We have to quickly record this video before our boss wakes up. He's just around the corner in his room corner. He's just there. He's just there. So yeah. Welcome to another video here on the channel. Me plus you is us. My name is Kwame and I hope you can see my face. Yes. Why not? No, I'm just. Oh, okay. My name is Elaine. What? I was just making sure like hope they can see my face. Like, you know, I hope the frame is nice. That's all I'm saying. Okay. I'm sure it's nice. Yeah. So today we're going to record or talk about. Maybe we should introduce a new partner in. A new partner. A new partner in me plus you is us. No. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Because we are recording a borrowed time. I just want to go, go, go. Okay.  Not in that way. Kind of. I mean, it's not three people part of the us. Yeah. But it's not like a threesome in the way that. Yeah. A threesome is. But yeah. Okay. Okay. So we're back. We don't know how long we have until our boss wakes up. And yeah, we just welcome Dawson or. A baby boy. Yeah. Into the family. So me plus you is us is now what. Family of three. It's now a family of three. And we've been with this guy for a month. It's been quite interesting. Yeah. We've made a few discoveries because before we started or before we started this journey with him, you know, we were doing a pregnancy. We're looking at all these videos or watching videos, trying to learn how to, I mean, survive the first few weeks. And there's a lot on the internet. Yeah. Yeah. So much of the internet that people were sharing. And so we're going to see which of the ones that we learned or we discovered that are actually truths or myths. According to what we've experienced. So some of the things that we saw online, like stories or don't work. Yeah. So that's what we're discussing in today's video. And the first one actually applies to this. I don't know if you can see the bags under our eyes. We're going to. Yes. The first one is the word sleep. When the baby sleeps. Yeah. A lot of people say you need to sleep when the baby sleeps. And there are a lot of. Jokes and memes about how or why that doesn't work. Yeah. And I think even now, like record when the baby sleeps. As you can see, we had to take a small break just to comfort him. And it doesn't really work like that. Because when your baby sleeps, yes. She's not asleep. He sleeps. Yes. But there are also other things you need to do. You need to eat. You need to shower. You need to clean up. Clean the house. Yeah. You need to cook. So, and averagely in the beginning, the baby eats every two, three hours depending on. Sometimes four. If the meal or if it's breastfed well, sometimes it goes beyond maybe three and a half hours. Yeah. But that it doesn't mean you have three hours because you have almost an hour to feed. So what you have is two hours in between.  Yeah. All in these two hours. So it doesn't really. He doesn't really count as three hours, three hours of free time. No. Yeah. It always feels your own borrowed time. And yeah. And where this particular phase right now where he's going through a growth spurt at the moment. So even that three hours has now been shortened to an hour and hour and 45 minutes at most. Sometimes even shorter. So now it feels like you're feeding cleaning, putting to bed and repeats because he's up in the next five minutes by the time they're done. It's also because they, so they have a growth spurt. So they need a lot of extra food. So it's pretty impossible to get anything else done than feed him. Yeah. So sleep when the baby sleeps doesn't apply to, no, there's no, there's not a logic that works. I don't know at which points this may work. Maybe when they have longer sleep times, maybe when it's six hours. Or even four. Yeah. I would sign for four. When they are way older and they are sleeping longer than maybe you can also nap. But it's not like sleep sleep. You have like 45 minutes to an hour max of napping. But that also takes a lot of discipline actually. The naps. Yeah.  But I think that's the whole thing. This baby disrupts your whole schedule because I was even thinking like, when will I sleep and like a full eight hours again? That might be never. Not in the first year or maybe when the baby is with somebody else, but you're not going to give your baby to somebody else to just take care of maybe family or something or close friends. But yeah. So yeah, it's just disrupts. Yeah. Like you just have, I am not a night owl. So I'm really struggling with the night. I'm also struggling with the night as well. We're, we're trying our schedules or, yeah, rotations or shifts to work. But yeah, it's still not the easiest thing to do. And yeah, I don't know if you guys can hear him. We're just making sure to see if it's just an active sleep. And he's not going to come wanting something. His eyes are closed. It's going down. Yeah. Let's go to the next one real quick. The second one is you can't solve everything. This one doesn't apply to me. Yeah. So I am the kind of person who wants, like I see him in distress and I think that, oh no, I should fix it. Or I hope I can just make it go away. And I want to calm him. I want to clean him. I want to do this. I want to just stop it, you know, to get it, the whole distress over with. And over time we've learned that there are different kinds of cries and what it means and what you can do and what you can't do. Some of them are cramps and cramps coming. You can't do anything about it. Maybe you want to give them gripe water. But then of course when it comes to medication or medicines, you also have to be really careful what you're giving your child. Yeah. Yeah. Or maybe explain how the cramps come. Like why do they get cramps? So they get cramps for a few reasons. One, they are gastrointestinal. Bowls. Or bowls, whatever, are developing. So it's not that it's processing the food as quickly as the adult person would. So they get gassed up really quickly. When they're eating as well, eating very fast, when you don't burp them properly, all these things that accumulate to or add up to causing them to have cramps. And when the cramps come, depending on how intense it is, we've seen really, really intense cramps. Some that make you want to cry with him because you can't do anything about it. Yeah. He really clenches you as well. He just twitches. Yeah. It's really like clawing through you. Like, you know, it's painful. Help me. Why is it not going away? Yeah.  You can't say like, I just have to get through this. I mean, we're telling him that. But of course it's hard to see. I think when he hears that he cries even harder. Yeah. Yeah. It's true. You can't solve everything. And sometimes you can do is just comfort and support and just be there for the baby. Yeah. Sometimes that's all you can do. And you shouldn't try to fix everything. Yeah. I'm still learning that. Yeah. That's part of parenthood. Yeah. I don't know if I'll learn it completely, but I'm still there learning. And yeah, of course, this one is very self-explanatory. No two babies are the same. So if you have friends in your circle. Yeah. Our family. I mean, parents also like to comment a lot on what to do and what not to do. And I think for us, we are trying to find our own way. Of course, we are open for advice, but you also instinctively kind of already get to know your baby. Yeah. I don't think everything applies. And also, even if you look at your parents, that was a very different generation. Like the information that was out there was very different on like how to care for your baby. Like I know, for example, in my parent generation, they were really warning you not to pick up your baby too much because they're scared that it was going to be too depending on you. Yeah. It's going to be too codependent. Yeah. And so I think I saw this meme the other day on Facebook where people are telling mothers what to do.  Yeah. Why are you allowing your baby to cry? Yeah. You know, and all these things that are contradictory advice that people tend to give. No two babies are the same.  Especially spending almost 24 hours a day with this person or this baby and it's just rotation after rotation. So sometimes, yeah, you know how to soothe or care for the baby and sometimes the advice people give tend to, oh, okay, actually it works or it's changed the way you see and care for the baby. But I think you get a feel of what works for your baby and not and you just try out a lot of things as well. Like with the cramps, somebody learned us like that. Told us how to... He's just punishing me. How to put the baby on the arm and then they get pressure on the belly. But he doesn't really like that. No, he doesn't. Like he just wants to be held vertically and walked around. Just walked around and just jumped like... You have a lot of figuring out to do. That's just it. He prefers the soothing bounce that you give him instead of that lying on the tummy. Yeah, so no two babies are the same. And the next one is going to be Elaine talking about that because breastfeeding is not for everyone. Yeah, I think, I don't know. I mean, now we're in the Netherlands so I don't know about the discourse in Ghana on breastfeeding but it is quite hard to get your baby to latch and get him to latch or him or her latch well so that it doesn't hurt you physically. Because it is not easy. Your breasts are not used to feeding yet. Things are sensitive or are painful and sometimes you will not produce enough milk. Sometimes your baby doesn't want to latch. Maybe your baby falls asleep immediately when you latch him. There's a lot of things and I understand I am trying to breastfeed as much as I can because I feel I want to try but I can understand that women choose not to do this because it's literally another job on another job because you're already caring for a very small person and then you're also giving out literally so much energy and so much like you're literally producing food so you yourself, you have to even eat more I think she said 400 calories extra you give out 400 calories anytime you breastfeed So you have to really step up here eating you need to drink enough you need to make sure you are not stressed otherwise your milk doesn't flow like it is really a difficult thing to navigate our boss is calling Let's give it a few seconds, we'll be back Where were we? Breastfeeding is not for everybody I understand why women don't do it why you decide to do formula and that's fine too I think we should be a bit more gentle on women of course breast milk has advantages Very high advantages but it's not your body first of all not every woman's body produces the same amount of breast milk and not every woman's breasts react well with breastfeeding as a process and sometimes there are infections that could happen there's so much that could happen to the human body after that breast process You also just gave birth to a little person so give yourself time and grace to figure out if that's something you want to do or not and I really benefited from the help we got in Netherlands so they helped me with how to latch and also how to see if I want to pump or do I want to breastfeed or do we already going to do formula so you have options and I think that really has helped us to plan his meals better without stressing ourselves out too much So find your options and find the things that work for you I'm also still learning that one Much better and I think the next one is it takes two to tango which is something I have come to learn and appreciate in this last month and I really really dove my heart to all parents or single parents or parents doing it by themselves or doing most of the work because it's a lot and it is really nice to do it together because you can really work as a team but it also requires you to really communicate and it really requires you to also know yourself well so what we try to check in with each other like do you want me to take over are you okay because sometimes things get to you like when he can cry or he's fussy and you're not sure what to do and if it's the middle of the night it feels like there's no end to it it can really get to you or with the cramps like you particularly found it very hard to see him like that and that made you very sad so then you shouldn't walk with him too long because then you will get sad so I think I'm really grateful to do it with you because I think I would have crumbled if you were doing it alone imagine the amount of work that is done or supposed to be done and in the beginning how especially where your heads are at everything is overwhelming you're not sleeping enough you just came from labour which is also an intense experience and you don't have time to process it because there's a little person wanting to eat wanting to change cleaned up and everything you're also getting bombarded with people who don't mean harm but just want to help and they're getting so many like oh no do this do that do that and there are those who also have very strong opinions on yeah you must so it's a lot to process and even think about doing alone yeah and I think with us because I was in the hospital the first few days and I couldn't do as much so grandma really took on the diaper changing something I saw very much enjoy yeah and you got really good at that so we developed first routine together so grandma would change him temperature him and then I would feed him or grandma would feed him and especially in the beginning I couldn't get up as quickly so then grandma would take that part if he would cry he would get out and then later when I was more mobile we will switch it again so now we are also dividing the kind of the shift especially in the night because if you do every shift together like we did in the beginning and doing the I change him she feeds we had to learn to do both individually so that one person can take one shift feed and change and put him back to sleep so that person can sleep longer and then run run run run run I just think it's good to discuss with your partner what works because grandma works for himself so he can space out his work a little bit but of course when somebody has to go to the office can you ask them to do a night shift I don't know it's also not the easiest things to ask of your partner so figure out what works for you and you should also be try to do your equitable best not use your work as an excuse and then everything goes to fall on the other person but if it's something that's working for your relationship fine but I really can't imagine it's not being a two person thing and yeah or even if you don't have a partner or your partner is limited in time or I don't know ask for help because get all the help you need family, friends, we ask a lot of people cook for us dinner in the beginning my siblings came over to cook we had somebody come to take care of the household just fuck him and everything we didn't even have time to there's a fireplace here to warm the place in the first four days we wouldn't even have the time to lit the fire and warm the house well like it is such an experience in the beginning so you really ask for help because this is not something you should do on your own in my opinion because you ask a lot of yourself and the baby of course also feels if you're stressed or agitated or it's getting too much we try when we get there to switch and see how best we can conquer it because it's a lot taking care of somebody else in such a dedicated way yeah it's a lot and our final point truth or myth this one for us is the truth self care is still very important you're gonna lose it you're not gonna like you shower at 4pm that's your first bath of the day because you wake up and you just go straight to work taking care of the baby and you know trying to survive but I think it's good to point out that self care doesn't mean you have to go to spa days like three days after giving birth no you can even brush my teeth in the beginning if I was able to brush my teeth in the morning I was so happy you wake up and you're already in it yes like he wakes up crying you immediately get to work let's feed this human being put him back to sleep there's a mess in the house you're trying to clean up but also for me the shower in the morning was really important because when you just give birth you have a lot of hormones that have to get out of your body and some women get like sweat a lot in the night like it's literally sweat attacks that's what I had so in the morning when I would wake up I would feel so like I just wanted to shower the night off because I also had a lot of yeah you're processing the whole birthing so there's a lot going on in the night and I just wanted to shower to start fresh not think too much about how the night was but just start cleaning 10 minutes to shower then Kwame would be with the baby would really help me to start on a positive note yeah but I think you also did a bit of self care right yeah and now that we're getting the hang of it sometimes when family or a friend visits and is staying longer we would give the other person grace which Elaine is doing very well for me that okay you just go and spend time with this person and go out for 2 hours and go do this activity for yourself just to clay your mind or something so yeah it's also checking in which I had not been doing so much off because I was just go go go go concentrating on the baby and you know I've gotten reminders over time that yeah check in with your partner as well it's really really important to check in with your partner they also need something sometimes they want a break to go out or do anything but just that you're aware of their mental health needs as well and you're asking if there's something you can do for them and then you do it to the best of your ability and give them that you know room to also calm down and just be mentally yeah up there enough to still be a team player which is really really important yeah but I also think it's like it's important to I mean of course it's early now but it's important to sometimes not be the parent like you are more than just a parent to this new baby you're also a person and I know Carmen needs to go out from time to time just to do something for himself or check something's out or meet like do something new just to you know get this yeah keep you happy like you happy yourself by yeah having a few hours for yourself and I understand that so for me I am not because I'm still recovering and I don't crave the outside as much but I do like so when the weather is good like yesterday for example we went for a walk yeah and that one helps me to also okay there's more than the inside of this house and there's more than yeah there's the outside as well yeah outside world exists I have been going outside a lot because I have to do grocery shopping and since she can't move around a lot I'm the one who drives everywhere or I do the driving and yeah I mean I take it upon myself to like make sure that she both of them are not like caught up in any kind of like or this wasn't done or so it's a real partnership yeah and it's a balance for you to be a new parent but also you're also so you see each other in a new role but you also are still your own person and you are a partner so it's it's a lot to navigate and we are not done but it's been a steep learning I don't think this ever had done no but I mean it has been a very steep learning curve yeah very I think that's also what these are just small like nuggets but it has been a steep learning curve on yeah a lot of things yeah not only it's not only about the newborn it's also about us discovering about your new role how do you feel in your new role what do you need to stay sane and what a role is asking of you and how you're going to navigate that yeah and also expectations of other people or like people want to help but not everything works so it's it's it's a new level of life opening up to us yeah it feels like I was describing to a friend I don't know if I can say it well in English but so like you feel like okay you know life you know yourself you have found somebody spending your life with this like I'm not saying like it's steady right I mean there's still things that life throws at you but you have kind of a foundation but now it feels like there's a little hatchet that is opened up you felt through it and suddenly you're at a new level yeah yeah it literally feels like that it's like a new level like a checkpoint and now everything has changed like they've just switched the maze yeah and then they put different things in there like whoa you know so now but I like I think somebody I think a friend of yours said that that and I believe that too like everything you have experienced so far in your life has prepared you for this and babies also come with I don't know how he said it he said babies come with that the universe like you have committed to care for this baby and the universe will collude to kind of support you and it will show up in people but also opportunities like work opportunities and it's all there to push you forward push you and your new person if you couldn't do it you wouldn't be in a position so yeah that's us with our backs on her eyes trying to make sense of it all yeah so yeah we share what we've processed and this is our channel me plus you is us stay tuned for more conversations and insights on this new part of our life luckily we're done recording and our boss didn't get up again yes so we've finished one down yep and many more to go alright catch you later day day day day day day day yes yes day


So in this video, we're going to look into detail into the floating point data type. So to do so, let's open a new file and rename it into simply floats. And let's look at a couple of examples. So by now you know that any number you write that has a dot in it can be interpreted as a floating point number or is interpreted as a floating point number. So as before in the video on integers, this way of writing a number is called the literal syntax. So we are basically writing some digits. They must not start with a zero, as we saw with the binary representation in the previous video. This is forbidden. And then the numeric literal needs to have some dot in there, some place. And a dot is what basically makes this numeric literal go into a floating point object when it is parsed by the Python interpreter. So the dot must be there if we need a float. So if I wanted to write the number 7.0. If I want to save the dot 0, I can simply write 7. So sometimes you see people write 7. Instead of 7.0 to save one character of typing, but it is the same, of course. So that's floating point numbers. So what else do you need to know? So how do you get floating point numbers in real life? So let's say if you don't have a floating point number from some data set, let's say you're reading in some data and you're given either textual data from a CSV file because it is interpreted as text, maybe, or you get integer numbers and you want to convert them into floating point numbers. Then what you could do is you could simply use the float constructor.   And why is it useful that the float constructor can take a string as its argument? Well, we saw that in the previous video when we did so as well for the int constructor. As I said, sometimes there are sources, external data sources that only provide string objects, just like the input function that asks the user to type something into a text box. And whatever the user types in will become a string in memory. And sometimes we want to ask a user to type in some number and then we need to go ahead and convert that string into a number, into either an integer or a floating point number and we can use the constructors to do that. So that's pretty trivial. So let's look at a couple of other things that are worthwhile to know about floating point numbers. So the first one being the so-called scientific notation. Well, maybe you remember that from high school or you see these numbers in your college career. So a scientific notation is basically the way, the python's way of writing the following. Let's say we write 1.23 times 10 to the power of, let's say, 3. This way the language I'm using here in the markdown cell is what is called the latex language. It's not important here because this is a python course, of course, but to make it look nice we use it here. So if you want to write a number like this, you can do so in python as well, using python's scientific notation and this simply goes like this. You write the significant digits, which in this case the 1.23 and now you want to multiply it by 10 to the power of 3 and you do that by writing a lowercase e. I think an uppercase e also works, but the lowercase e is kind of a standard. You don't have a space here, so you simply write e and then you write the exponent. So that is the shortcut version and this will give you in this case 1,230. So sometimes you want to use that depending on the data you work with. So other things that are worthwhile to know about the floating point numbers. So let's call that so-called special values. So first and foremost, the floating point standard is standardized by the organization called IEEE. So basically all of engineering, there is an organization that standardizes things and the floating point standard is standardized there. So no matter which programming language you use, if you use the programming language or just floating point object or data type, then they will all behave no matter what programming language you use. And the standard says that there are also so-called special values. So let's see a couple of them. So we use the float constructor and as a text object, I give it some letters NAN. I can write that either way in terms of flow and uppercasing. So let's write it like this, NAN, not a number. And if I execute that, I simply get back NAN, so not a number. So what kind of number is that?  But sometimes some operations in such a situation will not give you an error message, but they will return to you an object that says, well, I don't know what this is, basically. So a value for which we don't know what the value is. And that is kind of what the float not a number object is. It's kind of similar to the built in none object that basically indicates the absence of a value, but float NAN is basically the floating point version of that. So you must be careful. In real life, and that is why I include that in this video, in real life, if you load in data, let's say CSV or Excel like data from some file and you load that using Python, then sometimes you can easily imagine that in an Excel file, some cells that should contain numbers, they are simply left empty. So for example, maybe you have a CSV file where you have different columns for different measurements of things. And maybe for some observation, for some unit that we are trying to observe, there is no measurement for some variable. And then there are two ways that people do in real life. So some people, they put in a dummy value like zero or negative one to indicate, well, this has no meaning, this cell.  And an empty cell is, of course, better than putting in some dummy number to mean nothing, basically. And in this case, when you leave the cell empty and you load it in into Python, then it turns out that oftentimes the different Python libraries you can use for doing that, they give you back the not a number object. And the thing is, with the not a number object, it does not lead to any arithmetic errors if you, for example, add some number to it. So if I add, as we see here, the number one to the floating point number, not a number, then I simply get back not a number. If I add to something unknown, the number one, I don't know what I get back. And so what happens sometimes, and you have to be aware of that, if you're loading data, and let's say CSV data, and you know that there are some empty cells in there, then don't just go ahead and use the value of the cell to do some arithmetic, because you will never see any error message. The only thing you see at some point that you are getting back some meaningless results, and that is, of course, a catcher that you just need to be aware of. Okay, so this happened to me in the early days when I did Python programming sometimes, and then usually what you need to do is you need to redo the entire analysis, okay, so just be aware of that. Two close relatives, but values that are less frequently used are probably the infinity value, and of course, also, if we copy-paste that, the negative infinity. So sometimes the positive infinity is useful if, for some variable, you want to initialize it with a number that is sure to be creative and any other number you can use, you can do that, okay? So if you go ahead, and if you go ahead and, for example, take any big number, let's take, oops, let's take this number here, almost a billion, and let's say if you want to compare that, let's say, with smaller than to the floating point infinity number, then the answer is true, okay? So this number here is greater than any other number, you know? So this is a useful application for that, but as I said, the infinity values are usually a little bit less known, just be aware of the not a number value. That is one big takeaway, so that you don't run into some mistakes that you could easily avoid. Maybe let's look at one more thing regarding the not a number that just comes to my mind. So if you go ahead and you compare not a number to itself, well, if you compare the number to itself, you should get back true because a number should usually have the same value, it should be equal in terms of its value to itself, right? But not a number, a number is also not doing that, okay? So that makes the not a number, not a number number a bit hard to work with. Okay, so these are all the, this is how we create floating point numbers in different ways, and these are some special values. But now let's talk about some bigger thing that you really, really need to understand, and it's not too hard. So let's call this section imprecision. So floating point numbers, they are what we call inherently imprecise. Okay, what do we mean by that? So let's do an example. So if I add 0.1, okay, so one tenth plus 0.2, you all would expect this to be 0.3, okay, three tenths. So let's compare that to 0.3, and now we would all, I guess, that this should be true, right? So let's run the cell and we get back false, okay? So is that a bug, and the answer is no, it's not. Any other language, R, MATLAB, and many, many more, they should give you the same result if you type this in their respective syntax into an interpreter. The reason being, because the numbers are simply not precise, inherently imprecise, that's what they are. So there's nothing we can do about that, okay? So I will give you another example where you see that. So let's import the math module, okay? And let's use the square root function from the math module, and let's take the square root of two. And now let's take the square root of two and raise it to the power of two, okay? So this should basically give you back two, the integer two. However, if you take a square root of a number and beat an integer or a float, it doesn't matter. We will definitely get back a floating point number, okay? And if you raise a floating point number to the power of two, we will also get back a floating point number. However, this number happens to be imprecise. So we get this four here, which I guess a beginner would not expect. Okay, so what is the consequence of that? The consequence of that is that when you work with numerical data, and you know a column or a row of data consists of floating point objects, then you basically must not use the double equals, the double equals operator here, okay? The double equals operator, the comparison operator, is basically taboo for that. Don't use it. So let's say if you wanted to formulate this condition here, or let's say if you wanted to formulate a condition that looks like this here, so let's say double equals two, and you want to do that correctly, the solution to that is the following. We are going ahead, and we are going to define a threshold, and the threshold is the range within which you want to have some equality, basically. So let's go ahead and define it to be as one times e to the power of, let's say, what is a typical procession? Let's say negative, let's use simply negative 12, okay? And then what you do is you take the left-hand side, okay, put that in parentheses, you subtract from that the right-hand side, okay? So you have a difference of the left-hand side and the right-hand side. You put that in parentheses as well, and use Pythons built-in apps function for the absolute value of that. So I mean the difference of the two sides could be negative, could be positive, but we don't really care about what the sign of the difference is, we only care about the magnitude of the difference. So that's why we use the apps function. And now what you get back is some number that usually is very small, like something to the power of times 10 to the power of 10 to the power of negative 17 here. So what you do then as you compare is that strictly smaller than my threshold within which I am ready to accept equality. And if so, then this is your comparison, okay? So if I repeat that for the other example, let's go ahead and take the left-hand side of this, put it inside parentheses, subtract the right-hand side from that, put everything into parentheses, use the apps function. Oops, let's do that again. Push the wrong keyboard here. So use the apps function, and of course compare that to the threshold. And I forgot one parentheses, so let's put that back in. I did not. So where is it? So we have one that is here. So now we have a true. That means we know that these two sides, the left and the right-hand side, respectively are equal, okay? So be aware of that. So yeah, it's kind of as a data scientist, you work with floating point numbers most of the time, and you must not do any beginners mistakes. Therefore, just be aware of that. And of course, many third party packages have built in methods or functions, usually called something like almost equal, and the almost equal function does all of this logic here, the thresholding logic behind the scenes so that you don't have to do this comparison on your own, okay? So usually this works a bit, is a bit more easy. Okay, let's go ahead and look into what is the problem here. So let's look into a little bit of an explanation for that. So let's call that floats in memory. So floats in memory. What do they look like? So I'm going to use a function, a built-in function called format, which gives me back a text representation of an object. Don't worry about that. It's not the big point here. But let's go ahead and take the number 0.1. And now the format function allows me to not only show 0.1 as the output, but to show me more digits, so to say, more decimals. So let's go ahead and use a special syntax, a formatting syntax, which you don't have to understand for now. Let's say, let's simply go ahead and give out 30 digits to the right side of the decimal point. Let's do that. And what we see is that for the first, usually it's 14 to 15 digits, everything seems to be super precise. And then at some point, we lose the procession. Okay. So to do that with another example, let's do 0.2. We also get back that. Okay. Now you may wonder, can I solve the problem if I round? Okay. So let's say if I take one over three, one third, and let's say we want to go ahead and round this number. So this is obviously going to give us back, let's use five digits. This is obviously going to give us back a zero point and then five threes. So what if I want to represent all the digits or more digits to the right-hand side of this number? So let's also go ahead and do 30 digits. This should be enough to see the problem. And also we see that the rounding works, but only until 14, 15 digits roughly speaking on the right-hand side of the decimal point. So even with rounding, we cannot solve the problem here. And this problem is inherently unsolvable. Okay. So let's look at what is the big problem here. So in memory, let's say we create a floating point number. What happens is Python will simply create a standardized box. So the boxes that model floating point objects are always the same size. And they always have the same behavior attached to it. And let's call it x for now. And let's reference that. And we have a couple of zero and ones in there. And this is of course in a way similar. Then the binary representation that I showed you in the previous video on integers. So why can we see here what the problem is? Well, the problem obviously is, if let's say I go here and let's say I write one over three. So how do we usually write that? Well, usually how we write that is like this, 0.3333 and so on. And we could write it with a dot dot dot. And sometimes mathematicians simply go ahead and say, well, it's 0.3 and put a dash on top of the three to indicate three forever. Now the problem with that is here we have obviously an infinite number of decimals. And that is true for many, many numbers called the real number. So the real numbers contain in particular many irrational numbers like numbers that are like pi or the number, Euler's number E and other numbers, but also fractional numbers like one over three, one third. Also have an infinite number of digits. So many, many numbers have this property. Now this box here that has all the ones and zeros that model the floating point number in a computer's object, a memory, they are finite. And we can make of course the floating point number, the floating point objects twice as big or three times as big and so on. And this is an usually called double precision or quadruple precision. So you hear these terms sometimes. But no matter how big we make this floating point object here, at some point our memory in the computer is limited. So no matter what we do is using simply zeros and ones, it is very hard to come up with a precise representation. There are a couple of workarounds of that, in particular using the so-called decimal data type that Python also supports and also another one. But using the floating point data type, there is basically no way around and that is the inherent problem here. So in this video, we are not going to go into detail of how the binary representation works. We did that a little bit for integers and I think it's really worthwhile to understand how this works in its basics form. So understanding binary representations for integers, I think is a must for someone who wants to seriously become a data scientist. But for floats, for now, I think we can stop here with the CS theory part. And for now simply observe, well, this is finite, this is infinite and there is no way in the world in theory that we can put something infinite into a finite space. This simply does not work. And therefore we are going to lose precision. And so one nice thing I want to show you, there are a couple of numbers that are precise and these are all the numbers that are perfect powers of two. So if for example, let's go ahead and copy paste this formula here. So let's say if I replace the 0.2 here with 0.25, which is a quarter, so a quarter is two to the power of negative two, then we have absolute precision. And why is that? Well, you can think that in a computer, as we saw in the previous video, with the binary representation for integers, all that numbers, all that anything is in a computer is just ones and zeros. So turn the switch on or turn the switch off. So in other words, that is where the power of two comes from. But again, maybe I will do another video in the future where I explain the theory behind it. It's not too hard. I think for a practitioner, it's a bit too much. So I don't think you really need that for a floating point number, but you need at least to know the consequences of that. Because if you don't know the consequences of that, you will make errors when you're doing a data science analysis. And the errors people usually make have to do with the imprecision and also with the special value. So these are the two things that you really, as a practitioner, should take out of this video. So this is it for this video. And in the next couple of videos, we will finish off the topic to talk about numbers. We will in particular classify numbers. So I will see you in the next videos.


Hi, I'm Rebecca Olds of Time Sniff Just Making. Thank you for joining me. In this video I'm going to show you my attempt to draft a pattern for stays using the ARC method that's outlined in Patterns of Fashion 5. This book was published by the School of Historical Dress. It's only available for purchase directly from the school. I will share a link to their shop in the description below. This video is not going to be a tutorial or even a demonstration of how to do this method for several reasons. Firstly, I'm still very much a student. I did a workshop with Luca Costiglioli last year and even after that workshop I still have some uncertainties about how this method works. So I'm still figuring out each step and how to apply what I've read and how to apply what I've learned in the workshop. This is my very first attempt at this method outside a supervised classroom environment knowing that I was going to be making stays to this pattern down the road. So quite clearly I'm not qualified to teach this. And this brings me to a really key point that I just want to put a marker down and I'll probably say this again in future videos. One-to-one tuition is a really special relationship so I think the knowledge and the skills that a teacher can impart to a student should never be undervalued. And this brings me to a little health warning on YouTube that what you see offered to you for free on the internet you need to remember the context that you are getting what you paid for. So whether a YouTube presenter is an absolute beginner or a renowned expert you are going to get what you paid for. If you're watching a beginner you might be seeing everything that they know and that includes the implicit gaps in their knowledge, the misunderstandings, the modern approaches, the modern shortcuts, and the mistakes that they might unwittingly make and share as part of a tutorial. On the other extreme when you see an expert sharing their knowledge often they are not sharing everything they know. What they are hoping to do is tantalize you, intrigue you to dig deeper. That there is no way that they can give a presentation on YouTube for free that gives the full story to really benefit from their teaching. You will almost certainly need to pay to get into a workshop, get into an in-person class with them, or these days possibly a really well arranged and well structured online class where they can give as personalized attention to you as possible. So when you see stuff on the internet and you've not paid for it, bear that in mind, you could be seeing a beginner, warts and all, or an expert who's just giving you the tip of the iceberg. Most presenters is somewhere in between.  So this video I hope shows you what I did, if not exactly how I figured out or decided what to do. But if you've been reading patterns of fashion 5 puzzling over the extracts in the book from period writers such as Diderot and Gersalt and Reiser and Bernhardt, and then you're looking at just one page about the art drafting method and thinking that's just not enough, then maybe watching someone do it, just getting the paper out, drawing some lines, connecting them up, even if it's not clear exactly why I'm doing it this way, if it makes it more accessible so that you can actually visualize yourself trying it, then that's great. That's what I hope will happen. And if you do go afterwards and try it yourself, I'd love to hear about it. Please, please let me know. If you watch right through to the end, I'm going to share five key takeaways from my experience. As you watch this, you don't know how it's going to turn out. And neither do I. The first thing I did was assemble all of my notes, patterns of fashion 5, notes from the course that Luca taught at the School of Historical Dress, and then the pattern that I had done in the workshop. I think I hoped that by surrounding myself with everything I had collated and collected over the years that I would somehow absorb all of this knowledge and that I would automatically know how to do this. There comes a point when I had to lay out the paper and draw that first vertical line. This is where everything comes off of, is measured from, and the first job it was to determine the length of my torso and draw horizontal lines for the top line, the waist line, bust line. And then from there you go on to find the center front and the back front. As you can see, just about every single thing took several attempts. So then it's on to establishing the arcs for the bust line and the waist line. And I started by just getting something on paper as a reference point that I could start tweaking and just seeing what looked right. The key is to compare the curves with what you see in the pattern, taking the original extant garment as your style guide to try to get the shape of the original stays. Here we go again, third or fourth time. And that means erasing parts of what I had done based on the previous curves that turned out to be wrong. Once the torso length I really struggled with. Once I had that down and some sort of basic curves in, then I mapped in the top line, which means the neckline, the front arm's eye point and the arm's eye itself. Because this is done freehand, what I was aiming for was something that looked elegant. Frankly, I don't think I did a very good job of that. And that's why I was erasing so much on things that were perhaps not quite so fit critical. I even pulled out the shapes cut in the menstrual making class that I took at Burnley and Trowbridge to see if any of the basic proportions of that would help. And unfortunately, not really. And that's because it is all done on the curve on the body. Where stays are patterned on the flat, but in such a way that they then will curve around the body. It's just two different ways of thinking about shaping to the body. And they wore very little resemblance to each other. The next job really was to figure out the high hip, which is where the top of the skirts sit, the line over the hip. And it's on that, that the sort of waistline of any gown has to rest between that line and the waistline. I found that quite tricky too. Curves are tricky. The next step is to divide up what the overall piece into the four pattern pieces. And there is a formula for that taught in the workshop. But it isn't it isn't until a mock up that you can determine on the body exactly where those seams sit and how well they fit. With the seams drawn. My next step is was to shape those seams by drawing freehand again more curves to sort of sort of darts that basically eat into a cut out the each seam to give it shape. And that is where the reduction comes from not just from your lacing gap. But because you're drafting to your measurements all set out there, it's the shaping in certain ways in the seams that join the pattern pieces that provide both the amount of reduction and the shaping and type of reduction in certain areas. As with all my previous work with curves, flexible ruler was of some help, a French curve was of some help protractor was of some help. But at the end of the day, it's getting right out there with your eye. I didn't spend much time on the shaping of the skirt. It's just basically mocked in general width and length, knowing that cutting it out in the mockup would have seam allowances and all sorts of extra and it would give me a just a general idea of fit but shaping the skirts into more elegant fashion would really happen final construction of the the real stays. I think it took the best part of a day to read through all my notes, realize I did not remember clearly enough enough from my workshop to have a great deal of confidence and decided to just dive in and take it one line at a time, one thing at a time that I was not going to be able to visualize the entire process as in the in in its entirety. What I didn't film footage on the cutting room floor all the times I just down to tool and walked away. Okay, so we have a complete pattern. I promised five tips or takeaways, things that I feel I learned from this process. Number one, be super careful when taking your measurements. If you use a string around your body at your bust in your waist, keep them on for a while. There are going to be some measurements you'll want to go back and repeat to verify that you've written them down correctly, or to retake them. So take your time, be careful. Number two, relating to measurements. Specifically, front, back and underarm, you need to be looking at top line, bust line, and waist line, and they will be different lengths at those three points of your body. This dictates the proportion. So be extra careful with these. Number three, this pattern involves drawing curves. It's called the arc method. It relies on three arcs in the pattern for your bust line, your waist line, and a dropped waist or high hip line as well. The degree of curve in these lines does vary from beginning to end. A French curve or using a string to pivot with a pencil will only get you so far. There's a certain amount of freehand drawing you will have to do here. Number four, following on from the previous three points, knowledge of your body is going to come into play. Remember to measure the fullest point of your bust line to your waist line, both front and back. How far below horizontal does your waist sit? Your front waist and your back waist are going to be very different. Front waist is usually lower. Remember the stays can, to some degree, compress the fleshy bits, and they should if they're to support your body. But how squishy will be completely individual to you. Compression will lift some of the tissue. So your bust line and your waist line in stays will be higher than they are naturally. So how your drawing plays out with your curves may not look right to you, and you're going to spend some time trying to reconcile what you think your body looks like with how you expect that you'll look in stays. Until you've drafted stays several times with this method on yourself and ideally some others as well, your expectations won't be wholly right or wholly wrong. But the doubt and indecision will be real. And that brings me to number five.  Even if the step you're on, you're not sure if it's right. You may not know how right things are until you actually get to fitting the mockup that you've made using this pattern. But my advice would be you may be pleasantly surprised. Keep with it. Don't give up. Just move on. Trust the process and take that leap of faith. This video is part one in this staymaking process. Part two will follow in about a week, showing the building of the mockup and that critical first fitting where we finally find out whether the pattern draft actually works. Please subscribe to the channel so that you can stay tuned and see what happens.


The Nubian pyramids, a series of hundreds of pyramidal structures and ruins, making up part of the ancient cities of Kush and Meroe. The structures incorporate styles from many different, equally ancient ruins from around the world, displaying to all the reach of this once global civilization. The first recorded settlers in this part of Sudan date back as far as 300,000 years, but the civilization that is claimed to have built and indeed painted these structures are dated as far back as 4,000 years. The city of Kush is renowned for having the finest pottery in all the Nile Valley, evidence of the builder's past capabilities. Yet what we found the most interesting about the ruins is a decorative piece found within one of these ancient structures within the ancient city of Meroe, amongst over 200 sandstone pyramids. A depiction can be found within, a rather peculiar mural. Like that of the ancient depictions of Gilgamesh, repeatedly showing carrying an adult male lion like a kitten, this image in fact shows an ancient giant carrying an elephant in each hand. And although this is clearly a remarkable detail, it is not the only features of note that are to be found within the picture. Brought to the attention of mainstream study in 1821 by the French mineralogist Frédéric Calieux, it has since been noted that the giant's features were seemingly caucasian in appearance, with his hair a light red in color, something we have touched upon in the past, with witnessed testimonies of ancient remains of red-headed giants being reportedly found worldwide, in particular Love Lock Cave, thus one wonders could this be a true depiction of not only the builders of the Nubian pyramids, but possibly Giza's great pyramids and the many other either publicly studied or covered up structures found around the world. It is a possibility which we find incredibly compelling.