of the COVID series organized by the Social Economics Department and the Social Economics Forum. I'm Ehira Alexis-Rideen and I'll be a moderator for the session. As the session progresses, if you have any questions whilst the speaker is speaking, please put that in the chat box so that you can address them when he's done speaking and I will put the social media in case you want to follow up with what's happening for future events as well. And if you're going to tweet, please tweet with the hashtag economics of COVID. Today's speaker is Dr. Nongo Sambasila and he is a Senegalese Development Economist who's currently working as the program and research manager at the Rosa Luxembourg Foundation in Dakar. He is the co-author of the book along with French journalist Fanny Pigard, titled Africa's Last Colonial Currency, the CFA Farm Story, which is stipulated to be released in February 2021. He's also the four-time world champion of French-speaking scrabble. Along with that, he recently co-wrote an open letter with Amy Nyang of Wits University in Larno, the venue to African leaders regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and it has since been signed by over a hundred intellectuals from both Africa and the diaspora. So welcome Dr. Nongo, the story is all yours. Thank you very much. I would like to thank the organizers of this webinar for their invitation. I am particularly honoured to have such an opportunity to speak about a topic which could help us understand better what happened during the last two decades. I have chosen provocative title somehow with religious terms to, let's say, try to make people understand what has happened during the last two decades. And I tried to justify the provocative title I choose by proceeding in three steps. First, I'll give a short story of the African Rising narrative, which is also the narrative of emerging Africa. The second point will be a critical economic assessment of the Africa Rising era, and this era covers basically the last two decades. And my third point, I will draw some lessons about what the COVID-19 retrospectively allows us to learn about the African Rising era. So I start by my first point, the story of the African Rising narrative, brief story. The idea of the emergence of the African continent probably happened for the first time in 1957 in a report by Richard Nixon entitled The Emergence of Africa. Nixon then was the vice president of the United States, and he had just completed an African tour during which he met a dozen political leaders, including Presidents Swami Kumar of Ghana and Gamal Abdullah of Egypt. The issue of this basic report was where would Africa then emerging from colonialism would go? And this document betrayed the fear that the so-called Soviet propaganda and the worrying situation of blacks in the United States would tip post-colonial Africa towards communism. So in this report, Nixon made clear that we emerge from something, we emerge from somewhere Africa was emerging from colonialism. However, when the financial institutions says the concept of emergence, let's say two decades later, they try in fact to make it, let's say six years for investors because the term third world was not really attractive to potential investors because of the image of poverty which it was associated. And so the new and apparently more dynamic concept of emerging markets was preferred in the early 1980s to the concept of third world. Since then, the concept of emergence began a final destination for countries whose historicity now came down to the growth of profitability expectations of global finance. Between 1918 and 2000, African countries were caught under the strengthhold of the structural achievement plans of the international money reform, the IMF and the World Bank. And during this period, most of them did not belong to the category of emerging markets because the dominant narrative at that time revolved around the myth that Africa was marginalized by the high-speed trend of liberalization. But ironically, the same institutions and actors who were developing this tendency to justify greater economic trade and financial liberalization, they started organizing transition to raise emerging Africa, Africa rising, while the continent's economic fundamentals barely changed. I will show a slight illustrating this change of narrative. It's coming from the economist, the newspaper, and you can see in 2000 they were speaking about the hapless continent, and in 2011 they were now speaking about Africa rising. And I am an economist who was alone in that move. There was also a MacKinsey Global Institute which spoke of lines on the move. And there was also the French senate who published a report in 2013. The report was entitled, Africa is our feature. When he said Africa is our feature, Africa is a feature of French, that was the title of the report. And they were saying in this report I quote, today we must address ourselves to an Africa that is fully integrated into globalization. So the question of my task is what had changed to justify this change of narrative. In fact, after two decades of imposed austerity policies, economy growth was again under rise in the context of greater political stability due to a decline in political conflicts and a significant increase in prices of the continent's exports. The rapid expansion of trade and financial relations between African countries and China had also helped to shape the continent's image. The continent was suddenly seen as a pool of untapped resources and as a large and promising market for fine companies dreaming of providing goods, services and infrastructure to a young population that is expected to double every 25 to 30 years. The perception of an emerging Africa was first filled by rapid growth in the number of wealthy people. Between 2008 and 2012, the number of Africans able to invest at least one million dollars increased from 95,000 to 140,000. At the global level, following the financial crisis of 2008, the implementation of zero interest rates and counter-easing policies by northern central banks created an abundance of capital for so-called emerging markets which have become attractive because of the high returns they offer. Many African countries would take the bait through the issuance of Euro bonds that is bonds dominated in foreign currency. The adduction of African rising discourse by African countries themselves can be illustrated with the 14 countries using the CFA Frank, which is the last colonial currency still circulating in Africa. Of these 14 countries, only the Central African Republic, which is a country facing political instability, only that country missed the opportunity to develop a plan or document with the word emergence in it. Burkina Faso hoped to be more ambitious than the rest. His presence on Paraguay set 2015 as the horizon for the emergence of its country. And at the end of October 2014, he was overthrown by a popular uprising and he was evacuated by the French army to Cote d'Ivoire, a country supposed to emerge this year according to the promise made by its president, Alassane Watara. My own country, Senegal, also devised a plan emerging Senegal with the help of the Mackenzie consulting group. So this is, in short, the story of the Africa rising. Now, in this second part, I will try to critically assess what has been the achievements during this era, which we could date symbolically between 2020 and 2020. 2020 will be a year while Africa, according to the World Bank, will experience for the first time in 25 years a recession. So for me, this period's 2020, the pandemic, is the end of the Africa rising era. But what happened during this era? First, it is fair to say that during these two decades, there was significant progress made in the education and health sector as well as infrastructure building. Similarly, the minor class has expanded in some country. Also, this is controversial due to questionable definitions of what constitutes the minor class. But maybe the best argument for the Africa rising narrative is the high rates of economic growth observed during this period. The decade 2010 was particularly impressive. In a sample of 49 countries out of 55 African countries, 12 had an average annual GDP growth rate about 6%. And 18 countries had growth rates between 6% and 4%. Only 9 countries had a growth rate less than 3%. The decade 2010 was therefore the decade of Africa rising, the best decade ever so far for the continent. The commodity cycle explains why during this period, a country like Equatorial Guinea almost multiplied its real GDP by 5 in just a decade. But it does not explain everything. Countries such as Ethiopia and Rwanda, which are not hydrocarbon producers, were also able to double the real GDP over this decade. The following decade 2010 and now was less dynamic than the previous one due to the end of the primary product supply cycle. But growth rates were still high. Also, there were this narrative, growth in oil producing countries slowed down, but some non-oil producing countries such as Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania picked up the pace. Compared to other regions, especially rich countries that are still struggling to recover from the global financial crisis of 2008, Africa's performance in terms of economic growth during the last two decades seems minor. But the question might ask, should we do such kind of comparison? Is it heuristic to compare, can ask growth rate, for example, to that of the United Kingdom, should we compare Africa's average growth rate over a given period to that of other regions? I would tend to say that when it comes to measure economic progress, real GDP growth rate is a very imperfect or even misleading indicator. Beyond the statistical issue of the difficulties in measuring GDP, the fundamental issue is a theoretical one. GDP, a cross-dometer product, measures different things in different economic structures. Analysts and economists rarely make the crucial distinction between an economic growth within an economic structure that still bears the colonial legacy and an economic growth within a modern economic structure. I would say basically that economic growth in Africa during the Africa rising period was in most case a colonial style economic growth. And the colonial style economic growth has three specificities. The first is its volatility. In a context where countries are highly dependent on change in the terms of trade on the global liquidity cycle and sometimes countries are plagued by political conflicts, growth often has a dialectical nature. That means periods of contraction are followed by periods of sustainability and vice versa. For example, Chad, which is an oil country, recorded an economic growth rate of 10.7% per year between 2000 and 2010. Interestingly, this performance followed almost four lost decades. That means four decades in which real per capita income has been steadily declining. Another example, Zambia had achieved a growth rate of 7.4% per year between 2000 and 2010. And yet by 2010, it has still not regained the highest level of real GDP per capita it achieved in 1967. The type of economic growth that consists of catching up on past poor performance concerned at least more than a third of African countries in the first decade of the African rising period. But there is a second characteristic to this colonial style economic growth. It is its limited social economic impact. The manufacturing sector has rarely been the engine of economic growth in Africa over the past two decades. This observation is also valid for countries that are less dependent on raw materials such as Rwanda. More crucially, economic growth in Africa has been jobless. This means that jobs have been created mainly in the informal sector. If we take the case of Senegal, according to official sources, the informal sector was responsible for 99% of employment growth in the 2000s. Why real GDP grew at an annual average of 4% per year? Between 2012 and 2018, the pair that saw the launch of the plant emerging Senegal, the economy grew at an annual rate of 6%. The third net job creation was negative in the modern sector. In other words, the modern sector has destroyed more jobs than it has created. The third characteristic of colonial style economic growth is its high financial cost, which is the corollary of its extractive nature. The two decades of Africa rising, and especially the first one, have undoubtedly been decades for fried investors, especially those involved in the extractive industries. For example, the stock of inward-friended investment received by sub-Saharan Africa has risen from less than 10% of GDP in 1999 to 40% of GDP in 2017. In extroverted and dependent countries like the majority of African countries, GDP is generally higher than GNI gross national income. The difference between GDP gross domestic product and GNI gross national income is equal to the net transfer of income or the income balance. The difference is the income balance. And the income refers to profits and dividends transferred abroad to interest on debt and income of expatriate workers. Between 2012 and 2010, net income payment transferred in net terms by Africa to the rest of the world averaged 5% of its GDP, that is the highest proportion for all regions having a balance of income deficit. In comparative terms, over the same period, Africa's net income payments abroad totaled 406 billion, three times more than the eurozone, which also had a balance of income deficit. Maybe the African country that best illustrates the extractive nature of economic gross during this period is Equatorial Guinea, which is a former Spanish colony and also an oil exporting country. At the time, Equatorial Guinea was the richest African country. Also, its spare capital income but in pushes in power parity exceeded that of Greece at that time. Equatorial Guinea was still classified as a least developed country. The richest African country at that time was ranked as least developed country. How to explain that? These paradox may lie in the fact that Equatorial Guinea's net income payments to abroad averaged almost half of its GDP over the 2010 decade. That means its national income was on average less than half of its net income production. The difference between the net income payments transferred abroad. Such financial readings observable in most oil producing African countries included a significant share of illicit financial flows, which according to some estimates were equivalent to $205 billion in the period between 2005 and 2010 alone. The revenues transferred by Africa to the rest of the world over the two decades have mostly taken the form of profit repatriations by foreign investors. Progressive economies and civil society organizations often pay much more attention to the issue of public external debt to profit repatriations by multinational corporations. This is unfortunate because profit repatriations pleaded Africa far more than debt servicing. I'll show you a graph derived from an article I called forward with Ingrid Kavan-Graven from York University and Kai Kodenburg from Cotto University, Frankfurt. This graph showed that cumulative debt service payments between 2000 and 2016 amounted to nearly $100 billion for 28 African countries representing 85% of Africa's GDP. This sum, this $100 billion is five times less than the cumulative profits from foreign debt investment over the same period because the cumulative was $500 billion transferred as profit repatriation between 2000 and 2016. Five times the interest paid on external debt. So to complete this second part the question might ask what really emerged during the Africa rising period. I would say basically three things. First, Ethiopia, a very poor country, has fared very well with an average annual growth rate of almost 9% between 2000 and 2018. This has enabled it to increase its per capita income in net times to nearly $772 in 2018. So this is a very poor country despite the huge rates of economic growths. The second thing that emerged was that there has been an extractive boom from investor profits have reached record levels. I had done in the past some, let's say, some calculations about the profits in some countries, for example, in Angola during this Africa rising era, the first decade, you could see, for example, a rate of 40% of 100% in a given year. The third thing that emerged that rise was also the external public debt of African countries which has gone quickly during the last two decades. And especially after the 2008 financial crisis, the external debt of the continent has allowed the economic upturn to continue at a time when growth was slowing down. Most importantly, the debt owed to private creditors increased at an average annual rate of 10% between 2000 and 2008. And this is something really significant in the light of the discussions about the restitution of the Africa's debt. You can see here a table with the state of play regarding Africa's debt. We could see that in 2018, 42% of the debt, external public debt of Sub-Saharan Africa was held by private creditors and essentially Eurobound holders. And what the pandemic made clear in this circumstance is the unsustainability of this external debt-led growth model in the absence of any genuine structural transformation. The pandemic showed that Africa rising narrative was to some extent another name for African external debt rising. And that's what we are living currently. This will be the third part of my presentation, the last part of my presentation, what the COVID-19 revealed. At the beginning, I have to say that so far, Africa has apparently been less affected than other regions for reasons that are not yet clear. Yesterday, according to the Africa Center for Disease Control, the African continent as a whole had only 197,000 cases of infection, including less than 6,000 deaths.  The fact that Africa was the last region to be affected, which gave it some time to prepare itself. The experience of the African health authorities in emerging pandemics, the usefulness of the populations and the climatic factor cannot explain partly why the health impact of COVID-19 has been minor so far. This being said, it should also be pointed out that mortality statistics are very unruly in Africa. According to the Economic Commission for Africa, only four African countries, Egypt, Mauritius, Seychelles, and South Africa have a statistical monitoring system for births and deaths that meets international standards. So we have to be cautious regarding, let's say, the figures sometimes. However, on the economic front, Africa has not been spared. According to the World Bank, the continent is expected to experience its first recession in 25 years, that means since 1995. And one of the first manifestations of the COVID-19 pandemic was a drastic drop in the prices of raw materials exported by African countries. Together with the closure of borders, this had led to a drop in export and tax revenues, the depreciation of currency values, and in some cases, such as in South Africa, a significant capital plight. Remittances from interests and migrants have also declined. As the capacity to service external debt declined, the markets became highly costly for self-informed issuers. So it comes as no surprise that most African countries have so far found it difficult to respond to the health and economic challenges. There are many economic lessons to be learned from the pandemic, but here I would like to draw attention to three major weaknesses that the pandemic revealed. The first is the unequal nature of the economic model of the Africa rising period. This economic model did not have lasting impact on the living conditions of the populations, especially those living in real areas and those working in the human informal sector. In Senegal, for example, which is not the most extreme case, official survey data showed that nearly 52% of real household had no access to soap and water in 2017. Also, human areas normally have access to same drinking water sources. There are African interactions. Few African countries have tried to implement total lockdown in that circumstances. In real areas, a lockdown strategy is often impractical because densities are low and the presence of the state is almost imperceptible. In human areas, a lockdown strategy is doomed to failure for financial and administrative reasons. States have neither the means to achieve this lockdown nor the appropriate instruments to help the most deprived. A lockdown in the case of the informal sector workers who often accounts for more than 70% of human employment exposes them to promise treaty and hunger. Between dying of hunger and dying of the coronavirus, the most quickly made in favor of the later dying of course. A recent study published by Univider entitled Africa's lockdown dilemma defined a lockdown readiness index and this index was based on five components. Access to safe drinking water, basic sanitation, a source of reliable energy, a means of information or communication and last but not least a form of employment that provides sufficient income not to go without cash on a frequent basis. For a sample of 30 African countries, the index revealed based on 2019 data that less than 2 in 10 urban households and less than 1 in 10 real households across South Africa are fully ready for a long lockdown. So African governments were aware of their financial limitations that why they have generally opted for curfews and selective bans on certain economic and social activities requiring gatherings such as bars, restaurants, schools, mosques and sometimes inter-regional transport. But even statutory sections are not financially and socially sustainable. In many African countries government have had to relax such restrictive measures following strict protest. The second witness revealed by the pandemic is that the Africa rising period did not significantly increase the fiscal capabilities of most African government. The tax GDP ratio is at low levels in many cases. I have a table there and it's a graph and in this graph you could see that the two champions of the Africa rising period Equatorial Guinea and Ethiopia have very low levels of tax GDP ratio for Equatorial Guinea it's 6.1% and it is 2.5% for Ethiopia. The data come from the World Bank and we could say that these figures are probably underestimated but the basic fact is that the tax GDP ratio is very low in most African countries and under such conditions even the implementation of unauthorized monetary policies would quickly find its limits in the inability of governments to tax the economy properly. Official development assistance and debt in foreign currency to pay for essential imports then become unavoidable alternatives as a demand for external debt restructuring. Since on the April 13th the IMF granted debt relief to 19 African countries and has so far lent 9.8 billion US dollars to 28 African countries. 45% of this amount has been pocketed by two countries Nigeria and Ghana. The IMF has also called for the suspension of the bilateral debt service. In April the Paris Club accepted to freeze debt services for 77 countries. As for now only 12 countries have received debt relief including lately HOPR the growth superstar Congo Republic and chat. However the only issue of public external debt or to private creditors remain unresolved. The third witness revealed by the pandemic is that for an increasing number of African countries the external debt left grows is no longer financially and socially sustainable. A recent report by the Jubilee campaigner gave very interesting figures about the share of spending dedicated to external debt servicing compared to the public spending in the health sector. In 2019 in Angola for example debt servicing accounted for 42.6% of its tax revenue compared to only 0.5% for public health expenditure and there are 32 countries currently for which debt service is higher than spending on health expenditure. So in light of these various facts it can be safely inferred that the continent's ability to successfully whether the COVID-19 pandemic will depend to a large extent on the treatment of its external debt on the short run it will be necessary to restructure it in a way that preserve output and employment on the lines advocated by former IMF economist Peter Doyle with his pre-emptive survival insolvency regime proposal. This will be a tough fight as private creditors will resist but African countries and their partners must go against the IMF's pro-carditor bias and demand the abolition of foreign debtors' prisons through proposals such as a pre-emptive survival insolvency regime. But more importantly it is time to realize that Africa's debt issue is a symptom of the inadequacy of its development model that same extroverted development model advocated for by the Bourdon Wood institutions and the rich countries. As long as this development model is maintained the external debt issue will come to suffer 15 to 20 years because there is no long-term financial fix for Africa's external debt problem. The real solutions require achievement of more economic and monetary sovereignty by African countries individually and collectively as well as a global economic system more favorable to developing countries which allow them more space to develop and to implement name and trail policies. I would say that the COVID-19 pandemic puts an end to the Africa rising era but it ushers in a period of transition from which it is difficult to say where it will lead. The only certainty is that the future is full of potential. This means that provided we are bold enough it is possible to save these crises as an opportunity to set Africa in the world on the trajectory of a new civilization of abundance equality and respect for ecological limits. Thank you for your attention. Thank you very much. We have a few questions but the first one is would it be possible for us to get like a list of resources so they can be made public for people who are wondering? The first question we get like a list of resources for people who are wondering that you use for the presentation. So people could read. Okay. Okay. Thank you. One of the questions that was raised was what you think would happen to major African major oil exporting African nations in implementation of green economics and the push for more sustainable sources of energy? I did not hear you. Sorry. What do you think would happen to major African oil exporting countries with the push for green economics and more sustainable sources of energy? Yeah. I think that African countries have to do their best to move from fossil fuels for more renewable source of energy. And we see that with the pandemic, they are strongly depreciated and their external debt level have also raised a lot and generally as I have tried to show in my presentation the oil income has not necessarily been beneficial to African populations so we have to find another type of model less dependent on extractive industries. Okay. So, then what do you welcome Richard. What solutions would you then suggest for African countries to disconnect from private capital funding? How do you think? Yeah. We even know of African economists we think that African needs more economic and monetary sovereignty when we say more economic sovereignty we mean more control on the economic resources of the continent and also on the policies implemented in the continent to delink from the type of neoliberal policy framework advocated by the World Bank and the IMF and so on. And at the same time we need also more monetary sovereignty. We know that monetary sovereignty is a spectrum but African countries have to do their best to finance their development in local currency. So, this is something really important because when you are undertaking foreign currency as a country you could not say that you are really independent at a political level. So foreign debt is always an issue. That's the same for foreign debt investment. It's not bad in itself but the type of foreign debt investment we have in Africa is strongly located in the expected sectors. So we have to try to have foreign debt investment which increases how domestic properties enlarge our domestic markets and also is associated with technological transfers in this condition foreign debt investment could be beneficial for African countries. I remember Ghana seeing something similar in a recent conversation. But would you think that the African continental free trade area would likely have any significant effect on development in Africa? Yeah, in that African continental free trade area would just increase the inequalities, the disparities we have because historically speaking free trade is doctrine for let's say in Africa you don't have NECL power houses maybe South Africa but you don't have NECL power houses. Most of them are publishers of raw materials. So how do they benefit from free trade? I'm not advocating the closure of borders but what I'm saying is that we could have alternative kinds of economic and trade integration. For example, in terms of putting agricultural producers we could try to have a common agricultural policy so that we guarantee them an income and we make sure that the agricultural productivity will rise. We could also make a mechanism such as Africa could have let's say continental payment systems help facilitate trade between African countries because they have, yeah, the fact that there is a priority of currencies that do not necessarily facilitate trade so there are many things we could do to facilitate trade but I don't think that the type of free trade logic behind African continental free trade area will not work and I would say that there is one basic study which has been done about the African continental free trade area and you know that generally two basic assumptions behind these free trade models is that you have full employment and all the exchange rates are flexible. So you make a study simulating the effects, probable effects of the African continental free trade area and you assume all the relevant problems by saying that there is no employment problem Africa is on full employment there is no under employment etc and from there trade will increase so I think this is not the best approach. Thank you. We have another question from Lee saying is there a way to limit net income transfers during the next resource boom while still retaining investment and business given the weak governance institutions in countries in African countries? Yeah In fact to limit that at least there are three things to do first the debt external debt the growth of the external debt should be slowed down because among the net income transfer there are the interest payment on external debt so we have to slow down the debt service the second thing is that when you do not have enough economic sovereignty on your resources you do not really benefit from your resources so Africa needs more sovereignty on its resources and the third thing is that we need to tax more let's say foreign companies and there are many civil society organizations like tax justice network in Africa working so that there is a greater accountability by transnationals because we know that the bulk of the lucid financial flows goes through let's say trade mispricing of multinationals so those are three let's say things we have to try to do if we want to limit to some extent the net income payments to a growth Thank you Speaking of sovereignty I was just asking from Fatima how we would prescribe that African countries set up their currencies without facing any backlash from Bretton Woods institutions and the international community I did not understand that I'm sorry how do you think African countries can set up their currencies without facing backlash from Bretton Woods institutions and the international community Yeah But for the CAF countries which are still using European currency most of the countries use freely their currency and their exchange rate yeah evolves depending on the economic cycle for example with the pandemics we have seen that for most oil-experting countries exchange rates have depreciated a lot I think somehow the value of the currency is linked also to the economic performances of countries We have another question they're asking the price of rice broke through the $20 level for the first time since 2008 how do you think this will affect Senegal's poorest households especially in rural areas has the structure created a class capitalists who benefit from having exclusives in both licenses coming from their friends in government like in Nigeria with Dangote for example yeah we think we are very for most households not only real households but also urban households because Senegalese are really dependent on rice for their daily consumption and we produce local rice but it comes from Asia and now it's beginning to be very difficult I just give one example we are in the pandemic and our foreign exchange reserves are limited our government want to help the poorest and what did our government do Senegalese government he took the limited foreign exchange we have to import rice from Asia and took that rice to the poor households whereas we have local producers able to produce rice so you see we are losing on production and we are losing on foreign exchange rate so when the price of rice will go up it will be very difficult for us on financial terms for the state but also for the households rural and urban thank you we have a question from Danila asking what kind of developmental model would you like to see for African countries and what national political shifts are necessary to generate ideological purchase amongst domestically yeah I will say we need selective delinquent delinquent in the sense of going more towards economic and monetary sovereignty when I say delinquent I am not for otaki delinquent is a middle ground between otaki and also a strong integration in the world economy for me we have to have a middle ground middle ground means that we are prioritizing the interests of the populations but we know that in economic development that often the problem is not technical it's not the solutions because even if we don't have the solutions at least we know what we should not do but the issue is sometimes you have powerful vested interests which are against genuine change which could benefit the masses so I think that the basic issue is how to change the type of political structures we have in our countries in Africa that is a basic thing we need somehow a kind of democratic revolution that will be the basis of any genuine economic change in the continent I think but then along with that do you believe that there is a real south south development model for African countries and if you do what do you think it looks like this could be done for example we could have monetary agreement between African countries we could also have trade agreements and investment agreements which will not be based on the logic of competition but mostly on emulation and complementarity but for now this is not the kind of south south development model we have our cooperation is China maybe in Africa give us let's say some alternative vis-à-vis the western type of partnership but it is more or less the same old patterns maintaining Africa in primary specialization and that's not good for Africa because we are saying that within the framework of the free trade area is the powerful countries the powerful companies which will benefit from this area and not necessarily the powers countries which lacks the basics to be able to benefit from such an initiative do you think from this experience of the COVID-19 do you think that it would encourage African countries to importing excessive amounts from our burden yeah now many many African governments realize the need to de-link a bit that means producing domestically what could be police including even health health products so many African countries realize that but the issue is that will they have fiscal space will they have let's say the financial space to do that because we are living in a period of transition and we know that this external debt issue will may hamper any prospect of genuine recovery so depending on how we handle this heart external debt issue maybe this could let's say help African countries take another direction trying to promote what could be produced domestically we have also to say that most African countries are not integrated let's say nationally for example in Senegal there are things that are agricultural products that are produced in the south yeah but they get in the south because there is not enough infrastructures to bring those agricultural products to the regions like Dakar etc so before talking of free trade of content integration countries in themselves have to be integrated thank you another one from Lee do you think defaulting on privately held debt is a viable solution for African countries facing a top fiscal environment as a result of the pandemic I think what the pandemic has revealed is that this is not sustainable at all we could not rely on private debt because when you have some difficulties due to the economic cycle you see that this is a debt which a form of debt which is not easy to restructure because we know that the private creditors would not be let's say cooperative to that end if it's debt towards partners or institutions things might be done let's say provide some relief to African countries so I think that we have to do our best to limit our exposure to financial markets and given also the fact that generally the type of debt the euro bonds we issue generally have served to finance infrastructures that have not been useful for the majority of populations so in some way it's just a form of taking debt to enrich some corporations and a minority among the African elites that has been more or less the basic story of Africa rising many infrastructures have been built but in fact infrastructures which have been over-chrised and infrastructures which do not benefit the majority of populations. You mentioned earlier on that a lot of African countries couldn't afford to have lockdowns because of the very poor communities and very heavily informal economy how do you think that moving on from this the informal economy can be included in future models and be taking into account? Yeah generally people tend to have a romantic idea about the informal sector the vibrant sector yeah this was full sector but it is also the product of it is the size of the informal sector is illustrative of the disarticulated nature of let's say countries of the global south there is no you don't find the intersexual linkages between the sector and this has been a legacy of colonialism which to some extent the size of the informal sector yes during the 1980s with the sector adjustment plan the informal sector boom because we know there was a context of austerity and also layoffs in the public sector and this also accounted for the boom of the informal sector so I think what we need is to develop the agricultural sector peasant agriculture because most of the workers in the urban informal sector they have been released from the agricultural sector and normally the agricultural sector yeah before releasing such kind of manpower should have attained a certain level of development this is not the case in Africa those are let's say absorbed by the urban sector because the agricultural sector is declining or is still in a low productivity trap so I think we must develop the agricultural sector and at the same time try to have policies which are designed to create jobs in labour intensive sectors so basically manufacture and that is important to have such kind of a perspective but this has not been the perspective of African states with these free trade policies etc this neoliberal agenda okay, does anyone just want to ask, does anyone have any question just to squeeze in for the last minute could you Dr. Ndongo, could you please just give us a quick brief like a wrap up or a final statement or comment yeah the Asuka writing narrative was initially built from about to say that now Africa is the last frontier of capital expansion, there are markets there is economic dynamism and we could make profit and we achieved high rates of economic close but those economic close did not benefit the majority of the population those economic close did not improve the fiscal capabilities of the states but those relied to some extent especially after the great financial crisis on private debt and that trend is not sustainable so the end of the Africa rising brought by the pandemic could be an opportunity to think about other type of heterodox policies towards delinking selectively from the global economy when I say delinking it's not otaki it's the middle ground between otaki and the type of let's say neoliberal integration we had towards the global economy so basically thank you very much for that Dr. Ndongo we really appreciate you coming on here to talk about the African rising narrative for everyone who's still on thank you for coming in I hope you enjoyed the session as much as I did on the 15th of June we have the next session on inequalities in the fiscal stance in the COVID-19 era and on the 17th we have the COVID-19 and the great lockdown same time same place thank you for tuning in and I hope you have a lovely day thank you everyone


Hi everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft thank you for watching today so I've got a few things to show you first of all I've got four magazines these are current magazines UK magazines that are on sale at the moment sorry about the light we've got a really really bright day at the moment and it's just started to come across my desk so hopefully you'll be able to see it all really well so this is issue it's the March issue 206 of card making and paper craft this is the free gift that you get so it's a Gemini by Crafters companion die set you've got this really lovely big balloon and then you've got all these sentiments that will work within the balloon you've got wishing you the best birthday ever make a and then you've got make a oh make a wish there we go in the die and then you've got hooray as well so you've got hip hip hooray so you can have stamps and the dies to make the sentence and then you've got celebrate happy birthday that's a really nice font and you can just see a card there which is really nice it's almost got this kind of they've kind of done like an acetate section there so it's a bit like an aperture and then they put the balloon over it and so you can see when it's closed as celebrate inside the card there it's really nice I'm definitely going to have a play around with just how large that balloon is it's a really nice size and like so like the font and the arch there and everything I just think that's a really nice free gift so inside this one here I won't go through every single page as always I always do like to say that I get I get given that these magazines because I featured in them but lots of you have said how you like to see them because you get to see you know if you want to buy it really because I know I do I buy craft magazines because of the free gift so I think that's a really nice free gift so yeah it's just I like to share them but I won't go through all the contents because I don't like to ruin it for others that subscribe and enjoy these magazines as well but in this one here I done a feature on the tricorn fold card and I'll just give you a quick little look here it's a beautiful spread and there we have it there so these are the cards that I've created time to celebrate and it's this design here which I designed a while ago now on my tutorial on my tutorial on my channel and I love it it's so nice and I got to use this gorgeous collection by Pebbles which I still have a lot left over actually so I'm going to feature that in some videos up and coming tutorials and yeah so then there's four pages after which I show you exactly how to do these these are all different sizes as well so there's a nice mix and it's just really really fun to do so yeah that's the issue 206 of card making and papercraft gorgeous here as well in fact let me I'm not going to show you like I said I don't want to show you them all but it is look at these they are so so nice really really nice I'm going to have to have a little good old read of these because I'd like I wouldn't mind seeing what stamp sets that is so anyway that's the card making papercraft then we've got issue 61 of die cutting essentials and this one you get a tonic die this one says sending love it's a pretty pocket die set I haven't opened it yet so how do we get in this it's like a pocket itself oh okay so it's all one big piece let's just take the back off here okay all right I got it oh it's actually quite nice size for some reason I was expecting it to almost be that size there but that's that's quite a good size so you can okay it's actually got quite a few parts to it you can have it cut into the card you can have it as a single piece there's the whole frame you can have it popping out the top of a card so you can cut the top so it literally pops out I've done that kind of partial die cutting before that's what that will create these oh I mean you know it's secure but my gosh right there you go and then that also would just cut out the detail so you can do a lot of layering to this so it is a good size let me just grab my ruler just so you can see there if I do this one because that's just a little bit bigger but it gives you an idea you're looking well that's three and a quarter so with that there it's probably about three and a half by do that try and get to the highest point again I'd say by about three to three and a quarter so um I'll get rid of that and I'll pop it all back in the uh pocket here reduced silo says it all there anyway compatible with most lending die machines leading die machines um lending I don't even know why I said that but yeah that's um again that's very sweet sending love and it's just got the two butterflies on there as well but as always there'll be lots of inspiration inside the magazines on how to use your free gift and you can see on the front here how it can pop out the top of the card so there's the your top folding card there's the fold but this piece pokes out the top and then they've someone's made a shaker there which is a nice addition and then you've got the butterflies being used there as well that's quite different how they've done that and again my feature here was using um a set of dies that I got sent to create some stained glass window looking cards again I make these we we do them so far in advance so this was done before Christmas um so you kind of forget sometimes when it pops through your door I'm kind of thinking so what did I feature in this one um but it's so nice to then go back and it's always great to see your cards in print you know professionally photographed and these are the ones that I made it's a really nice set of um dies and stuff that I used again I won't give all that detail away because a lot of you you know look forward to receiving these magazines but I love this one here this gorgeous rainbow really really fun but all of this is on vellum and different things so when you it was quite hard to photograph actually but you can kind of just see here all this kind of glass effect um all in the bubbles here all of this when it catches the light it does look really nice um so that's that one there again this one's a bumper one I mean it's really thick on the side there so you do get a lot you know there's tons of inspiration there so I do always enjoy reading my magazines so that is like I said issue 61 of die cutting essentials then we have issue 184 of papercraft essentials so this freebie here they always do these great bumper kind of kits and this one you can make it's called fresh florals quick cards your love inside your kit are 12 pattern papers 22 die cut and four-wheeled sentiments and 23 toppers five card blanks and twine and they always give you a lot so oh look silver which is my favorite I just love silver um on any kind of freebies I'm not drawn to gold you don't really see me using a lot of gold mirror card it's usually holographic or silver they're kind of my my go-tos I just think silver goes with everything so nicely but aren't those gorgeous and they're really nicely made so you've got to have the most wonderful birthday that one's really nice life is so much better with you in it um to a very special mum celebrate your day wishing you a lovely day happy mother's day because these are great they're all coming up we've got two my valentine I know that's just passed for us but you know these things a lot of these kind of things I pop out and I just put into like a big but it's not big I've got a plastic kind of um tub with just all you know sentiments in so I can go to it quite quickly birthday wishes everyone needs a friend like you that's nice from the heart friends other family you choose yourself so that's a nice a5 sheet there and then these are your card blanks and then you've got all these and it is it says fresh florals they're beautiful again all ready to just pop out there the card and for you to just make your and it is quick card so if you're somebody that likes to have your you know images and stuff already die cut for you you've got some really nice ones here so you've got two two of those ones and then these are your patterned papers and again it's a nice it's a you know a thicker paper I'd say it's maybe it's not quite 160 I don't know maybe 120 does it say on here maybe it will say on the back no it doesn't it's a nice perfect for your maths and your layers it's a nice weight so we've got that one we've got these here which has got this kind of rose rose printed floral and then we've got this one here in the red we've got this I like that one there the turquoise kind of stripes with the floral on top and again that's a nice one as well that looks lovely with the stripes that'd be really nice make some lovely cards so you've got two of every print because that's the other one for that one there pop that one at the back so there are your prints you've got some lovely designs there so yeah I think that's again a nice free gift and I know lots of people like to send friend mail and things like this you know you get and you send that as a gift on its own because that's a really lovely thing to receive you know it's not too heavy it's not too bulky and yeah no I like that one a lot that's really really pretty so I'm just going to pop all this back in here you get a nice amount of twine there as well so again it will obviously tell you where they've used that in all the inspiration which no doubt is there is loads of it in this magazine so on the front that's a nice card I like that design that's using all of your freebie items there and then see what other ones they've got just to give you again some more ideas with what you can do with that I'll get to that in a moment because here's my one so I've done these ones here fancy folds so I was asked to do some concertina cards so I've done these two I always do a easy and then a more intermediate you know advanced version and that's the one that you always get your step by steps let me just see because I want to see what other cards they've done with the free gift here we go so Mel Jess has done some off-the-page designs so you know gift boxes gift bags she's decorated a bag there again with the papers but there's the cards because I did flick through briefly here we go so the lovely Nikki I always I've said it for I always love Nikki's card so she's done this box kind of style again she gives you all the instructions on how to do it these are nice as well with these kind of all the layering and then she's done an easel also she done the cover card there as well which is really nice so there's some and there'd be more as well throughout the magazine so that is the issue 184 of papercraft essentials and then lastly I've got this is another die-cutting essential so actually what's the most recent one because I've got these all sent through to yeah so this one is a little bit older this is the new one because I've seen people sharing card designs this is issue 62 and that was 61 but again they should both be available with you know all the links that I've shared below and stuff so this here I love bright rosa and I've got quite a few of her dies and this one here the free gift is this plate with the frame and then you get this banner like well border detail you can see what it creates here the shapes that you get there's very much a bright rosa you know design there that real geometric style and it's called the geo panel die set and you've got width and love there just in a box to be able to create extras and on the back there's some more there because I'm sure there's a free designed exclusively to coordinate with simply ah yeah on the simply cards and papercraft they have the fern die and stamps that's why I've seen a lot of this around at the moment on like social media so yeah if you pick up the simply cards and papercraft I don't have that one but you'll get these fern dies so and I've got them in the main collection I know I wouldn't imagine they'd be as big because I'm just looking at that plate I've got that plate but in the main collection it's bigger but these are nice for those smaller cards and if you've never used the bright rosa product before it's quite nice to kind of you know just use it and see if it's something that you like but you can see the inspiration here on the front and again they show you exactly how to use your free gift and then I can't remember what the feature was and this again terrible um oh yeah now I do so I've done a selection of stepper cards this is a really nice feature and you can see I've done side stepper I've done the box step I've done center step I've done double stepper and I've done that was just a concertina one and these pieces are kind of stuck separately but again everything is explained to you step by step I've done some pictures there as well but I just loved using these colors and yeah it was just really pretty and it was butterflies as well so apologies for the the sun that's gone right across there but you should be able to pick that up still quite easily so yeah so that was that one so again issue 62 okay so that's all the magazines then I was just having a little look on amazon and it always gives you kind of like recommended stuff and because I've purchased these a while ago now and I use these all the time and these are my blending brushes they're just makeup brushes but they are great for blending with your inks and stuff and I know pretty much what ones are what here this is what I use with my reds or pinks I've got yellow I've got ones here that I use for navies and blues this is like one I use for browns um I do keep meaning to just put some nail polish on the tops there but I've I've worked well with them anyway but then I saw these and I just thought oh they're so pretty and they're exactly the same exactly the same so you can see the designs there and the size and everything but these are all that size which is quite handy actually because that is probably that yeah I think I go to these these smaller ones quite a lot actually these are great when you're doing a large area but I do like the slightly smaller ones but it was the colors I just thought I need them they're rainbows and they're pretty and they're just going to look really nice in my craft room so they only do the orange these colors here that I've seen so far however you know hopefully they will maybe add some more colors because it'd be really nice to have a red be really nice to have a pink because this is obviously a purple um color but I loved them and they were I think 10 pounds so it's about two pound each which is more than I paid I got I think I paid something like five pound or something for these um I'll share all the links below because they're from Amazon and I you know I love them but eyes of this one here is I mean I don't know how they describe it I mean it's four centimeters which is one you know one and a half inches and it is in height these are six inches 15 centimeters around that so but yeah just really really pretty so you'll be seeing those ones I'm just going to shove them in there for now because I haven't done anything with them yet until I've done this video so but um yeah there's my blending brushes okay and then I know I said last week that I'd done all my Easter shopping well I don't know did I really actually say I'd done all my Easter shopping in terms of craft stuff well I went into uh hobby craft and next door to hobby craft is poundland and they literally were just putting out all their Easter stuff so hobby craft obviously you can imagine it's all craft related so I have gone and brought a few things but it's stuff that if I don't use it all this Easter I know I'm going to use it you know in future Easter's so I'm going to go through it all the first and I think a lot of you are going to absolutely love these because well I think they're amazing and that's these here some of you are probably thinking really but these are little picket fences now you know I love to make my little kind of houses and um little storage kind of just whimsical little kind of cute things I like to make them and I've already started doing some more and I've just had some wonderful ideas to do some nice Easter decor as well as doing like gift boxes and things like that and I saw these and I thought I need to own them so I picked up two in the white because I thought you can just dress them and you can change the colors if you want to two pound each I'm going to say I haven't got the receipt anymore but I'm pretty sure these were two pound each and then I've got yellow purple and pink and you get a lot let me take one out here so you can see just how much you get so if you've made like the she shed or the bird box and things like that and like at Christmas time when I made that huge Christmas village you can finish it all off with you know this gorgeous fencing and it's all wired if you've got some strong plies you can cut it which I will have to do with some but if you're doing something you know bigger you could wrap it right the way around and then have an opening at the front I mean oh I just think they're brilliant oh yeah that's what excites me in life and I'm sure it does for others as well anyway us crafters but yeah I thought they were just really really good so the yellow ones um well all of them you're going to see feature you know along the way but I'm hoping that's why I got the white um well they probably wouldn't bring them out nearer to Christmas time but more into like winter projects this is where I can probably you know distress this a bit more but it'd be nice I imagine they're going to take well you can put glitters on them all kinds of things but I just thought they're great so for two pound again I thought I saw them before I saw the price and then I kind of thought I bet they're going to be like four pound each or something because you do you get a lot in there and they're really nicely made you can see all the wire you know throughout but yeah two pound each I thought that was pretty good let's take in the plastic off there just so you can see it better but then I picked up some of these five by seven you get 40 assorted cards but the reason I've got these is because of the colors so I do usually make a lot on my card bases little blanks so I'm just trying there you go you can see she's got a real nice pastel pink pastel green pastel yellow and pastel purple oh and pastel blue right at the end there okay and then you get all the matching envelopes as well so um I want to say five pound six pound something like that but I go through them a lot and obviously I do a lot of commissions and magazines things and stuff like that so you know these things I go through very quickly but they're going to go nice with a lot of that card stock that I shared a few weeks ago so yeah I'll pull that away again better in a minute okay and then a few other things I got in hobby craft I just picked up these they're not you know they are they're not the best of ribbons but um they're okay I think they are getting better with their ribbons that they bring in let me just sometimes they can be quite I don't know that just it does feel a bit nicer than some I've had a really quite thin and you pull them when you go to Taibo and they all pull all of like the um you know the the actual weave whereas this isn't I'm pulling it and it's not you know pulling anything out of place so they are getting better and they're only a pound each and you get 15 meters but again I just got some real nice bright colors for Easter and just going into the spring then I picked up these two here um you get 24 meters and two of them again the colors are just really nice gorgeous pink let me just take them out and I'm going to again using these things for decorating but also for the shadow boxes and see there just pulled it all out it's really quite stretchy as well but it's just another nice different kind of material to use you can use it on your cards you can tie bows with it you use it as your decor you can stretch it you can tie it you can do all sorts with it so you get absolutely tons and tons and tons it says 24 meters but I'm sure there's even more because it's so tightly packed like it's a roll of toilet paper so I got those again they're really cute and they're wooden so really nicely made but look at their little faces adorable and I said this with the trim craft wooden sentiment and sentiments embellishments they're great for making into like little brooches it's very easy to put a little pin on the back of that or you know your little um brooch pins and um you could even maybe even make them into some earrings as well but I just think that's super cute so you can turn this into a really lovely little gift I would actually like that on a necklace that's very much my kind of style so you guys always see my big rings but you don't see my big earrings or big necklaces I wear as well so but uh yeah I thought they were really sweet and then I also got these here which are hanging egg decorations I think they're fantastic for decorations but I also think they look really retro and I think they're going to look great again built up in these shadow boxes um and just you know for gift bags you know you can have them hanging from a gift bag with a you could put a tag on there you know someone's initial or something on the fronts but I just think the mirror effect on them is so good and again they're really nicely made they're finished well um I just love them I almost want to get another pack so I can use one pack from crafting and one for decorations because again if you have used Easter kind of twig trees things like this will look lovely hanging from them aren't they gorgeous absolutely stunning again very inexpensive so yeah I'm really really pleased with that and again you're gonna think I'm nuts I know but I just couldn't help myself so I'm going to mix this all in but again with decor home decor the things you can do with this looks lovely I've got quite a few now different styles of these mini eggs now if you mix them all up put them into a nice big glass kind of like cookie jar or something and have it in your kitchen it's a lovely Easter just decoration on its own like that so I do like to use things you know outside of the craft room for decorations so and I try and show as much as that stuff as much of that stuff as possible but again these are just nice to have to put onto gift boxes gift tags 3d projects and things like that so I've picked up these ones here which are just painted styrofoam because you can just about see some of the actual kind of polystyrene look to them but those are like a matte finish but I just love the vibrant colors then it's the same here and these have got glitter over the top again just really like them and I've got some other glitter ones but they're in more pastel lighter colors then I picked up these ones because the ones I've got a glitter and these are similar to the ones I got last year and they're more of like a felt kind of finish to them so I've got them these here they're bunny stakes but I haven't opened but I'm actually going to take I probably won't use this so I'm hoping I can just yeah pull it out I want them just on the rings I thought they look quite retro again so I can now you know stick that onto other things and yeah just gives you the option but you can obviously keep them you know they'd look good in little planters around your house so I've done that I do that at Christmas time Christmas things you know you could build this up you could put some green grass underneath it layer them up add more to it and then you know pop them in your planters around the house just again to add like an Easter decoration but they're cute they are they're really really cute so purple pink green orange yellow and blue I just started singing the rainbow song then I picked up these coasters which I thought were quite nice and again I can see them on cards you can use them as a you know the start of like your background and then kind of layer up on top again lovely home decor but I'm probably going to be featuring these in more DIY decor pieces that I plan to do so I've got the you get four and they're felt so they're quite thick but in the yellow and in the blue those are the only colors I saw I quite liked it if they'd had a pink as well but those are okay for now these was here just some more eggs they call these ones treedicks you get a pack of 12 they're plastic but again glittery a little bit bigger than the other ones and slightly different colors and then I kind of obsessed over these ones a little bit and they are glittery toadstalls I just absolutely fell in love with these no they're not too badly made and I just again oh I just love them I'm a sucker for this kind of stuff but it is cheap and it will get used and it'll get used in a really fun and unique way um but look at that isn't it lovely how excited can you get over a toadstall very if you're in my world so yeah I just thought they were great and it's funny actually because I saw these and I was getting all excited and my mum was behind me she went if you found the toadstalls and I was like yeah she went I knew you'd like those so she'd already seen them but you get three for a pound so I picked up two bags there um no doubt I'll want more and no doubt you'll never see these again because that usually is the case as well and um you know I picked them up and then they're probably already gone because there was a lot of people around there I think the girl had literally just filled up the shelves and um this stuff was just people just grabbing it also I'm kind of glad I managed to get the hold of this stuff and I also picked up these here which are slightly different to the usual ones I go for usually just get the traditional looking little chicks you know the fluffy ones but their eyes are always a little bit odd one eyes like down on their foot you know and they just don't look right whereas I thought these ones actually look quite cute and they did have a name on the receipt I'm sure when I read it or maybe it was on the thing in the actual shop but they're little kind of like I don't even know what they're made out of let me just see if I can get these off so just clipped in but they're like little they've got little um wings there as well they're just little fluffy ones but they just looked a little bit nicer you just move them around a bit than the others I thought they were quite cute so I picked up them and put their feet back in there I don't know how that's done but anyway and then these ones here are like felt but again I actually thought they looked quite nice they've been like they've actually been you know nicely put together because sometimes although they've used they've actually glued them onto there which is a bit of a pain because I'm going to have to try and take that hot glue there it goes it does pull off but again I thought it was actually quite sweet it just seemed to be nicer made better made than the other ones that were there and you can't really see the glue you know sometimes you see big blobs of hot glue like oozing out but I actually thought they were quite sweet so I now promise that that is it I won't be getting any more Easter stuff um you know slap my wrist if I do but I don't need any more if anything it's papers that's what I'm now on the hunt for so usually trim craft are pretty good and they will do a free downloadable Easter paper nearer the time obviously I like to make my stuff in advance so if anybody knows of any really good free downloadable papers um or have seen any nice papers in the stores in the range obviously I'm in the UK so it needs to be something that I can get that in that sense but yeah the range if anybody's been in there recently and seen any nice Easter papers um I've got lots of gingham so that's always good that's kind of like my background kind of patterns that I like to use but if there's any nice because last year I had the hell's couple ditch she'd done a magazine summertime I think it was called or something so I used some of her papers and things for projects but I want some nice 12 by 12s this time so yeah if anybody has any lovely ones that they've seen um please just pop it in the just you know in the comments and I will read those later on but I think oh that was it let me just pop this away okay so what I've got is some sweet treats so I've got the Kinder Mini eggs I've got I'm going to talk about them in a minute and I've got these Kit Kat but they're little bunnies but sometimes you don't know whether they're individually packed inside the packaging because that's what I want I want these little individual ones so then I can kind of you know split it up I haven't eaten any so it says six and there's six here um but now you can have you know three and three and you can do a nice little papercraft project to hold those um so I start to get them now and I thought I would share with you the ones that I've got because I know a lot of you when you see the projects I've made you like to get the exact chocolates as well and I try to get things that are readily available in all our big supermarkets in the UK and this is from The Pound Shop so yeah it was The Pound Shop so those there yeah I've got the six for a pound so again you split that will be a nice little gift and then these I liked again because they're all individual and these are the Kinder Mini eggs and then I thought these would be individual and these are the galaxy enchanted eggs but they're not I thought they were going to be wrapped but they are just coated and like a rose gold and they're not actually very nice I'm a massive galaxy fan but I didn't think they tasted at all like galaxy so um yeah so those would be eaten by somebody else but definitely these ones here I may well just keep them in the packaging well actually I probably won't so I haven't opened them yet but um I'll probably split them and um yeah I've got like I said I've got lots of sketches done for what I want to do this Easter and lots of ideas so um I can start to um you know make some nice little gifty things with these inside and um I always like to do a larger Easter egg project as well so that's everything this week and uh yeah I'll share all the links as always in the description box below hopefully yeah I think I can link I'll be able to link the hobby craft craft stuff and I'll be able to link the blending brushes and the magazines but the stuff from The Pound Shop I can't link because they don't have online stores so and yeah look out for the tutorials and I'll be back very soon with a normal tutorial so I'll see you again soon bye


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