The interactions are attractive in order to favor superconductivity. You decouple the interactions, there are four Fermi interactions, using the Hubbard-Stratanovich trick, and then you proceed to integrate out the Fermions, and that produces the Ginsburg-Landau theory. Now what one does is if you look at the coefficient of the quadratic term and set it equal to zero, remember I said R was A times Tc minus T. And so when this term vanishes, we're at the critical point. So if you do this formal integration and ask what is the condition for the quadratic term to vanish, R equals zero, in terms of the microscopic model, you find that let's suppose the interaction is characterized by an attractive coupling g. You find that there's an equation of the form, one over g is a sum over Matsubara frequencies, the omega n are Matsubara frequencies, and you sum this up and you get the expression for the critical point. Okay, so this should be thought of as like a stoner criterion for superconductivity. The left hand side is an inverse interaction and the right hand side is the pair field susceptibility. Because the susceptibility in BCS theory diverges logarithmically, even for infinitesimal interactions, you get an instability. And so this is the condition for the vanishing of the quadratic term of Ginsburg-Landau theory. Now this was written in the case of a clean system, but even in the case of disordered systems for non-magnetic impurities, so long as an electronic state near the Fermi energy is being paired with its time-reversed partner, we still have a complete set of states for which we can express this integral. And so long as the density of states at the new basis is not altered significantly by disorder, this expression carries through even for the dirty case. And therefore, this is to leading order saying that TC does not change with disorder. Is there a question? Yeah, yeah, I mentioned that, yeah. Extended S wave and trivial S wave are same thing, so yes. So if you have an onsite or simple S wave and an extended S wave, maybe the extended S wave part will be affected, but the onsite part will not. By symmetry it's the same. So then the question is how does one go away from this? So we have disorder and temperature, Anderson's theorem would say that TC doesn't change, right? But I told you in the previous lecture that fluctuations and mean field expectations will be significant in the presence of disorder and especially in two dimensions. So we must find ways of deviating from the simple way. Now I should also say that Anderson's theorem is an assumption, underlying assumption is that the disorder is weak. The mean free path is long compared to the inverse K Fermi. So in that case what Anderson had in mind was a typical system like this. If you look at energy and density of states, if you are in three dimensions, you find typically at the edges of the band, states are localized, whereas in the middle of the band, states are extended. By this I mean that if you have a disorder potential and you, this is basically just particle in a box physics, if you put a state here, tunneling will be forbidden if it's strong disorder and you expect psi of X to be exponentially decaying away from some center of position. So X over lambda sub L. Lambda is not the penetration depth that has a subscript L. And so this is called the localization length. Now Phil Anderson's theorem assumed that we were sitting somewhere here in the density of states. And then if you switch on, so we start here, so long as states remain extended, particles are not ballistically moving, they're diffusing, but they can still pair and form superconducting state. But later on people suggested to push the Anderson theorem beyond its original intention of validity and across this boundary between extended and localized states, which is called the mobility edge. And so as you go into the localized regime, states, the single particle states are localized, but can you still get superconductivity? And the answer is you can in three dimensions, at least in this case, because they are both extended and localized states. But if you're in the localized regime, you can still get superconductivity. Can we estimate the condition for which superconductivity persists even in the localized regime? And again, we can estimate this using dimensional analysis. So here's what we do. Suppose all states are localized. So assume that all the states are localized and you break up your system into little boxes, each which has a characteristic scale corresponding to the localization length, roughly. Since they're localized, we can say that there's a localization length, which is finite. Now, if you're looking at the system at length scales smaller than lambda sub L, the electrons are still moving. They exponentially decay far away for length scales much bigger than lambda sub L, but for length scales less than lambda sub L, the electrons don't quote unquote know that they are localized. So in principle, they're moving around and they can still pair up and form a superconductor. But for that, the gap must be sufficiently strong such that the density of states times, since the density of states is an inverse energy per unit, it has dimensions one over energy times volume. The condition for superconductivity to survive even in the localized regime is the density of states times the gap times a localization volume bigger than one. Now, intuitively, what this means is that if you have some density of states, and here's e-ferme, and this is a blown up picture of localized regime. So if you wish, take it to be a blown up region of one of these sides. And the point is that if you have many, many states within a window of delta of e-ferme, there's sufficient number of electrons to gain condensation energy from opening up a gap. If this condition is not satisfied, you lose the superconductivity, right? So what this suggests is that you can have a situation in which in a more realistic system, the system breaks up into sort of grain-like sizes, each having a characteristic length of the localization length, in which you have a well-defined phase, okay? So remember, the superconducting order parameter has an amplitude and a phase. There's a well-defined phase characterizing each of these grains. And if you look at length scale small compared to the land-versa-bell, if this condition is satisfied, for this length and for a fixed delta, at those short lengths, it looks like we're in a superconducting phase. But then if we look at big distances, there's not in general superconductivity. The only way that the system will be macroscopically a superconductor is if the Josephson coupling between grains favors the phases to align, okay? So by Josephson coupling, I mean that the coupling between these grains will be of the form some jij times cosine of theta i minus theta j. Okay? So this is sometimes called the granular limit. Now, it turns out that nature naturally makes films like this. If you don't work too hard, as you make your film by your favorite growth technique, if you're not careful, the system will sort of face separate into this grainy-like structure, each of the width of maybe 10s or 100 angstroms or so, and you form a granular-like superconductor. And what you find, let me just show you since this is real physics, let me just sketch some experimental data, what you find is that if you look at temperature and resistance, resistance in a square system, actually let me back up before I do this. The point I wanted to say is that this is three dimensions. There are both extended and localized states, but I told you that if this condition is satisfied, superconductivity survives in the localized regime. Now it turns out in two dimensions, for weekly interacting electrons, if you look at a density of states like this, all states are localized. If Anderson, the original theorem, only applied to the weak disorder case where states were extended, yeah, J is the exchange coupling, Josephson coupling. Yeah. It's an oscillator function. No, no, no. The ground state of this corresponds to all the phases aligned. The cosine of the relative angle is zero. So because in three dimensions, studies showed that superconductivity survived into the localized regime, it's encouraging that in two dimensions also, where all states are localized, superconductivity can still survive. Now in thin films, this condition is satisfied if you don't work too hard and grow such that the disorder is very inhomogeneous. These are called granular superconductors. And in two dimensions, they exhibit superconductivity. And what you see is typically, so if I plot the resistance in a square sample, that means essentially for us, resistivity. So this is nonzero resistance and zero resistance. This is the superconducting transition. The normal state had different values of resistance, which means that they had different values of disorder. But for a range of disorder, the transition temperature is insensitive to the disorder. So that's consistent with the Anderson theorem, applied well beyond its original intention of validity. However, if you now increase the disorder even further, you find divergence of the resistance and eventually superconductivity will be destroyed. For more resources, references, this was done first by Alan Goldman. I can provide more references if you'd like. Now, are there questions? Yes. This is a, the question is, is this two dimensions? Yes, this is for a thin film where all states are supposedly localized. Okay, so what you have here is the normal state is an insulator morally. I mean, at finite temperature, it's not a sharply defined thing, but electrons are well localized, but they form a superconductor nonetheless. But if you make the disorder strong enough, they cease to be superconducting. And furthermore, in the granular limit, people did tunneling measurements, and in tunneling, you are sensitive to the local density of states. In a superconductor, you open a gap at the Fermi energy and you have a peak at a scale of roughly delta. And the extent to which delta changes with TC tells us the extent to which amplitude fluctuations are important. And in this system, the gap remains rather smooth across the superconductor to non-superconductor transition in a granular limit. By contrast, if you worked very hard and made the films much more homogeneous, by this, I mean, you work very hard. The experimentalist works very hard to grow the films in some way, such that they are not granular, they're more homogeneous. In this case, what happens is that, first of all, TC is sensitive, normal state resistance. So you typically will find something like this. So this is the superconducting transition. This is resistance. As the normal state resistance increases, the superconducting transition temperature decreases. Okay. Furthermore, if you look at TC versus the normal state resistance in a square sample, the data fits well to a theory which involves loss of superconductivity primarily due to the fluctuations in the amplitude. How does that come about? It comes about because in a real system, superconductivity has both attractive interactions that give rise to superconductivity but also repulsive interactions that disfavor superconductivity. And the repulsive interactions, it turns out, if you work hard, it was shown by Finkelstein and others, I think, Maikawa. If you compute by using the diagrammatic technique applicable at weak disorder, you find that the Coulomb interaction and the density of states are both suppressed. The density of states is suppressed by disorder. That's the work of Altschuler and Aronov. But also the transition temperature is suppressed because the Coulomb interactions are now stronger, effectively stronger. Why are they stronger? It's because instead of ballistic moving electrons, we have a diffusive motion of electrons and the diffusive behavior screens the Coulomb interactions somewhat more weakly. So this theory fits rather well to the homogeneous limit and in such systems, if you do tunneling, what you find is that as you approach the destruction of superconductivity, as TC decreases, the gap scale also decreases. And what that means is that the amplitude fluctuations are very important in such systems. So we are quite lucky that we can think of two types of systems, one where the amplitude is very important and one where the phase degrees of freedom are very important. Now these are sort of two extremes, maybe in the real world, both are important. Now along with the suppression of the gap, there's also the suppression of the superfluid density that I already talked about in the presence of disorder because the penetration depth increases. So all of these effects are important. Yeah. In homogeneous films, no, typically no. Oh, in granular, yes. In the granular case, yes. In three-dimensional homogeneous systems, you actually have superconductor to metal transition and at the metal transition, the gap vanishes. But in 2D thin films of homogeneous case, you have a superconductor to non-superconductor transition and the gap doesn't survive. The gap vanishes at the TC, at the critical point. So given this choice and given the time that I have left, I'm going to consider one class, namely a class of theories where the fluctuations in the phase are more important rather than the amplitude. Okay, are there questions? So let me, again, mention the roadmap. We started with Ginsburg-Landau mean field expectations. We found that the coherence length and penetration depth were strongly affected by disorder and we have to say that phase fluctuations are very important. There are amplitude fluctuations, there are phase fluctuations. Some systems, one is more important than the other and now I'm going to focus on a class of systems, the granular systems in which the phase fluctuations are more important and that enables me to get much further in the time that I have left. So I will start talking about destruction of superconductivity due to phase fluctuations. Any questions? Interesting. Okay, so now since we are theorists, we like to study the simplest situations and hope that they make contact with experiments. We can consider a system in which the amplitude is frozen, held frozen, and only the phase degree of freedom fluctuates. And that system is the 2DXY model. So how many of you have studied the 2DXY model and the costal and stylist transition? May I see a show of hands? So let me back up for a second and talk about superfluids versus superconductors and get in 2D. So if we have a superfluid like Helium-4, they don't couple to the vector potential and the Ginsburg-Landau theory of such a system in two dimensions would be as before, there's no covariant derivative. So again, psi is a complex order parameter. And now if psi of X, psi of R is an amplitude, which I'm gonna call psi naught times e to the i theta of R, then this free energy rewritten in terms of these variables will be the stiffness, which we talked about last time of the superfluid density, d2R grad theta squared plus constants, which don't matter. And this problem is well studied.  And let me just summarize what is known. So the phases of the system can be understood by looking at the correlation function, psi of R. Now at high temperatures, this is the order parameter psi. At high temperatures, we expect there not to be any, they expect to be fluctuations dominate, the superfluid state is destroyed and we expect exponential behavior. Now usually with long range order, what happens is that at low temperatures, this correlation function goes to a constant, okay, non-zero constant. And this is what we mean by long range order. But in two dimensions, we have something called quasi long range order, where at low temperatures instead of a constant, G of R is a power law, some power, and this power eta, it turns out, depends on temperature. Please feel free to interrupt me as I go on. So in order to determine this exponent, we can use this free energy and simply compute this correlator, right? Because in this approximation of ignoring phase fluctuations, this is just psi not squared times expectation value of e to the i theta of R minus theta of zero. Now because this is a Gaussian theory, a Gaussian theory has a nice property that the mean and the variance dictate all higher moments, particularly the exponential of any moment are dictated by the mean and variance. And so you can write down this thing, expand the exponential, and write down all the moments in terms of the mean and variance. This is called Wicks theorem by the way. And after doing that, you do this calculation, you find G of R is psi not squared e to the one half. So you see what we have done. We have written the average of the exponential in terms of the exponential of some other kind of average. And now this quantity here, theta of R minus theta of zero squared, can be simply obtained by Fourier transformation of the original problem. So in Fourier space, this is row S over two e to K, K squared theta squared. And so we essentially want the propagator of theta zero. And since we're in two dimensions, let me just write it out. We can write this in terms of the propagator. This is two times the temperature divided by superfluid density. There should be a two pi squared here. It doesn't matter. So again, from our favorite method, dimensional analysis, you see that in two dimensions, the numerator and denominator both go like Q squared. And that usually means that logarithmic divergence is a car. And so this quantity here, when you do the calculation more seriously, is a T over pi row sub S log of R over A zero, where A zero is microscopic length, say a lattice scale or something like that. Now, because this object is logarithmic, when you exponentiate the logarithm, you get a power. And so from this, we find eta is T over two pi rows of S. Now, if you haven't seen this before, I'm just sketching what you would do to obtain these results, not obtaining them in any serious way. But let me just point out that the exponent is smoothly varying at temperature-dependent exponents. But notice that as the temperature goes to zero, the exponent vanishes. And you do indeed get long-range order at zero temperature. But any finite temperature, you've lost long-range order. Instead, you get this quasi-long-range order. So notice that we've already obtained our first deviation from mean field theory. So if you take this phase perspective, life becomes fairly easy. Ginsburg-Landau mean field theory told us that they would be a superconducting state and a normal state. A superconducting state will always have long-range order in mean field theory. But a phase fluctuating model, which treats fluctuations exactly, shows us that instead of long-range order, we have algebraic or quasi-long-range order, yeah. When is it, the question is when is it safe to compute a finite temperature correlator and to take the zero-temperature limit? I think that depends on situation. In this case, it's perfectly no problem. We know from other means that in zero temperature, the 2D-XY model does order, so. I told you that at high temperatures, you have exponential decay of correlations. And at low temperatures, you have this power law decay of correlations. So at some temperature, you must go from exponential to power law. And this is the costalist style of transition. And the way it works is that one has to go beyond the simple Gaussian-like model. And remember that in two dimensions, you not only have smooth fluctuations of the angle, the phase, but you also have topological defects, which are called vortices. A simple vortex I already mentioned last time where the amplitude is actually depleted over some length scale, which is C, the coherence length. But the phase, theta X, comma Y, around the vortex, winds by two pi. Less or minus tangent. So if you look at this from above, the phase sort of circles around, gradient of the phase circles around. So a vortex is defined by this. If you take a line integral, you must get two pi times an integer. And if this integer is non-zero, we have a vortex. Now, if you work out the energy of having this phase distribution into two-dimensional system, you find that it diverges logarithmically. So the energy of a vortex is pi rho S. If you plug this expression in into this and compute the energy, you find a logarithmic divergence. But we also know that the entropy diverges logarithmically because the number of positions the vortex can be is the number of, say, positions divided by a microscopic. So imagine you have a lattice, break it up into lattice sites, the number of distinct lattice sites you could put the vortex anywhere. And so the log of the number of sites, places you could put the vortex is the entropy. So this is, actually it's the area, right? So because you could put it in, it's a two-dimensional system. So you have a N squared options. And so that's why you get the entropy is log of R over A naught squared, which is the same as two log. So if you look at the free energy, it's going to be E minus T S. And this is pi rho S minus two T times log R over A naught. And so now this is the crude estimate for the phase transition above which the entropy always wins. The vortices are entropically favored. And that system has short-range correlations. And a low-temperature phase where the vortices are entropically unfavored, but the energy dominates, and instead you have quasi-long-range order. And so this crude estimate from the free energy, this argument goes to, I think goes back to Berezinski. And this is called, what we could say BKT, the Berezinski Cauchy-Listalis transition, where T, this is equal to pi over two times the superfluid density. Now let me just say one last thing. If you have exponential correlations in the disordered phase and power-law correlations in the ordered phase, at the critical point, the correlation length diverges exponentially. Turns out, E to the minus some constant over, is it absolute value? I believe so. Yeah, T minus TC square root. So this is an unusual form for a phase transition, usually the correlation length or coherence length diverges as a power-law at a phase transition, but here we have the unusual situation in which the coherence length or correlation length diverges exponentially. Okay, I bring all this up, not only because it's simple and elegant, but also we wanna use it. Okay, good. But this was all superfluids. In a real superconductor, we have not just, we also have the vector potential, so we have to go back and fix that. So how is the real superconductor different than the 2D superfluid? So again, working in a phase-only representation, you find that the free energy, the Ginsburg-Landau free energy, is, right? So we had, instead of just the gradient term, we have a covariant derivative now, and then we also have the vector potential as a fluctuating variable. This is the difference between a superfluid and a superconductor. So now we can ask what happens when we have a vortex? Because in the presence of a vortex, the phase field looks like this. If you look at the gradient of the phase, grad theta, at large distances it goes like one over r. So now we have an option that the vector potential can screen the gradient of theta by also varying as one over r. If that happens, this term vanishes, it costs no energy, but the price we pay is that there's magnetic energy that we have to include in the system. And so I already mentioned in the first lecture that there's a length scale which tells you the scale at which the vector potential fluctuates, that's the penetration depth, and in two dimensions that's the effective penetration depth. So what you find is that for lengths much less than this effective penetration depth, the screening does not work very well, and the system behaves essentially like a superfluid. So the vortex energy goes like a log of r over a naught. But for lengths bigger than lambda effective, sorry, this should be r, lower case. So for lengths much bigger than this effective penetration depth, the vector potential is very good at screening the gradient of the phases. And so essentially then, a vortex doesn't cost any further energy. So actually it does cost some energy, it goes like a power law, one over r, but that's not so interesting in the large distance limit. So what ends up happening is that now the key difference between a superfluid which has logarithmically diverging energy costs to create a vortex and a superconductor is that in the superconductor, the vortex energy is finite. As a consequence, however, the entropy is always gonna be this. As a consequence, the free energy is not this form, but rather the free energy for the superconductor goes like we can replace, as a crude estimate, we can replace r over the logarithmic range of the energies by the lambda effective, okay? Over a zero, which is a constant, minus two t log of r. So if you took a strict point of principle perspective, then this would always dominate at any finite temperature and it would imply that there's at any finite temperature vortices are always present in a superconductor. Yes? Oh, thank you, yes. Although this is a rough estimate, this is not the exact calculation, okay? But the statement that is exact is that the vortices are finite energy excitation. So therefore, in the infinite volume limit, there is no costal etymol transition in a superconductor. There's merely a crossover from exponential attenuation of correlations to what looks like quasi long range order and this true phase transition is only at zero temperature, okay? We have not put in disorder, but we now have to put in a simple fact that is important to keep in mind. So you can always make statements of principle, but they may not be useful in the real world. So it turns out in the real case lambda effective is of the order of centimeters, or one centimeter. So this expression, this logarithmic cost of having vortices interact with one another is true up to a centimeter scale. So for all practical purposes, since samples are not as big as the Milky Way Galaxy, this is essentially a macroscopic, this is the sample size. And so the finite size effects that cut off this behavior are utterly negligible. So what one finds in experiment is that there is a costal etymol like transition, but you must go very, very narrow in temperatures to see the breakdown of the costal etymol transition due to the effects that I've described here. So as a consequence, I'm going to take on the practical point of view that there is still a costal etymol. So no real effect on TKT in superconducting films. So what we find is, so we're gonna add disorder in a minute, and this is temperature, we can also add magnetic field, but what we find here is a costal etymol transition, at least in the Kali limit, this is all I've told you. Now before I go this way, let me go out to this way and ask what happens when we switch on a magnetic field. Then it turns out we don't have a costal etymol transition anymore. We have a different physics. Okay, are there questions? If I'm confusing any of you, please let me know. Recall in mean field theory, we said that there's a lattice in a type two system. The phase transition at any finite magnetic field is always into a lattice from a normal state, a bricose of lattice, so long as there's no disorder. So now we wanna ask what does fluctuations do to the lattice? And so lattice, so let's consider the vortex lattice transition, melting transition rather. So for that I need to tell you what we mean by a lattice, right? The order parameter for the lattice is the density operator at some wave vector G, which is e to the i g dot r. And G is the reciprocal lattice vector of what would be the crystal. So clearly the crystal breaks translational symmetries, but it also breaks the rotational symmetries, right? So for instance, I'll do it for the square lattice since I can't draw hexagonal lattices, which is what the abricose of state is. But if we look at the square lattice in one region and rotate and consider a domain where the lattice forms at some angle theta. Now what happens to this is that the translational correlations are broken by this rotated crystal, but so are rotational correlations. But by contrast, if you have a crystal in one region which is oriented this way and in another region it's oriented in the same way, but is shifted like so, then the translational symmetry is distorted by this, but the orientational symmetry isn't. So what I wanna say is that if you break the orientational symmetry, you affect translational symmetry. But if you simply slide along in the translational axis, you don't necessarily affect the orientations. So there's possibility in principle of breaking translations. And when you break translations you also break orientational symmetry. But there's a possibility that you can restore the translational symmetry but not restore the orientational symmetry. And that's called a hexatic phase. But I probably don't have time to go into that unless you guys want me to. So let me continue with just the vortex crystal. It turns out that the vortex crystal also breaks a continuous symmetry, right? Because the crystal could have formed the say one position could have nucleated here or any continuous sets of positions. And hence the crystal also breaks continuous symmetry. And as a consequence, it turns out to behave very much like the Kostelitz-Thoula story, okay? So we can look at again the correlation function which for the crystal looks like this. And we wanna ask how does this behave at different temperatures? And that will tell us what happens to the crystalline transition in a fluctuation theory. But before we do that, let me just tell you briefly what the mean field theory would look like for the crystalline transition. How much time do I have? Okay, so I have half an hour. Okay. Okay, slightly less, yes. All right, so in that case I'll be more concise. And I will tell you that the mean field theory, there's a term which is cubic for a hexagonal crystal. There's a term in the free energy which looks like this, cubic in the order parameter for the crystal. Okay, so as a consequence, whenever you have cubic terms in Ginsburg-Landau theory, third order terms always imply a first order transition. So the transition from the crystal to the liquid of vortices is first order. In mean field theory. Now when you have a mean field transition that's first order, fluctuations will not really change this conclusion very drastically. So even in a fluctuational approach, the transition will be first order. Since I'm running out of time, I won't talk about the hexatic phase unless someone wants to know about this. It's a fascinating story, but I'm afraid I don't have much time to go into this. So let's fill in this phase diagram. So as we look at zero disorder and we look at this transition, we have a vortex melting transition which is first order. And below here we have the crystal. It turns out, this was work done by Daniel Fisher, that the line of transitions, TCH is not equal to TCH equal to zero, which is TKT in the clean limit. So there's actually a separation between the line of melting transitions as the field goes to zero and the zero field costal ethylis transition which is actually above it. So now let me ask what disorder will do to this phase boundary? Yes, in between? So in between, you have power law correlation for the superconducting state and there will be no crystal, I mean vortices will come in pairs. So you have power law correlations and as you pass this temperature, you're asking what happens at zero field? Is that what you're asking? Yeah, below TKT, what happens is you're in a superconducting state but there's a critical enhancement as you cross so there is some critical slowing down that comes from this melting line here, but otherwise nothing happens. The phase transition is normal to quasi-long range order at TKT at zero field but that's a point of set of measure zero. No, no, no, this second transition never culminates here. It's always at non-zero field. It's a melting transition. All right, so now we wanna see what happens in the presence of disorder. We can ask what disorder does by coupling it to our Ginsburg-Landau free energy and there's two types of disorder we can imagine. So there's a term which adds to the free energy, something like a linear coupling to the order parameter and another term which is a quadratic coupling. This is sometimes called random fields because it couples like a magnetic field. If psi were ferromagnetic order parameter, this is like the field that couples conjugate to it and this is sometimes called random TC, sometimes random mass. So which one is applicable to which problem depends on symmetries and so on but in general the rule is if there's no rule, if there's nothing forbidding, a coupling to disorder at the lowest power, it will happen. But with superconductivity we have protection because the order parameter is a complex scalar and under gauge transformations we can always, we have to be free to make gauge transformations. So gauge invariance requires that a random field cannot couple to the superconducting order parameter. But for the vortex crystal, so this would be the case for the superconductor but for the vortex crystal, there's no such symmetry principle that forbids a random field. So the appropriate disorder to consider for the crystal would be a random field. And now the question we can ask is, does the story that I told you in the absence of disorder continue to hold in the presence of disorder depending on whether we have a random field or a random TC. And there's simple physical arguments that tell you for both cases what happens and let me just talk about that. So let's talk about the random TC first. So when you're confronted with a problem, a disorder problem of the form random TC, what you need to do is use something called the Harris criterion. And this idea is actually very simple and very beautiful. The idea is take your system and you break it up just like I did before but in a different context. Now break up the system into regions of size coherence length and focus on, since the TC is random, you have a TC at each of these boxes that are different from one another, okay? And so there will be some characteristic variation of TC which is how much TC changes from one to the other. And the idea is, okay, so as you approach from above the transition, we want delta TC to be less than T minus TC for the system to be stable to disorder. What that means is that in some regions, there might be some variations in TC but as we approach the phase transition, we want those variations to be less than the deviation from the clean critical point itself. If that's the case, in the presence of disorder, there won't be any change to the phase transition in the properties. So let us see what happens. Let's slightly manipulate these things. So to obtain how delta TC depends on the coherence length, what you wanna do is add up a bunch of random numbers in all these boxes. And the error in adding up such random numbers, it's like doing a random walk. And so delta TC should be proportional to one over, there's a one over N, one over square root of N effect. If you add N random numbers, the change from the average is one over square root of N. So similarly here, this goes like minus C to the D over two. So this is the number of, so within each box we're adding up TC locally and asking what the characteristic variation is and there's C to the D over two such values. Sorry, C to the D such values. And so the error in that is one over square root of C to the D. That's what this is. On the other hand, T minus TC can be obtained because we know that the correlation length itself goes like T minus TC to the power minus new. So therefore, T minus TC is C to the minus one over new. So the Harris criterion, the criterion for when the disordered system is stable, sorry, in the presence of disorder does not affect the fate of the system in the clean limit is that C to the minus D over two is less than C to the minus one over new. Or rearranged slightly, new times D is greater than two. So this is a very simple condition. You obtain these exponents in the clean limit and ask, is it bigger than two? And if it is bigger than two, the system, the original phase transition still survives. Okay, so, but in the costal et stylist transition, this is extremely well-satisfied. Why is that? Because I told you that correlation length diverges exponentially. So new is essentially infinity for us. So this is always going to be satisfied. And hence, the superconducting transition in the disordered case continues in the, as it did in the clean state. So transition in zero field stable to random TC. So what this tells us is that as long as we're in zero magnetic field, the transition in the plane of the board continues down, okay? Furthermore, I told you that the superfluid density will decrease, phase fluctuations become important, and eventually the transition temperature will go to zero. So this is the first example of a quantum critical point. This is called the superconductor insulator transition. So this line here remains costal et stylist, okay? Modulo, the caveats that I mentioned earlier that the vortices have finite energy excitations. Yes, yes, oh, oh, sorry, yeah, you're absolutely right. Yes, thank you, yeah, very good. Okay, but now if we wanna know what happens to this thing at finite field, we must consider the problem of the crystal in a random field and ask what happens in that case. Of course, we haven't gotten to that yet, but it turns out it's not in the KT universality class. It's in a distinct universality class. This is quantum critical point. It's at zero temperature. So let me actually break the line here. It is continuous, but not because it's related to TKT. Given how we're doing on time, I may not get to the actual quantum critical point. But anyway, I'm still giving you the overall global phase picture, phase diagram of what you expect in a phase-only model. All right, so what happens with a random field? Well, we use a different criterion, which was first worked out by Larkin and of Djinnikov. I would probably spell this name wrong. Correct me if I made a mistake, but equivalently by Emory and Ma. All right, so now what we have is a slightly different problem. Because there's a random field like this, so now imagine we're talking about the vortex crystal. We will have disorder that couples linearly to the order parameter. And now what we wanna do is because of the linear, the magnetic field will produce domains where the field takes on a certain value. And within a certain domain, let's call it the domain of size L. Within a domain, if you think in terms of a magnet analogy, if psi were a magnetization that couples to a field, the magnetization would align with the field in this region and they would be gain in energy. However, they would be loss in energy because the order parameter would be varying as a function of position. So we have to compare the gain in energy of aligning with the random field with the loss in energy for varying in space. And so the energy gain is very much like what we found before, is just sum over the domain of the value of the random field at each position. But now again, we're adding a whole bunch of random numbers in a volume of L to the D and that goes like one over L to the square root of D, right? So this goes, sorry, one over L to the D over two. So this goes like L to the D over two. To the D over two. On the other hand, the energy cost is coming from the gradient part of the free energy and this goes as before, this goes like the length to the D minus two. And so the energy gain and the energy lost are equal at a certain dimension of space when D over two is equal to D minus two, okay? So when L to the D minus two is greater than L to the D over two, what happens is that the random field doesn't affect the phase transition because the energy cost is too great, is greater than the energy gain. And this condition is just D bigger than four. But we're in two dimensions, right? This is less than four. As a consequence, the energy gain will always win over the energy cost and we will always lose the phase transition of vortex melting. In fact, we lose more than that. We lose the whole phase itself. So disorder has a catastrophic effect on not just the phase transition, but the phase itself. Yeah, was there a question? So we lose the translational symmetry. What do we get instead? So let me just say again, D equals two, abracausa of vortex, abracausa of lattice, unstable to disorder from the Imrima argument. So you see that disorder makes a huge difference. An entire phase of matter has been wiped out. So what do we get instead? Instead of, as viewed above, a hexagonal crystal, so on, we get a system where the vortices are in completely random positions. And so long as there's disorder, they're trapped in minima, they're pinned on random positions, locations. So this phase has exponentially decaying correlations of the crystalline order parameter. And this is known as a vortex glass phase. What that means is that the positions are completely random. It's analogous to a spin glass. So that's what happens with disorder at finite magnetic field. But now let's add one last thing, the effects of temperature. Let me do it here. Let me back up and say, the effect of disorder wiped out the entire vortex crystal phase, in particular, even at zero temperature where you would have long range crystal in order, it's been wiped out by disorder.  So in this region, you have a vortex glass in the plane H disorder plane at zero temperature. So now I wanna ask, what happens when you raise the temperature slowly? Is this a superconductor or is it not? Now what you need to know is that if vortices are pinned, the DC resistance is zero. And if not, the DC resistance is not zero. Why is this? Because we have the Josephson effect, Josephson effect, which are two equations. The first is that the super current goes like the gradient of the phase. And the second, that the voltage is related to the time derivative of the phase. One is, they're both the equations, right? So you can see, for instance, that if you have a superconductor, where if you imagine setting boundary conditions such that theta is zero here and theta is non-zero across here. So you impose a variation in the phase. What ends up happening is that in order for this constraint to be preserved, vortices move parallel along this way. Because as they move, the phase is changing from one position to the next, but it's not changing from here to here. If the vortices move upwards, the phase would change because they have a two-pi phase winding. Every time they exit, the phase would jump by two-pi. So they must move this way. But if they move, they also introduce a voltage this way along the direction of the phase winding. But since I told you that a gradient in the phase is a current, the way you do this in practice is you drive a current across a superconductor and the vortices move to the right and they generate voltage fluctuations in the same direction of the current. And now since the voltage of the current are non-zero, there's dissipation. This is the I squared R, R dissipation, joule heating. So as a consequence, whenever you have vortices moving, the DC resistance is non-zero. So what we must ask is if we're sitting in the vortex glass phase, where the vortices are pinned, at zero temperature they're frozen in a glassy state, what happens when you have a finite temperature? So the energy, so let v equal the pinning, a characteristic pinning energy. By this I mean that if you have some potential, so you wanna view the vortex as a little charged particle. This is somewhat a different perspective than thinking of the superconductor in terms of the phase variables, but think of the vortex as a particle in the thin film that's trapped in the disorder landscape and it has to overcome some barrier of the order of V to exit this pinning potential. So the Boltzmann weight, at any finite temperature, it can overcome this barrier through thermally assisted tunneling. And so then the vortices will start moving and the vortex glass, because this is a finite energy, the vortex glass is no longer a superconductor. So the conclusion is that vortex glass, superconductor only T equals zero. So what does that mean? If we were in zero disorder, we would melt, we would freeze the abracosa of vortex and so long as we have exponentially small disorder such that we localize the crystal, that's a superconductor. But now, as we switch on the disorder, if we're at any finite temperature, the vortex glass phase has mobile vortices and superconductivity is lost completely. So what we see here is that disorder, as I advertised in the beginning of the talk, has spectacular effects on the phase diagram of the system. I have two minutes, so let me just sketch what happens at zero temperature as a function of disorder and magnetic field. I keep losing my eraser. So at low magnetic fields and low disorder, we will have a vortex glass phase and this is at zero temperature. But as we increase the disorder or increase the magnetic field, there will be a phase boundary where superconductivity, so this is actually a superconductor because we're at zero temperature. And then at high enough magnetic field or high enough disorder in two dimensions, we will have an insulator. And so this line of transitions is called the superconductor to insulator transition in a function of magnetic field. Now it exhibits very beautiful and spectacular properties and the phase diagram in actuality is far richer than I've drawn here, but I hope to give you a very simple-minded overview of what this problem is about. I think I've run out of time, have I?


The IRS thinks I'm under their thumb. My hero is my thumb. It has its own room in my mittens. Thank you. But I have a few tricks under my hat. Well, alright. Just a few more tricks. But be warned, these are advanced moves, not for beginners. However, I have to keep them under wraps. Well, keep that freakish thing under wraps. So things keep going under way. Free flight under way, counting to clearance. So between the IRS and me, we have a lot under thumbs, hats, wraps, and ways these days. Wow, that's a lot. And if we don't keep all that stuff under, it's all over. My thumb! Where's my thumb? Found it! Oh no, now it's a baby pine cone. Add that one to the collection.


for that so please look through that also to bring up the date where we are on some of our funding with the state and some of our mandates. Michael, you're done? Before I get started I just like to do one more thing. We got a nice email from a family telling how good our police department is, our detective bureau and what a great job they do in the city of Shevoi again and I'd just like to share that with you and the community. They talk about one officer in here and he said he he wished we just say the whole detective bureau not just pick out one officer but this detective did a marvelous job and I think that everyone should know that we do have excellent police department in the city of Shevoi again so so you remember that. Okay we'll call the notice of the 16th regular meeting to order. Pat, would you call the roll? Bowman? Sorry? Deberg? Here. Eberg? Here. Doyle? Here. Manny? Here. Moody? Here. Perez? Here. Ports? Here. Schultz? Here. Stefan? Here. Deven Akron? Excuse. Teven Akron? Here. Vanderweal? Here. Wongelman? Here. Warner? Here. Weninger? Here. 15 presents? Corms present. Alderman Van Akron's wife, Nita, is back in the hospital so hopefully everything goes well. Alderman Van Akron, Terry? Thank you, Your Honor. I move that we accept the minutes of the previous meeting as entered on the record. Moved in a second. We approve the minutes of the previous council meeting under discussion. Hearing none, all in favor? Aye. Opposed? Motion carried. We have with us this evening Boy Scout Troop 872 from our Savior Church. Casey Schmitz with them, the committee chairman. Dave Martin, Assistant Scout Master and Gary Groeschman. Groescham. Groescham, excuse me, Assistant Scout Master. So, Scouts, would you come up and lead us in a pledge of allegiance, please? Excuse me. Thank you, Scouts. I had the privilege of going to some of their court of honors and I think this is one Scout Troop that has probably had the most eagles in the last year, year and a half, then any Troop in the city. Excellent job. Good job, leaders, and keep up the good work. And again, thanks Scouts for coming up. Okay, we have three hearings this evening. I'll read the three and then if anyone wishing to be heard on any hearing, please step up to microphone, give us your name, address, and which one you want to speak on, one, two, or three. The first one is the rezoning property located at 1526 North Taylor Drive. The second one is established to use district classification for annexed property located on the southeast corner of Sunnyside Avenue in South 13th Street. And the third one is established to use district classification of annexed property located on the east side of Fuebert Circle north of Iser Avenue. Any interested parties wishing to be heard? Please step up to the microphone. Good evening, council. My name is Jim Mickelson, and I live at 3226 Superior Avenue. And regarding the hearing 1533, the first hearing of this evening, rezoned property at 1526 North Taylor Drive. I'm just curious, Iowan property actually at 3226 Superior Avenue, which is actually the two backyards. Touch each other, and I was just wondering if the city at this point in time had any indication whether or not they're going to zone our property at that location, which is right alongside of it, or back to back, I should say. I talked to Steve here earlier, and he gave me some information. Okay, Tom, could you answer that please, or Paulette? Oh, I'm sorry, Steve, I'm sorry. Yeah, I spoke to Mr. Mickelson before the hearing, and it's not the city's intent at this point in time to rezone any of the property along Superior Avenue. What we're doing this evening is an applicant has made an application on a property that's zoned urban residential, and they'd like to switch it to a suburban office, which is compatible with our comprehensive plan staff as recommended approval. So with regards to Mr. Mickelson's case, it would be that typically it's an applicant who is submitting a proposal to the city. The city can do that, but typically it's up to the applicant to say, hey, this is something I'd like the city to consider, and at that time, staff and plant commission and council would review that and take action upon it. Thank you, Steve. Thank you. Sir. Hi, I'm Bill Novak, and I live at 3227 West Meadows Court, which is the condos right to the north of 1526 North Taylor. We have a couple of questions on that. First of all, I guess I think it'd be addressed to Tom. We understand there's no water and sewer in that property. Where would that be hooked up to? I guess it would be hooked up if it's available in Taylor Drive. They go into Taylor Drive to make their connections. Because we had problems with in-back coupling up to ours before. The other thing I have on the north side of this property, which would be the south side of ours, there's a drainage ditch. And when the flood was here, if that drainage ditch wouldn't have been there, we would have water. So will that be stained, you know, or you can? I don't know what's planned to go in there. I haven't seen a site plan, but we will look at that when the time comes. And I guess the third thing on there that I have, I don't know if Mr. Pasteur is in, is on the north side of that property. Again, there's some nice evergreens that are not hurting anybody. If they could leave them, they'd be. Our condo owners would really appreciate it. And I don't think they're hurting anybody because there's a nice straight road right about on the line. As far as the trees, Tom loves trees. You see a lot around Cheboygan.  I'm Dan Pasteur, 3234 A. West Meadows Court. The same condo complex, we got it. Just at the spur of the moment, do we know what's going in there? There's just going to be rezoned now. Is it going to be a 10 story building or what's the limitations? Steve, please. At this point in time, there's just been some general conversations. They're looking at it as a suburban office. And I would assume at this point in time, it'll probably be some type of office use. But until the property is zoned and the city actually has an application in hand, we really can't say it. So at tonight, we're just strictly rezoning the property from residential to suburban office. But I would anticipate that if there is the change that an application will probably be coming shortly. And at that point in time, obviously staff would be able to let the public as well as the council know what is occurring here. Thank you. Anyone else wishing to be heard on any of the three hearings? Anyone else? Alderman Van Akron. Move the hearings to be closed. Moved and seconded hearing be closed under discussion. Hearing none. All in favor? Aye. Opposed? Motion carried. Public form, Pam? Yes. Carol Table. Carol, you have five minutes. Good evening, Carl. Good evening. Your honor, Mayor Schramm, members of the council, assemblymen elect Terry Van Akron, especially my alderman, Bill and Mike, ladies and gentlemen, tonight I would like to give several compliments and also suggestions for some possible future legislation. Mayor, thank you for the valiant battle with the issue of the state revenue sharing concerns that you worked with hard with the alliance of cities and the league of municipalities. I'd like to thank you, the members of the council, for keeping the position of city clerk an elected position. Members of the council, you did the people's will when you awarded the ambulance contract to Orange Cross. I commend the fire chief, Mark Zier, for his professionalism exhibited with the fire department proposal and also Mike Warner for his diligence as committee chairman. This fall, you elected a new council member in Alderman Bonet's place. I ask that assemblymen elect Terry Van Akron propose and work on the state level that our cities are allowed to have special elections by the people. Four people were interested in that position. An election by the people would have brought great interest into city government, no matter what the cost of election. But I do want to congratulate Alderman Manny, who was legally appointed under the city statutes. As a member of the council, I had proposed shorter contractual terms for department heads. As a team player, my proposal was not accepted. But noting the sudden departure of Jackie Jarvis breaking her five-year contract, I would ask that Ed Zurich and chairman Don Van Akron bring forth legislation that if a department head breaks their contract, a certain fee be asked of that individual if they need to be released before the five-year contract is out. The Northside Traffic Study of the Sheboygan Press Article August 2, 2002 states that there is no need for Taylor Drive extension. I asked this evening that the council would pursue under the council president Van Akron's leadership to initiate legislation here that all city land that is now held for Taylor extension be deeded to the proper Maywood and Evergreen parks. Regarding the 2003 budget and the dilemma that the mayor mentioned earlier on the state level, Mr. Mayor and council members, all you have to do is go back to last fall when we had the committee of the hall and look at the lists that the members of the council brought in at the committee of the hall. An example, there is no reason for our city to be renting buildings when we own the rice building. Please review those cut lists from the council members last year. Regarding the badly needed new police station, your citizens are backing a new police station but are very concerned of where it will be. I urge you to watch very carefully that you do not take valuable property off the tax roll. And the last item this evening, the South Pier project. I wish you best wishes, all of you who are working with the South Pier project. But keep in mind that there is only one little road that goes in and out of that project. That is not a place for an athletic complex. So again, bid you please keep the armory open and updated. And at this time, Mr. Mayor, I would like to give a presentation to you. Over the years members of the council, I had the chance to go to the mayor and say to the mayor, I'm going to be in this country or that country as recent as July when I had a chance to visit Cuba. The mayor was always most gracious. And I can remember taking a pack of pencils into Cuba and what that meant to the Cuba people and the boys and girls who have so little. And so tonight, Mr. Mayor, in appreciation for your being the cheerleader for Sheboygan, I have a book that I'd like to present to you. This fall, as Mike Warner asked, Carl, where have you been during the year? And I went through the list. Well, this fall, I was at a political get-together in Plain, Georgia. And President Mrs. Carter were there. And President Carter signed his own book, Jimmy Carter, Sources of Strength. And I know, Mayor, at times we have talked and we've talked family and your love for your parents and your children. I'd like you to have this personal copy, Jimmy Carter Sources of Strength, which he autographed, and I have a picture to vouch. Mr. Mayor. Thank you, Carl. That was very kind of you. Can't talk that. Can't talk that. You're right. No more. I didn't count the presentation. That was two minutes. Otherwise, you were five minutes. You're good. Did a good job. That it for public forum? Yes, sir. Alderman Van Aikeren. Thank you, Your Honor. On the consent agenda, I would move that all ROs be accepted and filed. All committee reports be accepted and adopted. All resolutions and general ordinances be put upon their passage. Moved in second. All ROs be accepted and filed. ROCs be accepted and adopted. Resolutions and ordinances be put upon their passage. That is 16-1 through 16-18. Alderman Moody. Thank you, Your Honor. No need to pull it. Just a question on 16-7. It says, directing a public hearing to change the text of the zoning ordinance to permit indoor commercial entertainment. What do they mean by indoor commercial entertainment? Is there anything specific? We were wondering that ourselves. Steve? Is that a Steve question, Steve? On 16-7, it's a resolution by Alderman Warner directing a public hearing to change the text of the zoning ordinance to permit indoor commercial entertainment as a conditional use. Are you just looking for an explanation, Alderman Moody? What kind of entertainment? What staff is doing in this particular case is we've had an application submitted to us. There's a group, a martial arts group, looking to do some martial arts in an urban industrial zone. Indoor commercial entertainment, which would include taverns, restaurants, studios, martial arts, all the different types of indoor commercial uses aren't presently permitted in the urban industrial zone. What staff is suggesting is to conditionally allow for indoor commercial entertainment uses in the urban industrial zone. Presently in the suburban industrial zone, the indoor commercial entertainment uses are conditionally permitted. So what we're proposing is to have this conditionally allowed in the urban industrial and therefore this applicant who is interested in this martial arts studio can make a conditional use application and possibly have that use conditionally permitted in the urban industrial zone. So if there's any other type of entertainment in this urban industrial, each one would have to apply? That's correct. And you're right. That's anywhere from... Something that's already there. I'm sorry? Even if it's identical to something that's already there, like you're saying martial arts now, if another martial arts group wanted to come in... If there is a provision in our ordinance as far as conditional use, that if a use has not continued for 365 days, that that use can continue. So if there was a martial arts that wanted to come in and it was 265 days since the last time the other one was used, it could continue. However, if that 365 days expired, then a new conditional use application would have to be submitted. And this is urban industrial, like in the industrial park? Our industrial parks, I believe, are suburban industrial, which presently have this as a conditional use. Okay, thank you. Thank you, Steve. Are there any other questions? If not, would you call the roll please, Pat? D-Berg, E-Berg, Doyle, Manny, Moody, Perez, Ports, Schultz, Stefan, Teevan Akron, Vanderweal, Wangeman, Warner, Weninger, 15 Ayes. Motion carried. Bauman, 15 Ayes. I'm sorry. Motion still carried. Oh, I haven't done that since Great Archie. 1619, well, to be referred. 1620 will hold for 1627, Alderman Berg. Ah, yes, if I could take both of those and ask for a suspension of the rules. On 1620 and 1627. We're not there yet. We'll get there. We'll get there. 1621 and 22 lie over. 2 November. 211, 25, correct. 1623 lies over. 1624 through 26 to be referred. Now 1627 along with 1620 by Alderman Berg, authorizing entering into contract for the bulkhead reconstruction, Harbor Center South, Peer District, Alderman Berg. Thank you. I wanted to give Alderman Venak a fair warning of the suspension of the rules. Requesting suspension of the rules on these two documents. Moved and seconded for suspension. Is there any objections? Hearing none, proceed. Thank you, Your Honor. I think we're looking at suspension. The bids for this particular project need to be in Madison by the 27th of this month. If we don't have suspension, we'd be calling a special council meeting to approve. This is attendant to our receiving a no interest loan from the Department of Natural Resources. You will note the bids came in very, very favorable. We're at a $1.7 million sea wall construction, which really will go from the south pier all the way up to the capsule property on the river. If they start now, I believe that they could be completed by spring. By summer. And I believe that situation is such that they can also work through the winter. So I would ask for the council's approval on saying. Gator, the motion be forced to that resolution be put upon its passage. Under discussion Alderman, I heard of Alderman Venakren. One other quick comment. I did talk to Tom earlier this week. So I knew this was coming and seeing we have the deadline. The suspension made a lot of sense. Also, I believe we had budgeted $2.3 million for this project. So the fact that it's coming into 1.6, I'll suspend almost anything if you can save half a million dollars on it. So I'll remember that. There's another discussion. Pat, would you call the roll please? Eberg, Doyle, Manny, Moody, Perez, Quartz, Schultz, Stefan, T. Venakren, Zanderweal, Wongerman, Warner, Weininger, Bauman, D. Berg, 15 Ayes.  An IRO by City Plan Commission recommending approving the naming of the front age row in Washington Square as South Business Drive 2. Alderman Warner. I thank you, Your Honor. Can I take them both together? Please. And I would make a motion. We accept and file the IROs and pass the attached ordinance. We would second that. We accept and file the IROs and pass the general ordinance. Under discussion. Under discussion, Your Honor, I'll number 3280203 and general ordinance 460303 is relative to establishing the use district classification of annexed property located on the southeast corner of Sunnyside Avenue and Salt 13th Street and as class SR3 Suburban Residential which matches with the area. Do I have the right one? I'll pass looking. We're only on the IRO and the ordinance for Washington Square. Did you want to include the next two documents with it? Yes. 33 and 34? Yes. Oh, you didn't and 35? You didn't mention that. Okay. And I was reading 1534 first. Oh, we have 33, 34 and 35. I'm going to have to go backwards to 33. And then make a new motion, please. A new motion? Well, you didn't include these three. I meant all three documents. Make a motion to accept the IROs for 1533, 1534 and 1535 and pass the attached ordinances. Very good. Okay. Okay. Alderman Warner, proceed. Thank you, Your Honor. Document number 1533, IRO number 3207 or 203 is relative to rezoning the property located at 1526 North Taylor Drive from Class UR Suburban Residential to Class Suburban Office classification. This will change the zoning of the property, Your Honor, to Suburban Office keeping in line with the city's future plans. Document 1534, which is IRO number 3280203 is establishing use district classification of annex property located on the southeast corner of Sunnyside Avenue in Salt 13th Street is Class SR3 Suburban Residential. The plan commission recommends this classification as it is the same as the surrounding city residences. Document 1535, general ordinance or I should say IRO number 3290203, general ordinance 470203 is relative to establishing the use district classification of annex property located on the east side of Hubert Circle, north of Eisenhower Avenue as Class SR5 Suburban Residential and keeping with the surrounding neighborhood. And the plan commission recommends approval on that also. Thank you. Okay. Is there any discussion? Alderman Doyle. Yes, Your Honor. I'm not big into naming streets or anything like that, but I'd just like to hear the rationale because it seems to me like that's sort of going to be a confusing thing. I'm wondering why they didn't give an original name of its own instead of putting this Roman numeral after. All that please. The rationale behind the naming of the street was, I think there was, and Tom can probably add to this, in the Washington Square shopping center, there is a mailbox, et cetera. And I think they have about 1,000 boxes with an address of South Business Drive. And so that was the rationale behind South Business Drive 2, was to keep the name and name it too. And it went to, it was, I think, discussed intensely. And then the last meeting that was held was with the fire chief, the police chief, and I think director of public works and some engineering staff and the developer for that property. And they came to the conclusion that South Business Drive 2 would work. The police department, in the case of emergency, as well as fire would be able to locate those businesses in the shopping district. And then it went to plan commission and plan commission recommended the naming of the street. Alderman Warner. Thank you, your honor. This was discussed in plan commission and actually I can remember our previous director of city development bringing this forward just over a year ago. And there were a lot of issues involved with the businesses. This has been a lengthy process to come up with an acceptable name and has been in the works for over a year. There are several issues that impact the naming of this frontage road. The businesses that are located there have a vested interest because of thousands of dollars invested in stationary business cards and advertising dollars. The emergency services, police, fire, and ambulance, as well as building inspection have been involved in this process also. Emergency response is extremely dependent on the accuracy of an address. But by naming this frontage road South Business Drive 2, there will be no doubt about the location of an incident requiring emergency service. It is very important that this change be approved. Does anyone remember what the property that Washington Square now sits on looked like before the present development? A sprawling brownfield, oil tanks, piles of tires, litter strewn acres of useless property. And I saw on one of the city's southern entrances. We now have the flagship store of fresh brand foods. Who doesn't know the phrase shop the pig? Bookstores, coffee shops, and a new and modern Walgreen store community bank and others have made a commitment to this once dilapidated area of our city. They have all been involved in the naming of this frontage road. Although I do not adhere to the one size fits all belief in most issues. We already have set similar standing for the naming of streets. And I would add that these constraints that we have been used before and we can see it right on Cole Memorial Drive where we have Cole Memorial Drive frontage road. These locations are well defined. South Business Drive and South Business Drive 2 will give the same distinction to the businesses located there. We should not stand in the way of this compromise and that's what it is. This is just too important. Thank you. Thank you, Alderman Schultz. Thank you, your honor. Another thing is driving this is all of those businesses are on the west side of Business 42. All the numbers are used up. All of the even numbers are used up. And there can't be odd and even numbers because they're both on the west side. So they had to come up with either another street name or some other method of identifying the buildings that are being built to the east of the existing ones that are built on the west end of the property if that makes sense. But anyway, because they're both on the west side of Business 42 they had to come up with another way of identifying them. Correct. You were on a plan commission when this started, you think Alderman Schultz? That is correct. Alderman Moody. Well, thank you, your honor. Did anyone discuss the possibility of having the same not host number but business number as Business Drive 2 and Business Drive? Is that possible? Probably not, huh? I'm not sure what you're asking. Paulette or Tom? Is it possible? You're asking if you could have the same number for South Business Drive and South Business Drive 2? Right. Yes. Right. Is it possible? Yes. But we have the situation that we have Quill Memorial Drive than Wright South, we have Quill Memorial Place. We have like South 17th Street or South 17th Place. It's in line with what we've done. And that doesn't get confusing for people who may have to call in an emergency? Not that I'm aware of. Okay. Okay. That would be the only concern I had. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. Just another discussion. Pat, would you call the roll please? Doyle. Manny. Moody. Moody. Perez. Ports. Schultz. Stefan. Teevin Akron. Vanderwiel. Wongerman. Warner. Weninger. Bowman. D-Berg. E-Berg. Thank you. 15 highs. Washington carried. 1553 by Alderman T. Van Akron. Perez, Schultz, and Doyle. Transferring appropriations in the 2002 budget. Alderman Van Akron. Thank you, Your Honor. I'd like to take 1554 and 1555. All three are transfers in the budgets. 1554 being a transfer of funds to provide monies to establish an estimated revenue and appropriations for federal subsidy for bus purchases. And 1555 is authorizing a transfer of appropriations in the 2000 budget. I'd move that all three resolutions be put upon their passage. Moved in second. That the three resolutions be put upon their passage under discussion. Caring none. Would you call the roll please? Manny. Moody. Perez. Ports. Schultz. Stefan. Teevin Akron. Vanderwiel. Wongerman. Warner. Weninger. Bowman. Dieberg. Eberg. Doyle. 15 ayes. Motion carried. 1573, RC by Public Protection and Safety, recommending filing communication from the Sheboygan Clinic requesting a removal of the parking sign on North 25th Street next to the clinic employee parking lot and passing the attached ordinance. Alderman Warner. Thank you, Your Honor. Make a motion. We accept and file the report of the committee and pass the attached ordinance. You want to take the next one? That would be 1564. Right. On that I make a motion. We accept and file the report of committee also and pass the attached ordinance. Been moved in second that. We accept and file the RCs and pass the ordinances under discussion. Alderman Warner. Thank you, Your Honor. The Public Protection and Safety Committee for Document 1573 discussed the traffic safety issues on North 25th Street with Mr. Merceburger of the Sheboygan Clinic at our October 30th meeting. The police department's traffic division reviewed the area and brought forth the recommended changes. There's a small strip of on-street parking on the west side of the street that will be added to the no parking stopping or standing regulations. The east side of the street is already designated as such and this will make both sides the same. Up to about where the fire station is beyond that they can park on either side. And in Document 1564 this is a response request from Cindy here regarding the intersections of North 11th Street and North 12th Street with Grand Avenue. Grand Avenue is the street that borders North High School to the North. These two intersections are presently uncontrolled with no stop signs or yield signs on them at all. And it is our recommendation as a committee to add stop signs on 11th and 12th Street at their intersection with Grand Avenue. We always take extra precaution when we look at intersections around our schools and many urban middle school students use these intersections as well as North High School students and the Public Protection and Safety Committee recommends passage. Thank you. Just another discussion. Would you call the roll please? Moody? Perez? Ports? Schultz? Steffen? Teavan Akron? Vanderwheel? Longerman? Warner? Wenninger? Baumann? D-Berg? Eberg? Doyle? Manny? 14 Ayes, 1 Noa. Motion carried. 1638 will lie over. 1639 goes to Public Works. 1640 and 41 lie over. 1642, Public Works. 1643 go to Public Works. Steve? 1644 is a resolution authorizing signing easements for many storm sewer to be constructed in portions of various properties. Public Works. Should become more there. Can I stick them together? Now they're all clipped. All right, 1645 is communication from James Schlegel of Shepoigan Area, Great Lake Sports Fisherman requesting removal of the two-hour parking restrictions along the riverfront boardwalk. Public Protection and Safety. And 1646 is a communication from Ron Sefelt relative to the condition of the property at 1611 North 15th Street. That will go to Public Protection and Safety. Motion before us, seconded to adjourn. Before we adjourn next Monday night, seven o'clock, special council meeting on a budget. Everyone be here at seven o'clock next Monday night. For it's for the hearing. We have to hold the hearing for the budget. Okay, all in favor? Aye. Opposed?


Hi, it's afternoon. Can you hear me there? Maybe, I don't know if I don't need. Thank you for checking in. So I'm very glad to present today. These two initiatives are more community-driven initiatives to aim into my computer vision and about my data science more accessible. I'm myself, I'm a research fellow at the Anduin Institute working for the data science and humanity, and I'm honored to present with others who are part of this project, the insight vision project that was injected at the tour. So, yeah. Hi, everybody. I'm Alden. I am a senior researcher for research applications at the Terran, the tools, practices, and systems program. And it's been great to see so many of you on your posters talking about data and interoperability and when we use that will really focus on the tools, practices and systems. One of the tools for this is called SciVision. So it's a toolkit for scientific image analysis. Basically, we want to recognize the fact that a lot of different problems that use imaging and computer vision to analyze those images are facing similar challenges, you know, they might be from absolutely different domains. So I'm actually a neurobiologist by training. That's my background. But we've got people like we've seen today looking at tree crowns, you know, different mapping and astronomy even we've had some cool collaborations through SciVision. And we just make a generic platform that will allow people to discover and share methods and computer vision as well as data. So they can find what rather than inventing a new a new version of something that's already been done, go and discover something that exists that could work for your data. So the mission of SciVision to solve real world challenges and democratize computer vision to support interdisciplinary and international researchers. And basically the idea is that we have, you know, people developing algorithms developing models using computer vision, and we have data owners and we want to bring them together. So we have this catalog, where people can, people can upload either models themselves so we have, we have several pre trained models in there. But we're trying to collect a broader array of different models and have them in the catalog so people can see how they work, and what kind of data they might, they might be useful for, as well as a catalog of data sets so that if you have data you can necessarily know how to either way, if you have data and you want to find a model to apply to it you could try looking at the catalog for models, see if anything might be effective for your data but you could also upload data that someone else could then use and try to try to test out a new model or create a new model using that. So I'm in the lead, I'll have to speak a little more about the specifics. Okay, there are some things like, as I said, one of the users that we identified so far are developers, so we are aiming to enable these kind of users, oh, users are not developers to distribute their tools. So we have the front end, if you visit now submission is the front end, and now you easily can add your model and you can have the model into two kind of options. We've been loadable in submission, we have IPI in Python, and just provided the decal repository, we at the moment try to work with these two kind of inputs from the developers community. And as well, for data, those are the data producers, and as well they can submit their data to this catalog that we call so far. And in this case you can see at the versatility of at the moment the current image that we have, we have a bio-imaging examples and models of plant life science and as well something about environmental science. And it will power these data providers and discover this lattice computational algorithms and apply them to these different images. And finally, we are also aiming to providing a bridge between different data scales and formats. It's not related at all, but we have as well a project start where you can find different projects that being like pairing these data sets and models that are available in the catalog, and you can also well run some notebooks or demonstrators that we are also trying to maintain as a tutoring, but as well, anyone can submit their projects and who would like to have more visibility on their projects using computer vision models. So at the tutoring, we saw how this idea start with SCOTS that was here and it was one of the PIs and we have another PIs working in life science and working more in agriculture. But in the case of the environmental sustainability with SCOTS, we start with these projects and this is kind of the challenge that you can find in related computer vision. We saw this one of all three ground, but there is also a lot of like a super resolution on the diffusion in satellite images and something about very important here at the petition that the survey is this is where preparation and tracking. But you see, sorry, in the plant life, in the plant science or in the culture there are images that have all kind of challenges you can find images that are 3D. And that's why my colleague Evie, that is part of the submission team, she had this kind of challenge to create computer vision models to try to do this kind of seed pods from this kind of CT scans. My colleague and her team is working as well with this plant phenotyping images as well, very common among environmental scientists is using this satellite images to do some classification of cementation. And very interesting is about this bio-imaging. When I start working with this diverse group of postdoc, I know that they are working as well with very noisy images and if you see this and you say what they are extracting for these images. And I don't know if you're familiar with protein analysis, but it's very complex, very high dimensional data set that they play with, but in some how the algorithm that they are using for tracking this analysis, these images can be transferred to our own images in environmental science. It's very interesting. For instance, they are doing a lot of graph neural networks for mapping and separating different proteins from these images that we don't understand, but this kind of algorithm my colleague are working on this. This is a very successful example, it's a vision that why this transfer landing between domains is very relevant at the Turing. There is a research that was developed for analysis of historical maps and they wanted me to use, they developed a kind of like deep learning like deep learning models for doing some patch-based mapping of highways and certain roads in front of historical UK maps and what my colleague did was to try the same model, but in order to try at the depth, leaves and flowers and she used this same patch-based classification algorithm that was initially developed for that specific purpose and she transferred successfully to help this particular specific kind of application. So this is the only thing that we are aiming to facilitate and foster around the community to try to transfer this different knowledge among the different domains and try to be a platform where people can explore this very easily. We don't take a long time of the priority areas, but just to let you know, apart from having your contribution model and data sets, we are working very strong in certain areas. One of that is the core features. I would like to say that there is a hard work here because sometimes models they develop with certain dependencies and so they work in terms of flow set and version and sometimes they work with biters, if you are familiar with the libraries. And handling lists and having those servable to run with that image is very challenging. So we are working on that, how to handle these dependencies conflicts. In terms of the automation, we are working in facilitating how users can start creating their own data set and login data sets using template repositories, because in order to be loadable in SyVision, you need to reformat your code to be readable for SyVision. We are working on that. In terms of the web interface, something that is not available now is that you go to a data set, SyVision is, we will have a kind of future maybe related with the iPad is going to suggest which model you can run this data set with. We are working on something that we are working, we are working to improving the model cards. And in terms of community engagement, I guess it's very important here. And that's why I started this. And then that is part of the DPS team, they are helping us to grow as a community because there is a huge opportunity to here to connect different domains and as well to create a hub for best practices how to share computer vision models and how to share data sets. We are trying to lead these aspects at least through the SyVision. And finally, we would like to support use cases and that's why here we are presenting this in the environmental community and trying to see if you have any computer related vision, as well as data set model, you can share it. These are the kind of tasks that we are focusing in the next three years, SyVision is funded for the next three years, and we are aiming to have more samples of our super resolution, and samples of our object tracking, and we are aiming to support use cases like that. And we are checking the identification that is common across domains and very much based research challenges. So that's the vision. We have a newsletter that everyone is welcome. If you want to learn more, you're welcome to scan this QR code. Clearly, we have a newsletter, we are aiming to facilitate this conversation across domains. Okay, I guess I haven't finished. So now we move to EDS Book. EDS Book is another community driven initiative. It's inspired by the Turing Way, maybe you're not familiar with the Turing Way, but Turing Way is a community as well. And therefore that is aiming to generate more knowledge and try to have more collaborative ethical and reproducible data science, and it's a global community, but essentially I started this project, because I found opportunity, how we as environmental can communicate how our staff could be data set, research, or pilots through Jupiter Nobus, maybe may ask, who are familiar with Jupiter Nobus? Are you, maybe not all people are familiar with Jupiter Nobus, so it's good to us. We also have interactive computing, where you have a narrative, and you can add code, and you can run this in an interactive manner. You don't need to run like from beginning to end in one run, but you can run each of the cells in somehow. This is the main concept, so essentially we are exploiting this format to build this community that is aiming to highlight what we are doing in environmental data science. So essentially you can say here, we have these levels of use cases, and essentially we are maximizing this format to produce new ideas, and in the team that you will see later, but I mean to highlight reproducible, discoverable, and charitable environmental data science. So, sorry, I don't know what to do with this. So our mission is to educate and leverage good scientific software and data management practices among environmental scientists to review fair executable nobots. Fair is a common line running, but essentially it's the way forward that now people are thinking about group practices in terms of data sharing, so what I mean that these executable nobots as a software are as well findable, accessible, and interoperable, and reusable. And our mission is that us as environmental scientists were collaborative to demonstrate and communicate science through fair executable nobots, and we have gained significant skill to publish in the workspace publication system, what I'm making emphasis here because I think the future of digital is like that, like people share the narrative but you click on the figure and you can see what is the code that you generate this figure. So this is part of the format and I guess one of the format that is been prototyping for that in the future is the Jupiter file format, and there is a data initiative in the American Geoscience Unit that is nobots out and they are meant to have a prototype this system. And this boot is training in researches in that way, in that in that live vision of having this as a primary format for publication. So this is the gallery that we have. So far you go to this boot is being nobota being brought to by the community, and essentially we have a gallery of these fair nobots, and we have in the title we have some touch and say this story about this topic we're trying to have these budgets checking if it is something that is useful in the future, but most important here is about having this batch about the review, so people can check what was the first draft of the nobots and they can see how with the comments of the community who review them on nobots, these nobots have the final version so they mean is to improve and having high quality nobots. This is very common and it's not what we are trying to check that they are running a project how much and so I won't go in the technicalities of this. And this is a summary of this command community like noboots so essentially someone like me that was doing my PhD four years ago, I went to a noboot and I found, I can already know but I don't know which is the data provider that are making a clear statement of who are the original co-base of all things, all things we can improve like through community, and that's why we have reviewers, we have people who kind of did that, and we are finishing I don't know. Sure are you okay. Okay, okay. And at the end, very important is that we are I mean that is noboots you can reuse for all the purposes and that's why in this situation we have different boots of different colors. So that's something that you can achieve when you have high quality nobots. I won't go in details but we are knowing me to be a publishing journal where I mean just two people get familiar how you can publish open source software and we are taking some stages. I don't know if you're familiar with the journal of open source software and they have these stages where you have the review review so this kind of as well as the training process that you learn. So it's something that we are making proof in the platform, maybe the future because at the moment everything is in Github and there are people that even they don't know how to do comments in Github and there is a long process. So, I guess it's something that we've been learning through this initiative. Key achievements, we have some guidance, we have templates about how to start your first notebook, we have at the moment the noboots and these noboots are reproducible in binder. We are trying to have this fair research object where people know can know all the metadata of the noboots so people can know which is the contact or software requirements to run this in your local computer or how you can run this in binder, all this kind of information we are trying to track through a fair platform that is suited to have fair research objects. And finally, we have some community meetings that we are no longer running. And basically because it's very demanding to maintain a community like this we are in so how partnering with the during way and we are in so how we are, we are hosting this community meetings now in the during way collaboration cafes. And presently, and thanks to this technology that infrastructure that we have provided we run this with the climate informatics, a company that was a Cambridge in it was in April. We run this repository challenge, and we use infrastructure here, or they get good to order to save people okay we have this paper that was published in it is your not that is it from Cambridge University Press, we say to the party once please can you get the same resource, but in this case try to make your reports using interactive you put the noboots, and that was a kind of the approach that we use it the challenge.  How they generate their possibility that so it's something that is very interesting about the challenge. And something that I would like to highlight is that it's not what's that is still working progress but we are going to release then soon in the in this book gallery. So we have three things at the end completed the challenge that was very interesting. As well something about nice about running this with you put the noboots if you got many contributions, and in particular because we are doing this per review process we have people who do the reviewer or who will do the judging we have some speakers and we have some different contributions that you can see here we did this with the Cambridge C scale provide resources and similar in our way that as well help us to organize this. And finally interest or priority areas about this initiative is something that is this platform aims to be a platform where at least during is aiming to publish like demonstrate certain research of doing research and collaborators and I think that they just will be a central platform where you will see to the researchers and analysis in environmental science. But for that we need to prove some confusion but not that you cannot many annotations so we are going to increase information in the noble format life, which is a software requirements inside the metadata of the noble which is a kind of information so there are many things going on there, and in terms of the floor name we would like to have the user experience and the gallery does. And this is very important about the multilayer noboots is something that I would like to do maybe the noboots to experiment is like in the noboots you can see the scientific outcome but if I am decision maker, I would like to only read this narrative that is specifically for decision maker have kind of filter I say I would like to bring only that narrative that is essential for decision maker say I would that's what I think we made by what we like your noboots. And finally, we are supporting a not only Python noboots we are supporting by a noboots in Julia are in JavaScript, and we would like to host more activities co-op more activities with research network like we did with the climate science that was very valuable experience for the community and to improve the infrastructure of this resource, and you can follow us this year's staff in our different channels of communication that we have. Thank you. Thank you. Can I ask a question, please. So regarding side vision. What are some advantages of creating a platform for ecology or nature ML models, instead of using a general platform like hugging face. Well, I would say that there's, please. Yeah, we have, we actually have overlap so you know platform like hugging face. And maybe the same model, ideally, you know these models can be shared in both places right because they're open. We actually have a couple of models inside vision that are also from from hugging face. So we would say the advantage is that side vision specifically about computer vision that image data, hugging face would be a broader a broader kind of platform, but also very valuable. John still busy. So is anybody else got a question. When compiling images from different sources inside vision. Do you have any issues with sharing, e.g. use usage attribution. The only woman and data that we have is data that we know that they have the license to share. And of course we have some problems like private private data that one colleague is using for platform typing this data can be shared. With the side vision API, you can run in your own computer and cheating using internally to demonstrate the capabilities with internal catalogs working only in their own server so we can support both kind of that like what it is that one that the attribution is declared that can be shared, but those one that is private, of course they need to use internally with the side vision API in the one to run the API. Okay, thank you very much. Okay, and it's time for Rachel.


In this study, researchers found that systemic administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS, led to both sickness and mild depressive-like behavior in mice. The researchers also observed that LPS caused an increase in cytokines in the serum and brain, as well as astrocyte activation in transgenic GFAP luke mice and immunoreactivity against the microbial marker-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 in the dentate gyrus of wild type mice. Despite the overlap in time course and mild effects on depression-related behavior per se, the researchers were unable to separate sickness from depressive-like behavior in the present rodent model. This article was authored by Stephen Beesman's, Theo F. Mert, Jan A. Boonecht and others.


on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards and I am ripping one box of brand new 2022 top pristine baseball for Connor C. So good luck Connor let's get right into it man. So if you guys didn't watch today these are kind of brutally packaged so I'm gonna take all the packs out now and then just do my best here to be honest. Stuffy Looses, Vaughn, Luca, Jeremiah. Yeah I get ready for an empty box. Thank you captain appreciate that man I always try to bring the energy you know that you know the vibes. Alright so you guys can see these packs are just structured very weird so we've got to start off we've got Lou Gehrig base and Purple Kyle Gibson that's gonna be 17 of 99 Phillies there you go on that one. Got Jake here still top-loading with me which is pretty awesome. I'm used to just being left alone by myself but got Jake to keep me company tonight which is awesome. Alright let's do it guys. Base, base, base, base and Freddie Freeman on the pristine borders. Again we did not know that he was Canadian. Gold Andre Dawson for the Expos 38 of 50 that's a cool one right there on the encased card. Pretty solid for you there Connor Andre Dawson Hall of Famer recently I believe I think so thank you if you should be oh that's cool I'm an expert at opening these now though I gotta be honest with you guys I'm an expert. We've got Reggie Jackson on the base and then we've got nice Airy Ordon on the uh what is that slice of a star patch autograph very nice don't believe that is numbered not numbered on the Airy Ordon nice one there though. Grats on that. Yanni Hernandez rookie Joe Morgan base Salvi Perez uh how about Cecil Fielder on the Pure Power autographs that's pretty cool do not see a lot of Cecil Fielder in uh products now so that's a cool one it's got a nice sig on that too there you go Connor Grats on that man that's one up interesting oh you guys did not know that that's weird got Greg Maddox on the base behind that we've got gold Zach Wheeler it's a 50 that's uh the all-star parallel 47 of 50 Phillies yes all cards do get shipped pristine yes they do good question there though Chris base base base got Jerron Durand on the uh rookie refractor and then Otto is going to be Jose Canseco athletics that's a cool another cool one right there there that's pretty awesome nice um Canseco and these are very like I said I am I might put myself as the best in the entire LSE at opening these now as I say that I like start struggling uh base is going to be Andrew Vaughn and nice Wander Franco rookie there you go don't see a ton of wanders that's pretty solid Grats on that one Connor always take a wander whoa Escobar uh pristine border Sammy Sosa the Minnican Republic and we've got rookie encased cow rally that is the pulsar pulsars are not numbered in the encased nice one there yeah we did a ton of cases these today captain we did a lot of the of these cases yeah Max Muncie Nolan Arnato base Jared Walsh got pure power Javi Baez as a meh don't really see him as a meh in anything and case is going to be blue Cedric Mullins that is 275 blue uh six box cases of these and I think daytime we did like six of them and nighttime I think we did five four or five I don't remember exactly how many that's cool why don't like guys on unique like teams they got traded to which is cool in this product too so like Baez is a meh sure there's a dodger like there's some cool ones got Matt Chapman base behind that is you Darvish purple to 99 that's 68 of 99 on the you Carlson judge uh Rivera Sammy Long Vladimir Guerrero on the insert pristine and then we've got how about Albert Pujols on the not numbered pulsar uh encased card nice way to end the break with one of the greatest of all time right there that'll do it for your break there uh Connor congrats on all the hits get those right out to you man thank you