Hello, we're back. So hopefully you had enough time to work on those exercises. If not, well, you have a little bit more. You can think about it during this next talk. We'll be going over the exercises in about half an hour. So next up we have a talk called laptop salumi, an overview of CSC resources. And we have you have left oh here from CSC who works on the computing environments team, which is sort of between the cluster admins and the other user support. But what I understand the idea is making more easy to use and sort of better ways for people to use the clusters. But I think the main the point of the talk is to know that okay, we've been talking about things here if you need even more resources than there are at Triton with at alto, then you have the option of CSC and it's really pretty similar. So with that said, you have um, if you can share your screen I'll flip it to that. Okay, thank you. So, here you go. Here we are. Okay, so. Yeah, I guess I don't need to be here. So I'll hide myself. And if you have any questions, let me know. Okay, thanks. All right. So, from laptop salumi. So, what kind of services CSC provides. And. And. Yeah, I think that's that's a good title for this thing. My name is Juha Lento, not just the Enkovar I inherited this talk just one day ago. So I will use last year's slides, but we will have a look at the let's say actual services instead of just the slides. So I think that all slides are just fine. But we're going to talk is what is CSC. So CSC is computing services, data services, other services, and how can you access CSC services. CSC IT Center for Science has been around maybe 50 years. Maybe not that long. Something like that. And it has grown. And it's growing very fast nowadays so we are not only using big clusters but doing lots of stuff for the ministry of education and culture and also with universities and politics and and also nowadays also research Institute researchers have access to CSC's resources exactly the same way as university researchers and students. I would say that kind of the first thing to mention here is that you all have right to use CSC services and most of them are already paid. So feel free to use them. And then the second kind of question. Can I use the services? Yes, you can. But should I and this is a more difficult question. So the obvious and easy answer how to how to know about this is to ask your supervisor or let's say that your master's thesis supervisor or PhD thesis supervisor. Should I use CSC services and they will actually probably tell if you should. So usually the if your research group is already using CSC services that's then you can like work together with your colleagues and this is. Well, let's say the easiest way to know how to how to work with CSC resources. And that's yeah. That's how to get access. But in short, if like in traditional sense, if your calculations are starting to take a long time, but they can be run in parallel, then you can use a cluster, either your local cluster or if your research group has been using CSC for a long time, they already know how to use that resource and you can kind of start using that easily. If your calculation needs lots of memory, also in here, if your calculation is lots of memory, you probably want it to run in parallel also. It needs lots of storage space. Yeah, that's available at least definitely more than on your laptop. And then we have lots of scientific applications that are already installed into the machine, which is nice. So to use, I would say that the most CSC's research users and researchers using CSC services are not running large parallel calculation. I would say that the large number of our users are actually using CSC services as they would use a large workstation instead of the cluster of workstations. And also for kind of within research group, kind of getting the synergy of using the kind of same machine or similar things that you are doing in your research group. Yeah, and then you can also share data using ALAS. So ALAS is an object storage, but you can publish whatever files you have in the internet or share them between different projects. And here with projects, I mean CSC is computing projects. Yeah. And you can also build like interfaces that you use ALAS. So ALAS is very raw storage. So if you want even to, let's say, list files in a bucket, bucket as a folder or directory, basically in object storage, even that you need to kind of code yourself. But that's pretty easy. Okay. But anyways, you can kind of use it as a Dropbox or or Publish Insurance. How CSC is super copiously different from University cluster in all to your lucky because your local cluster is very similar to Puhti and Mahdi. Puhti and Mahdi are just larger. And yeah, but also they have more users. So kind of you don't necessarily get more resources for yourself. It depends on the time of the year and day, how much crowd there is and how much other calculations are running in the machine. Comment line access is very similar. You log into login mode with SSH and then you type stuff in the terminal. And this works very similar in all the clusters. So basically you're logging into login mode, which is a Linux machine and then using the batch queue system you can spread your calculation into compute nodes. But you have already discussed that and that you are familiar with that stuff. Okay. We have a new service. So this slide is a year old. So actually now the service is established and it's I think it's very popular. It's accessing CSC services through web browser. So Puhti has a web interface and Mahdi will also have a web interface very soon. And I hope Lumi will also have a web interface very soon. And this web interface is really convenient for exactly this kind of workloads where you use let's say one node in the machine as a large work stage. That kind of uses is really easy and nice using web browser. So you need to run large parallel calculation then probably using just a command line is still better. Yeah. And there's lots of software already installed and you use module system to pick which versions of the software you want to use the same machine or local cluster and use batch queue system to submit the jobs to compute nodes. So CSC resources consume billing units. So we tried to basically this is for giving like a fair share of the resources to everybody. So you get billing units based on the kind of size of your approach and how many researchers there is and what kind of research you do and how many publications you already have and do you have the money and whatnot. But I wouldn't worry too much about billing units. Like usually the problem is not the resources. Maybe the disk space if you go crazy but computing resources are usually like there's plenty of that. If you know how to use it efficiently it's there's plenty of computing resources I would say. So you don't need to worry billing units that much. Also you kind of getting billing units or getting more of them to your project is very easy and I will talk about that a little bit later. Computing services so which machine should you use Puhti or Mahdi? So Puhti is our kind of general machine and this is used a lot like large workstation but you can also run pretty large parallel calculations in there. I would say that if your parallel calculation starts to be more than let's say 128 MPI tasks then you probably should already change to Mahdi because in Mahdi there's less queue and also it's a little bit more responsive machine nowadays and there's more disk. So if your MPI jobs are more than 128 cores or otherwise you can utilize that number of CPU cores in one calculation at one time then Mahdi is probably better machine and this is more about the same stuff and then the web interface I will show there's a slide about this but I think it's better if I just show how it works like let's hope it works and then CSC has lots of other services in addition to computing clusters so we also have cloud computing services. People are sometimes a little bit confused when to use cloud computing services. I would say that you use cloud computing services when you want to run a server. So server is a program running in a computer that is listening to requests from outside instead of kind of running calculation within the machine and in supercomputers you can't run servers in that sense so you can't have a file server for example. You can't start your own file server in Puhti which is available to everybody in the internet for example but in cloud services you can also if you want to just share some files and not provide anything more complicated service you can just use Allas and then you don't need to have the kind of active cloud instance of virtual machine running but for kind of special needs you have cloud services also so and for example you might need it for sensitive data if you handle some like patient data or something like that and this has legislation and strict rules that you can put it into a machine which is this and that lots of details I don't remember them all but you know if your data is sensitive data you know about that stuff and then we have a rather new machine and so this is Palm European supercomputer so this is not only for finished users it has maybe around 10 different countries on it and it's an interesting resource because there's kind of support is kind of divided there's an international support team and then there's admins which are from CSC and then there are of course we other CSC specialists like the regular national stuff also help with with Loomi things so it's interesting a little bit in that sense but it's a nice machine even the kind of small CPU partition of Loomi is about the same size as Mahdi so you can do already a lot there but the kind of main computing power is in the GPUs in Loomi so this is common nowadays if you want to get like lots of flops then you stack GPUs into a machine yeah and you can also get access to Loomi and the process is maybe slightly more complicated but not really so it's pretty easy I already mentioned allas many times so I think this is really convenient if you want to share data and also allas is the place where you keep project lifetime data so data that is that you should have during the computing project so maybe two or three years or until you graduate or something like that you should put that kind of data into allas and then the scratch space on Puhtian Mahdi is meant for the duration of the let's say calculation campaign or whatever so let's say during one the writing one article let's this way and then there's fair services fair data services and well I must confess that I'm not that familiar with that side but let's say the discoverability and also the lifecycle management of data that is something that everybody should think carefully when you start the project so how long do I need to keep the data and to whom I need to share it with things like that and then this fair data services helps if you if you need something more complex than just making the public to all word or something like that other services training definitely I think we all application specialists hope that we had more time to give courses and I have always enjoyed the courses they are nice and yet they are usually in some specific area of science like chemistry or something like that and then we have expert services so we have maybe let's say 30 persons who are former researchers so we know about the research field and we support the software and stuff related to that so if you are lucky the stuff that your research is already kind of covered and if you are not lucky then we try to see if we can find somebody who knows something about it so he can or she can help you with the scientific stuff also a little bit mostly we work with a computer running computing efficiently and we of course help installing software so sometimes scientific software is not trivial to install okay couple of courses that are definitely worth mentioning is elements of supercomputing and then using let's say this using CSC environment efficiently course is something that you should definitely check I think it's online nowadays so you can do it whenever you want and the lectures are video lectures and so but it gets you familiar with the CSC environment very nicely and then CSC summer school in high performance company that's a great summer school it's a lot of work but it's also a lot of fun it's in Nuuccio I think it has been in Nuuccio many years and it's really nice I definitely recommend that one okay then I promised to talk about getting access to CSCs supercomputers and services so few are eligible and it's actually really easy as university stuff and students you have HACA authentication so you can just go into my CSC maybe I just open it up so the front page looks like this and then you log in or register okay and I can use HACA and I am already a I already have a CSC account so I'm kind of you CSC user and then when I have an account I need a project so accounts don't you don't get that access to machines yet with an account but you get access to Puhtian Mahdi through projects so you need to start a computing project or join some existing computing project and the projects have the resources so you can apply billing units to projects and you can say that I want to use Puhtian Mahdi and Allah sandwall not in the project and then as a member you can use user stuff in the in the project and you can manage all kind of things related to your account in this my.csc.fi service there is a question that's relevant right now which is can I create a personal project how many resources can I ask for yes you can you well you actually for a project you need to basically be a staff member at the university so you need to ask if you are a student you need to ask your ask permission to join your professors or supervisors project so you need to be a like senior researcher or professor or something like that to start the project but then being a student is not enough yet yeah did this answer the question yes thank you good good so the project owner needs to be some kind of responsible people or person who is who is a staff member at the university or polytechnic or research institute like fmi or vtd or something like that but other than that billing units at least at some point billing unit is was roughly equivalent to one cpu hour cpu core hour and you can get 100 000 cpu of 100 000 billing units like automatically so that's about the scale that you can get and then like let's say big project might be five million billing units and then really big project maybe some between like 20 or 30 million billing units which is roughly equivalent to core cpu hours but also your disk usage will will consume billing units don't worry too much about those so the billing units are kind of if you're starting to run out of them you may be doing something silly like you have left your temporary files on the disk or something like that yeah but anyways this is the place where you manage your account and projects and yeah okay here it says project manager needs to be an experienced researcher yeah and then let's not go to questions yet I'll show a couple of these services live so I promise to show this puhti web interface so this is if you type in puhti.csc.fi to your browser you're going to this kind of font size a lot larger because of the way it's put into a little bigger font yeah this is could be a bit bigger but it's probably okay yeah I'm afraid the layout will be horrible with the larger but it's enough just to show roughly what it looks like and then you log into puhti wakey wakey okay yeah I was already logged in but you can use your HACA authentication when you have an account and a project you need to get those first from my csc but when you have those this is the kind of web interface for puhti and let's say that I want to do something in the login well okay login notion so this is where you would go if you ssh into puhti.csc.fi but usually you might also jump right into compute node so this is interactive job in a compute node let's see it doesn't start obviously if you're doing live demo it will be slow like now it's waiting for some matrix yeah okay yeah so instead of go logging in using ssh and terminal and then starting interactive session or interactive job in a compute node you can go to this web interface and these are basically the same parameters that you could give in your sbatch command or script so you can specify the number of cdp course memory how much local disk you would like to get and stuff like that and then you can launch it okay so I need to specify okay for some reason I have project csc training there which is not right I'll get something like this is my somebody asked can you have your own personal project I do have I don't know if it's recommended or not but it's convenient to have one okay now it says that it's starting the interactive so it's now queuing to start the interactive job and then I can just connect to the session so now I'm basically going right into the compute node and this is nice because I can mess up here so if I want to run heavier calculation which I don't want to run in the login node here it's okay it's only one one of the compute nodes that will get stuck of course also in here you cannot do bad things on the disks because there's just the parallel disk disks are shared resource so you need to be careful how you use those so this is the equivalent of the s interactive command that we learned yesterday I guess so you have the job allocation and this was a kind of yeah and when you're done you can just close the tab and then you can delete the job so you can reconnect to the same session if you want so that's kind of screen or emacs type of thing yeah we're familiar with those okay but then there were lots of other things here also maybe I have one minute more so desktop is something which you might want to use if you want to plot some graphs from the data that you have in puhti we used to have service called no machine which is a remote desktop desktop service but this is similar so you can open a container within the compute node and you can run a regular desktop here and you can open terminal which will open in the same compute node and now if we want to start some graphical stuff you can start it here and this is quicker than doing SSH minus x puhti and using x11 to transfer graphical stuff between puhti and your whole machine so I think lots of people are using this one also let's close and delete that job and then the services that are used a lot are you can start MATLAB RStudio Visual Studio Code you probably want to run on your local machine and then use this remote plugin or BS code to access stuff but Jupiter is something there that a lot of people use and RStudio so you can just open those yeah so we've got some questions would you like to see yeah okay I will take over the screen share yep and move yes this is me I didn't talk about Lumie should we go back now but yeah I talked briefly what is Lumie so yeah I did talk a little bit about it so you can search for Lumie supercomputer and it will throw you into the documentation also I didn't explicitly mention docs.csc.fi which is our documentation for all the machines so if you are starting to use CSC resources docs.csc.fi is the address that you want to go first right okay good okay then the questions yeah so the first one was what kind of research projects benefit from the Lumie supercomputer I would say if you have a large international project or a project with industrial partners because lots of Lumie resources are reserved for industrial use and it's really I would say it's really easy to get results resources from there if you are an industrial user or you are collaborating with one and I guess that's not the case at CSC so for industrial users they would be paying for the services exactly but in Lumie you probably can get to access to resources that are already paid or something like that okay that's pretty good yeah so yes our bachelor's and master's thesis allowed use cases for CSC Lumie was that already answered like is it the case if you need to belong to some large approach you can use Lumie but you need to belong to some project that has access to work yeah so could you make a project say I'm requesting project for the students thesis or would it need to be phrased as something larger than that did you say like a project for all your students for example maybe or something like that we would prefer that projects have kind of kind of ending time also so it's easier to keep the let's say in practice it's easier to delete files from the file system when the project ends then you know yeah otherwise as you know disks will fill up no matter how big they are yeah we need to clean them somehow and when project ends that's a good place to remove stuff yeah yeah okay another question what would using Lumie make more sense than using Triton which is Altos cluster in terms of computation I guess this was maybe already answered somehow if you need to use lots of GPUs especially in parallel then that would be a good case like from the kind of technical right yeah that's what we recommend like yeah and I point out that us at science IT we've gone through and figure out how to use the how to use Lumie with some of the common machine learning frameworks so we'd recommend if you aren't sure come to us let us know your problem and we'll help you get set up on Lumie and then you can run there and have access to far more GPUs than you could have imagined yeah that's that's a good service because getting started I would say you always need somebody who has already done that stuff earlier otherwise it's really slow even with good documentation yeah definitely if you have a colleague or support person for to help you then that's definitely the way to go especially for new researchers ask help you will save lots of money yeah okay um I added the link to the using the CSC environment efficiently personal project okay I already asked you that earlier yeah our projects officially funded projects do they need to be approved is there anything that's not already answered here so I guess project doesn't mean like Academy of Finland project it basically means a request made to CSC for something research yeah we have the source of the fun when I'm talking about project I mean CSC is computing project yeah it's a basically we use projects if you think about technical side project members can easily share data between themselves or within the group because they all belong to same Unix group and also Allah's access is similar everybody in a project has all the rights in the Allah's files that the project has you know so it's kind of way of managing groups we used to have this thing that that we kind of the first class citizen was was user instead of a group and then if you wanted to share your files with another user that was that was not easy because there are some drawbacks also in this approach that group is the kind of first class citizen and user is second class yeah okay billing unit I was just writing down here so what's the very large project size I must say that I might be out there you can put 20 million there okay okay let's say this is very large it could be 50 million nowadays I might be out there but as I said it really doesn't I don't think it's really difficult to use that much of computing resources efficient it's really difficult like if you spend like a week more thinking then you can probably do with half of that anyway yeah so how to access Lumi I guess that's answered in these points here yeah comment on Lumi versus Amazon Web Services or Azure are completely different that's good yeah totally different so I guess Lumi well it's sort of like some fundamental idea where on Lumi the main set of the main allocation is a job and all of the computing hardware is shared on AWS or Zura you would be getting either like the core thing would be the like the servers you're requesting or like the certain amount of hardware or the access to some database or something yes so AVF and Azure are cloud services and you can use them a little bit like computing services also yeah you kind of build your own cluster in Azure or AVS you can think about it yeah okay but if you take AVS or Azure you may have to kind of basically build your own HPC machine or whatever if you want to run it of course then you have it all to yourself you're paying for all of it even when it's not being used yeah and these things are not cheap yeah obviously yeah I see it and I kind of finish a policy of having one big computing center I think has paid really well so in other Nordic countries and in many other countries the national resources are spread around different let's say university campuses like completely spread in Finland we have one big center and then universities have their own clusters then the kind of one big center has more kind of possibility to get just bigger machines than individual university could ever yeah okay there's a question I guess to me is there support for using CSD services in the daily garage or is it just I guess you mean the ultra daily garage so yes we help you with everything so even if it was AWS or Azure we've done projects using all of them and that doesn't mean we know the answer to everything but we can get you started we'll do the best we can and direct you to the other resources if needed okay there's a last question coming in here you can see Project Unlumie how to start a session on it maybe for that we well I guess you all can probably answer this by writing later it's probably some of the links up here maybe you just you need to copy your SSH key the public part first into the service and then actually I think there's a good documentation on that also yeah we can just find the link if it's not already there get started users in Finland I think it's there already in the first link I'll get okay well with that said I guess we are pretty much done and we should probably get moving on um yeah so thanks Juha hopefully this was uh insightful to other people here to know that like what we're teaching in this course really applies to far more than just what we're doing we're teaching you the standard stuff pretty much definitely like all supercomputers are individual so details changed but if you know the kind of basics around how why do you have that system and stuff like that then you are fine then you can google or ask for the details thank you very much thank you yeah once you get accustomed to your local your local area then it's usually good idea too and once that starts to feel small there are bigger points where you can go and play around and we all like work together so that we can like everybody has their individual needs and their individual needs can be supported by multiple different places so it's not like a competition that one is a bigger player like it would take something out of us that's not how this works like the main product that all of these services produce are people who manage to do their PhDs research that sort of things and like it doesn't matter which site provides the features it's all about the end goal yeah


It worked. Today I'm gonna try something I've never had before. Broccoli and cheddar soup. Half a stick of butter. Half of an onion. After about three or four minutes, your onions should look like that. We're gonna add some flour. Now our flour soaked up all that butter. We do this. Heavy whipping cream. All right, now that that's nice and thick, I'm gonna add some chicken stock. Continue to stir this thing and bring back to a boil. Now I'll get you one large head of broccoli. Dice it up in the small pieces.  This is about half a cup of mild cheddar. And now it's time to add some real flavor. You can go to Atwood's and get some Danos. Hit it with the pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop. Irish white cheddar. These little cheese shredders, they are for Parmesan cheese, not for Irish cheddar. Looks like the cheese is melted.  Follow exactly how I just made this and you'll thank me later. Yum, yum, get you some.


Good afternoon everybody, my name is Steve Wally. I work for Microsoft and I'm going to be talking to you about the first year of the confidential computing consortium and Really, it's it's been an exciting year. I was one of the founding members But I want to have a discussion first to kind of put some context around it and have that discussion from the perspective of new Thoughts on open-source software nonprofits I would ask that people keep their questions to the end I'm not I need glasses and I need to be able to do the distance thing properly Also, it'll help us hit our time mark a little bit better so We're living in a really interesting period in the software industry right now You know, we all go around saying open source has won and when you look at OSI licensed projects under the umbrellas of all of these different nonprofits Yeah, we've literally over the last few decades created tens of billions of dollars of software value At the same time software has been democratized. We're now drowning in software most of it mediocre duplicative and bad There's been an explosion in nonprofits in entirely new industries as well And it's kind of a really interesting time from that perspective You see some of these things happening in the under the Linux Foundation umbrella You know, you look at LF energy or the work that's coming out of Hollywood So these are brand new industries that have lots of interesting software lots of desire to collaborate But they're coming into this space for really the first time and then there's this trend that we're starting to see of Standards development organizations are moving towards supporting OSI Well at the same time We're starting to see open source nonprofits starting to move towards supporting standards development You might have seen Jim Zemlin's keynote this morning where he was talking about, you know The additional work that the JDF is now organized to be able to submit specifications to ISO for standardization So this is kind of a really interesting place I want to lay down a few ground rules about the way I think about open source. So I Think about healthy OSI licensed project communities in this way You've published the code under an OSI approved license and it's a declaration from the originating Community whoever that small number of maintainers is and it's a declaration of outbound sharing for any purpose And you can have no expectations of anything in return Contribution flow is the lifeblood of a successful OSI licensed project community Successful projects are transparent in the decision-making They support a growing diverse community of young users and contributors and maintainers and those really are Three separate groups of folks within your community. These are not, you know, one developer shows You need to grow that user base to find the developers that are going to go selfishly experiment with your project and then Most users are just happy to use your software in that community, but they still identify with your community And what that means is you know freeloaders means you're doing great You need to make it easy to use deploy build And contribute to the project and then you need to encourage selfish developers To Sorry, I just had a pop-up there. I wasn't expecting you need to encourage selfish developers to contribute back to the project So they don't end up living on brittle and expensive forks And then you need to be trustworthy and fair. That's kind of the heart of your community Sorry, we're learning to drive the interface It can all probably best be summed up. I regularly paraphrase JFK is an augural speech Ask not what your community can do for you You know, it's really about what you can do for your community and it really is that Intention as you build a successful project community about its its work on The community's shoulders to to be doing that outreach doing that on a collaboration, you know There's no magical community that just kind of shows up to help you do work I'm also the the person out there that argues and Debates that there is no open-source business model Not going to go into that here today but there's a couple of things that I've written one I tackle it from the perspective of engineering economics and Why open-source is such a key in our industry and that level of collaboration? But I also when you're gonna run a software business you need to run the business and so again I've tackled the debate from that perspective as well. So, you know, we're not gonna chase that today But these are things that I think inform where How nonprofits play in the space I'm so I'm going to talk about the early open-source nonprofit history This was I was Technical director at the outer curve Foundation. This was a nonprofit that was sponsored into existence It was a 501 C3 which under US tax law says you've sorry a C6 Which under US tax law says you've been created as a member organization Microsoft was the founding sponsor Creating it to support open-source projects that had something to do with Microsoft technologies it was they hired in Paula Hunter as the executive director and a few months after that she hired me and as the technical director and Our challenge was to figure out so what is the playbook? Because we had existing examples the free software foundation has been around since 1985 the Apache Software Foundation came into existence in I believe 99 the Pearl Foundation and the other there was a few language foundations at that point the original OSDL came in in 1999 and then eclipse was Created as a foundation in about 2006. So there was there was examples to look at but all of these things had been created for very specific purposes and when we when we did the analysis where we we ended up was to realize that all of these nonprofits created IP safety Which enabled companies to then participate both from consuming it into you know as components into products and services As well as to be able to contribute their changes back And the other thing that these nonprofits were doing was to remove liability From the original project maintainers, you know as you start to as you host a conference You need some kind of legal protection between you and your personal bank account So that's what these early foundations kind of started off as they were they were creating IP safety and a neutral playing field And they were removing liability and they did this often by adding and providing services to the projects Paula and I captured this the document URL is is there in the lower left of the screen, but We captured it in a paper called the rise and evolution of the open source software foundation But that was you know that was published seven years ago now And and I won't say things have changed but things continue to evolve We felt fairly good about the analysis though at the time because Henrik Ingo who he's currently at mongo, but at the time was part of the leadership of maria db and he came out of the my sql space Henrik got access to a data set that was available at the time and did a big number crunch on it and what he discovered was The nine most vibrant large communities were all Hubbed inside of nonprofits The tenth was an order of magnitude smaller And hubbed in a company So there he's a good engineer He he did not make claim, you know any kind of causality claims about this data crunch But clearly there was a strong correlation and so Paula and I kind of ran with that as the as the early playbook And so you you have this kind of simple idea that you've got the evolution of an open source project You've got this initial group of committers maintainers You start to find Contributors you're building your community and the code base gets better and better and bigger until finally you've got some kind of ecosystem And the aha was realizing that there's this point in a project's growth if it's a well run project It's got to be a healthy project But there's this point Where companies start to circle the project they want to use the components And in using it they also want to be able to contribute back And they want to be able to do this and the put the the products and services And they need to have some confidence That the there's safety in this ip and so that's what you see as a spark for a lot of these organizations The the problem is this is probably the Closer to reality diagram, you know, you don't know that you're logically going to reach this great ecosystem state and so the Kind of the the strength of it is by adding the nonprofit As an umbrella by creating this legal framework you've now created ip neutrality created ip safety You've removed the liability And so the project if you have a healthy project it can now grow to that next level And in growing to that next level you're enabling companies to start to create products and services around it My favorite example in this space, uh the apache software foundation In june of 1999 There was roughly 30 000 lines of code And three months later There was roughly 90 000 lines of code Now people didn't rush out and quickly write 60 000 lines of code but I think what it's giving folks a flavor for the kind of the backlog of companies that had been using the apache Httpd at the heart of their products and services and Didn't know how to get off the fork didn't know how to contribute weren't comfortable with the ip management environment of the original apache project And so by cleaning that whole situation up you end up in this space where the project can begin to grow again in new and interesting ways So really it's what we're seeing now is Kind of those added layers of experience that I don't know that paula and I did a great job of documenting in the kind of proto playbook back then but if you've got um You know you can remove the ip safe you can create ip safety You can remove the liability but you also end up in a space where The foundation that non-profit is adding stability to the project It does this through you know direct services for infrastructure and such you can do just simple experience You know helping provide code of conduct infrastructure helping folks understand how they need to handle cve reporting With bargos in place and such you know that next level of engagement that's going to help the community grow It creates a legal backstop to protect the project it also creates a center of gravity within the industry and So you can attract a bigger industry conversation through the members and sponsors of the organization itself You also see larger nonprofits begin to create a focus for community discussions Across the projects that are related to one another. I want to be really clear here I am not talking about forced architecture that we're somehow fitting these things together as as blocks that must You know either depend on one another or call one another or layer on one another I'm really just talking about the the interaction in the technical advisory groups that begin to happen in the non-profit And I'll talk about that in a moment. And so this really is this idea that if you have a healthy project um It benefits in a well-run nonprofit So let's talk about the confidential computing consortium This this is something that I've been party to for the last year I helped in the kind of formalization discussions and the planning for it So I want to help folks understand. What does it look like if you're going to create one of these things? The confidential computing consortium just to lay the foundation for everybody It is a community of partners of members that are is focused on supporting open source Licensed projects that are securing data in use This is a relatively new technology space. So as opposed to you know data at rest in storage or data in transit on the network This is data in use in computation And it's it's a new enough Space that collectively the members also want to make sure that we're educating the marketplace To understand exactly what this does and doesn't do and how it provides it We announced our intent to form uh last august at this event and We kind of formally kicked off with members and such Uh last october So when you go through the planning phase the planning probably started in april For an august launch and we as you saw that you know, we still didn't quite formalize Until october because you know, there's still people signing paper and cutting checks and such excuse me um It really is one of those situations that you know It starts with two partners who each kind of invite another couple of partners who tell two partners And pretty soon you have a collection of people interested in the discussion That doesn't mean they're going to sign up But they're at least interested enough to participate at that at that point in history um, we Chose to come to the linux foundation As as the parent organization Uh, it was a suggestion that I kind of encouraged at the time because all of the companies for the most part Um, we're comfortable with that legal structure. We'll talk a little bit more about that Uh, but the great part of the planning is you step into a discussion With uh linux foundation staff who have done this before so they can help you start to think about The things you're gonna have to do so one of the one of the first things you'll wrestle with is You know, what what a membership fees look like? And so we started with a prototypical budget And it was if we were going to do these sorts of things Then it would cost this sort of money So if we had this many members the fees would have to look like this And you go back and forth on that to get a sense of really Where's the stake in the ground to say we think this many of us in the conversation right now Will join at a premier level or a general level and this is how much money will kick off with um We also had a prototypical charter that we inherited and you know, it was a reasonable starting point And as you read through it, you realize that you know, obviously a couple of changes you have to make to it to declare that You know, this is the scope of the confidential computing consortium but Again, you have a reasonable Charter with which to begin the process And then you fall into launch planning Lots of discussion and debate, you know, who's going to be on stage? Where are you going to launch the event? You know the the choice of doing it in san diego at this event was part of that debate and discussion And then that idea of you know debating projects Who what projects will we start with? What are the examples of projects that we want to encourage people to understand? This is why we're here And that's a really important thing to kind of have those small anchors Back before outer curve was created I was consulting in those days I happened to be asked to take a look at the plans And one of the you know, I kind of looked at the plans and it was all reasonable And I said, that's great. Um, you'll need to pick a reasonable launch event get 10 CEOs up on stage with you talking about why they joined And at the time microsoft had the relationships in various different Companies that had a real affinity for open source that they could have easily done that Because there was lots of interesting companies Shipping open source based product on windows Make sure you hire a strong Executive director who's kind of knows what they're going to do And you'll need a project some kind of project to demonstrate for folks What is this nonprofit all about? the unfortunate part at the time was None of those things quite happened as they launched and it took them another Almost six months to get all of those things in place So it was really important that we at least had some projects that we were talking about As we were coming forward into planning the consortium to anchor In people's understanding in their imagination even where we were going And so we announced and we had this is this was our launch partners and it was a strong group of eight premier members and nine General members and it was a good mix. We we've got you know hardware vendors in the mix With arm and intel you've got cloud service providers across the the space and A good group of software companies that all care about this confidential computing space And so that was you know, we had a good launch event. We felt We felt good about it The structure that you inherit if you're doing this under the auspices of the Linux foundation looks basically like this for a lot of these Directed funds you have a governing board The governing board the governing board's job is really You know money and members that's what you should care about Do we have enough money to do the things we need to do to support our projects to support the message? and What do we have to do with respect to new members and adding you know possibly maintaining that budget We've got we do that through subcommittees. The important one here is the outreach subcommittee Some groups call out the marketing committee. We felt strongly enough that There was enough product management Weight on the bench that this was more than just some marketing folks Really we had folks that deeply understood the space as product managers And could speak to it and do the work. So we really wanted to call it the outreach committee Then you have your technical advisory council. This is where the engineers. There's one per premier member Plus Each project at a certain level Would have a member on a voting member in the technical advisory council But this is the group that's going to vet project proposals Against their criteria to say yes that belongs inside of the confidential computing consortium It's the group that's going to debate How much uh, how we best support those projects with services and how much money that that's going to cost And then you've got the actual Projects themselves that get slotted in as each is accepted As its own little project pllc This is simple Legal framework To ensure that you know all the eyes are dotted and all the t's are crossed with respect to trademark ownership And ensuring that the non-profit status of the entire chain is maintained So there's there's it looks like a lot of Legal craziness, but it actually has a fairly simple purpose Um over the last nine months lots of work has happened Um technical advisory council in its first face to face meeting Except of the first three projects. We'll talk about that in a minute. Um, they've debated diligently a definition of confidential computing And this was when you looked at that set of members You know, it does represent a weight and a center of gravity in the industry And they didn't they still didn't just kind of come up with a definition They did a deep survey across things like, you know, what's the itf definition? What are the other definitions that are available from nist or the iEEE? So it was it was a concerted effort to kind of coalesce on a definition that we all felt strongly about um They continue to improve the project acceptance criteria They've accepted two more uh projects that just over the last couple of months and we'll talk about that in a moment The outreach committee at the same time has been really busy They've uh developed a messaging framework that i'll show you briefly in a moment That ensures that everybody has a consistent message across the membership They've been running analyst briefings with the likes of gartner and forester Uh developed a current white paper that was published today on the web You can Certainly get access to both from our website or if you come and visit our booth And they're beginning to plan a conference for Uh, hopefully face-to-face um next year But we'll very likely explore some kind of virtual event in the fall this year And there's still other work. So to give you a sense of that budget, um, we're working with about $800,000 per year in membership right now And because of both the pandemic lockdown, but as well We just we were still finding our stride of how much money did we feel comfortable spending now fast? We'll end up exiting our first year With a good healthy surplus in place going into the second year And i'm a big believer that if you're going to run a non-profit You always sort of want a year in the bank because you're never sure what kind of economic downturn you're going to see Um, none of us were expecting the pandemic, but i'm actually confident We have a an operating budget for next year already in place Um, and then we're looking to start an end user advisory council come the fall We continue to pick up members. Uh, that was our our announcement today was the white paper plus all of our new members We're up to 10 Premier members now and 15 General members at this point, you know, we've added the rest of the kind of first wave of Chip vendors that care about this confidential computing space And we continue to add other interested companies. So again the We're building a center of gravity here to have an important industry conversation and it's a very collaborative group of people Um projects, uh, the first three projects through the door. Well, these were discussions that started all the way back in our planning phase Um, sgx sdk for linux came in from intel the open enclave sdk came in from microsoft and Anarchs was a new project last spring and so Red Hat was really keen to participate and it's been a great participant all the way along this um, so Those were those first three projects that we that the tac Tested against the criteria And and to a certain extent found the criteria wanting and continued to evolve it since And then this spring we've uh, accepted graphene. Now the tac has also accepted the trusted compute framework Now the trusted compute framework. It's an intel project that will be changing its name because they realized the name wasn't descriptive Um, graphene is a really interesting project because it's our first project that really is coming from a non-member It's coming in from the research community And so we're we're going through it. You know, it's again It's challenging some of our assumptions in our process and that's a really important thing to understand as you come into these, uh Is you create a non-profit is that you need to be Almost flexible with your rules as you figure out. Oh, these rules that looked really good to start with actually might need to change a bit Um, so we're working our way through some of that Um, this slide I I am not taking you through all the details but it's the messaging framework that the outreach committee came up with and again what it ensures is that there's All of the product management teams across all of our members have a consistent way To describe and discuss Confidential computing the significance of confidential computing and what market problem is it solving? What's the rule of confidential computing consortium and ensure that everybody's at least consistent with the base message Now recognize we're all companies in this space You know, it's important for us that this is part of our story to our customers And it will start to layer our product and service messages on top of this framework But this is this becomes the foundational framework that we all start from So I want to kind of pop back up for a second. Um, and talk about nonprofits in general again um, you need to create a culture And when I talk about culture, this is this is my definition of a culture You know, it's a collection of beliefs and practices of a community that involves carefully And it creates the success across generations. You know generations as people come and go because they do um, and the reason I wanted to kind of take this approach is If you don't set the culture you want in a new non-profit then you'll get the culture that happens And it may be somewhat chaotic. It may not be what you want. It certainly may surprise you. Um So you need to kind of go in with an intent to create a particular culture So let's talk about how The culture we've been creating in our first year as the as the consortium You know, kind of weed the members immediately interpret our our Charter uh in a series board revel resolutions to allow Everyone to participate across the meetings. Um Some organizations in their charters tend to create silos and They tend to try and make voting You know that if you read the charter, you'd think well, this is all about voting And what we've been trying to do is we're reduced voting down to really the boring stuff like Minutes from the last meeting, you know money and members and so We also wanted to tear down those silos. So The outreach chair is a regular participant in the technical advisory council We have governing board members that serve in a number of different places The tack chair is a member of the governing board but is also a regular visitor in the outreach committee and again, there's no requirements For this and there's no Barriers to prevent other people in the tack from attending and they do So this is We wanted this to be as open and transparent an organization and to kind of tear down the communication silos You know we we the members also publish our minutes publicly Uh, we do reserve the right to drop into an executive governing board session Because there may be sensitive discussions Uh, code of conduct comes to mind and we've had a code of conduct challenge that we had to solve Uh, that was a minute governing board meeting, but those minutes are not made available you know, not publicly published, um There could be compensation discussions at some future point, you know, there are reasons to fall into executive session but for the most part are We would like people to be able to see what we're doing and what we're working on so that they can feel good about participating Um, not that long ago uh An organization was trying to encourage Uh me wearing my microsoft hat to join their nonprofit and I said great You've been around for like almost two years. I'd love to see the last 12 to 18 months of your board minutes Now my intent here is to understand who's attending the meetings What decisions are coming out of the the meetings like who's there and what are you doing? I honestly don't care about the aspirational intent of the nonprofit. I want to actually understand. What's the work? Um, and I was told that I couldn't see the board minutes because they were private And that you're asking me for some reasonably serious money I'm not joining until I see the board minutes So it's it's a really simple thing that no as far as we're concerned. We publish our board notes Um, we we live in a world of minimum viable governance. Uh, that great expression came from serenovotny I've always admired Organizations that have grown carefully and thoughtfully and continue to succeed 30 years later things like The ietf and the work they continue to do they evolved a governance structure that worked for them over time But it was never more government governance than you needed at that moment in history You can see the same kind of success in the apache software foundation um our tack our tack chair By our charter is a member a voting member of the board But we didn't want that to start to look like vote gathering So our tack chair basically agreed that they will abstain from all governing board votes And it's that simple because the person who was elected by the group By the tack as tack chair happens to work for microsoft I'm the current governing board chair. I work for microsoft and we did not want this to start to look like people were gathering votes um tack chair runs all meetings open um We hire very few services from the linux foundation because in our way of looking at things We are The domain experts. We are the domain specialists and it doesn't matter whether you're looking at the outreach committee or whether you're looking at the tack these are the domain specialists in this space And we are the best people to do the work even though it's you know, it's volunteers working and collaborating To a certain extent just like an open source project and we'll come back to that idea a couple of times. Um There is a real get work done ethic within the within all of the committees Just like you see in it in a healthy open source project, you know, everybody is willing to do The hard work chopping wood and carrying water that you hear about associated with open source projects Because that's the best way to get things done. We have a fabulous program manager from the linux foundation and we put things In their queue and they get stuff done up for us all the time So it's not that we don't use the linux foundation services. The linux foundation is a great service organization to us as a Directed fund under the auspices of the linux foundation But there was things in our prototype budget like pr services Now we all collectively had experience with the pr firm. They're a great pr firm But for our size and where we are in our history We didn't need a lot of noise and a monthly billing for it What we needed was to ensure that we were getting the kind of foundational work done And figuring out how we want to message that and so we will absolutely look to hire some of these things in the future But right now it's we the members doing it um And like I said, it really has been about reducing that idea that this is not about voting uh that you know voting really is money members and minutes The other thing that we were trying to do when you talk about culture Ritual is important in creating human culture and so you know as Tweet and trite as that might sound This slide with a different title on it shows up at the start of all meetings Governing board meets once a month The tack meets for two hours every other week Outreach meets for an hour every week But we always start here because this is the reminder. This is why we're here This is who we are in the culture. We believe in And we really do care like the the breadth of our culture incorporates things like a harassment free environment um that we really You know care about the diversity and inclusivity of the work that we're doing Um, so that's something that shows up the other slide that shows up all the time for us Is our antitrust policy? Antitrust policy is actually a really important thing. Uh, and I and I want to Tackle that from a more general statement Open source nonprofits are legal structures They exist to uh hold shared assets They remove liability as we've discussed but they formally in their legal structure remove that liability And then there is a class of them that are member organizations that provide antitrust protections It's insurance. Um, you know collaboration is good Collusion not so much That's a really important thing to kind of carry forward. So there are you'll occasionally hear people Snipe at the linux foundation that it's pay-to-play. It's all the big vendors. No, it's not always big vendors um and the pay-to-play that you're seeing is A collection of vendors Needs a legal framework to collaborate And so those membership dues Are insurance You know, so we need the legal framework because otherwise, you know, you've you've got a collection of partners and or competitors in a room together And so you put in place this legal framework To give you protection from from antitrust law So that that's the reason that our minutes are structured the way our minutes are, you know, every meeting The attendees are noted by membership Um, every meeting the decisions that happened in that meeting are captured in the minutes This is the the the log of what we've done and so at any time if somebody tried to accuse us of you know Collusion we could actually pull out all the minutes and demonstrate that no, no this, you know, Transparently we're an organization that is collaborating in these ways So why would you join or sponsor one of these open source nonprofits? Um, you know, really there's a set of reasons that Uh All boil down to the the mission Benefits the company story to customers Um When paul and i were we're doing the original work, you know We we talked a lot about that idea of you're supporting and funding services to projects Um that you care about that have a clear ip management need You're providing the they these in return provide the building blocks for you the business But that's really only one thing that fits You know our in the consortium we we aren't capped at just projects from members any project can come to us We're not making these projects healthy Only for members. We're making them healthy for broad use in a new technology domain um As a member you're directly creating and funding the collateral build-out and development process for consistent messaging That goes all the way back to the foundation of the osdl which became the linux foundation You know the the early message was this ip is safe in the teeth of kind of the competitive messaging that was going on From the likes of microsoft sun and oracle You're directly engaging in these committee discussions Which accelerates innovation i'm always amazed i sit in on all attack meetings Not because this is my domain of expertise But because of the number of things i learned listening to some of the best folks in the industry debate some of these issues And come up with that collaborative agreed-on solution um The nonprofit is a shared cost structure So you aren't eating the cost of this and going it your own way And being a member creates that direct association Of the company brand with the nonprofit brand for again. It basically is benefiting your story to customers um and one of the the things that kind of a secondary thing but was fascinating is The hallway conversations you suddenly it has as a you know big companies and small companies together in a room with a common goal opens up discussions For companies to partner in ways that they might not have otherwise thought to have those discussions So i think that's a real benefit for membership as well um I want to finish up with just a few ideas for folks that um i've seen some challenges And i think the the best way is to go back to the magic diagram You know, there's this wonderful stylized idea and the dream of most corporate-owned Or corporate controlled open source projects is again that they're going to have this this great growing wave of source code and people loving them for it um There's a little more structure that suddenly shows up because you're thinking yeah our partners and our customers can Be become contributors um The reality though is these things are often kicked off Very early in their life. So they haven't become A successful open source community And the company may not have done the deeper analysis to figure out What's the goal here? um In the business side of the world I argue if you're a software company and you're doing open source projects those projects sit in either the context space And what I mean by that best example, I can give you a Spinnaker from netflix. There is nothing about the spinnaker c-i-c-d system That is directly connected to the revenue stream of Streaming video content to all of your customers devices. It's it's context software. It's the tooling you create to do the business There's complement value ad software about the interesting interesting projects in this kind of complement to the core value proposition An easy example there would be the azure cli Is an open source project that microsoft runs and It is in the complement space of making azure easier to use for a class of user But it's not part of the core azure value proposition And then there's your core value proposition to your customers. What's the thing that you what problem are you solving for your customers? Setting customer and partner expectations in community community is really critical and depends on Which of those three buckets you're trying to play in Uh at the same time knowing your company goal really requires you to understand Which of these buckets are we playing in and so there's a lot of analysis that has to go on As you take this fledgling open source project Into the pipeline and I think what the the biggest challenge then becomes They want to go big fast and they think the non-profit is the way to make that project go big fast and This is where I I kind of push back because I think there's a few simple rules here A non-profit will not make an osi licensed project healthy The project community has to be healthy in and of itself Remember go all the way back to that kind of the first couple of slides that I put up there is a What a healthy project looks like that has to exist Before you can get the growth amplification in a non-profit um, likewise Non-profit will not create culture for you Um, I think that's some of where you see kind of chaotic cultures in some of these newer foundations Is because folks thought I I'm I'm going to create a non-profit And then good stuff is going to happen and they don't realize that you have to Create that culture the non-profit will amplify whatever culture is there And so I think that's really important to get right um and then At the end of the day you get out of the non-profit what you put into it That that ethic that came out of uh, uh, you know strong successful open source community projects Uh chopping wood and carrying water doing the boring work. That's necessary to carry the mission forward that applies at the level of the non-profit as well and Well, some of those things can be done by employees that you might hire Through your membership or services that you might hire in From the linux foundation or there's a number of companies in this space that can do it for you At the end of the day the members have to there have to be enough members that care deeply enough To actually do that wood chopping and water carrying And with that, uh, that's all I have to say today. Uh, I am happy to answer any questions. We've got uh, almost 10 minutes left and Let me throw these on so I can actually read screens. Um Does anybody have any questions? I'm not seeing any questions showing showing up in the chat. Um, I am around Uh, I'm around for all three days. Uh, I will be spending a certain amount of time in the, uh Confidential computing consortium booth, but also you can always reach me. Uh, I Always available by email if folks have specific questions they want to discuss So with that, I'd like to thank everybody for their time this afternoon and I wish you all a good conference


Welcome to Dispatches from India, I am Swastika your host and let's take a look at some of the stories that we are bringing in for you today. Our first story is from Bundelkhand in Uttar Pradesh where thousands of workers are seen getting into trains and buses daily. The workers claim that they leave the villages as there is no possible opportunity for employment. This should be noted as Chief Minister Adityanath of this BJP run state claimed just earlier this year that the government has provided for 450,000 jobs since 2017 when the party came to power in the state. Have a look at this ground report. This company has a lot of work to do, they keep doing their own thing. There is no such company in Bundelkhand, if there was a company like this we would not have to go there. I am with you. There are four people. Where are you going? Five. Why are you going out? I am going because I can't find a job. I can't find a job, so I am going. You don't have a job? Yes. Why don't you have a job? I had a job as a farmer, so I got a job. But when I got a job, I got a job by earning two paisa lakha bachan. How long have you been working as a farmer? It has been four years. Sir, this is how it works. If they don't earn money from there, they give some money at home. So this is how it works. So you have seven or eight people at home? Yes. So all of them go out? Yes, all of them go out. How much do you earn in a day's labour? Sir, I am telling you that you will get 10,000 rupees a month for your food and drink. Have you ever tried to find a job here? Sir, I do find a job here, but I don't get a job. I got a job like this for two months, three months and 15 days. Then I came home. Have you ever had an emergency? Did you have to come home? Did you need anything at home and you couldn't come? No, I couldn't come. My father didn't come even then. Okay. He came later. He came later. Yes. How much do you earn a living here? What can I say? Mr. Yogi was very good. We used to see him in the corona pandemic. The people who are out here, if the company opens the industry, they will get the same rate of money here. Now he has come here for two or three months. He has worked for a few months. He has worked for the house. Now he has come, everything is done. He is preparing again. The state government of Tamil Nadu released a draft of its new resettlement and rehabilitation policy in early October this year. The government announced that the policy will focus on community engagement and areas where erstwhile slum dwellers will be resettled will have all the basic amenities such as healthcare and employment opportunities. However, experts and activists claimed that the policy totally fails to address the urban housing crisis. Neither the homeless population nor the large population living in rented accommodations in urban areas. We spoke with Kishore Kumar, a research scholar for a deeper understanding of the ghettoization of the urban poor. The housing crisis in Tamil Nadu is huge. And Tamil Nadu is also one of the most... I think Tamil Nadu is the most urbanized state in India. The very census number gives you 55%. But if you go beyond that, I think it will be 60%. So the housing crisis is quite huge in Tamil Nadu but this policy has nothing to do with it. This policy is very clear. It is only about evicting people. And you should ask the question why that is the case? Why are you not talking about homeless people? Why are you not talking about the housing crisis? Why are you just interested in evicting people? Then we have to look at it from a kind of global context because now particularly after the neoliberalism and after India opening up its economy the competition to attract foreign capital is quite huge. And the competition is not between Indian cities and Indonesian cities and Indian cities and other developing countries' cities. No, the competition is also between the cities within India. So then you have to show your city something that is like Singapore. Something that is like New York, right? Every time when a politician comes and says, let's say Singara Channel 2.4, we want to make our city like Singapore. The question that needs to be asked is why should Chennai look like Singapore? Why can't Chennai be like Chennai? Why it should look like Singapore? What is the point of it, right? It is not just to put in such a state. It is about giving a cosmopolitan character to your city and showing that this city can be something like your first world city. It will have all the facilities like first world city. And people just forget that the first world cities are for the rich in the first world cities. You go to New York, you see people who are living in pavements, homeless people, because that's how the city is constructed. And that is the case with most of the first world cities. So the idea here is also the same. And also the idea is not about evicting these people from the land. It's not about just fake settlement. It's basically evicting a certain kind of poverty in the inner city, right? You are not just evicting those people. You are evicting the entire character that the city is built with. So you are evicting them so that in the inner city, poverty will be visible. Now, in focus this week. After over one year of protest, the farmers have come out victorious in their fight against the government's attempt to privatise agriculture. Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced on November 19th that the farm laws will be repealed. However, the various farmers' unions collectively decided to keep on protesting until each of their demands are met, including a minimum support price for their produce and a compensation for 700 deaths of farmers during the protest. In a meeting between government representatives and those of the Samyukth Kisan Nourja affront with more than 40 farmers' unions on December 9th concluded with a written statement by the union government conceding to all the demands of the SKM.  Here is a glimpse of the day. The government has agreed to all the demands of the farmers. After this, the farmers' union has made a meeting and announced the return of this union. Now, the Prime Minister has also agreed to the demands of the farmers and he has also said that some farmers were unable to understand the farmers' faces. Even though the farmers had agreed to the demands of the farmers the farmers had to bow down to Modi. They were doing a huge thing. They broke the government's rule. Modi's rule has been broken for a year. The struggle for freedom is not just for the SKM. There is no victory for Andolan. There is no struggle for the free law. There is no struggle for the MSP. We will continue to fight for it in this field. We say that the government should pay attention to the demands of the farmers otherwise we will come back to the field again. This victory is not just for the farmer's union but for the victory of 80 crore friends. Because I think that the biggest victory is to get a ticket in front of the government. I think that the MSP has been captured. With the name of the committee and the name of the MSP the issue of MSP has been put in the house again. But the happy thing is that we are going to get them repealed for all the three laws that have been passed. Andolan has done a lot of things. First of all, the farmers had to put in a lot of effort. Then the second thing is that they have closed the government. They have closed the government and it seems like Andolan will end. It won't take long. But as soon as the government ends, this Andolan has come new. Today, we are very happy. One year ago, Andolan went. Our training was also done. We got to learn a lot. Our Punjab friends got to learn a lot in Andolan. And with this, we are going to thank Modi that Modi has complained about the fight against Andolan. We had come first. We will go back first. We will go in the end. When we came, 16-kilometer-long people had built a house. There is one thing in my heart that when I go, the farmers, the farmers, the committee stage, then this road should be completely empty. I mean, brother Ravi, we will go in the end. We will go in the end. And we will invite everyone. And in the end, even if we make a mistake, don't forget those people who have been with us for a year and 13 days. Don't forget. Don't forget. Many people have sacrificed. Your channel is very heavy, brother. Those who have done so much, it is more than their heart. Now, this has very dire implications for the economy as this amount of concentration of wealth leaves very little for a large part of the country, which affects purchasing power as a whole. But it also has grave consequences for democracy. Now, how does democracy function when a small section has such a disproportionate hold over the country's wealth? Journalist Anandya Chakraborty analyzes this issue. The numbers are still very staggering because if you look at it, the top 10% of Indians, the top 10% he owned five times what the bottom 50% owned. And if we take the total wealth of the bottom 50% and compare it to what the top 1% owned, then the top 1% owned 1.7 times what the bottom 50% owned. That's the kind of disparity that we have in India. And if I look at what an affluent person in the top 1% owns compared to an average person in the bottom 10%. It's almost a thousand times. It is almost 1,000 times the annual earning compared to those who are at the bottom 10%. From 1951 to 1981, which we can call the period of Nehruvian socialism or Indira Gandhi's left turn in the 70s, the gap between the rich and poor actually narrowed. And if we take the 1981 to 2021 period, you see that the economic growth actually improved significantly. But what happened to the bottom 50%? The bottom 50% their control over wealth and productive assets has dropped sharply and the top 1% their control over productive assets has gained significantly. So what does that mean? That is this 1%, and if you extend it to 10%, then 2 thirds of the wealth is owned by the top 10%. But this 1% can actually control everything, not just productive assets like factories, offices, mines, ports, airports, power plants, not just them, but they can also control institutions. They with their money can control the media. They can manufacture concept. They can, by funding political parties, decide what politics is going to exist in the country. They can decide policies. So we've seen what happens when democracy is controlled by, or a nation state is controlled by that 1%. It kills democracy because the 1% moves everything towards them. They control media, they control the dominant ideologies, dominant ideas and the poor have no voice. And that is why we see that every media house, every public intellectual, every commentator says that these policies which have made the rich even richer, exponentially richer, increase inequality, these are the policies that are good. Reforms are good. Anything that helps the poor is bad and that is what is all around it. That is the core of the weakening of India's democracy. That is what has happened. And unless we realize this, unless we learn that we need to share more with the rest of India, our democracy cannot survive. Well that's all from us. Do keep watching People's Dispatch.