Hi everyone happy Super Bowl Sunday second and third third quarter Mahomes scrambling scrambling Rolling out to his right running for a first down and more and more to the five to the four So that left ankle looking okay looked like or whichever angle it was looked like he was having some trouble there We're not having trouble with this. We sold this out 2019 Panini prison football Ren division break number two big. Thanks to this group for making it happen. I appreciate it There are the divisions right here. Let's roll it randomize it four and a five and nine times her names and divisions one two three four five six Seven eight and nine Mahomes to Ooh close Mahomes McKinnon he gets to the one four and a five nine times After nine we got Tristan down to Nick after nine four and a five nine times. That was last year Rex It's so five one two three four five six seven eight and nine We got AFC south down to the NFC East NFC AFC south down to AFC East. I mean second and goal on the one Mahomes to Touchdown to number ten. Who is that? Is that McKinnon? No, that's Pacheco McKinnon's number one Pacheco's ten Tristan AFC south Josh NFC west NFC east NFC north Tristan AFC west Steve AFC north Jeremy NFC south Nick AFC east Let's order alphabetize these by division and Let's print and rip. I doubt there's gonna be any trade to all everyone's watching the Super Bowl here and Extra point is good Matt it was last year Rex the M&M snoop dr. Dre That was a really good one. I enjoyed the Rihanna one Well, I'd like the minimalist sort of stage Stage set up there. I generally like I generally like solo acts. Oh Well does anyone want AFC north Steve has it up for trade if anybody wants to all open it back up We're on we're on a commercial anyway What is this commercial? That's a Matt Damon. Oh, is this the Phil Knight commercial movie? Oh This looks good Any offers for AFC north for Steve? Maybe not. All right, we'll trade it will TWC again all right, so trade window close again division break number two on Super Bowl Sunday Thanks everyone for spending a little bit of your big game day with me. There's 2019 Panini prison football hobby edition We got another one box break loaded up in the store if you want to run this back three autographs per box on average think about your 2019 draft class which is It's Kyler Murray's class Daniel Jones to maybe 2019 NFL draft would be Daniel Jones Kyler Murray But Nick Bosa, I think yeah Nick Bosa Jaguars Josh Allen TJ Hawkinson So on and so forth Daniel Jones Definitely get a little more boost in value. Is this the Grand Field goal commercial? Now Rex was saying he used to pay attention more to the halftime show and Super Bowl Around his birthday This was always around your birthday. Oh happy birthday Rex and Then they added the 17th game back and push it back Have you belated birthday at this point? Last Super Bowl on your birthday was 2018 Eagles won. Oh Eagles won. I Remember that Super Bowl. All right. Good luck everybody We got a quadrioles and 51 out of 75 and a TJ Hawkinson rookie card for the NFC North Josh Quadrioles and green at scope Falcons NFC South that'll be for Jeremy. We got a silver Bryce love We got now in Robinson to 249 That's for the Bears NFC North Orange Josh is once again to 249 NFC East That's also Josh Is that a fumble? Wow that's a That's a oh, that's a bang bang play. Is that a Yeah, I don't think no, I don't know if that was a football move. There's Todd Gurley to 149 NF still Rams addition FC West Josh Is that incomplete chair me think? Yeah, I think so He was turning but maybe that football move was not made Here's Shaquille Griffin To 199 NFC West Josh Smith and our autograph is gonna be Terry McLaurin 31 out of 75 Rookie autograph NFC East Josh Smith Not Jerome Bettis the bus 36 out of 149 AFC North Steve Not a catchy. I think it was the right call to Ted saying so I call Jeremy had it too. There's Josh Jacobs awesome season. He had for my Raiders Sounds like a lot of Eagles fans there. They might be just be Louder Bryce loved to 249 and we got Jonathan Abram to 75 AFC West that's gonna be for Tristan got Chris Godwin to 199 NFC South Jeremy Wow, that's a catch There's a Caden Smith Camo to 25 nice Niners NFC West Josh Hurts will get that huge contract and they'll regret it within two or three years Jeremy Harder not a not a Hertz believer. I mean, I think if I would agree with you if he did not make so much Such an improvement throwing the ball if he had if he had not made those improvements I would be inclined to agree with you But he said he's a different quarterback today There's Josh Norman to 175 NFC East. Let's see our final third and final autograph is gonna be Oh nice Franchise legends cracked ice Rod Woodson AFC North Steve Tried to trade couldn't trade mojo ends up with a Rod Woodson 87 out of 99 and there you have it ladies and gentlemen another one box random division break of 2019 Panini prison football in the books. We got another one box break loaded up in the store Check it out. Jasper's case breaks.com. Bye. Bye


Okay students, good morning, so this week we are discussing NMR in drug discovery. In the last lecture, essentially I discussed how we can use to develop and drug starting from how we can use the NMR in S3R, structure activity relationship, then looking at the binding site on the protein, we can start developing the drug, so we can find another binding site if possible. Then attach these two ligands to have a better binder, I give you few of the example how we can start from say millimolar binding, KD like a binding strength KD and all the way by joining this fragment we can go up to nanomolar. So this is called fragment based drug design. Then we also looked at how we can look at the ligand site, looking at the interligand NOE and then again we can join these ligands to make a better binder. So this is kind of a development. First is like we have identify which comes in drug discovery, identify a binder by either detecting a ligand or detecting a protein. So once we identify the binder, we want to make it better binder, combining the medicinal chemistry approach and the structural information that we are getting from NMR spectroscopy. So can we combine these two to develop a better drug, a stronger binder, a more potent drug and that is what we were discussing how NMR is helping us in doing this. So interligand NOE actually you can measure the NOE between two ligands that are binding at two different site and probably looking at what are the proximal atoms that are interacting through this NOE and then one can join them to have a better binder. So that is what we looked at and then I give you few of the example how we can use these concepts of SAR, then ligand based, fragment based drug design to find a better binder. So we ended it there, now we will move ahead and we will say that once we design the drug and discover the drug, we have to look at what this drug is doing, is it going through the body where it is going, can we detect like is it going to the right side where NMR can play a role, we are going to now slowly delve into these concepts of I would say drug metabolism and detecting the drug and its metabolites in the body using either in vitro approach or in vivo approach and let us see can we detect it, can we and then this will help us to knowing the efficacy, potency of a drug, how drug travels through the body. So many other aspects can be explored if we combine the concept of drug metabolism and detecting by NMR in per se. So let us move ahead with the concepts. So you know from your like a basic course in the drug discovery and design that the basic property of drug should be something called ADME, drug should be absorbed in the body like any drug that you are taking, whether you are taking a oral drug or injectable drug or subcutaneous drug or intravenous drug, may any of these drugs what are the mode of injection it is, it has to be absorbed in the body, the first and most important thing is absorption. Once it is absorbed it has to distribute throughout the body right. So distribution should happen as systemic distribution it should reach to the location where it has to act like many of the drug will take through oral injection. So when we take a tablet or capsule we just take it through mouth, it has to absorb in our system, then it should be distributed and it should reach to the point of action right. So that is a distribution. After that once the action is done this drug is not from our body right, it is a foreign particle you know biotic or so we it has to be metabolized, it should be degraded into smaller pieces and then finally it should be removed from the body. This is called ADME and this can this is actually required to understand the toxicology and this field is called like a toxicology that is studied in human or animals. So it should not produce any toxic effect that is the primary requirement we are taking a medicine for being cured, it should not produce toxic thing. So you have to identify whatever metabolites are produced by the drug metabolism should not have any like a or minimal toxic effect. We cannot ensure for no toxic effect but it should be very very minimal toxic effect otherwise drug has to be recalled and that drug cannot pass through right. So these four points has to be very well taken care, it has to be absorbed distributed metabolized and excreted that is called ADME. So here in the cartoon responsible, so first thing is like you can even take it liberation like it is the active pharmaceutical ingredient should be liberated from the formulated capsule or a tablet or wherever it is and then it comes to our body by absorption, it gets absorbed, it distributes through our circulation system and that is a distribution, it reaches to brain, it reaches to head, it reaches to hand all those right and then metabolism so it should be metabolized and finally it should be excreted through urine or through ficus or somewhere or sweat but it has to go out of the body that is the typical property of any drug that is there. So this whole concept is called pharmacokinetics. The kinetics of a pharmaceutical molecule, pharmacokinetics that is what this study is like if you design a drug, you are administering drug how it is going through our body, so you are taking a medicine suppose through oral route, it should go to your liver, to intestine and all those and then like that will be and how it should be absorbed, so it should be absorbed through your tissue and cells, absorption how it will get absorbed then how it is broken down, so most of the breaking down happens in liver we will look at the little more detail how it happens and finally how it is distributed, where it goes, what are the transporters for these drug molecules? So here you can see there are various transporters and all one of the obvious transporters is a blood, so blood can take because blood goes everywhere, so blood can take the drugs throughout the body and finally after metabolism it should get excreted, so that is total concept of these drug journey from the administration to the excretion is called pharmacokinetic. So drug metabolism and how it can vary among the patients in a drug response that determines a lot of things, so when you go to a doctor a physician, he prescribe drugs based on the characteristic of a medicine and the probability that has been obtained from reliable and reproducible clinical effect what result it will produce, so that is the basic concept that physician has, there are some already reliable and reproducible results obtained in a clinical trial that this drug should act in this particular manner with some variation and that knowledge doctor has physician has, when one new person goes to physician he understand the characteristic of a drug and the probability that has obtained from clinical trial, so he prescribed a drug but as you know all of us are not similar. Our system response is different, therefore it is expected that there will be difference in the drug response among the patients that goes to a physician and that is obvious that is common because we are different. Genetically we may be same but our protein expression level transcriptomics like transcript level we are different, our protein may be same but their action like how fast or how slow or how pronounced they work are different, therefore the drug response in different patient can be different and that often leads to challenge in optimizing a dose, how much a dose should be given to particular individual depending upon the severity of the disease one dose will suit to a person a particular person the another dose may suit to another person. Now, commonly nowadays what is happening that generally doctors prescribed one dose for adults, one dose for child you know if you know from your common language child has a lower dose adults had one dose but let us talk even adults, adults like all adults are not same, so I like if it is intuitive that if one has to prescribe the medicine or a dose should be person specific rather than a like a blanket prescription. Now, how to get that person specific response for that that is called now the field will be coming is called personalized medicine. So, every person should be given in a particular dose form and that can come only if we have detailed a study how a person is behaving for a particular kind of metabolism drug metabolism. So, that will dictate about the dosage the particular kind of medications should be given to a person. Now, for doing that for knowing that actually lot more studies required a larger sample size has to be taken person specific dose should be determined looking at the person metabolism and therefore drug metabolism becomes of paramount importance for designing and optimizing the drug response in a particular person. Then another major hurdle that major drugs are effective in only say 25 to 60 percent of the patients it is not. Now, this is the question one can ask why drugs should by all of us are human. So, should be effective on all of us but that does not happen one drug works for a person fantastically it does not work for another person. Now, that is that is the paradox that still exists and therefore it has to be studied in detail. And here comes the NMR which can study person specific the drug metabolism by taking some of the body fluid like in vitro we can use the body fluid like a tissue extract or a urine or a blood, serum or plasma or one can even take the intact cells or biopsy or perfused organ or NMR can even offer to study the metabolism in whole like a animal model or human subjects. Combining probably MRS and MRI, MRS is magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MRI is magnetic resonance imaging. If you can combine even you can look at the feet of a drug inside the body. So, there the field is going towards developing, but in vitro can be done quite easily taking urine, taking serum, plasma or tissue extract, biopsy sample and all those. And it offers the unique probability, NMR offers the unique ability to do these kind of a study in vitro and in vitro simultaneously. So, without perturbation or taking just body fluid without changing much in the body fluid you can detect what is the fate of a drug that is administered. And that will create a wealth of information to leads towards the personalized medicine that is the future subject in the medicine field. How you can tune particular, tune a drug or a dose for a particular patient that is going to come in future. So, what happens for the drug? So, when drug enters the system, when drug is entering the system actually one thing I said that the its availability is only like a very low. So, why it is low? What happens? When it go to like liver the proteins are there which starts cleaving. And there is a heme protein called cytochrome P450 that plays a key role in the metabolism of drug or any genobiotic. This is a heme protein, this is the structure of a protein, there is a channel here, lots of like here is N-terminus, the prosthetic group where actually heme binds and here is the C-terminus. So, this protein cytochrome P450 it is a important protein, it also involves in biosynthesis and degradation of indigenous component such as steroid, lipids or vitamins. It is also responsible for metabolizing any genobiotics that drug that we are taking. Therefore, what can happen? The P450, cytochrome P450 action can be differential in a different person. Therefore, the drug that we ask the question of why one drug is effective in one person it is not effective in another person can be understood that the protein expression can be different in different person. And therefore, the available drug that is there can be also different because of action of this protein called cytochrome P450. So, cytochrome P450 plays an important role in chemical toxicology. So, again this is the structure it is a heme binding protein you can see. Therefore, the heme binding site and in a oxidation reduction reactions coupled with NADPH cytochrome P450 actually does couple of oxidation reduction and that helps in metabolizing any genobiotics. Interestingly in human there are 54 cytochrome P450 genes and they are responsible for different kind of metabolism today we will be highlighting some of those. So, in liver which is a major site of the metabolism this cytochrome P450 exist. So, this protein cytochrome P450 start metabolizing drug and as we know that once you take this drug here once you take this medicine it goes and goes through liver. Here is our metabolism happening and then it goes for absorption also and at this place our cytochrome P450 is sitting. So, cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism happens, but in erythro site RBC there are epithelial cell or even in the epithelial cell of sorry small intestine that are potentially important site for metabolism can happen. So, major site is our liver it can happen in intestine also these are the important site for drug metabolism like one of the cytochrome P450 is CYP3A which is found in erythro site RBC structure is here. Now this also can do metabolism. So, you can see first is liver it can be in RBC it can be in intestine epithelial cells of intestine these are the potential site where drug can metabolize. So, about 40 percent of commonly used drug is only available because that gets metabolized by limited absorption or first pass metabolism. First pass metabolism means like it has to pass through metabolism and then it can be absorbed. So, now the drug whatever we are taking is not 100 percent available it gets metabolized how much depends upon a person where it gets metabolized in liver in RBC in small intestine. So, here is the first pass metabolism that happens after oral administration of a drug. So, for this I have taken from new general of like New England general of medicine you can see if you are taking the medicine through oral administration it is entering to the liver. So, this drug is called phylo-depine which is actually used for treating the high blood pressure. So, essentially this drug is a calcium channel blocker and what it does it works by relaxing the blood vessel. So, heart does not have to pump very hard and that is how it is out the blood pressure right. So, this drug is taken suppose this drug we are taking 100 percent phylo-depine dose now this is going through the liver ok.  So, here this drug is going 100 percent after metabolism here in RBC we have this protein called CY34A it starts getting metabolized. And then if you look at the drug percentage that starts getting reduced from 100 percent here is a 45 percent here 15 percent, 13 percent or so somewhere it is 19 percent. So, in gut lumen in erythrocyte this is 90 percent or so. Finally, when it comes out and goes for a circulation it is 15 percent or 45 percent. So, rest about 85 to 60 sorry 55 percent is lost in the metabolism in liver small intestine and RBC. Now, that is called bioavailability how much drug is available for circulation and that has to reach to the point of action. So, 100 percent it starts and you can see that about 45, 55 percent to 85 percent it gets lost, it gets metabolized. So, this guy if you take it phylo-depine you are taking some 100 percent, but it is available only 15 to 20 percent. Now, that requires investigation in a person specific. So, you cannot because this action of these proteins can be differential in different person. So, you cannot recommend or prescribe one dose for all it will not fit. So, for one guy it will be very effective one person it will be very effective for another person it will not be so effective. So, probably you need to readjust the dose so that that person also gets the significant amount of bioavailable drug to reduce the blood pressure and therefore, you see the doctor keep changing the dose right. So, looking at the response from you it keep changing the dose it can start from lower dose then depending upon how you behave they can increase or decrease the dose if required they increase if required they can decrease the dose and that is the iterative process goes on and that is determined by the bioavailability of a drug. So, here is the detailed description of the same we are starting from 100 percent and then in some of the tissue rathrocyte and the intestinal tissue it gets metabolized and finally, we have only 45 percent right. So, some of the commonly used drug which has a low bioavailable you know many of these drugs and what are the metabolizing enzymes that do and what is the percentage bioavailable I am showing you. So, one of the drugs say let us say aspirin right we many of us take for headache aspirin enzyme is called esterase and you know it is a easily soluble drug right. So, if you put it in the water it is easily soluble you take it through oral or you dissolve in a water just drink the dissolved water it is 68 percent one of the higher one. Now, another one you can choose any of these drugs phyllo dopine that we just now we looked at. So, only 15 percent it is a like let us say heart yeah heart disease does drug. There are many other drugs dichlofenic these are these enzymes that are involved and 54 percent. So, if you look at many of these drugs the bioavailable active pharmaceutical ingredient is about 50 percent or less than that. So, one important area of research that is coming up how you can increase the bioavability of a drug for that also one has to do a systematic investigation looking at what is the fate of a drug what is the fate of metabolism that happens and how much drug is available for action. So, the active area of research to increase the bioavailability how we can increase the bioavailability right. So, this is an important area of research. Now, these guys the paper that I am citing it actually they come up with a interesting thing. So, like a consequence of inhibition of first past metabolism if you do inhibit the first past metabolism where our cytochrome C cytochrome sorry P450 is sitting if you inhibit that you can increase the bioavailability. So, for the same drug that we were discussing the phyllo dopine if it is taken just in water you look at the bioavailability this is the time here in hours and this is the percentage or the plasma concentration that is reaching to the blood plasma concentration in nanomole per liter. So, if you look at it increases 0 hour when you take the drug with time it increases goes to about 15 percent and then slowly slowly decreases in 8 hours it becomes about 1 percent or even less than that. But if you take this drug with a grapefruit juice grapefruit juice that inhibits the first past metabolism and you can increase the availability of this drug up to like about 30 percent and even after 8 hours this remains about whatever we had earlier right 8 to 10 percent. Now, just by taking this drug with a grapefruit juice there can be another substitute but this paper describes about grapefruit juice. Now, how that response happens because finally you are giving and increasing the bioavailability does it changing the heart rate. So, if you look at here heart rate plotted bit per minute right. So, how heart is you are pumping because there was a pressure on the heart that is why your one is taking the blood pressure drug. So, if you look at the grapefruit juice and water in 8 hours the grapefruit juice is slightly behaving better than the water and even after 8 hours both are doing fine. So, I think you have improved the bioavailability and that is how heart rate is slightly performing better in the grape grape when you are taking with a grapefruit juice. Another is blood pressure does it maintain the blood pressure. So, actually if you look at the grapefruit juice actually it reduces the blood pressure it brings in the range of 115 rather than going to more than 120. So, grapefruit juice not only increases the bioavailability but also it decreases the heart rate and blood pressure in mm also like a diastolic also becomes better like a the higher one lower one. So, both the blood pressure basically systolic and diastolic actually improves when it is taken with the grapefruit juice. So, blood pressure and heart rate were measured while patient is where standing it is not asleep. So, in a active condition one measured and what they found that when this drug is taken with a grapefruit juice essentially it increased the bioavailability of a drug because it inhibited the first past metabolism and that is how the effective concentration is there. Now, the question is how this was measured right. So, how this was measured. So, one of the analytical techniques could be used for measuring it and that is what we are going to to discuss how NMR can play a role in measuring the effective concentration of a drug. Now, so what actually cytochrome 3A4 mediated metabolism and did for drugs subset. So, when you take a drug any of this drug you are taking it, it goes and binds to some of the protein complexes co-activator comes and there is a core is the pressure this is our cy34A and that basically plays an role in the metabolism. Now, one once you take a kind of a inhibitor that probably it inhibits. So, that can increase the sorry decrease the activity of the one of these drugs and essentially if you inhibit or reduces the activity of this protein then the bioavailability can be increased. So, many of such things such things can be tuned for increasing the bioavailability or you can formulate your drug with something else. Now, active research is going on how to formulate co-formulate your drug with something else which increases the bioavailability. So, I will stop it here. So, the on the metabolism part, but if you look at the plasma phthalodoprene concentration in nanomore per liter you can see the patient in a healthy subject you can see the concentration of plasma phthalodoprene was quite higher and the patient which has increased activity of this particular enzyme of cytochrome P3A4 the concentration of this drug was very less right it is one here one nanomole and here we have a 6. So, that means the person who has a more active protein of Cyp34A actually their drug is not that effective and in healthy subject it is quite a bit. So, what we need to do now if you want to really treat the heart disease the blood pressure or something you have to also temper with this enzyme activity. So, that whatever drug is given it is not metabolized and the effective concentration should reach to the point of so that heart does not have to overact right. So, that is what it is done by grapefruit juice and these all information I had taken from this prestigious general of New England general of medicine you can refer to this general. So, this is called co-formulation and increasing the bioavailability. In the next class what I am going to discuss with you that how if this is the problem how NMR can play a crucial role in understanding the drug metabolism at at various stage using in vitro and in vivo approach. So, let us first start with an in vitro approach and then we can go to in vivo approach. So, I will stop it here and looking forward to have your questions in the next class. Thank you very much.


Welcome. My name is Lily Weinberg and welcome to episode 19 of Coast to Coast. For those of you who aren't familiar, we started the show Coast to Coast right as the pandemic occurred more than five months ago. It's hard to believe. And what we're doing here is we are looking at the future of cities during this really dynamic time. How are cities responding to this moment in time? And we've examined all sorts of topics from public spaces to smart city solutions to mobility and we're really thinking around how equity in particular plays a role in this work. Last week, we looked at how to measure social impact and make tough decisions during a time of budget constraints. And most importantly, we really want our audience, all of you, to leave with practical solutions for your cities. So today, I'm really excited to talk about how universities are grappling with COVID and the major decisions that they're dealing with during this time. In particular, we'll look at how cities, especially ones dependent on economic benefits of these universities and how they're dealing with the pandemic. What are some creative solutions that universities and cities can explore together? So I want to welcome Omar Blake, the CEO and co-founder of U3 Advisors. Hi, Omar. How are you? Hi, Lily. I'm doing great. Thanks for having me. Of course. And where are you located? I am located in Philadelphia. Philadelphia. And I know we've had Catherine Ott level on our show. They've done an extraordinary job of really keeping their public spaces open, too. They did. They did very much so. And Philadelphia so far, we are doing very well, at least in mitigating some of the impact. That's right. That's right. Okay. So I'm really excited to talk about universities and cities. You, in particular, are extraordinarily qualified to talk about this subject. As part of U3 Advisors, it's a firm that's really working with anchor institutions to advance their missions and unlock their impact. And like I said, you're uniquely suited to speak on this topic with your experience in advising universities and cities and creating long-term economic strategies. I mean, you've worked all across the country, all over the world, really, and really thinking about unlocking economic impact. So I'm excited to dive in and discuss that topic. And so how we're going to structure this is we'll have 15 minutes for an interview. Okay. And then we'll open it up to live questions with our audience. And so for audience members, please put your questions in the Q&A box. Or if you're watching on Facebook or Twitter, it will be hashtag night live. All right. So let's do it. Let's get started. So Omar, I would love to start with some context setting. If you can tell us a bit about your work with universities and cities, and how do you think about unlocking the impact in these institutions? Like what does that really mean for our viewers? Thanks for the introduction, Lily. We have a unique perspective because we sit in this in-between space, the space in between institutions, communities, and cities. And while people think of us as experts in the real estate market, we sometimes talk about ourselves as urban therapists. Because at the end of the day, you are trying to really connect the institution to the community that surrounds it. And in doing so for the benefit of both, to be able to actually create a more sustainable economic development strategy that benefits both the institution and the community. We are, as you said, we work in many cities, small and large. Most of our work is in majority minority cities. So we tend, because of our work, deal with the question of equity, question of access, question of social justice as just a part of the fabric of what we have to deal with. These are elite institutions in many cases grounded by impoverished neighborhoods that have been disinvested in. And then what are the connections that you can make to actually lift everybody up? Okay, so I want to explore two things here. So one is, tell me a bit more, let's ground it a bit. Tell me a bit more about what that means connecting a university to a community. Can you give me some examples of how that works? So while the conventional thinking about institutions is about, we produce knowledge, teaching students for re-entering a productive life and solving the world's problems, as well as research, we actually tend to think of institutions as an enterprise. And that's our kind of theory of change. But what is the hypothesis that we have carried? It's not a hypothesis sector, given how much it has been implemented, is that these institutions are really enterprises. They produce knowledge, of course, but they own real estate, they procure a lot of goods, they hire people, they invite students to their campuses, so there is a lot of traffic coming and going, and they are producer of culture, they are producer of content that is of interest to the larger public. And as such, in most cases that enterprise is diluted in its impact because there is no place-based strategy to it. So we bring in a place-based strategy or a lens to the enterprise, and we say something very simple. If we buy more local goods, if we hire more local residents to work at universities and hospitals, if we live closer to those campuses, we by nature of the buy local, hire local, live local, which we created literally in Detroit about now 13 years ago, it actually creates an economic underpinning for that locality that creates more sustainable economic growth. So that's the theory of how we go around it. And when you think of it, research is a big part of that. Research is actually pushing the boundaries of knowledge and the boundaries of discovery. And if you connect that to entrepreneurship, to commercialization, and licensing of discoveries and the like, suddenly you are not just trying to employ everyone in a pie that is the same pie, you actually are increasing the pie. Yeah. That's how we think about it. And that makes perfect sense. And he said buy local, hire local, create local. But why, Omar, I work in a lot of, as you know, I work in a lot of university towns. Why is that sometimes missed, like something so basic and practical? Why is there sometimes a disconnect? It's a first time we are blessed because if it was not missed, we would not have a business. So let me just acknowledge that. I actually would say that it is a very natural product of higher education. And you know, you ended up with the heritage of campuses being this place where you retreat from the hustle and bustle of the cities to actually have very good thoughts and think about whether it's philosophy or it's about science or what have you. So there is actually almost in the DNA of the sector is this sense of seclusion, because I don't want to get distracted. But then of course, you know, you have, as institutions grew over time, it became obvious that they are also trying to solve the practical problems that people. So then that retreat doesn't work in that sense. But institutions by and large are staffed by folks that are focused on the poor mission. And there's nothing, there's no problem in that. But there is a missed opportunity to making the connections that are much closer to them than they think. You know, institutions will see their peers as peers in the same, you know, four, four year elite, four year college, or a top 50 Carnegie research institution or the like. But they may actually have more in common with retail store across the street from campus. And they have with another institution because the person who owns that retail store is actually physically there they have a common sense of what's important and what's good and so on and so forth. So you kind of try to come in and say you have been looking at it in the right way for the poor mission. But now your core mission is to actually extend to the local geography around you and make those connections to the people around you, because that's how you generate knowledge and generate experience by students that are grounded in the realities of what they do around them. But thank you that that's really helpful. So I want to move into this moment in time. This is incredibly relevant during COVID-19. And as you know, and as our audience knows, this has led universities across the countries, across the country, excuse me, to shut down or to have a hybrid model for safety precautions. And what we know also is that, and we talked about this before, is this will likely exasperate a trend of universities potentially permanently shutting their door. And I want to make sure that we link to U3's research and dashboard on the geography of campus closures. So can you talk a bit about you know, what you're seeing and learning in particular during this moment in time of COVID with respect to universities and cities? So let's let's take a step back before COVID. Higher education has been, I believe, an existential threat of business model is not working anymore. And that is again, not because of COVID. You have demographics in the country that are not growing as it has been the case in the past 20 years. In a crude way, there are more seats than warm bodies to fill those seats. That's a very crude way of explaining it. And that is not a blip of few years. That is a trend that is going to stay with us according to demographers for 20, 20 some years. So there is that pressure. Then there is the pressure of affordability. We have really been working off a system of, you know, you borrow your way into college, but then with the tremendous sense, tremendous debt, that is just not going to be working anymore. And then online that online education that really is begging the question of, do I need to have built as much square footage as much buildings and take on in debt to build those buildings? In a way, COVID exacerbated all of that. We have, you know, in many ways, higher education is in need to rethink its business delivery model. And not all of the institutions will survive. You know, the elite are going to continue to be elite. And for every seat, there is going to be 10 or 20 applications. But you know, the next year, when you are going to spend 60 and $70,000 and you will not be getting a top degree, there is a question of a value proposition here of, you know, why I would do that versus going to a public institution. But even on the public side, where you would think that that will push demand to the public, we have for now 20 some years across most states, we have been decreasing public funding for our education, which has been a tremendously bad public policy that even the public institutions are not able to take on the growth or to be able to actually have a sustainable business model, given the pressures they have on on tuition. So in all of that, you then bring in a pandemic that accelerated the online interesting online education has been talked about as a displacer of current methods of teaching. And in fact, there are not many have gone there and it has had a marginal effect. But now, you know, most universities are either hybrid or fully online. So that I think will have a sustainable impact moving forward. You have, and that then begs the question on pricing, am I still paying $70,000 if many of my courses are online? Right. But then also that begs the question, how much did I build on campus? And do I want to rethink the campus facilities because why am I carrying that overhead in terms of square footage that in fact is not as productive as it used to be because of the online delivery? I still believe tuition is going to be a huge, huge issue. And that in a way is going to fundamentally change or force a change in the business model for institutions. What do you mean by that, Amar? Like what the tuition piece like that they're going to have to lower tuition because of the virtual? Yeah, to be that pressure. And I actually believe that there is going to be a greater push at a public policy level for free public education at public institutions. And then institutions that are not public are going to have to work in making the case for a what is the value proposition.  I get a four year diploma for free versus going to a private institution that I have to pay for. Now institutions that have big endowments are able to subsidize the tuition for many students. But many of the smaller colleges are not really endowment-rich and they are more tuition dependent. And this goes to the question of closure that you raised, Lily. Many of the colleges that are under tremendous, tremendous pressure are the smaller colleges in smaller towns. And those towns are college towns and larger employer is the college. But those are the colleges that are under the highest pressure. And in many ways, if you step back and you take that subsector of higher education, you find that it is the type of college that teaches more of the first gen and the minority students than any other part. Even I am not 100 percent certain about the numbers, but it may compete even with the public's. You know, most of the public's, the minority students are somewhere between, you know, 10 to maybe 20, 20 some percent. But many of these institutions, the minority students first gen women are constituting 50 and 60 and 70 percent. So you have really a double bad impact, negative impact, negative impact economically on the town. The entire economy of that town is largely driven by the college activity. And then you have, you are cutting off access to the most vulnerable population to the latter that can actually get them into society to be productive and to move up in income and health and all of the other indicators. So I actually, I mean, that's a very difficult part for me to accept that, you know, we have a system that in fact is going to punish the vulnerable rather than to actually find a way to deal with, to mitigate that. So there are some really major equity issues too. As we, as we see, you know, particular schools that are being threatened. And I'm starting to look at the questions. And there is a particular question around HBCUs. And it's been well documented in news, you know, some of the financial issues that they've had across the country too. Any comment about that? I mean, they are part of that most vulnerable cohort of institutions. And my sense is that they are kind of the leading indicator of how institutions that are serving first gen and minority students are in fact being under tremendous stress. I believe that the answer, Lily, is it's right now. The answer is each institution on its own. But the fundamental problem with that construct, I am as an institution, it is very difficult for me to just pull the plug and say, I'm done. So I wait and wait and wait. And I try my best. And I keep changing programs and changing ways to recruit students. But I am still competing for the same limited number of students. I am competing across the entire country. International students are not coming in as they used to. And certain regions, the demographics of certain states are even more pronounced than other states, you know, in the Midwest, there is just the cohort going into college is much, much less than it used to in the past. But right now, each institution is left on its own. And in my opinion, that is an extremely, extremely difficult path because you are asking a president and it's bored to either put themselves out of business and kind of land softly to come up with a creative idea of how they can change the business model and survive. And I believe that the answer needs to be at a higher level. Either there is a federal bailout of higher education that actually looks at higher education as a tremendous investment, not any different than when we started the land grants and institutions back in the days. That was a way to say, I'll give you land and give you funding and you will create an institution that will produce productive citizenry. I mean, there was a time when we actually invested in our people. And so either there is a level of state or federal intervention, intervention by philanthropy or a group of civic leaders in a region or in a city that brings institutions of that that are impacted by this in a coherent way to actually address it as a group. Or it's the individual mergers and acquisitions. We can talk about it as if we are in other sectors of the economy. But it has to be the case that public institutions taking over smaller colleges, large research institutions merging with smaller colleges and rethinking then what that campus is going to focus on compared to the larger institution. But right now I would say largely we are leaving institutions on their own. Some of them have a longer runway to figure this out. Some don't and are tremendously stressed out. Or we are starting to see the mergers you know here in Philadelphia, Jefferson University merged with the Philadelphia University smaller college and that has been a successful model. So those are the two interventions that we see. But this idea of a statewide look at the sector at large, we don't see that. Just to give people a sense of how big the sector is. We have 4,000 plus colleges. We have about 20 million students that are going into these colleges in all of these years. We have 4 million employees. It's a sector that employs 4 million people across the country. Between investments and expenses there is about 1.3, 1.4 trillion dollar is the size of that sector. So if any other sector is failing we would have said it's too big to fail and we would have intervened. But somehow the fragmentation of higher education and because it is really not in the main narrative of people thinking about universities as enterprises they are left to themselves. Interesting, yeah. I hadn't really thought of that Omar and that's so right. If I remember correctly there has been other bailouts. I'm making a joke. Other bailouts for other industries. This really does make sense. And my final question was crisis brings opportunities and you already answered what are some of the opportunities potentially. Whether it's a bailout or mergers and acquisitions. One more, Lily. It's really repurposing many of the campus buildings. There is a conversation about maybe some of the campuses will integrate vertically in secondary and elementary secondary schools that allow for a continuum of education. Something that working with the Kresge Foundation Detroit has proved to be extremely successful. There is also rethinking of some of those colleges as an extension of community colleges. And that it is not really any more a four-year degree as much as it is geared towards certificates that are much more practical for the local economy. But we need to be rethinking some of the physical assets of these institutions rather than just let it slide. Yeah, absolutely. So integrating vertically, extension of community college, I mean this is all really interesting. And you said you're working at Kresge. So this is already happening, if I understand it correctly. It's a tremendous example in Merry Grove in Detroit where a college seeing this, you know, all of these stress points, you know, was not able to continue as a business. Kresge has been saved the land and the buildings and reimagined the campus as a the beginning of a pilot for P2O 220. An education working with the University of Michigan in partnership with the school district in Detroit. The school opened last year. A great success story where the University of Michigan is now invested in the middle of Detroit in a very positive way and reimagining really the Merry Grove campus as a different type of an education institution. That's great. That's great. Thanks for that example. So I want to get to elevate a couple other questions that we have. We're almost at time. So there's a question around, and you've already talked a little bit about this, but how much do you think the traditional model of universities where students physically come to the campus for years at a time will be threatened by COVID? So tell me what, tell me your thinking around that. Of course, you can't predict it, but what do you think? I'm not really sure if COVID, so actually there is enough anecdotal evidence that students are longing to come to campus and to experience the college experience away from home. So I think there is enough evidence of even in the middle of a pandemic, students are not really saying I'm staying out. I was talking to a president of one local institution where the deferrals are very minimal in terms of students who didn't want to come and start. But I think the question is much more about online education and the question is about affordability. Okay. Then you would think that, you know, if you pick, if you take the cost of education, a big part of it is room and board, and will we find more tendency for people to stay locally rather than, you know, applying to 10 universities and colleges across the entire country and that the feeding, the feeder for each of those colleges and universities are much more regional and local than they have been national and international. But that's a speculation. We don't really know yet if that's going to be the case. But I would say affordability is going to impact that and online education much more than COVID. Got it. Got it. And so it's that business, so you touched on this before, but it's the business delivery model is really going to be disrupted. So just last question, any examples of universities and cities that are doing really interesting things during this time with COVID? Any that you want to highlight to be able to ground the conversation about it? Honest with you, most institutions are largely in a literally in a lockdown kind of mentality. We need to survive this pandemic. We need to worry about the students that are coming here. Either we are delivering online education the right way or they are showing up physically for their safety and health and wellness. So many institutions are really preoccupied and I would say till the end of this semester that will be the entire focus of institutions. Internally. Out of it, there will be the disruption is coming probably in the next year and two rather than in the in the focal points here of the pandemic. But some institutions are doing great ideas, small ideas, but important, you know, subsidizing retail rents for retailers that cannot pay the rent, trying to encourage for local, you know, merchandise. We are actually seeing a lot of push on the by local aspect as a way to responding to this. But it's, it's again, we are really focused on the sustainability of this semester before we can think about the long term sustainability. Got it. Okay. Well, well, Omar, this has been really interesting. Thank you for joining us on Coast to Coast. It's relevant for so many of our cities across the country. I also want to make sure that we share the dashboard that you three advisors also made, which I thought was fantastic for for geography and closures for cities. And with that, thanks again. And for our audience, we'll see you next Tuesday at 1pm. Thanks a lot.


Es geht aber heute weniger um mich, es geht um den Lieben Hendrik, er ist ein Netzwerker, er ist Feuerwehrmann und er ist eigentlich auch so ein richtiger WLAN dort, wenn man das so sagen kann.  Dafür mal vielleicht noch eine Runde Applaus.  Hallo, dear listeners, welcome to this talk on making Wi-Fi fast again. This is Oliver and Ralph from the translation team. If you have feedback to the translators, treat C3 translate or use the hashtag C33C3T or even us at hello at C3lingo.org. The speaker today is a Wi-Fi expert who has more than 1600 Access Points in operation and he is going to talk about all sorts of Wi-Fi magic today. So please let us welcome Hendrik, our speaker. Hi, also hello from me and welcome to GPN in winter. It's very nice to have you all here. I just heard a boo in terms of Wi-Fi with Nock. We had a small problem. We made Wi-Fi even faster before this talk. And so things had a little hiccup for a while, but now everything should be working again. So the structure of the talk today is I start talking a little bit about me I didn't actually expect somebody to introduce me. Some details for the history of the Wi-Fi standard. How did Wi-Fi develop? When did it come? How long does it exist? A little overview over what changed with IEEE 802.11ac which is the full name of the standard. What changed with this new standard? So then we go more into detail. What changed on layer one of the standard, the physical layer? Because that's really what makes it possible for the higher throughput to appear with the standard. Then I will understand what is this MIMO and this multi-user MIMO. That's very interesting because this again gets a small bandwidth. Then I will go into this magic beamforming that maybe some of you heard about already, which you can do with high frequency waves, but also with audio for example. In the end I will relate this to praxis and reality. How useful is the standard in practice? What does it get us in reality in terms of throughput? Then a slide outlook on the future because IEEE didn't stop working. They are already working on the next standard. So we will see what is coming there. So I'm Hendrik, 23-Jährige. I'm studying in Karlsruhe at the Institute for Electrotechnology. I'm helping out there with the network. I'm responsible for 1600 access points and I'm responsible for setting up the controllers and the installations of the access points in the lecture halls so that in halls like this Wi-Fi is working properly. When I have some free time, I'm also doing amateur radio so playing around. So some little history of 802.11. So this started out really early. They start like cables, that's really nice, but now we come with laptops. And now like already putting your laptop somewhere and plugging in a cable, that's really annoying. Putting the cables everywhere in large cables, that doesn't really work. So at some point they started thinking, okay, let's do this without a cable. Ever since then, in our intervals, they release new standards that each time improve Wi-Fi in some sense, like maybe there's higher throughput or more generally speaking, more efficient Wi-Fi in general. That's the timeline of Wi-Fi here. It started in September 1999 with 802.11a and 802.11b. Those were the really old and slow data rates like 11 megabits per second compared to nowadays, that's like really slow. Back then the idea was, let's have something without a cable and get some data through it. And back in 1999, 909.11, Ambit was actually quite significant, because back then 16 megabit DSL at home, nobody had that. It's not like the DSL speeds we're having today. Then 802.11g was released in June 2003 and then more and more standards appeared, which went further and further and was optimizing data throughput and efficiency, like for example with 802.11g, which maybe you know from your WRT 4.050 GL, which could actually do 54 megabit Wi-Fi, which actually is really cool. And then Fritzbox came and said, oh, I can do 300 megabit and that way standard progressed. Also in the 5 GHz Frequency range, which we have today, back then in 802.11a, those were the first time 5 GHz got into the game. The problem with 5 GHz is through the higher frequency the signal is dammed more strongly through humans or walls. So actually using this to cover a larger area is not really working so well, which is why back then 2.4 GHz was preferred and focused. Because that gives you a higher range, which was more important back then compared to higher throughput. Dann wir got 802.11ac as an latest milestone, which was 2013, released after quite some work. So as a summary I have to say that the 802.11-2007, which appeared in March 2007, that's not really a new standard, it's more like a summary of the existing standards and extension previous prior to that. Because that IEEE standard is being submitted and then all the additional things, all these additional letters, a B, G, A, everything, was just extensions to the basis. So in 2007 they decided, let's just sum this up already so that we have a base standard again in one large block, so that it's easier to read. And if you look through the 802.11ac standard, some things are in italic and it's really just a huge patch for the previous standard. And layering all of these standards on top of each other to build something, it's really hard, which is why in 2007 they just summed it up all in one block. So 802.11ac is always being called this gigabit Wi-Fi and everybody is happy. I can still remember at CBIT, AVM made advertisements, wow, that's really cool. However, the standard is only specified for 5 GHz, because people said, well, 2.4 GHz, we only have 4 channels which we can use effectively without having an overlap. So let's do this 5 GHz only, which is enough, and that makes our job much easier. But then there were additional ways of modulating the wave were picked, which are more efficient, so with one setting of the modulation I will talk more about this later, more bits can be transmitted. We have wider channels, because if the channels are wider then we can send twice as much later because we have twice as much frequency range for the same time. There's fewer MCS values which stands for modulation encoding scheme, which is an index saying which kind of modulation redundancy bit security is used. If you just transmit data you can just transmit it, but you should really expect that your transmission is somehow like there's loss on your transmission and to compensate for that loss you take some of your payload data and add an additional bit or another kind of checksum after it to make sure that actually really everything was transmitted. And these MCS indices are a combination of the modulation so that the bits are secured and probably made redundant. What's also got very interesting is that this beamforming was specified more precisely. In principle beamforming already existed with 802.11n, but there were many different beamforming methods and every manufacturer had their own beamforming method implementing whatever they liked most and not all clients supported it and there were problems with clients and when they tried to do beamforming so with this one they went ahead and said well okay, that's exactly what we're doing now and then as already mentioned previously a multi-user MIMO is coming with 802.11ac which will make us like lots of fun and finally they said that we got 802.11n with 802.11n they made a mistake they defined the standard which was huge it and composes compared to the 54 megabit the 11g which was 11gdude 11n just had way too many things that were added new frequencies and many other things and manufacturers just were not able in the short time to properly implement the standard and provide the hardware so what they said is we're going to have two waves so the first draft version of 11ac when it was released they said this is wave 1 so manufacturers can start producing it and we will guarantee that the part which we released won't be changed in ways such that you will have problems with incompatible clients or that only support the latest version for example and with the second wave that was when the standard was really done it was 2013 and now that's actually the final thing it got interesting with respect to data throughput on the physical layer that is which limits us in the most cases modulation modes and channels we decided on more channels because now the access points don't collide with each other on 2.4 we can use 4 channels without collisions so now we're using more channels we're also using wider channels this increases the throughput fantastically so there's a 3 to 3 MIMO which is being advertised on routers as the number of of aerials normally FAC has defined it and they have defined that there can be up to 8 separate independent transmissions on the same frequency so now we have the 8 8 times the data throughput multi-user MIMO allows simultaneous transmission to multiple users we use separate transmitters inside the access point and channel them to different users we have an improved modulation and coding set and this reorganization of how to do the modulation coding gave them more options this diagram shows all channels that are available not everything is permitted they looked at 5 GHz and then they found there's weather radar and then they found that they have to do dynamic frequency selection they have to check is there a radar and if there's a radar then we better not do anything the access point has to retract from the channel and use something else in Germany the restrictions are even further there was great legislation of what was going to be inside the standard and the regulatory agency both in Europe and in America has added further restrictions this shows the maximum possible and they are fighting for the grey stuff which I can't see so if everything is possible with and without DFS that would be the maximum but it doesn't work everywhere the channels can overlap as in previous wireless land standards this gave more options to avoid collisions between access points changes improvements in the physical layer is the MIMO has been in existence since 802.11. it is if you use 3 aerials then you can use you can use them simultaneously the physical separation on the aerials allows for differentiation its strength of signal and the differentiation of strength of signal allows for different channels one could call it a channel anyway it increases the data throughput there is one data stream per aerial and it allows parallel transmission on the same frequency I will bring a table moment that shows what the 8 partial streams give us in the throughput after the reorganization of the modulation and coding sets they said it was too much and they found that not all of them were used equally we can build better hardware so we don't need all of them so they restricted from the large number of coding sets to a lower number and they have a higher data throughput so these modulation types are available now and here are the improvements the improvement is quadruple amplitude modulation is the QAM and the 256 ones are new the code rate shows how many bits are redundancy or error correction at the bottom you can see that half of all bits are used for protecting the data for long range transmission in other cases they say we can omit the error correction and we have a very good physical conditions and we don't need it and we can use it for throughput quadruple amplitude modulation is a digital modulation a form of modulation and it is a combination of phase modulation and amplitude modulation the I and Q stand for the phase and amplitude und genau die I und Q Werte die für eine QAM Modulation notwendig sind so exaclte the I and Q values are what are not necessary for QAM Modulation this combination can be identified clearly in a big grid and therefore represent the associated bits it depends on how you cover your grid with a bit pattern on how they are mapped on one frequency we provide a small carrier signal and then we add lots and lots of modulated carriers the receiver checks this is what I've received unmodulated carrier as a reference and then I compare the phase and amplitude to the unmodulated one and that gives me the number in higher frequencies we need extra carrier because there's a phase shift in higher frequencies because the frequency is higher and the wave has progressed further already the 64 in the QAM is short for the number of modulation points so this is how I look for example the grid of a QAM64 could look like I is for the in-phase component which is the phase difference Q is the quadrature component 90° angle to the phase 64 values we can encode 6 bit per configuration point so if we for example use the grid code which we can just overlay over this or other encoding methods which you may want to use so for example the 256 QAM uses, which is used with 8.2.11ac uses 2 x 4 bit grid code which means that we got 8 bit that are concatenated and the first 4 bit are gray code which is using the x directions and the remaining 4 bits of the code word are gray code which is oriented in y direction the discussion for how to add gray code on these grids can be extended arbitrarily I recently had a very nice discussion with a roommate over breakfast if you can in an n dimensional space we have m constellation point for every one of these n dimensions and you can have a gray code for every dimension how x is the code word and how many bits y are added with the n to n plus 1 dimension and she threw all sorts of mathematics on top of this, it's possible to do this in the n dimensional but that doesn't really matter for us because we first have to find a third parameter for the space to even use it so I am very happy with the normal qrm software this is a small example let's look at the short point and the top right corner so I just counted from the beginning binary I didn't add any gray code so if you want to have this point that's the 15th point decimal so this is our binary value 4 and the y value of 3 so if my antenna now recognizes I got a phase shift of corresponding to 4 in the x direction and an amplitude difference which corresponds to 3 in the y direction then that's exactly this binary value so that's how this is encoded so this is now we have a huge table over this it starts in the beginning with 802.11n with one spatial stream compared to 802.11ac spatial stream so this table really nicely shows how adding more spatial streams more possibilities for sending more channels on the same frequency so to speak how this increases the data throughput up onto 683 megabit that's way more than the n standard so in its maximal configuration and you still have to as to add in defense of 802.11ac that these gray values these grayways are not even using MCS index 9 they are using MCS 8 because the 20 megahertz channels they must not be used with the MCS index 9 that has been specified like this in the standard which means if you would look at it theoretically which is not allowed by the standard you could pump even more data through this if we now widen the channel then we got even more throughput so then everything is possible again and if we widen the channel again then we get even more throughput and that's the point where things start to get that have holes because 80 megahertz actually not something which was possible in 802.11n however we can widen again we got 160 megabit channels so we get in the bottom right corner we get the value which is the maximally possible throughput rate on 802.11ac that 609 gigabits per second and that we have to start thinking how do I get my data to the access point even with some new standard where I can get 2 or 5 gigabit over my copper wire even then that's not enough so so that was really shooting very high so specify 609 gigabit well let them do that, that's okay and again we have a blue value here the MCS9 is not specified is forbidden for values with 3 streams and 60 megabits for reasons which I don't want to go into here because that's details in the standard and it's not interesting so now this multi-user memo we already have this idea of using the antenna to send multiple streams to the same data which if you think about this, let's already imagine this, we have the same frequency we are sending multiple streams to the same client and they are like somehow separated again, that's already technical genius and then they were like wait, we can do that, we can actually do better, we got the memo with 802.11m but we can go further we don't just have their antenna gain logarithmic in the number of antennas for people who are interested in these details but these people exist already mentioned by room out so they went further and they said we will do concurrent data transmission to all users that we see and we do this just because we want and because we can and then they did so then they had limited slightly so they said let's do no more than four users and let's not do more than four special streams per user but there are no more than eight special streams anyway so this gives us some more advantages for example if we have a laptop which is pulling lots of data right now then if it would be really close to the access point it would be blocking the channel because it would be pulling all the data and then other clients at some point they would also get their turn so there are eight special streams and the laptop is using four special streams so they can do that because the rest of the client can use the remaining four special streams using multi user memory and so some smart phones can still get some push messages which usually would not be sended yet but they can already be distributed that gives us some huge advantage like for example for latency in the entire network because smaller data transmission can just be a throne out there so the best thing is you can actually pick a different MCS index per user so we are sending and we have the choice for every different user to use a different modulation a different redundancy screen that's really a technical achievement where sometimes think how was this possible how did they implement this building something like that that's really something so then there was this other thing beam shaping that's really cool stuff really it's cool stuff for example in my hackerspace they now build a they build a speaker which uses beamforming of audio and it sends audio in just one direction so something you didn't hear I actually was somebody like has put the nestless song and you couldn't hear it because it was beam shaped only in my direction it's really just an active modulation of the dissipation behavior in high frequency range so in 8.2.11ac this gives us an additional gain in terms of signal of roundabout 2.5dB because we can push our data exactly into one direction and that's much better because the further we are away from the access point the worse our signal gets of course so we we are sliding into lower mcs indices and we can get less data so if we can now amplify our transmission into one direction that has the advantage that we can get more data pushed through this so we have the advantage that we are finished with our transmission earlier so everybody else also gets more atime to use this network beam shaping as all you already mentioned earlier so we had existed in 8.2.11.n but there were so many weird things there and now they finally agreed with 11ac and it's actually possible bi-directional there's hardly any clients supporting this because most clients only have 2 or 3 antennas for 2 or 3 special streams so there's not much support for this there but in particular in the enterprise area manufacturers started implementing this beam shaping and it worked really nicely but not for the uplink it doesn't always work for the uplink, it's not always possible so here I plotted this, I took the relative distance to the access point and plotted the mcs indices the lower arrow is what happens when we use beam shaping and the 2.5 db gain which we got and we can be way further away from the access point and we can use a higher mcs index so we can get the same data transmitted in a higher distance from the access point which gives us some compensation for the loss that 5GHz has anyway because of the higher damping now we're going to talk about phased array antennas phased array antennas is a space efficient way of replacing a Yagi antenna and if I have a very big antenna then I need a motor and it needs to start, it takes time and the phased array can very quickly change the direction and we can do this in this case it is technically it is technically very cumbersome but it is possible we do this through a phase shift during the transmission we have a number of antennas which are parallel to each other and if we start sending the signal on one end or the other ones then the whole signal changes direction to the side and through this mechanism the phased array is controlled you need to compute an individual phase per antenna you can implement its fix on a board so if you build a radar phased array in a car then you make the wire to the one antenna longer than to the other and that gives you a direction and here is a picture showing how it works this is the only picture I've taken from Wikipedia there are no pretty pictures to this topic otherwise so if one of you guys wants to if you want to load them into Wikipedia then you can talk to me later and I'll give them to you happily so they've decided on this thing, null data packet beamforming and it really requires that you measure the channel before you do your transmission then you have to distinguish between the one who forms the beam and and the client who receives the formed beam and the terms of beamformer and beamformy the angle of the transmission will be held in matrices matrices are better than angles we have two matrices we have the feedback matrix the one that we get back from the client on how he hears us and we have the steering matrix which gets applied to our transmission in order to form the transmission in the standard you can read it but it is really painful to read so the null data packet beamforming you start with an announcement that you want to measure then you start sending zero data packets and now the client knows what the packet is and he can measure the direction und und sich als feedback matrix ansprechen und dann senden sie zurück und dann die Master start sending the actual data und das data will dann be received by the client so since we know the IEEE are crazy we are not only doing beamforming with one client we are doing it with multiple clients so we are doing multi-user Mimo and we are doing beamforming to multiple clients at the same time so the technical implementation is very very good first he sends an announcement then he sends the packet and then he asks for the feedback measuring the channel does cost some airtime the size of the feedback matrix is different depending on the number of clients depending on the number of partial streams of the clients and some other parameters the width of the channel is part of the determining factors and this matrix can be anywhere from 78 bytes to 53 kilobytes also variiert sehr stark das ist eine große Variation in der Größe so 1,5% der Airtime ist für die Measurements of beamforming consumed wir sind surprisingly akkurat für jede Subcarrier sie können 56 Angles wenn sie 8 Partial Streams machen und die Richtung drücken und das ist eigentlich wenn man es mal genau überlegt und auch die Geschwindigkeit also wenn du das denkst und du denkst um die Speed in der das Data wird transmitt dann ist das ein sehr akkurat Targeting so jetzt wir werden die Realität in der Theorie und ich liebe das Standard und es ist fantastisch aber unfortunately die Datenrateen in der Realität sind schneller wenn du schaust wenn du die Akkurspunkte schaust hier du wirst nicht so viel Data durch als die Standard-Promissen da sind zwei Räume für das wir haben sehr viele Leute in der Raum eingegrenzt und wir haben restriktiert, wie weit der Channel kann sein ich habe vorher erklärt warum man die Channel-Size restrikt dann also er ist sehr unhappig 2,4 GHz-Kliens also er ist auch unhappig um 5 AC-Kliens 11 AC-Kliens um 5 GHz er ist auch unhappig weil sie auch nicht konformiert sind mit diesen Legacy-Kliens hier im Kongress gibt es einen guten Modell-Equipment 75% der Leute haben die Endstandard die Broadcast wird mit einem hohen Data-Rate also wenn du ein Klient und die Akkurspunkte negatieren dann wird der tiefe 1 oder 2 dann wird der andere 2 also der User 80 MHz 160 MHz-Channels ist sehr schwierig in Deutschland wir sind sehr limitiert zu einigen Channels die Bands sind sehr klein und in Deutschland können wir einfach 80 MHz-Channels finden in diesen Bands und das ist ein das dieser Standard nicht so vernünftig implementiert wurde so die Implementation ist nicht immer genau wie der Standard es proschribe also die Manufacturers haben etwas ermittelt sie haben nicht die beamformen unilaterale oder letztes Jahr rausgekommen sind die jetzt hier irgendwie die ganze Zeit rumhängen können das alle nicht die Akkurspunkte die wir hier haben und das ganze macht es dann natürlich auch mal ein bisschen schwieriger weil wir auch wieder Datenraten zurückfallen dann hat auf dieses Ausfall coole Ideen in addition this great idea of deployment things in terms of wave didn't really work properly but then people thought well wave 2 is what we have to support at least so that's good enough so far I have not found any client which actually supports 8 special streams no standard actually supports the entire standard I found a chipset but the chipset doesn't give me anything if I don't find a chip which I can put below this and then I can use this the problem with this in some extent is the power supply an access point needs power somehow obviously if we if we use power over ethernet or poe plus to do this for example following 802.11.380 that's roughly 25 Watt that's very cool that's enough usually however if we now start doing spatial mapping where we split the data stream onto the different spatial streams so that they can be put together back then that requires a big digital CPU which can process all of this the more streams we want to use in parallel the bigger the CPU has to be so the more power it is using so that's unfortunately still a problem getting the power to the AP so beamforming as already mentioned is not very widely not very widespread also the uplink of the access point is long limit of the standard most access points have one or two gigabit so the first standard that actually support 2.5 gigabit for the uplink but you don't need this at the university at our access points we see maximal uplink usage of 200 megabit also here in congress access point don't even remotely reach the limits of the standard I have not yet seen a single access point which actually was able to get the throughput of a gigabit from the Wi-Fi to the LAN that's probably possible in the lab but of course when you have a Wi-Fi and it's not about the lab it's about actually getting this in the wild where there's actual people so some people for example live in the city and not on the LAN on the countryside of course you have all the frequency for yourself but in the city you're sharing it with all your neighbors and things don't work as well I got some nice ideas all of this has a future things have to be optimized further IEEE is by a long reach not at the point yet where they are like that's how we want it, that's how we want to use it that's how everything will stay so the hunger for more data throughput is not yet satisfied we need better support for very high density deployments like for example in rooms like this where the access points and the clients we have some have to make sure that they don't disturb and annoy each other so much we have to make sure everything interacts with each other better so to this extent we have 802.11ax-2019 yes, that's the new thing if you think 11ac is sexy you didn't see this one it's again another huge step so far unfortunately I wasn't able to get draft 1.0 if somebody has access to the IEEE draft I would look at this I would really like to look at this, my university does get the standards but only the ones that are finished, not the drafts I would really like to have this I would really like to read it because just looking at papers you don't get the ideas with this one we get 1024 QAM two more MCS values much higher throughput so it's going to be awesome however with this standard it's not just about more data let's get some more data but let's also optimise some other things so this multi-user MIMO let's do this bi-directional so that multiple not only the access point can send multiple data streams to different clients that also different clients can send at the same time their independent data streams to the access point that's really cool but OFDMA which is for frequency directive multiple access that's a huge route it's really complicated most of you have it in your in your backstor, LTE is using that at the same time multiple users can use the different sub-carriers of a transmission and they get very weird nested access to the same channel I plan to do something about 802.11ax at the next GPN where I will explore this further I'm already almost using up my time here so with OFDMA everything will be much nicer and I'm really really looking forward to the standard there's already the first chips based on the draft 1.0 so hardware developers are now very much invited to implement the standard thank you very much and now I'm looking forward to your questions we got some time for Q&A if you want to leave please take your trash with you but we got some 10 minutes for Q&A the mic here in the hall question hello you mentioned that the matrices I think with the beamforming the matrices are different in size ist das because the matrices get more rows and columns or the answer is yes yes I think that's because they have to contain more data because from 8 special streams you have to specify more precisely what the angle is so the individual values have more data so that will be my question the values get larger the answer is both mic on the side sorry for asking in English question is actually in English if you take 8 special streams and you take your 360° antenna array which is placed in a circle you just divide your 360° through the 56° at your angle which you can reach with beamforming so another question from the internet for once lots of applause from the internet so now the question from the internet two questions summarised at one how does much movement of the clients how does this effect beamforming work and on the other hand is it possible to control this do you see more potential with beamforming to extend this answer yes I do see lots of potential with beamforming to extend this for example you could support more special streams but then you also need more power how does beamforming work when lots of people leave the room well when all of these people suddenly leave the room I am going to find you in most of the cases they won't just run around and transmit data all the time beamforming does cost lots of airtime however in principle beamforming is very quick it doesn't even take like a millisecond to measure and transmit this because the angles are really are slightly wider so it's still possible for the clients to move in this and well in doubt it's going to be a missed error in der Transmission so at that point it's really nice to have a ccp question disclaimer I am a software person so all this hardware is just voodoo for me so I wondered how do you measure these things how do you debug answer so what do you mean question everything measuring high frequency so my professor says when you ask him how do you measure frequency that's several lectures to explain this to develop this high frequency stuff you have to set it up in parts compute everything measure everything so as a user doing troubleshooting that's difficult you have to rely on the chips that were used there to actually work properly I know people that are now starting to look at the HTA 10K Binary Blob and reverse engineered to fix the bugs in it and to figure out what is going on there and how things are working if you don't actually have contact to the sources then troubleshooting is really hard question so what about this beamforming in this 807 standard I got a I'm not allowed to send stronger than 100mW so with beamforming I got a 2.5 dB increase in power is this okay legally if anybody would care answer technically speaking technically speaking not the access point would have to be careful however in this excitement another advantage with beamforming is if we have access points in one direction and one in another direction the access points are not disturbing as much anymore but looking at the legalies yes they would not be allowed to go beyond this in the transmission so if you have a question if you have a really annoyed neighbor they could sue you but they would have to measure this and also it would be the manufacturer's fault and not yours in your frequency plan you have channel 144 through 149 and what is the reason secondly in the NTP announcements are they sent isosynchronous or which times are they sent in is it done on demand or how is it done null datapacketforming works in such a way so that they send that they measure before every transmission because the clients aren't to be expected in the same place and when you are using beamforming then you are expecting multiple clients so it may be a very different client and so you measure again you were talking about the channels 149 the channels I am interested in 144 through 149 has a gap the channels exist theoretically but they were denied from the standardization the regulator said this cannot be used we don't know the reasons it is not a legacy reason it might be radar when I made the picture in the train I thought I have to explain it but I haven't so I can twitter it later okay last question thank you for the talk the raw data rate is one thing but is there anything else that has been improved with AC that you should talk about yes layer 2 of the standards has made changes and improvements but I would need to show you packets and explain why there is a 1 and a 0 and why there would be an improvement the difference of packets between 11n and 11ac would be too theoretical and boring for this talk here I can recommend some literature on the topic 802.11ac the guide the book is called 802.11ac the definite guide from Matthew Asgast and he explains how these things works and how the packets are structured okay so one more question and one from the internet you mentioned AX then I heard AD does one of those standards steal the airtime of the other? no it doesn't I have heard rohme in one of the standards yes there are rohme standards in 802.11ac I think there is about 3 of them yes there is also standardized ones it always takes time for the standards to become established and the manufacturers haven't really made hard for it yet the standards do not hurt anybody when they are not implemented but in some cases the rohme dies and that's why sometimes you have to use proprietary extensions that the other manufacturers haven't done right final question comes from the internet the question is do you sniff memo systems and don't you need the channel matrix and the answer is yeah it's a data transmission on layer one and you can sniff it you need the same hardware on the other side you would need to use a software defined radio and the beamforming matrix is not a problem either it isn't used to change data it's only to adjust the directionality beamforming is not so accurate that all data goes in just one direction if you have a good enough antenna you can still listen in thank you very much