we will continue to make that cookie or that carmel or whatever it might be. Because we know that the medical patient wants that high dosage, especially people that are, you know, in chronic pain, going through chemotherapy, these high dosages are what they're asking for. And so we've, you know, we have over 150 SKUs at this point. We get, you know, I have a production team. They look for efficiencies. There are products that we make in a week that maybe are only 20 or 30 of them. It's not very efficient to make those products at all. But we make them. We've been making them all these years because we know there's certain people out there on the registry that want those products. And we want to serve, we want to provide that service. We see that as the service that we're providing. This isn't all the time about the bottom line. This is about serving for monitors. And if we can make that effort, as the program grows, you know, we will, we will, and we'll commit to, you know, serving patients. And that's the fact of custom formulations. There's still a lot of science to be determined here with cannabinoids, you know, and how they work best and what kind of formulas, you know, ratios are best. And I think they're probably you're going to end up being certain ratios that, you know, great that 80% of the medical population and then this ratio potentially works for 20% of the population. We're still going to make those ratios, though, that work for 20% of the population. So thanks, Shane. Thanks for the answers. Thanks, Jim. You mind if I? No, I'm fine. I probably have more than a few. Shane, thanks again. I've got, I've got a number of questions, but I just wanted to get a little bit more background if I could. So you are one of, I guess there's five, but they're really four license holders in medical. There are five total licenses in the state, and we hold two of those licenses. Okay. So you've got two of them. Can you tell me, and you don't have to get too specific, but is there a level of, and I'm in Arizona, and I've, I buy certain clients here as well. Is there a level of collaboration between and amongst you, or is it fairly competitive? Because I know what is here in Arizona, but I've advised clients. I said, listen, if you guys could just get along on some level, you could really accomplish a lot, but it never really happened. So I just don't know what the environment is like in Vermont. No, you know, yes, we're competitors, I would say that, but you know, the law basically first way originated said that we could barter with one another. We couldn't actually have a cash transfer. So you have, if I had, you know, 50 pre-rolls and you had whatever gummies, we could barter that. We lobbied to change that so we could just have transact straight old transactions between the dispensaries. I think that probably happened three or four years ago. And so right now we have a great, we have a great working relationship as businesses with one another. You know, we work with the group and Brandon, Grassroots, we actually purchased flour from them right now and purchased that flour because we want to diversify our strain selection. And so we're them on there. The group is my failure for my patients alliance. They purchased edibles from us right now. So we're selling them edibles, which is great. And then on the political front, yeah, we work together and we work through, you know, trade association. Sure. And I expect that part of it, but I guess where I was getting what I was trying to get at, so you have a pretty good idea of each other's inventory. When we call to ask, hey, what flour do you have? Like when I call Grassroots, hey, what inventory do you have for flour? They say, well, we have these strains. We have this much that that's as much as I know, you know, fire. Fair enough. And I mean, with Jim's questions, I think what would be most helpful to know. And again, if this is proprietary, you know, I understand if you want to disclose it, but you started mentioning your production team.  That's what would probably be most helpful to the committee to determine, you know, when we're trying to define that baseline of products to protect the medical patients during the transition. Whatever analytics you have on that, or would be willing to share, then that would probably help us the most to determine that list that we're trying to create. Yeah, yeah, I don't appreciate that.  Vape pens are very popular. And then we have gummies, you know, we call them PDFs. They're more of a fruit base that are all natural. They're petafouille is the French name for them. And then we have micro meds. So we do a lot of actually micro dosing as well. And that's another product potentially, you know, for the patient base that that's not a wreck focus, but we have, you know, we have customers that want micro dosing. And so we have mints that are two and a half milligrams of THC, the PDFs are five milligrams. So back to giving the patient the ability to manage their dosages throughout the day. And, you know, and the overall big picture for Canvas for me, and one of the things that you talked to the State House about over the years is the different methods of consumption for Canvas are one of the greatest benefits of Canvas. You can smoke it, you can eat it, you can drink it. Those different methods are important. And transdermal patches, we do a transdermal patch. So I can get you some numbers. I'm not sure if we'll, you know, put the percentages of what sales they are, but I can definitely give you our top 10, you know, products. And, you know, but back to that raw inventory and securing that and saying, hey, we will dedicate this much of the raw inventory to products is I think the probably the best way to go. But open to that discussion to understand where everybody here is coming from. Right. And that was my follow up because I didn't know that that you mentioned. Maybe it's more efficient if we base this around the raw inventory. You would be able to extrapolate that from from your top 10. I think if we could get within a range, I don't think it'll, you know, be exact. But, you know, to start to talk about percentages, I think there's probably a, you know, safer model for us. So we were not, hey, my concern was, hey, we made all these products and we've kept them and then they have a shelf life and then they expired and we didn't sell them in time. Versus saying, hey, we've got biomass and dried flour and potentially oil would be the other part like, hey, we'll have this much oil on hand. And that way we then can make whichever addables we know are being bought and what kind of dosage is being bought to. I'm wondering just back to, you know, we've made suggestions for changes to the program. And, you know, my fingers are crossed that the state house acknowledges that the program needs an update and with those changes, what kind of demand it will come from those. We don't know that that's the hard part to forecast down the road. So how do we create some flexibility in recognizing we're going to change the program and we need the flexibility to see what's going to come from that. So happy to continue, you know, trying to understand what those products would be or back to the inventory. I think that's the safest route for as a business to go. Matt, I see you've got your hand up. Thanks for all that information. It's interesting. I didn't know part of it. I guess I come from the more of the prevention side of things and so just hearing you say that you make products for children. Could you say more about that and if you have concerns about that at all? For sure. That's where we work with parents. We work with the pediatrician or whoever the doctor might be in doing this.  It's in consultation. You know, the parents, that's where caregiver comes into the picture. Caregiver is the person that comes into the dispensary. We don't allow anybody under 18 into the dispensary. So, hey, a parent signs up. The child signs up. You know, a parent signs the child up on the program. The parent signs up as a caregiver. We interact with the parent. That's our role. And then back to the custom formulations. That's usually occurring because they're working with their doctors. Their doctor is usually a cannabinoid specialist or understands it. We say, hey, this is what we can do or we've done this before. You know, and a lot of it is back to those ratios. The CBD to THC and understanding, you know, how much they want of that ratio and how many times a day will they be dosing, you know, and a lot of times it ends up either in a transform patch or in a tincture. You know, this isn't smokable product. And so we're very mindful of working with people under 18. Do you just want to follow up? Are you aware of any research that would guide the dosage and would indicate outcomes, et cetera, for children? Hi. I would have to reach out to Ada or, you know, our outreach director and see if we can get some of that for you. You know, Ada's usually involved in these conversations that she's the bridge to the hospitals. So I'm happy to look for that and pass that along to you. That'd be great. Thank you. If I could just add in for a second there, Shane. I think some of, besides some of the HIV patients early on in Vermont's medical program in Vermont and many of the medical programs in different states, childhood seizures, I'm not sure whether it's specifically epilepsy, but it's been, it's got the most human studies done on it. The efficacy is really spectacular. To the degree that countries like the UK that really have very limited, limited, limited medical cannabis will allow treatment of childhood seizure. So that's, I think, that was, I think it was Charlotte's, was the name of the organization that was initially working to make sure the parents could treat their kids. Anyway, I just thought I'd add that in. That's the, By then that's a great point, Jim, because in our first years we would go to meetings with probably about five parents, a couple doctors in the room, and everybody was trying to understand how this was working. And that was the Charlotte's Web and back to, you know, they're a Colorado-based company. They're still out there. And, you know, back to CBD to THC. A lot of that is that ratio. So, and that UK company is the GW Pharmaceutical, as it's Santa Vex, and then, I can't remember the other product that they put out, but those are based on cannabis therapies. Thanks, Matt. Thanks, Jane. I just, you could continue to indulge me while I go. Oh, please, no, I'm here. I'm done, you know, I'm happy to answer questions. Right. So, and again, just from what I know here in Arizona, so we're medical for a while, just this past year, then we transitioned with our ballot initiative, went REC, the existing medical license holders had a pretty powerful lobby, not surprisingly, all the REC is through medical dispensaries. And then we've been consistent with the rest of the nation in that, you know, then the REC sales kind of dominate and continue to grow. But it sounds like you're willing to help us develop this list to continue to protect the medical patients and make sure they continue to have access. Yeah, without a doubt.  It will be easy. It would be, you know, easy for the medical program to be surpassed, you know. And so how do we create a program that's sustainable though? And that's the big picture here. How do we continue to provide services and products to Vermonters that want to utilize it as an alternative, you know. And my concern is, and it's a genuine, is a person that is sick, they've already got a lot of stress, anxiety. They've gotten potentially bad news from the hospital. They're navigating the hospital system. They're navigating the insurance system. And then potentially they have to go to a recreational store where, you know, not to, you know, it may compare it to a liquor store, you know. And we don't, I don't want that. That's not why I got into this industry. You know, we believe in the power of the plant and we want to make sure though, behind that are people that have knowledge and respect for the customer that's coming in and their position that they may be in with their healthcare and the stresses of that. So how do we, you know, basically hold their hands so they can go through this process and understand how to utilize cannabis without being overwhelmed with all the knowledge that it takes to actually utilize cannabis the right way because it does take knowledge to do that efficiently. And, you know, that. So one of my questions for you and one of the initiatives I think we voted on and this is my suggestion was just more data collection for BMR access. Are there things that you've asked the state or do you have any ideas, anything that would assist you as far as more data collection to help the medical program?  You know, I looked at the Cindy Cedarwood model that was given to the control board, you know, and you can really see the downturn in patients coming onto the program in 2018. That's a reflection of home grow. That's something we supported actually, you know, back to people being to grow at home. But it was really detrimental to the program because the program didn't change at that time. For us, that would have been an opportune time to allow the program to remove some hurdles from signing up, you know.  Like I said, that challenge of providing jobs and a future career path for people that want to come into the cannabis industry and then providing cannabis at a price that is affordable to everybody here in Vermont. And so those two things compete with each other. And it is a reflection of the size of the program and the hurdles to get into it. And so how do we remove some of those hurdles and allow the program to grow? Considering, you know, everybody that wants to grow cannabis in Vermont right now can grow cannabis.  Yeah, I was curious. When you were saying you were giving training sessions or seminars about home grows, what are you telling them about just pesticides or the fact that they're not going through testing and you are, what are the types of things that you're highlighting to them for the home growers? Oh, well, you know, that comes to pruning the plant, you know, making sure the plant doesn't get too, you know, especially if it's been a wet year, this has been a wet year in Vermont. And so back to making sure, first to start with making sure that you're pruning the plant so that it's got some air moving through it to avoid having to potentially apply anything to the plant. And then at that point, you know, there's nothing that's specific to cannabis at this point because it's still federally illegal. And so we work with the Ag Department. And so we have a Director of Cultivation that works directly with Kerry Chugare. And Kerry provides the information and that information basically centered around, hey, what's allowed to be on the hemp plant? And so the staff works directly with the Ag Department. For us personally, all of our staff that are in the cultivation team have licenses to apply pesticides. And so we try to provide the information that we've learned, you know, from the Ag Department, we try to pass that on to the patient that's growing at home. And, you know, but growing at home is a challenge for some, you know, some people don't have a green thumb. And so, you know, it's a difficult thing for some people. And, you know, back to, I think it's being talked about that a patient can grow at home and potentially go to the dispensary as well. You know, that way they don't have the stresses of potentially their crop failing, you know. And that's a real concern if you're growing outdoors versus indoors and that would go back to pesticides to hold a different matter if you're growing indoors versus outdoors where you're going to be applying on the plant. And that's, again, looking to the Ag Department and passing that information on to the patients. And are your facilities indoor or outdoor or both? We do both, actually. So we got indoor cultivation and we do an outdoor cultivation as well. You know, it's harvest season here, so we're busy doing that as well. And just, sorry, out of curiosity, what percentage is indoor? 90 probably percent, you know. A lot of our outdoor crop is really used for biomass. You know, the top colas, you know, select cuts from the plant would potentially go to dried flower. But back to cost savings, growing outdoors, using that biomass to produce less expensive oil to go into the product. Those are the innovations that we've been trying to do over the years to lower the costs for the patient. And so for us recognizing, you know, using indoor flower to make a product that you're extracting into oil doesn't make sense. So using your outdoor, it's a cheaper... Actually, you've worked with doctors and healthcare providers. I mean, what we've recommended is allowing the healthcare providers to determine the diseases and conditions that don't help qualify the patient. What are your thoughts on that? Yeah, I'm really supportive of that.  I think that should be a conversation between the doctor and the patient. And having the state potentially make a list. You know, it served a purpose in the beginning. I think that purpose has been served. And now, you know, we're in a different age of cannabis consumption and usages and let the healthcare provider determine that. Increasing the possession limit to three plants in three ounces or whatever they don't use? Yeah, so how do we remove any of this and that? It's like now it's clear it's both. It's similar. There's no confusion. Everybody's abiding by the law and not confused by the law. Reciprocity with medical cards? You're in favor? Very much so. We think that will, you know, that's about the sustainability of the program. We are, you know, at Browderboro and we get people stopping all the time and say, hey, you know, they're at the door. They show their, you know, I'm a medical patient. Can I come in? You're like, no, you can't, you know. And so we're turning people away. It also happens with our Middlebury location.  And, you know, we have to say no. So we see an opportunity there to serve more people and support the program. Removing or reducing the application fee? Our application fee? Well, it's the application fee to the registry, right, Meg? Yeah, that's correct. So the patient fee for our car? Patients, yeah. Yeah, we were supportive of, yes, I mean, and I think even with, hey, if a person has MS, they have Parkinson's, you know, like why are they having to renew each year, potentially? You know, this is the condition that is not going away. They're going to have this the rest of their lives. And so, yeah, we would be supportive of that. Okay. Those are the softballs. Here's the one that has become just a little bit of a lightning rod, but the definition of caregiver in the statute, you want to expand that as far as medical or physical caregivers so that it's not restricted to one to one. But because there's ambiguity about whether or not the caregiver is also typically a grower and then expanding the grower to allow... Well, we keep the... redefine the caregivers as a medical caregiver. But the question is, has come up, well, can a patient have more than one reward-providing product to them? Do you have any thoughts on that? Yeah, I have a couple. I mean, I can see potentially two caregivers, a caregiver that's going to help the person make purchases at the dispensary. They're really a person that's assisting somebody that has potentially got a traumatic or terminal illness. They have a caregiver. My neighbor is going through that right now. I know the caregiver I see arrive every day, I'd say hello to her. She's there to assist this person in their day-to-day lives. And then I can see, hey, another caregiver to help grow cannabis for the patient. That makes sense. So I can see two caregivers, one being someone that's assisting the person with their day-to-day living and then another caregiver that is assigned to grow cannabis for that person. If we're getting into multiple growers for a patient, I would think potentially the craft license is where that person wants to go. You know, apply for a craft license. You get the license and you want to be a caregiver for somebody? Well, there it is. I don't think that craft license is going to be expensive. I think it's going to be reasonably priced. They can come into the market that way. And then they also could potentially expand their operations if they find something they want to pursue full-time and they're already in the system that way. They've already applied, they've got that. They can proceed forward. Thank you. Any other follow-up questions? Yeah, Sheen, could you touch a little bit on the delivery services that you offer? For sure, you know, and it's all the dispensary. So I wouldn't say it's just us, but we do, you know, we do delivery throughout the state of Vermont. And, you know, it's something we pride ourselves on that we will go to every corner of the state, you know. And sometimes that's not economically feasible to make a trip maybe up to, you know, Northeast Kingdom or up to the border here. And same down in Brattleboro, you know, we make trips into Bennington. And so we're committed to that, though. And that's what we signed up for, you know. And so it's our job then to manage those routes and make them efficient. And it's a service, though, that we provide happily and want to actually develop it more, you know. And some of that, for us, is back to product, you know. So, you know, ideally we would have an ability maybe to have a location that is a warehouse, you know. And great, that's the warehouse. That's where we can do deliveries at it to be more economical and serving for monitors. But it could potentially go up on other subjects. So, but we do provide delivery service. It's free over, I think, $150. You make $150 purchase. It's a free delivery. And if it's under $150, I believe it's $5 for the delivery, which I, you know, I think that is reasonable. And I know that doesn't cover our costs. So. Shane, I meant, Saad, kind of an uptick in, did you see an uptick in delivery since the pandemic? Yes. And then, but Curbside really was the formula that worked best in the end. That ability to come in, place the order online, you know. And we're fortunate in Brattleboro. We have a drive-through. And so it's a former bank, you know. So we have a bank drive-through and just that ability to process, you know, the transactions quickly and move through that keeps our patients safe and our staff safe. It worked well. And then up here in Burlington, the Curbside worked well. I don't know what to say other than the true convenience of just being able to pull up in your car, not have to get out of your car. That was a win for us and the patients. Yeah. I know we're running out of time and it was helpful. Sorry, Jim, did you have another question? You know, it really doesn't pertain to this committee. I'm going to pass. Okay. Feel free. Otherwise, I mean, it's helpful to know, I didn't realize it was by appointment only. Are there any other, any other kind of nuances or things like that that you've asked the state that we should know about just from adjusting the medical program?  Maybe not even, don't have to designate a dispenser. You go through the process, have a card. So what we run into and what I'm getting to in a long belt way is like we have fall harvest right now. That's a real stress and demand on my staff to bring down certain number of plants, dry out, cure them. We would love to bring in temp workers. We can't do it because it doesn't make any sense to hire someone for just four weeks because it takes sometimes six weeks to get an ID, you know, and so how do we streamline that process so that this is even for future businesses that are coming in so that everybody can staff up and have flexibility in that staffing because it's one of the most important things, your staff, so. I imagine you've had some conversations with Carrie about this. I'm sure that they do have other agricultural industries. Yeah, yeah, some conversations with Carrie's, you know, we've had conversations with temp agencies as well, you know, and then we're starting to get into the federal part, though, and their comfort level coming into a federally legal thing, and, you know, and that's really, that's the pressure point, then, too. It's like, we can't go outside the system, you know, and so how does the system create something for the industry here in Vermont that works knowing that there are these pressures put on it? And those are the stresses that future entrepreneurs are going to feel, and they're real.  And I'm sure you know, out in Arizona, it's trying to build in some flexibility into a regulated industry is difficult, so. Sure. Shayna? I'm sorry. Sorry. I think the chairman needs to know first. No, please, may I? Shayna, I was just going to ask if you could speak a little bit to the regulations of the medical, and then whether or not, you know, they're aligning with adult use, and just in terms of those pressures on your staff? Yeah, for sure. Yeah, thanks for the question, Meg. You know, how do we make sure that medical rules and rags are no more constrictive than the future recreational market rules for staff? And how do we create as much continuity between the two programs to eliminate confusion about those regulations? So everybody's playing by the same rule book. Here it is. We're all biting by the same rules. It's not, oh, it's different over here, and you do this over here. That's too confusing. It's too stressful, you know. And how do we remove some of the onerous things that are placed on staff right now? Because I have staff that, you know, make mistakes and, you know, they're just human mistakes, and they're afraid they're going to lose their job, and that's really stressful. And then we potentially, we do lose people that say, I just can't deal with this stress, you know. I want to be in the canvas industry, but some of these rules are just illogical, and they don't make sense, and I can't, you know, participate in that. And so how do we make the two programs congruent with one another? And one of those places for sure is an inventory. Let's not count medical plants and recreational plants. Let's have one system for counting the plants, and then when we harvest and cure and produce oil, let's designate, that's for medical, that's for recreational. And so when the kind of it's a whip, it's a work in progress, that's the place to start saying that should go here, that should go there. Because if you do it down at the plant level, it just adds a bunch of burdensome regulations that really don't achieve anything. Jim, go ahead. Shane, thanks for being here. So, you know, my primary concern is that the patients are not adversely impacted by the onset of adult use. And, you know, I appreciate the commitment to maintaining the kind of conduit of services and minimum products to ensure that the Vermont patients have access to their medicine during this transition and beyond. But when you think about things like reciprocity and changing the designated dispensary rule, that adds a degree of uncertainty to your clients, how your customers. And I'm wondering how you can kind of square those two where you're going to maintain minimum products or minimum supplies of products but then allow an unknown number of new customers into the dispensaries. Yeah, that's a great question. I think we'd start off back to percentages and saying, all right, this is the percentage we're going to expect an increase in demand. And so, if we're expecting that, how do we prepare for that and get that level of product and inventory ready for that? There'll be adjustments along the way. You know, some of this for us on the scaling part of this is coming into this future market. We want to have a new facility. We want to be able to utilize, yeah, a new HVAC system, new processes that we haven't been able to do in our own facility so that we can have larger yields. And so how do we become more efficient? How do we produce more with less so that we can project that, hey, we're going to see a 10% bump here and we need to be ready for that. And if that needs to be done and designated and saying, hey, Vermont patients potentially are served first. I don't know if that's allowed. I don't know if that's legal. But I'm ball for serving Vermonters first here. But I also think the rest of the city is really important. We have 13 million visitors to the state of Vermont that potentially are carrying medical cards. And we'd like the ability to service them because that helps sustain the program. The program right now is decreasing and has been for three years. We saw a little bump during COVID, but the program has been shrinking. And the Vicente Cedarburg model shows the program decreasing by 3% over the next three to four years. And so I would hope the reciprocity would actually continue to support the program and allow us to build on it. Thanks again, Shane. Very informative and helpful. And I think the committee probably needs a little time to digest some of this, including the inventory comment you just had at the end. But thank you again for your time. Very helpful. I appreciate it. Thanks for inviting me here. And if there's any follow-up, I'm happy to do that. And I do have some documents I'll probably forward in just a bullet point so you guys can read it and see it in print. And again, thank you for the time and thinking about our program. So thank you. All right. Thank you. Since we're out of time, can I just get a motion to adjourn? No. Three to week. Second. Okay. We are adjourned.


There's Lyme Hall. This is how they will be lining up. And they'll be playing without a 4-3-3. Jaheem Williams is between the six. Gavin Harrison, the experienced centre-back, comes into the start in line-up with Damani, so we're missing Darius Stewart. Their most talented midfielder is there as well. Carlos Campbell, Jimoy Jones, Devonte Redmond, Marlon Penicook, their player to watch.  A very direct strong forward. Sir J. Anderson was already scored this season. The creative element of Kuri Mendez is good, and he will link up well with Damani Miller. And of course, Kuri Hilton, who scored last time out in their 6-2 loss at the hands of very united, their coach by Hopes and Gilchrist, who we haven't seen yet. We haven't seen him so far here, and hopefully Lyme Hall can perform without his presence. Malines, they sit in 12th. Comfortable at this point on 17 points, and they're starting 11th. The big miss is that there is no Jason Wright, their leading goalscorer and captain. Peter Harrison, Sir Jeannie Franks, Nadeen Samuels, Cleon Pusey, Tyreek Wilson, Dennis Nelson, the ever-present midfielder, number 7. Javon Brown, who will wear the captain's armband this time out. And Daniel Hardy, Jeannie Fleming, the player to watch. And Devon Davis comes into the start in line-up their coach, of course, by Jeremy and Thomas. Not too many changes in this Malines lineup, but yeah. The full match highlights of Keita Nicholson, FIFA official, the man in charge. And Malines driving forward. But Tyreek Wilson from distance. Jaheem Williams is way off his line. And actually gave up on the play. Malines had most of the attacking play coming forward. Daniel Hardy on this occasion, driving in, striking, but over the top. And they would have been disappointed that they didn't find a goal in that first half, Malines. This is a very good delivery in the era from Dario Stewart. Along the six-yard line, and an orange shirt should have been at the end of that Carlos Campbell and company. Not to be, and it remained nil-all. Devon Brown putting on to his favorite left foot, stung the palms of Jaheem Williams, who had some really good saves in this match. At one point was a pick for one of the match. Limehall, they got it into the back of the net, but illegally off the hand. And Keita Nicholson was right on point. It was a very good call from the Central Referee that thought that goal. And it would go into the half, nil-all. Then this moment, a deflection off the back of Sam Wells and Corey Hilton, two goals in two matches for the number 47. Just a slight deflection, but I dare say Peter Harrison with his quality will figure that he should have done better. Lots of power behind the strike, but yeah, against the run of play, they were ahead. Then this moment, a bit controversial at first. Then this was fouled. The ball went into the goal. Initially, Keita Nicholson gave the goal, but his whistle blew before the ball crossed the line.  Maybe should have waited a little to see. And guess what? Jeremy Nelson missed from the spot. Saved by Jaheem Williams. And the scorer made that one nil up to that point. But my lines, they didn't give up. They kept coming forward and Cleon Puse would put this on a dime for Shamar or Dennis. Dennis with his first of the season and my lines were all square after 75 minutes. Lots of expression coming from the linefall defenders and we do apologize for that. Coming through the microphone, but wow, what a moment it was for my lines and they continued to come forward. Or Dean Samwell should have taken that for himself. They are the center back. Tried to play it across the goal, but that was difficult. Nelson thought the same. That someone should have taken the strike. It was not to be then substitute Duncan getting into the air, providing this. And it was off the hand, outstretched hand from the Lyme Hall defender in Harrison penalty. And this time, even though Jaheem Williams went the right way, he couldn't stop that from Jeremy Nelson. His fourth of the season, Jeremy Nelson and my lines with a big three points. Two one after 90 minutes. The second half was a lot more lively than the first and Lyme Hall, just the three shots, two on target. Look at that from my line, 16 shots, seven on target and two goals to show for it. A busy day for Keeta Nicholson. Got most of the calls right. Eventually 21 falls in it and four yellow card shown. He kept all 22 players on the path. The majority of the position for my lines at 58%. And they had so many corners, 11 of them as well, compared to just Lyme Hall's four. Big three points here at the Waterhouse Ministerium. My lines two, Lyme Hall one. LeJay Williams is with our Man of the Match and it's no other than Shamar O'Dennis, their number 33. Yeah, Shamar O'Dennis today is Man of the Match. It was a really good performance from you as you have been consistent all season. How do you feel the team is progressing and how do you feel about getting the win today? The win is very important towards the team. It's a good three points, the coach said he wanted a three points today and he came off victorious. Talk to us about your position, how you play because today you were all over the attacking third and it created stuff. You're making things up and taking shots. What is your impact on the team like? The coach saw what I did to see myself. In the past few training sessions, he asked me to play forward. I'm not really a foul, but he asked me to play forward and I didn't complain. I played forward and give him the job and get the job done. Well, I can see why he's a very good coach because you have been playing that position very well. But what are your aspirations like for the rest of the season? For the rest of the season, get more goals, get more wins, and try to stay in the league. Well, all the best with that, Chamarron. Best of luck for the rest of the season. Thank you, same to you. And you know, we'll be moving on to...


Ukraine planned to create million combat drones this year. Ukraine plans to increase the production of FPV drones to one million units in 2024, utilising small clandestine workshops scattered across the country. The move comes as a response to the lack of defence funding from the US and the shortage and high cost of artillery and missile systems according to the Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal notes that Ukraine is seeking to offset the shortage of ammunition caused by the absence of military aid from the US. This involves the creation of a million-strong army of explosive drones with FPV functionality. The article highlights that Ukraine cannot currently produce artillery and missile systems on the necessary scale. It would take years and billions of dollars to achieve this capability. Instead, the focus is on producing drones that can be assembled from commercially available components, each costing a few hundred dollars. Self-made workshops are emerging across Ukraine, producing thousands of FPV drones every month. One such enterprise, employing around 20 people, can manufacture approximately 3,000 FPV drones monthly. Plans are underway to increase production to 10,000 drones per month shortly. Defence Minister Rustam Umarov has announced that Ukraine planned to produce hundreds of thousands of various types of drones this year. Major General of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Dmitry Marchenko, emphasised that it is impossible to fully replace artillery with drones since artillery performs tasks that most FPV drones cannot handle.


Hey, this is Brett, and today I'm super excited to go over this brand-new 2024 Ram 1500 Crew cab, 5 foot 7 inch short box, big horn level B package But it is also the built-to-serve package. This is the last police addition that's going to be out and it is in a all-new color for Ram in Night edge blue Really a good-looking color. I'm gonna go all the way around in this video show you all the options with the built-to-serve package and Just give you a really good overview of this truck stock number is 24 T 9 8 And I am here at Summit Auto if you like the video click the subscribe button and You'll be updated every time I do videos of our new and used inventory here at Summit automotive usually do videos each and every day and Let me know what you think of this night edge blue color because I think it looks really good on the Rams It's also on the Dodge chargers Challengers and now the derangos actually have a video coming right after this one on a derango in this color They call it Frostbite for the Dodge lineup Anyways, this one has the LED headlamps LED running lights and the LED fog lamps You can see you get this low gloss painted black Front and rear bumper on this truck. That's part of the built-to-serve addition. You also get the grayed out grill there front bumper parking sensors. That's common on the Or a standard feature on the big horn package Night edge blue really a good-looking color. Let's get up close to it See all the metal flake in it because it is a pearl Or a metallic if you will a little bit of metal flake in there But really a good-looking color. So the built-to-serve addition also gives you the 20 inch granite crystal painted alloy wheels These wheels are specific to this truck. You also get the Falcon wild peak AT3W tires These are 275 55 5R20s and you can see the tread pattern on those right there So this one does come with a little bit of a lift from the factory over the standard big horn I believe it's a one inch lift maybe a one and a half I'd have to go back and do the research This one also comes with the nice fender flares and the painted black step bars Also, I'm going to show you the original window sticker at the end of this video. So stick around for that It's also linked in the description below You do get the built-to-serve American flag decal on the back there. This one also has the led tail lamps Notice that low gloss rear bumper as well the dark chrome Dual rear exhaust Of course the full towing package with the receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring And you get the blacked out big horn ram and four by four logos It does have the shock down assist so it's never going to slam down on you And Obviously the bed is new Do a lot of nuke use car videos So always show the condition of the bed and then you get the built-to-serve Decal on the back as well One thing on the rams you get the capitalist fuel fill And I've always thought these built-to-serves look really good Especially with the wheels a little bit of a lift kind of the blacked out appearance package Um always a really good look on these trucks And then I really like the interiors as well because this is where it gets really cool Inside you get the bucket seats up front You get the leather and then this is gortex material And then this is leather on the inside bolsters and then you get this really cool Cloth interior design there. So it's kind of a try Mesh if you will You also get the built-to-serve patch on there where you can uh stick And that's like a felt so you can like stick patches to it So that's really cool as well. It does have the all-weather floor mats You get the dark cloth bolster on the door this kind of Diamond plated looking or almost tire tread looking pattern on there And the back seats are trimmed out the same way Look really good. You get the three latch child safety systems power side And we're window with the built-in roof frost It does have the alpine sound system with the speakers and the ceiling You get two usb's two usb season Um all weather formats back here as well These seats fold up and you get all that storage space You also get in-floor storage With the rams with removable bins for easy cleaning put ice and drinks in there It's like you have too many coolers wherever you go or if you're not in wisconsin just extra storage space So I didn't want to show you the tire and loading information sticker People always ask for that. Let's hop inside check out all the options on this one And then we'll take a look at that original window sticker and turn all the lights on Maybe take a peek under the hood So this one comes with the seven inch lcd display the digital speedometer compass display battery voltage oil temperature all that good stuff Comes with the heated leather wrapped steering wheel cruise controls and gear selector on the right bluetooth and information center controls on the left audio controls on the back So you get the heated steering wheel the heated seats with that big horn level b package And you can see That You get your push button start your push button four-wheel drive right here eight speed automatic transmission This one does have the axel lock. That's also part of that Built a serve addition and then the start stop capabilities This one has the uconnect 12 inch uconnect 5 radio So it does have the factory navigation system It also has amfm and serious xm radio capabilities You get am Or i'm sorry usb Augs and bluetooth hookups as well You get your climate controls on here including your heated seat heated steering wheel controls and your dual climate controls right there And then you get all your different apps on here. I'm not going to go through everything just because that gets long winded but Basically a lot of this stuff is just links to different parts of the radio You get android auto apple carplay And then you get your rear view camera, which they've made these cameras hd In the ram so it's really easy to get hooked up to your boat camper or trailer the first time And then you can even zoom in on that hitch for even better results Down here is your system and other And down here is your factory brake controller stability control tow haul front rear parking sensors to usb's to usbc's Holder for your cell phone and then a 115 volt 400 watt plug in keyless entry and remote start sliding cup holders Cup holders and coin tray Now some of the built assert this one has it too. You get a lockable storage Compartment in here and there your keys for that So you can lock stuff in there keep it safe And uh there is all the geometry you will ever need right there dual glow boxes And up here you get auto dimming mirror home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems map lights And your power sliding rear window controls as well as assist and sls buttons so I'm gonna show you those front lights and then we'll take a look at the original Window sticker here and i'm actually going to do a final walk around if you will So you can see the taillights as well. They look really good I love the led tail lamps And I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this hd video Got a really good idea of the overall looks appearance and of course options on this particular truck I think it's probably one of the best-looking rams we have on the lot right now You get those led headlamps running lights and fog lights And uh, they are all very bright. Let's take a look at that original window sticker Remember this is going to be linked in the description below so you can check it out for yourself um, so i'm going to go kind of fast through this 2024 ram 1500 bighorn crew cab 4x4 it does have the 5 7 hemi with the uh start stop You get 22 highway 18 city for an average of 19 miles per gallon Right here is uh your all your standard equipment the 5 7 hemi 8 speed automatic Transmission and standard equipment right there I'm not gonna Say everything but you can pause it and take a look at that The first optional equipment is night edge blue, which is 295 option and the built to serve addition is $3195 And this is everything that it gives you the 275 55 falcon wild peak tires the raised ride height Lockable council storage, which we just looked at the medium graystone accent stitching black onyx interior accents The black headlamp bezels the black tubular side steps the 20 inch by nine inch aluminum wheels electronic locking rear axle front and rear All weather formats the front suspension skid plate Which includes the and also the fuel tank skid plate steering gear skid plate and transfer case to skid plate tow hooks and led reflector headlamps the bighorn level b package is a 38 45 Dollar option two-way power lumbar adjustable driver seat connected traffic travel and traffic services that you connect five With a 12 inch touchscreen electronic shift on demand transfer case second row inflow or storage bins you get the receiver hitch the 4g LTE wi-fi hotspot serious xn 360 and the nine amplified speakers with subwoofer Apple carplay google android auto heated seats heated steering wheel park sense front of your park Assist system eight-way power driver seat and power adjustable pedals power folding mirrors and power side mirror window every and remote start Um, you also have the five seven hemi, which is a 3045 option comes with a 23 gallon fuel tank and the trailer brake controller is a $295 option Total msrp on this one is 63 8 55 to get your summit price with all the rebates and incentives on this particular ram in the upper right hand part of screen is a link to our website also linked in the description below to see availability and Pricing on this one three or 36 bumper to bumper and five year 60 power train And if you do go to our website and end up looking at this truck tell them Brett sent you five and four star Safety ratings up and down the board and then your fuel economies a four and small ratings of five And I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. Also Thank you to all the men and women of the armed Forces and the police and firefighters and paramedics We really appreciate everything that all you people do to make America great So thank you so much for checking out the video remember to like subscribe and share on the youtube channel And by clicking the subscription bell notifications You'll stay up to date on our ever changing and vast New and used car inventory here at summit auto in fact in a second You will see a link to subscribe to my youtube channel the upper left a link to all the ram 1500 truck videos I've ever done in the upper right a link to this video This vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest youtube videos on the right Click those check us out and we're super excited to be offering the 2024 ram 1500 built to serve police Edition final edition in night edge blue pearl coat. Thank you so much for checking out the video Remember to like subscribe and share the youtube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again and have a great day


The purpose of an inductor is to oppose any change in the magnitude of current within a circuit. The electrical property that resists either an increase or decrease in current is known as inductance. An inductor is created when an electrical current flows in a wire wrapped around a magnetic core. You may recognize this as an electromagnet represented by flux lines that develop around the core with the formation of a north and south pole at their respective ends. To demonstrate the properties of an inductor, we'll add a resistance or light bulb to this circuit. As the switch is closed and the current flows through the circuit, the electromagnetic field in the inductor forms and expands rapidly. However, because of the unique properties of an inductor, as the flux lines of the electromagnetic field expands, the changing current generates a voltage that resists the current coming from the source. The maximum opposition to current flow occurs at the instant the switch is closed. Therefore, the bulb will not turn on instantaneously. However, once the electromagnetic field stops expanding based on the level of changing current, the flux will no longer generate an opposing voltage in the circuit. The current will continue to flow and reach its maximum value after five time constants, or 5T, where T is equal to L divided by R. The light bulb will then be at its maximum brightness. If you open the switch and stop the flow of current from the source, the electromagnetic field will diminish rapidly and simultaneously release stored energy in the form of voltage. It will actually generate enough voltage to cause a spark across the switch as it opens. Whereas a capacitor uses voltage to store energy, the inductor uses current. Inductance of an inductor is defined as the amount of voltage induced, divided by the change in current per second. Therefore, if 1V is induced by a change of 1A in one second, there is 1H of inductance.


You've probably heard someone mention the phrase, the perfect crime, usually referring to a crime in which the criminal leaves behind no evidence or any clues that bring investigators closer to solving the case. Detectives often spend years investigating these cases, all to no avail. Well, that's true in the case of Ray Rivera. Ray was a man who had a lot going for him, a beautiful wife, a brand new home, a great job lined up, and friends and family that loved him deeply. But if all of this is true, what prompted him to jump off of a 14-story hotel on a warm summer evening in 2006? Stranger still, what should be made of the strange series of notes that he left behind? And an elusive thief who repeatedly tried to steal Ray's computer? Well, that's the thing. Ray's family believe he didn't jump off that hotel roof that day, and if key pieces of evidence are to be believed, they may be right. Ray didn't jump, he was pushed. 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Just go to piavpn.com slash true crime stories to get 83% off your subscription, then get four additional months completely free. Thanks to Pia for sponsoring today's video. Ray Rivera was born on June 10, 1973. By 2006, Ray was doing quite well for himself. He'd become a writer and a videographer while living in Baltimore, Maryland. According to a few reports I found online, Ray was a big fan of movies and film, being particularly fond of Stanley Kubrick's work. Some accounts claim that Ray was an aspiring script writer and storyteller, but his work never really took off. He spent a lot of his time writing and journaling potential plots and stories, but nothing ever really went anywhere. I wasn't able to find any samples of Ray's scripts or any of his storytelling work, but Ray did have a job as a writer for the Rebound Report, a financial newsletter of which Ray was one of the lead editors. While Ray loved his job at first, things just weren't working out the way he had planned. Ray and his wife, Allison, had moved from Los Angeles to Baltimore so that Ray could accept the job and they could begin their new lives together, having just recently become married. The job seemed like an excellent opportunity, but it wasn't panning out. While Ray certainly was a great writer, it doesn't seem like finance was really his true passion. He did his job to the best of his ability, but many of the stocks that he would write about didn't follow the trends that he expected him to, calling his credibility into question and naturally leading Ray to become quite self-conscious about his predictions and his overall value to the company. This job had been given to Ray by one of his close friends, Porter Stansbury. Porter and Ray went way back, and Porter felt that Ray would be the perfect fit for the role of editor. While Ray appreciated the job tremendously, he couldn't shake the feeling that his efforts would be better spent elsewhere. So after around two years of working for the rebound report, Ray left his position in late 2005, instead becoming a freelance writer for the Agora Corporation, a company that was still in some way operated by Porter Stansbury. Allison, Ray's wife, says that the two had spoken several times about moving back to Los Angeles so that Ray could pursue his true passion of screenwriting. While the two had talked about this multiple times, they'd never made any concrete plans of returning to their hometown. Though it was becoming increasingly clear that Ray simply wasn't happy with their new life in Baltimore. When he wasn't writing or editing financial articles, Ray could be found coaching the local water polo team at Johns Hopkins University. Ray had a love for aquatics, and he'd even worked at a high school in Burbank, California as an aquatics coach for teenagers. His students loved him, with his former high school students recalling him quite fondly, with one of the assistant coaches saying that the kids truly valued his input because Ray was a man that, by all means, knew what he was talking about when it came to aquatics. But all of this seemingly went out the window. When, without warning, Ray disappeared one night in 2006, never to be seen alive again. Ray Rivera was last seen on May 16, 2006. He'd been at home while his wife was away on a business trip to Virginia. While she was gone, a work colleague of hers was staying over at the house with Rivera. This colleague, Claudia, was good friends with Allison, and the two spent a lot of time together. Claudia says that she'd spent the day at the house with Ray, but Ray had been preoccupied with one of his assignments, so she didn't see him much at all that day, as he'd been locked away in his office, busy with work. At some point around 4 p.m., Claudia says that she heard Ray's phone ring. He answered the phone, but only replied, oh shoot, before taking off out the back door of the home as if he was late for something. No sooner than he left, he came running back inside, then took off again just a few seconds later, leaving the lights on in his office as well as leaving his computer running. When Claudia told Allison about Ray's strange behavior, she tried to call Ray multiple times, but he never answered his phone. Allison later admitted that she assumed that Ray had just gone out to drink with friends, but there was no indication that this had actually happened. It wasn't until the following day that Allison began to fear that something had gone terribly wrong. The next day, Allison returned home from her business trip, and Ray was still nowhere to be found. Reports indicate that Allison spent the entirety of that day searching for Ray, but there was no trace of him. Once Ray had been gone for about 24 hours, Allison decided it was time to report him missing. When Ray left the family home, he'd been driving Allison's car, and about six days later, her car was found parked in the Mount Vernon area, abandoned. There was nothing of interest in the car, nothing seemed off, and there doesn't appear to have been any indication that anything suspicious had taken place. The only problem was that Ray was nowhere to be found, and there was no indication of where he may have gone. But the following day, police would reach a breakthrough in the case when they uncovered a crime scene that was, well, bizarre. On May 24th, 2006, police were called to the Belvedere Hotel in Baltimore after a passerby had uncovered a crime scene. The Belvedere Hotel is a major historic attraction for residents in the United States. Originally built in 1903, the building has a very rich history, housing historic icons such as Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Woodrow Wilson, and King Edward VIII, just to name a few. When police were called to the hotel, Ray had been missing for just over a week. When employees led investigators to the scene of the crime, they couldn't believe their eyes. Ray Rivera was found lying on the ground inside an abandoned office room in the hotel that hadn't been used in a number of years. His remains were very badly decomposed, meaning he'd been here for quite some time. Police believe he had likely ended up here on the same day that he disappeared or within a day or so after. When detectives surveyed the crime scene, they noticed one particular clue that seemingly solved the case after just minutes of arriving. A large hole in the ceiling and roof suggested that Ray had jumped from the top roof down to the lower roof, plunging 14 stories to his demise. And as it would turn out, the Belvedere Hotel is no stranger to people claiming their own lives, with the various sources claiming that people have claimed their own lives to this hotel countless times in the past, though a specific number has never been determined. The hotel has a history of strange occurrences that have taken place on its grounds, and Ray Rivera's unexpected demise only added to this list. But there was only one problem. The state of Ray's remains did not at all suggest that he had taken his own life. Worse yet, when detectives started using math and calculating the location of Ray's body, things just didn't add up. If you take a look at this photo of the hotel, you'll see that the building is designed with two distinct roof lines. There's the obvious roof at the very top of the building that noticed the alcove that's right in the center of the building. This alcove has a second much lower roof, and this is where the hole in the roof was found. The reason I bring this up is because police initially believed that Ray took his own life by jumping from the upper roof down onto the lower roof, with this lower roof giving way under his weight, sending him into the office building below. But this just doesn't add up mathematically. There was a considerable distance between where Ray would have jumped on the top roof and where he would have ended up on the bottom roof. According to experts, Ray fell about 177 feet, and it would have taken him about 3.3 seconds to impact that lower roof. When he impacted the lower roof, he was about 43 feet from the outer walls of the building, and this is where this theory begins to fall apart. For Ray to have ended up 43 feet across the roof, he would have needed to have been traveling at a speed of about 10 miles per hour and leapt off of the roof like he was Buzz Lightyear or something. But the catch is Ray only had a span of just over 15 feet on the upper roof, not nearly enough room to reach a full sprint speed of 10 miles per hour. To make matters worse, Ray wasn't even wearing shoes when he plunged through the roof. He was wearing flip-flops. This jump would have been difficult even for a professional runner who was wearing proper running shoes. But Ray wasn't a runner, nor was he wearing proper shoes. There was no logical way that Ray could have made this jump. The only other explanation would be if Ray was actually inside of the building, giving him more room to get a running start than jump out of an upper floor window. But the problem with this theory is that the upper floors have been converted into condos, which for all the obvious reasons would have been locked. And there's never been a report of any of the upper windows being left open or broken at any time. But this brings us to the autopsy report, which is shocking to say the least. Up to this point, police had been running with the theory that Ray had claimed his own life by jumping off the upper roof of the building, even though they couldn't explain how he could have done such a thing. But the coroner had a different idea. I was able to track down the official autopsy report from this case, and the medical examiner documented dozens of wounds and fractures that were all over Ray's body. When looking at the conclusion of the report, the coroner admits that Ray's injuries do appear to be consistent with him falling from a multi-story building. The only hitch in this plan is that the coroner labeled the cause of Ray's passing as undetermined. Others have taken a look at the autopsy report and claimed that Ray's injuries appear to be much more consistent with being hit by a car than anything else. But I'm certainly not an expert in this field, so I can't really comment one way or the other. The only thing I can say that I personally found odd is if someone fell 14 stories, then plunged through a roof and landed on the floor beneath it, I would tend to think that that person would have almost certainly broken their spine. But the coroner's report doesn't document even one vertebrae that was broken. Now, again, I'm certainly not an expert in this field, but I find that incredibly strange and almost impossible to believe. The most important thing here is that the coroner couldn't confirm one way or the other how Ray lost his life, but it could only conclude that his injuries could have possibly been from the fall or from something else. And it's this idea of something else that's led to many different theories, some of which point to the idea that Ray may have been pushed. One of the strangest details from this case that I just can't seem to figure out is that even though Ray's believed to have jumped from the upper roof, both of his flip-flops were found on the lower roof. The only indication of damage to them is that one of them had the toe strap popped loose, but this can happen to anyone at any time. It's not uncommon. But even stranger is that his cell phone was found on the lower roof as well, and it was also completely undamaged and fully functional. So if Ray had been 14 stories up, how were his flip-flops and phone in such perfect condition untouched on this lower roof level? Now, one thing I'd like to make clear is that there are also rumors that claim the hole in the roof of the building simply wasn't large enough for Ray's body to have fit through, but this just isn't true. The hole, though it seems small in the photos, was more than large enough for an adult male to fall through. I'm not sure where this rumor began, but I do wanna put that to rest before it spreads any further. Ray's wife, Allison, weighed in on the situation and mentioned that in the days leading up to his disappearance, Ray had been acting very strangely. She mentioned that he seemed extremely paranoid, and she believes she knows when all of this began happening. She mentioned a time just a few weeks prior to the disappearance when Ray had been speaking with the man in the local park. Allison says that Ray never revealed what the two spoke about, nor did he mention who the man was. But after their conversation was over, Ray was walking away and had a very worried look on his face. Immediately after this conversation, Ray grew so paranoid that his entire demeanor changed. Ray was widely known for being a happy-go-lucky man, but all of a sudden, he'd become quite reserved, quiet and fearful. Immediately after this, Ray believed their home was burgled twice over the span of just a few days. Their home was fitted with the top-of-the-line security system, and twice the alarm went off in the middle of the night. When the couple got up to see what was going on, the security system never picked up anyone on any of the cameras or sensors, so they had no idea why the alarm had gone off. But this is where things get really weird. After Ray disappeared and police were searching through his home and office, they came across a note that had been kept in plastic and taped to the front of Ray's computer. The note had been typed on a computer and printed out in very tiny font, leading some of the words and letters to be blurry, but the best I can tell, the note reads as follows. Brothers and sisters, right now around the world, violences are erupting. What an awesome sight. The next line is a bit too blurry to read, but it continues a moment later saying, quote, that was a well-played game. Congratulations to all who participated. I hope you enjoyed it. It was a time to wake up, so here I am. I'd like to welcome those who accept that our invitations for membership during the game. We couldn't have done it without you. I took on this endeavor to find the truth. After this, most of this letter is too blurry to read, but he mentions something known as the council, then begins referencing people in his personal life as well as actors, directors and film writers, such as Stanley Kubrick. He then writes out a very long list of names, seemingly of people he knows, and ends this list by mentioning his friend, Porter Stansberry, saying he didn't do it himself, but he never mentioned what it is referring to. Now this note is obviously very bizarre and largely doesn't seem to make any sense, but a Reddit user picked up on the fact that Ray was referring to something called the game. The Reddit user mentioned a movie called the game, and in one scene, one of the lead characters jumps off of an upper level roof and crashes through the ceiling of a lower level roof, a very bizarre coincidence considering what happened to Ray. But the problem with this theory is that the FBI has taken a look at the letter and found no merit in these claims, and one other expert claimed the same thing, believing that this note has nothing to do with Ray's disappearance and ultimate demise. In fact, Ray's own family seemed to believe that this note is unrelated to his disappearance, as they claimed that he kept journals full of ramblings like this, saying that none of these notes ever made any sense. The note has since been referred to as a stream of consciousness, and that it may have never had any real purpose or underlying meaning. Why Ray wrote so many of these strange notes remains unknown, and what game he was referring to remains unknown as well. Interestingly, all of these notes were found to have likely originated on Ray's computer. When police were researching Ray's case, detectives took his computer in as evidence so that they could take a closer look at his files. After they'd concluded their research, the computer was eligible to be picked up exclusively by his wife. But in the days that it took her to pick up the computer, police noted that one person had called multiple times day after day doing their best to pick up Ray's computer, even though they weren't permitted to do so. Police never revealed who this person was. In fact, we don't know if they even know who it was. But Allison, Ray's wife, says that no one else should ever have any sort of interest in Ray's computer, and she has no idea who would have wanted to do such a thing. As far as we know, nothing important or relevant to the case was ever found on his computer, so this seems incredibly odd. The only other theory in this case is that Ray was somehow associated with the elusive group known as the Freemasons, a secret organization that has existed for hundreds of years and are rumored to have been involved in all sorts of dark and secretive plans throughout history. Ray was fascinated by the Freemasons and had picked up various books on the subject and had even recently purchased a book titled Freemasons for Dummies in the weeks leading up to his demise. He even visited a Masonic lodge and requested to join the group, but we don't know if anything ever came of this. In the end, no one knows for sure what happened to Ray Rivera. His family remains hopeful that they will find answers one day and they're adamant that he wouldn't have done this to himself. There's a prevailing theory that Ray must have been pushed from the rooftop that day, as he had an intense fear of heights and had recently just purchased a new home with his wife. But the problem is there's no indication of who would have wanted to push him. Worse yet, who could have pushed him hard enough to send him flying a staggering 45 feet across the roof? Even if he had been pushed, he should have landed only a few horizontal feet from his starting position, only a little further than he had jumped, but that just isn't what took place. Police are still actively investigating this case even after all these years, but they're no closer to solving it today than they were all those years ago. Police are still operating under the assumption that Ray took his own life, but it seems like even they are beginning to believe that this may be a bit too far-fetched to be true. Thanks for tuning in to another episode of True Crime Stories. If you wanna see more true crime documentaries like this, be sure to hit that like button and subscribe. If you'd like to help support the channel, the best way you can do that is simply by leaving a comment below, any comment at all. It helps out the channel a lot more than you may realize. If you wanna help out financially, you can do that by clicking the blue join button below or by picking up a True Crime Stories mug from tieknots.com. But with that, my name is Tye Knots and I'll catch you guys in the next video.


In this video, we're gonna introduce the notion of the column space of a matrix. So suppose we have a matrix A, which is M by N. We define the column space of that matrix, which we'll denote as C-O-L of A for short. We define the column space to be the set of all linear combinations of the column vectors of A. So for example, if A has the form where the first column is A1, the second column vector is A2, up to the last column vector, which is AN. Well, the set of linear combinations of some vectors is just what we call the span of those vectors. And so the column space, be aware, is just the span of the column vectors of a matrix A1, A2, up to AN. So we've seen previously that the matrix equation AX equals B is consistent exactly when B is a linear combination of the column vectors of A. So with the introduction of the column space here, we then see that the matrix equation AX equals B is exactly consistent when B is inside the column space of A. And so if we want to determine whether a matrix equation is consistent or not, it really just comes down to determining when is B inside the span of a set of vectors, which is something we've done before. But we often did it in such a way that if we had a specific vector, like B is the vector one, two, three, then we checked, oh, okay, B was inside the column space. Then we take a different vector, like, okay, this time B can be 105.  It seems a little bit haphazard to have to check for each individual vector. Is this one in the span? Is this one in the span? Is this one in the span? Or in this case, is this one in the column space? Is this in the column space? Is this in column space? Is there some way of sort of doing this universally? And so in this example, I do wanna give you a method of determining what is in the column space and what is not in the column space, which of course generally shows us if vectors are in the span or not. So let's say we take a matrix. Here we have a three by three matrix, one, three, one, two, four, four, three, five, seven. Now be aware that me giving you a matrix is really no different than me giving you a set of vectors. We can really identify the things together, right? Because a matrix is just a list of the column vectors. So a set of vectors and a matrix essentially are the same thing, right? At least how we're thinking about them right now. And so what we're gonna do is we're gonna decide is the vector B inside the column space of A or not. And by doing this generically, that is we don't know what B is. B is just B1, B2, B3. We're gonna solve this linear system generically and see what happens, right? So to solve the matrix equation, we would have to then solve the matrix equation AX equals B. We solve the associated system of linear equations, which is represented by this augmented matrix. It's very nice to go from the matrix equation to the augmented matrix because the matrix A is just the coefficient matrix. And then the vector given is just the augmented column. So it's really nice to do it that way. So we wanna solve the linear system associated to this augmented matrix where our pivot position will be one one, which is already a one, which is nice. So I'm gonna take the second row and subtract from it two times row one. And we're gonna take the third row and subtract from it three times row one. So we're gonna get a minus two, minus six, minus two, and then minus two B1. We can't really simplify that one better because we don't know what B1 is. And then for the next one, we're gonna get minus three, minus nine, minus three, and then minus three B1 again. And so simplifying the coefficients, of course, two minus two is gonna cancel out. Four minus six is a negative two. Four minus two is a two.  Can't do much more about that right now. Next year, we're gonna get three minus three. So those cancel out, giving us a zero. We're gonna get five minus nine, which is negative four, and then seven minus three, which is a positive four. And then you're gonna get B3 minus three B1. Again, without knowing what the Bs are, that's the best we can do. We can't simplify it, but that's kind of the point. We want the Bs to be generic so that we can determine universally which vectors are gonna be inside the column space or not. And so now with the first column done, we're gonna transition our pivot position to the two-two spot. I noticed that everyone in the first row is, sorry, the second row, at least from the coefficient side, those are all divisible by two. We could divide both sides by a negative two. So we're gonna take negative one-half R2. But also, when you look at the third row, I also noticed that the coefficients are both divisible by four. So we're gonna divide by negative one-fourth in that matrix, thus bringing us down here. Now it's gonna be easy to take negative two and two divided by negative two, right? Negative two divided by negative two is a one. Two divided by negative two, of course, is going to be a negative one. So there's a mistake there, sorry about that. So that should be a negative one. But then when we take the B2 minus two B1, when we divide that by negative two, we have to do that one as well. Don't forget the other side. That then becomes B1 minus one-half B2. So we get some fractions involved there. When we do this to the third row as well, you divide everything by negative four. The negative four will become a one. The four will become a negative one. And then here, we're gonna have B3 minus 3B1. When we divide that by negative four, you're gonna get one-fourth 3B1 minus B3. Notice I switched the signs on the negatives because we times by negative one there. So we did that. And so again, focusing on the pivot position right here of a one, we gotta get rid of the one below it. So we're gonna take row three, and we're just gonna subtract from it row two.  And then we're just gonna subtract, we take this entry right here, we're just gonna subtract the entry that's above it. And in which case, then we're gonna get a row of zeros, which is fine. But then when you take this entry minus this entry, you'll have to combine like terms for the Bs, right?  So that gives us a negative one-fourth B1. In terms of the B2s, you'll have a negative negative one-half B2, so that's a positive one-half B2. And then you're gonna just have a negative one-fourth B3, nothing to combine there. And so we get this entry right here. And this is significant because notice it is next to a row of zeros. The only way that this system of equations can be consistent is that the row of zeros on the left must match up with a zero on the right. And so this tells us that will be consistent. This system, this matrix equation is consistent if and only if we have that negative one-fourth B1 plus one-half B2 minus one-fourth B3 is equal to zero. That has to follow in order for this to be a consistent system. Now, if you don't like fractions, right? We can times both sides by, we'll say negative four. Negative four, that will clean up the fractions a little bit. That way you get B1 minus two B2 plus B3 is equal to zero. And so this one's a little bit more tame to use. But what this tells us is that the only way that our matrix equation can be consistent is if B satisfies this relationship. And so we could pick something like, well, what do we wanna do? We could take the vector B, it could be the vector 111, that would work because notice one minus two plus one is zero. That's a vector that we could do. We could also do as another alternative, we could do like one zero negative one. That's another vector that would be inside of the column space of the matrix A. On the other hand, if we did something like, say this time you said B equal to B211, that doesn't work there. You notice you'll get two minus two plus one, which is not zero. This is not inside the column space of A. So by solving the system of equations generically and thus finding this equation right here, we then could describe the, we could describe the column space using this equation. And in some respect, we think of this as an equation with three variables where these two variables, you could then make as free variables. And then this B1 depends on that choice. You know, that's a way of considering this, right? But this is a way of determining whether we have a vector inside the column space, whether we have a vector inside the span or not.